360 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 goals and tasks of education mahmudova nigora hikmatovna teacher at the asia international university annotation. the purpose and content of education allows to choose the right methods. whatever the goal, the methods of achieving it must be in accordance with it. the content of education consists of the essence of social requirements for the formation of a person. do not forget that the same task can be filled with different ideas. therefore, it is very important to connect the methods not with the content in general, but with a specific idea. age characteristics of students. in the process of education, it is appropriate to take into account the young characteristics of the students. age characteristics are anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics characteristic of a certain age period key words: education, society, social life, goal, pedagogue, person capital, activity, education, responsibility, person, goal, environment and relationship introduction. education purpose common tasks, in the narrow sense education, wide meaning education, upbringing principles education methods, education tools. education in pedagogy main from concepts one is considered society and of pedagogy historical development during this category to explain differently approaches surface came. most first of all, wide and in the narrow sense education differs. wide in a sense education : to the individual of society effect reach , social event as is considered . in the narrow sense education, pedagogy process conditions education purpose done increase for pedagogue and of pupils special organize done activity is understood. goal-oriented development of members of society and creation of conditions for meeting their various needs, preparation of sufficient amount of "human capital" suitable for the social culture necessary for the development of society, ensuring the stability of social life by monitoring cultures, social-professional groups of certain gender, age taking into account their interests and regulating the actions of members of society within the framework of social relations. it is appropriate to take into account the age characteristics of students in the process of education. age characteristics are anatomic, physiological and psychological characteristics that are characteristic of a certain age period. for example, instill a sense of responsibility it can be formed by students studying in education, secondary education and secondary special, vocational educational institutions, but different methods are used to form masker quality at each stage. education content of the person formation flexible social requirements, from the essence consists of not to forget should be, exactly one task different different thoughts with is filled to be continued. that's why for methods in general content with it's not perhaps sure thought with tie up great important. education education of the process consistent, continuous, systematic and aspiration sure social the goal based on organize to be done this in progress sciences are relationship, as well as worldview in formation efficient countable all there is of factors , to unity relied on without the work to see intended to the goal to reach is a guarantee. students usually life from the literature received sure examples with enriched stories big interest with they listen to them ethics standards, http://www/ 361 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us people past tense, natural riches, heroes life and courage also history, literature , art about story by doing to give can. artistic literature samples as well as public information media radio, television, newspaper magazines on the pages and in the internet press announcement done data also readers for valuable material service does students to themselves near of people behavior they imitate his character, behavior creatures in children good of adjectives sometimes it’s bad the content of adjectives to find effect shows. that's why for teacher and parents are all, any themselves in the case catch they know need. education is strong to action to the " and " normal " methods that bring division condition: the first rebuke to give and forced to do with, the second advice to do and constant to teach with depend. the method when choosing in education to success to reach relatively trust to be need of this for being used method how to the result take to come in advance according to know need education of the process society in progress role extremely is incomparable. thinker scholar abu nasr farabi education education main task society requirements answer give takes that's it society for service who does annual , human education he knows it’s a joke. society in development important place occupied a person educate him knowledge to get, labor to do encourage and this even movement slowly to the skill by turning to go it is necessary human in observation to do ability educates and the mind provides. consciousness and spiritual to the source become. in this way slowly slowly improved to perfection achieved goes. but that's it for educator and from the trainees long continue which responsibility, honorable work and requires diligence and will education efficient to be a lot in terms of in society social of institutes development depends. spiritual, and human of adjectives in formation in the family, environment, society environment and relationship important place occupies. in children mimicry feature existence because of them in education of parent’s consciousness, spirituality, knowledge, upbringing important. references 1. ermatov, f., & haydarov, s. (2021). tarix fanini o'qitishda 1870-1914 yillarda angliyaning o'rganilishi. scientific progress, 1 (6). 2. bag‘dodning tanazzulga yuz tutishi. scientific progress, 1 (6). 3. ro'zmetov, j., & haydarov, s. (2021). tarixni o'rganishda sosoniylar davlatining o'rni va ahamiyati. scientific progress, 1 (6). 4. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 5. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 6. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 7. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida boshlang‘ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o ‘qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 8. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 9. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 10. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v http://www/ 362 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 12. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 13. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 14. tursunova, z. (2023). using innovative and interactive methods in native language and reading literacy classes. modern science and research, 2(10), 777779. 15. лукмонова, с. (2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. http://www/ 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the evolution of graphical interfaces for programming trace mode 6 algorithms abduraximov ozodbek azimjon o‘g‘li, tojidinov azizbek ilhomjon o‘g‘li, nazirjonov ubaydulloh nozimjon o'g'li muhammad alkhorazmi tatu in the name of fargana branch student annotation: this article delves into the transformative journey of trace mode 6, renowned industrial automation software, as it transitioned from text-based coding to advanced graphical programming interfaces. the evolution of graphical interfaces in trace mode 6 revolutionized the automation and control system industry, making control system development accessible to a broader audience. keywords: trace mode 6, text-based programming, graphical ladder logic, flowchartbased programming, integrated development environments. the article highlights the benefits of graphical programming, including accelerated design processes, improved debugging, and enhanced collaboration. trace mode 6's user-friendly interface, with drag-and-drop functionality and a library of pre-built function blocks, significantly reduced the learning curve and allowed users to design complex algorithms effortlessly. in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, automation and control systems are at the forefront of numerous industries. to effectively implement these systems, developers require efficient programming tools that can simplify the design process and reduce the learning curve. trace mode 6, a renowned industrial automation software, has embraced this challenge by continuously improving its graphical interface for programming algorithms. this article explores the development and significance of these interfaces in enhancing the efficiency and flexibility of control system design. early days of trace mode: trace mode has a long history of providing developers with an intuitive approach to programming. in its early iterations, the programming language primarily relied on text-based coding, which required considerable expertise in automation and control systems. although effective, this approach often limits the accessibility of the software to experienced professionals. introducing graphical programming: the turning point for trace mode came with the introduction of graphical programming interfaces. these interfaces utilize symbols, flowcharts, and block diagrams, enabling users to create algorithms by connecting pre-defined function blocks. this innovative approach significantly reduced the complexity of programming and allowed a broader range of professionals, including engineers, technicians, and even nonprogrammers, to participate in control system development. 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us benefits of graphical programming: the transition to graphical programming brought several advantages. first, it accelerated the design process, reducing the time required for system development. secondly, it enabled easier debugging, as visual representations of algorithms helped identify errors more quickly. moreover, graphical interfaces enhanced collaboration, enabling multidisciplinary teams to work together seamlessly. trace mode 6: a leap forward: trace mode 6 marked a significant milestone in the evolution of graphical interfaces for control system programming. with an enhanced library of pre-built function blocks and an intuitive drag-and-drop approach, developers could design complex algorithms with minimal effort. the user-friendly interface allowed the swift creation of algorithms and provided immediate feedback on their functionality. customization and reusability: trace mode 6 empowered users to create custom function blocks and save them for future use, promoting reusability and efficiency. moreover, the interface supports various visualizations, such as trend charts and animation, enhancing data analysis and visualization capabilities. integrating advanced features: the continuous development of trace mode 6's graphical interface saw the integration of advanced features. these include support for object-oriented programming, remote monitoring capabilities, and cloud integration. the software's compatibility with various protocols and hardware components further expanded its applicability across industries. enhanced user experience and training: with the implementation of graphical interfaces in trace mode 6, the user experience was significantly enhanced. the intuitive nature of the interface made it easier for new users to get started with the software, reducing the learning curve and boosting productivity. this led to increased adoption rates among industries seeking automation solutions, thereby driving the widespread use of trace mode 6. furthermore, the availability of online resources, tutorials, and community forums facilitated learning and knowledge sharing among users. as a result, developers could quickly grasp the concepts of graphical programming and leverage the full potential of trace mode 6, ultimately leading to more robust and efficient control system designs. adaptability to diverse industries: the development of graphical interfaces allowed trace mode 6 to cater to a wide range of industries and applications. from manufacturing and energy to building automation and transportation, the software found applications in various sectors. its adaptability to various automation tasks, including process control, data acquisition, and monitoring, contributed to its success and widespread adoption across industries. integrating iot and industry 4.0: as the world moved towards the era of the internet of things (iot) and industry 4.0, trace mode 6 evolved to keep pace with the latest trends. the graphical interface seamlessly integrates iot capabilities, allowing developers to connect and control smart devices and sensors in real-time. this integration not only improved data collection but also enabled predictive maintenance and advanced analytics, leading to increased operational efficiency and reduced downtime. future prospects: looking ahead, the development of graphical interfaces for programming trace mode 6 algorithms continues to evolve. artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities are increasingly being integrated, allowing the software to automatically optimize algorithms and adapt to changing conditions. the emphasis on user experience and accessibility is likely to persist, making trace mode 6 an attractive option for professionals seeking efficient and user-friendly automation solutions. additionally, advancements in cloud computing and edge computing are expected to further enhance the capabilities of trace mode 6, enabling remote monitoring and control on a global scale. 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion: the development of graphical interfaces for programming trace mode 6 algorithms has revolutionized the automation and control system industry. by bridging the gap between skilled programmers and non-experts, trace mode 6 has democratized control system development, making it accessible to a broader audience. with continuous improvements and integration of cutting-edge features, trace mode 6 remains at the forefront of industrial automation software, driving efficiency and innovation in the digital age. the journey of trace mode 6 from text-based coding to sophisticated graphical programming interfaces showcases the software's commitment to innovation and user-centric design. by revolutionizing control system development, trace mode 6 has empowered industries to implement automation solutions effectively and efficiently. the continuous development of graphical interfaces and the integration of advanced features have positioned trace mode 6 as a frontrunner in the field of industrial automation software. as we venture into the future, the evolution of trace mode 6 will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of technological advancements, further transforming the way we interact with automation systems and paving the way for a more intelligent and connected world. bibliography: 1. ergashev, om, turgunov , bx, & turgunova , nm (2023). microprocessor control system for heat treatment of reinforced concrete products. international journal of inclusive and sustainable education, 2(5), 11-15. 2. turgunova, n., turgunov , b., & umaraliyev , j. (2023). automatic text analysis. syntax and semantic analysis. engineering problems and innovations. 3. tojalievich, ti, mavlonjonovich, mm, tokhtasinovich, uj, & eraliyevich, ta (2022). methods of implementation of information protection system. galaxy international journal of interdisciplinary research, 10(6), 1037-1040. 4. tojiboev, it, mamirkhojayev, mm, toychibaev, ae, & umaraliyev, jt (2021). cash memory of the computer, memory address and their order. academic research in educational sciences, 2(7), 37-43. 5. umaraliyev, j., turdaliyev, k., isoqjonova, s., & abdurakhimov, o. (2023). its applications and prospects in education. interpretation and researches, 1(11). search the horse http://interpretationandresearches.uz/index.php/iar/article/view/1277 6. ilhomjon son, tk, stop son, uj, & azimjon son, ao (2023). the role and significance of modern technologies in the development of society. international conference on architecture and civil engineering, 1–3. retrieved from https://conf.innovascience.uz/index.php/icace/article/view/31 7. ilhomjon son, tk, jamshidbek stop it og , u., & azimjon son , ao (2023). an article on the progress of modern technologies in society. science, education, culture and innovation, 2(6), 15-17. 8. stop it son, uj. azimjon son, ao. & ilhomjon daughter is. (2023). the transformative role and importance of telecommunication technologies in our daily lives. & quot;online conferences&quot ; platform, 138–139. retrieved from http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/1260 9. umaraliyev, j., abdurakhimov, o., & isokjonova, s. (2023, june). use and effectiveness of information technologies in medicine. in academic international conference on multi-disciplinary studies and education (vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 148-151). http://interpretationandresearches.uz/index.php/iar/article/view/1277 https://conf.innovascience.uz/index.php/icace/article/view/31 513 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the influence of the development trends of the globalization process on the activity of the world economy ashurova sarvinoz o`ralovna docent, karshi state university abstract: the economic situation of international relations is determined by globalization processes. although the single definition and consequences of this phenomenon cannot be accurately assessed, the prevailing idea is that economic, political and cultural processes spread between states and, on this basis, form a new unity of the world space. globalization in modern conditions is determined by several factors: the processes of inter-period integration of economic life, that is, the influence of capital, free movement of goods and interaction of national economies. the main participants of this process are multinational companies, international banks and other financial organizations. keywords: international relations, globalization, economy, market, unemployment, process, investment, concept, conflicts, goods, services, capital, strategy. there are different opinions about the period when the process of globalization began. for example, v. i. according to pantin, this process never ended, but started in ancient times, and the ideas of globalization became widespread only in the 20th century. andrew sherott believes that global history began in the stone age, and e. a. azroyans believes that the "history of global relations" began with the interaction of neighbors. there are also theories that globalization began in the early 19th and early 20th centuries, because that was the time when international trade and investment peaked. robertson believes that the roots of globalization should be sought in the period 1875-1925, since it was during this period that the world was divided into time zones, the gregorian calendar was adopted almost everywhere, and the international telegraphic communication system was created. murphy emphasizes that the beginning of globalization should be connected with the strengthening of the role of international organizations. the existing contradictions during the emergence of this process are aimed at understanding the essence of globalization, its causes and characteristics. if globalization is understood as the unification of humanity, then the beginning of this process should be considered the 20th century. current environmental problems, depletion of natural resources, inter-ethnic problems leading to world terrorism, as well as the availability of nuclear weapons by some countries have meant that people must learn to live together if they are to survive. it should be noted that the term "globalization" appeared in the 20th century. in the english language, the term "globalization" as a current concept began to spread only in the 1960s. in 1998, giddens argued that the word "globalization" was hardly ever used by scholars, saying, "only recently has the term increased in popularity: it used to be almost ubiquitous, but now it is used everywhere." g. terborn suggests that the term "globalization" was coined in the 1990s. according to shahray, the term globalization, which appeared in the mid-90s of the xx century, 514 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us was interpreted differently than today: "globalization" was understood as "a process of international scale due to investments in financial markets associated with technical progress and regulation." in most regions, a necessary condition for globalization is the absence of hostilities or violent internal conflicts. in addition, developing countries include the wide spread of market economy principles and the conduct of reasonable tax and monetary policies, the free dissemination of information and the protection of private property. the foundations of today's globalization were created by the united states after world war ii. their strategy consisted of three elements: security, democratization and economic development. relevant institutions were established, such as nato, the german and japanese reconstruction programs, the world trade organization, the international monetary fund, and the world bank. thus, the process of globalization is not a completely new phenomenon, it has historical roots. in the mid-1960s, james rosenau expressed the opinion that structural changes are taking place in the historical development of humanity, which can lead to fundamental changes in international relations, as a result of which peoples and societies are interconnected to a very high level. since the late 1970s, the integration of capital and commodity markets has surpassed all previous indicators and continues today. at the same time, the remarkable aspect is not the presence of international business, but its growing size. today, multinational corporations are creating the basis for the international production system. the emergence of the computerized telecommunications system was the final stage that predetermined the processes of global interaction in the markets of goods, finance and services around the world. in recent years, a new model of the world has been taking shape, the most important feature of which is increasing interdependence. historically, the increase in interdependence has had several stages. the internationalization phase includes the expansion of the national external space. for example, the spread of political views that arose in western european civilization throughout the world and supplanted all other political forms. globalization remains a potentially powerful and dynamic factor of economic growth and development, but now the main task of globalization is to ensure that, like a powerful wave, it becomes a source of increased prosperity for the population of the entire world. however, in the context of increasing interdependence in the world economy, slow and unsustainable economic growth, low commodity prices and instability of the international financial system make it difficult for developing countries to reap the potential benefits of globalization. the experience of development policy aimed at increasing the level of openness of international market forces to competition and reducing the role of the state in the last twenty years shows that there is no single "formula" system for everyone. by now, it is recognized that development strategies should be developed based on the accumulated experience of both successful and less successful ones. development strategies should reflect the specific development needs and circumstances of countries. rapid and stable economic growth in the developing countries that are joining the world economy and have made great progress is primarily stimulated by the reorientation of the structure of the existing economy from the goods sector to the production and service sector, which is characterized by a gradual increase in labor productivity. the driving force behind this structural change process is the rapid, efficient and sustainable accumulation of capital within a coherent development strategy. in general, the flow of capital to developing countries plays a positive role as a source of financing the development process, therefore, a large amount of foreign private investment has been placed in some developing countries. however, the volatility of international financial markets and especially short-term private capital flows have a destabilizing effect on many developing countries, especially those that lack the necessary institutional capacity and 515 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulatory mechanisms to mitigate such effects. such instability often complicates the problems of regulation of interest rates and exchange rates and causes financial crises. list of references. 1. квинт в. л. стратегическое управление и экономика на глобальном формирующемся рынке. м. : бизнес атлас, 2012. 2. э.гидденс. ускользающий мир. как глобализация меняет наш мир экономика№92 2004 й 3. э.азроянц глобализация: катастрофа или путь к развитию? новый век. 2002 4. жабборов ж.а. маънавий эҳтиѐжлар – жамият тараққиѐтининг мезони // «трансформація суспільних наук: соціально-економічний, лінгвістичний, політичний та it-виміри» ii міжнародна наукова конференція. 22.10.2021. харків, ukr. 40-43 бет. https://doi.org/10.36074/mcnd-22.10.2021 5. жабборов ж.а. ўзбекистонда таълим-тарбия тизимини объектив заруратга мослаштириш бўйича олиб борилаѐтган давлат сиѐсати. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali. (6), 2021 y. 19-28 b. 6. жабборов ж.а. илм-фанда эҳтиѐжлар таснифи. збірник наукових праць λόгoς. 2021. https://doi.org/10.36074/logos-29.10.2021.v1.34 7. жабборов ж.а. постмодерн жамият зиддиятларининг маънавий эҳтиѐжлар юксалишига таъсири (фалсафий таҳлил). традиційні та інноваційні підходи до наукових досліджень, 149. 8. жабборов ж.а. мамлакатимиз олимларининг илмий тадқиқотларида маънавий эҳтиѐжлар муаммосининг талқини // жамият ва инновациялар – общество и инновации – society and innovations special issue – 5 (2021) / issn 2181-1415. impact factor: sjif 2021 = 5.395. б. 484-491. 9. j.j. azimovich. analysis of spiritual needs. academicia: an international multidisciplinary …, 2021. 10. jabborov j.a. ma’navıy ehtıyojlar rıvojlanıshınıng ıjtımoıy-madanıy omılları. innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2021. 30-35 b. 11. жабборов ж.а. эҳтиѐжлар тизимида маънавий эҳтиѐжлар. актуальные вызовы современной науки. ii международная научная конференция. 2017. с 62-64. 12. жабборов ж.а. ғарб олимларининг илмий тадқиқотларида эҳтиѐжлар тизимининг таҳлили. ўзбекистон миллий ахборот агентлиги – ўза илм-фан бўлими (электрон журнал). 2021. б. 316-325. 13. жабборов ж.а. маънавий эҳтиѐжлар–жамият тараққиѐтининг мезони. матеріали конференцій i міжнародна наукова конференція «трансформація суспільних наук: соціально-економічний, лінгвістичний, політичний». украина. 2021. 14. жабборов ж.a. интерпретация проблемы духовных потребностей в научных исследованиях ученых нашей страны. общество и инновации, 2(5/s), 484–491. https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss5/s-pp484-491 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the place and significance of technology in the educational system saidaliyeva muhayyokhan teacher of technology science at the 21st general secondary school under the mmtb, bulung'ur district, samarkand region abstract: in this article, the role and importance of technological science in the educational system, the training of competitive specialists in various fields in the continuous education system of our republic, the creation of conditions for their acquisition of high knowledge, skills and qualifications, the activities of highly qualified specialists in the production process information is given that the organization of technology (labor education) science process is of great importance in fulfilling the social order set by the organization. keywords: technology, dts, technical-technological skills, technical technology, technological plan. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. 4947 of february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan" and the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on the reform of the education system in 20172019 made decisions on in order to fulfill this task of national importance, it is necessary to improve the professional knowledge, skills and abilities of teachers in the educational process, as well as the achievements of pedagogy, psychology, methodological sciences, modern technology at the level of the requirements of the dynamically developing pedagogical process. and requires the acquisition of excellent knowledge and skills in the relations of advanced technologies, production and market economy. in this regard, the scope and quality of the knowledge, skills and qualifications of the technology teacher, his achievements in organizing and conducting the educational process based on the requirements of general secondary education dts and shortcomings, to determine the didactic conditions of the process of improving the complex and multifaceted activities of the student, such as professional skills, to develop a methodology of supervision based on the optimal selection of its forms, types, methods and tools in accordance with the purpose of supervision, enrichment of its content, the analysis of the organizational work carried out in this field at the level of our country requires that all activities carried out in this regard be organized on a scientific and methodological basis. this can show that students are not paying attention to the formation of technical and technological skills from general secondary education schools. taking into account that these skills are mainly formed in technology lessons, it is clear that increasing attention to this subject is the demand of the times. it is in the science of technology that the students' intellectual and physical knowledge, skills and qualifications are combined, and the development of sensory 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us skills of technical work, as well as the world of professions, difficulties and imbalances in choosing a profession, factors to be taken into account when choosing a profession information about is given as the main goal of science. therefore, as a result of paying attention to the science of technology, not only technical colleges, but also young people will be able to choose their profession consciously, taking into account all aspects. as a result of increasing the interest of students who have chosen the right profession, i.e. increasing the quality and efficiency of education, we will create a foundation for the training of mature specialists who meet the world's requirements. it can be said that the purposeful use of modern educational technologies and tools in the organization of technology lessons, as a result of the introduction of innovative pedagogical technologies, the increase of students' interest in science, the clear vision of the implementation of labor objects in practical training opens up wide opportunities to acquire deep knowledge, skills and abilities in performing labor operations. the place and role of technology education in the continuous education system. currently, developed countries around the world are moving from agricultural production to industrial production, i.e., to a state of automatic-mechanized industrial production based on new techniques and technologies. the technical potential of specialists plays an important role in the development of production. basic skills of specialists working in the field of production are included in technology lessons in general secondary schools. "technology" is a scientific discipline that develops and improves methods of obtaining, processing and processing materials or semi-finished products. "technology" is formed from two greek words "technos" (techne) skill, art and "logos" (logos) science, teaching. according to historical sources, the science of "technology" also originated in ancient greece. in this period, it meant that a craftsman would achieve the art of crafting through his own diligence and natural talent under the guidance of his mentor (through practice). vocational training was carried out individually. in most cases, the secrets of the craft were taught only from generation to generation, to family relatives. there are also cases where generational breaks have led to the loss of certain profession secrets. as an example, it is possible to cite the fact that the secrets of the preparation of natural paints for the patterns on the outer and inner walls and domes of machit madrasahs in the ancient east have been lost. these paints still fascinate people with their naturalness, beauty, gloss of colors, uniqueness, selfradiation, and durability. the emergence of "technology" as a science in the 17th century, the emergence of industrial production led to the rapid development of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, including industrial equipment, steamboats, steam locomotives, firearms. it was possible to organize the production of such complex and labor-intensive machines and equipment only on the basis of technological documents with a clearly developed technological process. in these documents, the complex processes of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and products are divided into interrelated, sequential and clearly performed actions, operations, and the achievement of the planned result. will be done. this will be the basis for expanded and mass production. in our time, technology is understood as the art of doing certain work. in order to acquire it, it is necessary to study in depth the technological documents in which it is reflected. the formation of "technology" as a science created an opportunity to increase technology and mass training of specialists on this basis, as well as organization of mass production. technology means a process that leads to a change in the quality of the object as a result of the effect shown by the subject on the object. technology always provides for the execution of 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us purposeful actions directed at the object in a certain sequence, using the necessary means and conditions. if we transfer these concepts to the educational process, as a result of the systematic influence of the teacher (pedagogue) on the students (students) in certain conditions with the help of teaching tools, they have the necessary for society. it can be defined as a social phenomenon that intensively shapes predetermined social qualities. technical technology refers to: a set of ways and methods of obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, semifinished products or products (process-descriptive aspect of technology); the process itself extraction, filling, processing, processing, transportation, storage, storage and technical control of production (process action aspect of technology). the following concepts derived from the word "technology" are used in production: a technological process is a set of technological operations that form a single process of processing a manufactured product. a technological operation is a part of a process in the form of a completed action performed by a worker at his workplace. technological map a technical document that describes the sequence of technological operations for the production of a certain product. a technological plan is a procedure that determines the implementation of technological operations, and determines the time and conditions of operations performed in the production of a certain product. the republic of uzbekistan achieved its independence and chose a unique path of economic and social development, which made it necessary to reorganize the structure and content of personnel training and took a number of measures. (2020) introduction of new curricula, programs, textbooks, development of modern didactic teaching; required the certification of educational institutions and the establishment of new type of educational institutions. list of used literature: 1. the newly revised draft of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on education" in paragraph 172 of the state program on the implementation of the strategy of actions in the "year of supporting active entrepreneurship, innovative ideas and technologies". methodology of teaching technology science and its importance. reforms in the field of education. 2. president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev on march 19, 2019 to increase attention to youth, to widely involve the young generation in culture, art, physical education and sports, to form in them the ability to use information technology correctly, five initiatives to promote reading among young people 3. s.a. azimov. carpentry. t.: "sharq", 2004. 4. a.i. vorobyov. labor education. t., 1993. 5. n.m. zohidov. woodworking and metalworking. t., 2007. 6. n. jorayev, t. faizullayev. history of independent uzbekistan. t., 2009. 7. tokhtayev. basics of ecology and nature protection. t.:"teacher", 1994. 8. s.n. usmanov, y.t. dadaboyev. fundamentals of market economy. t.: "science", 1999. 9. u. inoyatov, s. ahmedov, r. nurimbetov. economy and entrepreneurship. t.: "teacher", 2004. 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. q.m. abdullayeva, n.s. gaipova, m.a. gafurova. sewing items designing, modeling and artistic decoration. t.: "publisher", 2012. 11. m.k. rasulova. production technology of sewing products. t.: "turon-iqbal", 2011. 12. s. bekmurodova. a new approach to teaching technology. 13. methodical guide. t.: "delta print", 2017. 14. o.a. koysinov and others. fundamentals of electrical engineering and electronics. 15. methodical guide. t.: "delta print", 2017. 16. o.a. koysinov and others. processing of polymer materials technology. methodical guide. t.: "delta print", 2017. 17. polytechnic dictionary (special editor: t.r. rashidov). t., 1989. 18. "school and life" magazine. 2017 year. number 7. 57 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 scientific and theoretical basis of marketing in the tourist area of uzbekistan musayeva shoira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan ro‘ziqulova nilufar ulug’bekovna student, samarkand institute of economic and services, samarkand, uzbekistan abstract: tourism in the republic of uzbekistan is one of the priorities of the economy, the development of which contributes to the creation of new jobs, the growth of entrepreneurial and investment activity, the development of service and hospitality infrastructure, cleanliness of the environment, living standards and international cooperation. keywords: tourism, tourism management, tourist area, tourism marketing, competitiveness, regional marketing, regional market, regional budget, private tourism, extensive, intensive, national tourism marketing. regional tourismthis is a complex system of interactions and relationships of various subjects of the tourism market, their interaction at different levels. of course, such a system is affected by various factors and processes that occur both inside and outside the tourist area. currently, three main factors have a great influence on the successful development of tourism at the regional level:  market factor the interaction of regional, national and world markets through the liberalization of foreign trade and the removal of protectionist restrictions within the framework of the world trade organization;  competitive factor increased competition in all the above markets, especially non-price competition competition in the field of quality of tourist products and implementation of various types of innovative projects;  production factor a gradual transition from fordism to post-fordism as a method of organizing the production of tourist products, which implies the replacement of mass production of tourist products with individual (small-scale) production, vertical organization of labor. horizontal, low individual responsibility with the participation of employees in the process of creating a tourist product. the factors of the external environment of the tourist area have a direct and indirect effect on the development of regional tourism. external suppliers of goods and services, external consumers, competing regions, financial organizations and transport companies directly affect the success of tourism development in the region[1]. the following groups of factors indirectly affect the development of regional tourism:  general economic factors (income level of the population, foreign economic activities of 58 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us states, integration processes and globalization of the world economy);  general political factors (stable political situation in the tourist area, type of international relations with the countries supplying tourists, state of the country's trade and balance of payments, international situation);  scientific and technical factors (level of scientific and technical development, application of its achievements in the practice of tourist activities, rational use of material resources and modern technologies);  demographic factors (age of the population of the region, increase in the number of single people, childless couples in the population of the region, increase in the level of education and culture, aesthetic needs of the population). there is a group of positive (extensive and intensive) and negative (restrictive) factors according to the way they affect the operation and development of the tourist area. positive extensive factors include an increase in the number of workers, an increase in material resources involved in economic circulation, and the construction of new objects of tourist infrastructure. implementation of scientific and technical progress, improvement of corporate culture, improvement of the culture and quality of services to tourists, rational use of resources available in the area, development of employees on the basis of technology and computerization of areas, and technical improvement of the material base will be positive intensive factors. crises, political and financial instability, unemployment and strikes affect the development of the tourist area. according to the measurement method, there are two large groups that affect the development of the tourist area: "hard" and "soft" factors. hard factors are defined as quantitative factors directed at production resources (land, personnel, capital), production and marketing (infrastructure, population structure and consumption), as well as taxes, subsidies and support programs set by the government[. these factors include the cost of energy and third-party services, the level of wages (including social security payments) and related labor resources, transport conditions, communication and costs, availability of technology, communication and know-how, proximity. markets and the purchasing power of the population., territorial location and infrastructure facilities. "soft" factors refer to categories that are difficult to measure quantitatively (the level of development of the social environment of the tourist region, the "growth" of its economy), and they include the stability of the political situation, the territorial structure of the economy. the quality of the education system and professional training, the presence of research organizations in the region, the attitude of the main subjects of the region (enterprises, politicians, trade unions, local administrations) to the economy, the standard of living (quality of housing, cultural and recreational opportunities, etc.). thus, we can say that the development of tourism at the level of individual regions is significantly influenced by various factors. their consideration, control and adjustment to the needs of the tourist area is one of the main tasks of the regional tourism management system. the solution to this problem can be implemented only through the influence of complex management on the tourism infrastructure of the region and the participants of the regional tourism market in a number of directions. one of the main directions of regional tourism development management is tourism area marketing, which is a part of national tourism marketing and includes internal, inbound and outbound tourism marketing. marketing of a tourist area can be understood as an activity carried out with the aim of purposefully creating, maintaining or changing a certain image of the area and the behavior of subjects outside this area. it involves identifying or creating unique features of the area and affects all participants of the regional tourism market: 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  for entrepreneurs in the field of tourism by creating a trade market, providing the necessary conditions for the activity and qualification of the workforce;  for tourists by providing information about the climatic conditions of the area, attractions and recreation opportunities;  for investors ensuring good functioning of the procedures for sale and purchase of property and land, profitability and security of investments, the possibility of exporting profits outside the borders of the territory, etc. the choice of the direction of implementation of marketing activities in a tourist area depends on a number of circumstances, but the most common points of application of marketing actions within the management of a tourist area are as follows: 1. creating and maintaining a favorable image of the tourist area among potential tourists and all parties interested in regional tourism development. for this, it is necessary to actively use marketing tools such as advertising in the region (in the regional and national mass media), public relations (organization of presentations of the tourist region, participation in specialized tourist exhibitions and forums), trade promotion (offering discounts to regional tourists). product, production and distribution branding is also an important tool for creating and maintaining a favorable image of the tourist area itself and the tourist product it offers. currently, there are three main types of brands: functional brands, image brands and experience brands. 2. to develop and determine the prospective concept of regional tourism development based on the study of the volume and characteristics of tourist flows in the region and the main tourist benefits in relation to the regional tourist product on the basis of comprehensive marketing. thus, the assessment of the directions of using marketing in the tourist area allows us to conclude that it is impossible to implement effective tourism management at the regional level without using certain marketing tools. marketing makes it possible to use the competitive advantages of the region to the maximum, to neutralize the negative effects of unfavorable environmental factors, to ensure the required quality and attractiveness of the regional tourist product. in the management of regional tourism, both individual marketing tools (advertising, public relations, trade promotion) and events, as well as timely coordinated marketing campaigns, can be used. the segmentation of tourist flows and the marketing analysis of available resources, together with the development of a long-term marketing program, can provide the tourist area with a level of competitiveness in the global tourist market in the national and long-term perspective. references 1. on measures related to the rapid development of the tourism network" resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 5, 2019 no. pq-4095. 2. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-4755 dated june 19, 2020 "on additional measures to develop the tourism sector in strict compliance with the requirements of the enhanced sanitary and epidemiological safety regime". 3. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-5249 dated september 22, 2021 "on financial support for activities to be implemented in order to further accelerate large-scale construction and beautification works in samarkand region and increase tourism potential." 4. alexandrova a.yu. international tourism. m.: aspect press, 2016. 470 p. 5. alimov r., kamilova m., kurbanova d. cluster concept of economic development: theory and practice. t.: institut ekonomiki an ruz., 2005. p. 36. 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. alieva mt, umurzhanov a. economy of tourist countries. t.: economy finance, 2005. 339 p. 7. babkin av special tourism. rostov-on-don: phoenix, 2008. 252 p. 8. balabanov it, balabanov ai economic tourism. uchebnoe posobie. m.: finance and statistics, 2003. 176 p. 9. balabanov it economic tourism / it balabanov, ai balabanov m.: finance and statistics, 2002. s. 25. 10. birzhakov mb introduction to tourism. – izdanie 9-e pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. spb.: izdatelsky dom gerda, 2007. 576 p. 11. ms azimovna improving the study of consumer behavior gospodarka i innowacje., 109112 12. ms azimovna scientific-methodical issues of evaluation of marketing service in hotels central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance 3 13. musaeva sh.a. marketing research. textbook "star-sel" llc publishing and creative department. samarkand-2023 14. musaeva sh.a. integrated marketing communication study guide "maharat" publishing house, samarkand 2022 15. musaeva sh.a., usmonova di innovative marketing "turon edition" study guide for 2021. 292 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 inclusion of modern pedagogical technology in the teacher of physical education as a pedagogical problem tokhtamishova maftuna khursandovna 1st year graduate student of termiz state pedagogical institute abstract: this article describes how to be a modern teacher and the methods used in the teaching process. the article describes the role of physical education in the life of students and its current state, as well as the state educational standard in this regard. keywords: physical training, extracurricular activities, sports, state educational standards, physical training, physical development, physical skills, physical exercises, physical qualities. the main idea of the national model of personnel training, which is consistently implemented in our country, is to train a competent professional. education of independent and creative thinking qualities of a well-rounded person formed as a result of reforms is one of the important tasks of general secondary educational institutions. in this regard, the effective organization of extracurricular activities of students is particularly important. [2.] it is important to develop students' creative qualities in the work of sending students to physical training. analyzing the opinions of pedagogic scientists and relying on the experimental results of our research, we will direct students to organize physical education classes at school and in extracurricular activities. we have come to the conclusion that on the basis of the unity of moral, physical and aesthetic education, it will help to implement the ideas of a collective approach to their education on the basis of our national ideology. [2.3.] in this case, according to the results of our work, the school pedagogical council and student organizations provide general guidance for the development of scientific and technical, experimental, and research work, and the labor teacher, in cooperation with parents and student activists, organizes clubs, students organizes meetings, talks, trips with the advanced representatives of various professions of student unions. students who are more interested in certain branches of sports will be identified and they will be helped to find a suitable club in extracurricular institutions located in the district and city. the physical education teacher involves students in preparing and conducting school evenings dedicated to historical days in the development of physical education and sports. therefore, the results of the research show that the physical education teacher is the main link in organizing the work of guiding students to the organization of physical education classes during class activities and extracurricular time. of course, he is required to conduct his activities on the basis of educational standards. after all, the tasks of physical education are expressed in the state education standards (dts) and the curriculum. in these documents, the purpose of physical education and training at school is consistently defined, in this regard, to inculcate love for sports and respect for sportsmen, to introduce students to the basics of modern sports, to develop physical education skills and abilities in them, it is emphasized that it consists of encouraging physical training. 293 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us physical education classes were organized in different ways in different periods. its goals and tasks were different. these circumstances, in turn, required a unique understanding of the term physical education. before commenting on the concept of physical education, it would be good to list the concepts and expressions related to this field in general. the main ones include: physical education, physical training, physical training, physical training, physical culture, physical growth, physical maturity, physical skills, physical exercises, physical qualities, etc. physical education is a pedagogical process that continues from the beginning to the end of a person's life, improves the body in all respects, and changes the movement skills and abilities important for life in accordance with the age. in the science of pedagogy, the concepts of education and upbringing are considered to be types of human activity that are interconnected and complement each other. education is the process of transferring social experience and positive qualities accumulated by people to the young generation. education is the process of studying the human mind, information about material existence, the laws of society and nature development, scientific achievements and their practical application. in the definition given to the concept of physical education, the inextricable connection between education and training is taken into account. in the pedagogical and psychological literature that we have studied, it was noticed that mental and moral education is given special importance in the development of a person as a person. but even though physical education is considered to be on the second level in our eyes, it is recognized that neither mental nor moral education can be perfect without physical education, more precisely, without the influence of physical education. physical education improves the human organism from morphological and functional aspects. this can be understood as the normal development of all organs in the body, including the correct formation and functioning of the brain and the higher nervous system. brain, higher nervous system, circulatory systems mental and other education admitting that there may be neuro-physiological foundations of the directions, it is recognized that physical training is the main type of training that leads to perfection of a person. physical education not only enables the perfect development of the body, but also ensures that the body is healthy and resistant to any external load. it has been proven by scientists that willpower in a person is many times better when he is engaged in physical education. physical education creates qualities that are constantly needed for a person on the path of life, such as strength, agility, quickness. this, in turn, contributes to the effectiveness of work. the skills to finish any work started, to achieve the expected results, will be formed faster. physical education forms the feelings of humanity and patriotism in people. protecting the interests of the motherland, if necessary, gets used to dedicating not only one's strength, but also one's life. physical education is a phenomenon of social importance. it improves a person's health, realizes all-round development. it teaches to work productively for oneself, the nation and the people, to operate freely in the conditions of the market economy, to fully express one's potential. he prepares to spread the glory of the country to the world, to guard against any malicious forces, and to defend it bravely if necessary. references 1. oʻzbekiston respublikasining “ta’lim toʻgʻrisida”gi qonuni. 2020 yil 23-sentabr (oʻrq637 son). 2. salimov o’.sh. jismoniy madaniyat nazariyasi va tarixi (uquv qo’llanma). termiz: “surxon-nashr”, 2020 y. — 220 b. 294 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. bobomurodov a.e. “jismoniy tarbiya, sport nazariyasi va uslubiyati” (jismoniy sifatlarning umumiy tavsifi). oʻquv qoʻllanma. т.,-2020. 157 b. 4. ashiraliyevich, d. i. (2022). judo as a means of developing physical qualities and coordinating abilities of students. international journal of discoveries and innovations in applied sciences, 2(2), 33-35. 5. салимов, ў. ш. (2021). аҳоли ва талабалар соғлом турмуш тарзини шакллантиришнинг ҳуқуқий-меъёрий асослари. fan-sportga, (4), 6265. 6. daminov, i. a. (2022). umum ta’lim maktab o ‘quvchilarida sog ‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishning muhim tomonlari. academic research in educational sciences, 3(7), 28-34 7. ulaboevich, b. g. a. (2022). improving the effectiveness of the method of conducting physical education classes for students of grades 5-9 in hot climates. asean journal of physical education and sport science, 1(1), 33-42. 8. салимов, ў. ш. (2021). махсус мобил иловалар орқали талабаларнинг соғлом турмуш тарзига нисбатан ижобий мотивациясини шакллантириш. fan-sportga, (3), 52-54. 9. bobokulov, c. u. (2023). the meaning and importance of developing mental abilities of children of junior school age. modern scientific research international scientific journal, 1(6), 125-132. 10. салимов, у. ш. (2023). факультативный предмет" нетрадиционные методы здорового образа жизни" как средство совершенствования физической активности студентов. fansportga, (1), 83-85. 11. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 12. bakhriyev, j. (2021). methods of training boxers and the essence of their content. 13. urolovich, b. c. (2023). scientific effects of the modular approach in teaching the theory and methodology of physical education. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 141-144. 14. ulobaevich, b. g. a. (2022). natural health instructions in organizing the daily life of school students efficiency of use reasonable use in physical education. miasto przyszłości, 177-179. 15. ulaboyevich, b. g. . (2023). increasing the efficiency of the methodology of conducting physical education lessons for students of grades 5-9 in hot climate conditions. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 137–140. 16. o’rolovich, c. b., & o’gli, e. e. m. (2020). the role and effective importance of moving games in the development of the physical qualities of athletes. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 136-138. 17. o’gli, e. e. m. (2020). specific features of teaching students for extracurricular ball sports. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 139-141. 18. jamshid, b. (2023). competence requirements for physical education teachers in universal educational institutions. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(9), 323-327. 295 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 19. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). theoretical foundations of the use of special acting games for the development of operational efforts in young wrestler girls. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(7), 99-102. 20. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). restricted student young people through physical culture and sports training. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(4), 17-21. 21. qizi, r. z. f. (2022). advantages of using pedagogic methods in training students and young people in physical education. european international journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies, 2(08), 28-30. 22. megnimurotovich, i. e., & ismailovna, a. n. (2023). content essentials of diagnostics and psychocorrection of interrelationships in cognitive processes. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 328-330. 23. ismailovna, a. n., & mengnimurotovich, i. e. psychodiagnostics of cognitive abilities. 24. eshqobilov, e. (2023). scientific and theoretical aspects of the competent approach in the development of creativity in the future professional pedagogical activity of physical culture education students. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(3), 530-533. 25. urolovich, b. c. standards for correct organization of independent education of physical culture education students. 245 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 finding the maximum and minimum value of a function on a segment madina po‘latovna sharipova osiyo xalqaro universiteti “umumtexnik fanlar” kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi scientific supervisor n.v. pirniyazova associate professor of the department of pedagogy and psychology karakalpak state university named after berdakh abstract: finding the maximum and minimum value of a function in a given segment is an important aspect of calculus. this article discusses various methods and techniques used to determine the largest and smallest values of a function within a specified range. the article explores the concepts of local maximum and minimum, as well as global maximum and minimum, and provides examples and practical applications to illustrate the process. key words: maximum value, minimum value, function, segment, calculus, optimization, local maximum, local minimum, global maximum, global minimum. in the realm of mathematics, particularly in the field of calculus, determining the maximum and minimum values of a function is a crucial aspect. this task holds significance in various practical applications such as optimization problems, physics, engineering, economics, and more. in this article, we will delve into the process of finding the maximum and minimum values of a function on a segment, also known as an interval, and explore the methods used to accomplish this. to start with, let us understand what a segment in mathematics is. a segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and it can be expressed as an interval on the real number line. finding the maximum and minimum values of a function on a segment entails locating the highest and lowest points of the function within the specified interval. this is a fundamental concept in calculus and is essential for understanding the behavior of functions within a given range. the process of finding the maximum and minimum values of a function on a segment involves several key steps. the first step is to identify the critical points of the function within the given segment. critical points are the values of x at which the derivative of the function is either zero or does not exist. these points can help in locating the potential maximum and minimum points of the function. after identifying the critical points, the next step is to evaluate the function at these points as well as at the endpoints of the segment. this will provide a set of potential maximum and minimum values within the given interval. using the first and second derivative tests, one can then determine whether these points are indeed the maximum or minimum values of the function. the first derivative test involves analyzing the sign changes of the derivative around the critical points, while the second derivative test involves examining the concavity of the function at these points. by employing these tests, one can conclusively ascertain the nature of the critical points and determine whether they correspond to maximum or minimum values. 246 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition to these tests, it is also crucial to consider the behavior of the function at the endpoints of the segment. by evaluating the function at these points, one can identify any potential maximum or minimum values that may exist at the boundaries of the interval. it is important to note that the process of finding the maximum and minimum values of a function on a segment may differ based on the specific characteristics of the function and the segment itself. some functions may have multiple critical points within the segment, while others may have none. additionally, the presence of endpoints and the behavior of the function at these points can significantly impact the analysis. in conclusion, the process of finding the maximum and minimum values of a function on a segment is a fundamental aspect of calculus and is vital for understanding the behavior of functions within a specified range. by identifying critical points, evaluating the function at these points and the endpoints, and employing derivative tests, one can effectively determine the highest and lowest points of the function within the given interval. this process not only enhances our understanding of the function's behavior but also has practical applications in various fields. in mathematics, the process of finding the maximum and minimum value of a function within a specific segment is crucial in various fields, including engineering, physics, economics, and more. whether it is to optimize a design, determine the profit-maximizing output, or simply understand the behavior of a function, the ability to identify the extreme points of a function is of paramount importance. the maximum and minimum values of a function are essential in understanding its overall behavior and its potential outputs. in the context of calculus, this process plays a significant role in optimization problems, where the goal is to maximize or minimize a certain quantity, subject to given constraints. local maximum and minimum: in the realm of calculus, the local maximum and minimum values of a function are critical points that occur within a specified interval. these points are identified by finding the critical points of the function, where its derivative is equal to zero or undefined. by analyzing the behavior of the function in the vicinity of these critical points, one can determine whether they correspond to local maximum or minimum values. global maximum and minimum: on the other hand, global maximum and minimum values refer to the overall extreme points of a function over a given interval. unlike local extreme values, global extreme points consider the behavior of the function across the entire segment. to find the global maximum and minimum values, various methods such as the first and second derivative tests, as well as interval endpoint comparisons, are employed. conclusion: in conclusion, the process of finding the maximum and minimum value of a function in a given segment is a fundamental concept in calculus and real-world applications. the ability to identify extreme points enables us to optimize designs, analyze economic behavior, and understand the behavior of various physical phenomena. by delving into the concepts of local and global maximum and minimum values, mathematicians and scientists gain a deeper insight into the behavior of functions and their applications. references 1. stewart, j. (2007). calculus: early transcendentals. cengage learning. 2. anton, h., bivens, i., & davis, s. (2012). calculus. john wiley & sons. 3. rogawski, j., & adams, c. (2012). calculus: early transcendentals. macmillan. 4. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360365. 247 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. sharipova, m. p. (2023). maxsus sohalarda karleman matritsasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 137-141. 6. jurakulov, s. z. (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 514-518. 7. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology, 3(10), 25-33. 8. zafarjon o'g'li, z. s. (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 9. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle’s system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67–73. 10. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 11. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 12. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizik-mexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223-228. 13. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 14. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 15. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 16. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo ‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o ‘rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 17. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320-322. 18. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 19. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 82-86. 20. турсунов, б. ж., гайбуллаев, с. а., & жумаев, к. к. (2020). влияние технологических параметров на гликолевую осушку газа. sciences of europe, (55-1 (55)), 33-36. 21. турсунов, б. ж., & алланазаров, г. о. (2019). перспективные технологии производства по улучшению качества бензина. теория и практика современной науки, (3 (45)), 305-308. 22. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. 23. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 24. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 248 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 25. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669-674. 26. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 27. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 28. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 assessment of students' knowledge, skills and abilities isaboyeva dilyora zokirjon qizi teacher of kspi abstract: as a result of the reforms carried out in our country in recent years, huge economic growth indicators are being achieved, increasing the demand for qualified personnel and advanced specialists in all fields. this in itself requires increasing the interest of our students in classes and increasing the attention of teachers to all-round education. the fact that the above requirements are very important for the educational system means that, as in most foreign countries, it is necessary to attract the best practices aimed at improving the quality of education by evaluating and monitoring the development of the educational and scientific fields. keywords: knowledge, skills, pedagogical technology, pisa, monitoring, activity, education. a new approach to youth education is the demand of the times. because the national personnel training program states that "advanced pedagogical technologies, new forms and methods of education, including training, the practice of differentiated programs will be introduced"[1]. the main goal of the introduction of the continuous education system in our republic is the formation of skills such as high professional culture, creative and socio-political activity, and free thinking in the young generation. first of all, it is necessary to increase the activity of students. that is why it is appropriate to use interactive methods of education in order to develop independent, creative and critical thoughts of students. at the same time, in the formation of students' knowledge and skills related to labor education, there is sufficient systematization in the organization of lessons and extracurricular activities, orientation to specific goals, control of the results of teaching work, and the introduction of new methods for evaluation. does not find the opposite. therefore, it is becoming an urgent issue to use active methods of education and upbringing, to find ways to rationally use acceptable forms of teaching and testing in general education schools in the improvement of educational methodological work. it is known that teaching methods consist of the teacher's activities with students in order to achieve certain goals, and serve to reveal the issues of who needs to be taught what and how. therefore, the appropriate selection of forms and methods used to activate students' cognitive activities and their independent, creative thinking will be effective in the future training of personnel. knowledge is the information people have about nature and social phenomena; the reflection of reality in human thinking. if we believe what is what in our daily imagination, and this belief does not contradict the events and events (rules) we are used to, such belief is knowledge. the information we know about reality must satisfy the following conditions in order for it to rise to the level of knowledge: first, the proportionality of this information to reality; secondly, to be sufficiently convincing; thirdly, this information should be supported by evidence. all three conditions together bring existing information to the knowledge level. in the process of social development, a person goes from ignorance to knowledge, from abstract knowledge to perfect and accurate knowledge. a person's knowledge of the material world is relative, it is constantly developing. knowledge is accumulated through daily experience and observation. in 42 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us epistemology, a research study of knowledge, perceptive (emotional), vital everyday (common sense) and scientific forms of knowledge are distinguished. in scientific literature, scientific and non-scientific forms of knowledge are also distinguished. knowledge other than science includes culture, literature, art, mythology, religion, etc. k. knowledge of the fields is included. knowledge studied in the usual fields of science is called exoteric (obvious) knowledge, astrology, etc. k. b. related to fields are called esoteric (cryptic) b. if exoteric b. does not contradict the rules of science, esoteric b. may contradict such rules. a skill is an automated method of behavior resulting from practice. skill is a method of successful action resulting from the set goal and behavior conditions. qualifications are always based on the purpose and concrete conditions of the behavior. the better a person knows the work, the more competently he performs it and uses it. a skill is a learner's ability to perform a task automatically. skill formation is the mandatory final goal of professional education, and this skill is gradually formed in the process of study and practice. professional ability is a sign of a person's personal-psychological quality necessary for successful performance of work in the conditions of professional activity. the ability is not innate, but it depends on the environment, learning, and upbringing. knowledge, skills, competences and abilities are interrelated, and it is very difficult to evaluate them separately. assessment of students' knowledge, skills and abilities is a component of the teacher's methodological activity. that's why it is necessary for the teacher to carefully observe and evaluate each student's work in the learning environment. the knowledge acquired at school determines a person's future life path. many people measure knowledge by grades. but grades are not a clear measure of knowledge. it is just a tool that encourages students to be active. each teacher has his own method of work, evaluation method. also, among pedagogues, there are those who set the grade relatively higher or save "5" even though the student's level of knowledge meets the requirements. the international organization for economic cooperation and development has implemented the pisa program every 3 years to assess the ability of 15year-old students of more than 70 countries to apply their knowledge of their mother tongue, mathematics and natural sciences in practice. as a result, the participating countries rating was determined, and a mechanism for developing appropriate recommendations for improving the educational process was established. neqmap, the united nations special organization for education, culture and the arts, unesco's monitoring organization for the quality of education in the asia and the pacific region, systematically compared the evaluation systems of secondary schools in more than 15 countries in the region. research program was developed and put into practice. the tasks of monitoring the quality of education in our country are as follows: a) to determine the dynamics of students' fulfillment of the requirements of state educational standards of general secondary education and the factors affecting it; b) according to the results of monitoring, setting measures aimed at filling the identified gaps in students' knowledge and increasing the quality of the educational process; c) preparation of proposals for amendments to the reviews of state educational standards and educational programs based on the requirements deemed necessary in connection with the results of monitoring, the development of society, science and technology, and technology; g) mutual comparison of the results of the use of various pedagogical technologies and popularization of advanced work practices, etc. it is important to introduce an innovative approach to the educational process in educational institutions as an important factor in raising a mature generation from the elementary grades. in the process of monitoring the quality of education, the innovative approach is evaluated based on the following indicators: the presence of the school team's understanding of innovative pedagogical processes; support for the introduction of new ideas, new initiatives, new technologies; creation of mechanisms for comprehensive support of inquisitive, creative, talented pedagogues in educational institutions; the existence of a plan and specific goals for the implementation of innovations in the educational institution of the school management; the existence of a stimulating environment and measures that ensure the effective participation of 43 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us teachers in innovative activities; monitoring of the implementation of innovations recommended by education management agencies; creation of a creative environment for pedagogic staff (teachers) and students in educational institutions, interest in initiatives and innovations; incentive based on results; the existence of mutual cooperation leading to an effective result; this innovative process requires teachers to meet the following requirements: to know the scientific and practical theory and modern achievements of their subject; students to be able to use effective methods in order to acquire independent knowledge and to form basic research skills in them; ability to apply advanced work practices and innovations to the teaching process; to be able to use the methods of independent learning, creativity and research development in the student; being able to organize mutual respect, trust and mutual support during the lesson; to be able to organize the process of lessons and extracurricular activities in an upbeat mood; encouraging and supporting students to pursue common goals. based on the above, the implementation of parameters and indicators of monitoring the quality of education, taking into account the age, psycho-physiological characteristics of students in primary education, will be highly effective. references: 1. и.эргaшев, э.нaбиев, н.комилов вa б. миллий истиқло ғояси. дaрслик. -т.: фaн, 2004й., б.58. 2. a.пaршев тaърифи /л.м.кaримовa, фикргa қaрши фикр, ғоягa қaрши ғоя, жaҳолaтгa қaрши мaърифaт билaн курaшиш тaмойили/fikr.uz.,фикр, ғоя вa мaърифaт рукни, 31 мaрт 2016 йил, 12:45. 3. и.эргaшев, э.нaбиев, н.комилов вa б. миллий истиқло ғояси. дaрслик. -т.: фaн, 2004й., б.58. 4. u.n.khodjamkulov. necessity and conditions for forming a cluster of pedagogical education (on the example of the education system of uzbekistan)// european journal of research and reflection in educational sciences vol. 8 no. 4, 2020, part ii. issn 2056-5852. http://www.idpublications.org/ejrres-vol-8-no-4-2020-part-ii/ 5. yigitaliyeva, s. (2023). kognitiv tilshunoslik va unda konsept tushunchasining ifodalanish. scienceweb academic papers collection. 6. yigitaliyeva, s. (2022). o'zbek tilida yaxshilik konsepti va uning xalq maqollarida ifodalanish xususiyatlari. qo'qon dpi. ilmiy habarlar. 7. yigitaliyeva, s. (2021). linguistic analysis the concept of goodness. scienceweb academic papers collection. 8. isog’aliyevna, y. s. (2023). boshlang’ich sinflarda mustaqil so’z turkumlarini o’qitishda innovatsion texnologiyalarning ahamiyati. conferencea, 16-21. 9. yigitaliyeva, s. (2023). tushuncha kognitiv lingvistikaning asosiy birligi sifatida. xorazm ma’mun akademiyasi axborotnomаsi–6/4-2023. 10. shahista, k., shohida, i., & saidaxon, m. (2023). comparative analysis of englsh and german languages. o'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 2(20), 46-49. 11. shokhistakhon, h. (2023). the use of interactive methods in the formation of dialogic speech skills in foreign language lessons. gospodarka i innowacje., 33, 391-393. 12. shohida, i., & shahista, k. (2023). conceptual information in languages activating structures. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 12(03), 56-60. http://www.idpublications.org/ejrres-vol-8-no-4-2020-part-ii/ 44 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. khatamkulova, s. (2022). to the problem of transfer of the national uniqueness of proverbs, sayings and other units in literary translation. the peerian journal, 4, 17-19. 14. xamdamovna, m. z., & daughter, a. g. d. s. (2022). the role of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching foreign languages, surprising connections between english and german. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(3), 490-493. 15. масодикова, з., & омонбоева, м. о. (2015). the educational importance of using proverbs in foreign languages teaching. ученый xxi века, (12 (13)), 73-75. 16. masodiqova, z. x. (2022). methods of teaching german language. academic research in educational sciences, 3(1), 331-334. 17. andrew, j. s. (2023). artistic discourse and antonyms in it as a cultural factor. open access repository, 9(3), 409-411. 18. yigitaliyeva, m. (2023). linguoculturological aspects of antonyms in artistic texts with similes. european chemical bulletin. 19. oripova, k. (2023). antonyms as a cultural factor in artistic texts involving simile. gospodarka i innowacje. 20. орипова, к. э. ўхшатишлар иштирокидаги бадиий матнларда антонимлар маданий омил сифатида. му аллим œўм зликсиз билимлендири², 52. 21. isaboyeva, d. (2023). the role of the national idea and ideology in the process of globalization. science and innovation in the education system, 2(12), 133-137. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 308 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us socio-philosophical analysis of trends in the development of values in the system of the globalized world m.d. ochilova teacher of samsifl annotation. this article is devoted to the analysis of the preservation and development of the spiritual values of ethnic groups and peoples in the era of globalization, the reasons for their transformation and disappearance, because values set the historical paths of nations, generate differences and determine the relationships between them. keywords: values, traditions, customs, transformation, tolerance. many scientists and thinkers are puzzled by what values will come to the fore in the 21st century. in our opinion, freedom, life, family, work and tolerance will remain the defining values. although we are observing a metamorphosis of society within the framework of modernity, during which people are liberated from the social forms of industrial society from division into classes and strata, from traditional family and gender relations, just as in the era of the reformation, society broke the embrace of the church and took the path secularization, we dare to hope that the core of ontological values will be preserved, even if slightly modified. fundamental values set the historical paths of nations, generate differences and determine the relationships between them. cultural and political values establish and describe the genotype of a nation the hereditary constitution of its body, mind and soul. the value system represents the matrix of the life of the people, which sets stable forms for the consciousness and behavior of citizens and the functioning of political institutions. if earlier we talked about conflicts between countries or peoples, today we can say with confidence that different value systems are in conflict with each other. moreover, very often, in order to achieve success in such a conflict, even values that are very close to us when they apply to us, but which we often refuse to extend to others, are sacrificed. first of all, this concerns such fundamental european values as tolerance and respect for the characteristics of others. and citizens and governments of certain european countries are not always ready to extend this value to those whom they consider strangers. many people, especially those living outside the countries of the “golden billion,” have their own hierarchy of values, often radically different from the one that is so important for representatives of large capital. religious, cultural, and household traditions are sometimes of decisive importance for them [9, 21]. a person himself determines what is sacred to him. however, many spiritual absolutes are identical among people. we call unshakable, intimate life orientation, something without which a person is unthinkable and does not live fully as value. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 309 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to danilevsky, the progress of mankind does not lie in everyone going in the same direction, but in the entire field that makes up the field of historical activity proceeding [8, 114125]. thus, different cultures in the process of this “walking” develop their own values and arrange them in unique hierarchies. values were born in the history of man as a tribal being as a kind of spiritual foundation on which man built his life, overcoming difficulties. values organize reality, introduce evaluative moments into its understanding, and give meaning to life. we can find the same values in two different cultures. however, the fundamental difference lies in the place given to these values in a particular culture; the hierarchy of values is a unique copy of culture. people have different attitudes towards life in general and its significance, towards work, towards the transformation of existence, towards earthly joys, towards moral standards themselves. sometimes there may be an illusion that all values are of an enduring and historical nature. but this is far from true. in any culture, its ideals are born, flourish and die. this, however, does not mean that with culture the values inherent in it perish. they may well be reborn in another culture. and cultures of the same era one way or another overlap with each other, and, thus, intercultural values appear, which, nevertheless, do not cancel the values of each culture. values strengthen a nation's self-identification through contrast with "others" and, even more effectively, through contrast with "enemies." transhistorical, ontological values constitute the core of the nation; they have evolved over centuries, belong to the general cultural fundamental foundations of society and rarely undergo significant changes. let's compare western and asian values: democracy is contrasted with hierarchy, equality with inequality, self-determination with fatalism, individualism with collectivism, human rights with the authority of the state, equal rights for women with domination of men, social mobility with established social strata. in relation to culture and worldview, the opposition can be continued: facts and numbers intuitiveness, energy wisdom, novelty of the solution successful precedents of the past, priority of the result priority of harmony. over the past few centuries, economic factors have played a key role in the development of civilizations. the current crisis, however, has shown the inconsistency of such a system. of course, geopolitical and geo-economic factors will continue to be of considerable importance for the development of mankind, but cultural values are thought that they will become decisive. and if earlier it could be argued that it was the anglo-saxon (western) culture that was best adapted to the model of economic growth [5, 11], then it is by no means necessary that it will remain dominant in a world built on different foundations. and let us not be confused by the fact that american culture is popular in many parts of the world. popularity fades, values are enduring. history shows that the west does not have a truly workable model of economic development for the world's poorest countries. even direct financial assistance (at least provided in current volumes) is not always capable of radically changing the situation often it simply ends up in the pockets of western specialists or local corrupt officials. and even if these countries suddenly reached the level of development of rich western countries, would their inhabitants become truly happy? as g. clark writes, having overcome high infant mortality, increased life expectancy and american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 310 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reduced inequality, we have not become happier than our ancestors who lived in huntinggathering societies [1; 3]. that is why we consider it highly appropriate to point out the need to create a value system in which “growth”, “profit” and “return on investment” play a secondary role. in our opinion, the determining factors in the new century should be culture, morality and spirituality. no matter how bold the new concept of the world order or system of values may be, no matter how little it appeals to the majority, it still needs to be proposed, because “the freethinking of one era is the common sense of another.” g. lessing spoke about the advent of a civilization based on moral values. more maturity will come “the era of the new, eternal gospel.” it is at this time that morality will turn out to be a universal, unconditional, unconditional principle of behavior. religion cannot be a private matter, as the new history wanted, it cannot be autonomous. religion again becomes a highly common, universal, all-determining matter [7, 412]. the religious sphere of public life, it seems to us, has considerable chances to once again become one of the key factors determining the direction and content of human development. the word "faith", which once meant "knowledge", now has a rather pathetic connotation. people have stopped going to the priest, which means that the burden of guilt is growing, which there is no one to share with anyone and which is not getting smaller even if the boundaries between “right” and “wrong” are blurred. on the contrary, this feeling grows stronger in its uncertainty and irresistibility [6, 171]. in most societies, fundamentalism is often supported by educated young people, highly qualified middle-class specialists, and entrepreneurs. as the american researcher g. weigel noted, the desecularization of the world is one of the dominant sociocultural phenomena at the turn of the century. the revival of religion, the “revenge of the gods” [4], creates the basis for identification and involvement with a community that goes beyond national boundaries, for the unification of civilizations. “faith is a completely different dimension of the whole life, and not just some part of it. this is inner strength and freedom from what is happening around you” [10, 44]. therefore, the widespread judgment that theistic ideologies have little influence on modern social life seems to us unsubstantiated. on the contrary, for residents of many countries, including india, algeria, turkey, bosnia, lebanon, and pakistan, religion plays an extremely important role. after all, in their societies there is a struggle between secularism and theocracy. what role do indigenous religions play in the modern world? there is an opinion that, when faced with modern mass culture, they become irrelevant in society and quickly die out. in fact, they are dynamic and progressive forces of unceasing vitality and undying influence [2]. indigenous religions such as haitian voodoo, korean shamanism, sri lankan "wild man" and others have millions of followers around the world. this fact alone can challenge the perception of local religions and cultural traditions as disappearing from the face of the earth. one way or another, we must recognize the importance of these religions. the influence of religious ideas is great even in such a secular country as the united states. nonreligious people will argue that it is quite common for adherents of one religion to look down on followers of another, exhibiting extreme intolerance and using faith to justify cultural or even american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 311 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us physical genocide. and that there are a great many examples of such destructive religious zeal. let it be so, but then it is not people who kill people, but pistols, and mistakes in writing are made by pens and pencils, and not by those in whose hands they are. the vast majority of religions (if not absolutely all) have peace and love as their essence, not violence and hostility. the current degradation of culture and society, it seems to us, is happening precisely because the moral imperative has disappeared from life. there is every reason to believe that the “conveyor” culture has very little chance of surviving the 21st century. younger generations grew up in different conditions than their parents those people by whom and for whom the system we have today was built. it will be extremely difficult for politicians of the future to hide their true intentions behind the screen of humanistic rhetoric and throw around the concepts of “democracy”, “justice” and “freedom” right and left. bibliography: 1. arnold m. god and the bible: a review of objections to literature and dogma, 1875. in the yale book of quotations, 2006, p. 29. 2. beyond primitivism: indigenous religious traditions and modernity, p. i 3. clark g. a farewell to alms: a brief economic history of the world. princeton university press, princeton, 2007, p. 29. 4. kepel g. la revanche de dieu: chrétiens, juifs et musulmans a la reconquête du monde. editions du seuil, paris, 1991 282 p. 5. к landes, 1998. in clark g. a farewell to alms: a brief economic history of the world. princeton university press, princeton, 2007, p. 11. 6. bek u. risk society. on the way to another modernity, 2000, p. 171. 7. berdyaev n.a. philosophy of creativity, culture and art. m., 1994, p. 412. 8. danilevsky, russia and europe. m., 1991, p. 114-125. 9. krashennikova v. russia america: cold war of cultures. how american values refract the vision of russia. m.: publishing house "europe", 2007, p. 21. 10. narochnitskaya n.a. russian world, 2008, p. 44. 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ellipsis in erkin a’zam’s works toshxujayeva shoiraxon phd, associate professor of the kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: in paper the ellipsis and their study in modern uzbek linguistics were explored. in addition, in erkin a’zam works synonyms was analyzed and their lingvopoetic investigation were showed. keywords: ellipsis, contextual ellipsis, situational ellipsis, expressive syntax. it is known that there is a principle of economy and redundancy in language, as in all branches of social life. in the process of communication, the desire for brevity always occurs naturally. when a speaker or writer creates a speech expression, it is not the most appropriate of the available tools in the language, but the speech situation, the effort to ensure that the thought reaches the listener or reader in a clear, concise and short way, considered necessary for the situation. uses language units. based on the principle of economy in language, the phenomenon of ellipsis appears in linguistics, and this phenomenon occurs at the syntactic level of the language. the phenomenon of ellipsis in uzbek linguistics was studied for the first time in a monographic aspect by n. mahmudov. although the scientist's candidate thesis entitled "ellipsis in the uzbek language" shows that this phenomenon is a stylistic tool[1;110], the main attention is focused on the research of syntactic and semantic features of the occurrence of ellipsis. in it, semantic and situational-contextual ellipsis are mutually differentiated, and the semantic-syntactic factors that caused them to occur are shown not within the text, but within the sentence. recently, the linguopoetic functions of ellipsis in the study of literary texts in various linguistics have attracted the serious attention of linguists, the linguopoetic possibilities of ellipsis have been studied as a separate problem. also began to be recorded in various educational manuals.[3;112] in the works of erkin a'zam, mainly contextual and situational types of ellipsis are used. 1. contextual ellipsis. context and situation are the main factors in the occurrence of ellipsis phenomenon and help to convey the content of information to the listener. context means a set of speech environments. the context appears as a linguistic factor, and the situation appears as an extralinguistic factor. contextual ellipsis occurs mainly in dialogues. but this does not mean that contextual ellipsis does not occur in monologic speech. contextual ellipsis is also observed in monologic speech. for example: sirasi, o‘zim shu yaqin atrofda katta bo‘lib, mulla uzoq kimligini aniq bilmasdim. o‘sha ko‘chada nechundir qari-quri ko‘proq, uch-to‘rt kishilashib u yoq-bu yoqqa gangir-gungir qilib yurishar, bularning orasida mulla uzog‘i kim bilib bo‘lmas edi. mudom oppoq soqolini tutamlab yerga o‘ychan boqib yuradigan bir mo‘ysafid bor edi, xayolimda, o‘shanisi bo‘lsa kerak. (“manzuma otin”,274) in the process of reading this passage, it is not difficult for the reader to understand the personality of mullah uzok, who was deliberately left out in the monologue of the author. because the thought is about mullah ugok, and that person is clearly embodied in the eyes of the reader. 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contextual ellipses have various linguopoetic possibilities in literary works. for example: nihoyat, qo‘ng‘iroq chalinib, yo‘lak g‘ala-g‘ovurga to‘ldi. eshikdan chiqib, u yoq-bu yoqqa alanglagan akbarova meni ko‘rdiyu chopqillab oldimga keldi. ✓ aytib qo‘ying, dugonangizni ko‘rgani ko‘zim yo‘q! ✓ xo‘p, aytib qo‘yaman, dedi akbarova mendan tezroq qutulishning evini qilolmay. sizni ham! (“otoyining tug‘ilgan yili”,21) in the passage, the words expressing the concept of askar's lover were deliberately omitted in the speeches of askar shodibek's son and "shiny" akbarova. this is made possible by the context, that is, the opening sentence of the passage. contextual ellipsis was used in this case to emphasize akbarova's respect for askar and her desire not to hurt him. elliptical expression of askar's thoughts has special artistic and aesthetic impact in the context. if his thoughts were "i don't want to see you!" when it was completely finished, the writer's goal would not be fulfilled, but the inner feelings and experiences of the hero of the work could not be fully shown, and meanings such as carelessness, slander, and intoxication would not appear in the text. in dialogues, the context, that is, the words of the participants of the speech, plays a very important role. on this basis, the parts that are not considered essential by the speaker are left out. contextual ellipsis, from the point of view of the actual division of the sentence, serves to bring the rheme to the fore and to emphasize it by removing the part representing the theme. sometimes contextual ellipsis is due to the omission of certain parts of phraseological expressions. for example: zanjabil ham esdan chiqmasin, hoy shamsiddinxon aka! ✓ chiqmaydi, chiqmaydi, deydi shamsiddin qo‘llarini ko‘kragida qovushtirib. ( “farishta”) in the passage, the phrase "remember" is used in the first line, and the "remember" part of it is contextually ellipsised in the second line. the base part of this phrase formed an elliptical sentence in the form of khaliduy, and it was repeated twice. as a result, the meaning of this phrase was strongly emphasized in the second replica, and at the same time, the meaning of indivisibility became even stronger. it is on this basis that contextual ellipsis in a phraseological phrase has a linguopoetic weight. 2. situational ellipsis. the situation is the compensation of the unspoken thought the fragment. people speaking and listening know what it is, who and what they are talking about. naturally, any part of the sentence structure can meet situational ellipsis, and in any case, situational ellipsis will have a linguopoetic value. especially in the author's work, the linguopoetic emphasis resulting from the situational ellipsis of the part of the sentence is significantly stronger than in other cases. let's look at this passage: yigit ko‘zimga tanishdek ko‘rindi. esladim: o‘yin kunlari “paxtakor” stadioniga kiraverishdagi maydonda somsa sotardi. boshida paqirdek oq qalpoq, egnida cho‘ntaklarining og‘zi moy bosgan yag‘ir xalat, oldida aravacha – “kepqoli-ing, dumbali somsa!..” sayra, qo‘bizim, sayra! bashariyat, aql bobida o‘z ajdodlaridan ilgarilab bormoqda, inson yuragi bilan ish ko‘rib jumlai jahonni hayratga solgan mashhur jarroh kristian barnard, qo‘llari bodga chalinganiga qaramay, hamon ana shu nozik uzvga yo‘l izlamoqda, jamiyatga ko‘proq naf keltirish maqsadida badiiy ijod sohasida ham kuch sinamoqda; yer yuzida besh million odam ochlikdan azob chekmoqda.....los-anjeles, buenos-ayres, addis-abeba, rio-de-janeyro singari doimo g‘aroyib hodisa-hangomalar sodir bo‘lib turadigan manzillarda aqlni shoshiradigan ne-ne turfa gaplar kechioqda. bu esa... “kepqoli-ing, dumbali somsa!..” – shundan boshqasini bilmaydi, qiziqmaydi, o‘ylamaydi. somsa sotadi, bashang kiyinadi, jirkanch loflari bilan sodda-bayov qizlarning boshini aylantiradi – qiladigan ishi shu. azza-bazza shuning uchun dunyoga kelgan! (“otoyining tug‘ilgan yili”,25) in the quoted text, the psychological and emotional state created 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the hero of the work under the influence of the situation is further emphasized by means of ellipsis. the speech situation is described as follows somsa sotuvchi yigitning dunyodan bexabar “kepqoli-ing, dumbali somsa!..” deb xaridorlarni chaqirishi aslida noelliptik shaklda “kepqoliing, dumbali somsa!..” deya baqiradishundan boshqasini bilmaydi... gave an opportunity for the situational ellipsis of the clause "he shouts" in the sentence that should be structured in the style. most of the time, the writer omits the situational ellipsis in the description of the speech situation, for example, the person represented by the word in the function of a demonstrative pronoun. but through the situational elliptical sentence, the main idea rheme gets a logicalartistic emphasis. this can be observed in the following example: biroq, men bu orzumga yetishga ulgurmasdan akbarova navbatdagi axboroti bilan osmonimni yana alamzadalik bulutiga ko‘mib yubordi. .... ✓ (uni) ko‘rsangiz – tanimaysiz, og‘zi to‘la tish! –deya u hech kim so‘ramagan bo‘lsa-da, matluba haqida axborot berishga tushdi. ✓ bundan chiqdi, eri aspirant emas, magazinchi yoki qassob ekan-da? – dedim o‘zimni loqayd ko‘rsatishga tirishib. ✓ yo‘q, nega, (uning eri) aspirant... dedi fe’limga hiylagina ko‘nikib ketganakbarova xotirjam ohangda . – (ular) yaqinda mashina olisharmish... ✓ surishtirib ko‘rmadingizmi, qachon samolyot olisharkan? – dedim uning ko‘ziga g‘azab bilan tikilib... (“otoyining tug‘ilgan yili”,27) extralinguistic factors such as speech situation, facial expressions and gestures of speakers are the basis for constructing situational elliptical sentences. a certain idea or an important part of an idea in a situational elliptical sentence receives a logical-poetic emphasis, especially in the works of the writer e.azam, this emphasis is very strong when the indirect complement and participle are subjected to situational ellipsis. observed. the writer synthesizes the image of the situation and the character's speech in such a way that, as a result, the speech situation also "speaks like". for example: man filfakdaman. bu yil bitirvopman. hozir-chi, diplom yozvopman. tildan. shevalardan. (“bayramdan boshqa kular”189.); lekin bir yil ham yashar-yashamas, qudalar o‘rtasida eski oldi-berdidan gap qochib, nizo chiqibdi. bu katta mojaroga aylanib, otasiyu akalari kelib qizni olib ketishibdi. o‘shandan beri yosh er-xotin bir-biriga talpinib sarson. (“bayramdan boshqa kular”,246.) ; otamni yaxshi ko‘rardim-da, uni dunyodagi eng zo‘r, eng pok-pokiza odam xayol qilardim. (“shovqin”, 93); farhod xotiralarga sho‘ng‘ib o‘tirarkan, zinapoyada ko‘zlari olazarak antonina mixaylovna paydo bo‘ldi. yana qo‘ng‘iroq emish! sur’at ekan. eshitgandirsan? – dedi u atay xushhol suyunchilab. – akang sening o‘rningga xitoy jo‘nayapti. (“shovqin”, 100) in the following examples, the writer deliberately omitted the fact that it is non-elliptical as follows “hozir-chi, diplom ishi yozvopman.” “o‘shandan beri yosh er-xotin birbiriga talpinib sarson yasharmish.” “otamni yaxshi ko‘rardim-da, uni dunyodagi eng zo‘r, eng pok-pokiza odam deb xayol qilardim.” va “akang sening o‘rningga xitoyga jo‘nayapti.” the sentences expressed in the style of the writer have acquired an elliptical appearance in the examples with the artistic and aesthetic purpose of the writer. references: 1. maxmudov n.m. ellipsis v uzbekskom yazыke: dis. ...kand. filol. nauk. –t., 1977. -110 s. 2. arjanova i. a. funksionalno-kommunikativnыye i lingvopoeticheskiye funksii ellipticheskix konstruksiy v sovremennoy xudojestvennoy literature na angliyskom yazыke. dis. ...kand. filol. nauk. – m., 1999. -188 s. 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. yo‘ldoshev m. badiiy matn va uning lingvopoetik tahlili asoslari. –t.: fan, 2007. –123 b; yo‘ldoshev m., yadgarov q. badiiy matnning lisoniy tahlili fanidan amaliy mashg‘ulotlarni tashkil etish. –t.:tdpu, 2007. -112 b. 4. акрамов, ш. (2021). иккинчи даражали бўлакларнинг валентлик аспектидаги талқини: шукуржон акрамов қўқон давлат педагогика институти доценти. in научно-практическая конференция. 5. tokhtasinovich, a. s., & abdujalilovna, x. s. (2022). impulse and its relationship to the content of the sentence. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 1852-1859. 6. sobirovich, m. i. (2023). about problems of word categorization. gospodarka i innowacje., 33, 286-289. 7. мадраҳимов, и. с. (2023, may). ахборот технологиялари тизими таснифи. in international congress on models and methods in modern investigations (pp. 81-85). 8. xasanov, a. a. (2023). research on linguistic units that implement the national conceptosphere in uzbek linguistics. gospodarka i innowacje., 35, 465-469. 9. yigitaliyev, u. (2023). linguistic system and the role of component analysis in its research. open access repository, 9(3), 146-149. 10. naimakhan, a., & odinakhan, r. (2022). the skill in using graduation of erkin azam. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 15081510. 11. g’aniyevna, t. s. (2023). lingvopoetic nature of phraseologies. open access repository, 9(3), 176-181. 12. khasanov, a. a., akramov, s. t., & tojiboeva, m. r. (2023). linguistic units that implement the national conceptosphere. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 120126. 13. rahimovna, t. m. (2023). the role of stylistic devices in speech culture as an example of simile. gospodarka i innowacje., 32, 185-188. 14. alimovna, u. s. (2023). toponomy" kokand" and its conceptual study. open access repository, 9(3), 153-156. 15. mahmudova, n. (2021). ўзбек тилиги телефон алоқа тармоғи терминларининг деривацион хусусиятлари. scienceweb academic papers collection. 16. usmonova, s. a. (2023). qo'qon shahri ko'chalari tasnifi va tavsifiga doir. scienceweb academic papers collection. 17. jorayeva, r., & ildırı, n. (2023). giysilerin adi belirlenen sözcükler. development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences, 2(5), 29-37. 18. ҳасанова, д. о., & эргашева, д. т. қ. (2021). шахс социал белгиларини ифодалашда лисоний ва нолисоний воситалар ҳамкорлиги. academic research in educational sciences, 2(cspi conference 1), 899903. 19. hasanova, d. (2021). the interaction of linguistic and non-linguistic means in expressing the social characteristics of a person. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(6), 624-626. 20. дилфузахон, ҳ. (2022). ёшга кўра хосланган лексик бирликларнинг изоҳли луғатда берилиши. involta scientific journal, 1(4), 343-348. 123 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 issues of formation and management of the innovation strategy of higher education institutions akhmedova yulduz sunatullayevna teacher of the "economics and management" department of jizzakh polytechnic institute соколова екатерина павловна старший преподаватель московского энергетического института abstract: the article deals with the goals and objecttives of the mechanism innovation strategy of higher education institutions, analyzes the problems of the development of its innovative activity, as well as recommendations. keywords: innovation strategy, development, economic strategy, the basic elements of a choice, measures of financial performance, the methodology, the concept of governance. the innovative strategy of higher educational institutions (hei) connects the development of its innovative activities with the system of long-term goals, the priorities of the forms and trends of innovative development, the nature of resource distribution and redistribution, the trajectory of innovative development of the higher educational institution, the stages of the implementation of long-term innovative goals. it is described as a part of the economic strategy, which represents a systematic concept that determines the sequence [1]. innovative potential is the basic element of the mechanism for implementing the goals and objectives of the innovative strategy. it allows to evaluate the possibility of implementing innovative activities. the process of forming an innovative strategy is the most important component of the strategic selection system of heis. the system of functional strategies for the strategic development goals of heis, specific types of activities (including innovative activities) and the methods of formation, distribution and redistribution of resources are among the main elements of the innovation strategy. this process is to a certain extent interrelated with other elements of the strategic choice of higher education institutions and includes twelve stages. the innovative strategy helps to integrate the goals and directions of innovative activities of higher education institutions with the mechanisms of their implementation in the forecast period (chart 1). 124 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us chart 1. system of formation of innovation strategy of higher education institutions combining strategies:  attack  protection  an analogy  dependency  traditional  opportunistic  creating a new market, etc. in order to increase the efficiency of its activity, the existing methods of managing the innovative organization and their classification are researched when choosing a tool that allows the implementation of the innovative strategy in the hei with the optimal use of its innovative potential:  systematic methods, methods focused on indicators of financial activity;  methods focused on the organization's internal environment and internal processes; 125 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  methods focused on the organization's external environment.  on the one hand, the indicated group of methods is instrumental (a set of tools used in a field), and on the other hand, it is a methodology, and in some cases it can participate as a management concept [2]. in the innovative strategy of hei, the dynamics and volume of innovative potential of hei allow to separate strategies of growth, integration and diversification in order to achieve effective results. the choice of priority innovation strategies of heis is not only a description of the new components of innovation potential, but also the architecture of their integration. the choice of one or another innovation strategy of the hei and its directions are determined by its general economic goals and objectives, hei development strategies and the status of indicators of innovative potential. in this case, the innovative potential is the basic element of the innovation strategy and the mechanism for implementing its goals and tasks, which allows to evaluate the possibility of implementing innovative activities. the innovation strategy of hei includes:  innovative potential management strategy in heis, development of innovative resources, management of intellectual assets, hei core competencies, knowledge management and creation of new knowledge, development of innovative infrastructure, development of relations with science, industry, business and government;  commercialization of the results of scientific and technical activity (crst) and technology transfer, entering the markets and creating new markets in accordance with hei, the innovative potential reaches a high level of quality, the implementation of the innovative strategy, that is, taking into account all aspects of its effective development, balanced scorecard (bsc balanced scorecard, vbs) was selected as a management method that allows to transfer expressed strategic goals and tasks to specific actions at the level of operational management, to coordinate financial and non-financial indicators. in relation to hei, ict should be considered not only as an operational assessment system, but more as a means of strategic management of innovative potential in hei, with the formation and implementation of hei innovation strategy. as a management tool that enables strategic goals to be projected to the level of rapid management of hei innovation potential, mkt provides a format for describing hei activity with a set of key indicators for each strategic perspective. in our opinion, an important methodological characteristic of this system is the possibility to include it in he activities, taking into account modern combinations of indicators, expanding prospective projections and making corrections to hierarchies. we believe that the hierarchy of projections for higher education institutions will be somewhat different because heis, as non-profit organizations, view finance as a proxy rather than a consumer satisfaction goal. higher education institutions can change the order of perspectives by considering the scope of organizational development scientific-educational and innovative growth as a strategic goal. the proposed mkt implementation methodology includes five steps related to thirty-two technological actions, the execution of which ensures the transformation of the strategic goal into a set of specific tasks and indicators. in the mkt structure, eight components are distinguished that describe the processes of hei in accordance with the systematic approach to management. society, consumers, finance, processes, innovative potential, development, personnel, social obligations. 126 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a specific set of indicators is proposed for inclusion in each component. in the introduction of ict, it is necessary to make the first changes to sredw management, intangible assets management, personnel management, finance and budgeting management [4]. the formed innovation strategy of hei provides advance consideration of possible options for the development of external, first of all, factors of the innovation environment, which are not under the control of the higher education institution, by reducing risks from the influence of external environmental factors to an acceptable level, it allows to minimize the negative consequences for the innovative activity of hei, and also the general management of hei organizational structure and strategic changes in the innovative culture of hei are considered as one of the basic conditions. used literatures: 1. ишмухамедов р., абдуқодиров а., пардаев а. таълимда инновацион технологиялар. т.: 2008.181-6. 2. шпак г.б. инновационный менеджмент. учебное пособие. хабаровск, 2005. 36 с. 3. астафьева н. в. методология управления инновационным развитием университетских комплексов // экономика образования, 2009. № 1. 4. ахмедова, ю. с. (2023). инвестициялар-иқтисодиётни модернизациялашнинг бош омили. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(1), 226-229. 5. axmedova, y. s. (2024). investitsiya loyihalari samaradorligini baholashning mazmuni va mohiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 3(2), 521-524. 6. axmedova, y. s., & qizi mamadiyorova, f. s. (2024). xodimlarni motivatsiyalashning psixologik asoslari. educational research in universal sciences, 3(1), 611-614. 7. odilovna, u. z., & alexandrovich, a. a. (2024). economic and legislative cornerstones of investment policy of the republic of uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 87-90. 8. yahyoyevna, o. f., & alexandrovich, a. a. (2024). the role of financial management in improving the financial condition of enterprises. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 44-47. 9. umarova, z. o., & qizi nurboyeva, z. y. 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(2024). an understanding of the auditor's professional ethics and its importance in the auditor's work. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2(2), 7-11. 32. obidova, f. y., & umarova, z. o. (2021). iqtisodiyotni modernizatsiyalash sharoitida innovatsion loyihalarning o’rni. global science and innovations: central asia (см. в книгах), 3(7), 25-29. 33. obidova, f. y. (2020). green innovation in business market. экономика и социум, (10), 191-194. 34. obidova, f., & umarova, z. (2021). foreign experience of small business development. экономика и социум, (5-1), 376-379. 35. yahyoyevna, o. f. (2023). factors affecting the formation of innovative potential and its transformation. world economics and finance bulletin, 18, 72-77. 36. umarova, z. o., & qizi nurboyeva, z. y. (2024). iqtisodiy rivojlanish sharoitida innovatsion loyihalarni boshqarish. educational research in universal sciences, 3(1), 108-113. 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 procedures for the abolition of the administrative act on the example of the analysis of japanese and german legislation saidazimov yusuf tashkent state university of law lecturer of the department administrative and financial law the adoption of the administrative act is carried out on the basis of clearly defined procedures in our legislation of the procedure. in particular, according to article 53 of the law”on administrative procedures", an administrative act must be legal, justified, fair, clear and understandable. in the substantiating part of the administrative act, all the actual and legal basis of the adopted administrative act must be cited. currently, we are witnessing that these requirements do not apply to administrative acts that are contrary to the interests of the person concerned, or impose a certain obligation or prevent the implementation of certain acts. in german administrative law, such acts are interpreted as administrative acts 1 . in this regard, we will consider the practice of accepting administrative acts in several developed countries. “administrative proceedings in japan took effect on november 12, 1993. it is legally regulated by the law” on administrative proceedings”. it should be noted that japan is distinguished by the fact that the law “on administrative procedures” is modeled on the experience of the united states and germany, and by the systematic establishment of the rules on the basic requirements of administrative procedures. accordingly, we need to analyze the procedure of the possibility of listening, including the most basic of procedural requirements. the japanese law "on administrative proceedings" regulates administrative proceedings, such as proceedings on appeals and applications to administrative bodies, such as obtaining licenses and permits by specific persons in a particular administrative area, and proceedings on various undesirable decisions made by administrative bodies in relation to specific persons. japan’s “administrative procedures law” is the first requirement for handling applications for the issuance of licenses and permits, which regulates in more detail the general standards specified in the law in administrative matters, such as the issuance of licenses and permits in various fields, which are applied to administrative bodies. it is required as a condition of the administrative procedures that the guidelines establishing the requirements, conditions and other standards have been adopted. 2 in addition, the content of such instructions should be comprehensible and detailed, and should be published so that specific persons can get to know each other freely. the establishment of such procedural requirements clarifies the actions that the applicant must take in advance to obtain certain licenses and permits and how to respond to the submitted application, and reduces 1 tristan barczak: typologie des verwaltungsakts. in: juristische schulung 2018, s. 238 (245). 2 yaponiya “ma’muriy proseduralar to’g’risida” gi qonuni.: 1993 yil. 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the arbitrary decisions of administrative bodies. of course, such guidelines should be open and accessible to any person. the reasons for the rejection must be clearly stated in the decision on the rejection of the application, which is accepted on the basis of the processing of the applications. the japanese law “on administrative procedures” establishes the obligation to indicate the reasons for rejection in the decision on the rejection of the application accepted on the basis of the application submitted by a specific person as a prerequisite for administrative procedures. 3 the main reasons for this requirement are shown in the following: first, if the administrative body rejects the submitted application, clearly stating the reasons for the rejection in the response will prevent the administrative bodies from making unreasonable arbitrary decisions. this ensures that administrative bodies make a decision with deep thought and responsibility. secondly, it provides the addressee with the necessary evidence and grounds to appeal the decision to a higher body or court. as mentioned above, it is of great importance that specific persons apply to the administrative bodies for the implementation of relevant licenses and permits, certificates or other administrative acts of legal significance, to state the reasons for rejecting such an application. first of all, it does not correspond to the principle of correct procedure for an administrative body to simply reject an application submitted by a specific person on a specific issue. a specific person wants to know why his application was rejected based on legal and factual grounds. this causes the body that made the decision to appeal again to the higher body or the court in order to find out on what grounds its application was rejected on this issue. it leads to an increase in the volume of work of competent administrative bodies on such issues. excess effort and resources are spent. the most important thing is that the interested person is confused, he cannot know whether the decision is justified or not, he cannot be sure that the right decision has been made. in order to ensure openness and transparency in the activities of administrative bodies, it is necessary to justify the decisions taken by the administrative bodies and to present such reasons to private individuals, and it is a decision arising from the basics of administrative procedures. therefore, it is necessary to indicate the reasons for the rejection in the decision on the rejection of the application, which is accepted on the basis of the application process. it is necessary to consider two aspects. first, it is required to indicate the clear and legal basis of the refusal, and the second, on the basis of which evidence and facts, the decision to refuse was made. article 6 of the law of japan “on administrative procedures” establishes the need to set general deadlines for processing applications. 4 also, in article 7 of the law of japan “on administrative procedures” there is a requirement to start processing the application immediately from the day the application is received by the administrative body. in practice, such a norm clarifies when the review of all applications that have met the general, formal requirements for application review begins. japan's law on administrative procedures also sets other requirements for processing applications. for example, the law stipulates the holding of public hearings on issues affecting the rights and interests of third parties. it is established by law as a requirement of administrative procedures to listen to the opinion of the residents living near the factory that emits some harmful waste, the factory that is being designed for the construction of factories. hearing procedure the third procedural requirement of the unwanted decision procedure is the hearing procedure of the parties. this process can take two forms: a) hearing procedure based on oral feedback; b) the procedure for presenting reasons in writing. 3 yaponiya “ma’muriy proseduralar to’g’risida” gi qonuni.: 1993 yil. 4 yaponiya “ma’muriy proseduralar to’g’risida” gi qonuni.:1993 yil. 77 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the important procedural provisions of the laws on administrative procedures of the usa and japan were discussed above. it should be noted that the legislation on administrative procedures in different countries may have different forms, but the main principles and methods are similar. the german experience is extremely important in researching the theoretical legal foundations of administrative procedures. because the model of the german law is based on the law of uzbekistan. that is why we will try to elaborate on the german law. before interpreting the provisions on annulment of an illegal administrative act in the german administrative procedure act, it is appropriate to review the main provisions of these provisions. 5 if it is not possible to dispute an illegal administrative act, such an act may be canceled in whole or in part, depending on the future consequences or retroactivity. an administrative act or a confirming administrative act determining the existence of a right or a significant legal advantage may be revoked in cases other than some exceptional cases. if the administrative document offers a one-time or current obligation or a material obligation that is divided or is the basis for such obligations, the interested person relied on the validity of the administrative document and such reliance is required to be protected based on the public interest, such a document the mury document cannot be revoked. as a rule, if the beneficiary has taken advantage of the provided benefits or misappropriated the provided property, and it is not possible to cancel such actions at all or without causing serious damage to the beneficiary, the beneficiary’s trust is entitled to protection. in the following cases, the beneficiary cannot apply for the right to trust and, as a rule, the cancellation of the administrative document will be retroactive. these are:  if the acceptance of the administrative document was achieved by misleading, threatening or bribery;  if the acceptance of an administrative document was achieved by providing serious lies or incorrect information;  if he knew that the administrative document was illegal or did not know due to serious necessity. in cases where an administrative body cancels an administrative document on its own initiative on grounds not provided for in article 48, part 2 of the german administrative procedures act, the administrative body is obliged to compensate the interested person for property damage. 6 because in such cases, the interested person acted believing in the power of the administrative document, and his trust deserves to be protected in comparison with the public interest. damages will not be compensated in cases where the right to trust cannot be justified. the amount of compensation for property damage should not exceed the amount that the interested person cannot receive without canceling the administrative document. property damage eligible for compensation is determined by the administrative body. an interested party may file a claim for damages within one year from the date of receiving the relevant notification. if the administrative body takes into account the facts that require the cancellation of an administrative document that is contrary to the law, it is allowed to cancel the administrative document within one year from the moment these facts are taken into account. this provision does not apply in cases where the acceptance of an administrative document is obtained by intimidation, deception or bribery. a german jurist interprets the main provisions on annulment of an administrative document contained in the german "administrative procedures act" as follows. 5 germaniya “ma’muriy proseduralar to’g’risida”gi qonuni: 1976 yil. 6 germaniya “ma’muriy proseduralar to’g’risida”gi qonuni.: 1976yil. 78 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an administrative document is a traditional method of execution, an administrative document binds not only the citizen, but also the administrative body through certain obligations. as long as the administrative document has legal force, its participants are bound by the obligations created by the administrative document. this is how the legal guarantee is provided. but this word does not mean that the administrative body loses its voluntary actions by issuing an administrative document. in certain cases, it is possible to partially change or completely cancel the administrative document in cases of public needs. an administrative document may be revoked in cases where it creates illegal situations or conflicts with public interests. but in such cases, on the other hand, there is a need to protect the legal trust of a specific person who believes in the power of the administrative document. therefore, the cancellation of the administrative document should be carried out on the basis of the mutual balance of these two interests. the german “administrative procedures act” and its systematic continuation in the administrative procedure laws have established distinctive tools on this issue. 7 below is an opinion on this issue. first of all, the issue of annulment of an administrative document is determined based on the answer to the question of whether the administrative document has entered into legal force and has reached a high level of binding force. in this case, if the administrative document has entered into legal force, its cancellation may be carried out only in the cases provided for in articles 48 and 49 of the law. in addition, it is possible to cancel an administrative document within the appeal process and, as a rule, no problems arise. because in this case, the addressee is complaining about the administrative document, and in turn, it is impossible to create confidence in the authenticity of the administrative document. that is, in such cases, there is no need to protect the trust in the authenticity of the administrative document. if the administrative document is illegal and violates the rights of the claimant, it can be annulled by appealing to the administrative court. in this case, even in cases where the claim is satisfied by the court, the issue of trust protection does not arise. if the administrative body cancels the administrative document outside of the appeal procedure, then the same rule is provided for the existence of the authorizing basis when the administrative document enters into legal force and in the cases when it enters into legal force. in this case, the grounds can be found in special laws or under articles 48-49 of the german administrative procedures act. in this regard, the german administrative procedures act distinguishes between the annulment of an administrative document and the annulment of an illegal administrative document. canceling an illegal administrative document is called renunciation. canceling a legal administrative document is called revocation. in this case, the rules for annulment of an administrative document may also differ due to differences in conflicting interests. for example, if an illegal administrative document can be revoked based on the general rule after it enters into legal force, a legal administrative document can be revoked only in special cases. in conclusion, the analysis of the relevant laws on administrative documents of the usa, japan and germany shows that in these countries, the theoretical and legal foundations of the cancellation of administrative documents in these countries have been developed by legal scholars as a result of relatively deep scientific research, and the expert -accepted by scientists as a result of long debates. in addition, before and after the adoption of the law, a large number of theoretical and legal bases were developed in judicial practice regarding the correct understanding and interpretation of the law. also, the practices of these countries are used in uzbekistan. 7 germaniya “ma’muriy proseduralar to’g’risida”gi qonuni.: 1976 yil. 79 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of used literature 1. бархар с.м., хазанов с.д. форми и методи деятелности государственной админстрации екатернбург, 1997, c. 7. 9 barxar s.m. xazanov s.d. forms and methods of activity of the state administration. yekaternburg, 1997, p. 7.0. 2. бахрах д.н., россинский б.в., старилов ю.н. административное право: учебник. 3-е изд. – м., 2007. – с.32.( bakhrakh d.n., rossinsky b.v., starilov y.n. administrative law: 3rd textbook. m, 2007. – p.32) 3. maurer н. allgemeines verwaltungsrecht. verlag c.h. beck, münchen, 2009. s. 193, 194.; кристине коре-перконе. признаки административного акта: в понимании административно-процессуального закона латвии и практики судов // ежегодник публичного права 2016: административный акт. москва: инфотропик медиа, 2015. с. 49 4. j. nematov. improvement of administrative procedures in the republic of uzbekistan: administrative and legal framework: comparative-legal analysis: textbook-t.; 2015.p.86. 5. nematov j. transformation of soviet administrative law: uzbekistan’s case study in judicial review over administrative acts // administrative law and process. – 2020. – № 1 (28). – p. 105-125. – doi https://doi. org/10.17721/2227-796x.2020.1.08. 6. саидазимов юсуф (2020). теоретический и правовой анализ административных документов. review of law sciences, 3 (спецвыпуск),19-24. doi: 10.24412/2181-919x2020-3-19-24 (saidazimov yusuf (2020). theoretical and legal analysis of administrative acts. review of law sciences, 3 (special issue),19-24. doi: 10.24412/2181-919x-2020-3-19-24. 7. sardorbek y. аnalysis of problems in the process of parliamentary consideration of budget execution reports in uzbekistan //berlin studies. 8. хамедов и.a., хван л.б., тсай и.м. кўрсатилган асар cc. 296-300. (xamedov i.a., xvan l.b., tsay i.m.shown work. pp. 296-300. 9. ўзбекистон республикасининг замонавий маъмурий ҳуқуқи ва оммавий бошқаруви бўйича 100 та долзарб саволга жавоблар. ўқув қўлланма. масъул муҳаррир: а. эгамбердиев. муаллифлар: р. мельник, а. эгамбердиев, ж. сотиболдиев. – тошкент, “niso poligraf”, 2023. – 232 б. 10. маъмурий акт (ҳужжат) ҳуқуқий тоифа сифатида – ю.саидазимов. “odillik mezoni” илмий-амалий, ҳуқуқий журнали 2023-й. 520 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of a system for automating the process of lending to individuals in banks norboev bekhzod master's 1st stage student, karshi branch of the tashkent university of information technologies golib berdiev head of the department of computer systems karshi branch of the tashkent university of information technologies abstract: numerous software programs are available in the present commercial lending market to meet the needs of both traditional and non-traditional lenders with regard to loan origination and credit assessment. financial institutions are becoming more conscious of how to improve these aspects of their operations in order to improve client satisfaction and boost productivity, efficiency, and decision-making speed. the newest buzzword in the industry is automation, but what does it really mean? how might automation improve client satisfaction, boost lending officers' efficiency, and expedite the origination of commercial loans? in order to show how automation may enhance and standardize underwriting methods, we will look at each step of the credit process and discuss the problems with traditional lending techniques. introduction the internet and other technological advancements offer financial institutions enormous opportunity to transform the way they offer their clients goods and services. but neither the supply of services nor the use of technological devices has progressed as anticipated [1]. this especially holds true for the loan industry. we think that if usage processes of these pages are more thoroughly modelled, the amount of technology used at the front end of retail banking can be increased. the potential to automate more processes could aid banks in revamping their marketing strategies and business plans. overall, we acknowledge that additional factors, such as custom, widely held beliefs about the use of technology in banking, or the specific bank's profile and intended strategic market position, should be taken into account with this redesign issue. but we ignore these in favor of the technical ones; that is, we limit this paper to doability. we think that shortcomings in the applied development methodologies contribute to the poor growth of technology utilization in lending. sophisticated development approaches for web-based information systems (wis) have received a great deal of attention [2]. the difference between applicable and truly applied technology is substantial. certain development methodologies still fail to provide developers with adequate guidance when it comes to identifying and aligning the business model with the logical model that describes the system that is being developed. storyboarding was employed for this purpose in [3]. getting the business model and the procedures that the 521 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us wis will enable are the main goals of storyboarding. it calls for the identification and modeling of the numerous anticipated consumer types for the bank. lastly, story boarding aids in defining the operations, dialogues that consumers are likely to utilize, and the data (and perspectives). it is obvious that having access to the necessary data is necessary in order to be able to boost automation. evaluating a business's creditworthiness can be a difficult undertaking. the instruments a financial institution employs to accomplish this can affect underwriting criteria, prompt approval, expenses, and the amount of any unforeseen losses. financial organizations are seeking applications that will enable them to overcome these obstacles, improve the quality of the loan portfolio, and satisfy customers by automating and streamlining the lending process. 2 lending lending is generally used to refer to the portion of banking that produces assets that are shown on the balance sheet. lending, more precisely, is the branch of banking that deals with loans, mortgages, bills of exchange, and the like. thus, the central function of banking is lending. therefore, having the ability to potentially increase automation is crucial. as these would be expected to occur in automated business, retail banking in particular, which is bulk business, could benefit from increased availability, correctness, accuracy, precision, and speed. as per reference [4], a loan can be defined as the "relinquishment of money or other fungible properties associated with the debtor's obligation to return the relinquished in equal kind, quality, and quantity." here, a loan process is defined as an example of how a loan is handled. 2.1 loan processes many lenders still rely on manual and paper-based loan approval processes, causing delays and internal data management issues. commercial loans, which vary in size and complexity, often undergo manual underwriting using tools like spreadsheets. however, using spreadsheets for loan underwriting can be cumbersome, leading to time-consuming data entry and potential loss of uniformity. additionally, the transfer of data from spreadsheets to other core systems may result in duplicate records and storage inefficiencies. manual underwriting lacks consistency, auditability, and accuracy, posing challenges for bankers and causing opacity for management and external examiners. automation is proposed as a solution to streamline systems, ensure reliable data flow, expedite the loan origination process, and provide robust audit and control benefits. figure 1 illustrates a typical commercial lending process 522 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us customer management gathering financial and other required information from the customer is the first step in the loan decision process, and it is currently a labor-intensive process that is prone to errors. a moody's analytics survey indicates that 56% of bankers who were questioned felt that the manual data collection process and the ensuing client interactions were a major obstacle to starting the loan process. to address the irregularities and delays that come with manual data collection, automation is recommended. digital onboarding can be expedited through automation tools, like customer-facing web portals and apis, which enter prospect and current customer data straight into the lender's loan origination platform. in order to minimize administrative burdens for complicated borrowers, automated loan origination platforms can also receive data feeds that pre-populate customer information fields, such as customer ownership hierarchies. it is suggested to integrate loan application systems with customer relationship management (crm) systems to ensure smooth data flow between the two and do away with the need for manual data rekeying. furthermore, automated credit origination platforms facilitate electronic access to the same customer documents by multiple teams from different departments or locations within financial institutions, thereby enhancing efficiency and accuracy. in order to comply with audit and control requirements, user identity and access protocols are used to preserve data integrity and limit access based on individual privileges. in general, the application of automation is suggested as a way to improve overall efficiency in financial institutions and the loan origination process. credit analysis financial data must be manually distributed as part of the commercial risk assessment process, which is frequently done without the use of automation tools. according to a recent survey, only 31% of bankers use automated techniques for credit analysis and decisioning, and 50% of bankers do not use any automation at all. by enabling lenders to communicate with a customer's systems via an online portal and retrieve pertinent financial data from accounting software and other documents, advanced loan origination software can expedite this procedure. automated financial spreading maps borrower-supplied financial data into balance sheets, income/expense statements, and tax forms quickly using technologies like optical character recognition (ocr) and machine learning. within minutes, this automation allows for quick prescreening, scoring, and in-principle credit decisions. the main advantage is that it frees up analysts' time to concentrate on risk assessment tasks, such as forecasting models, ratio analysis, and data interpretation to assess a borrower's financial risk and ability to repay. in addition, automated tools make risk rating based on loss given default (lgd) and probability of default (pd) models easier and provide instantaneous risk metrics for loan assessment. efficiency is further increased by combining automated credit analysis and customer management tools into one origination platform. an automated platform, for example, can assign group ratings in commercial lending for borrower groups based on combined financial strength, thereby saving a significant amount of time during the rating process. all things considered, automation in credit analysis and financial spreading streamlines the loan origination procedure and boosts risk assessment effectiveness. credit presentation & decisioning data collection, analysis, and presentation are all part of the automation process for commercial loan approval, which facilitates quick credit decisions. benefits of automating the loan process include precision, data that is almost real-time, enhanced productivity, and quicker decisionmaking. the next step is frequently a manual credit application process, which comes after gathering customer information, performing financial analysis, and evaluating risk. automated credit 523 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us application solutions incorporate loan structuring tools, collateral management systems, financial analysis, and risk assessment. these solutions can be integrated with current systems and don't always need to be complicated. although credit approval all-in-one apps are scarce, origination platforms have the ability to create pre-configured document templates by using stored data. additionally, there have been innovations in the decision-making process. for example, in high-volume/low-loan-value scenarios, some lenders use auto-decisioning based on policies and rules. automation helps with pre-screening and proposal preparation, but human judgment still plays a major role in commercial loan decisioning. decision-making is becoming more and more reliant on mobile enablement, which lets executives decide on loans while they're on the go and expedites approval processes. covenants/monitoring effective asset management and risk monitoring following loan origination are essential, and they frequently call for standardized procedures for gathering financial data in order to comply with ticklers, covenants, and policy exceptions. many banks suffer with risky and inefficient tracking, particularly when using spreadsheets or other manual tools for portfolios with multiple loan covenants. examiners view this approach with suspicion and recommend the use of more reliable solutions. although they can be implemented independently of origination systems, automated covenant solutions work best when they are part of the complete solution. covenant details are associated with the approval record for audit purposes and rekeying is avoided by recording covenants during the loan application process. with the use of calendar alerts and automated covenant/tickler features, timely data collection is ensured. notifications are sent for any missing paperwork or unmet covenants. when data is entered, automated testing detects breaches that are either imminent or already occurring and notifies the user through a dashboard. the accuracy, efficacy, and efficiency of covenant tracking are improved by this integrated approach. portfolio risk management lenders have difficulty tracking changes over time and understanding portfolio exposures when using traditional manual, paper-based loan underwriting methods. lenders set portfolio limits and risk appetite tolerances, but the efficacy of these regulations depends on having a reliable portfolio reporting system. data integrity, data lineage, and overall governance are improved by automating the loan origination process, especially when done with a best-in-class origination platform. the debate has focused on how employing different systems to store data jeopardizes integrity and requires laborious reconciliation processes, which postpones the development of a precise portfolio picture. there may be missed opportunities as a result of this delay to promptly address issues. there are financial benefits to accurately measuring a loan portfolio, particularly with regard to capital usage. direct costs result from overstating risk-weighted assets on the balance sheet. using a portfolio data cleansing project as an example, a major european bank was able to save several hundred million dollars in capital. the most important lesson is that these kinds of problems can be avoided by automating the loan origination process. this adds significant value by enabling the creation of important business insights through effective reporting tools and guaranteeing strong governance and control over risk data. 3 an improved loan process figure 2 shows an improved loan process model illustrated with a uml sequence diagram. the labels inside the rectangles at the top of the diagram represent the participants in the loan process. the actors' life lines, which increase from top to bottom in the diagram, are represented by dashed lines. a message sent from the source life line actor to the target life line actor is 524 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us represented by an arrow joining two of these life lines. where necessary, the arrow labels list the message names along with their parameters. when an actor's life line segments overlap a certain diagram level between an incoming message and the outgoing message that follows it, the figure shows actor concurrency. the bottom level rectangle with the messages "payback()" and "checkpayback()" indicates that these messages should be sent again and again until the stop condition (shown below the rectangle with the asterisk) that reads "debit position balanced" is satisfied. this diagram can be used to classify actors into lending market-related organizations. sets of actors and cooperation protocols can determine the corresponding business models. it's possible that some of these business models are not financially viable. if all activities within each organization are automated and data is exchanged between them via protocol-compliant messages, then the loan process can be fully automated. this data can then be automatically extracted and utilized as input for the subsequent activity in the receiving organization. for the loan process to be automated, it is necessary to understand the formats of both exchanged and stored data. for this purpose, story boarding can be employed. 3.1 a loan application scenario the figure shows the online home loan application fig. 2. an improved loan process fig. 3. online home loan application scenario 525 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us wis. ovals are used to represent the locations within the corresponding application space— referred to as scenes—where significant customer wis interactions occur. generally speaking, we label scenes with names, but occasionally we don't. scene transitions are represented by the arrows between scenes. scene changes result from maneuvering or carrying out an operation. representations of navigation functionality, data, operations, and advertisements are item lists within a hexagon, rounded box, or rectangle. the customer's selected link, data, or operation in a scene is highlighted. if performing multiple actions is necessary to move on to the next scene, each of these actions is highlighted. indicate that list of navigation items n is represented as n j. an arrow with a dash from n j to rj signifies that a refinement r of i is displayed when one clicks on an item i of n. i am then emphasized twice. the navigation items, data and operations, and advertisements that are accessible at the scene are indicated by the dotted lines that link rectangles, rounded boxes, and hexagons to the corresponding scenes. there is no scene label indicating that the scenario being shown is accessible to all customers. sitelang enables a clear declaration of the dialogues, navigation features, and content that users of a particular type can access at a scene. as a result, it might contribute to the automation of loan procedures to the point where the only manual process left is identifying the customer-supplied data as legitimate and exceptional payment collection. this succinct explanation of the use of story boarding in business development demonstrates that, given a business understanding, it is possible to predict customers' requirements for data access, operations, and navigational features. by extending this expectation into a description, it is possible to use schema integration techniques to derive views and access structures that best support users in carrying out their jobs and to obtain a consolidated representation of the data that is needed. we don't go into more detail about this because of space constraints. conclusion we examine the online loan application process in this paper, pointing out a big disconnect between web technology's potential and its actual application. we suggest that the storyboarding technique can significantly boost loan process automation. globally, automation has been a major factor in increasing productivity across many industries, with banking being one of the first to embrace new technology. still, there has been a dated persistence in the origination of small business and commercial loans. technological competitors are changing the commercial lending landscape, forcing traditional lenders to use automated loan origination processes. lenders are integrating technology to get more insightful business information because they are driven by competition, efficiency, customer responsiveness, cost savings, regulatory compliance, and data control factors. lenders see automation as a tool to help them retain talent, not a way to reduce human intelligence. this is because it frees up bankers to concentrate on important tasks like customer relationship management and risk analysis rather than paperwork. automating loan underwriting processes may present some difficulties, but it can set the bank apart from competitors and make it a leader in the industry. references 1. matthews, c. d., kaschek, r. h., wallace, c. m., and schewe, k.d. ist in lending: unlimited potential but limited practice. available from: http://cbs.dk/staff/lars.heide/istos/program.htm, 2003. paper presented at istos workshop in barcelona, spain, 28-30 march 2003. 2. atzeni, p., gupta, a., and sarawagi, s. design and maintenance of data-intensive web-sites. in proceedings of edbt ’98 (berlin, 1998), lncs 1377, springer verlag, lncs 1377, pp. 436 – 450. 3. schewe, k. d., and thalheim, b. modeling interaction and media objects. in proceedings of 526 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5th int. conf. on applications of natural language to information systems (berlin, 2001), m. m´etais, ed., springer verlag, lncs 1959, pp. 313 – 324. 4. wierichs, g., and smets, s. gabler kompakt-lexikon bank und b¨orse. gabler verlag, wiesbaden, 2001. 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх the role of business in the development of construction in a digital economy akhmedova nilufar shukhratovna phd, docent, tashkent architecture and civil engineering university fayziyeva gulnoza abdurumonovna docent, tashkent architecture and civil engineering university abstract it is known that today the construction industry is regarded as one of the main directions in the formation of small business and private entrepreneurship, socio-economic development, development of the property class and competition in the market, and today it serves as a locomotive for sustainable economic development. the article assesses the role of large and small businesses in ensuring the development of the country's construction industry, summarizes the best world and domestic experience in this area, and also develops proposals and recommendations for the further development of this industry. keywords: construction, large and small business, partial entrepreneurship, enterprise, locomotive, hosting entities, regression analysis, correlation analysis, microfirms. introduction. in our country, the construction industry is of particular importance in maintaining economic and social stability, serves to solve such important tasks as ensuring employment of the population, increasing its income, providing housing for the population. the sector is also of great importance in the construction of social facilities and the formation of infrastructure. the construction sector is of particular importance in maintaining economic and social wellbeing in our country, which serves to eliminate such important problems as providing employment, increasing incomes, and providing housing for the population. industry is also of great importance in the construction of social facilities and the formation of infrastructure. it is known that small business and private entrepreneurship are considered as one of the main directions of the formation of a market economy, ensuring socio-economic development, the development of a class of owners and competition in the market and today perform the function of a locomotive. stable economic development. from this point of view, small business and private entrepreneurship is one of the important factors of economic development, increasing employment and income of the population. the main part: in our country, a number of practical works are being carried out in such areas as providing housing for the population, improving housing conditions, carrying out construction 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us work in accordance with the requirements of the time. we will consider the results of these events on the data of the city of tashkent, which is one of the important regional units in our country. that is, we will assess the importance of large and small businesses in ensuring the results of the implemented measures for the development of the construction industry, raising it to a new qualitative level, increasing its competitiveness based on statistical data. according to the data received, special attention is paid to ensuring the sustainable development of the construction industry in our country and its territories in the coming years. as a result, the total volume of construction work carried out in tashkent in 2020 amounted to $18,758.9 billion. in total, an increase of 104.1% was provided compared to the previous year. these construction works were carried out by large construction organizations, small enterprises and microenterprises, as well as the informal sector (figure 1) figure 1. the share of entities engaged in construction activities in the performance of the total volume of construction work. 1 if we pay attention to the distribution of construction work between the subjects, the results for the city of tashkent are quite positive. in particular, the share of the informal sector in the city is significantly lower than in the republic, and amounts to 9.2 percent. in addition, the share of small enterprises and microfirms is 66.3 percent and exceeds the country's figure by 13.5 units. as a result, the share of large businesses in the city remains relatively low. in general, the fact that the share of the informal sector in the implementation of construction works carried out in the republic and the city is quite large justifies the availability of opportunities for the development of business entities in this area, as well as the need to pay special attention to the creation of a favorable business environment for them. construction works are also divided into three types, depending on the direction of activity. that is, the construction of buildings and structures, civil facilities and specialized construction works. as of january 2022, the number of construction enterprises and organizations operating in the republic of uzbekistan is 40,950, of which 8,237, in other words, one of the five operating enterprises and organizations belongs to the city of tashkent (table 1). 1 "source: figure: statistical collection "socio-economic situation of the republic of uzbekistan" of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. january2023" tashkent 2023. 217-233 pages. and it was compiled by the author based on the data of this collection for 2021-2022. [значение]% [значение]% [значение]% [значение]% [значение]% [значение]% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 informal sector small enterprises and micro enterprises large construction companies the republic of uzbekistan tashkent city 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. number of enterprises and organizations carrying out construction work 2 republic of uzbekistan tashkent city number of enterprises fraction number of enterprises fraction construction of buildings and structures 23779 58.1 4137 50.2 construction of civil facilities 3811 9.3 534 6.5 specialized construction works 13360 32.6 3566 43.3 total: 40950 100 8237 100 in uzbekistan, 58.1 percent of the total number of construction enterprises are engaged in the construction of buildings and structures, while in tashkent this indicator has a slightly lower value and is 50.2 percent. the same trend is observed in the construction of civil facilities, that is, the share of entities carrying out construction work in this direction in the city is somewhat smaller. as a result, the ratio of enterprises and organizations performing specialized construction work to the total number becomes much more important. based on the above analysis, it can be noted that there is a correlation between the distribution of existing enterprises and organizations in the areas of activity and the share of the informal sector. in our opinion, the low share of enterprises and organizations engaged in the construction of buildings and structures, civil facilities, is the reason for the low share of the informal sector in the city. according to the results of the conducted research, there are a number of problems in the development of the construction industry that are waiting to be solved. in particular, 9.2 percent of the construction work carried out falls on the informal sector, among them the need to ensure an optimal balance between the development of small and large businesses. after all, the development of small businesses in the construction sector serves to reduce the share of the informal sector and increase the volume of construction work performed. taking into account the above, i would like to assess the impact of the activities of small and large businesses on the development of the construction industry on the example of the city of tashkent. i would like to draw attention to the dynamics of changes in the share of construction enterprises and organizations in the total number of operating enterprises and organizations. data from 2015-2022 were used for the analysis. figure 2 figure 2. dynamics of important indicators of development of enterprises in the field of construction in tashkent. 3 2 source: table: "socio-economic situation of the republic of uzbekistan" statistical collection of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. january-march 2022" tashkent 2023. 217-233 pages and compiled by the author based on the data of 2021-2022 of this collection. 28 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the share of registered enterprises and organizations in the city increased from 6.3% to 8.2% and amounted to 1.9 units with a change in the number of operating enterprises by 2.2 units. the change in the share of operating enterprises to a higher value than the share of registered enterprises indicates the achievement of positive results in the industry. in addition, there was a sharp decline in the share of inactive enterprises from 11.4 to 7.2 percent. the share of newly created enterprises and organizations related to the construction industry increased by 2.8 units, which reflects the results of measures implemented in the industry. however, on the other hand, the increase in the share of enterprises and organizations indicates that the industry has not created a sufficiently favorable environment for business entities. the construction industry differs from other industries in its specifics, in addition, it justifies the need to provide alternative and optimal proportions of small and large businesses in ensuring the development of the industry, such as a large amount of funds for construction work and a high need for long-term investments. taking this into account, we will assess the impact of the development of small and large construction organizations on achieving these positive results. to do this, we have determined the share of small enterprises in enterprises and organizations in the field of general construction (2-table). 2-table. the share of small construction companies in the total number of construction enterprises in tashkent (as a percentage) years registered active in active newly founded finished 2015 98.2 98.0 99.4 100.0 99.7 2016 98.4 98.3 99.5 99.6 98.6 2017 98.6 98.5 99.1 100.0 100.0 2018 98.8 98.7 99.3 100.0 99.7 2019 99.0 99.0 98.9 99.7 99.3 2020 99.3 99.3 98.6 99.7 99.4 2021 99.3 99.3 99.6 99.8 99.5 2022 99.0 99.0 100.0 99.8 97.7 the results show that the share of small businesses is very high in all indicators reflecting the development of entrepreneurship in the sector. in particular, the share of registered and operating enterprises exceeds 98.0 percent, and it can be noted that it has the same trend and has decreased over the past year. an increase in the share of small businesses is also observed among inactive enterprises, that is, by 2021, 100 percent of them are accounted for by the contribution of small construction enterprises. by 2022, the share of small construction enterprises in the composition of liquidated enterprises amounted to 97.7 percent with a sharp decline. an increase in the share of inactive enterprises is considered a negative result, and a decrease in the share of liquidated enterprises is considered a positive result. the low share of large business entities does not reflect their role in the performance of construction work, since if we focus on the share of small businesses in the construction work performed, it is significantly lower than the figures given. that is, despite the fact that 99.0 percent of existing construction enterprises correspond to the contribution of small businesses, their share in the construction work performed in 2021 was 71.1 percent. taking into account that the number of small business entities in the construction sector in the city of tashkent is quite large and the main change in the number of enterprises corresponds to 3 source: figure: statistical compilation "socio-economic situation of the republic of uzbekistan". state committee of the republic of uzbekistan on statistics. january2023" tashkent 2023. 217-233 pages and compiled by the author based on the data of 2015-2022 of this collection. 29 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us their contribution, let's consider the correlation between indicators reflecting the activities of small businesses and the real cost of construction work performed in the city (table 3). according to the results of the correlation analysis, it was found that the actual volume of construction work performed has a high correlation with all indicators reflecting the effectiveness of small businesses in the construction sector. 3-table. results of correlation analysis in particular, the correlation coefficient between the number of operating small business entities and the actual volume of construction work performed is 0.99, and with newly created business entities 0.95. it is established that the correlation coefficient between the actual volume of construction work with inactive and liquidated small businesses is -0.04 and -0.81, respectively. it is established that the correlation coefficient between the actual volume of construction work with inactive and liquidated small businesses is -0.04 and -0.81, respectively. according to the results of the study, it is important to ensure the development of the construction industry of the city of tashkent by providing alternative proportions of large and small businesses. according to the results of the research, vaino will ensure the development of the construction industry of the city of tashkent by providing alternative proportional subjects of large and logo business. it is determined that the change in the number of business entities in the construction sector in the city corresponds to the contribution of small businesses. in our opinion, ensuring the development of small businesses while maintaining the existing potential of large businesses, creating a favorable business environment for them and increasing their number is considered as one of the important areas of development of the construction industry. based on the above considerations, we will consider the interaction of small and large businesses in the construction sector based on regression analysis. first, we will consider the impact of the total number of newly created and liquidated enterprises in the construction sector on the number of operating small businesses in the construction sector. the results of the regression analysis are presented below. (1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.998 1 0 0 0 0 0 -0.108 1 0 0 0 0.919 0.93 0 1 0 0 -0.843 -0.818 -0.34 -0.582 1 0 0.989 0.987 -0.036 0.945 -0.806 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1 2 3 4 5 6 the actual volume of construction work performed finished recently founded inactive active registered 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us here: sec the number of active small enterprises in the construction sector; new the number of newly formed enterprises and organizations in the construction sector; tclo the number of liquidated enterprises and organizations in the construction sector; all coefficients of the developed model are adequate to the student's criterion, and the coefficient of determination is 0.98. that is, it shows that 98% of the change in the resulting factor corresponds to the contribution of the selected factors. the fisher criterion (128.4) and durbin-watson statistics (2.3) show that the results of other criteria are also at the required level. formula 1. according to the results of the study, an increase in the number of newly created enterprises and organizations of the construction industry per unit provides an average increase in the number of operating small businesses by 2.56 units, while an increase in the number of closed enterprises and organizations per unit reduces the number of small businesses by an average of 9.83 units. as a result, the effect of liquidated enterprises and organizations is almost 4 times higher than that of newly created ones. we want to conduct the above analysis for large business entities working in the construction sector. unlike small business entities, the influence of large business entities on the number of newly created and liquidated enterprises is significantly lower. because, according to available data, cases of creation and termination of new ones at large enterprises are rarely observed. in particular, a total of 7,767 new enterprises were created during the analyzed period, of which only 15 large enterprises. in addition, out of 2,123 liquidated enterprises, 13 turned out to be large. as a result, it was studied that the share of large enterprises in these processes is 0.2 and 0.6 percent, respectively. based on the results of the regression analysis, the following model was obtained for studying the impact of newly created and liquidated enterprises on the number of large enterprises operating in the industry. (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) here: bac the number of active subjects of large business in the construction sector; tnew the number of newly created enterprises and organizations in the field of construction; tclo number of closed enterprises and organizations in the construction sector; according to the results obtained, both coefficients reflecting the impact of the number of new and liquidated business entities in the industry have a negative value. these coefficients are adequate according to the student's criterion, and the coefficient of determination has a sufficiently high value. the results for other criteria are also presented in formula 2, which also proves the adequacy of the results. based on the analysis presented above, we use the model and coefficients to draw conclusions. according to them, an increase in the number of newly created enterprises in the sphere by 100 units will reduce the number of large enterprises by one unit. to study the reasons for this, it is useful to focus on the data (figure 3). the number of active large business entities as of january 1, 2020 tended to decrease from 54 to 37. during this period, the total number of newly created enterprises tended to increase, increasing from 481 to 1,443 and reaching 1,739 on january 1, 2021, and decreasing to 1,465 on january 1, 2022. in the next two years, the number of active subjects of large business increased from 37 to 83. 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 3. dynamics of the total number of established enterprises and operating entities of large entrepreneurship in the city of tashkent years 20154 20165 20176 20187 20198 20209 20210 20221 registered 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.8 99.0 99.3 99.3 99.0 active 98.0 98.3 98.5 98.7 99.0 99.3 99.3 99.0 inactive 99.4 99.5 99.1 99.3 98.9 98.6 99.6 100.0 newly founded 100.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.7 99.8 99.8 finished 99.7 98.6 100.0 99.7 99.3 99.4 99.5 97.7 as a result, a change in the opposite direction relative to each other caused a negative correlation between them. it can be seen that the total number of newly created enterprises in the construction sector in tashkent has a negative impact on the number of operating large business entities. the second factor is that the total number of closed enterprises in the construction industry will increase to 10 units, and the number of active subjects of large business will decrease by an average of about 2 units. conclusion/recommendations. according to the results of our research, the total number of newly created enterprises in the construction industry positively affects the number of operating small businesses, but negatively affects the number of large businesses. this creates a contradictory situation. in this case, in order to get an answer to the question about the need to increase the number of newly created enterprises, we found it expedient to consider the ratio between the number of small and large businesses operating in the field of construction, and we received the following results. according to the results of the analysis, there is a direct relationship between the two indicators, and it was found that the free period of the model is not adequate. therefore, to determine the relationship between the two indicators, we conducted a regression analysis using the gretl program, the results of which are presented below. (3) ( ) ( ) with the exception of the analysis results mentioned above, all the results obtained on the basis of the program are given in the 3rd formula. the developed model and its coefficient are adequate to all criteria, which indicates that this model can be used for analysis. that is, an increase in the number of large operating construction enterprises in tashkent by one unit serves to increase the number of small operating construction enterprises by an average of 88.66 units. in other words, an increase in the number of small construction enterprises by 88.66 units will serve to increase the number of large enterprises. according to the results of the first model, with an increase in the total number of newly created construction enterprises by one unit, an increase in the number of operating small construction enterprises by 2.56 units was determined. if we consider this dependence, then an increase in the number of newly created enterprises by 34.63 units will increase the number of small operating construction enterprises by 88.66 units, which, in turn, will increase the number of large operating construction enterprises by one unit. as a result of our research on the development of strategies and priorities for the activation of small business and private entrepreneurship in the construction sector, the following conclusions were made. during the transition period, state support for small businesses should be incentive-based and selective. 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us they consider it expedient to solve the existing problems of the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in the field of construction in cooperation with state authorities and the leadership of local governments. also, in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, it is necessary to introduce and apply a strategic mechanism for regulating regional development, taking into account the viability of the subjects. based on the results obtained, it can be emphasized that the newly created construction enterprises serve to increase the number of small and large operating construction enterprises. list of used literature. 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. pf-4947 "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan"\\ lex.uz 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to implement the investment program of the republic of uzbekistan for 2021-2023" 3. renata stasyak-betleevsk and marek potkan/ procedia economics and finance 34 (2015) 35 – 42 1. saidov mashal samadovich (2022) ways to ensure energy security in uzbekistan. middle european scientific bulletin, volume 21 feb 2022. middle european scientific bulletin issn 2694-9970 (core.ac.uk) 4. "source: table "statistical collection of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan on the socio-economic situation of the republic of uzbekistan" 5. author's development 6. www.toshstat.uz (official website of the tashkent city statistics department) 7. author's development https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/492754349.pdf https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/492754349.pdf 243 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the image problem of child psychology in french children's prose oripova kamola davlatovna teacher of bukhara institute of engineering technology abstract: this article is about the image problem of child psychology in french children's prose. children's literature is a variable phenomenon that is directly related to the age of the reader, the historical period and the social environment in which the age of the reader is taken into account. another characteristic of children's literature is its richness of action. it depends on the demand for the plot in children's literature. keywords: literature, genre, the novel, prose, the period, psychology, the problem. introduction in solving the issues related to children's psychology in world children's prose, the characteristic features and leading principles of modern world children's autobiographical, adventure, detective prose occupy an important place. the children's literature of all nations is influenced by the oral creativity of the people at first, then by pandnomism in classical literature, didactic and educational literature, as well as short poems about children, and stories with a simple plot, intended for them. and more came to the field under the influence of literature based on education. world children's literature reached the stage of development of literary genres already in the 18th century. in particular, the prose genres of narrative, short story, novel, adventurefantasy, detective, autobiography-biography are still among the most widely read literature. children's literature is a variable phenomenon that is directly related to the age of the reader, the historical period and the social environment in which the age of the reader is taken into account. another characteristic of children's literature is its richness of action. it depends on the demand for the plot in children's literature. it requires quick, interesting, imaginative, humorous resolution of events. in the 19th century, the image of children took a modest, that is, less place in french literature. because the period of childhood did not arouse much interest among french writers. a. gide said about the attitude of french fiction to children: "in all french literature we are faced with disorganization; he feels a certain discomfort even in front of something that has not yet formed. and with that i see for myself the insignificant place that children occupy in the french novel, compared to the english novel or even the russian literature. there are almost no children in our novels, and when our novelists are occasionally introduced, they often seem conventional, awkward, and uninteresting." (gide, 1935: 422). gallery of children's characters in french fiction j.j. in rousseau's treatise "emile or education" (1762) for the first time, the educational ideas about the special importance of the childhood years of a person and the child himself, which should contribute to his maturity thought about. methods and analisys in the introduction to the novel by v. hugo about the life of cosette and gavroche in the film "les misérables" (1862), the most popular children's character at that time, he defined the position of the child in the society of that time as a social problem, the essence of which is 244 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "ignorance the withering of the child from the darkness. later, hugo's contemporary j. sand's interest in childhood also draws attention. in particular, the writer describes children against the background of patriarchal village life in his "village" stories "little fadette" (1849) and "francois's finding" (1850). the works of a. france "my friend's book" (1885) and j. renard's "rijik" (1894), created in the last quarter of the 19th century, stand out. in these works, radically contradictory images of childhood are combined with an autobiographical discourse that develops strongly in the literature of the next century. if the first work describes the happy and innocent life of a child in a loving family, in the second, the little hero grows up to be a person hated by his mother and despised by his father. thus, in the 19th century, there was a shift in the depiction of childhood, from depicting it as a social reality to focusing on the personal life of the family and the child in it, through an interest in its social status in society. at the beginning of the 20th century, the belgian poet and playwright m. maeterlinck created unique children's characters in the play "the blue bird" (1908).. this work reveals the symbolic meaning of childhood for the first time in french-language literature, because in it children appear as carriers of a new worldview. the author gives his young heroes the ability to see the spirit of things, although not without the intervention of magical powers. however, later this ability of children loses its magical basis and affects not only things, but also invisible events of human life, and feelings such as friendship, love, and respect are manifested in them. getting into the essence of events becomes an inseparable feature of children's minds. in 1913, a. fournier's novel "grand meaulne" (1913) appeared, which lyrically presents the author's childhood memories. the cycle "in search of lost time" (1913-1927) also describes the importance of childhood memories for proust. in 1942, the world was shocked by the crystal purity of "the little prince", the brightest child image, which marked the beginning of a qualitatively new perception of childhood in literature, primarily in french. in the second half of the 20th century, the image of childhood and children entered the literature. in this, writers describe children as heroes, realizing the uniqueness of the world of childhood, they looked at the world from the child's point of view as a result of the discovery by psychology of the unique features of children's minds, as well as the mythological line associated with the development of psychoanalytic ideas. especially noteworthy are the images of children, which are connected by writers with the mythological foundations of children's thinking, revealed through the development of psychoanalytical ideas in the last century. these are, for example, the works of a. de saintexupéry ("the little prince" (1942)) and m. tournier ("friday, or the member of the pacific ocean" (1967), "the king of the forest" (1970), as well as , his philosophical tales). we will talk about the modern french writer eric-emmanuel schmitt and his works. he creates the images of his children in this direction. schmitt appeared on the literary scene recently (the beginning of the 21st century), but he already managed to gather his fans and attract the attention of many to himself and his work. journalist t. moreva writes in the article "laughing with tears": "all of schmitt's work is so permeated with philosophy that each work resembles a philosophical treatise" (moreva, 2006.) in france, e.e. schmitt became known primarily as a playwright. his plays are performed in theaters all over the world. the writer's work has received a number of awards: moliere theater awards (for the play "the guest" in 1994), the french academy award for his entire works (2001) and the rotary literary award (2005. many of his works have been filmed, in particular, "freedom" (2000), "mr. ibrahim and the flowers of the qur'an" (starring omar sherif, the actor received the "oscar" in 2004), "odetta tulemonde" (2008). conclusion in conclusion, we must say that in this article, french children's literature and e.e. in schmitt's works, special attention was paid to the image of children and the importance of childhood in a child's life. also, in the writers' works, the psychological impact on the child's mind, his 245 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us childhood imagination, the existence of a number of philosophical ideas behind it, are of great importance in revealing their views on the world. references: 1. adizova, obodon istamovna. 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"reflection of the creative personality on the basis of the biographical method in works of art." indonesian journal of innovation studies 18 (2022). 42. adizova, obodon, and zulfiya berdiyeva. "le rôle de la methode biographique dans la critique littéraire française." integration conference on integration of pragmalinguistics, functional translation studies and language teaching processes. 2022. 43. adizova, obodon. "aziz qayumovning ilmiy-biografik asarlarida ijodkorning tadqiqotchilik mahorati xususida." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 6.2 (2020). 44. адизова, ободон истамовна. "charle ogoustine de sainte-beuve is a founder of biographical method." иностранные языки в узбекистане 4 (2019): 241-247. 45. radjabovich, bobokalonov ramazon, bobokalonov odilshoh ostonovich, and narzullaeva dilfuza bafoevna. "differential, communicative and neuropsycholinguistic problems of semantic functionally formed speeches in unrelated languages." journal of survey in fisheries sciences 10.2s (2023): 1363-1375. 46. нарзулаева, дилфуза бафоевна. "теолингвистическая лексема религиозного стиля." educational research in universal sciences 1.7 (2022): 332-338. 47. narzullaeva, dilfuza bafoevna. "history of the translation of the quran into french." international conferences. vol. 1. no. 2. 2023. 48. narzoullaèva, dilfouza bafoevna. "théolinguistique-une tentative de vulgarisation du terme." innovative development in educational activities 2.6 (2023): 58-63. 49. bafoevna, narzullaeva dilfuza. "theolinguistics in modern religious discourse." international journal of language learning and applied linguistics 2.3 (2023): 18-21. 50. bafoyevna, narzullayeva dilfuza. "teolingvistik terminlarning qo‘llanilish uslublari." miasto przyszłości 36 (2023): 73-76. bafoevna, narzullaeva dilfuza. "discours des traductions du coran." best journal of innovation in science, research and development 2.5 (2023): 315-319. 51. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "the main directions of theo linguistic research in modern linguistics." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 32.32 (2023). 248 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 52. bafoevna, narzullaeva dilfuza, and khayatova nigina ikromdjonovna. "the main directions of theo linguistic research in modern linguistics." journal of survey in fisheries sciences 10.2s (2023): 2127-2136. 53. narzullayeva, dilfuza."теолингвистика ва теолингвистик бирликлар тадқиқи." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 42.42 (2023). 54. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "vocabulary of the qur'an in the object of theolinguistics." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 35.35 (2023). 55. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "история теолингвистических исследований." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 35.35 (2023). 56. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "―qur‘oni karim‖ da ruhiy holatni belgilovchi nutqiy konfiguratsiyalar." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 35.35 (2023). 57. dilfuza, narzullaeva."developing the communication competence of french-speaking students through dialogues in the development of oral speech." involta scientific journal 1.10 (2022): 53-57. 58. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "использование речевых жанров." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 29.29 (2023). 59. нарзуллаева, дилфуза бафоевна, and рамазон раджабович бобокалонов. "психологическое обеспечение профессионального благополучия сотрудников. проблемы психологического благополучия, 419." проблемы психологического благополучия (2021): 419. 60. kamalova, firuza rakhmatovna, and dilfuza bafoevna narzullaeva. "optimization of tourism infrostructure in bukhara." asian journal of research in social sciences and humanities 11.9 (2021): 100-103. 61. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "―qur‘oni karim‖ dagi teonimlarining semantikfunksional qiyosiy tahlili." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 43.43 (2023). 62. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "psychological support of professional wellbeing of employees." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 29.29 (2023). 63. qizi narzulloyeva, nilufar nazirjon, and dilfuza bafoyevna narzullayeva. "til va madaniyat." innovative development in educational activities 2.7 (2023): 141-144. 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 issues of determining integration of small and large business enterprises based on systemic and synergic approaches otajonov shuhratjon erkinjonovich kokan state pedagogical institute, independent researcher abstract: it is emphasized that the most important problems of developed and developing countries of the world, such as economic growth and increased competitiveness, will be solved by ensuring the integration of business entities. the article analyzes in detail the essence of the concepts of a systems approach and synergetics, the differences between the system-cybernetic approach and system-synergetic approaches, and also proposes a plan for studying the integration of small and large construction enterprises through the proposed system-synergetic approaches. an approach has been developed. keywords: system, system analysis, systems approach, synergetics, cybernetics, systemcybernetic approach, system-synergetic approach, integration, small and large enterprises, construction enterprises. introduction systematic research is a collection of scientific or technical theories, concepts and methods, in which the object of research or modeling is considered as a system. the general theory of systems created by bertalanffy l. von in the 40s of the 20th century occupies the main place in systematic research. most scholars in this field consider unrly turley to be a kind of metaphysics of knowledge about systems (including systems structure visimly approaches). in this, various systems are considered as a theory related to the study of systems theories that are considered as a science. the general theory of systems is based on two important principles: the principles of systematicity and isomorphism. the principle of systematicity reflects the universality of looking at objects, events and processes of the world as a system with all its own laws. the principle of isomorphism usually means that the structure of one system is completely (isomorphism) or partially (homomorphism) compatible with the structure of another system, which allows it to be modeled again using similarity or other similar methods. systematic analysis is a decision-making methodology, and in a broad sense, it is a synthesis of the general theory of systems, approach and reasoning, systematic methods of decision-making. the main category of systems research, in particular, the systems approach, is the concept of systems. systems usually have internal and external communication, external communication is carried out by elements of influencing factors and resulting factors, as well as provided by the functions of the system. system components can be directly or indirectly connected to other components. direct and inverse connections are usually observed. connections transform the system from 69 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us simple components into a whole, and together with the components determine the state and structure of the system. the operation of the system is the implementation of its functions in time and space, which mainly occurs in accordance with certain laws. functionality or performance laws determine the behavior of the system within the corresponding quality range, change and development laws require quality change rules. both types of laws interact and flow from each other. the formation of the system at a certain time is considered its state. the essence of the system, its features, structure, and behavior are expressed in the principles of systematicity, which act as a set of principles of learning as a methodological direction of knowledge in the systematic approach. methods. in the process of preparing the article were used formal-logical, specific research methods econometric modeling, empirical research, and forecasting results. recently, a large amount of material has been collected on the study of the essence of economic integration and the laws of its development. despite the achievements of economics in this direction, it should be noted that the problems of organizing integrated associations in the investment-construction complex have not been sufficiently studied. in this work, it is aimed to combine the modern achievements of the system approach and the concepts of synergetics two major worldviews and methodological trends of our century, as well as to study the fundamental problems of the theory of integration of small and large construction enterprises with their help. the possibility of such a synthesis of the systemic approach and the concept of synergetics is determined by the unity and complementarity of the principles that form their basis the principle of consistency and development, and the concept of synergetics is mainly based on the methodological and theoretical principles of the systemic approach. systematic analysis and synergistic features and differences are presented in table 1. table 1. differences between the concepts of systematic analysis and synergistics 1 systematic analysis synergetics 1. system statics, focusing on their morphological and functional characteristics 1. pays attention to the processes of growth, development and destruction of systems 2. pays great attention to order and balance 2. disorder plays an important role in the movement of systems not only from the point of view of disruption, but also progress occurs through disruption of balance 3. it helps to learn about systems regulation processes 3. it serves to check the processes of selforganization of systems 4. in many cases, it stops at the analysis stage of the system structure and abstracts it from the integration processes 4. shows the cooperativeness of processes underlying self-organization and systems development 5. considers the problem of interdependence mainly as the interdependence of components within a system 5. checks the totality of external and internal connections of the system 6. sees the source of the movement in the system itself 6. recognizes the important role of the environment in the process of change currently, there are two main directions of the systemic approach in economics: cybernetic and synergetic, which, despite the rules common to both approaches, have clear and fundamental differences from each other (table 2). 1 муаллиф томонидан ишлаб чиқилган 70 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cybernetics is the science of general principles of control in various systems. in other words, the science of optimal control of complex dynamic systems capable of operating in self-control mode. synergetics is the science of self-organization in systems. in fact, both cybernetics and synergetics are involved in the study of complex dynamic systems in various areas of human activity and the development of their control theory. however, if the task of cybernetics is to bring the system to a certain stable state, to resist fluctuations, then the task of synergetics, on the contrary, seeks to balance the system, to bring it to a new, higher level. at the same time, cybernetics considers the possibility of some restructuring of the system structure due to changes in external conditions as an "inevitable evil", and synergetics considers it the main condition for the development of the system. table 2. differences between systemic-synergistic and systemic-cybernetic approaches 2 characteristics approaches to the study of complex systems systematic-cybernetic approach a systemic-synergistic approach perception of the external environment it does not take into account quality changes in the external environment both quantity and quality in the external environment are taken into account on the formulation of the development mission self-directed it is self-organizing responsibility for the implementation of the mission negative (stabilizing) feedback positive developmental feedback on the role of fluctuations in the system it is considered as a favorable factor for self-management in stationary mode the source of development is considered as the cause of phase, structural and quality changes in relation to equilibrium balance is the basis of selfcontrol balance is seen as an obstacle to development in relation to linearity it guides itself in the form of a linear trend a non-linear environment is self-organizing in terms of environment considering different development mechanisms it looks only at negative feedback mechanisms positive feedback, autocatalysis, autocorrelation and etc. according to the description of the hierarchy in the syst homomorphism hetrarchy in economic problems, the "interface" between the synergetic and cybernetic paradigms focuses on the functional capabilities of economic systems: equilibrium, stability, recovery, selfregulation, development along complex trajectories in a cybernetic control system or transition period, changes arising from the synergetic paradigm, under the influence of the time factor selforganization processes. a systematic-synergistic approach is used as a methodical approach in studying the integration process of small and large construction enterprises. opting for this approach is more inclined to study 'development' as a non-linear, non-equilibrium, open, irreversible system, as opposed to a systems-cybernetic approach. thus, in order to develop the conceptual basis of the systematic organization of small and large construction enterprises, it is proposed to use general scientific research methodology 2 муаллиф томонидан ишлаб чиқилган 71 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (philosophy and systematic approach) as well as interdisciplinary methodological approaches with a structural structure; the network approach is to consider the mechanism of interaction of the participants of integrated education, and the synergistic approach is to evaluate the effectiveness of this interaction (fig. 1). figure 1. methodological approaches to the formation of integration of large and small enterprises 3 systematic information on the integration of small and large construction enterprises is a research plan through the proposed system-synergistic approach, which includes the following steps. 1. analysis of the state of the investment-construction complex; 2. the theoretical design of the system, analysis of the integration of small and large construction enterprises should be carried out within its framework; 3. determination of clear systematic criteria of efficiency and optimality based on the systematic understanding of efficiency and optimization and their levels, as well as the efficiency and optimality of subsystems relative to each other and the system as a whole. it is known from the results of the above analysis that the use of the method of systematic approach in the study of the object has its own advantage. it was also argued that it is important to use the general scientific research methodology, philosophy and systematic approach in developing the conceptual foundations of the systematic organization of small and large construction enterprises. analyses. today, the rapid economic development of the construction industry is explained by the growing role of this industry in the country's economy, including in the gdp. from our side, the vertical analysis method was used in the analysis of economic indicators in this sector. in the course of research, we believe that it is appropriate to analyze economic indicators according to the coefficient of economic interest based on the approach presented in paragraph 1.3 of the first chapter. from the data of table 3.1 below, it can be said that the growth of the construction 3 developed by the author philosophy as a general scientific method of knowledge systematic approach is the basis of scientific philosophy and general scientific methodology of perception systematic constructive approach (tectonic processes) network approach (processes of interaction) synergistic approach (development processes) methodology of systematic organization of mutual relations in business networks between small and large enterprises 72 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us industry in the studied period of 2011-2020 was rapid and the coefficient of interest was equal to 1.25. in turn, this means that in this period, it can be seen that the average interest rate of gdp in the country was equal to 1.2. in addition, it can be seen that in the studied period, the coefficient of interest in the industrial sector was 1.23, and the average coefficient of interest in the sector of agriculture, forestry and fisheries was 1.19. table 3. the main socio-economic development of the republic of uzbekistan indicators 4 this also means that today the construction industry is growing rapidly and is considered to have a faster development and interest rate than all other major industries. in the mentioned period, the average coefficient of interest for the increase in the number of permanent residents was equal to 1.02, the average coefficient of interest for the increase in the number of jobs in economic sectors was equal to 1.01, the average coefficient of interest for the amount of total income of the population we can see that the average coefficient of interest is 1.18 and per capita gdp is 1.16. from the analysis of the table, it can be seen that there is a difference between the coefficient of gdp and the income of the population, besides, there is a big difference between the coefficient of the permanent population and the coefficient of employment in economic sectors. this also shows that today there is a big difference between the increase in the number of people and the increase in the number of employed people. another noteworthy aspect of this table is that during the analyzed 11 years, the average interest rate of investments in the construction sector in our country was equal to 1.67, which is higher than the index of interest of investments in all other sectors and industries. organized. the information of this table is not only general, but also it is possible to see how much the coefficient of interest has changed every year, and the data with all quantitative indicators of this table can be found in appendix 1. table 4 below shows the technological composition of investments in fixed capital in the form of percentages and their change in coefficients, where the main focus is on investments in fixed capital for construction and installation work, tools and equipment and all other investments directed to capital works and expenses are presented in the form of a percentage and a ratio. it is noteworthy that the technological composition of capital investments in our country, i.e. investments for construction and assembly works, did not show a constant growth rate during the years 2013-2021, on the contrary, the highest rate was in 2016. it can be seen that it decreased a little in the next period, i.e. it was 48.7 percent in 2012, 52.0 percent in 2016 and 44.1 percent in 2021. correspondingly, the coefficients of change of the interest of investments made in construction and assembly works were also different in different periods and were equal to 1.02 in 2013, 1.02 in 2016 and 1.08 in 2021. at the same time, we can see that the amount of investments made for tools and equipment has increased, i.e. it was 35.2% in 2013, 34.4% in 4 о‘zbyekiston ryespublikasi davlat statistika қо‘mitasi ma’lumotlari asosida muallif tomonidan tuzilgan. 73 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2016 and 48.4% in 2021, respectively. in addition, it can be seen that the coefficients of change of interest are different: 1.05 in 2013, 1.09 in 2016, and 0.98 in 2021. table 4. investments in fixed capital by types of economic activity 5 (in the current price index) from the analysis of the data in the following table, it can be seen that the data on the houses commissioned in our country in the studied years 2012-2021 and the coefficient of change of their total area are given in table 3.4. from the data of this table, it can be seen that during the ten years under analysis, it increased from 2017, and only in 2019 and 2020, as a result of the current situation (pandemic), we can see that the indicators decreased. it can be observed that the average interest rate of the total built houses in the studied period was equal to 1.04, which is explained by the presence of significant development in the construction industry and the fact that it has high development indicators. 5 compiled by the author based on the information of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. 74 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 5. according to the commissioned houses information 6 (the coefficient of change of the total area of houses) from the data of the given table, it can be seen that the average coefficient of interest in the forms of ownership in the construction works carried out in the state network (0.96) is slightly higher, and the average coefficient of interest in the construction works carried out in urban and rural areas is 1. it can be seen that the coefficients of 06 and 1.02 are almost identical. discussion based on the information provided in the document, the following conclusions can be drawn: rapid growth of the construction industry: the construction industry has experienced rapid growth during the period of analysis (2011-2020). the volume of construction works and the coefficient of interest in the construction sector have consistently increased, indicating the industry's significant contribution to the country's economic development. importance of construction industry: the construction industry has emerged as a key sector in the country's economy, with a growing role in the gdp. its coefficient of interest (1.25) surpasses that of other major industries such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, indicating faster development and a higher interest rate. discrepancies in economic indicators: there are discrepancies between the coefficient of gdp and the income of the population, as well as between the coefficient of permanent population and the coefficient of employment in economic sectors. this suggests that the increase in the number of people does not necessarily correspond to an equal increase in employment opportunities. high interest rate of investments in construction: the construction sector has shown a high average interest rate of investments (1.67) compared to other sectors and industries. this indicates a significant level of investment in construction and reflects the industry's potential for future growth. technological composition of investments: the technological composition of investments in fixed capital, particularly in construction and assembly works, has varied over the years. while investments in tools and equipment have increased, investments in construction and assembly works have shown fluctuations in growth rates. 6 о‘zbyekiston ryespublikasi davlat statistika қо‘mitasi ma’lumotlari asosida muallif tomonidan tuzilgan. 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us housing development: the construction industry has seen notable development in the housing sector, with an increasing number of houses commissioned during the analyzed period. however, there were decreases in 2019 and 2020 due to the impact of the pandemic. the average coefficient of interest for the total built houses indicates a positive growth trend (1.04) and highlights the industry's significant achievements. ownership and construction works: the average coefficient of interest in construction works carried out in the state network is slightly higher (0.96) compared to urban and rural areas (1.0). this suggests a relatively higher level of efficiency and performance in state-owned construction projects. in summary, the construction industry has experienced rapid growth, demonstrated a high level of investment interest, and played a vital role in the country's economy. however, there are disparities in various economic indicators, and fluctuations in the technological composition of investments and housing development highlight the industry's susceptibility to external factors such as the pandemic. references: 1. суворова, а.п. корпоративное управление развитием строительного комплекса региона / а.п. суворова. спб.: спбгиэу, 2004. 278с 2. ерохина, е.а. развитие национальной экономики: системносамоорганизационный подход / е.а. ерохина // 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(2022). совершенствование системы управления рисками устойчивого развития производственных предприятий. бюллетень науки и практики, 8(3), 324-331. 7. хонкелдиева, к., & маматкулова, ф. (2020). социально-экономические аспекты устойчивого развития предприятия // наука сегодня: факты, тенденции, прогнозы (pp. 36-37). 8. topilovich, mirzaev a. "economic evaluation of multiplicative efficiency on the basis of generalized indicators of resource components in tourist recreation activities." european journal of research development and sustainability, vol. 2, no. 6, 2021, pp. 107-114. 9. djurabaev o. formation of model beekeeping facilities and modernized interindustrial communications in human bearing management //архив научных исследований. – 2020. – №. 11. 10. djurabaev o. methods of the process approach in management and determination of the criterion of technological efficiency of beekeeping farms: methods of the process approach in management and determination of the criterion of technological efficiency of beekeeping farms // archive of scientific research. 2021. t. 1. no. 1. 11. saidov m. increasing management efficiency in the electricity sector of uzbekistan //the 5th international conference on future networks & distributed systems. – 2021. – с. 343347. 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. munira a. analysis methods of the factors influencing on consumer market //бюллетень науки и практики. – 2018. – т. 4. – №. 2. – с. 276-282. 13. shanazarova g. features of innovative management strategy of the automotive industry of uzbekistan //архив научных исследований. – 2019. 14. yaxyayeva i. енгил саноат корхоналарида маҳсулот рақобатбардошлигини ошириш йўналишлари //архив научных исследований. – 2019. 125 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 costs included in product production and factors affecting them sobirov o. o phd, associate professor, department of accounting and auditing, namangan institute of engineering and technology odilov h. m independent researcher abstract: in this article, we will talk about the production of the product input costs and their types, rational and efficient use of available resources in production, as well as some important issues that affect the cost of the product passed. also, scientific proposals and practical recommendations have been developed to reduce the cost of manufactured products using modern innovative methods in product cost calculation. keywords: cost, capital, production, financial position, productivity, product type, labor force, expenses, cost of sales, income, economic growth, economic entity, responsibility centers. introduction. today, when the world economy is rapidly developing, it is important for any enterprise engaged in any production activity to plan the directions of spending its funds. when analyzing product production costs, first of all, it is considered necessary to determine the impact of changes in production volume on total costs and on the product unit. the organization and management of this activity is mainly important for the rational use of available resources, systematic adoption of management decisions on saving funds, and overall efficiency and economic growth of the business entity. strict implementation of cost control in production serves as a guarantee of achieving the main goals set by the management of the business entity. material and method. the costs incurred in the processes related to the production of products in economic entities in our republic are based on the regulation of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on february 5, 1999 no. 54 “on the composition of costs of production and sale of products (work, services) and formation of financial results” regulated. in our country, many economists have conducted many studies on improving the calculation of the cost of production. the main goal of these studies is to identify modern calculation methods and thereby reduce the cost. it is appropriate to recognize the scientific researches of a. pardayev, m. pardayev, a. karimov, a. avlokulov, n. rizaev, o. sobirov, among the leading economists of our country who are conducting research in this direction. 126 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis. today, modern methods of product cost calculation are widely used in our country. the main goal is to reduce the cost. production costs are divided into fixed and variable costs. variable costs change in direct proportion to the level of production activity. this is due to the fact that the variable costs per unit of output are constant. total variable costs are directly related to product volume, while variable costs per product volume are constant. fixed costs remain constant over a period of time for different scales of production. but as the scale of production changes, their share per unit of product changes. as production volume increases, the amount of fixed costs does not change, but the cost per unit of output decreases. in practice, fixed costs are not always the same for all levels of production. for a comparative, long period of time measured in years, all costs are variable. also, a large expansion of the level of activity leads to an increase in all categories of expenses. for a short period of time, costs are variable or constant depending on changes in the level of production. the shorter the time period, the more likely it is that certain costs will be fixed. conclusion. based on the above opinions, we believe that it is appropriate to implement the following tasks to reduce the cost of the product: 1. preventing the occurrence of unusable products in the production process; 2. advance forecasting of factors that negatively affect product price reduction and development of measures to eliminate it; 3. identification of external risks associated with imported raw materials that lead to an increase in the cost of the product; 4. reducing the cost of the product by localizing the raw materials in the manufactured products; 5. by developing a system of effective use of labor resources, opportunities to increase product quality and reduce costs are created. in place of the final conclusion, it should be noted that for the development of any sector of the economy, it is necessary to have accurate and reliable information, because based on this information, it will be possible to assess the overall state of the enterprise and make correct conclusions. for this, accounting is very important. references. 1. sobirov otabek olimjonovich. the cost of forming a management account in business entities. journal of pharmaceutical negative results. doi: 10.47750/pnr. 2022. 13.s07-537. 4295-4298. 2. sobirov o. directions for improving management accounting in business entities. journal of management value & ethics.oct-dec.20 vol.10 no.04 sjif 7.201 & gif 0.626. india. 2020. 5-8 b 3. собиров о.о. бошқарув ҳисобининг моҳияти ва уни ташкил этишда харажатларнинг ўрни. scientific journal of “internatsional finance & accounting” -тми. тошкент. 2022 йил август. issue 4. issn:2181-1016. 4. o.o.sobirov., m.karimova. “problems of effective use of key equipment in enterprises”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6. jun – 2023 issn: 27206874. 127 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. otabek olimjonovich sobirov. improment of management accounting methodology in economic entities. scientific journal of “international finance & accounting” тми. issue 2, april 2023. issn: 2181-1016 6. sobirov o.o. improvement of management accounting in economic entities. abstract of doctor of philosophy (phd) dissertation on economic sciences. tashkent. tmi. 2022 year. 7. sobirov o.o., uzoqboyev r. “important issues of ensuring the financial stability of small business and business subjects”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 2720-6874. 8. o.o.sobirov., j.alibyev. “issues of ensuring the profitability of enterprises”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 2720-6874. 9. собиров о.о. «хўжалик юритувчи субъектларда бошқарув ҳисобини такомиллаштириш йўналишлари». илмий монография. наманган-2023 йил. уўк: 657 (075.8). кбк: 65.052.2. isbn:978-9943-5945-8-6. 10. sobirov o. product development cost factors affecting reduction. american journal of diplomacy and international studies. volume 01, issure 07, 2023 issn (e):2993-2157. www.grnjournal.us http://www.grnjournal.us/ 107 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the influences of product quality, store atmosphere and membership reward on customer loyalty of kopi kenangan in manado city through customer satisfaction as a mediating variable kezia as lasut master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia willem jf alfa tumbuan master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia merinda h. ch, pandowo master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia abstract: this research aims to determine the influence of product quality, store atmosphere, and membership rewards from consumers of memorable coffee on the level of customer loyalty through customer satisfaction as a mediator. the type of research used is descriptive research to describe or explain the relationship between variables using a quantitative approach. the sample taken for this research was 100 respondents. samples were taken using nonprobability sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. the data collection instrument was a questionnaire administered via google form. next, statistical testing uses spss ver software. 29. the results of this research show the influence of product quality, store atmosphere, and membership rewards on customer satisfaction. store atmosphere and membership rewards also have an influence on customer loyalty, while product quality has no influence on customer loyalty. the next result, through the mediating variable, is that product quality influences customer loyalty through customer satisfaction. the different results are that store atmosphere and membership rewards have no influence on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction. keywords: product quality; store atmosphere; membership rewards; customer satisfaction; customers loyalty. introduction background currently consuming coffee has become popular among almost all ages, from young people to even 16 year olds who have started drinking coffee. this is proven by retail sales of ready-todrink coffee in indonesia always increasing from 2016 to 2018, intan kemala (2017). one of the successful coffee shops in indonesia is kopi kenangan. kopi kenangan is a start-up operating in the food and beverages sector which was founded in 2017. currently kopi kenangan has more than 500 outlets in 45 cities in indonesia, this number has increased by 41% compared to 2020 and in the last year kopi kenangan has sold 40 million cups of coffee, kompas.com (2021). in 108 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2021, kopi kenangan has become one of indonesia's unicorns after successfully receiving funding of 96 million dollars or rp. 1.37 trillion, where this funding makes the kopi kenangan company currently worth more than 1 billion us dollars, cnbc indonesia (2021). currently, quite a lot of coffee shop outlets have sprung up in manado, which has created quite tight competition between these coffee shop business people. kopi kenangan always strives to improve product and service quality to maintain consumer loyalty. product quality is an important thing and must be paid attention to because it will influence consumer decisions. in an effort to attract consumer attention, kopi kenangan must be able to create a comfortable atmosphere for consumers when shopping. by creating a store atmosphere that is attractive, fun and comfortable for consumers when they are in the kopi kenangan shop. another factor that influences customer loyalty is membership rewards. a membership program is a loyalty program in the form of membership to offer several benefits to customers, for example discounts, cashback and special prices with certain conditions for each purchase. research purposes the aim of this research is to determine the partial influence of product quality, store atmosphere, and membership rewards from consumers of memorable coffee on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction as mediation. literature reviews product quality towards customer satisfaction customer satisfaction is the key to creating customer loyalty. there are many benefits received by companies by achieving a high level of customer satisfaction, namely, apart from being able to increase customer loyalty, it can also prevent customer turnover, reduce customer sensitivity to price, reduce the costs of marketing failures, reduce operating costs caused by the increase in the number of customers, increase advertising effectiveness, and improving business reputation fornell (1992). the results of research from syahroni (2020), show that product quality has an influence on customer satisfaction at keibar pamulang cafe. store atmosphere towards customer satisfaction levy and weitz (2019) explained that cafe atmosphere is the creation of an atmosphere through visuals, arrangement, light, music and aroma which can create a comfortable purchasing environment so that it can influence customers' perceptions and emotions when making purchases. previous research conducted by triandewo and indiarto (2021) store atmosphere influences customer satisfaction of kenangan coffee in the city of jakarta. membership reward for customer satisfaction membership programs are the implementation of special strategies to build strong relationships with customers by offering many benefits lee, kim, hwang & cui (2021). in previous research conducted by mahatma (2020), membership rewards had a positive effect on starbucks customer loyalty. product quality towards customer loyalty product quality is an important thing that a product must have, so producers are required to produce quality products in order to attract consumers' attention to buy and ultimately increase customer loyalty. research conducted by satria (2022) shows that product quality has a significant influence on customer loyalty at coffee shop medan. store atmosphere towards customer loyalty store atmosphere refers to the design of the environment through visual communication, flash, color, music, and aroma to stimulate and influence their purchasing behavior. many retailers are realizing the added benefit of developing an atmosphere that complements other aspects of store design and merchandise. in previous research conducted by puspita (2019), store atmosphere 109 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us had a positive effect and had a strong value on customer loyalty at draja coffee kualanamu international airport. membership reward for customer loyalty membership is a program commonly carried out by companies. the company uses a membership system to offer several benefits to customers, for example, offering promos, discounts, cashback and special prices with certain conditions for every purchase at company outlets or other companies that partner with it. in previous research conducted by mahatma (2020), member cards had a positive and significant influence on starbucks customer satisfaction. customer satisfaction with customer loyalty according to tjiptono and chandra (2017: 57), in general, satisfaction provides two main benefits for companies, namely in the form of customer loyalty and word of mouth advertising or what is usually referred to as positive viral communication. previous research conducted by adiwiyah, et al (2023) customer satisfaction shows positive significance on customer loyalty product quality with customer loyalty through customer satisfaction customer satisfaction occurs when customers receive quality products and services that match what they want and expect according to their needs. customer satisfaction and company customer loyalty are closely related to the quality of products and services. a higher level of quality will result in higher customer satisfaction, while at the same time supporting high prices and often low costs. therefore, improving quality will generally increase loyalty. kotler & armstrong (2018). in previous research conducted by mahatma (2020), product quality and customer satisfaction had a positive influence on starbucks customer loyalty. store atmosphere with customer loyalty through customer satisfaction store atmosphere is the creation of an atmosphere with the aim of providing comfort and pleasure to consumers when making purchase transactions in a retail store. a good store atmosphere can make consumers enjoy the entire purchasing process offered by the retailer and make them feel at home in the store for a long time. previous research conducted by indiarto (2021) store atmosphere influences customer loyalty through customer satisfaction of kopi kenangan in jakarta. membership reward with customer loyalty through customer satisfaction according to kotler (2009; 155) two customer loyalty programs that companies can implement are frequency programs and club marketing programs (membership card programs). highly satisfied customers usually remain loyal for longer periods, buy again when the company introduces new products and updates old ones, talk good things about the company and its products to others, pay less attention to competing brands and are less sensitive to price. offer product or service ideas to companies, and service costs are cheaper than new customers because transactions can become routine according to kotler & keller (2009: 140). this is supported by previous research conducted by mahatma (2020) that membership rewards have a positive influence on customer satisfaction and also have a direct or indirect influence on customer loyalty. research model and research model hypothesis in this research, based on the background and theoretical studies that have been discussed previously, namely the theoretical basis, as well as previous research, the researcher will explain the relationship between the influence of product quality, store atmosphere and membership rewards on the loyalty of memorable coffee customers in manado. and you can see that the framework for thinking is as follows: 110 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. research framework source: data processing results, spss 2023 hypothesis based on the research framework and research model, the research hypothesis is: h1 : product quality has a significant direct effect on customer satisfaction memorable coffee in manado h2 : store atmosphere has a direct and significant influence on customers satisfaction memorable coffee in manado h3 : membership rewards have a direct, significant effect on customers satisfaction memorable coffee in manado h4 : customer satisfaction has a significant direct effect on customers loyalty memories coffee in manado h5 : product quality has an influencedirectly significant to coffee customer loyalty memories in manado h6 : store atmosphere has a significant direct effect on customer loyalty memorable coffee in manado h7 : membership rewards have a direct and significant effect on customer loyalty memorable coffee in manado h8 : product quality has a significant effect on customer loyalty through customers satisfaction memorable coffee in manado h9 : store atmosphere has a significant effect on customer loyalty through customers satisfaction memorable coffee in manado h10 : membership rewards have a significant effect on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction memorable coffee in manado research methods this research method uses descriptive analysis. descriptive research is research conducted to determine the value of independent variables, either one or more (independent) without making comparisons, or connecting them with other variables (sugiyono, 2008). descriptive research in this study is used to describe or explain the relationship between the influence of product quality (x1), store atmosphere (x2) and membership reward (x3) on customer loyalty (y2) through customer satisfaction (y1) of kopi kenangan in manado. a quantitative approach is used to obtain research results in numerical form which are then interpreted in narrative form and to 111 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us obtain objective and generalizable results. data collection method primary data in this research, the questionnaire serves as the main data source. in this research, questionnaires were distributed online via google form to people in the respondent's city who met the sample criteria. secondary data this research also uses secondary data to support the collection of main supporting data, namely from literature studies, data from the internet, and previous research. research population and sample population is a generalization area consisting of: objects/subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics determined by researchers to be studied and then conclusions drawn (sugiyono, 2016). the population of this research is the people of manado city who have purchased kopi kenangan products. the number of population members is unknown. according to (sugiyono, 2019) the sample is part of the number and characteristics of the population. this research uses a non-probability sampling technique because the number of members of the population is unknown, and purposive sampling as the sample determination technique. data analysis the data analysis techniques used in this research are the validity and reliability test of the research questionnaire, classical assumption tests (normality test, heteroscedasticity test and autocorrelation test), path analysis (path analysis), and coefficient of determination (𝑅2). data analysis was carried out using the spss 29 program. research instrument the research instrument is a questionnaire with likert scale model scoring which is filled in by respondents on the distributed questionnaire. the likert scale is used to measure attitudes, opinions and perceptions of a person or group of people about social phenomena (sugiyoni 2016: 93). research resultand discussion research result research instrument test validity test table 1. validity test variable items rcount table information x1 (product quality) x1.1 0.822 0.1966 valid x1.2 0.674 0.1966 valid x1.3 0.736 0.1966 valid x1.4 0.706 0.1966 valid x2 (store atmosphere) x2.1 0.895 0.1966 valid x2.2 0.875 0.1966 valid x2.3 0.881 0.1966 valid x2.4 0.854 0.1966 valid x3 (membership rewards) x3.1 0.895 0.1966 valid x3.2 0.875 0.1966 valid x3.3 0.881 0.1966 valid x3.4 0.854 0.1966 valid y1 (customer satisfaction) y1.1 0.810 0.1966 valid y1.2 0.815 0.1966 valid y1.3 0.815 0.1966 valid 112 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us y1.4 0.847 0.1966 valid y2 (customer loyalty) y2.1 0.814 0.1966 valid y2.2 0.704 0.1966 valid y2.3 0.845 0.1966 valid y2.4 0.858 0.1966 valid source: data processing results, spss 2023 data from table 1 shows that all items are valid because they have a calculated r value greater than the r table, namely 0.1966. reliability test table 2. reliability test results reliability statistics cronbach's alpha n of items ,926 20 source: data processing results, spss 2023 fromthe results of the reliability test in table 2 above show that the cronbach's alpha value is 0.926, where the value is >0.6. thus, the variables product quality, store atmosphere and membership reward can be said to be reliable or reliable. classic assumption test multicollinearity test the multicollinearity test aims to test whether the regression model finds a correlation between independent variables (ghozali, 2013). to detect multicollinearity, it can be seen in the vif value, if the tolerance value is > 0.100 and vif < 10 then there are no symptoms of multicollinearity. table 3. multicollinearity test results coefficients model collinearity statistics tolerance vif 1 product quality ,418 2,390 store atmosphere ,415 2,407 membership rewards ,604 1,656 customer loyalty ,619 1,615 a. dependent variable: customer satisfaction source: data processing results, spss 2023 based on the results of data analysis in table 3, the four variables show a tolerance value > 0.100, and a vif value < 10. so it can be concluded that there are no symptoms of multicollinearity. normality test the method used to test normality is to use kolmogrov-smirnov with the criterion if the asymp value. sig. (2-tailed) >0.05 then the data is normally distributed. table 4. normality test results one-sample kolmogorov-smirnov test unstandardized residuals n 100 normal parameters, b mean .0000000 std. deviation 1.40091495 most extreme differences absolute ,074 positive ,048 negative -.074 113 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us statistical tests ,074 asymp. sig. (2-tailed) c ,200 monte carlo sig. (2-tailed)d sig. ,194 99% confidence intervals lower bound ,184 upper bound ,205 a. test distribution is normal. b. calculated from data. c. lilliefors significance correction. d. lilliefors' method based on 10000 monte carlo samples with starting seed 299883525. source: data processing results, spss 2023 the normality test results in table 4 above show where the asymp value is. sig. (2-tailed) is 0.200 where the value is >0.05. thus it can be concluded that the data is normally distributed. heteroscedasticity test the heteroscedasticity test aims to test whether in the regression model there is an inequality of variance from the residuals of one observation to another. if the variance from the residual from one observation to another is constant, it is called homoscedasticity and if it is different it is called heteroscedasticity (ghozali, 2013). the method used to test heteroscedasticity uses the glejser test with the requirement that if the significance value is > 0.05, it can be concluded that the research data does not have symptoms of heteroscedasticity. table 5. glejser test results coefficients model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) 2,429 ,679 3,580 <.001 product quality ,035 ,058 ,091 ,605 ,547 store atmosphere -.140 ,054 -.393 -591 ,183 membership rewards ,007 ,038 .023 ,182 ,856 customer loyalty ,015 ,034 ,055 ,440 ,661 a. dependent variable: abs_res source: data processing results, spss 2023 the results of the heteroscedasticity test (glejser test) in the table show that all variables have a significance value of > 0.05 and thus the test results above show that there are no symptoms of heteroscedasticity in this study. path analysis test path analysis is an extension of multiple linear regression analysis, path analysis is the use of regression analysis to estimate causal relationships between variables (causal) that have been previously determined based on theory. path coefficient model1 table 6. model 1 regression results coefficients model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) 2,746 1,150 2,387 .019 product quality ,420 ,098 ,410 4,299 <.001 store atmosphere .211 ,085 ,221 2,498 .014 membership ,238 ,061 ,296 3,898 <.001 114 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us redward a. dependent variable: customer satisfaction source: data processing results, spss 2023 the results of the path analysis for model 1 in the table above obtained respective significance values, namely x1 = <0.001, x2 = 0.014, and regression analysis and equation 1 figure 2. regression analysis source: data processing results, spss 2023 equation 1 y1 =β1x1 +β2x2 +β3x3+e1 = 0.410x1 + 0.221x2 + 0.296x3 + 0.606e1 model 2 path coefficients table 7. model 2 regression results coefficients model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) -.077 2,078 -.037 ,971 product quality -.285 ,187 -.202 1,523 .131 store atmosphere ,547 .153 ,414 3,565 <.001 membership rewards ,249 .116 ,223 2,152 ,034 customer satisfaction ,398 ,179 ,289 2,223 ,029 a. dependent variable: customer loyalty source: data processing results, spss 2023 the regression results of model 2 are that the variables x2, x3, and y1 have a significant effect on y2 and the variable 115 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us path analysis and equation 2 figure 3. path analysis source: data processing results, spss 2023 equation 2 y2 =β1x1 +β2x2 +β3x3+β4y1+e2 = −0.202𝑋1 + 0.414𝑋2 + 0.223𝑋3 + 0.289𝑌1 + 0.767𝑒2 table 8. effect of mediating variables h variable direct influence influence nopeimmediately condition remarks h8. x1 against y2 through y1 -0.202 0.118 ptl >pl significant h9. x2 against y2 through y1 0.414 0.063 ptl >pl no significant h10. x3 against y2 through y1 0.233 0.086 ptl>pl no significant source: data processing results, spss 2023 sobel test table 9. sobel test calculation results product quality statistical tests p-value conclusion a 0.420 1,973 0.048 significant influence b 0.398 sa 0.098 sb 0.179 store atmosphere statistical tests p-value conclusion a 0.211 1,656 0.097 not significant b 0.398 sa 0.085 sb 0.179 membership rewards statistical tests p-value conclusion a 0.238 1,931 0.053 not significant b 0.398 sa 0.061 sb 0.179 source: data processing results, spss 2023 closing conclusion based on the results of research and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn: 116 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. the statistical test results show that product quality (x1) has a significance value of <0.05, namely 0.001, with these results indicating that product quality (x1) has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction (y1), so that h1 is accepted. 2. the statistical test results show that store atmosphere (x2) has a significance value of <0.05, namely 0.014, with these results indicating that store atmosphere (x2) has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction (y1), so that h2 is accepted. 3. the statistical test results show that membership reward (x3) has a significant value <0.05, namely 0.001. this means that membership reward (x3) has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction (y1), so that h3 is accepted. 4. the statistical test results show that customer satisfaction (y1) has a value of <0.05, namely 0.029, with these results showing that customer satisfaction (y1) has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty (y2), so that h4 is accepted. 5. the statistical test results show that product quality (x1) has a significance value of >0.05, namely 0.131. this means that product quality (x1) has no effect on customer loyalty (y1), so h5 is rejected. 6. the statistical test results show that store atmosphere (x2) has a significance value of <0.05, namely 0.001, these results indicate that store atmosphere (x2) has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty (y2), so that h6 is accepted. 7. the statistical test results show that membership reward (x3) has a significance value of <0.05, namely 0.034, with these results indicating that membership reward (x3) has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty (y2), so that h7 is accepted. 8. in the path analysis test results, the direct influence value is -0.202 and the indirect influence value is 0.118, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of product quality (x1) on customer loyalty (y2) which is mediated by customer satisfaction (y1), so that h8 is accepted. 9. in the path analysis test results, the direct effect value is 0.414 and the indirect effect is 0.063, so it can be concluded that there is no mediation effect. thus, customer satisfaction (y1) cannot mediate the influence of store atmosphere (x2) on customer loyalty (y2), so h9 is rejected. 10. in the path analysis test results, the direct effect value is 0.233 and the indirect effect is 0.086, with these results indicating that there is no mediation effect. thus, customer satisfaction (y1) cannot mediate the influence of membership reward (x3) on customer loyalty (y2), so h10 is rejected. suggestion based on the findingsand the conclusion of this research, there are several suggestions that can be useful for companies and for further research. the suggestions are as follows: 1. kopi kenangan manado must maintain its existing product quality and even improve it further because this can greatly influence customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. 2. kopi kenangan manado continues to maintain the store atmosphere in its shop so that customers who visit will always feel comfortable, because store atmosphere is one of the factors that customers take into account to gain satisfaction so they can become loyal customers. 3. it is hoped that kopi kenangan manado will continue to provide and increase benefits for customers when using this membership, such as promos, discounts, cashback and special prices to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. 4. to compete among the many local coffee shops, kopi kenangan manado must improve product quality, maintain store atmosphere and continue to provide membership rewards and 117 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us prioritize customer satisfaction in order to build customer loyalty. 5. for future academics or researchers, it is hoped that they can conduct research involving variables other than the variables that have been researched in order to obtain more varied results that can influence the satisfaction and loyalty of kopi kenangan customers in manado. references 1. banat, a, & wanderobi, h, st (2015). store design and store atmosphere effect on customerssales per visit economics, management and behavioral science 2. cnbc indonesia. (2021). get r1.37 t. coffee memories officially becomes a unicorn. 3. griffin, jill. (2015). customer loyalty, growing and maintaining customer loyalty. translated by dwi kartini yahya. jakarta : erlangga. 4. ghozali, i. (2016). multivariate analysis application with the ibm spss 23 program. semarang: diponegoro university. 5. hanif, prakoso (2023). the influence of price, product quality on customer loyalty through satisfaction as a mediating variable (study of kenangan coffee customers in tanggerang). lppm ummat national seminar. 2. 61-70 6. kotler, p., & keller, k. l. (2012). marketing management. new jersey: pearson education inc. 7. kotler, p., & keller, k. l. (2016). marketing management (15th ed.).harlow, essex, england: pearson education ltd. 8. kompas.com. 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(2013). quantitative, qualitative and r&d research methods. bandung: alphabeta publishers 23. sabilla, kurniawati (2023). the influence of service quality, store atmosphere, price fairness, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty on the coffee shop industry among young people in dki jakarta. trisakti economic journal. 3(1). 889-902 24. syahroni (2020) the influence of product quality and store atmosphere on customer satisfaction and its influence on customer loyalty at the keibar pamulang cafe. uin jakarta repository. 25. triandewo, indiarto (2021). the effect of service quality, store atmosphere, and price fairness on customer satisfaction and their impact to customer loyalty on kopi kenangan in jakarta. international journal of business, economics and law. 25(2). 49-59 26. taufik, santoso, fahmi, r., yamin (2022). the role of service and product quality on customer loyalty. 7(1). 68-82 27. tirtayasa (2022). effect of product quality and service on customer loyalty with customer satisfaction as intervening variable (study on coffee shop in medan). international journal of science, technology & management. 3(5). 1438-1444 28. tsalatsa, sudarwanto (2021). the influence of service quality and customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in the gresik cafe coffee discussion. journal of commerce education (jptn). 9(3). 1464-1471 29. wikipedia. (2023). memories coffee. retrieved june 10, 2023, from: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/kopi_kenangan 30. zulkarnain,ramdansyah (2018). the influence of service quality and product quality on customer loyalty with customer satisfaction as an intervening variable (case study at pt. bank syariah mu'amalah cilegon). tirtayasa business and management research journal. 2(2). 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 02, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх gender imbalance in nigerian university system nigeria niyi jacob ogunode department of education, university of abuja, nigeria, ogunodejacob@gmail.com adamu awwal salman kogi state college of education ankpa (kscoea), department of educational pyschology/guidance & counselling, awalsalman085@gmail.com abstract: this paper titled "gender imbalance in nigerian university system" was carried out to analyze the factors responsible for the gender imbalance in universities in nigeria. secondary data were collected from print and online publications. a content analytical approach was employed in the research methodology. the study concluded that poor implementation of gender policies, cultural factors, socio-economic status of parents, traditional beliefs, early marriage, poor funding of female education, poor access to educational opportunities, weak institutions and patriarchal practice are the factors responsible for the gender imbalance in the nigerian university system. based on the factors identified, the paper among other recommendations for full implementation of all gender policies in the universities across nigeria. keywords: gender, imbalance, universities, challenges, education. introduction public universities are universities owned by the government. public universities are universities established to provide post-secondary schools for nigerians. public universities are universities established by an act of parliament to serve the interest of the general public. public universities deal with the provision of teaching, research and community services (ogunode, 2020). the objectives of the universities in nigerian higher education, including professional education have the following aims: the acquisition, development and inculcation of the proper value orientation for the survival of the individual and societies; the development of the intellectual capacities of individuals to understand and appreciate environment; the acquisition of both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to develop into useful members of the community; the acquisition of an overview of the local and external environments (fgn, 2014). public universities in nigeria are grouped into federal and state-owned universities. the federal universities are owned by the federal government of nigeria while the state universities are owned by the state government (ogunode, 2020). the nigerian university system is plagued with many challenges. gender imbalance has been identified as one of the problems in the system. (chima, 2013) observed that in nigeria the educational imbalance between the male and female is very wide. in the area of student enrolment, a total of 2,159,461 students are enrolled directly by the nus at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels through full-time and part-time modes, out of which 931,523 (43.1%) are females. the undergraduate new entrant enrolments are also presented by university, mode, programme, discipline, and by ownership. there were 785,259 new entrants 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us undergraduate students in nigerian universities in 2019, comprising 438,260 males (55.8%) and 346,999 (44.2%) females. also, a total of 78,761 students are enrolled in affiliate institutions at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, out of which 39,015 (49.5%) are females (nigerian university system statistical digest 2019). in terms of output, the total output across all types and modes is also presented. in 2019 there were 267,229 graduates across all programmes and all modes, comprising 150,731 males and 116,498 females (nigerian university system statistical digest, 2019). in terms of staffing, the academic staffing of universities is presented using the nuc norm of professors, readers (associate professors), senior lecturers, lecturers i and below by university, by gender, and by ownership. a total of 73,443 academic staff were reported for 2019, comprising 56,063 males and 17,380 females. the non-academic staffing of universities is presented using the nuc norms of senior technical staff, senior administrative staff (nonsecretarial), senior administrative staff (secretarial), junior technical staff, and junior nontechnical staff by university, by gender, and by ownership in academic units and nonacademic units, as well as overall total of non-academic staff. a total of 152,475 non-academic staff were reported for 2019, comprising 95,997 males and 56,478 females (nigerian university system statistical digest, 2019). also, ekwukoma (2018) did a study that examined gender imbalance in the staff strength of selected faculties of the university of benin. the population of the study comprised all the lecturers in the faculties of education, engineering and environmental sciences as of the 2016/2017 academic session and the total number was 403. all the lecturers in these selected faculties also constituted the sample for the study. a simple percentage was used to analyze the data. the findings of this study revealed a very insignificant gender disparity (in favour of the female gender) in the number of lecturers in the faculty of education and a very wide gender gap (in favour of the male gender) in the staff strength of the faculties of engineering and environmental sciences of the university of benin as at 2016/2017 academic session. in the area of leadership positions in some public universities, dada, ogunode & ajayi (2022) did a study that finds out gender equity in the appointment of principal officers in university administration: implications for implementation of gender policy in north-central, nigeria. the study adopted both secondary and primary methods of data collection; hence it is both qualitative and quantitative. the secondary data were drawn from the national universities commission (2019) statistic data. the result resulted collected revealed that there are low females in the leadership (principal officers) positions of public universities in north-central nigeria. it is very important to analyze the various factors responsible for the gender imbalance in the nigerian university system. reasons for gender imbalance in the nigerian university system gender imbalances in the school system can be defined as the proportion of males to females in a given population (students’ population, academic staff population, non-academic staff population and principal officers’ population). this is usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females in a given population. gender equality (balanced gender) on the other hand is when people of all genders (males and females) have equal access, rights, responsibilities, and opportunities to available resources. there are many factors responsible for the gender imbalance in the universities in nigeria. some of these factors include; poor implementation of gender policies, cultural factors, socio-economic status of parents, traditional beliefs, early marriage, poor funding of female education, poor access to educational opportunities, weak institutions and patriarchal practice. 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1: conceptual causes of gender imbalance in the nigerian university system source: ogunode & salman (2023) poor implementation of gender policies poor implementation of various gender policies on the education of females in nigeria has accounted for poor representation in every aspect of the universities in nigeria. the poor implementation of gender policy on admission is responsible for the gender imbalance in terms of admission in the university system in nigeria. the poor implementation of gender policy on recruitment is responsible for more males among the staff of the universities in nigerian than the females and the poor implementation of gender policy on the appointment of universities manager and administrators gave males the upper hands in the occupation of leadership positions of the universities than the female folks. ogunode & ahmed (2021) and ogunode ahmed, & yahaya (2021) observed one of the important reasons why women have not received adequate benefits from years of planning and development is their inadequate representation can be linked to non-implementation of the gender acts and policies in nigeria. most gender policies designed and formulated to ensure gender equality in recruitment are poorly implemented in higher institutions. federal ministry of women affairs and social development (2006); james (2014) & deji (2016) acknowledged that the inability of the various government institutions to implement gender policies in public and private institutions is responsible for gender inequality in most of the public institutions in nigeria. ogunode, lawan & yusuf (2021) concluded that the poor implementation of the child rights act which was passed at the federal level in 2003 has accounted for gender inequality in the schools. causes of gender imbalance early marriage weak institution s socio-economic status of parents poor implementation of gender policies cultural factors patriarchal practice traditional /religious belief poor funding of female education poor access to educational opportunities 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us socio-economic status of parent the economic status of many nigerian parents has accounted for the gender imbalance in some nigerian universities. with over 60% of nigerians (almost 100 million people) living in poverty, on less than us$1 per day, girls are often sent to work in markets or hawk wares on the street. unicef (2005) found that many children do not attend schools in nigeria because their labour is needed to either help at home or to bring additional income into the family. many parents cannot afford the costs of sending their children to school such as uniforms and textbooks. for others, the distance to the nearest school is also a major hindrance, cultural bias; most parents do not send their children, especially girls to school and prefer to send them to qur'an school rather than formal schools. even when children get enrolled in school, they do not finish the primary cycle. the reason for this low completion rate includes child labour, economic hardship and early marriage for girls. also, lawal & muhammed (2014) discovered that the socio-economic status of parents, parental occupation and early marriage, and academic factors are the courses of the gender gap in science and technology education. actionaid (2012); actionaid (2013) & akunga, (2010) concluded that the high rate of poverty in nigeria has forced many girls and women out of school. many parents are unable to provide their children especially the girl child the necessary support to be in school. many research studies have established the detrimental effects of tuition charges on girls' attendance and progression. net attendance rates for girls increase drastically as household wealth increases indicating a strong correlation between school attendance and income. recent research corroborates this association with 46% of girls who had withdrawn from school indicating that they dropped out for economic reasons (unicef, 2014). cultural factors the cultural factor in nigeria has also contributed to gender imbalance in the nigerian university system. ikwuegbu, (2022) noted that culturally, nigeria is gender stratified. the importance of gender of a person is a real issue in nigeria and very much determines one's place in the educational, economic, social, political, religious and religious strata. there is glaring inequality in almost every aspect of the nigerian society. it is an existing reality that cannot be easily ignored, both in the family, social, religious and economic institutions as well as in governance. there is a severe imbalance in the educational, workforce and leadership opportunities in the country. enough women are not empowered educationally and given opportunities in the labour market and worse still, in the area of leadership. statistics conducted in 1990 revealed that a very minimal percentage of women were professors, about 1.8% of all the professors in nigeria, furthermore, only 11% of women participated in the nigerian economy as against 30% of men (olonade, et al: 2021). a study conducted by omoregie & abraham (2009) revealed that the reason for the inequality is fundamentally due to the historical, cultural, and patriarchal structure of the traditional nigerian society (omoregie & abraham (2009); egun & tibi, (2010); hassan (2011); actionaid (2011) and famolari, (2014); also identified cultural factor as hampering the development of girl child education in nigeria and that it is responsible for the wide gap between male and female in the educational institutions. traditional beliefs the traditional beliefs in nigeria have a relationship with the gender imbalance in the universities. hassan (2011) surveyed the gender inequality in industrial and technical education in nigeria; parents' perspective in the 21st century, the study revealed that traditional beliefs and parental educational background are the causes of gender gap in science and technology courses in nigeria. ikwuegbu, (2022) observed that in a typical nigerian traditional society irrespective of tribe or ethnicity, gender places one on the strata of life. one is valued according to his or her gender. male genders are generally more appreciated than females and are accorded more rights and privileges regarding house chores, opportunities in the family, inheritance, more social recognitions, privileged social and religious recognitions and roles etc. this translates so strongly into the regular life of nigerian society. this unjust practice is presumably accepted as 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the modus operandi in society without being questioned or challenged. any attempt to challenge it raises an eyebrow and may earn the person an image of a rebel. bixby center (no date) and british council (2012) argued that the traditional beliefs of many nigerians have hampered the development of girl education in nigeria. he went further to submit that many beliefs did not support women's education in nigeria. many diverse socio-cultural factors influence the value that parents attach to their daughters' education. gender norms and stereotypes exclude women and girls from decision-making, community participation and control over their own lives in many areas. son's preference for access to education is still widespread. as a girl in the north central said: "some parents prefer their boys to go to school because only sons inherit and carry on the family name" (davis, 2008; mahdi, 2011 in british council, 2012; melching, molly 2012; ahmad, & najeemah, 2013) early marriage the early marriage practices in nigeria have led to poor representation of female folks in the university system in nigeria. women/girls are seen to be more vulnerable to poverty, cultural and societal vices. empirical evidence shows gender disparity in enrolment, retention and completion at all levelsprimary, secondary, and tertiary. in 15 northern states, the disparity in favour of boys is quite high. in the south-east, where boys drop out and engage in incomegenerating activities to supplement household income the disparity is in the favour of girls. in 2008, 28% of young women aged 15-19 years surveyed for the dhs were currently married, compared to 1% of young men. among these young women, 12% were married by 15 years of age and 26% were already in a polygamous union with one or more co-wives (npc, 2009). among girls surveyed in six northern states in 2008, 43% cited early marriage as a major obstacle that would prevent them from continuing their schooling and 32% cited pregnancy (actionaid, 2011). in gombe and adamawa states, 60% of girls' withdrawals from primary school were linked to early marriages, which parents considered a religious obligation (abdulkarim, 2009). in one research study, a girl noted that "girls drop out of school to get married but boys do not because no one will marry them if they are not educated and successful" (mahdi & asubiaro-dada in british council, 2012). as girls leave their natal home after marriage to live with their husband's families, many parents view the education of their daughters as wasted. early marriage in nigeria has hindered girl-child development and contributed to gender inequality in most nigerian communities (british council, 2014; olorunda, & ngunan 2011; olonade, et al; omoregie & abraham, 2009) patriarchal practice patriarchal practice in the university community in nigeria has contributed to the low representation of women in universities. this patriarchal practice has also influenced admission enrolment and other related activities in the universities system. national gender policy federal republic of nigeria (2006) posited that in africa including nigeria, the culture of patriarchy, while not exclusive to these areas has been allowed to infringe very seriously on human rights of women, socialization of children and development practice through policy. such norms have increased incidences of violence against women, early marriage, negative traditional practices such as widowhood practices, female genital mutilations, negative sexual behaviour of men against their spouses and so on. aina (1998) presented culture as a strong explanatory variable in understanding the predominant gender ideology within nigerian society. nigeria is a highly patriarchal society, where men dominate all spheres of women's lives. poverty, gender norms, and traditional practices, including early marriage, increase the risk of premature school dropout (british council, 2014). hossen, (2020) and obasi (2000), poverty and gender-biased tradition operated in the following ways to keep many girls out of school. before the introduction of the upe, more girls than boys stayed out of school because of the existence of gender-biased traditions in patriarchal ethnic groups, in which females were considered inferior to males. these patriarchal practices have affected the enrolment of girl children into basic, post-basic and even 64 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tertiary education. the patriarchal practices have also limited the chances of females occupying leadership positions in schools. poor funding for female education poor investment in women's education in nigeria has also contributed to gender imbalance in nigerian educational institutions, especially the universities. poor funding is one of the major problems facing the girl child education in nigeria. the budgetary allocation for the implementation of programmes and policies that ought to have promoted women's education in nigeria is very low. musa (2019) observed poor investment in female education in nigeria is among the factors responsible for the development of women's programmes in nigeria. dada, ogunode & ajayi (2022) concluded that the government's inability to fund female education in nigeria has led to poor representation of women in the leadership positions in universities in nigeria. poor access to educational opportunities the poor access to education of women folks in nigeria has contributed to gender imbalance in the university system in nigeria. aina, (2012); ibrahim & akudolu (2010); ikwuegbu, (2022); ogunode ezema, & ayoko (2022) observed that poor access to education and scholarship facilities in various professions are in favour of male than female. aina noted that these restrictions affected women's access to education and professions, which also limits their capacity to compete effectively with their male counterparts in the labour market for lucrative and more fulfilling jobs. unicef (2005) found out that many girls do not attend schools in nigeria because their labour is needed to either help at home or to bring additional income into the family. many parents cannot afford the costs of sending their female children to school such as the cost of uniforms and textbooks. for others, the long distance to the nearest school is also a major hindrance. the religious bias of most parents makes them not to send their children, especially girls to school and prefer to send them to qur'an schools to obtain islamic education rather than formal schools. even when children enrolled in school, most of the girls do not finish the primary school level. the reason for this low completion rate includes child labour, economic hardship and early marriage for girls. bello & oluwadare (2013); unicef (2014) and british council (2014) submitted that the gender gaps in literacy rates reflect historic and ongoing gaps in enrolment and completion of basic education. girls have a high risk of dropping out of primary school and overall they are less likely than boys to make the transition to secondary schooling and complete basic school education. unicef also noted that poverty, gender norms and traditional practices, including early marriage, increase the risk of premature school dropout. the gender parity index (gpi), the ratio of girls to boys at each level of education, consistently shows fewer girls than boys enrolled in school. indeed, the majority of out-of-school children are girls. the gpi of the gross enrolment rate declines between primary and junior secondary school. gender disparities in access to basic education are compounded by regional disparities. 14% more girls of primary school age are enrolled in the south west compared to the north west region. in all southern regions, there is gender parity or over-parity in net enrolments, while a little over two-thirds of the numbers of girls to boys are enrolled in the north west and north east (unicef, 2014 and british council, 2014). many girls fail to make the transition to junior secondary school for a range of educational, economic and socio-cultural reasons. an over-age start to school, the onset of puberty or increased costs of secondary education may all put an early end to girls' education. girls' low levels of transition and retention in junior secondary schools are becoming an increasing concern because it implies that girls will continue to fail to acquire fundamental life skills, including literacy and numeracy (british council, 2014). in a study conducted by omoregie & abraham (2009) on the statistics of male and female genders enrolled for studies at every level of education, it was discovered that there is persistent gender inequality in the education sector of nigeria. 65 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us weak institutions there are institutions established and saddled with the responsibility of implementing gender policies at all levels of public and private institutions in nigeria. national gender policy, federal republic of nigeria (2006) asserted that the national gender policy puts in place both institutional and operational frameworks that are to ensure that all gender equality imperatives are effectively implemented. the gender management system (gms), with its 4 pillars – enabling environment; gms structures; gms mechanisms and gms processes is adopted for the management of the gender equality framework. importantly, the responsibility for gender equality is that of all government agencies, line ministries, state and community apparatuses as well as the civil society and the private sector. however, the ministry of women's affairs and its organs (both at the federal, state, and local government levels) have responsibility for the effective coordination of all gender equality and women empowerment institutions, and the implementation of gender equality and women empowerment programmes and activities. the majority of public institutions saddled with the responsibilities of ensuring full implementation of gender policies in private and public institutions like the universities are weak in carrying out their mandate (ogunode & ahmed & yahaya 2021). national gender policy, federal republic of nigeria (2006) observed the inadequate power and capacity of the national women's machinery to solely take on the responsibility for effecting gender equality in all sectors. many problems seen to confront the ministry include the low technical capacity of its core staff, lack of an established framework that employs and retains gender specialists in the ministry, poor funding and large reliance on development partners, giving rise to concerns about the sustainability of programmes. also, the poor perception of gender among other government agencies especially the core policy agencies does not give rise to the proper orientation to addressing the demands and needs of the ministry. similarly, the framework for implementation is weakened by the poor integration with the macro-policy framework. conclusion and recommendations this paper looked at gender imbalance in nigerian university system with the view of analyzing the factors responsible for the gender imbalance in the universities in nigeria. the paper concluded that poor implementation of gender policies, cultural factors, socio-economic status of parents, traditional beliefs, early marriage, poor funding of female education, poor access to educational opportunities, weak institutions and patriarchal practices are the factors that have contributed to gender imbalance in the university system in nigeria. based on these factors, the paper hereby recommended the following; 1. the government should ensure gender policies are implemented in all the administration and management of the university system in nigeria. 2. the government should challenge all discriminatory gender norms, patriarchal practices, beliefs, early marriage practices and stereotypes that curtail girls' education and girls' educational attainment in nigeria through public enlightening programmes. 3. the government should remove or reduce the costs of education for parents and families living in poverty this will help significantly in increasing girls' enrolment, retention and completion of basic, secondary schools and higher institutions. 4. the government at every level should increase investment in women's education. 5. the government should establish more educational institutions to create more access to females in various institutions. the government should institutionalize incentives to increase girls’ enrolment in nigeria schools 6. universities should not discriminate against lecturing job applicants based on gender; 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(2010) the gender gap in vocational education: increasing girls' access in the 21st century in mid-western states of nigeria: international journals of vocational education and technical education, 2(2), 18-21. http://www.academicjournals.org/ijvte. 14. famolari, d. (2014). with a clear gender gap in science, technology, engineering and math (stem). www.varizonventures.com/blog/2014/12. 15. federal republic of nigeria, (2013) national policy on education (6th ed.) lagos: federal ministry of education/nerdc http://www.martinslibrary.com.blogspot.in/2013/03/history-of-science-education-in 67 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. federal ministry of women affairs and social development (2006) nigeria's national gender policy, situation analysis/framework. the federal republic of nigeria, abuja, nigeria 17. hassan, n. (2011). gender inequality in industrial and technical education in nigeria: parents perspective in 21st century: journal of industrial teacher education, 39(2). http://schoolar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/jite/v39n2/ndahi.html. 18. ibrahim, o. & akudolu, l. (2010) addressing gender inequality in higher education through targeted institutional responses: field evidence from kenya and nigeria. higher education in africa: equity access opportunity, new york institute of international education (iie). 19. ikwuegbu, t. l (2022) gender issues in nigeria: women in elective positions. sapientia global journal of arts, humanities and development studies (sgojahds), 5 (3), 217 20. james, e. (2014). investigation into the causes for decreasing enrolments in secondary schools in niger state. journal of higher education in nigeria, 4(1), 18–32. 21. lawan, m. a., & muhammed, h., h. (2014). investigating gender differences in academic performance in chemistry and physics among nce students of sa'adatu rimi collage of education kumbotso: kano journal of educational studies (kajest), 4(1), 71-76 22. melching, m (2012). achieving what we once thought impossible: an end to harmful traditionalpractices.http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/achieving-what-we-once-thoughtimpossible-an-end-to-harmful-traditional-practices/ 23. national population commission nigeria and icf macro (2009) nigeria demographic and health survey 2008. abuja, nigeria: national population commission and icf macro. national democratic institute (n.d) gender, women, democracy. www.ndi. org/genderwomen-democracy 24. nigeria's national gender policy (2008) strategic framework (implementation plan) the federal republic of nigeria 2008 2013. abuja. nigeria 25. nigerian university system statistical digest (2019) based on a work at www.nuc.edu.ng. 26. ogunode, n. j. ezema, o. &ayoko,v. o(2022) problems faced by academic leaders in public higher institutions in nigeria. spanish journal of innovation and integrity,(6), 214-224 27. ogunode n. j. (2020). administration of public universities in nigeria: problems and solutions journal sinestesia, 10(2), 98-109 28. ogunode n. j. & ahmed, i (2021) challenges facing teaching and learning of gender education in nigerian universities. international journal for intersectional feminist studies, 7(1-2), 19-32 29. ogunode, n. j, lawan, a. & yusuf, m. (2021) perception of female students on the challenges facing the woman education at the university level. electronic research journal of behavioural sciences, 4, 24-36 30. national policy on gender in basic education: challenges of implementation and way forward. 31. international journal of development and public policy, 1(5), 228-136 ogunode, n. j. lawan a. & yusuf, m (2021) perception of female students on the challenges facing the woman education at the university level. electronic research journal of behavioural sciences, 4, 24-36 http://schoolar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/jite/v39n2/ndahi.html http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/achieving-what-we-once-thought-impossible-an-endhttp://www.girlsnotbrides.org/achieving-what-we-once-thought-impossible-an-end 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 32. ogunode, n. j. (2020a). an investigation into the challenges preventing girls child from going to universal basic education in gwagwalada area council of f.c.t abuja, nigeria. international journal for intersectional feminist studies, 6(1-2), 33-45. 33. omoregie, n. & abraham, i. o. (2009), “persistent gender inequality in nigeria education”, benson idahosa university, benin city, nigeria. 34. olonade, y. o., et al, (2021) "understanding gender issues in nigeria: the imperative for sustainable development” in journal pre-proof, heliyon,. 35. olorunda, s. a. and ngunan a.n. (2011). the challenge of the gender gap in science and technology among undergraduate students: the case of university of mkar: jorind (9), www.transcampus.org./journals, www.ajol.info/journals/jorind. 36. usaid (2010). from the american people: guide to gender integration and analysis. additional help for ads. chapters 201 and 203. egat/wid, 201 sab. pdf. http://www.ajol.info/journals/jorind 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 india’s soft power diplomacy dr. amrendra pratap gond assistant professor, defence and strategic studies, d.a.v college, kanpur, uttar pradesh, india abstract: power in international relations (ir) is defined in relational terms, as the ability of actor a to influence the behavior of actor b to get the outcome he wants. (nicolas blarel 2012). that is to say, there is no absolute power. traditionally, military and economic powers were considered the major factors. however, some other intangible aspects have also been given importance by many strategic thinkers even in the past. the term soft power was first used by the eminent ir scholar joseph nye in his book "bound to lead: the changing nature of american power.” in the book, he identified three dimensions of power; coercion by military force, influence by offering economic incentives and finally the ability to co-opt other states by the nation’s appeal based on its culture and values. the argument is that other states modify their preferences because of their favorable perception of you. they like your story and your narrative. personally, i have never been a great fan of this concept of soft power even though i consider joseph nye as a leading ir expert. the problem lies in the definition of the concept. it is very imprecise, to say the least. is soft power a product or a process? i would say it is more the latter than the former. let me give an example. normally military power is considered hard and hence looked down upon in the context of soft power. however, when it is used for peacekeeping or disaster relief, it is a humanitarian and welcome activity. similarly, projection of one’s culture is considered good; however, aggressive projection of a big and historical nation’s culture in smaller countries, particularly in the neighborhood, can be interpreted as cultural imperialism. hence, the important thing is how one uses the instruments. soft power ultimately becomes a process and not a product. three factors mainly determine the foreign policy of a country: its geography, history and capabilities. (david m malone, perspectives). geography is a given. as they say, a country cannot choose its neighbors. hence, neighborhood policy becomes vital for any nation. normally, engagements and conflicts are more pronounced with neighbors. history determines the mind sets, outlooks and visions of countries. they also determine some of the linkages with others. capabilities are what a nation acquires over a period of time. these could be in the military, economic or technological areas. with new capabilities, the foreign policy approaches of a country evolves. new interests outside of neighborhood develop. terms like "extended neighborhood’ and "strategic interests” have become common usages in international relations. keywords: soft, power, diplomacy, india, politics, military. 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduction in the context of ‘soft power”, capabilities become relevant. how do you protect your interests? what are the instruments you use? strategic thinkers over the ages have asked these questions. our own kautilya in his arthashastra, talks of the six stratagems or shadgunyas and the four upayas or instruments to be used. these are saam, dhaan, bhed and dhand. of these, the first two preferences are for peaceful means and incentives.[1,2] at the most fundamental level soft power is about winning the hearts and minds of people. hence, there has to be a people centric approach. governments cannot do beyond facilitating the process. let me give you two examples. in the last century, there were only two instances of the idea of india becoming very popular among a large section of the global population. the first was during our freedom struggle with mahatma gandhi’s concept of non-violent noncooperation. the second was during the 1960’s and the hippie movement when many in the west got attracted to yoga, meditation, indian classical music and indian spirituality. in both these instances, the government had very little to do with their propagation. in fact, in the first case, the government of the time was british who did their best to discredit the concept. even in the second case, the government of india was not particularly encouraging. nonetheless, governments all over are nowadays facilitating the spread of positive ideas from their countries. this would also include arts, culture, music, philosophy, sports and cuisine. india is no exception to this rule. in fact, government of india realizes that it has an abundance of these resources. so, why not use them to further our interests in a subtle manner. the operative term here is "subtle”. using soft power to achieve specific goals is a contradiction in terms and can be counter-productive. ideally, soft power dissemination should be neutral without any reference to our interests. can soft power by itself achieve foreign policy goals? it is obvious that soft power may be a necessary condition for achieving goals, but is not a sufficient condition. this is because foreign policy outcomes are not unilateral decisions. their success depends on other nations. their interests play a crucial role on how successful we are. if our goals are opposed to their national interests, they would not tow our line even if they like our culture and civilization. that is where use of some aspects of "hard power” would come into play. that does not automatically imply use of force. there are other instruments of persuasion. nonetheless, the fact cannot be denied that soft power "lubricates” other instruments in diplomacy. if a country is appreciative of our values and culture, it may be pre-disposed towards avoiding an adversarial position. hence, during decision-making occasions, it could tend towards a favorable one provided it is not against its national interests. what are india’s strengths and weaknesses in soft power? while making this assessment, one should not lose sight of the product and process aspects we talked about earlier. both are critical. the most important element is india’s long history, culture and civilization. these have attracted both intellectuals and common folk from across the globe to india. if they were not attractive, so many brilliant minds would not be working as indologists. in the 1980s, the famous theatre personality peter brook produced the mahabharata with a universal cast. the impact was spectacular. the great indian epic became popular in the far corners of the world over night.[3,5] india is fortunate to have all the major religions of the world. four are homegrown: hinduism, buddhism, jainism and sikhism. four came from outside: zoroastrianism, judaism, christianity and islam. this adds to the incentives for the religiously minded foreigners to visit india. the international media coverage of the khumbmela is testimony to the admiration of other countries for india and how it has kept up its beliefs and traditions over millennia. 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us religious tourism into india is a major factor in our external relations. apart from hindu religious sites like varanasi, badrinath, kedarnath, vaishnao devi, amarnath, tirupathy, sabarimala, tanjavoor, madurai etc., a large number also come for places of interest to other religions. india is the most favored destination for buddhist pilgrims. this is not surprising because most of the places associated with lord buddha’s life are in india. throughout the year, there is a steady stream of visitors from the asean countries, japan, sir lanka and myanmar to bodh gaya and nalanda. christianity and judaism in india are also very old and there are historic churches and synagogues in south india. speaking of islam, the dargas of sufi saints like moinuddin chishti and nizzamuddin aulia attract thousands of devotees. connected to religious aspects of india are yoga and meditation, which have become household terms in most countries. the health aspects of these are being researched and propagated by well know physicians and doctors. government of india did well by making the united nations declare june 21 as the global yoga day a few years ago. equally important are the music, dance, art and architecture of india. even though the taj mahal is the most famous monument of india, foreign tourists are discovering thousands of other historical and archeological sites all over india. these visits will certainly have a positive effect on their attitude towards our country. propagation of our culture is nothing new. in earlier times, we called it "cultural diplomacy”. the indian council for cultural relations (iccr) under the ministry of external affairs (mea) does pioneering work in not only disseminating our culture abroad but also encouraging exposure of other cultures in india to encourage a cultural dialogue. bollywood has been projected as a great soft power tool for india. sometimes there is exaggeration of this aspect. it is true that bollywood movies are popular among the people of many countries. however, it is equally true that bollywood does not figure high among its peer competitors. for decades now, indian cinema has not figured prominently in any of the famous film festivals like cannes, berlin, venice or karlovy vary. let us look at the size of it. hollywood’s worldwide box office receipts and international diffusion are far greater than those of bollywood. the latter’s success is in a limited "echo chamber” of non-resident indians (nris), people of indian origin (pios) and some india lovers. one has also to mention here the adverse effects of bollywood on the indian regional cinema, which tends to be marginalized. having said all that, the attractiveness of bollywood, particularly its music and dance deserves a lot of credit.[7,8] indian cuisine is a major attraction for foreigners. there is universal appeal for its variety and sophistication. there may not be a single big city in the world without at least two or three indian restaurants. they all do great business. it is joked that the national dish of uk today is ctm or chicken tikka masala. indian diaspora namely nris and pios play a vital role in projecting its soft power. both put together add up to twenty million. they are spread across all continents and have become prosperous, famous and influential over the last two decades. they not only help in disseminating our culture but also have, on occasions, contributed to promoting our foreign policy goals. the best example of this was during the negotiations of the indo-us nuclear deal in the early years of the first decade of this century. many influential indians in usa did remarkable work in lobbying congressmen and senators and bringing them to our point of view. the indian diaspora is becoming a real asset as more and more of them achieve success in their respective fields in different countries. one important aspect of soft power that is not often discussed is the power to lead by example. mahatma gandhi could do it. others will respect and admire us only if we do what we preach. they would judge us by our commitments to our promises. this is particularly relevant in the case of development partnership projects in developing countries. in international relations, nothing is more important than credibility of one’s statements. 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us india, at present, faces the challenges of an important emerging power. hence, it has to play multiple roles. our interests are both with the developing world and with major powers. sometimes, others could feel that we are running with the hares and hunting with the hounds. it is a delicate balancing act that india has to perform constantly. it is easy to convince the foreign governments, since they are in the same business and can understand the compulsions of other governments. the problem is to convince the common citizens of those countries. that is where the articulation of our narrative becomes important. is our story credible? is it interesting? does it evoke respect? public diplomacy is the new tool to deal with these issues. the idea is to communicate directly to the citizenry in simple terms. these have to be devoid of jargons and overt propaganda. earlier, these used to done through the conventional media and lectures/seminars. the advent of social media has changed the face of public diplomacy drastically. today, even national leaders are resorting to tweeting to make their ideas known. here, pm narendra modi is leading by example and encouraging all officers in the government to leverage social media for communication with the public. soft power is not "image polishing”. it is much more than that. mere image polishing without corresponding improvement in reality can be counterproductive.[9,10] others judge us also by our ability to understand and appreciate them. openness, humility and empathy go a long way in diplomacy. let me quote the french born american historian jacques barzun who said " to see ourselves as others see us is a very rare and remarkable quality; however, in international relations it is even rarer and more useful if you can see others as they see themselves.” real communication can be there only if you see them in their perspective. one way of winning hearts and minds is not to be obsessed with projecting our successes and achievements all the time, but also try to celebrate those of others. famous film festivals where movies from all over the world compete on an equal footing like cannes, berlin or venice generate a great deal of goodwill for the hosts. why do countries fight for hosting international sporting events like olympics? it is a way of showing appreciation of universal talents. india has increased its activities in this respect. iccr’s objective is to not only promote indian culture abroad but also make indians aware of other cultures. care has to be taken that this is done without even a hint of condescension or patronizing.[11,12] to conclude, i would say that even if the concept of soft power is not precise, joseph nye did well to flag this important aspect in foreign policies of countries. there is no country in the world today, which does not attach importance to this factor. india is in a good position in this respect due to its enormous resources that come in handy in increasing the country’s attractiveness to others. academics and intellectuals can play a critical role in this endeavor. discussion as the world’s largest democracy, with a rich heritage, culture and ambitious aspirations, india has always relied on soft power diplomacy, and never more than under current prime minister, narendra modi. shreeya patil explores the different facets of this important democratic instrument. india’s soft power tools the term ‘soft power’ was first coined by the american political scientist joseph nye. nye defined it as ‘the ability to alter the behaviour of others to get what you want, preferably through attraction rather than coercion or payment'. soft power has emerged in the post-cold war era as a crucial component of foreign policy. as shashi tharoor observes in his 2012 book pax indica, india is an enthusiastic proponent. india draws on its rich cultural traditions, including bollywood movies, yoga, ayurvedic medicine, heritage tourism, and distinctive, spice-rich cuisine, to wield soft power diplomacy. 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the country, which boasts a global diaspora, is also admired for its focus on education, political pluralism, and religious diversity. while in the past india may have been assumed to be a recipient of foreign aid, in recent years it has even become a donor of economic aid to less developed countries.[13,15] soft power, in the post-cold war era, is a crucial component of foreign policy, and india draws on its rich tradition and heritage to exercise it the roots of india’s soft power run deep. its civil society has, over millennia, offered religious freedom to jews, parsees, christians and muslims. one central notion is the importance of family: the influential sanskrit phrase vasudhavai kutumbakam, referenced by modi himself, translates as the world is one family. image-building film the indian film industry, with bollywood at its heart, has charmed viewers across the globe. bollywood cultivates strong ties with the indian foreign ministry. it helps formulate foreign policy, and endeavours to improve india's image abroad by exporting indian cultural products. even people who know nothing about india will likely have heard of the three khans! moreover, after the 1999 kargil war, india and pakistan produced several films together, with the aim of restoring peace and harmony between the two countries. sport cricket has also proved a strong source of soft power for india. so-called cricket diplomacy has had notable positive effects in reducing indo-pakistani tensions. it has also been used as a signal of readiness to negotiate. in 1987, for example, relations between the two countries had reached a critical point. to help lower tensions, pakistan's president general zia-ul-haq visited india to watch an india-pakistan cricket match. in 2008, an islamist terrorist group based in pakistan carried out coordinated attacks in the indian city of mumbai, severely damaging bilateral relations. three years later, prime ministers of both nations met in mohali, india, to watch the cricket world cup semi-finals. high-level diplomatic dialogue followed the meeting, helping diffuse the lingering tension between the two countries.[17,18] religion, culture, and spiritualism yoga – 'india’s gift to the world' – is another major soft power tool in india’s armoury which enjoys millions of enthusiastic practitioners worldwide. in 2014, modi succeeded in getting 21 june recognised by the un as world yoga day. a potent medium for promoting the indian way of life, yoga helps project an image of india as a peaceful country that refrains from aggression. in a foreign policy context, harnessing the holistic power of yoga helps cultivate other countries' goodwill. buddhism originated in ancient india, from which it spread to china, southeast asia and beyond. modi uses buddhist diplomacy to achieve his strategic and economic foreign policy goals. chief among these goals are offsetting chinese soft power, and boosting religious tourism in india. the indian diaspora the indian diaspora, too, is a major asset of india’s soft power diplomacy. in the us, it plays an important role in improving indo-us relations by lobbying american politicians. it also offers a positive image of india to the american public. information technology has made its own contribution to india’s soft power. when americans in silicon valley speak of the indian institute of technology (iit) with the same reverence they 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us used to accord to mit, and when the ‘indianness’ of engineers and software developers becomes synonymous with mathematical and scientific excellence, it is india that gains respect. to revitalise international relations, modi has visited numerous countries during his tenure. initiatives such as howdy modi during modi's us visit help shore up his popularity among americans of indian origin, and bolster support for the modi government. the clash with reality in india yet, for all this, india still lags behind other countries in soft power diplomacy. according to portland’s ‘soft power 30’, india doesn't even make the top 30 countries that excel in this sphere. in the context of india's social and economic realities, the country is probably guilty of exaggerating its soft power capability. india is the world’s biggest democracy. yet it contains more impoverished people than any country on earth. corruption is rife, pollution widespread, rape often goes unpunished, there is ethnic and religious strife, and widening economic disparity. india’s soft power capabilities are exaggerated when set against the reality of corruption, endemic poverty, and other social and economic issues[19,20] in this context, india’s cultural outreach initiatives pale in comparison to those of the british council, germany's goethe-institut, the japan institute of international affairs and china's global network of confucius institutes. china in particular has been flexing its superiority not only in its economic, military and political positioning, but also in terms of soft power. notably, it scores higher than india on the global soft power index. modi: a soft power enthusiast modi's government has instigated a number of soft power initiatives to improve india’s image abroad. make in india, for example, encourages home-grown manufacturing and development. the swachh bharat mission, meanwhile, aims to end open defecation and improve sanitation. atmanirbhar bharat translates as 'self-reliant india'. it is an umbrella concept for the modi government's plans for india to become more efficient, competitive and resilient in the world economy. since 2014, the modi government has made substantial investments in resources and projects to enhance india’s soft power since 2014, the modi government has made substantial investments in resources and projects to enhance india’s capabilities in the realm of soft power diplomacy. these include increasing the number of embassies abroad, reviving ties with regional groupings like asean, bimstec and saarc, and intensifying strategic, cultural, diplomatic and economic relations with eastern and south asian countries through the look east policy, act east policy and neighbourhood first policy. the impact from these efforts may take time to materialise. however, they are all aimed at fostering stronger international ties which would translate into commercial and strategic benefits for india. modi is the only indian leader who has shown significant enthusiasm for this goal. and maybe he is right that we should not underestimate the importance of soft power. even mahatma gandhi used it, in the form of non-violence and satyagraha, to win india’s independence.[18,19] results ➢ soft power: • in contrast to the coercive nature of hard power, joseph nye suggested the concept of soft power in post-cold war world ➢ soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ the three pillars of soft power are: ➢ political values, culture, and foreign policy. ➢ hard power: • power in international relations has traditionally been understood in the context of military and economic might. ➢ it is known as hard power (which is quantifiable). ➢ hard power is deployed in the form of coercion: ➢ using force, the threat of force, economic sanctions etc. ➢ requirement: • nye argues that successful states need both hard and soft power, the ability to coerce others as well as the ability to shape their long-term attitudes and preferences. soft power: why it's important for india? in addition to economic and military power, the idea of soft power has gained traction during the past few decades. indian arts, culture, yoga and spiritualism, culinary varieties, festivals, music and dance forms etc, have attracted people from all around the world for centuries. ➢ for creating goodwill: indian ethos and practices has helped it build a benevolent image and tremendous goodwill globally, but it has to be backed with quality project delivery. ➢ as a strategic investment: to become a leading strategic investor in commercially viable and financially attractive public-private partnership infrastructure projects, india needs to deliver on its promises. ➢ post-pandemic changes: with increased scope of cooperation and the realisation that global problems require global efforts, india’s role has gained prominence as the pharmacy of the world. ➢ trade and investment flow: to build an image of a trusted and reliable partner, india needs to make other countries believe in its commitment to deliver. this will lead to rising trade and investment flows to growing indian markets. ➢ agreements and communication: the projection of soft power can help india establish agreement and communication between states through peaceful methods. it also helps build a brand for itself by promoting its non-aligned commitments, democratic values, morals, ethos, etc. ➢ in order to reach globally: there is no denying the fact that india can use these instruments of soft power to reach out to the global audience—in turn, making an all-embracing impact on the worldwide market. • india’s ancient wisdom and spirituality needed to be utilised to capitalise on india’s leadership role in the world. what are the challenges? ➢ lack of funds: • with limited capacity to fund infrastructure projects, india needs to rationally allot its funds, keeping in mind its strategic objectives. • moreover, improving the indian economy and opening up the market can help india to accumulate funds for international projects. 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ lack of institutional framework: • india needs an independent development partnership agency that develops long-term and short-term strategies, identifies priorities, builds knowledge and facilitates learning.[20] • it needs to remove internal institutional hurdles, such as policy and bureaucratic delays, to meet its infrastructure targets. what are the recommendations of the committee? ➢ overseas centres: ministry of external affairs (mea) should facilitate the opening of more ayush (ayurveda, yoga, naturopathy, unani, siddha, sowa-rigpa and homeopathy) centres overseas in a “strategic and planned manner”. ➢ yoga certification board: in the context of the government’s push to popularise yoga through initiatives such as the international day of yoga and setting up of other related facilities, the panel recommended that the ministries of ayush and external affairs should set up a ‘yoga certification board for certifying indian yogic practices and therapies’. ➢ diaspora collaboration: the indian diaspora, too, is a major asset of india’s soft power diplomacy. collaboration with the indian diaspora should also be encouraged to disseminate india’s soft power in regions where it is not yet widely known. ➢ in the field of medicine: concerted efforts to get recognition of ayurveda as a system of medicine and adopt the pharmacopeia of india so that the products can be exported as medicine. • ayurveda does not have a recognised pharmacopeia, which is why such products are being exported as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. the products are still not recognised in most of the foreign countries. ➢ pricing system: on the issue of the differential pricing of tickets to monuments for foreigners and indians, the panel suggested that the pricing system “may be revisited” since such a policy is unnecessary in a globalised world. • such differential pricing leads to a loss of a large segment of foreign travellers. ➢ budgetary allocation: the panel sought an enhanced annual budgetary allocation of ₹500 crore for the indian council for cultural relations (iccr) for “conducting india’s soft power and cultural diplomacy in a robust and extensive manner”. ➢ coordination committee: establishment of a coordination committee consisting of representatives from the mea and other ministries to overcome the lack of coordination among multiple institutions in projecting india’s soft power and cultural diplomacy. ➢ a policy document: the mea should also prepare a policy document on “india’s soft power projections, delineating india’s soft power toolbox and manner in which it is being projected abroad along a vision statement for the future”.[17,18] conclusion in its capacity as the biggest democracy in the world, india's soft power should extend beyond simply sharing election best practices, to also countering executive overreach through a sophisticated framework of democratic institutions.the other way to overcome a shortage of money and minds on the job is to examine how the private sector can be included to fill some of the gaps left by official agencies.[20] references 1. nye, joseph (8 may 2012). "china's soft power deficit to catch up, its politics must unleash the many talents of its civil society". the wall street journal. retrieved 6 december 2014. 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. nye 1990. 3. nye 2004a. 4. "soft power". oxford english dictionary (online ed.). oxford university press. (subscription or participating institution membership required.) "s. boonyapratuang mil. control in s.e. asia iii. 72 musjawarah (decision by discussion) and 'soft power' became the stances of his control." 5. nye, joseph s. (16 march 2004). soft power: the means to success in world politics. new york: publicaffairs. p. ix, xi. isbn 9781586482251. retrieved 16 march 2022. [...] i had coined the term 'soft power' a decade or so earlier. [...] i first developed the concept of 'soft power' in bound to lead, a book i published in 1990 [...]. 6. parlak, bekir, ed. (15 october 2022). the handbook of public administration, vol. 2. livre de lyon. p. 346. isbn 9782382363003. retrieved 16 march 2022. the second face of power is soft power. 7. sobrinho, blasco josé (2001). signs, solidarities, and sociology: charles s. peirce and the pragmatics of globalization. lanham, maryland: rowman & littlefield. p. 115. isbn 9780847691791. retrieved 16 march 2022. [...] the notion of a 'second face of power'" — less 'obvious' to empirical observation — introduced in 1962 by peter bachrach and morton baratz in 'the two faces of power.' the views of bachrach and baratz, presented comprehensively in their 1970 book power and poverty drew [...] upon postempiricist (post-positivist) philosophy of science to argue that [...] social science should consider those aspects of political life that are covert and 'nonobvious.' [...] bachrach and baratz put forward the concept of the 'nondecision,' which they defined as 'a decision that results in suppression or thwarting of a latent or manifest challenge to the values or interests of the decision-maker.' 8. mattern, mark (2006). putting ideas to work: a practical introduction to political thought. reference,information and interdisciplinary subjects series. lanham, maryland: rowman & littlefield. p. 372. isbn 9780742548909. retrieved 16 march 2022. the exercise of the second face of power often occurs in the form of a nonaction or nonbehavior by the policy makers. unlike the first face of power, in which a makes b do something that b would not otherwise do, in the second face of power a prevents b from doing something that b would like to do. 9. nye 2011, p. 84. 10. nye 2004a, p. x. 11. angelo m. codevilla, "political warfare: a set of means for achieving political ends," in waller, ed., strategic influence: public diplomacy, counterpropaganda and political warfare (iwp press, 2008). 12. lord, carnes, "public diplomacy and soft power,"in waller, ed., strategic influence: public diplomacy, counterpropaganda and political warfare (iwp press, 2008.) pp. 59–71. 13. nye 2011, p. 81. 14. nye 2011, p. 82. 15. mattern, janice bially (2005). "why 'soft power' isn't so soft: representational force and the sociolinguistic construction of attraction in world politics". millennium: journal of international studies. 33 (3): 583– 612. doi:10.1177/03058298050330031601. s2cid 144848371. page 586. 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. eliküçük yıldırım, nilgün; aslan, mesut (2020). "china's charm defensive: image protection by acquiring mass entertainment". pacific focus. 35 (1): 141– 171. doi:10.1111/pafo.12153. 17. brannagan, paul michael; giulianotti, richard (2018). "the soft power–soft disempowerment nexus: the case of qatar". international affairs. 94 (5): 1139– 1157. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy125. 18. mcclory, jonathan (2010-12-07). "the new persuaders: an international ranking of soft power". institute for government website. institute for government. p. 13. archived from the original on 2011-07-24. retrieved 2011-05-06. 19. "soft power survey 2018/19". monocle. 2018. archived from the original on 2021-04-13. retrieved 2018-12-21. 20. "the soft power 30 a global ranking of soft power" (pdf). portland. july 2015. archived from the original (pdf) on 23 july 2015. retrieved 17 july 2015. 106 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 involving citizens' participation is a guarantee of targeted spending of budget funds sholdarov d. a associate professor of tashkent financial institute navruzova guzal olimjon qizi master of tashkent financial institute abstract: the article reveals the concept of state audit and the essence of audit with citizen participation. it has been studied how the participation of citizens in effective spending of funds is carried out. information is provided on what the "audit with participation of citizens" system is, why this system is needed. keywords: audit, state audit, citizens participatory audit, state funds, budget control. "citizens "participatory audit" system is this of the population budget funds _ budget organizations by purposeful and efficient spending over financial control done in raising indirectly participation is enough. ministers " citizens _ _ _ an audit with the participation of object determination and state financial control organs activity efficiency public by evaluate to go order about the charter confirmation about" 326 is a number decision acceptance done _ regulation the following mean holds :  « state audit " program citizens by selection possible was control objects the name of the event input ;  citizens by the most a lot times selected control in objects control the event transfer procedures ;  state financial control organ and internal audit x isms activity efficiency public by evaluation order . control object in determining participation reach for citizens « state audit " program from roy x at they pass . citizens " state audit " program authentication electron digital signature tools , mobile telephone numbers , sha x s biometric data , mobile-id, face-id as well another methods with defined in order done is increased . citizens by selection possible was control objects until it happens the following does not include:  competent of structures yearly to the plan included control objects ;  o x irgi two year during selected and control events conducted control objects ;  financing state the secret or the law with guarded as another mystery confession done ministry and offices and they are in the system control objects . 107 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us evaluation of the results average from the price come out competent structures of x steps results as follows is defined as :  5 points was employee " exemplary ";  4 points was employee " good ";  3 points was employee " satisfactory ";  3 points was employee " unsatisfied ". evaluation of the results rating by :  was found to be " exemplary ". to person x position 25 percent of salary ;  it was found as " ya x shi ". to person x position 15 percent of salary ;  found to be " satisfactory ". to person x — position 5 percent of salary in the amount money award to give through encourage done is increased . current august 27 of the year day uzbekistan _ president's " state financial control system more improvement measures about". decree acceptance done _ to the decree from january 1 , 2022 _ account chamber by done to be increased control forms and types addition the following to practice current will be :  financial audit  compatibility audit  efficiency audit from october 1 , 2021 account chamber , finance ministry and internal audit services each media representatives in the quarter in the presence of to the public own _ reports announcement by doing goes _ from january 1 , 2022 financial control events only control of work yearly to the program included in subjects done is increased ( cameral control and in legislation in the eye caught another circumstances from this except ). until january 1 , 2022 " state audit ” software complex to work is lowered . to him according to:  budget organizations , state purposeful collective arms and defined in order organize done another in savings conducted all state financial control events , that's it including audit activities of internal audit services " state in the "audit " program to the list is taken ;  each one control event for to be studied questions of the event subject , data sum up and analysis transfer order own into received control the event transfer plan is made . state _ in the "audit " program to the list not received control events illegal is considered of this for , first of all , citizens by selection possible was _ control objects list ministry and offices internal audit services by " state audit " program is entered . in this case , the ministry and offices of internal audit services yearly control to the plan included control objects this to the list not included . also internal audit services _ there is was not ministry and offices according to control objects the list input finance ministry in the presence of state financial control inspection by done is increased . if you budget organizations in the activity budget from funds aimless and ineffective use , corruption and another offense cases assuming you have one or this according to your concerns if this institutions " state audit " ( https://davlatauditi.uz ) program control objects list through control events transfer for choose possible will be of this for " state audit " (www.davlatauditi.uz) of the program " citizens one-id, mobile -id, e-signa, idcard in the "audit with participation " menu through from the list will be passed and budget organizations them control events transfer reasons brought without is selected . in this case , the https://davlatauditi.uz/ 108 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us selection each quarter the first of the month in the first 10 days ( today daily ( october 1-10). is increased . you from your side budget organizations choose the number not limited . but calendar year during one budget organization only one times is selected . choose process from completion after each one ministry and offices in the section choices the number from ten less didn't happen and the most a lot times selected three control objects is declared the winner and control events will be held. ministry and offices internal audit services by each one ministry and offices 5 jobs in section on ( today per day until october 15 ) control events transfer _ deadlines about data this in the program announcement will be done and of the year until the 20th of the last quarter (december 20). control events will be held . in this case , internal audit services there is was not ministry and offices according to selected budget in organizations control events finance ministry in the presence of state financial control inspection by done is increased . transferred _ control events results about data 5 work day during ( until december 25 ) " state in the "audit " program announcement will be done . citizens by competent structures activity efficiency assessment , control events results about _ data to the public announcement done from a quarter next quarter the first until the 20th of january (january 1 20, 2023) " state in the "audit " program done is increased . in this case , the rating ranges from 1 to 5 (1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest). high score) whole in numbers scale based on price to give through done is increased . with that together , assessment of the results average _ from the price come out , the ministry and of offices internal audit service employees defined in order is encouraged or in legislation defined in appearance measures is used . in this case , out of 10 people less citizens by evaluated control events evaluation of the results average _ price in the calculation in consideration not taken . references 1. ministers " citizens _ _ _ an audit with the participation of object determination and state financial control organs activity efficiency public by evaluate to go order about the charter confirmation about" decision no. 326 . 2. norma.uz 3. davlatauditi.uz https://static.norma.uz/doc/doc_5/326.pdf 221 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role and importance of hr in talent management kodirova muzayyana avazkhon qizi faculty of international tourism and economy, kokand university, kokand, uzbekistan mo’minova kanizakhon yo’ldashali qizi scientific advisor annotation: this article gives information about the crucial role that human resources (hr) play in talent management and it makes the case that hr is in charge of finding, nurturing, and keeping top talent within an organization. hr also plays a key role in developing a talent strategy that is in line with the overarching business objectives of the organization. practical tips and strategies for hr professionals to effectively manage talent, including conducting regular performance evaluations, providing ongoing training and development opportunities, and creating a positive work environment are explained in the article. keywords: talent, manage, strategy, employees, skills. i. introduction the term „human resources‟ means an integral part of any organization that is responsible for finding a suitable candidate, hiring job applicants according to their work experience, abilities and training them with the most innovative and modern skills. hr is an essential part of businesses to adapt to a fast changing business environment in the 21 st century. the most important responsibility of hr is that it plays a vital role in realizing and managing talent. peter drucker, one of the most widely-known and influential thinkers on management, rightly said that, „developing talent is business‟ most important task – the sine qua non of competition in a knowledge economy. (sine qua non means an essential condition or a thing that is absolutely necessary)[1]. talent management is the process of actively seeking out better candidates and building the most productive team possible. at the same time, the company concentrates on preparing its employees for life beyond the office and all that it may throw at them. to put it more precisely, talent management is an all-encompassing strategy for managing an organization's human resources that focuses on proactively locating, luring, nurturing, and keeping elite people in order to meet organizational objectives. it is a proactive strategy with the goal of developing a high-performing workforce that supports the strategic goals and objectives of the company. ii. methods the importance of talent management in hr is common, because getting candidates with talents assists to enhance the overall workforce of the company and can create new opportunities. there are some extraordinary ways talent management can be beneficial for both employees and the company: 1. increase employee satisfaction hr talent management creates plans to inspire workers and facilitate their career advancement with advantages like paid training and promotions. employee retention rises as a result of this 222 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contributing to higher employee satisfaction. employee retention is advantageous because longterm employees develop into more regal and skilled members of the workforce. 2. help keep the company competitive hr employs tactics, such as efficient interview procedures, excellent conveniences, and a stimulating work environment, to draw in top personnel. 3. employee motivation and productivity improvement the demands of today's workforce are also met via talent management. they use excellent reward packages, participation in decision-making, and skill-development programs to inspire and involve team members. 4. help fill company roles the talent management team makes sure there are enough competent workers to finish projects and meet objectives. this will guarantee that present staff are supported and not distracted from their duties, as well as aid to improve operations. both employee and business performance will increase as a result of this. 5. increase customer satisfaction the greatest talent is attracted to and retained by talent management, which guarantees superior customer service. additionally, maintaining staff retention enables clients to go on doing business with experts they are at simplified with. iii. results the role talent management plays for human resources (hr) is critical to the overall performance of an organization. talent management is the process of finding, hiring, developing, and retaining talented and driven individuals who are essential to achieving the goals and objectives of a company. the results of using hr techniques in talent management may have a big influence on the company's performance and competitive advantage. using hr in talent management can lead to a hiring and selection process that is more successful and efficient. hr specialists are responsible for developing and implementing recruitment strategies that target the top applicants available. ( picture 1www.aihr.com ) http://www.aihr.com/ 223 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us iv. discussion the results demonstrate how crucial good talent management is for businesses to succeed in the competitive business climate of today. when it comes to creating and carrying out allencompassing talent management programs that draw in, nurture, and keep elite talent, hr specialists are indispensable. talent gaining, succession planning, performance management, learning and development, and employee engagement are just a few of the hr procedures that are included in talent management. hr experts may strategically match the workforce of the company with its goals, support employee development, and establish a continuous improvement culture by incorporating these approaches. the study also highlights how critical data-driven decisionmaking is to succession planning and talent management. hr professionals may use talent analytics to discover skill shortages, understand talent trends, and make well-informed choices regarding strategies for talent development, acquisition, and retention. therefore, harvard business review points out that, in the best of talent management programs, organizations “integrated talent management, succession planning and leadership development into the company‟s strategic business processes. when the process runs smoothly, [companies] have a clear sense of whether their leadership teams will be able to execute on future strategic initiatives.” it is management, therefore, not hr, who should feel responsible for ensuring that the company defines clear job roles – outlining necessary skill levels and competencies for each – and determine the appropriate incentives, rewards and compensation and set the metrics by which success will be measured. in many leading organizations, management establishes the necessary parameters which ensure that the organization has the right person with the right skills in the right job at the right time to reach strategic goals at all levels [3]. v. conclusion in summary, it is impossible to overstate the importance of hr in talent management and succession planning. long-term success, sustained competitive advantage, and innovation can be attained by firms through efficient people management and the establishment of a strong pipeline of future leaders. in order to cultivate talent, encourage employee engagement, and provide a culture of ongoing learning and development, hr specialists are essential. hr specialists play a critical role in forming the workforce of the future and helping businesses prosper in a business environment that is changing quickly thanks to their knowledge and strategic thinking. in the final analysis, though, it seems logical that businesses only stand to benefit from the resurgence of talent management techniques and technologies. “properly thought through,” concludes the harvard business review, “talent management can be a major part of a company‟s value proposition and a distinct competitive advantage.” one thing to consider is that your strategies must be flexible enough to address employee age, culture and personalities, globalization, industry consolidation and, the near-perfect communication and connectivity that social software delivers [4]. references 1. venkata karthik. 2023. international journal of research publication and reviews. „‟ role of hr in talent management and succession planning‟‟ , 3412-3415. https://www.researchgate.net /publication/370924652 2. www.aihr.com 3. lawler iii, edward e (2008) „why are we losing all our good people?‟harvard business review june 2008, p.41 4. the new employment deal: how far, how fast and how enduring insights from towers watson‟s 2010 global workforce study, [online] available: http://www.towerswatson.com/ global-workforce-study www.successfactors.com/talent-management/articles/ united states. 373-382 gimnastikachilarga the initial exercise of teaching 373 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 gimnastikachilarga the initial exercise of teaching methodology sayfiev by hikmatullo xayrullayevich osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (osio international university) anatatsiya: gimnatika exercises, jump, balance to maintain, twist, shake the bottle, without the product, the parts with, direction and to relax navbatlashtirish with, the same with along the base in front of the exercise of their into gets and gavin, the hands, leg muscle-the world will strengthen. they not only power and joints mobility , you will develop not, the muscles in subtle sensations, movement of the koordinatsiya up, on qaddi body shape, difficult conditions in a balance and keep, so help willgan exercise will ketmaketlik and them about the concepts given. keywords: gymnastics, burulish, leg tip, review, jump, walk, purjina, changing step, running, umbalaoq increased. gimnatika exercise conduct in dance specific elements and combination of any kind running and jumping on the type of use with itself and a specific feature it has. involved in this exercise fulfill the demands stand light action make to take to their body freely possess do they can. gimnastikada same-g'ullanuvchilarga exercise the right to do teach to their own originality understand and his other sports from the type of any difference there is that you know you should. his main features of the dynamic and integrity. they blood circulation and substances metabolism to improvethe movement apparatus, the heart -blood-vascular system of functional imkomyatlarini increase, work the ability to increase help will. gimnastikada exercise in complexity as the physical downloads on too easy me'yorlashtirilgan. physical yukla-man following the mastering with regulated in can be: 1) in the complex of exercises , the number of 2) every a of exercise repetitions , the number of 3) the action, the pace of 4) action of amplituda 5) exercises between the rest of taking the duration 6) buyumlaming weight, size , and so on.k. gimnatika exercise teaching pedagogy; actively and onglilik; tizimlilik and steadily; ko'rsatmalilik (accuracy), simplicity, consistency of the principles in accordance with out carried. towards exercise on the initial influencevur the appearance of be to coach it the name of right to say and possible if slower pace, carefully the technical details to focus show should. you exercise difficult if it is, it show before auxiliary exercises complete must. 374 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us initial training during the period gimnatika with to deal sessions in week 4 times of the day and the second half will be held to a goal it is. training the structure of the rule made: preparatory part, the main part and the final part is it is. training of the first part , walking, running exercises, difficult the game, the task is given. the second part of children akrabatik exercise and sports equipment to work, you will be the product and the products with of exercise shall perform, h'arakatli the game is held. the final part of the breath , adjust , and the muscles relax that commercial from exercise are used. work of the air , who share in the hall to conduct the necessary. clothing is comfortable, light, movement when it comes to (stretch and soft cloth, a) be a should. sport repository engaged in age and height to fit your be should. training for artistic gymnastics-a rope or a rubber to arg'amchi, wooden or plastic authority, ebonit or a wooden tayoqcha to thin a thread using is secure, width 3-4 cm. and the length is 3 meters which is the atlas strip, sport gymnastics turnik, bruyus, mining, burusya, batumi and again many equipment to able be should. in the hall a few gymnastics wall installation and the child's beli as to come at the height of the wall from 15-20 cm. in the distance reyka secure , please. you this is possible if, the base with exercise to do chair support hold held to be. training products with fulfilled of exercise gradually-slowly, for the child to saflan and re saflan to, walking, running and other movements of knowledge, skills and skills to take looking to add should. the same reason for training with certificates to achieve easy it will be. at the beginning the children waiting for with the items you get and abandoning, them manually correct to hold, transfer roll and others to teach need. children are the product of the exercise when doing certain a pace and rhythm that they do, the same with along the action repeated in given the pace kept remain very important. harakatli the game and other conduct in the injury to avoid to take measures on warning important: running and jumping at the time of children between the distance to keep, landing fb solids from clean. walking, running, jumping and dancing in steps of exercise to the model list. walking and running exercise task of hand and foot movement in good koordinatsiya with light, easy act work out, in classes to children light a step with, the foot at the tip of, the heel, the leg three cho'qqayib, loud steps with me to walk me to teach you need. then these actions, various hand condition with to teach recommended are. for example: hands ahead of, chip, below, above, and, in the shoulder, the head is on the back, the chest, in front of, behind and * .h k. action mastering during tasks is a complex emergency children scan rulaccounted for at the beginning of every 8 account, then while every 4 account will replace. for example: 1-8light step with a walk, hands , and; 1-8foot three-in walk, hands ahead; 1-8foot three yarimcho'qqayib walk, hands above; 1-8in the heel to walk, hands to the head behind. scan type, and his hands the condition of the coaches involved preparation depending on their discretion with change can. walk contrast contrary, running without base phase has and dramatically pushing with is made. running while gavin's free position, hands whose exact position and the feet on put: leg three from the force of transition position follow qiljsh required is. children in training the following running from the type of benefits justified to be: slow and fast, in place and running, within is running, the circle is, the serpent trail is, the parts around, hand ushlashib, the pair is. the teacher's task is complicated stand going with your knees high lift 375 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us running (in place and forward may move), each side of the spread you specified to place a" saflash, pair-pair is, three life , and so forth with exercise will. jump to teach your leg muscles , which stretched after depsinib to during the rapid reduction which at the time of the initial yarimcho'qqayishga importance you give should. depsinib to sharp, short, the feet quickly write with, special attention be should. the flight during the body on, the feet of the tip extends and laptop bukilmas i am, on be should. landing at the time of power lower gently on the leg at the tip of landing after foot all of the joints had buk position the foot into plaques will fall. continuous jump fulfilling landing phase is short be should. the form on the most simple jump review standing in place of two legs, forward, back , and the chip he moved, to the right and to the left by 90° by turned to jump. then yarimcho'qqayib and cho'qqayib jump. studying next the stage, standing in a place and in action to irg'ib (podskok) is. that's in addition to the initial preparation shug'ullanuvilarga your legs kerib, this with along the feet of one forward, one back, to jump, to teach you can. a foot when he jumped the second leg back, bend or forward, chip, the transmission is to be completed can, but to jump 4 times, repeat from than be should. more complex jump arg'amchi in or gymnastics stick-from a response to the movement, gymnastics sikamenkasidan of the jump right, left, forward and back, jump, up, different in height mo'ljalga touch jump: knees or feet to plaques items pinch out to jump (in a place and he moved), this with along to a height of jump out and it jump down to is. then forward step throw up, a foot, sharply forward bend with fulfilled irg'ib to jump to teach recommended are. thus, above the knee bruised leg forward free production to the importance you give should. the number and boldir among the right corner formed to be needed. foot plaques uncomfortable getting to jump to the simple walk, tall steps with walking, running with navbatlashtirish should. exercise moderation of children's individual reflect the real opportunities in accordance be should. dance action-thekids most favorite and emotional effort of the activities is one. them on qaddi the body, chiroyh to walk the formation, movement of koordinatsiya and the ritmika, durability and quick-power quality development of the help you will. small ages of children for basic dance movements: juftlama step types, galop and polka, vals step scoreis justified. juftlama step forward, back and chip bajariiislii can. d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead of, methodology'ls and. 1right foot step to remove, the same leg standand the left leg behind the leg of three; 2-left foot juftlashtirish and d.h. methodical instructions, step when you remove gavin burilmaydi. foot at the end of the standing leg and your knee to the outside is turned, right qaddi the body to follow and make. juftlama step to strengthen to the following dance of exercise recommended are. d. h. — two life hand ushlashib stand tothe left side of the center towards, empty hands andiii at the feet of the condition, the right foot ahead of, 1-4-forward two juftlama step; juftlama step movement ( at the end of the left leg iii condition juftlashtirish): 9-12 left foot forward juftlama step;. 13-16to the left two juftlama step movement ( at the end of the right foot to d.h.ha juftlashtirish). variable (peremenniy) step two steps from up composed: juftlama step and ahead standing on the feet step. next changing the step the other leg is made. d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead of, 1 2-right foot forward juftlama step; 3right foot forward a step, left foot three; 4-left leg forward leg three. then so himself, and the other leg with complete. changing the step back scan, with also complete can. these steps doing foot three and the head of the movement with along get that go to remember to keep you need. 376 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us changing the step of consolidation for individual and pair if fulfilled simple and variable step from a combination of formed consisting of dance steps recommend to can. galop step forward, back , and the chip is made. galop his own dynamic and intensity with xarakterliki is. it chip two feet to depsinib with continue , which will the legs of the movement. flight on the phase of one foot second boosting is added. the landing of the second leg at the end, your knees bend is made. methodological guidelines. galop until you had every time a leg is made. gavin forward egilmaydi, on qaddi the body is stored inthe head slightly raised. flight phase the leg tip is stretched, the foot on. galop step in the consolidation for approximately following dance exercise, given you can: d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead, hands and. 1-8-right foot forward galop step, then the left foot; 1-4left turn and right galop 4 step; 5-6right juftlama step; 7-to the left foot at the end of the turn; 8 iii the feet of the condition, the left foot ahead of. then the exercise with other leg is made. polka step this light jump with fulfilled changing step. kicliik young children just ahead polka step follows fulfilling to teach , you need: d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead, hands and. "i" left in the leg small to irg'ib, the right leg ahead-bottom; 1right foot galop; 2-right leg a step jump, left leg ahead of the bottom. so himself, the other in the leg. methodological guidelines. polka until light, elegant, head chip legs with one side to turn with along is observed. forward to irg'ib out that leg from the knee and the leg tip of good stretching, be should. irg'ib to music takt with performs. polka step in the development then it galop, the earth tepinish, turn the work with adding a skip you can. vals until one variable in step , and the feet have threea two step up i find.5-6 year old children for vals until it had forward and chip implementation recommended is. study of the teeth at the beginning hands and, then hands a flat move is added. forward vals until you had will be complete: d..hill the leg of the condition, the right foot ahead, hands and. 1-right foot forward a step yarimcho'qqayish, left leg ahead of the bottom; 2-3-left leg at the tip of two steps. so himself, the other in the leg. chip vals step of the leg on the end to stand out begins, hands and. 1right foot chip a step yarimcho'qqayishleft leg at the knee when you bend, the legs of three to'piqqa out go the right leg behind you; 2-left foot forward is a step the right foot at the tip; 3-right foot, left foot, on juftlashtirib foot at the tip of the stand. methodological guidelines. vals until a gentle, steady, slow pace in is carried out. them on qaddi the body to keep, the head to turn the movement with together complete should. vals step improvement in feed stand, turn, slightly to the chip down, light running with complete can. the above quotes dance moves from in addition to children's modern "to len-side to", "veselie utyata", "lambada" dance of the elements also successful was able to spend learning can be. children themselves move the tool that tasawur to make the opportunity of giving lessons to improvizatsiya elements also add to the target according. the base in front of the exercises, a list of the base in front of exercise face with, the side or the back with without is made. the base in front of the away side stand mode hand of plaques in reyka free is, hands tirsakdan bruised, back straight, shoulders kerilganhome, raised. in the aspect, side, side by stood when the force close toe'lgan methodology'l of plaques approximately beldan or toe'lgan height in gymnastics 377 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us wall reyka in empty stands, gavin slightly ahead, the forearm and the elbow was down. in the force back, with stand , gymnastics wall on qaddi the body , which kept the case stick are, hands chip-the bottom, the strip over i am holding the position. the base in front of the exercise complete foot and gavin muscles mustahkamlashishiga, physical quality of the development, on qaddi the body, the formation of help will. that in addition to children, the force of the hold , standing in exercises, perform easier. the base in front of the fulfilled of exercises is a sample: 1) d. h. the leg of the tip and the heel of the pair, the force in the face with a stand. 1-2-foot three stand 2) d. h. -so , himself. 1-2-foot three at the stand; 3-4-your knees bend yarimcho'qqayish; 5-6-foot three stand; 7-8-d.h. that's in addition to the 5-6 year old children base in front of the training of choreography elements also add in you can: i ii case yarimcho'qqayish and cho'qqayib to complete, the leg at the tip and the heel stand, 45 in all the links to pick up and h.k. this workout all the action of the school of the formation, the koordinatsiya improvement, rhythm action, the development of help will. training in children with exercise prujinasimon trying, "wave", turning and balance to maintain use to the purpose , according. this exercise mastering in the process of physical quality and koordinatsiya skills is to improvemovement skills in the form. prujinasimon trying a time bo'g'imlarni bend then be written with characterized and he hands, feet and whole body is made. this effort much of the imitation to the character (clicking, to push, to lift up, to draw influencevur the) having or partner's methodology'l resistance to the back, to the wall or to the seat rely on when his body weight with is made. hands with prujinasimon action for a time at the turn-by-turn and a time at different yo'nilishda be done can. prujinasimon action to teach d.. h-hands to start most of the best. all bo'g'imlarni a time to bend, kaft getting kicked (elbow to gavin closehgan, kaft bruised and out facing) and a thousand others at write and h.k. whom hand finds doing so in bend home and yelka slightly forward leans, when writing , while to'g'irlanadi. whom hand finds doing so by turn prujinasimon movement to each other, looking the pair is, hands ahead, your fingers with to hold the stand with teach can. doing so whom hand finds resistance with turn-by-turn bend and writing carry out stood, children prujinasimon action of fulfillment from the beginning of the transfer you need the position it got so close to it makes. most murakkabi different direction for a time at prujinasimon trying is. thus, children's hands for a time, bend in various directions, the design will write. for example: a hand chip, do not duplicate other up and h.k. feet with prujinasimon action dynamic power influences the development of the resurrection, in the joints mobility to increase, jump on to depsinib and light landing to achieve help will. learn to start , you should that the most simple form it -on the spot stand two feet prujinasimon action: above the knee is bukmasdan of the leg on the end stand and your legs into plaques completely fall; foot plaques in standing knee it bend to write; then the body weight of one foot from the second boosting prujinasimon transfer, in place, to stand and to walk, to learn from the heel of the foot to three variable step with is completed. small age of children with holistic prujinali move as quyidagilanii complete recommended it: 14-continuous action with hand finds doing so whom to bend, gavin and foot cho'qqayib to position fall; 378 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5-6-a flat to'g'irlanib d.h.to return. "the waves". to'lqinsimon action of all the joints in the series and continuous movement by characterized. this plasticity show that to himself, typical exercise it is. them on complete koordinatsiya ability, joint mobility and "muscle of intuition"'s development associated with young children to'lqinsimon action hand and gavin with is made. music accompaniment with spend the lyrics, traditional in character, 3a size, slow and the average temp in music choice should be. hands with to'lqinsimon action of good follows you learn , you should: d.h. the main stand. 1 action yelkadan starting the elbow slightly bend, in doing so finds hands whom the forearm and of kaft behind left the act with the chip to pick up (it yelka from horizontal comes, the remaining members of the girth line with the bottom located); 2the elbow slightly bend hand finds doing so whom the forearm and the kaft behind the rest of the movement with down start. children to'lqinsimon to move teaching her first one hand, then turn with right and left hand with the perform should. especially, "the wave"to the two manually a time and turn-by-turn complete difficult it is. methodological guidelines. the action show and the show to be possible , as much clear and talking be should. hands with "the wave" when doing shoulders finds doing so whom ko'tarilmasligi and wrists to the chip not down can look at all the importance you give should. the movement is gentle, a flat be to the action of the sequence the correctness observe to and the tiers quickly bend not write should. turn work. this dynamic exercise of a special group is, it's on to complete a balance to keep to know related. that's in addition to to turn successful implementation beginning on turn also related. head movement at the beginning of gavin's burilishidah a while behind, remain, then, to him, reached out should. going in-ed to turn on mastering for high foot end on a good stand to take, gavin on, flat position, hold the stand to take should. long, turn to complete vestibulyar hardware disgusted he 's, at the beginning of the following preparatory exercises of performance to the purpose it is: 1) two life hand ushlashib stand, to convert to is made. 2) the floor chalqancha lay, hands above, the floor to the left and right 360°to dumalash of performance (gavin, feet and his hands stretching the position of the importance to give). 3) different temp in the head, turn and convert. then the small age of children to two feet in 180° and 360°. turn moves will teach you. learn to the most light (easy) work turn small and a quick step with the knee of the leg on the end of the body , the weight of it from the feet, this boosting held fulfilled hatlab turning. thus, your knees bukmasdan, the back flat to hold, feet and gavin's muscles tense, in place from fixed, qaddi the body straight and keep your hands to chip or and will be. chalishtirma step with turn , as follows , made: completely foot plaques in standing position, with a leg chalishtirib forward (back) leg three to put. leg three to stand 180° or 360° by turn. turn at the end of the foot kaffiga fall. hands and or chip. methodological guidelines. to turn fulfilling carefully janilay and space-the space for you to get the need. turn the most at the beginning of the body and of his hand fixed the condition received is and it is the action of the end until i kept are. whom hand finds doing so in advance, that has weakened the body to relax out come and ultimately the recession of loss-ladi. to become teaching initial period during this exercise, the norms of greater importance to give you need because, they more the time to complete the balance of the center and foot plaques to bad effects shows. 379 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the balance to keep this is basically turg'isnlik skills that justified the development requires , which the condition is fulfilled on feet, erect and stand types is one. balance to maintain exercise the main xara-we havethe sweat of the qualities of proper gavin, pull the abdomen, a certain position of the hand hold to be standing. balance to maintain at technical muscle strength on got distribution. get and ularhing that's a big order put in to get an important role has (strain and to bo'shasha level). this is the reason for the balance to maintain the function of improving the back and the whole gavin muscles tonusini much , which is, true it is-the body in the formation of help that special exercises are important in the role earned is. balance to maintain the function of the form preparatory exercises as different situations in 8 account to hold stand, feet in plaques, the leg of three, the back with gymnastics in the seat, walking, gymnastics seat ensiz on the side walk, gymnastics placedig'ida side to side with juftlama qadamlab walk, the base in front of a foot at three stood chip down, 2-3 umbaloq increased after then side by the stand and position to maintain exercise use you can. above listed exercises master then the balance to keep exercise to fulfill will be held. 1) d. h. the main stand. 1-2-leg at the end to slow up, hands yondan yoysimon up; 3-6-foot three standing balance to maintain; 7-8-foot plaques to slow down, hands yondan yoysimon down. 2) a foot in gymnastics wall to the face withthe side or the back, with stand, with the second leg 2-3 in reyka , and each with the same hand , the condition with the balance hold stand 3) d. h. the main stand. 1-2-the right leg on the standand left leg ahead of bruised (left leg to the tip of the right leg to his knee touched is), hands above; 3-4-balance to hold , stand; 5-6feet d.h.to start; 7-8-the rest get. then the exercise with other leg is complete. 4) d. h. so , himself. 1-2-the right leg back to 45, hands chip, gavin vertical, of the breast from the part slightly to kerishib; 3-4-balance to hold , stand; 5-6-feet d.h.to start; 7-8-the rest get. exercise with other leg and repeat. 5) d. h. so , himself. 1-2-right leg back and bend the right hand with the foot tip to hold yourleft hand ahead of; 3-6-balance to hold , stand; 7-8-feet d.hj to start; the exercise with other leg and repeat. methodological ko 'rsatma. balance mode in the foot on, the foot, the tip of stretching, back and leg muscles to the end of the tension is located. the balance to keep on carry to the children of the total weight of the center base area of the border holding stand to teach should. you balance turg'unligi he lost, then his hands with, empty legs, gavin , and your head, overall body weight is the center of the base on briefly located providing auxiliary movements with restore , you can. balance quality improve to various efforts and erect stand eyes closed keeping, certain condition to hold stand function with different games to conduct recommended are. used literature: 1. сайфиев, х., & саидова, м. (2023). бадминтонисты физический подготовка и ему разработка методы. инновационные исследования в науке, 2(4), 45-54. 2. xayrullayevich, s. h., & ayubovna, s. m. (2023). badmintonchilar jismoniy tayyorgarligi va uni rivojlantirish metodikalari. formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences, 2(18), 201-208. 3. ayubovna, s. m., & xayrullayevich, s. h. (2023). yosh bollalarda sport sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchovlar nazariyasi va tashkiliy– metodik asoslarini tadqiq etishning maqsadi, vazifalari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(22), 108-118. 380 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. sayfiyev, h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchov usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 307-315. 5. sayfiyev, h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasi orqali yosh bolalarning harakat ko ‘nikmasi rivojlantirish pedagogik muammo sifatida. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 300-306. 6. xayrulloyevich, s. h. (2023). sport gimnastika mashg'ulotlarida asosiy harakat qobilyat (fms), postural (muvozanat) nazorat va o'zini o'zi idrok etishga sport gimnastikasining ta'siri. 7. sayfiyev hikmatullo xayrullayevich. (2023). use of acrobatic exercises and their terms in the process of teaching gymnastics. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 80–86. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1483 8. azamat orunbayev, (2023) nonushtani̇ng mashq bajari̇shga ta'si̇ri̇. international journal of scientific researchers 2(2), 3-6. 9. azamat orunbayev. (2023). using technology in a sports environment. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 39– 49. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-07 10. azamat orunbayev. (2023). fitnes va sog’lomlashtirish bo’yicha murabbiylik yo`nalishiga kontseptual yondashuv. research focus international scientific journal, 2(8), 23–28. retrieved from https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/431 11. azamat orunbayev. (2023). pandemiya davrida mobil sog’liqni saqlash va fitnes dasturlari (program). research focus international scientific journal, 2(7), 37–42. retrieved from https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/414 12. saidova, m. a. (2023). bo ‘sh vaqtda qiladigan sportning stress va salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 294-299. 13. ayubovna, s. m. (2023). jismoniy tarbiya darslarining mazmuniahamiyati va tamoyillari. 14. saidova mahbuba ayubovna. (2023). physiological basics of forming movement skills and teaching sports techniques. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 87–94. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1485 15. ярашева, д. (2023). стили организации нетрадиционных оздоровительных занятий. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 19(5), 6-10. 16. yarashova, d. (2023). strength training and strength training in children. modern science and research, 2(9), 211-215. 17. yarasheva dilnoza ismail qizi, (2023) insonlar, sport va falsafa international journal of scientific researchers 2(1), 457-462. 18. sirojev, s. (2023). the concept and i̇mportance of shooti̇ng speed i̇n volleyball. modern science and research, 2(9), 187-191. 19. sirojev shoxrux fayzullo o’g’li, (2023) yevropa ittifoqi va sport. international journal of scientific researchers 2(2), 7-16. 381 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20. yarasheva dilnoza. (2023). focus on aerobic (li) type of motor activity based on fitness programs. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 81–90. 21. sirojev, s., nuriddinov, a., & sayfiyev, h. (2023). the concept and i̇mportance of shooti̇ng speed i̇n volleyball. modern science and research, 2(9), 187-191. 22. akhrorjon nuriddinov. (2023). a study of the aggressive status of football fans. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-10 23. bahodir o‘g‘li, n. a. (2023). yevropa mamlakatlarida yuqori malakali futbolchi va murabbiylarni texnik taktik harakatlarini tadbiq qilish metodikasi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 2(14), 187-189. 24. nuriddinov, a., sayfiyev, h., & sirojev, s. . (2023). why football is the first sport that comes to mind today. modern science and research, 2(9), 200–203. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24104 25. nuriddinov, a. (2023). the role of fair play in physical education. modern science and research, 2(10), 244–250. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 26. bahodir o'g'li, n. a. (2023). nima uchun futbol bugungi kunda sport deb atalganida birinchi navbatda aqlga keladi. 27. nuriddinov axrorjon bahodir o’g’li, (2023) futbol zo'ravonligi, fanatizm va millatchilik international journal of scientific researchers 2(1), 451-456. 28. yarasheva dilnoza. (2023). methods of organizing non-traditional fitness classes. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-09 29. yarasheva dilnoza ismail qizi. (2023). technical and tactical skills in sports. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(10), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue10-16 30. yarashova, d. (2023). the impact of playing sports in early childhood on social development. modern science and research, 2(10), 230–234. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24325 31. ярашева, д. (2023, april). фитнес как оздоровительная деятельность. in proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 278-283). 32. yarasheva, d. (2022). bolalarda mashq qilishning ahamiyati. pedagogs jurnali, 19(1), 139-142. 33. sirojev shoxrux. (2023). behavioral characteristics, principles and working methods of coaches. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-08 34. shoxrux, s. (2023). voleybolda otish tezligi tushunchasi va ahamiyati. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 1(11), 913-917. 35. sirojev, s. (2023). the concept and i̇mportance of shooti̇ng speed i̇n 36. ayubovna, s. m., & xayrullayevich, s. h. (2023). yosh bollalarda sport sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchovlar nazariyasi va tashkiliy– 382 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us metodik asoslarini tadqiq etishning maqsadi, vazifalari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(22), 108-118. 37. saidova, m. a. (2023). sport va falsafaning aloqasi. salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 288-293. 38. saidova, m., & sayfiyev, h. (2023). content-importance and principles of physical education classes. modern science and research, 2(9), 192-199. 39. ayubovna, s. m., & komiljonova, k. i. (2022). features of application of sports games in preschool children. international journal of culture and modernity, 16, 17-23 40. saidova, m. (2023). the concept of physical qualities. modern science and research, 2(10), 251-254. 41. khairullayevich, s. h. development of gymnastics in uzbekistan and attention to gymnastics. international scientific-educational electronic magazine" obrazovanie i nauka, 21(12), 204-210. 42. sayfiyev, h., & saidova, m. (2023). effects of gymnastics on fundamental motor skills (fms), postural (balance) control, and selfperception during gymnastics training. modern science and research, 2(9), 204-210. 43. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og ‘ishgan xulqining ko ‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko ‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 44. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g’oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 45. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 46. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 47. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 48. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 49. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 50. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 contents of logopedic rhythm exercises conducted with children who stutter oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja azimjon o‘g‘li teacher of the special pedagogical department of the kokand state pedagogical institute named after mukimi soliboyeva dilbaroy sobirjon qizi kokan state pedagogical institute, 3rd year student of special pedagogy abstract: this article presents the complex approach to stuttering elimination, the main tasks in the complex approach, the use of speech therapy techniques, the complex method of rehabilitation of stutterers, and logarithmic exercises with stuttering children. keywords: stuttering, logarithmic, complexity method, music, word, rhythm, group training, individual training, game. rehabilitation of stutterers requires a complex approach, because the causes of speech fluency disorders are both biological and psychological in nature. a comprehensive approach to stuttering includes two aspects of speech. first, the unity of correctional-pedagogical and medical-rehabilitation works aimed at the development of all aspects of speech, motor skills, and cognitive activities serves to educate the person who stutters and to improve the health of the whole organism. secondly, this system is strictly limited, but the means of influence of various specialists: doctor, psychologist, educator, logarithmic specialist, music teacher, physical education teacher are mutually coordinated. the range of specialists participating in the rehabilitation process can be wider than this. in the literature, as well as separate logopedic work with stutterers, a number of complex rehabilitation systems are presented. their use depends on the institution providing this assistance, the number of specialists participating in the rehabilitation process, their professional training, etc. a comprehensive approach involves solving three tasks at the same time: 1. formation of fluent speech skills; 2. influencing the person who stutters; 3. prevention of recurrence and chronic course of stuttering. solving the first task involves the use of a number of speech therapy techniques. 1. stop stereotypes of pathological speech and action. 2. management of the emotional state. 3. development of movement coordination and rhythm. 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. formation of speech breath. 5. formation of voting and vote distribution skills. 6. development of the prosodic aspect of speech. 7. development of speech planning activity. a speech therapist mainly performs these tasks in speech therapy and logarithmic training. the second task takes into account the psychological-pedagogical effect, and aims to educate and re-educate the attitude towards oneself and one's speech disability, as well as the formation of social activity. the third task requires medical and rehabilitative work and repeated rehabilitation courses to strengthen stable and fluent speech. solving these tasks, to one degree or another, is part of the well-known comprehensive rehabilitation system for stutterers of any age group. in many cases, they are used at the same time, gradually increasing their complexity. the complex method of rehabilitation of stutterers is carried out step by step. therefore, all correctional work is organized on the basis of the simple-to-complex principle and must be taken into account when conducting logopedic, logarithmic, psychotherapeutic and other measures. before any rehabilitative intervention, stutterers should be examined and receive a speech therapist's opinion. the possibility of a conclusion involves a logopedic diagnosis. logopedic diagnosis includes a number of special studies: pedagogical, psychological, psycholinguistic, etc. this allows you to identify signs that stutterers are deviating from speech norms. logopedic diagnosis is possible only if you have knowledge about the identified defects. examination in the early stages of speech development provides an opportunity to start corrective work early and prevent pathological processes that may occur later. logorithmics is a system of systematic training, in which all tasks must be performed to the sound of music and under a count. 3 important bases of logarithmics are counted: speech, movement, music. logarithmic exercises with stuttering children are carried out in groups and individually. conducting group training creates conditions for active work of all children. in the individual approach, it is not known that the individual is opposed to the team, but it is possible to organize group training with a good knowledge of the work of each child. carrying out logarithmic exercises with stuttering children in the form of a game gives an effective result, because the game is the leading activity of the child, and the activities organized in the form of a game cause children to become more interested. when organizing group classes, the speech therapist takes into account the age of the stuttering child and selects children of the same age. the presence of children of different ages in the group creates the need to use special methods in speech therapy and changes the intensity of treatment-pedagogical work to eliminate stuttering. the introduction of the principle of individual approach in logarithmic work with stutterers is important in the primary and dynamic learning of children (in the course of training). linguistic, psychological and pedagogical work is important for a speech therapist. these create conditions for stutterers to choose the form of corrective action. today, logarithmics is one of the most effective methods of correcting speech defects in children who stutter. logorhythmics is based on musical rhythms. many studies show that musical activities have a positive effect on children's intellectual development and ability to communicate with others. in russia, the most popular musical rhythmic for pre-school children is the method of development of sergey and ekaterina zheleznova 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us both methodists conducted their activities based on musical and pedagogical education. extensive teaching experience allowed sergey and ekaterina to create comprehensive programs that are distinguished by the existing game form and system. list of used literature: 1. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "yuqori sinf o’quvchilarini oilaviy hayotga tayyorlash jarayonini tashkil etish tamoyillari." science promotion 1.2 (2023): 18-25. 2. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and muxammadjonov shohruhbek shuxratbek o’g’li. "inklyuziv ta’limning huquqiy-me’yoriy asoslari." science promotion 1.1 (2023): 50-57. 3. oppoqxo’jayev, xojixuja, and qunduzabibi yusupova. "maxsus pedagogika fanlarini o ‘qitishda innovatsion texnologiyalarga asoslangan amaliy mashg ‘ulotlarini loyihalash." development and innovations in science 2.5 (2023): 25-31. 4. oppoqxo‘jayev, xojixuja, and ozoda samayeva. "inklyuziv ta'limga jalb qilingan o'quvchilarda tayanch kompetentsiyalarini shakllantirish usullari." молодые ученые 1.2 (2023): 99-102. 5. oppoqxo‘jayev, xojixuja, and nozima yakubova. "methods used in forming national etiquette skills in primary class students of special schools." молодые ученые 1.2 (2023): 103-107. 6. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive educational structure as a social phenomenon." (2023). 7. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "the effectiveness and driving forces of the application of pedagogical methods in the process of inclusive education." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.3 (2023): 558-562. 8. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and yigitaliyeva sarvinoz. "ways to involve children in need of special help in inclusive education." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.3 (2023): 519-523. 9. oppakhho'jayev, son of khojikhuja azimjon. "technologies for developing inclusive readiness of families based on a competent approach." asian journal of multidimensional research issn: 2278-4853. 10. ogli, oppokkhojayev khojikhuja azimjon. "methods for the formation of inclusive culture in schools." confrencea 3.03 (2023): 133-137. 11. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and yigitaliyeva sarvinoz. "inklyuziv ta’lim samaradorligini oshirishda oila va maktab hamkorligini kuchaytirish ijtimoiy-pedagogik muammo sifatida." conference zone. 2022. 12. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive education system progress of the process." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 199-206. 13. turgunovna, yuldoshova dilbar, and oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja azimjon o‘g. "pedagogical mechanism of preparing future teachers for professional competence formation." onomázein 62 (2023): december (2023): 2186-2191. 14. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "nutqning normal va nuqsonli rivojlanishida kuzatiladigan nutqiy funktsiyalarning tahlili." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 109-116. 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "bolalardagi nutqiy rivojlanishning buzilishlari va nutqning toliq rivojlanmaganligi." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 102-108. 16. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "nutqi to’liq rivojlanmagan bolalar bilan ishlashda logopedik ritmikaning ahamiyati." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 169-175. 17. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda diqqatining turlari va xususiyatlari." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 162-168. 18. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "pedagogical technologies of preparing future teachers for the formation of selfdevelopment competence in students." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.11 (2023): 369-373. 19. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "formation of self-development competencies in students of future teachers." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.11 (2023): 323-327. 20. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive education system progress of the process." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 199-206. 21. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "essential characteristics of education and psychological competence and formation of future logic therapists." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal (giirj) (2023). 22. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "stages of development of teacher professional competence." novateur publications journalnx-a multidisciplinary peer reviewedjournal (2023). 23. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "methods of pedagogical-psychological correction of future logic therapists with special school children." american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) 1.10 (2023): 37-40. 24. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "kognitiv jarayonlarning rivojlanish xususiyatlari." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 53-60. 25. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "eshitishida nuqsoni bo ‘lgan bolalarning ruhiy rivojlanishi qonuniyatlari." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 61-69. 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 steam technology in teaching the topic” laws of absolute black body radiation" allayarova sayyora xadjibayevna nukus state pedagogicial institute, nukus,uzbekistan abstract: the laws of absolute black body radiation play an important role in their understanding of early data in the study of quantum mechanics. also, mastering it will help students understand the history of the creation of quantum mechanics, basic concepts, understand their essence. this article discusses the observed effectiveness of training “laws of absolute blackbody radiation”in interdisciplinary integration in steam technology in students. keywords: thermal radiation, steam technology, i-spring suite test program, absolute black body, planck formula, graph imaging, valtablack. introduction as the most important social institution, the school reflects and influences the state and trends of the development of society. changes in the system of social relations, in turn, show an active impact on education and require new historical stage tasks, mobility and adequate responses. section ii, paragraph two of the “program of measures for the further improvement of the public education system in 2019-2021”approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan” on measures to introduce new principles of management into the public education system”dated september 5, 2018 pq-3931. in order to accomplish this task, teaching classes in schools in steam technology is becoming a requirement today. the strong importance of fundamental knowledge in the study of quantum mechanics, even in the higher education system, has a positive effect on the acquisition of this science, which finds practical confirmation in many studies. as well as a number of important issues of teaching quantum physics in schools: -how to teach the “quantum physics” department in schools in a holistic, logically consistent, integration? -how to use modern ideas of quantum physics in the process of teaching in the formation of the scientific worldview of schoolchildren? -how to expand the concepts of quantum mechanics under study without overloading students? on the first issue, about the principle “consistency in the formation and development of quantum imaginations in the system of continuing education” s.matchanov's study reflected. we can therefore see the benefits of training in steam technology as a satisfactory solution to the above issues. methodology. the term steam was first produced in the united states, with stem and steam technology taking root today and developing as a positive way of action to truly meet the needs of xxiasr. steam u is a new educational approach that involves students simultaneously in five natural http://www/ 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sciences (science), technology (technology), engineering (engineering), fine arts (art), mathematics (mathematics). steam technology may have covered this interdisciplinary link-i.e., any visual or performance art, such as buraqs, design, picture photography, and writing. steam technology is a thematic integration. this technology serves to develop students ' cognitive skills and competencies and to enhance their creative thinking, creativity,activism, and of course scientific literacy. studying the topic of the laws of absolute black body radiation, quantum mechanics can be the basis in understanding the history and laws of scarring. in the study of the laws of absolute black body radiation, the integration of physics in the fields of thermodynamics, optics, spectroscopy, atomic nuclear particle physics and in connection with the topics of mathematics, computer science, fine arts increases the effectiveness of the lesson. therefore, teaching the topic of the laws of the absolute black body through steam technology has helped reduce the difficulties that arise in students. for example, thermodynamic appearance-thermal radiation, equilibrium, temperature; application; optical appearance-infrared, reddish, emerald appearance, energetic brightness, radiation flux, refractive laws of light, absorption coefficient, refractive coefficient, refractive coefficient, refractive coefficient, refractive index, transparent bodies, absolute black body, absolute white body, gray body; astronomy-the sun is an absolute black body, its structure; fine arts-graphics, drawing rates, imaging, reasoning, tassawing, color comparison; mathematical appearance-win's sliding law, relay-gender formula, stefan-bolstman's law, inducing them using planck's formula, solving practical problems; use of informatics-explaining the topic on an electronic board, taking tests in the ispring test program. the field of application of the laws of thermal radiation is very wide. it is applied to thermodynamics, classical and quantum systems, matter and area, first to the electromagnetic field of radiation. thermal radiation theory is considered to be one of the largest independent sections of theoretical physics. the most common type of thermal radiation is radiation that occurs when heating bodies. for example, radiation emitted from the human body, radiation emitted when we cook chicken in the oven, radiation emitted by intense heating of iron, radiation emitted from the surface of the moon, etc. thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted at the expense of the internal energy of the body. thermal radiation occurs at an arbitrary temperature and manifests itself in the form of infrared light at low temperatures , and in the form of reddish yellow and white light rays at high temperatures. the process of thermal radiation occurs in an equilibrium state with the temperature of the body. as the temperature of the body increases, its intensity of radiation also increases. the laws of thermodynamics can be applied to states and processes in equilibrium. among the bodies in the solar system, the “sun” is an absolute black body. the sun, under the same conditions, secretes much more heat than other bodies. the model of an absolute black body is a closed sphere with a small hole (figure 1). radiation spectrum-the wavelength dependence of the spectral density of the energetic luminosity: 𝑟𝜆 = 𝑓(𝜆) spectral density depends on the chemical composition of the body, as well as λva t: 𝑅𝑒 = ∫ 𝑟𝜆 ∞ 0 𝑑𝜆 the vin displacement law 𝑏 = 𝜆𝑚𝑇 where 𝑏 = 2,9 ∗ 10−3𝑚 ∗ 𝐾. the british engineering firm survey nanosystems has demonstrated the latest version of the body that has been designated as the blackest material in the world called vantablack. the material absorbs 99.965 percent of the http://www/ 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us incoming light, including visible light, microwaves and radio waves. the result is such a black color that it looks like a bottomless pit. black coal, on the other hand, absorbs 96% of the falling light. discussion and analysis. the information, as shown above, was explained to students in the form of a presentation through an electronic whiteboard, and from them the ability to learn their computer technology was developed by taking tests on the topic in the ispring suite test program. the use of computer technology also helps to save time and has allowed more information to be learned and further developed students ' interests. during the reinforcement phase, each student was asked 10 questions in the ispring test program as follows. in order to conduct pilot work and determine its effectiveness, pilot and control groups were separated.in control groups, the process of passing classes to students was carried out as usual.in the experimental test teams, however, steam was implemented using technology. the lessons in the experimental test and control phase were the same, except that the lessons differed in teaching methodology. pedagogical experiment-when conducting a test, we checked the results of the experiment-test carried out in students of the 11th grade of the nukus economized state http://www/ 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us comprehensive school no. 1 using statistical methods. there were 24 students in the pilot group and 26 students in the control groups. each student was given 10 minutes for 10 questions in the ispring test program. 68% of students answered picture questions correctly. i observed that the questions asked in the form of pictures, graphs are easy for readers to understand. it has been observed that students in the pilot group have significantly higher learning skills based on knowledge levels and continuity. we list the results of the experiment test we conducted in the table below. groups students degree of acquisition «unsatisfactory » «satisfactory» «good» «well» control group 26 0 13 8 5 experimenta l group 24 0 1 11 12 we have determined the results of the experimental test with an excellent level of 4 points, a good level of 3 points, a satisfactory level of 2 points and an unsatisfactory level of 1 point. conclusion. in conclusion, as can be seen from the diagram presented above, the use of training in interdisciplinary integration in steam technology in teaching the topic “laws of absolute black body radiation” of the department of quantum physics in physics at the school leads to the following effectiveness: in experimental-test groups, the “excellent” rating was on average 50% (more than 30.8% the number of students who received a” satisfactory " grade was 4.17% (45.83% compared to the control group ), at. this means that the statistics in question are the basis for us to conclude that in the integration of topics in steam technology, developed on our side and tested in practice, active teaching methods are effective in comparison with the current traditional teaching methodology. this suggests that the work carried out in experimental groups on the methodology of integrated teaching of the science of “physics” on topics in steam technology is effective. references: 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh. m. mirziyoyev “o‘zbekiston respublikasini rivojlanish bo‘yicha harakatlar strategiyasi 2017-2021-yil” 1 2 3 4 nazorat guruhi 0 50 30,8 19,2 tajriba guruhi 0 4,17 45,83 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 o 'z la sh ti ri sh f o iz i tajriba sinov va nazorat guruhi natijalari http://www/ 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. abdumalikov a.a., mamatkulov r. termodinamika va statistik fizika.-toshkent: voris nashriyoti, 2006.-129-b. 3. матжанов н. с. изучение фундаменталних положений квантовой физике на разных уровнях образования.//наука и просвещение.-2018-55 с. 4. карлыбаева г. е. матжанов н. мактаб физикасини ўқитишда ахборот коммуникацион технологиялар асосида ташкил этиш//илим ҳәм жәмийет, нукус, 2014 №3 74-75-б. 5. majitova x. e, yangiboyev x. a. steam ta’limiy dasturi bo‘yicha o‘quvchilarni innovatsion muhitga yo‘naltirish.// fizika va texnologik ta’lim jurnali:_№4-2021-149-b. 6. андреанова е. в. (идр.). решение задач по квантой физике.-минск: бгуир,-2014-с.8 7. c. singh, m. belloni, w. christian. improving student’s understanding of quantum mechanics. physics today, 8, 43-49, august (2006). 8. c. singh, interactive learning tutorials on quantum mechanics. am. j. phys., 76(4), 400-405, (2008). 9. d. styer, the strange world of quantum mechanics, cambridge univ. press, (2000). 10. алимбетов, ю; ,проблема взаимосвязи национального и общечеловеческого,актуальные проблемы многоуровневой языковой подготовки в условиях модернизации высшего образования,,,12-16,2017 11. бердимуратова, ак; алимбетов, ю; камалова, хс; ,о состоянии обеспечения населения питьевой водой и его влиянии на социальную устойчивость общества республики каракалпакстан (на материалах социологического обследования населения республики в марте-апреле 2016 года),актуальные проблемы многоуровневой языковой подготовки в условиях модернизации высшего образования,,,70-86,2017, 12. алима, бердимуратова; ,хәзирги заман глобалласыу машқалалары: қәдири хәм қәтери,бестник каракалпакского университета,25,4,68-75,2014,каракалпакский государственный университет 13. бердимуратова, ак; бердимуратова, сп; ,история. социология. философия. юриспруденция.,вестник кгу им. бердаха. №,1,,50,2021, 14. berdimuratova alima, gerdruang, atiporn; panwatanasakul, chaipat; nurnazar, pirnazarov; ,the desirable management of education in urbanization area under the office of nonformal and informal education in bangkok thailand,湖南大学学报 (自然科),48,10,,2021, 15. uli, pirnazarov nurnazar rashid; ,development of a person’s spirituality in dialogue with another,zien journal of social sciences and humanities,1,1,133-135,2021, 16. sriwiset, ploypailin; nurnazar, pirnazarov; ,the protection of patents on animal-related inventions: thailand’s problems and solutions,resmilitaris,12,1,73-85,2022, 17. berdimuratova a.k., nurnazar, p; ,"ecology of the soul: culture, morality, spirituality",indiana journal of agriculture and life sciences,2,2,5-8,2022, http://www/ 131 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 system of reforms on improving patriotism in the new uzbekistan sativaldiyev pulatjan adilovich independent researcher of the navoi state pedagogical institute annotatsion: according to mirziyoyev shavkat miromonovich, president of the republic of uzbekistan, commander-in-chief, the great history of the uzbek people, great statesmanship and the creation of their own culture. in this world, the greatest, most noble and sacred task of a husband is to protect his family, homeland and people. one of the leading, main components of high spirituality is patriotism. the feeling of patriotism is not a theoretical, scientific or practical process focused on one particular area of society. the feeling of patriotism is a representative of every field of society, regardless of the language, religion, gender, social origin of a member of the community living in the same country, a builder, doctor, teacher, law enforcement officer, worker, craftsman and several others. we can expect real patriotism from people who can patiently endure all the difficulties and hardships, who love their profession with their whole body. patriotism is not enough to say only one word or beautiful words. therefore, they approach and interpret the concept of patriotism from different angles. in our opinion, patriotism means that a person values his motherland and spends his energy and energy for this motherland, regardless of its field. although this definition does not cover all aspects of patriotism, the definition is correctly understood if the word patriotism is approached in a broad sense. key words: patriotism, culture, spirituality, education, motherland, people. a great force that inspires the patriotism of the uzbek people is to inculcate the rich spiritual and cultural monuments created by our great ancestors in their time in the minds and hearts of our youth based on the demands of today's times, our state. scientific, theoretical, and practical help to achieve the big goals set before him. that's why we look at the rich history of our nation. our great ancestors tumars, shiroq, spitamin, temir malik, muqanna, jaladdin mangu berdi, amir temur, alisher navoi, zahiriddin muhammad babur and furqat, fitrat, abdullah qadiri, cholpon, abdullah it is necessary to thoroughly study the works of avloni, usman nasir, hamid olimjon, gafur ghulam, erkin vahidov, abdulla oripov. patriotism should be ingrained in a person's blood. at this point, i.a. karimov, the first president of the republic of uzbekistan, said: "love for the country, the feeling of philanthropy is an age-old feature embedded in the blood of our people. the issue of preserving and further improving these unique ancient qualities and educating our children as worthy sons and daughters of a free and democratic uzbekistan should be the main direction of our work in the field of spirituality," he said. is appropriate. every person can be a true patriot only when he has his own homeland. patriotism, honoring the country where one was born and grew up, caring for its economic, social, political, cultural, spiritual development, giving development its 132 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us due to make a contribution, to burn his soul to preserve the independence of his country, and if necessary, to dedicate his life to it. patriotism is closely connected with the word motherland, and motherland gives birth to this patriotism. the word watan is an arabic word that means "motherland". this concept can be understood in two broad and narrow senses. if it means the house, neighborhood, village where a person was born and raised, it is understood in a narrow sense. it is understood in a broad sense if it is meant the territory where the representatives of a people lived permanently, where their ancestors lived from time immemorial. to be a patriot means to love the country, to do something worthy of the people, to honor the soil of one's country, to appreciate it. the reason is that the motherland is the past, present, and future of every person. realizing one's duty to one's country and nation should be the highest goal of every person. first of all, this person should feel that he is a part of his motherland and be proud of it. it should be natural for him not to forget that he grew up in the motherland, and remember that the motherland expects love and consequences from him. only then can one attain happiness. the first president of the republic of uzbekistan i.a. karimov. in his work entitled "uzbekistan's future great power": "every original child of uzbekistan feels that he is an integral part of his motherland and is proud of it. we would not be wrong to say that this is one of the greatest assets of independence," he wrote. yes, patriotism is closely connected with independence. a person's spirituality is considered mature only when these complement each other. improving spirituality, character and raising it to a higher level is consistent with strengthening the feeling of the motherland. after all, understanding the duty before the motherland and the people is a sign of high spirituality. indeed, spirituality and enlightenment embody power. a spiritually immature person does not understand what his motherland is. a person who does not understand this aspect does not understand himself. patriotism is connected with human spirituality. the reason is that spirituality also has its own history. it goes back to our historical culture and heritage, so first of all we should not forget this process. "spirituality becomes a powerful force only when it relies on deep knowledge and understanding of the history, culture and tasks of its people. just as there is no perfect person without memory, there is no future for a nation that does not know itself." so, patriotism and spiritual qualities are two parts of one whole. the concept of humanitarianism is also a broad concept. philanthropy is kindness, loyalty, and sincerity towards people. many concepts are expressed in the concept of humanitarianism. examples of these concepts include honesty, faith, trust, hospitality, respect, justice, fairness, generosity, patience, understanding oneself and others, loyalty, hard work, and sincerity. consequently, these concepts are important factors in the formation of humanism. ensuring justice and peace among people is also patriotism and humanitarianism. in turn, these processes affect the spiritual and educational moral conditions of people. at the same time, it is an important means of educating young people in the spirit of humanity. violation of humanitarian norms and duties has a negative impact on mutual equality. it destroys spiritual education. humanitarianism was established and promoted by great people with life experience, generals, scholars in the history of mankind. especially in religious books, great attention is paid to humanitarianism. islam is one of the religions that perfectly embodies the ideas of humanity. many wisdoms mentioned in the "holy qur'an" and hadiths confirm this opinion. humanity is 133 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us seen in mutual respect, valuing each other, being kind, helping, sympathizing, and sharing in grief. a philanthropic person embodies the feeling of the motherland. he understood more than others that there is no greater blessing than the motherland. the soil of the motherland is a pleasure. for this reason, a person who is humanitarian puts the interests of the motherland above his own interests. he lives and creates with this benefit. he makes others enjoy his creation, and he himself is satisfied, i.e. patient. self-awareness means knowing one's homeland and the past of the people who lived in this homeland, its culture, traditions, and values. self-realization is the realization of the contribution of one's people to the development of the world community. self-awareness is a perfect knowledge of the history of past ancestors, placing respect for their souls. determining the development of one's country as a result of national self-awareness gives an example of the struggle for its independence. self-awareness is used to determine one's own destiny in the future, it increases responsibility. conclusions are drawn from the dedication and enthusiasm of the ancestors. self-awareness is such a unique process that reaching its essence forms in a person endless love, compassion, and general humanity. it is difficult to understand national interests if people do not have national consciousness. when national consciousness is high, at the right time, that is, when there are events and actions that lower the value of one's nation, harm its spiritual and material wealth, and destroy its pride, then unification, protection is shown. literature: 1. mirziyoyev sh.m. the development of literature, art, and culture is an important foundation for raising the spiritual world of our people. president shavkat mirziyoyev's speech at a meeting with representatives of creative intellectuals of uzbekistan. // "khalk sozi" newspaper, august 4, 2017, no. 153. 2. mirziyoyev sh.m. we will build our great future together with our brave and noble people t.: uzbekistan, 2017. 242b. 3. ahmedov b. lessons from history. t.: teacher, 1994. -428 p. 4. aliev a. spirituality, value and art. t.: academy, 2000. 5. years equal to centuries. independence lesson (lecture text). t.: o'ajbnt center, 2001. -60 p. 6. atadjanova sh. pedagogical principles of using national values in raising teenagers in the family in the spirit of patriotism: ped.fan.nomz. age t.: tdpu, 2001. -136 p. 7. hasanboev j., hasanboeva o., turopova m. fundamentals of spiritual and moral education. -t.: literature and art publishing house, 2002. -112 p. 8. ibragimova g.kh. forming the spirituality of students and youth in the vocational education system based on the idea of national independence. t.: science, 2005. -159 p. 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 singer of freedom rohataliyev mirzahakim ugli abbasjon researcher, teacher of the department of uzbek literature, namangan state university abstract: the article describes the artistic features of the odes of the national poet of uzbekistan erkin vahidov through the methods of formal-structural, sociological and psychological, comparative-typological analysis. in it, the poet's traditional and innovative skills are revealed through images. also, the poet's odes were scientifically analyzed from the point of view of rhyme, weight, and radif, as well as chronotope . the poet's ode " uzbegim " was treated from the chronotopic point of view. keywords: ode, literary tradition, innovation, elements of ode, nasib, gurizgoh, madh, qasd, qasidai tom, qasidai mujarrada. introduction. in uzbek literature, the qasida genre has an ancient history, like the ghazal. its first example can be found in the work "devonu lug'ot it-turk" by mahmud koshgari . but the first odes that fully meet the requirements of odes belong to the pen of the ode poet sakkoki. "elements of the qasida," says professor n. mallaev, "although the qasida appeared much earlier in uzbek classical literature, but the qasida as a special literary genre appeared in uzbek literature in the 14th 15th centuries. sakkokiy became one of the founders of uzbek poetry. the ode is a political lyric of medieval literature, as most odes are dedicated to statesmen and political or military events. the poem gradually became a genre of court literature" [6.246]. these data show that the qasida first came to the field due to the socio-political environment, but with the passage of time, priceless examples of qasidas, which are truly artistic fruits, were created. "there are good examples of qasida genre in the works of poets such as nasir khisrav, unsuri, anvari, khaqani, daqiqi, rudaki, sakkoki, lutfi, jami, gadoi, navai, munis, kamil" [8.1]. the fact that the tradition of writing qasida has been preserved in modern uzbek literature is evidenced by the presence of excellent examples of qasida in the works of poets such as charkhi, chustiy, ulfat, erkin vahidov. m e tods. in this article, we tried to reveal the artistic features of the odes of the hero of uzbekistan, the people's poet of uzbekistan, erkin vahidov, and his artistic skill in creating odes with the help of formal-structural, sociological and psychological, comparative-typological analysis methods. discussion sheikh ahmad tarazi, the author of the treatise "funun ul-baloga", which is considered the first theoretical source of classical lyric poetry in uzbek literature, gives the following information about the qasida, which is one of the classic lyrical genres, in the first part of the work: 'lur or andin oksukrak and most of them are not specific. every few rhymes they say. and whatever the 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us purpose is, they bring it to the statement" [2.12]. it can be seen that the length of the ode was 27 stanzas according to the conditions of that time, and the authors freely expressed their goals and desires for writing it in a poetic way. the guidebook "genres of uzbek classical poetry" provides detailed information about the qasida, its size is not strictly limited, the number of stanzas should not be less than 12, and the last limit of stanzas is also in classical literature. noting that there is no stable opinion in modern literary studies, "along with small odes, medium and finally large (several hundred verses) odes were created" [8.129] league is mentioned. it should be noted that the authors of the above study were not aware of the work of ahmad tarazi. tarazi's work became known to science in 1996, and the book was published in 1979. expressed in pamphlets, articles and dissertations published in different years . in particular, literary scholar m. hasanova, who prepared the collection of ghazals and odes of sakkoki for publication and author of the foreword, says the following about the tradition of qasida: "in literary studies, the name of mavlano sakkoki is mentioned side by side with the tradition of turkish qasida. . because the poet is famous for creating the most beautiful hall and many odes" [14.109]. who studied hafiz khorezmi's kiruka, whose name and work became known in 1975, gives the following information about the importance of this poet's odes: "first of all, it should be noted that the poet wrote almost all used the pseudonym hafiz in his poems. it can be said that his name was abdurahim , because the poet used the names abdurahim and rahim instead of pseudonyms in 1 uzbek ghazal (199th ghazal) and 6 persian ghazals. xos o‘z quling‘a lutf etib rahm qilsa yor, muxlis qadimiy qul anga abdurrahim erur. in the sixth and seventh odes of devon, the surname of hafiz is added to the nisab of khorezmi. viloyot-u karomot-u karam o`zindin izdayu, bo`lubdur hofizi xorazmiy joni bila kirmoniy. inoyat birlaso`z bobinda yoriy ko`rguzur bo`lsa, oshurg`ay hofizi xorazmiy she’rin farq shuarodin. [11.47]., [12.191]., [13.52]. these thoughts are the basis for our conclusion that qasida has risen to the level of the leading genre in uzbek literature as well as in the work of sakkoki and his contemporary poets. in 20th century uzbek literature, erkin vahidov created beautiful examples of the poem genre and ensured its survival. until today, the poet's odes have been analyzed in various aspects and levels in various articles and dissertations. in particular, the abovementioned scientist mashhura hasanova's article on the topic " ode genre and ideological artistic features of erkin vahidov's odes" focuses on the ideological-artistic features of the poet's odes. in particular, they express the following opinion about the ode " uzbegim ": the ode "uzbegim" is a work in which the uzbek people are praised in high curtains. it is one of the poetic works that has its own place in modern odes, with the names of historical figures, the citation of geographical objects, strange similes and allusions, and at the same time, it is written in the melodious weight of aruz" [15.1317]. also, setora shomurodova writes the following thoughts about the poet's odes in her dissertation research on "the tradition of devanism in uzbek literature of the 20th century : theme, content, weight and artistic images" : "after the 110 ghazals listed above, the odes come in . the poet's famous odes " uzbegim ", "human", "hands" are included in this divan. in the poet's odes, conflicting thoughts about the world and man are poetically arranged in each stanza" [ 17.57]. based on this, in this article, we tried to analyze the poet's odes from the chronotopic point of view. 64 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results. place in erkin vahidov's divans, is the poem. this genre is a beautiful example of artistry created by the high skill and eloquence of the poet . literary critic m. ziyoviddinov comments on erkin vahidov's work "uzbegim" as a good example of an ode in modern uzbek poetry: "in classic odes, the poet reflects on his virtue, knowledge, talent, and the value of his written works . , is proud to be a great poet of his people. and in " uzbegim " we see the national anthem, a high sense of patriotism, a lyrical expression of our heroic past and creative days. [8.137]. in fact, erkin vahidov's ode " uzbegim " glorifies the dreams and aspirations of the great uzbek people, their difficult and honorable past, rich history, culture, traditions and values, and the feeling of pride of being an uzbek. an example of an anthem for every uzbek who can sing came to the field. the odes " uzbegim ", "inson", "hands" have a special place in the work of the poet . these odes of erkin vahidov were published in accordance with all the requirements of the genre. especially the ode "uzbegim" made his name more popular and connected the poet's heart to the people's heart. "uzbegim" is truly the pride and honor of the uzbek people. however, we read in the memoirs and reminiscences of the writer that the first years of writing the work were difficult times for the poet. in particular, among the works written about the poet, rahmatilla inoghamov's book "the fate of poetry" titled "the birth and sufferings of uzbegim" is characterized by the fact that it discloses the words that revolved around this ode and the poet's sorrows as a result. . erkin vahidov's ode "uzbegim" was written in 1968, when the ideological pressure of the former soviet regime on the literary people intensified. during such a dangerous regime, it required a lot of courage from the artist to say "uzb e gim" . the poet was one of the first to include the sounds of independence in his work, and he left an indelible mark on uzbek literature. rahmatilla inoghamov's work also tells about the trials of the poet's ode "uzbegim". for example, based on the memories of doctor of medical sciences, professor husniddin salohiddinov, the author narrates the following lines from the ode, which were omitted due to the conditions of the social and political system, and his comments about it : after the verse "tarkhan, uzbegim": oq edil birla yoyiqda keng yoyiq yaylov sening, taqdirin kiftiga ortgan dardli karvon, o‘zbegim that was put in the hands of fate. it is selfevident that this verse was dropped by "vigilant" supervisors . because in it the idea that uzbek pastures go to edil (volga) and yayik (ural) rivers was openly stated" [5.51]. it should also be noted that there is no idea about orhun enasoy monuments, which are considered as our ancient turkish monuments, and the places where they were found, in the works of other poets until erkin vahidov . the poet was one of the first to include in his work verses that tell about the roots of our national identity. in the country of the former soviets, the call to realize such a national identity was an indication of the high courage and tenacity of the writer. it is not an exaggeration to say that in uzbek literature, after alisher navai, we have not met the noble form of addressing the motherland in the style of "uzbegim". after all, the poet himself, in the article entitled "man and the pupil" of the book "beauty of word", spoke about alisher navai's famous ghazal beginning with "black eye" and acknowledged it as follows: "navai's fame has such a byte found: menga shohlar xil’atikim, el tamosho qilg‘ali, o‘zbakim boshida qalpoq, egnida shirdog‘i bas. . 65 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of course, hazrat did not call the uzbek "my black eye". ...but i still think i'm uzbek when i say "my black eye". [3.103-104]. the ode "uzbegim" as a work that reflects the historical, socio-political and cultural image of the time, is valuable in terms of being an excellent example of the skill of poetic imagery, as well as making the name of the poet more popular. in the qasida, the word "uzbegim" is used as both a radif and an imperative, in addition to the title. in it pinhon, tiyanshon, coral, tarkhan, khan, giryon, kalkan, destroyed, blood, faith, kavkabistan, ladder, sultan, nolan, tugyon, armenian, afghan, epic, drug, shu'laafshon, mujgan, farmer , opportunity, boy, sky, uzbekistan and soul used as rhyme words created harmony. the consonant "n" has become the narrator for the rhyme. since there is no additional sound after the rawi, it is appropriate to say that it belongs to the type of muqayyad rhyme. in the work, the word "uzbegim" is used 28 times except in the title. however, such a style does not harm his artistic level, on the contrary, it causes it to rise to another level. candidate of philological sciences, tahir qahhor, in his article entitled "navai's hands", comments on the first two stanzas of the ode as follows: “tarixingdir ming asrlar ichra pinhon, o‘zbegim, senga tengdosh pomir-u oqsoch tiyonshon, o‘zbegim. so‘ylasin afrosiyob-u so‘ylasin o‘rxun xati, ko‘hna tarix shodasida bitta marjon o‘zbegim... in 1924, the soviet government lost the republics of turkestan and artificially, illegally (no referendum was held), created a new sho it is known that they were separated from each other to suit the interests of the soviet empire. "kutadgu bilig", which stated that the builder and ruler of samarkand was alp er tunga, books about our native language and script the blue turkic alphabet, which served until the arab invasion, that is, the orkhun letter, were also published in the 60s-70s of the 20th century. years, and these concepts expressed with great skill in the ode "uzbegim" awakened the consciousness of our people. at a time when the policy aimed at creating a "single soviet nation", i.e. eliminating other nationalities in the empire and ruling one language, one nation, is being carried out, the appearance of this ode was, in my opinion, a demand of the times" [12.62]. in fact, we would not be wrong if we say that this ode came to the field as a way to satisfy the thirst of our people for manhood and freedom. " poetry in general," abdulla oripov said, "first of all, spiritual thirst, boundless need, enters the human heart as a strange magic." that's why i call poetry the child of necessity" [9.19] . it is not an exaggeration to say that erkin vahidov's ode "uzbegim" was created precisely from the need to reveal the wave of thoughts and feelings from the poet's heart. the means of artistic representation that give beauty to the qasida represent its special edge. in the work we literally see unique examples of talmeh art. because in it, the poet uses the art of talmeh appropriately in 22 places. this allows the poet to freely bring and apply the inspirations of our national spirituality to the work. "al-beruni, al-khorazmi, from the descendants of al-farab, originally descended from ozluq, perhaps tarkhan, uzbegim" [4.142]. it is possible to quote many such quotes from the poem. however, the work is not only decorated with talmeh art. along with the art of talmeh , classical poetic arts such as tazad, tansiq as-sifat, tashbeh, tajnis, and tasbeh were used effectively. representatives of classic literature managed to create an impressive artistic speech by using the poet's pseudonym in a poem in a different sense besides its own meaning. this is known as union [13.125] in the science of sanoe. erkin vahidov uses this art in three places in his poem. 66 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us he cried furqat in furqat, and muqiyim in muqim. from your complaint, hind-u-afghan became afghan, uzbek. [4.144] in bayt are the basis of the talmeh, then both nicknames are preceded by their related nouns. its use in the form formed the art of union. the poet applies this art to himself at the end of his poem: this ode is a tribute to you, my people, white milk and salt, i am your free son, accept me, my uzbek, my dear uzbek. [4.146] in this case, the poet's use of the word "free" as both a nickname and an adjective indicates that he is a true connoisseur of classical art. there is a saying in our people, "forty days greet the land where you tasted salt for one day." it is not an exaggeration to say that the poet managed to justify the salt given by the mother nation by referring to this. in the later parts of the ode, the poet also uses the art of adjectives. this art "implies to successively bring the characters of the person or thing described in the poem, to describe them in several ways" [16.56]. you are not zarathustra, you are not buddhist, you are not fire, date, the religion of humanity is a pure uzbek faith. [4.143] the hardships of the past times tested the true faith and endurance of our people. it is known to all of us from history that the uzbek people have been able to remain steadfast in their faith at all times. after all, as the poet said, the uzbek identity is "infused with the religion of humanity". the poet's odes "insan" and "hands" have artistic value as they glorify universal human values. in particular, the ode "insan" is one of the works with a unique phenomenological feature in the poet's work. in it, the injustices and injustices that are happening in the world, the positive achievements of the development of science aimed at noble goals, and the bad complications that have been and are being inflicted on people, races, nationalities, and the death of people. the age-old conflicts between them are effectively interpreted through the means of poetic images. the volume of the ode "insan" consists of 25 verses 50 verses, and the ramali of aruz is written in mahzuf weight. in the poem, the word " ozyng " is used as a radif. a qasida traditionally consists of nasib, gurizgoh, madh and qasd parts. accordingly, the nasib part of the qasida is expressed in 3 stanzas, the gurizgoh part in 5 stanzas, the madh part in 15 stanzas, and the qasd part in 2 stanzas. the verses of the qasida are rhymed in the traditional style of aa, ba, da ,..., and in it , human-human, khagan-sultan, caravan-sarban, gardener-guard, guest-host , etc. . in this case, the consonant " n " served as narrator. the poem is the fruit of the poet's high artistry and eloquence. in it, the arts such as tashbeh, tanosub, tansiq a s-sifat, musajja, talmeh, tazad, metaphor and exclamation, typical of classical poetry, served to increase the impact of the work. man is the most honorable and supreme creature among the creatures created by god. at the same time, he was given the supreme gift of thinking and speaking. the great thinker alisher navai, in the beginning of his works, repeatedly recognized the value of the gifts of speech and greatness given to man: man is a very animal, no gem more noble than you, he begins the first article about faith in the epic "hayrat ul-abrar" with the following sentences: who is a human being among the people of the world, he knows that his target will believe in him. [1.105] 67 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the first of the cited quotations, it is said that what distinguishes man from animal is the word . in the second example, the poet shows faith as the first sign of anyone who considers himself a human being in this world . on the other hand, the author tells us that the heart of a person with perfect faith is pure, and a person with a pure heart always strives to do good and benefit others. erkin vahidov, as a follower of the traditions of navai, dedicates a tribute to man. however, the poet begins the ode by acknowledging that the way of life, character, outlook, and thinking of the people of the present time are at an unprecedented level. on a fixed planet, you are a human being, a human being. own the whole world, you are the khakhan , you are the sultan. fixed in its meaning, traveling in the world of space be the caravan in the desert of space, be the captain. [4.147] is used with the thoughts and opinions we have mentioned above . from the time of the primitive collective system to today's level of development, the intellectual potential of a person has developed to an incomparable level . with this in mind, the poet writes: shams the heart is in your palm, the planets are in your palm, the wide world is under your control, you are the gardener, you are the keeper . [4.147] complete work of dedication to humanity . because the poet thought about the achievements of science and the sacrifice of the earth behind these achievements 50 years ago. you climbed the ladder of knowledge, you climbed the sky of fun come to this world's porch, arkon , destroy yourself by creating a particle, by creating a terrible calamity, remembering the outcome , be surprised , be surprised. [4.148] today, as a result of the achievements of the physics, chemistry, and biology sciences, the horrors of military chemical and biological weapons invented from charged particles and the smallest molecules threaten the people of the whole world every moment. the fact that people are surprised by such barbarities, which are being forgotten by people, is deeply embedded in verse with the art of takrir. you came to the world, so it's not enough to suck it , eat it. you don't need to touch the earth . [4.150] in the ode, the poet makes a gradual analysis of the history of mankind and tells the reader that in the last stanzas it is necessary to draw conclusions from these thoughts. it reminds us once again that the purpose of a person's coming into the world is not to eat it, but to make it a garden . the qasida ends with a traditional qasd. in it, the poet wishes people good intentions and encourages them to do good deeds: may it not be dawn, be there forever, always be yourself. be yourself, be yourself. [4.150] uses the art of radd ul-matla and repeats the appeal he gave in the qasida matla. however, this is not just a repetition, both have certain differences in content. "inson o' zing" coming in matla is in the form of an impulse, and the emphasis in it is stronger compared to the repetition in the praise. the poet prioritizes the tone of the invitation stronger than the emphasis on the content of the repetition in the praise . as a result, the effectiveness of the byte also increases. at the moment, the word "oz", which is used three times in the stanza, has a meaning and serves to express the content of living like a human being. 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us erkin vahidov's ode called "kollar" is composed of nasib, gurizgoh, madh and kasd parts in a traditional manner, like the two above odes. the size of the poem it consists of 13 stanzas, in which the combination "these are hands, these are hands" is repeated after the rhyme in each stanza, forming a complex radif . in contrast to the poet's odes "uzbegim" and "insan", the hazaji of aruz is written in mahzuf weight. the work has a traditional ( aa, ba, da) rhyme scheme. in it , the last vowel "o" in the composition of words such as aza, zayda, aslo became the basis for creating a type of muqayyad rhyme, acting as a narrator. a humble member in your body these are the hands, these are the hands, appear for work these are hands, these are hands. [4.151] the uniqueness of erkin vahidov's odes is determined by the scope of their subject. although the poet formed the structural and compositional features of the qasida according to the tradition of his predecessors, he brought the qasida genre to a completely new level in terms of content. specifically, "hands" he introduced the "hand" as a central image in his ode , and felt its importance for human life from the first lines of the ode. the part of the poem "hands" is in 3 stanzas ; the gurizgoh part in 2 bytes ; hymn part in 6 stanzas ; and the qasd part is expressed in 2 bytes. in its first three verses, that is, the part of destiny, the positive signs of the human hand are listed. after moving from the fourth stanza to the gurizgoh section , both the positive and negative meanings of the hands are revealed. in the praise part of the qasida, it is emphasized that our hands are the only ones in the chapter of humility, that they are the hands that express love to a loved one and ask for charity. the world has claimed, the world has left the world open iskandar ilki bedavo these are the hands, these are the hands. [4.152] these stanzas , the poet makes good use of tazad and talmeh art. the artistic and aesthetic power of the verse is increased by these poetic means. the author's good wishes, intentions, and prayers are expressed in the ode to the person or event. commenting on the nasib part of the ode, professor o. nosirov expresses the following thoughts in the description of sakkoki's odes: "in his odes, sakkoki strictly adheres to the requirements of the genre, that is, most of his odes begin with a lyrical introduction (nasib). in the part of nasib , the poet talks about the coming of spring, the beautiful color of nature, the opening of flowers, as well as about the beloved country, about the unfaithfulness of the country, about the dream of visal, the suffering of hijran" [8.130]. erkin vahidov strives for innovation in this regard, for example, in the last part of the ode the ode he ends it by giving an image of nature. i'm telling you, i'll be generous, the island will feed him mysterious amudarya these are the hands, these are the hands. i put an end to my ode, i look at the morning world, these are the hands, these are the hands. hello, sun, hello, world, hello, my poem, you are lonely essay by the heartless, these are the hands, these are the hands. [4.152] 69 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as you can see, in the beginning of the ode, the praise of the hand is given, and at the end, the idea that should be given in "nasib" ends with wonderful allusions. at this point, it should be noted that in the lyrical and classic works of the poets who created before erkin vahidov (even in erkin vahidov), amudarya and syrdarya are described as the ancient, large water basin of our country, the source of life, prosperity, prosperity, and administration. erkin vahidov creates a beautiful allusion to the arol, amudarya and syrdarya in his ode, which is difficult to find in other poet's works. according to him, the poet compares the motherland to a generous saki, the aral sea to an eternal may, and the two rivers to the hands of a saki holding a may. drawing the image of a squire holding a may in one stanza and allegorizing two rivers with two hands is considered to be a product of the poet's rare inventions and innovative skills . the following comments of literary critic tahir qahhor about this ode of erkin vahidov are also noteworthy: " the author of the verse accompanying hafiz's famous line "bideh soqi mayi baqi, ki dar jannat nahohi yoft", in our opinion, navai and lutfiylar are two weeping eyes . khshatan compared the two rivers of turkestan to two great hands that started to improve the country in the new era, it is certainly a discovery. fasohat is a stranger, and a stranger is his owner a great figure like alisher is the hands, these are the hands – erkin vahidov, who loved navai while reciting his verses, showed his creativity and loyalty to him by striving to continue his creative and human qualities in his works and life, is also navai's living pen. the thought that it is one of the hands that he holds ”[12.65] . erkin vahidov's creation of innovation, relying on the traditions of odes, expresses the uniqueness of the poet's work. if the poet's odes were enriched with elements of the lexical layer typical of the period of the old uzbek literary language, in accordance with classical traditions , he repeated the experience of his predecessors in the use of rhyme and radif, the tools of poetic imagery, the system of images in the odes shows signs of innovation. the tradition of introducing the "hand" as a poetic symbol into a work of art has existed in uzbek literature for a long time. in particular, it is clear to all of us that in the poem "hands" by the national poet of uzbekistan, maqsud shaykhzoda, the following verses draw the reader's attention to the nature of human information exchange through "hands": "...for some reason, human hands, but poets are far from grace. however, in every hand there are some meanings, there are signs. it's up to whoever is responsible for it the owner of the eye is revealed to him" [7.184]. in this passage, the poet points out that the human hand is also important in non-verbal communication. and while continuing, in life, expressing the positive qualities of the character of its owner, such as gentle, compassionate, life-giving, bravery, bravery, or, on the contrary, evil, cold, unappetizing, lazy, greedy, thieving, cowardice , he lists in the next lines of the poem that it is a tool that exposes vices, such as inferiority . m. shaikhzada begins the first lines of this poem with the description of the eye and compares it with hands. at the end of the poem , he admits that " the eyes are the mirror of the heart" and compares the hands to the " hands of the heart". in contrast to erkin vahidov's ode "hands", this poem is written in the weight of a finger and is considered a beautiful example of a social lyric in terms of genre. 70 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us speaking about the poems of the poet, we considered it appropriate to acknowledge the following comments of professor y. solijonov : " erkin vahidov not only updated the old ghazal genre in our classical literature, but also the poem genre, which is widespread in eastern literature. he wore a new coat. it is known that qasida is considered a genre with its place and position in the history of uzbek literature . his names sakkokiy, navaiy, fazliy and others are not known to us (because during the soviet era, dozens of poets who praised the king or palace officials and composed odes were called maddoh, because of this, most of them have disappeared from history. 'chiren') many artists lived. erkin vahidov gave a new spirit to this lively genre. the poet wrote his best odes "with a history of a thousand centuries" ago, "to the hardworking people who wake up before the sun rises and work until they lose sight, who do not return from the fields for twelve months of the year, honest, , profound mind" dedicated to perfect people. the odes such as "uzbegim", "inson uzing", "bu kollardir", which occupied an important place in uzbek literature in the 1970s and caused great commotion, are proof of our opinion [ 10.31 ] . in our opinion, regarding the originality of erkin vahidov's odes, it is the ode of his predecessors in contrast to the pride of kings, princes, emirs and begs, who are at the center of the theme , the recognition that the poet was able to openly express all his feelings and emotions during the colonial system. is appropriate. conclusions and recommendations. as a result of researching the poet's odes from a scientific point of view, we made the following conclusions:  the qasida is enriched with socio-philosophical thoughts and reflections is one of the new aspects of literary creativity. that is, in erkin vahidov's odes, it is clear that he boldly moves from the individuality of the predecessors to the universality. this determines the innovative nature of the poet's lyrics ;  the fact that the qasidas are traditionally fully formed in the qasidai tom type also indicates that the poet has thoroughly mastered the traditions of classical literature and artistic requirements;  the poet's ode " uzbegim " is highly valuable as it glorifies the feelings of liberty and freedom, as well as expressing the ideas of independence, national identity, respect for the heritage of ancestors and the pure spirit;  the poet's ode " uzbegim " recognized the roots of our national spirituality and representatives of science, through the odes "insan" and "hands" universal values, humanistic feelings, to life, its real reality and it is of great importance as it reflects the poet's objective attitude to social problems. the name of the poem the size of the portion the size of the gurizgoh section the size of the madh section the size of the plot total number of bytes "uzbegim " 2 bytes 5 bytes 15 bytes 4 bytes 26 bytes "human" 3 bytes 5 bytes 15 bytes 2 bytes 25 bytes " hands " 3 bytes 2 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 13 bytes the name of the poem weight board radif rhyme " uzbegim " ramali musammani mahzuf foilotun //foilotun//foilotun//foilu n –v– – // – v– –// –v– – / / – v– uzbe-gim aa-bada " human" ramali foilotun //foilotun//foilotun//foilu n yourself aa-ba 71 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us musammani mahzuf –v– – // –v– –// –v– – / / – v– da " hands " hazaji musammani salim mafoiylun//mafoiylun//mafoiylun//mafo iylun v – – – // v – – –// v – – – // v – – – these are the hands , these are the hands aa-bada list of used literature 1. alisher navai. (2020). hayrat ul-abrar. tashkent. publishing house named after gafur gulam. 384 p. 2. ahmad tarazi. (1996). fun ul-baloga. tashkent : treasury. – 2 12 b. 3. vahidov e. (2018). kindness of words. tashkent: uzbekistan.. 216 p. 4. vahidov e. (2018). i wish you happiness (devon). – tashkent : gafur ghulam nmiu. 205 b. 5. inoghomov r. ( 1999 ). the fate of poetry. tashkent. university. 116 p. 6. mallaev n. (2021). history of uzbek literature. tashkent. guarantee print company.b. 246. 7. maqsud sheikhzadeh. (1988). the world is eternal. tashkent. publishing house of literature and art named after g'. ghulam. 424 p. 8. nosirov o., jamolov s., ziyoviddinov m. (1979). genres of uzbek classical poetry. – tashkent. teacher. 184 p. 9. oripov a. ( 1988 ) . a child of need. tashkent. young guard.222 p. 10. solijonov y. (2017). ghazal writer poet. proceedings of the republican scientific conference on "the role and importance of erkin vahidov's work in our spiritual life". tashkent. – b. 31. 11. sulaymanov m. ( 2017 ) . hafiz khorezmi's work is an example and honor. // knowledge of science. urganch state university. number 5. b. 47. 12. sulaymanov m. ( 2019). studying the work of hafiz khorezmi based on the biographical method. // namdu scientific bulletin, 2019, issue 4, – b. 191 . 13. sulaymanov.m. article. turkish poetry in the shiraz literary environment of the 15th century. // eastern star . 2018, no. 3. 52. 14. cairo tahir. (2018) hands of alisher navai. light like the sun. t.: uzbekistan., b. 65. 15. kuronov d., mamajonov z., sheraliev m. (2013). dictionary of literary studies. tashkent: akademnashr. 408 p. 16. hasanova m. (2017 ) . maulana sakkakii divan. tashkent. classic word. 144 p. 17. hasanova m. (2021). ode genre and ideological artistic features of erkin vahidov's odes. journal of contemporary issues in business and government | vol 27, issue 3. – p. 13171323. 18. hojiahmedov a. (1999). classic. the merit of artistry. t.: "sharq" publishing-printing concern.240 p. 19. shomurodova s. (2022). the tradition of devanism in uzbek literature of the 20th century: theme, content, weight and artistic images". dissertation written for the degree of doctor of philosophy (phd) in philological sciences. samarkand. 155 p. 249 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 main criteria of speech development narzullaeva shoira baxshilloyevna assistant of the department of history and philology of asia international university. annotation. the article discusses the unique, lexical, stylistic features of the colloquial style, the syntax of this colloquial speech, the special scientific-research works on the lexicon of the colloquial speech, and the tasks to be performed in the future. key words: speech, native speech, speech culture. introduction speech is the use of language in the processes of expression and exchange of ideas, a certain way of life of language as a separate type of social activity. speech refers to the processes of its oral (voice) and written manifestation, that is, the process of speaking and its result (speech ideas, works, stored in memory or recorded in writing). in linguistic theory, the concept of speech is contrasted with the abstract concept of language, which is considered a system of means of expression accepted in a specific language community, and with the concrete, somewhat more general concept of language, which is one of the most characteristic manifestations of social existence (life). original speech (external speech) that serves to convey information and messages to other people in order to influence their behaviour and activities, i.e. speaking, in the form of articulation of language signs perceived by the auditory organs (recorded and repeated using sound recording equipment) or in writing. appears in the form of conditional reflection. in addition to original speech ("external speech"), there is also internal speech. it focuses on discussing and solving various issues that help the speaker to know. internal speech takes place on the basis of external notes, without the use of sound or writing, only in the form of auditory processes that take place with clear images 250 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us of the words in the voice. written speech differs from oral speech in that it is somewhat formed, the words are carefully selected, grammatically clear but complex, and the tone, facial expressions, and hand movements characteristic of oral speech cannot be used directly. there are monologist (see monologue) and dialogic (see dialogue) types of speech. in addition to the communication-intervention function, speech can perform other functions, such as a poetic function. a special form of speech is reading. each person's speech is individual and has its own characteristics; however, the main elements of the language vocabulary and grammatical structure do not belong only to individuals, but are universal, that is, they apply to a specific language community in general. speech is closely related to a person's thinking, his mind. a person's thoughts are formed and exist in speech. thanks to speech and on the basis of speech, it becomes possible to abstractly reflect existence in a general way, to think logically and conceptually, leaving the sphere of individuality and becoming a product of society. speech is of great importance in the manifestation and action of other aspects of a person's psyche, his intuition, perception, memory, thoughts, feelings, will, etc., and in the development of a person's consciousness. depending on the field of speech application, artistic speech, scientific speech, and official speech have forms. in any form and in any case, accuracy, fluency, simplicity, impressiveness should remain the most important features of speech. the speech style has its own lexical and stylistic features. in uzbek linguistics, many scientific and research works should be carried out on the surface of these lexical groups. in uzbek linguistics, special scientific and research work has been carried out on the syntax of colloquial speech and the lexicon of colloquial speech. e. begmatov and bo'rinboyev, who studied the relationship between conversational speech and functional styles, 1 analyzed the comments made in linguistics and came to the following conclusion: 1. colloquial speech is one of the stylistic manifestations of language. 2. colloquial speech is one of the oral forms of literary language. 3. colloquial speech is one of the functional forms of language. 4. colloquial speech everyday speech and others. m. tursunpolatov, who studied the lexicon of colloquial speech included the following word groups characterizing the speech lexicon : words of endearment; 1orinboyev b., begmatov e. "problems of uzbek colloquial speech syntax ", s. 1973. p. 108. 251 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us words with a different meaning; dialectal words characteristic of colloquial speech; special professional words specific to colloquial speech; slang typical of colloquial speech; taboos and euphemisms characteristic of colloquial speech ; imitations and repetitions characteristic of colloquial speech, etc. each speech is spoken with a specific purpose , ideological direction and will have an aesthetic effect . these features are the external character of the speech is typical. sometimes there is unspoken speech directed at the speaker himself . in this the speaker is talking to himself. such a speech is intellectual, kinetic, connected speech. different types of speech are defined by their scope. speech is either oral or written, depending on how language units are used . lexical exercises are called communicative exercises, the content of which consists of the student's practice of performing situational conditional speech activities on the basis of introduced and mastered lexical units. there are different opinions about the concept of speech culture, the period of its emergence, the object of research, its essence, and the way of working . therefore, linguists think about this concept and use the terms speech culture, language culture, speech etiquette and speech etiquette. nowadays, the term speech culture has been recognized by many as a unit representing this concept, and the necessity of researching it as a scientific problem has been approved by many . the issue of distinguishing between language and speech was raised already in the last century. v. gulboldt differentiates between language and speech and says that " dividing language 2into words and rules is not a natural state of language, but a mechanistic work of scientific analysis" , but when it comes to "language is only a regulator for speech and speech" defines only the schemes 3," he says. language units in the speech process ( vocabulary composition, grammatical rules, phonetic possibilities) from a certain part used to express an opinion. so, the communication of people consists of the realization of a certain part of language units. language society 2humboldt vo different organisms and human disease. spb, 1985, p. 141. 3. shteintal g. grammar, logic and psychology are difficult. zvegintsev vakhrastomatiya po istorii zano'ka znanie. xix-xx centuries. zim: 1956. p. 106. 252 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us its importance for development is manifested in the speech process. according to g. shteintal, speech is a form of language that is thought to be happening at the moment 4. in the later periods, speech is considered the process of speaking, and it is defined as follows given: "distinguished from language, we call speech a part of the process of communication using one 5word. " so, the speech is spiritual and in the person being a physiological process , language materials are manifested in practice to be. speech belongs to a single person , it is characteristic of the speaker finds its reflection. that is why singularity in speech is universal does not deviate from the rules of the system. thus, language and speech are interconnected, one cannot exist without the other, but they are different social phenomena. language and speech are "only two aspects" of the communication process 6. language provides material for the process of communication, and speech is the formation of ideas from this material. as language units appear in speech, it is used by speakers of literary language in everyday life, work, family life, and in a festive environment. the main criteria for speech development are: 1. learning and education system: among the main criteria of speech development, people learn and educate themselves. it helps to increase knowledge and information and become people of new character. 2. environment: people also practice in the environment to develop speech. through the environment, people listen to other people, talk and ask and answer questions. 3. goal-oriented practice: among the main criteria of speech development, people make their employees or individuals goal-oriented practice. this is important for the development of their speech and communication skills. 4. consistency: people focus on consistency to improve their speaking and communication skills. when they practice something every day , it helps them strengthen their speaking and communication skills. also, personal motivation and consumption of people are of great importance among the main criteria of speech development. 4psychology. m. 1984. s.262. 5akhmanova os jcherki po obhey i russkoy lexikologii. m.: 1957. s.18. 6prommy sovreminnoy philology. m.: nauka. 1965. s. 172. 253 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us references 1. нарзуллаева, ш. б. (2023). проблема нравственного выбора в романе ю. бондарева «берег». новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 2(13), 240-244 2. нарзуллаева, ш. б. (2023). перспективы развития методики обучения языку. ustozlar uchun, 44(6), 183-186. 3. oxunjonovna, b. d. (2023). mahmud qoshg'ariyning “devonu lugotit turk” dagi shaklini ham, mazmunini ham saqlagan idiomalar tahlili. 4. oxunjonovna, b. d. (2022). o'zbek tilshunosligida lissoniy interferensiyaning ko'rinishlari. pedagogs jurnali, 14(1), 22-25. 5. bobojonova, d. (2023). analysis of idioms that preserve both form and content in mahmud kashgari's" devonu lugotit turk". modern science and research, 2(9), 64-67. 6. bobojonova, d. (2023). mahmoud qoshgari's” devonu lexicotit turk" and its place in linguistics. modern science and research, 2(10), 538-540. 7. okhunjonovna, b. d. (2023). comparative analysis of proverbs in "devonu lug`otit turk" and currently available. european journal of higher education and academic advancement, 1(2), 194–198. retrieved from http://escience.net/index.php/ejheaa/article/view/139 8. bobojonova, d. (2023). the role of mahmud kashgari’s work "devonu lug’otit turk" in the development of the uzbek language. modern science and research, 2(4), 568–5672. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/19394 9. more citation formats 10. bafoeva, r. (2023). ingliz va o’zbek maqollarining shakllanish va o’rganilish masalalari. научный фокус, 1(3), 29-31. 11. bafoeva, r. (2023). ingliz va o’zbek maqollarining kognitiv tahliliingliz vа ozbek mаqollаri tizimlаri hаqidа gаp ketgаndа ulаrning mohiyаti bir-biridаn аjrаlib turishi аniq bo'lаdi, chunki ulаr turli xil tаrixiy, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy shаroitlаrdа rivojlаngаn, vа bu mаqoll. world of science, 6(6), 207211. 12. pirmanovna, n. g., & bafoeva, r. (2023). linguistic and cultural analysis of english and uzbek proverbs. finland international scientific journal of education, social science & humanities, 11(4), 227-230. 254 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 13. bafoeva, r. (2023). the importance of interactive games in learning foreign languages process. modern science and research, 2(10), 510-512. 14. rahmonova, s. (2023). dynamics and main directions of spiritual and cultural reforms implemented in uzbekistan. modern science and research, 2(10), 850-854 15. shuhrat kizi, r. s. . (2023). the development of spiritual and cultural reforms in the development strategy of new uzbekistan. international journal of culture and modernity, 32, 61–66. 16. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 17. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 18. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 19. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o’rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 management tasks and theoretical basis azamjonov ulug‘bek usmonjon o‘g‘li senior teacher of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan abdug‘afforov akbar abdumalik o‘g‘li, abdullayev diyor xamdam o‘g‘li, abdullayev islom shermamat o‘g‘li cadet of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article covers the concept, content and essence of management. in addition, management tasks and theoretical foundations are explained in detail. the description of management in economic, social, spiritual-educational, psychological fields is mentioned. management subject and object, as well as management methods are explained. henri fayol's management principles are explained. keywords: management theory, management problems, market economy, task, organizationaltechnical management, socio-economic management, management work, research methods, knowledge method, management methods. management (english “management” to manage, manage, organize) is:  practical activities aimed at certain goals of production and trade management;  the set of management principles, methods, tools and forms of the science of management theory;  is the leading structure of the enterprise, joint-stock company in the current practice of our country. the concept of "management" has firmly entered our lives and has become common for uzbek work-related activities. but it should be taken into account that we are talking about a new philosophy, in which new systems of values and priorities will be implemented. we consider it expedient to make a comparative analysis of these categories in terms of both the content and the theoretical basis in terms of research goals and objectives. 1 in this regard, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the meaning of the term "management". some authors consider the uzbek word "management" and english "management" to be synonyms. in fact, their content is somewhat different. using the term "management" we follow the established trend in international practice, according to which a completely certain range of events and processes is envisaged under it. in fact, the term "management" will not be a satisfactory substitute for the term "management", since in the latter case it is about managing socio-economic processes within the means and framework of a modern organization. in this 1 usmonjon o‟g, a. u. b., & nodirjonovich, s. s. (2021). the economic mechanisms and implementation of small business and private entrepreneurship. academicia globe: inderscience research, 2(05), 427-431. 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us case, the market type of economic management based on industrialized organization of production or commerce will be an adequate economic basis of management. thus, the term "management" is used to refer to the management of a modern organization, while other terms are used for other purposes, for example: "government administration" public administration and "public administration" social administration. in our conditions, it is necessary to use the terms "organization", "regulation", "management" and "administrative management". nevertheless, if the state, community and other organizations want to achieve their goals with lower costs, higher efficiency of operation and regulation by the state, it is necessary to use some principles and methods of management. when a person experiences these feelings, he evaluates other people's behavior or mental characteristics and his own behavior based on a certain morality, that is, a set of social morals and norms. 2 taking into account the above, in this work the term "management" is also used in the sense of "management" with a certain degree of conditionality. the first interest in management was observed in 1911. at the same time, frederick w. taylor published his book "principles of scientific management", which is traditionally considered the beginning of the recognition of management as an independent field of science and research. of course, the concept of managing it in a systematic way in order to effectively achieve the goals of the organization did not appear immediately. this concept has been developing for a long time, from the middle of the 19th century to the 20th years of our century. the main force behind the early interest in management was the industrial revolution in england. however, the idea that the management itself makes a significant contribution to the development and success of the organization appeared for the first time in america. the emergence and formation of management as a science, a field of scientific research, partly as a response to the needs of big business, partly as an attempt to use the advantages of technology created during the industrial revolution, partly as the achievement of a few curious people who were eager to find the most efficient ways of doing things. the concept of management in a narrow sense is the ability to correctly choose the direction of activity, to be able to make decisions and to control the management of the planning, organization and control processes necessary to achieve the goals of an organization. it depends on what to do and the progress of this process. as peter f. drucker, one of the theorists of management and its organization in the world, says that management is a broad concept, "management is a special type of activity that transforms an unorganized chaotic mass into an effective and efficient group focused on one goal, a society, and a social organization. "is an element that stimulates changes". management is an important influencing force not only within the framework of the enterprise, but also the entire society, the state, which guides it to its chosen path, goals and aspirations, and turns the economy into a strong and stable working mechanism. it is necessary to study management by connecting it with the economic basis of society, taking into account two organizational-technical and socio-economic aspects of management. organizational and technical management is distinguished by the division of labor and cooperation in the preparation of products to obtain a clear consumer value. socio-economic management is related to existing production relations and determines management goals. organizational and technical management is a type of activity that allows creating conditions for increasing labor productivity and production efficiency. the purpose of socio-economic management is to create conditions for workers to work effectively, to form a reliable national system of social protection for them, to ensure employment and to support the disadvantaged 2 baxodir o„g, g. i. f., & abdullo o„g„li, m. i. (2022). socio-psychological characteristics of personality emotion. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 112. 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sections of the population. team mood-a complex of emotions that arise in team members in relation to this or that phenomenon, team mood has a huge power of influence, which is the motive for the behavior and activity of military personnel. while some types of team mood (passion, confidence in success, high spirits) are factors in its success, others (bad mood, distrust of one's own strength, boredom, sadness and dissatisfaction), on the contrary, reduce the capabilities of the team. 3 the essence of management expands with the level of socio-economic relations, the development of production forces and the complexity of economic relations. if management is aimed at creating competition between producers and maximizing profits in the context of different forms of ownership of the means of production in the production process, it is the elements of the market infrastructure that can satisfy the needs of society in exchange for production in the entire economic system and their mutual interaction. will be aimed at the stable operation of the mechanism that ensures communication, taking into account the interests of every citizen, group, association, organization and institution, and their place on the world stage. there are a number of effective ways to manage conflict situations. they can be divided into the following large group. 4 the basis of management is legal science based on objective economic, social and other laws. taking into account the study of these laws and their manifestation in specific situations, business leaders determine the strategy and tactics of managing the republic's economy. in the socio-political sphere:  getting rid of the mechanism and structures of administrative command, authoritarian system;  transition to democratic-legal principles and norms of state building;  building the foundations of the transition to civil society, etc. in the socio-economic sphere:  freedom of economic activity;  diversity of ownership;  ensuring price freedom;  transition to competition;  transition to multi-sectoral economy and market relations, etc. in the spiritual sphere:  education of independent and new thinkers, getting rid of fanaticism and highly politicized ideology. in the field of international relations:  refraining from being separated from the development of the whole world, withdrawing oneself and standing against it;  entering the world community and opening the way for equal cooperation. the transition to market relations is aimed at creating an improved economic mechanism that ensures the effective interaction of production and the market, state management and selfmanagement of enterprises. some types of psychotherapy can help a person learn what defense 3 said o„g„li, s. s., & abdurasul o„g„li, r. s. (2022). psychological view of the military community. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 5-12. 4 dilmurod o„g„li, q. b., & usmon o„g„li, m. r. (2022). conflict and stress management. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 1(3), 10-15. 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mechanisms they are using, how effective they are, and how to use less primitive and more effective mechanisms in the future. 5 any science has its subject, theory and methods. the subject determines what this subject deals with and what field it belongs to. the theory determines the laws of occurrence of processes and events in this field. based on the theory, research methods should show how the scientific and practical activities of people are carried out, it is necessary to develop a system of various means and methods of generalizing and studying phenomena in this field of science. in the first situation, the psychological properties of the subject's behavior appear as the initial and final conditions of the explanation, and in the second external and operational conditions. in the first situation, we talk about motives, needs, goals, wishes, interests, etc., and in the second about incentives arising from the situation. sometimes all factors that determine human behavior from the inside are called personality dispositions. accordingly, dispositional and situational motivations are spoken of as internal and external analogs of behavior determination. that is why the desired action of a person is considered as twofold: dispositional and situational determination. 6 the subject of the science "management" is to study the laws (laws), principles and relations of management at all levels of economic management. management relations are an integral part of socio-economic relations and have various economic, organizational, social, labor, psychological and other forms. management relationships represent a complex set of relationships and interactions between employees under the manager, so management is primarily the management of people. there is a specific basis for the division of group members with "conflict-of-regulation relations" related to the hierarchy within an unregulated group. these are, for example, the time spent in a group, age, gender, place of residence before entering a social organization, etc. in this case, the object of ―relations contrary to the charter” is a person who does not accept the existing hierarchy or does not achieve informal status in the group, allowing him to take an equal position with the rest of the group. 7 5 furqat o„g„li, m. t. (2022). the mechanism of psychological protection in a person. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 13-19. 6 diyorbek o„tkir o„g, a. (2022). personal activity and motivation. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 13-22. 7 olimjon o„g„li, o. o., & shuxrat o„g„li, z. i. (2022). the main features and signs of “relations contrary to the charter”(on the example of russian experience). web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 17-21. 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the management object consists of labor teams and individual employees. only the material elements of production, i.e. labor tools and objects, are affected by means of their labor activity. the object of management includes meaning from the micro-reality to the macro-reality (material world, society) level. management entities and their heads are management entities. management methods encourage people and society to fulfill the requirements of the laws of objective social and economic development. they represent a certain method, style, way to achieve the goal. so, the management method is a special way of seeking coordination of the activities of workers and employees in the process of achieving the goal set for the management object in general. strict stratification within the group is associated with the conditions for the existence of closed communities: firstly, the group is faced with the need to solve most of the problems that arise with its resources, and secondly, the group is deprived of the opportunity to redirect. negative emotional stress accumulated from the outside. 8 1. the system method is used in solving management problems and is based on the system as a whole. in developed countries, there are: systematic complex, systematic content, systematic functional, systematic communicative and other forms. 2. the complex method of research studies events and their relationships with each other not only with this method of science, but with other sciences that study the same phenomena. 3. the structural method of research consists in dividing complex phenomena into parts. 4. situational approach is to determine the optimal methods of management activity depending on internal and external conditions. 5. integrative approach this research method is management based on taking into account the indicators of other methods. 6. modeling is a method of managing the managed object using various schemes, graphs and drawings, preparation of rough materials. 7. mathematical approach mathematical methods and computers are widely used for optimal decision making. 8. the observation method is a method of collecting information about the management object on a planned, scientific, organized basis. 9. experiment application of the methods that have passed the model experiment in relation to the object managed on the basis of management. these are just a few advantages of the digital economy. the development of the digital economy has a positive effect on our daily life, provides many additional opportunities for the average user, and can also ensure the growth and development of the market. 9 in addition, the most basic knowledge method of management is the dialectical method, which helps management to reveal the essence of the studied social phenomena. management methods can be divided into administrative-organizational, economic, social-psychological and legal forms according to the specific characteristics of influence. the skill of management consists in having the ability to acquire all his methods, to evaluate and apply them correctly, to find the most effective one in each specific situation. the practical aspects of management are aimed at solving the following specific tasks: transitioning the economy to market relations, making profit, increasing production efficiency, strengthening the social protection of the population, raising the moral level of people, etc. 8 ravshanjon o„g, j. r. m., & rustam o„g„li, s. u. (2022). socio-psychological reasons for the origin of “relations contrary to the charter”. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 22-28. 9 usmonjon o„g, a. u. b., & obidjon o„g„li, a. o. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230235. 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main tasks of its theoretical aspects are as follows:  studying the theoretical foundations of management;  study and practice the main methods of management in the conditions of the market economy;  acquisition of professional knowledge in the field of management activities;  provide an understanding of management principles and functions;  communications and their use in the management process to develop skills;  about the style and culture of professional skills in leadership activities imparting knowledge;  to study and analyze the management system in the economy of the republic of uzbekistan;  studying foreign experiences, teaching based on their comparison, teaching, etc. upon completion of the search work, the author analyzed selective publications that touch upon both the problems of conceptualizing the digital economy as a complex socio-economic phenomenon and its differences from other concepts and categories, and applied aspects of the digital economy, including the introduction of appropriate technologies. 10 based on its goals, tasks, and functions, the science of "management" develops in an integral connection with other general economic, humanitarian, natural, and mathematical sciences. the methodological basis of the science is determined by the sciences of economic theory, management, and market theory. in addition, it is related to such disciplines as sociology, psychology, personnel management, econometrics, and network economics. because management is mainly the management of people and society, organization of work, creation of workplaces and conditions, control over the performance of specified tasks, application of performance indicators in the evaluation of activity results, and management psychology. requiring culture to have its own style and studying them is the basis for the joint development of the science of "management" theory in connection with the above-mentioned disciplines. in the light of all these trends, the concepts of "digital economy" and "knowledge economy" are becoming inseparable. science and the new knowledge it produces are the central core on which almost all aspects of the modern economy are "strung", based on the scientific and technological paradigm general principles and standards of development based on innovative sources of growth associated primarily with the use of breakthrough results of fundamental and applied research. this paradigm includes the widespread use of the most modern methods and technologies for research and development, including on a digital basis. 11 as we learned from our information on the history of management, the concept of the possibility of using scientific principles to increase the productivity of the organization appeared when management as a science was still in its infancy. the systematic application of the scientific method to management problems was the basis of scientific management. but the origin of the school of management thought is recent. management science appeared in england during the second world war when a group of scientists was tasked with solving complex military problems such as the optimal placement of civil defense and firing positions, the depth of detonation of anti-ship bombs, and the optimization of the convoy of transport convoys. in the 1950s and 1960s, the methodology was updated, turning into a number of unique methods, and began to be used more widely in solving problems in industry and making decisions in various situations. today, the models and methods of management science are used to solve the following issues: managing traffic flows in cities 10 абдуллаева, м. (2020). теоретические аспекты определения, развития цифровой экономики и еѐ зарождение в республике узбекистан. in library, 20(3), 21-27. 11 абдуллаева, м. (2020). дистанционное обучение: мировая практика, достижения, риски, перспективы. in library, 20(4), 231-235. 37 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and optimizing traffic schedules at airports, creating work schedules for classes and auditoriums at universities, managing stored goods in supermarkets and department stores, producing new types of products, various in the allocation of costs for the advertising of products, in the planning of material supply, in the distribution of equipment and labor resources for the production of various products in the factory, in the preparation of the game schedule of the football league for the season, etc. among the terminological predilections that have developed in science, despite all the imagery of concepts: hidden, underground, informal, illegal economy, the term “shadow economy” still remains popular, which is one of the most significant and relevant topics of our time. 12 the center of management science is "to provide the leaders of the organization with a scientific basis for solving the problems related to the mutual relations of the organizational components for the benefit of the organization as a whole." this is important for all organizations, but applying this principle to large organizations can be difficult due to the high degree of specialization. according to churchman, ackoff, and arnoff: "in the organization, each functional unit (department, department or sector) is obliged to perform a part of the general work. each of these parts is necessary to achieve the overall goals of the organization. however, the result of this division of labor is that each functional unit develops its own goals. for example, the production department is usually engaged in reducing production costs and increasing the volume of production. the marketing department tries to minimize the unit costs of the sales volume, and it tries to maximize the volume. the finance department tries to optimize the organization's investment policy. the hr department makes every effort to hire good employees at minimum costs and keep them in the organization. these goals do not always agree with each other in essence and often contradict each other. in decision-making modeling and fit-for-purpose methods, service professionals identify alternative decisions that balance competing goals by attempting to evaluate possible trade-offs as goals diverge. understanding the approach from the point of view of management science will help you to effectively deal with office professionals and work with them to clearly articulate effective solutions to organizational problems. in terms of management, the approach to desegregating schools actually includes four different perspectives. at buyer, management is considered from four different points of view. these are scientific management, administrative management, human relations and ethics, and schools of management science or quantitative methods. a process-like approach views management as a continuous series of interrelated management functions. in the systematic approach, it is emphasized that managers should consider the organization as a set of interrelated elements, such as people, structure, issues and technology, aimed at achieving different goals in a changing external environment. the situational approach draws attention to the fact that the suitability of various methods of management is determined by the situation. due to the abundance of various factors in the external environment, as well as in the organization itself, there is no single "best" method of managing the organization. the most effective method in a particular situation is the method that is most suitable for this situation. in the first half of the 20th century, four distinct schools of management thought developed. 12 абдуллаева, м. (2021). теневая экономика, еѐ влияние на экономическую систему. in library, 21(4), 86-101. 38 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contributions of different directions school of scientific management 1. the use of scientific analysis to determine better ways to perform a task. 2. to select the most suitable workers for the performance of tasks and ensure their training. 3. providing workers with the necessary resources for effective performance of tasks. 4. systematic and correct use of financial incentives to increase productivity. 5. separation of planning and reflection from the work itself. classical school of management 1. development of management principles. 2. classification of management functions. 3. a systematic approach to the management of the entire organization. school of human relations and school of moral sciences 1. use interpersonal relationship management techniques to increase satisfaction and productivity. 2. the application of the sciences of human ethics to the management and formation of the organization in such a way that each worker can be fully used according to his competence. school of management science 1. deepening the understanding of complex management processes due to the development and application of models. 2. development of quantitative methods as an aid to leaders making decisions in complex situations. in chronological order, they are listed as follows: school of scientific management, school of administration, school of psychology and human relations, and school of management science (or quantitative school). scientific management (1885 1920). scientific management f.u. taylor, frank and lilia gilbreth are closely related to the work of henry gantt. the creators of this scientific school of management believed that many manual operations could be perfected using observation, measurements, logic, and analysis, and they tried to achieve their efficient performance. the first methodological period of scientific management is the analysis of the content of work and the identification of its main components. for example, taylor carefully measured how much iron ore or coal a person could lift in a shovel of different dimensions. and the gilberts invented the microchronometer. using it in conjunction with a motion picture camera, they knew exactly what actions were taken in specific operations and how much time was spent on them. based on the information obtained, they changed work operations to eliminate redundancies and sought to improve work efficiency by using standard procedures and equipment. for example, taylor found that if workers used shovels with a capacity of 21 pounds (about 8.6 kg). the maximum amount of iron ore and coal can be increased. compared to the previous system, this gave a phenomenal breakthrough. scientific management did not ignore the human factor. an important contribution of this school was the regular use of incentives to increase the productivity and volume of production. also, the possibility of short breaks and inevitable breaks in production was foreseen, therefore, the amount of time allocated to the completion of the assigned tasks was realistically and fairly determined. this allowed management to set production standards that could be met, and anyone who exceeded the minimum would be paid extra. an important element in this approach is that those who produce more are rewarded more. the authors of works on scientific management also recognized the importance of choosing people who are physically and mentally suitable for the work they are doing, and they also emphasized the great importance of training. scientific management also advocated the separation of planning and critical thinking functions from actually doing things. taylor and his contemporaries recognized that the work of 39 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us management is indeed a distinct specialty, and that the organization as a whole will succeed if each group of workers concentrates on what it does best. this approach was in stark contrast to the old system where workers planned their own work. the ministry of innovative development was created, the main the directions of which are: the introduction of innovations in state and public construction; in the sector of the economy; agriculture; social development; system of environmental protection and nature management; initiation, coordination and stimulation introduction of advanced technologies. 13 the concept of scientific management became a turning point, due to which management was widely recognized as an independent field of scientific research. for the first time, effective managers and scientists saw that the methods and approaches used in science and technology can be used effectively in the practice of achieving organizational goals. classical or administrative school in management (1920-1950). the authors who wrote about scientific management devoted their research mainly to production management. they worked to improve productivity at a lower level than management. with the establishment of the administrative school, experts began to systematically develop approaches to improve the overall management of the organization. taylor and gilbreth began their careers as ordinary workers, and this undoubtedly influenced their perceptions of organization and management. in contrast to them, the authors of the school of administrative management, which is more familiar as the classical school, had direct work experience as top managers of management in big business. henri fayol, whose name is associated with the creation of this school and who is sometimes called the father of management, headed a large french coal mining company. urwick was a management consultant in england. a.k. james d. mooney, who co-authored research with reilly, worked at general motors under alfred p. sloan. supporters of the classical school, like the creators of the theory of scientific management, were not too concerned about the social aspects of management. in addition, their work is not based on scientific methodology to a certain extent, it is based on personal observations. "classics" tried to look at organizations from the perspective of a bright future, and they also tried to determine the general characteristics and legitimacy of organizations. the goal of the classical school was based on the universal principles of management, while it was based on the idea that adherence to these principles would lead to the undoubted success of the organization. these principles touch on two main aspects. one of them was the development of a rational system of organization management. having determined the basic principles of business, theorists-"classics" were sure to find the best way to divide the organization into departments and working groups. traditionally, these functions were finance, production and marketing. determining the main functions of management is closely related to this. fayol's main contribution to management theory is that he considered management as a universal process, which consisted of several interrelated functions such as development and organization. the second category of classical principles related to the structure of the organizational structure and the management of employees. an example of this can be the principle of sole leadership, according to which a person should receive orders from only one boss and only obey him. the example summarizes henri fayol's 14 principles of management, many of which are still useful despite the changes that have occurred since fayol first described them. henri fayol's principles of management 13 абдуллаева, м. (2021). роль государства в управлении инновационными процессами: международная практика, опыт республики узбекистан. in library, 21(1), 14–17. 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. division of labor. specialization is as natural as it gets. the goal of job sharing is to get more and better work done in this effort. this is achieved by reducing the number of goals to which attention and efforts are directed. 2. authority and responsibility. authority is the right to command, and responsibility is its opposite. where authority is given, there is responsibility. 3. discipline. discipline implies obedience and respect for agreements reached between the firm and its workers. establishing these agreements that bind firms and workers that create disciplinary formalities should remain one of the most important tasks of industry leaders. discipline also provides for fairly applied sanctions. 4. solo leadership. an employee should receive orders only from a direct supervisor. 5. unity of direction. each group operating within the framework of one goal should be united by a single plan and have one leader. 6. subordination of personal interests to common interests. the interests of one worker or group of workers cannot prevail over the interests of a larger company or organization. 7. rewarding employees. to ensure the loyalty and replacement of workers, they must receive a fair wage for their service. 8. centralization. centering is as natural as cocktail distribution. however, the appropriate level of centralization will vary depending on the specific circumstances. therefore, there is a question about the right balance between centralization and decentralization. it is a problem of determining the standards that will ensure the best possible results. 9. scalar chain. a scalar chain is a series of persons in leadership positions. this chain extends from the person in the highest position to the leader of the lower level. 10. order. there is a place for everything and everything in its place. 11. justice. justice is a combination of goodness and righteousness. 12. stability of workplace for employees. frequent absenteeism of personnel reduces the efficiency of the organization. an average boss who sticks to his job is definitely better than a popular, talented manager who doesn't stick to his job and quickly quits. 13. initiative. initiative means developing a plan and ensuring its successful implementation. it gives strength and energy to the organization. 14. corporate consciousness. union is strength. this is the result of the harmony of the employees. source: henri fayol. general and industrial management (london: pitman, 1949), pp. 20-41. conclusion in conclusion, it should be said that the management is to make people interested in conscious work and entrepreneurship, to control their responsibility for work, to ensure that their knowledge and skills have a positive effect on their activities, and to organize incentives. the subject of this science consists of a set of theoretical and practical principles that represent the forms and methods of organizing management in all stages of economic management. a leader who has mastered the methods of management and knows how to use them effectively has a great impact on the development of the entire economy, not only in production. literature 1. usmonjon o‟g, a. u. b., & nodirjonovich, s. s. (2021). the economic mechanisms and implementation of small business and private entrepreneurship. academicia globe: inderscience research, 2(05), 427-431. 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. baxodir o„g, g. i. f., & abdullo o„g„li, m. i. (2022). socio-psychological characteristics of personality emotion. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 1-12. 3. usmonjon o„g, a. u. b., & obidjon o„g„li, a. o. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230-235. 4. said o„g„li, s. s., & abdurasul o„g„li, r. s. (2022). psychological view of the military community. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 5-12. 5. абдуллаева, м. (2020). теоретические аспекты определения, развития цифровой экономики и еѐ зарождение в республике узбекистан. in library, 20(3), 21-27. 6. dilmurod o„g„li, q. b., & usmon o„g„li, m. r. (2022). conflict and stress management. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 1(3), 10-15. 7. абдуллаева, м. (2020). дистанционное обучение: мировая практика, достижения, риски, перспективы. in library, 20(4), 231-235. 8. furqat o„g„li, m. t. (2022). the mechanism of psychological protection in a person. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 13-19. 9. абдуллаева, м. (2021). теневая экономика, еѐ влияние на экономическую систему. in library, 21(4), 86-101. 10. diyorbek o„tkir o„g, a. (2022). personal activity and motivation. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 13-22. 11. абдуллаева, м. (2022). introduction of digital technologies into educational processes: theory and practice. in library, 22(1), 133-141. 12. olimjon o„g„li, o. o., & shuxrat o„g„li, z. i. (2022). the main features and signs of “relations contrary to the charter”(on the example of russian experience). web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 17-21. 13. абдуллаева, м. (2020). инновационная экономика республики узбекистан: достижения, проблемы. in library, 20(1), 12–15.4. 14. ravshanjon o„g, j. r. m., & rustam o„g„li, s. u. (2022). socio-psychological reasons for the origin of “relations contrary to the charter”. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 22-28. 15. абдуллаева, м. (2021). роль государства в управлении инновационными процессами: международная практика, опыт республики узбекистан. in library, 21(1), 14–17. 16. oyniso, a. (2023). scientific interpretation of the problem of negotiation in the works of eastern scientists. world of science: journal on modern research methodologies, 2(3), 138148. 17. oyniso, a. (2023). the views of eastern scholars regarding entering into negotiations. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 2(5), 151-156. 18. www.library.ru http://www.library.ru/ 129 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of different assessment tools in measuring student learning outcomes jahonova ra’no akbar qizi bachelor student of navoi state pedagogical institute abstract: assessment tools are significant to gauge student learning outcomes. the aim of this thesis is to conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various assessment tools in assessing student learning outcomes. in order to compile a list of frequently employed assessment tools, they conducted bibliographical research. according to the results, the most effective assessment tools are those that are reliable and validated. additionally, the research underscores the significance of selecting appropriate assessment tools that meet specific needs and objectives. keywords: assessment, criteria, learning outcomes, language acquisition, assessment tools, comparative analysis, learning objectives, specific needs. introduction in school, the main goal is to make sure that teaching and learning are effective, so that students can learn and gain knowledge, skills, and abilities that are important. to know if this is happening, we need to assess how well students are learning. but it's important to choose the right tools to measure this accurately. this study will compare different assessment tools used in different schools to see which ones work best in measuring how well students are learning. assessment tools serve as the means to capture and evaluate students' knowledge, skills, and understanding across various domains. these tools can range from traditional examinations, tests, and quizzes to alternative approaches such as projects, portfolios, and reflective journals. each assessment tool possesses its distinct attributes, strengths, and limitations, which influence its effectiveness in capturing diverse aspects of student learning outcomes. comparing different assessment tools helps us see what's good and not so good about each one. this helps teachers, people who make rules about education, and schools decide which tool is the best for figuring out how well students are learning. we are doing a study to see which assessment tools are the best for measuring how well students are learning. we will look at different things like how well the tools match what the students are supposed to learn, how trustworthy and accurate they are, if they can measure more advanced thinking skills, how interested the students are in using them, and how helpful the feedback is. we will also see if things like what grade level the students are in, what subject they are studying, and what culture they are from affect how well the tools work. this research is trying to help teachers and schools find better ways to test how well students are learning. they are looking at lots of different ways to do this and want to share their findings with teachers and schools. they hope that their research will also help make better tests in the future. 130 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this paper is going to compare different ways that teachers measure how much students have learned. it will look at lots of different factors and things that can affect the results. by studying the good and bad parts of these ways of measuring learning, the researchers hope to give teachers and schools useful information so they can make better choices about how to test students. the goal is to help everyone learn better. literature review assessment is an integral part of the learning process, providing valuable insights into student knowledge acquisition and progress. educators and researchers have continuously explored various assessment tools to measure student learning outcomes effectively. this literature review aims to examine existing research on the comparative analysis of assessment tools and their effectiveness in measuring student learning outcomes. assessment tools are like ways teachers check how well students are doing in school. one way is by giving them tests where they have to write down answers to questions. another way is by giving them assignments to do at home that show how well they understand what they're learning. and sometimes, students have to stand up in front of the class and talk about something to show how well they can speak and explain things. performance-based assessment is a way for teachers to see how well students are doing by looking at their work and projects. they can collect examples of the things students have done and see how they have improved over time. sometimes students will work on a project that is like something they might do in the real world, and the teacher will see how well they can use what they have learned to solve problems or make something. other times, students might pretend to be in a certain situation and show the teacher how they would handle it. alternative methods are different ways that students can evaluate their own work or give feedback to their friends. this helps them learn how to think about their own thinking. online assessments are tests or assignments that students can do on a computer or tablet. they give the students immediate feedback and show them how well they are doing. performance-based assessments are about using what kids learn in real-life situations. they help kids think critically and use their knowledge in practical ways. alternative methods, like selfassessment and peer-assessment, help kids learn to be independent and take responsibility for their learning. traditional methods are good for subjects with lots of information to remember. they check if kids know and understand the material well. motivation and engagement are important for students to stay interested and excited about learning. when they have tasks that are based on their performance or involve projects, they tend to feel more motivated and engaged because they can be more involved and use their hands. another way to make learning more interesting is by using different methods, like doing assessments online, which makes it more fun and gets more students involved. authenticity and transferability mean that we want to make sure that what we learn in school can be used in the real world. performance-based assessments and simulations help us practice using our knowledge and skills in real-life situations. other ways of checking our learning, like assessing ourselves or having our friends assess us, help us learn how to think about our thinking and keep learning throughout our lives. methodology this study used a mixed methods approach to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of different assessment tools used to measure student learning outcomes. this study was conducted in a diverse sample of educational settings, including both secondary schools and universities. first sample: purposive sampling method was used to select a representative sample of educational institutions. the sample included both urban and rural settings, ensuring a diverse range of students and academic backgrounds. 131 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. assessment tools: this study focused on a variety of assessment tools, including traditional exams, project-based assessment, continuous assessment, and innovative digital assessment methods. a careful selection process ensured the inclusion of tools from a variety of disciplines and educational levels. 3. data collection: quantitative data was collected through conducting evaluations and qualitative data was collected through interviews with educators and students. assessments cover a wide range of cognitive skills, from memory to critical thinking, and provide a complete picture of student learning outcomes. 4. data analysis: statistical techniques such as anova and regression analysis were used to quantitatively compare the effectiveness of different evaluation tools. qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis to gain insight into teachers' and students' perspectives and experiences. results the analysis revealed varying effectiveness among the different assessment tools. project-based assessments demonstrated a significant positive impact on higher-order thinking skills, while traditional exams excelled in assessing foundational knowledge. digital assessment methods showed promise in providing real-time feedback and engaging students in the learning process. the findings suggest that a diversified approach to assessment, combining traditional and innovative tools, may offer a more comprehensive understanding of student learning outcomes. context-specific factors, such as subject matter and educational level, influenced the effectiveness of assessment tools. discussion the discussion delves into the implications of the results for educational practices. it explores how educators can strategically integrate diverse assessment tools to cater to different learning styles and foster a more inclusive educational environment. additionally, the study discusses the importance of professional development for educators to effectively implement and adapt various assessment strategies. the limitations of the study, such as the sample size and potential biases, are acknowledged. recommendations for future research include longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impact of different assessment tools and exploring the role of technology in shaping the future of educational assessments. generally, the study contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on effective assessment practices, emphasizing the need for a balanced and context-aware approach in measuring student learning outcomes. conclusion this comparative study has illuminated the varied degrees to which evaluation instruments are useful in gauging the learning objectives of students. the study emphasizes the value of a multifaceted strategy that takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of various assessment techniques. while traditional exams remain essential for evaluating core knowledge, project-based assessments are emerging as useful tools for fostering higher-order thinking skills. the results highlight that when choosing assessment instruments, educators must take a careful and context-specific approach. combining traditional and cutting-edge teaching strategies can accommodate students' varied learning preferences and offer a more comprehensive picture of their academic performance. it is essential to embrace technology improvements in education and modify assessment procedures in line with the ongoing evolution of the field. the study recognizes the potential of digital assessment methods to improve student engagement and provide real-time feedback, and 132 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it recommends more research into their integration. generally, this study adds to the continuing discussion on efficient assessment procedures and provides useful information for teachers, curriculum designers, and legislators. understanding the complexity of student learning outcomes allows teachers to modify assessment strategies to better fit the changing demands of contemporary education. reference 1. ismail, roshana & abdul. 2012. a public sector comparator for value for money assessment tools. asian social science, 8 (7), 192-201. 2. murray & harvey, r. (2010). relationship influences on students’ academic achievement, psychological health and well-being at school. educational and child psychology, 27, 104115. 3. wang, m., & holcombe, r. (2010). adolescents' perceptions of school environment, engagement, and academic achievement in middle school. american educational research journal, 47, 633–662. 4. reeves, d. b. (2004). making standards work: how to implement standard-based assessments in the classroom, school, and district (3th ed.). englewood: advanced learning press. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх statistical analysis of small business and private business entities operating in the field of transport in the republic of karakalpakstan abdullaev akhror jakhbarovich doctor of philosophy in economics, assistant, professor at the transport economy, tashkent state, transport university, uzbekistan, tashkent raimova durdona durdibay qizi assistant, assistant of the department of transport economy tashkent state transport, university, uzbekistan, tashkent abstract in the article, the directions of improving the efficiency of small business and private entrepreneurship in the republic of karakalpakstan, the analysis of the main indicators of small business and private entrepreneurship, ensuring the competitiveness of small business and private entrepreneurship are widely covered. keywords: small business, entrepreneurship, private entrepreneurship, business, level of development of entrepreneurship, classification of business entities, small enterprise, micro-firm. introduction the level of development of the state transport system is one of the most important signs of its technological progress and civilization. the current stage of socio-economic changes in uzbekistan is the stage of institutional reforms aimed at creating effective market mechanisms. the main national interests in the field of economy are concentrated in the following directions: increasing the competitiveness of the economy, its efficiency and stability, aimed at eliminating structural imbalances. road transport as a business activity is one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy. entrepreneurship in this field of production is carried out both in the form of individual entrepreneurship and in the form of a legal entity (enterprise) with various organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership. however, the leading role in the service market belongs to automobile transport enterprises. main body currently, transport has a significant impact on the development of the entire country. in particular, the share of small business in the gnp in the republic of karakalpakstan in januarydecember 2022 was 56.6%. in january-december 2022, 4,308 new small enterprises and microenterprises (excluding farms and peasant farms) were established. as of january-december 2022, 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the services provided in the transport sector amounted to 2830.1 billion soums. 33,692,000 tons of cargo transported by road, and 40,179,400 passengers. the transport of our country serves to solve important tasks such as eliminating economic backwardness in remote areas, raising the socio-economic and cultural level and well-being of the population, developing productive forces in the regions, and achieving a positive integration effect. transport also creates conditions for the formation of local and national markets. road transport is one of the most important components of small business and private entrepreneurship of the republic of karakalpakstan as the basis of the transport complex. its effective functioning is, on the one hand, a necessary condition for the vital activity of the economic sphere and the social sphere. on the other hand, the economy and society form a "public order" for the development of the road transport system, which must develop the market according to its own characteristics. it consists in meeting the needs of consumers of transport services. providing high-quality transport services to the population, including workers and employees working in all spheres of the economy, pupils and students studying in educational institutions, are the most important issue facing road transport. today, no citizen's movement (going from one destination to another) can be imagined without transport. 140.2 million by all types of road transport in january-december 2022. people were transported, and this indicator was 102.0% compared to the same period last year. cars carry out the entire transport process from the producer to the consumer or carry out its initial, intermediate or final stage in cooperation with other types of transport. road transport is of great importance for the life of the country's population. passenger car transport performs not only the production tasks of transporting the working population, but also the social tasks associated with domestic and cultural travel. car transport in the republic of karakalpakstan is the most flexible and mass transport. the main reasons for the active use of the vehicle are its inherent high speed, regularity and flexibility of cargo delivery, as well as the necessary level of urgency. greater mobility, the ability to quickly respond to changes in passenger traffic increases the competitiveness of motor vehicles in the organization of local passenger transportation. the range of vehicles is wide. it carries out most of the short distance transport within the district. in the northern and eastern regions, where other types of land transport are almost nonexistent, they carry out inter-regional transport. unlike other types of transport, road transport transports international cargo in ever-increasing volumes. road transport is one of the important sectors of the national economy and is developing as an integral part of the unified transport system. in modern conditions, further development of the economy cannot be imagined without well-established means of entrepreneurship in the country's economy. in the republic of karakalpakstan, which has its own huge territory, it is transport that unites all sectors of the economy into a single complex. it is transport that ensures not only the normal functioning of the state, but also its national security and integrity. road transport is a link between other types of transport in combined transport modes. this ensures high accuracy and reliability of delivery, which helps it to transport valuable cargo and long distances. 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. freight transportation, cargo turnover, passenger transportation and passenger turnover in road transport. (in january-december 2022) 1 every year in our country, the number of commercial and socially important passenger and cargo vehicles is increasing, and the car park is increasing dramatically. thus, the efficient operation of road transport is a necessary condition for the successful development of the economic complex and the social sphere. after all, the work of many sectors of the national economy is directly related to road transport, and the income from road transport increases expenses in other sectors of the national economy, which means that labor productivity increases, the delivery time of goods decreases and transport costs decrease. affects the economic development of individual regions and the entire country. in order to further increase the level of development of automobile transport and to increase the number of rolling stock used in order to meet the needs of our country and its population for transportation services, it is necessary to develop entrepreneurship in the field of automobile engineering and provide transportation and automobile services, and give priority to small business. this will help to increase the efficiency of road transport and reduce the share of costs in the cost of production of goods producing industries, and increase the well-being of the population. in the republic of karakalpakstan, in january-december 2022, 24,006 small enterprises and micro-firms (except farmers and farms) were registered with the state, compared to the corresponding period of the previous year (21,048) 114.0 was a percentage. trade (32.3 %), agriculture, forestry and fishing (16.6 %), industry (16.0 %) of all registered in the trade network of small enterprises and micro-enterprises ), construction (10.7%), accommodation and catering services (6.5%) and transportation and storage (4.3%) and information and communication (1.7%) economic activities. 'registered. 1 author development 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2. the share of newly established small enterprises and micro-enterprises in january-december 2022 by types of economic activity (without farmers and farms, significantly compared to the total) source: statistics department of the republic of karakalpakstan. as can be seen from figure 2, the main part of newly established small enterprises and microfirms corresponds to types of trade activities. the smallest share corresponds to the type of information and communication activity. shipping. 33.7 million by road transport in january-december 2022. tons of cargo was transported, and the growth rate compared to january-december 2021 was 101.3%. 865.8 mln cargo turnover by road transport types. tn-km, and the growth rate compared to januarydecember 2021 was 100.4%. table 1. freight transportation and cargo turnover in road transport january-december 2022, million tons in the interest account compared to january-march 2021 transported cargo, mln. tn 33,7 101,3 freight turnover, mln. tn-km 868,5 100,4 the growth rate of the freight turnover of individual entrepreneurs compared to januarydecember 2021 was 95.6% and amounted to 392.4 million. thank you reached the share of private cargo carriers in the total volume of cargo turnover was 89.7% (91.0% in januarydecember 2021). the city of nukus (8062.4 thousand tons) takes the leading place in terms of cargo transported by cities and districts of the republic of karakalpakstan. at the same time, the highest tonnage was observed in tortkol (6450.2 thousand tons) and amudarya (3659.0 thousand tons) districts. providing high-quality transport services to the population, including workers and employees working in all spheres of the economy, pupils and students studying in educational institutions, are the most important issue facing road transport. today, no citizen's movement (going from one destination to another) can be imagined without transport. passenger transportation. 140.2 million by all types of road transport in january-december 2022. people were transported, and this indicator was 102.0% compared to the same period last year. 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 2. road transport and passenger traffic january-december 2022 in the interest account compared to january-march 2021 passengers transported by transport, mln. person 140,2 102,0 passenger turnover, mln. passenger-km 4119,6 103,4 the total passenger turnover in road transport reached 103.4% compared to january-december 2021 and amounted to 4119.6 million. organized passenger-km. the city of nukus (51,047.9 thousand people) took the leading place in terms of passenger transportation in the cities and districts of the republic. at the same time, the highest figures were observed in tortkol (14,227.3 thousand people) and beruniy (13,006.2 thousand people) districts. conclusion small business is becoming an important part of the development of transport services, but due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, the potential of this sector has not been fully realized. factors limiting the development of small business in the transport sector are:  imperfect legal framework and insufficient protection of the interests of small and mediumsized businesses in the transport complex;  limited opportunities to use financial and credit mechanisms to replenish working capital and update the operating structure, its cost and, as a rule, lack of sufficient collateral for the bank;  insufficient level of informational and methodical provision of small and medium-sized businesses. the state's efforts should be aimed at solving the main problems in the most promising sectors of the transport market from the point of view of small business development. road transport takes the leading place in the development of small business in the cargo and passenger transport sectors. there are quite a lot of opportunities in the field of transport organization and cargo transportation. an important problem for these segments of the market is the condition of vehicles and equipment, the complexity of their renewal by small enterprises. thus, the age structure and technical condition of the truck fleet is not satisfactory: in transport, small business dominates (use of public highways and road facilities, cargo transportation, organization of cargo transportation, information services to carriers and users of their services). references: 1. xeyne pol., piter bouttke, devid prichitko. ekonomicheskiy obraz mishleniya. m.: vilyams. 2016. 528 s 2. maliy biznes: uchebnoye posobiye/kollektiv avtorov; pod red. v.ya. gorfinkelya. 2ye izd., ster.m.: knorus, 2011. 336 s. 3. g‘ulomov s.s. tadbirkorlik va kichik biznes. –t.:sharq,. 365 b., 4. information of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan / stat.uz. 5. muftaydinov q. iqtisodiyotni erkinlashtirish sharoitida tadbirkorlikni rivojlanti-rish muammolari: iqt.fan.dok….diss.t. o‘zmu. 2004. 276 b. 6. sablikova m.s. maliy biznes v rossii i zarubejom spbniuitmo. sankt peterburg, rossiya// scienceforum.ru/2014/pdf/4664.pdf 7. statistics department of the republic of karakalpakstan. 80 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 comparing american and english realism: similarities and differences in literature umarkulova diyora 3rd year student, uzbekistan state world languages university, uzbekistan, tashkent city abstract: this article compares and contrasts american and english realism, two literary movements that emerged in the 19th century. both movements share a commitment to portraying life and society realistically and addressing social issues. however, they differ in their geographical settings, cultural contexts, authors and works, and specific themes and styles. american realism focuses on the united states and often explores individualism and the american dream, while english realism is centered in england and may delve into themes like social class, morality, and the impact of industrialization. the article highlights the similarities and differences between these two literary movements in terms of setting, cultural context, authors and works, and style and themes. keywords: american realism, english realism, literary movements, commitment, portraying life, society realistically, social issues, individualism. as english literature and american literature plays an important role where the term literature is concerned, identifying the difference between english literature and american literature is essential for literature students. as you may already know, literature encompasses a wide variety of written works, especially those with eternal artistic value and it is not confined to a particular geographical area, yet it is rather spread in almost every country. for example, published literary works in france is termed french literature while published literary works in india is called indian literature. hence, literature is rather a scattered discipline in every nook and corner of the world. english literature refers to the collection of written literary work in the great britain and its colonies since the 7th century to the present day. as may be apparent, it has a great and muchloved history where it is chronologically categorized into several eras: old english literature (c.658-1100), middle english literature (1100–1500), english renaissance (1500–1660), neoclassical period (1660–1798), 19th-century literature, english literature since 1901 which includes modern, post-modern, and 20th century literature. among the many writers from different parts of the english speaking world, those who have immensely contributed to the development of english literature are, william shakespeare, jane austen, charlotte bronte, virginia woolf, william wordsworth, w.b. keats, robert frost. as literature is the presentation of writers’ expressions towards life in their socio-economic background, any type of literature depicts a certain culture. english literature, by its all forms, genres, and stylistics, reflects the culture of the british. the most known features of english literature include its wit, depiction of manners, disparity between classes, themes being stressed on plots and characterization. 81 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us difference between english literature and american literature comparatively, american literature is a notion that emerged in the recent past. it is the production of literary work written in the context of america portraying american culture and themes. america, originally being a british colony, was part of english literature until the country won independence and every aspect of the country: economy, education, literature, arts, culture, and social aspects changed and new brands brooded. the origin of the american literature dates back to the early 17th century. american literature was largely shaped by the history of the country and revolutionary ideas emerged during civil and revolutionary wars. american literature what is the difference between english literature and american literature?  literary works written and published in great britain and british colonies are referred by the term english literature while american literature refers to literary works written and published in america.  english literature is written in british english while american literature is written in american english.  english literature mainly reflects the english culture, english mannerisms while american literature mirrors american culture, its history, and revolutionary concepts such as relationships with the church, the state, supernatural elements that emerged in the country. e.g. massachusetts battle.  english literature is older than the american english.  american literature is often known as a much more realistic in portraying characters while english literature is known for its wit and portrayal of theme in plots and characterization. judging by the above distinct and subtle differences, it is comprehensible that english literature and american literature are two different notions although american literature was once part of the english literature. american and english realism are both literary movements that emerged in the 19th century, but they exhibit some similarities and differences in their works: similarities: 1. realism: both american and english realism share a commitment to portraying life and society realistically. they aim to depict the everyday lives and struggles of ordinary people in a detailed and accurate manner. 2. focus on social issues: both movements address social issues and inequalities of their respective societies. they often critique the class system, industrialization, and urbanization, shedding light on the harsh realities faced by the working class. 3. psychological realism: both american and english realist writers delve into the inner thoughts and emotions of their characters. they explore the psychological aspects of their characters' lives, providing a nuanced understanding of human behavior. differences: 1. setting: one key difference is the geographical setting. american realism primarily focuses on the united states, reflecting the unique american experience, while english realism, as the name suggests, is centered in england and often explores british society and culture. 2. cultural and historical context: american realism emerged in the mid to late 19th century, coinciding with the aftermath of the civil war and westward expansion. english realism, on the other hand, developed in the context of victorian england, with its own set of societal norms and issues. 82 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. authors and works: american realist authors include mark twain, henry james, and stephen crane, known for works like «the adventures of huckleberry finn,» «the portrait of a lady,» and «the red badge of courage.» english realist writers encompass charles dickens, george eliot, and thomas hardy, famous for novels like «great expectations,» «middlemarch,» and «tess of the d'urbervilles.» 4. style and themes: while both movements focus on realism, american realist works often have a more colloquial and straightforward style. they frequently explore the idea of individualism and the american dream. english realist literature can be more ornate and may delve into themes like social class, morality, and the impact of industrialization. in summary, american and english realism share a commitment to depicting real-life experiences and societal issues, but they differ in their geographical settings, cultural contexts, and the specific themes and styles they employ in their works. references: 1. crow, charles l. a companion to the regional literatures of america. malden, ma: blackwell pub., 2003: 92. isbn 0-631-22631-1 2. criticism and fiction,» by william dean howells, accessed january 6, 2010. 3. hemingway, ernest (1935). green hills of africa. new york: scribners. p. 22. 4. james davidson and mark lytle, “the mirror with a memory, ” after the fact: the art of historical detection (new york: mcgraw hill, 2000). 5. https://www.britannica.com/art/american-literature 6. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-english-literature-and-vs-americanliter/ https://www.britannica.com/art/american-literature 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 analysis of reasons for abscondment of sponsored academic staff ogunode niyi jacob ogunodejacob@gmail.com department of educational administration, university of abuja, nigeria. sani kasimu sanikasimu@fuwukari.edu.ng department of public administration, faculty of management, federal university, wukari, nigeria. shehu dahiru doctoral candidate, department of public administration, ahmadu bello university, zaria. abstract this paper examined reasons why sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions absconded after the completion of their studies abroad. using secondary data collected from both printed and online publications, the paper identified the following reasons: weak sponsorship agreement, poor salaries, inadequate modern infrastructural facilities, poor working environment, insecurity, poor access to research grant and poor economic outlook as reasons why sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions absconded after the completion of their studies abroad. to address this problems, the paper advance the following policies options. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) should direct tertiary institutions to review sponsorship agreement to include the following options. sponsor tertiary institutions shall be responsible to collect certificate of sponsored academic after graduation. training institutions whether local or foreign shall be informed to send the certificate of the students to the institutions where the academic came from. academic who want to stay back after completion of study shall refund 100% of the fund used for the training. keywordsacademic staff, tertiary education trust fund (tetfund), tertiary institutions. introduction tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) is a body set up by the federal government of nigeria ostensibly to arrest the rot and deterioration in the educational infrastructure occasioned by long period of neglect and very poor resource allocation. tertiary education trust fund former education trust fund (etf) was established as an intervention agency by education tax act no. 7 of 1993 (and subsequently amended in 1998). this law empowered the then etf to intervene at all levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary) in public institutions. in 2011, education 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us trust fund, etf was renamed tetfund by the etf act no. 16 and refocused to intervene in only public tertiary institutions (universities, polytechnics and colleges of education) for maximum impact. tertiary education trust fund act, 2011 imposes a two percent (2%) education tax on the profit of all registered companies operating in nigeria. tertiary education trust fund is charged with the responsibility to manage, disburse and monitor the education tax to public tertiary institutions in nigeria. tertiary education trust fund administers the tax imposed by the act and disburses the amount to tertiary educational institutions at federal and state levels. specifically, tetfund‟s cardinal objective is to provide the badly needed funds to support tertiary education, provide scholarship and grants for staff to enhance the productivity and quality of higher education. tetfund interventions are anchored on the following areas: normal intervention; library intervention; research grant; academic staff training & development; publication of journal; manuscript development; and conference attendance. ogunode, (2023) observed that tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) objectives include to deliver appropriate and adequate intervention programmes with due regard to the sensitivities of beneficiaries and stakeholders. to promote cutting-edge technologies, ideas and organizational skills in education, and ensure that projects are forward-looking as well as responding to present needs. one of the cardinal programme of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) is to provide scholarship to tertiary institutions scholars for masters and phd for local and abroad. report showed tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) have successfully sponsored over 37,000 scholars for both foreign and local phds, masters, bench work, and postdoctoral programs in various institutions within and outside nigeria.” also, another report disclosed about 35,000 scholars have benefited from the scholarship since the introduction of the tetfund scholarship for academic staff intervention was introduced in 2008, punch reported on 17 july 2022. according to the latest (2021) tetfund annual report that was released in march 2023, 664 masters students and 1,183 phd students benefited. the report does not provide a breakdown of local and foreign placements. the 2020report indicated that the tetfund sponsored 539 scholars abroad and 2,027 locally. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) scholarship programme is aimed to improve quality of tertiary education. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) international scholarship programme is aims to expose academic staff at public higher institutions to other intellectual standards and cultures within and outside the nigerian system. tetfund, has been intervening in the training of academic staff in nigerian universities by sponsoring lecturers for further studies abroad and in local institutions. mallam (2013) observed that the role of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) cannot be over-emphasized in addressing the aforementioned problems. the tertiary education trust fund was originally established as educational trust fund (etf) by act no.7 of 1993 as amended by act no 40 of 1998 now repealed and replaced with the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund). it is an intervention agency set to provide supplementary support to all levels of public tertiary institutions with the main objective of using funding alongside project management for the rehabilitation, restoration and consolidation of tertiary education in nigeria (mallam, 2013). educational trust fund (etf) was established to inject funds into selected tertiary institutions to achieve a major turnaround through programme upgrades and improvement in the 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us teaching and learning environment. ogunode (2023) noted that the mandate of the fund as provided in section 5(1) (a) to (g) of the act no. 7 is to administer and disburse the amount in the fund to federal, state, and local government educational institutions, including primary and secondary schools, for any other matter ancillary thereto, but specifically to the following: work centres and prototype development; staff development and conference attendance; library systems at the different levels of education; research equipment procurement and maintenance; higher education book development fund tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) as an institutions of federal government of nigeria is faced with many problems that is militated against its scholarship programme. educeleb (2019); amazing time (2021); blueprint (2022) and ogunode, kasimu & sambo (2023) reported that tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) has observed the growing cases of abscondment among academic staff of various nigerian universities sponsored for training abroad. tetfund„s director, academic staff training and development (ast&d), muhammed sulaiman, submitted some of the lecturers sponsored to foreign countries by tetfund for further, never returned to the country to serve their bond as they abscond. according to him, the foreign training programme was being abused and is slowly becoming a major problem affecting the education system. according to him, ―some lecturers will be given the approval to study outside the country and would proceed to their studies but at the end of the day will not come back to the country to serve their bond or to continue their jobs as lecturers, these are some of the problems. recently, tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) boss, echono observed that tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) as an agency of federal government responsible for implementation of scholarship programs is facing problem of abscondment of sponsored academic staff from nigerian tertiary institutions. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) noted that the growing cases of scholars‟ abscondment, scholars not returning to serve their bonds at their home institutions upon completion of their programs is a very big problem. in fact, the challenge of scholars absconding has undermined and complicated tetfund‟s scholarship for academic staff (tsas) program (thecable (2023). based on this, this paper aimed to discuss reasons for abscondment of sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary education. concept of tertiary education tertiary education according to ogunode, edinoh, & nwafor, (2023) is an education designed for post-secondary education. tertiary education is a social agent of progress and development in the society and aids technological advancement. tertiary education is designed to help in the development of nations by providing the high as well as the middle level manpower needed for the social, economic and political advancement through the programme of teaching, learning, research and community services. this places tertiary education at the apex in the ranking of educational institutions and is designed to accommodate knowledge acquisition and production. tertiary education are institutions of higher learning that provide facilities for teaching and research and are authorized to grant academic degrees such as bachelor. (frn, 2013) defined tertiary education as the education given after post basic education in institutions such as universities and inter-university centers such as the nigeria french language village, nigeria arabic language village, national institute of nigerian languages, institutions such as innovation enterprise institutions (ieis), and colleges of education, monotechnics, polytechnics, and other specialized 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us institutions such as colleges of agriculture, schools of health and technology and the national teachers' institutes (nti). the goals of tertiary education shall be to: contribute to national development through high level manpower training; provide accessible and affordable quality learning opportunities in formal and informal education in response to the needs and interests of all nigerians; provide high quality career counseling and lifelong learning programmes that prepare students with the knowledge and skills for self-reliance and the world of work; reduce skill shortages through the production of skilled manpower relevant to the needs of the labour market; promote and encourage scholarship, entrepreneurship and community service; forge and cement national unity; and promote national and international understanding and interaction (frn, 2013). according to ogunode (2021) tertiary education includes monotechnics, polytechnics, colleges of educations, and universities. the objectives of tertiary institution education include: to provide teaching services, providing research services for the development of the country, producing manpower for the country, and aid the delivery of community services. the tertiary institution system is structured and designed to function with human resources and material resources. the human resources include the teaching staff/academic staff or the nonteaching/ non-academic staff. the academic staff provides the teaching, research, and other academic services in the tertiary institution while the non-teaching staff provides non-teaching but essential services that complement the academic staff services in the tertiary institution (ogunode, 2020). concept of academic staff academic staff are the teaching staff in the higher institutions. academic staff are the implementer of the school curriculum and lecture presenter. academic staff are the teachers and deliver of instruction in the higher institutions. academic staff are the knowledge and character builder imparter in the higher institution. the academic staff are the engine room of the higher institutions. they are the pillar and foundation of the higher institutions. the academic staff determines the quality of the higher institutions as well as proper solutions to nation economic and social problems e.g. boko haram and food security, covid 19 and the economy. the functions of the academic staff include to lecture, to prepare the lecture note, to prepare the lesson note, source for instruction materials, gives assignment to students, to assess the students through continuous assessment and examination, set exams questions, marks the answer sheet, supervise students research work especially projects, theses and dissertation and prepares the students grade points. the academic staff conducts different levels of research, presents their findings and contribute to the development of knowledge in the higher institutions. the professional qualities of the academic staff include; commitment to academic research, commitment to high quality teaching and fostering a positive learning environment for students, commitment to continuous professional development and commitment to public communication. the professional skills of academic staff also include; excellent interpersonal, oral and written communication skills; ability to conduct high quality research which is reflected in the authorship of high quality; publications, or other research outputs, in the areas of computer science; ability to manage time and work to strict deadlines and ability to teach and to supervise academic work by undergraduates, masters and doctoral students. the main duties and responsibilities of academic staff in the higher institutions include: a. to teach at undergraduate and graduate level in areas allocated by the head of department and 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reviewed from time to time by the head of department; b. to carry out research and produce publications, or other research outputs, in line with personal objectives agreed in the staff review process; c. to obtain research funding support; d. to engage with the broader scholarly and professional communities; e. to supervise or assist with supervision of undergraduate, taught graduate (masters) or research graduate (mphil/phd) students; f. to contribute to the development, planning and implementation of a high quality curriculum. g. to assist in the development of learning materials, preparing schemes of work and maintaining records to monitor student progress, achievement and attendance (ogunode, jegede & abubakar, 2020) academic job is not as juicy as said or held. it is a professional occupation done in the schools, colleges, polytechnics and universities whose job description hinges either on teaching or research or the combination of the two depending on the terms of the employment. it is a wider profession that involves teaching, research, administrative tasks and even extracurricular activities such as community services unlike other professions (ezenkiri mamman, ezeani, & francis, 2021;the university of edinburgh, 2016; collins, 2020). lecturers whom glossary of statistics term (2003); collins (2020) and ezenkiri mamman, ezeani, & francis, (2021), described academic staff as those members of staff in schools; colleges, polytechnics or universities who teach, using all advanced designs or methods of teaching and instruction, work five days, eight hours a day or only forty hours a week and enjoy the privilege of 30-munites lunch break includes in the working hours and even 17 students per 1 teacher as of 2014/2015 academic session. globally, academic staff are provided with opportunities to further their studies and obtain the required qualifications for teaching in tertiary institutions which is masters and phd. different tertiary institutions have different policies and programme for their academic staff that need to upgrade qualifications. in nigeria, many tertiary institutions retain their first class graduate and they are sent out for further studies for master programme and phd. many tertiary institutions also employed master holders and after some years ask them to further their studies. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) was established to handle scholarship programme and sponsor academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions for local and foreign studies. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) and academic staff training in nigeria. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) has impacted positively human resources development in nigerian tertiary institutions. many academic and non-academic staff have benefited from tetfund training sponsorship (ogunode, 2023). chigozie (2017) defined human resources development as part of human resources management that specifically deals with training and development of the employees. human resources development is the process of increasing the capacity of the human resource through development. it is thus the process of adding value to individuals, teams or an organization as a human system. it could also be referred to as a systematic and planned approach through which the efficiency of employees is improved. the future goals and objectives are set by the entire organization and are well-planned at individual and organizational levels. human resources development is a continuous process for the development of all types of skills of employees such as technical, managerial, behavioural, and conceptual. it includes training an individual after he/she is first hired, providing opportunities to learn new skills, distributing resources that are beneficial for the employee‟s tasks, and any other developmental activities 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (united nations, 2009). united nations (2009) viewed human resource development as empowering people by fostering the contributory capacities that they can bring to the improvement of their quality of life and that of their families, communities, enterprises and societies. human development includes all forms of training received for job improvement and increment in productivity. human resources development include in-service training, workshop, conference, symposium and special training on the job. there are many studies on tetfund trainin programme in nigeria. for instance, in a study by eze, (2014) and udu, & nkwede, (2014) and isiaka, nasiru, & olushola (2020), they discovered that due to tetfund interventions, many lecturers have been sponsored to local and international seminars and conferences in addition to tetfund sponsored oversea training and retraining of academic staff. ofojebe, & chukwuma, (2015) and isiaka, nasiru, & olushola (2020) observed that most universities accessed tetfund funding for training, seminars and workshops and that overseas training, seminars and workshops benefit in no small way for the advancement of academic staff as well as aiding them for promotions and elevations in the universities. okojie, (2000) noted that tetfund provides funds to all federal and stateowned tertiary institutions in areas such as training, conferences and staff development. isiaka, nasiru, & olushola, (2020) carried out a study and concluded that capacity building of the academic staff of lagos state university was the major focus of the tetfund intervention. prnigeria (2021) reported that in 2021, the former executive secretary of tetfund, professor suleiman bogoro, disclosed that tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) has sponsored a total of sponsored close to 30,000 lecturers for masters and phd programmes in both local and foreign institutions in the last ten years. bogoro added that the fund had also sponsored about 30,000 lecturers for master's and phd programmes in both local and foreign institutions. he further noted that in a bid to boost human capacity in the beneficiary institutions, over 68,000 academic and non-academic staff of public tertiary institutions had been sponsored by the fund to attend local and foreign conferences. he stressed that the fund equally supported over 71,263 lecturers under its teachers' supervision programme among achievements. reasons for abscondment of sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary education there are many reasons for abscondment of sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary education. some the reasons include; weak sponsorship agreement, poor salaries, inadequate modern of infrastructure facilities, poor working environment, insecurity, poor access to research grant and poor economics status weak sponsorship agreement the weak sponsorship agreement process put in place by respective institutions in nigeria is one of the major causes of poor return home of many sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions. the regulations and laws is very flexible and weak to prevent academics that have completed their studies to come back to nigeria. the inability of the regulations and laws to make it compulsory for the sponsored academics to back to nigeria is responsible for many academic absconding after their studies. poor salaries the salaries of lecturers working in nigerian universities are very poor. tis may be one of the reasons why most of them don‟t come back to nigeria after their studies. ogunode (2020) submitted 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that nigerian lecturers are poorly motivated financially and this is affecting their performance. oludayo (2021) submitted that assistant lecturer‟s monthly salary ranges from (n118,277 n137, 334); lecturer ii with a doctorate degree (n129, 724 – n153, 563); lecturer i with at least three years post-phd experience on the job (n160, 809 – n203, 778); senior lecturer with at least six years‟ experience on the job (n222,229 –314, 159); associate professor (with at least nine years‟ experience on the job: n277, 179 – n350, 169) and a full professor with 12 and more years‟ experience on the job (n332, 833 – 416, 743). oludayo opined that nigerian lecturers get these after tax and other deductions. before deductions, a newly appointed full professor has n437, 499 and after deductions he is paid n332, 833 monthly. a professor “at the bar”, is one who has spent 10 years as a professor and that is when he/she can earn consolidated pay of n555, 351 and following deductions their net pay comes down to n416, 743 monthly! in a comparison, oludayo (2021) observed that in ugandan public varsities, assistant lecturer earns $1,631; senior lecturer, $2,432; associate professor, $3,891 and professor, $4,054 per month, respectively. in university of south africa, a junior lecturer earns n10, 453, 326 – n17,427,663; lecturer, n12,547,744n20,910,248; senior lecturer, n16,272,983 – n27,891,819; associate professor, n20,224,232 – n32,564,902) and professor, n22,325,844 – n37,209, 741 per annum. inadequate modern of infrastructure facilities another factor discouraging sponsored nigerian academics to return back to nigeria and share their new acquired knowledge and contribute to the development of their institutions is the problem of inadequate infrastructure facilities at their respective institutions. infrastructure facilities has the capacity to attract academic staff and to retain them. ogunode (2020) observed that infrastructural facilities refer to facilities aiding delivery of academic and non-academic services in educational institutions. infrastructural facilities include; libraries, laboratories, halls, offices, administrative blocks, hostels, roads facilities, water, electricity, internet etc. the availability of the infrastructural facilities in adequate quantities will support effective teaching, researching and on the contrary, the inadequacies will prevent effective teaching, researching. many tertiary institutions in nigeria do not have adequate lecture halls, laboratories and offices for both academic staff and non-academic staff. ogunode & abubakar (2020) and ogunode, jegede & abubakar (2021) argued that many academic and non-academic staff do not have offices and para-venture if they have one is been shared by five to six lecturers. nwakpa (2015), in his study found that research infrastructure in tertiary institutions in nigeria is grossly inadequate and generally out of date otherwise obsolete, work-ships, librarians and laboratories are ill-equipped and obsolete educational equipment and facilities are research-stressors among academic staff of tertiary institutions in nigeria. though tertiary education trust fund (tet fund) is trying in the area of intervention to fix these facilities but more investment are still needed. gbenga adewale, a professor of mathematics at the university of ibadan, noted that many times, when our colleagues travel abroad, they are exposed to worldclass facilities and, when they return, the zeal to work here is no longer there because the facilities are not available. they become redundant and their new knowledge is wasted,” adewale noted. if we had world-class facilities here and the teaching environment is appealing, i think they would be eager to return home,” he said. also, omolade akinsanya, a professor of educational management at the tai solarin university of education located in ogun state, said the government must invest heavily in nigerian public tertiary education infrastructure to prevent scholars from seeking greener pastures abroad (university worldnews,2022). poor working environment 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us poor working environment is another factors contributing to abscondment of sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions. facilities and equipment include electric supply, internet services, office accommodation, office seats and tables, instructional tools, convenient room, water supply and many others. when these facilities or equipment are in short supply, the situation becomes a stressor to the teaching staff in the tertiary institutions. incessant power failure does not support meaningful research activities in higher institutions of learning especially in nigeria (nwakpa, 2015). ezenkiri mamman, ezeani, & francis, (2021) and egu, ogbonna, obike and obiuto (2014), who worked on managing stress among lecturers in polytechnics of southeast, nigeria, revealed among others that poor teaching and laboratory tools are real stressors among teaching-staff in the university, hence lack of teaching facilities recorded mean of 3.10, poorly equipped laboratory/technical workshop had mean of 2.90, overstretched class enrolment had mean of 2.90 and the need to meet-up with departmental deadline pooled mean of 3.50, while poor office accommodation generated a mean of 3.50. stuffy lecture rooms with poor seating arrangement for students scored the mean of 3.40. the poor working environment as contributed to the problem of abscondment of sponsored academic staff poor motivation nigerian academic staff are poorly motivated. their salaries are not paid on time; various benefits allowances are not implemented. ezenkiri mamman, ezeani, & francis, (2021) and blaskova and blasko (2014), disclaimed all those privileges and claims people linked with the academic job that academic staff seemed to be enjoying by asserting that the motivation of academic staff is not as strong and smooth as it may seem at first glance. also, a testimony is given in a report which states that „„now i am inside the university system teaching, i can see clearly how exploitive it is unlike when i was not part of the system‟‟ (academic anonymous universities, 2018). tarver (2007), in his study, found that the youngest and smartest people are moving away from being lecturers due to the under-payment considered as a stressor among them. ezenkiri mamman, ezeani, & francis, (2021) and mojeed (2020), reported the declaration of the academic staff union of universities (asuu) president whose members are currently on strike due to the federal government new policy on salaries and wages. the asuu president stated that the crisis was not yet over and that the members should be prepared for continued opposition to the deployment of the integrated payroll and personnel information system (ippis) for the payment of their wages. in the context of this paper, ippis is a stressor to the asuu members. akinfolarin and gabriel (2014), in adekunle ajasin university, ondo state, nigeria, the finding revealed that 60.00% of the respondents agreed that there was a lack of provision of regular payment of salary and other remuneration by the head. the finding of a study by blaskova and blasko (2014), on the motivation process of university teachers, revealed a low level of motivation among teachers in all manner of treatments. adewale stressed that the poor standard of living and remuneration in nigeria could have led to scholars bolting after completing their studies. poor research grant poor accessibility to research grant in nigerian tertiary institutions is discouraging many sponsored academic staff to come back to nigeria. conducting research is one of the major functions of academic staff. ogunode, jegede, adah, audu, ajape (2021) believes that research is one of the criteria used for promotion of academic staff. research grant is a source of income to academic staff. research is an aspect of the academic job that supposes to attract unsolicited sponsorships. accessibility to research grant by academic staff is a source of income to many of them. ogunode & ade (2023) concluded many lecturers see accessibility to research grant as avenue to get more money to augment the poor salaries they are earning. archibong et al. (2010), 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discovered that occupational stress sources among university academic staff include sourcing for research grants. also, nwakpa (2015) found out that inadequate funding of research projects and difficulty in accessing the research grants are major miseries (stressors) among academicians in nigeria. researches go with motivation. nwakpa, (2015) maintained that the academic staff viewed research as a whole as one of their major stressors hence such single exercise takes a lot of their resources to be completed and upon these rigorous exercises, this region of the world neither care nor regard the research findings for the national development. this nonchalant and dispassionate attitude towards research brings the morale of academic staff of tertiary institutions down and such is a stressor to them. adewale as reported by university world (2022) observed that in nigeria, researchers‟ work does not get any recognition from the government, even when the research is timely and important. many times, when our researchers do work here and present their findings, the government seems not to be interested, and this discourages many scholars. but overseas, scholars‟ work often gets recognition because they value research over there. hence, the motivation to return to nigeria after a scholar has travelled overseas may not be there. a scholar may ask themselves: „if i return to nigeria, of what use will it be?‟ ” he said. nigeria is currently one of the countries with the lowest research funding in the world, contributing less than 1% of its gdp to research. most research activities in nigeria are sponsored locally by the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund). a number of international and philanthropic organisations, like the macarthur foundation, also support scientists by sponsoring research and through endowment funds, foreign aid allocations, fellowships and donations. insecurity problem insecurity in nigeria is another factors responsible for abscondment of sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions. the incessant boko haram bombings, civil war and killing by fulani herdsmen in nigeria also contributes to the causes of academic abscondment among nigerian sponsored academic staff after their studies in the country. in effect, most nigerians live in fear; fear of death, fear of losing properties etc. not only does this pursue the dwellers of these communities but it also prevents investors (chukwuemeka 2023). ogunode (2020) observed that many students, lecturers and administrators have been killed while others kidnapped. the various attacks on the universities have resulted to school closure leading to unstable academic programme. ajayi (2023) described nigeria as a country besieged with several issues such as insecurity, a crumbling economy with high inflation, weak human capital development, and dreadful governance. insecurity is prevalent across the country, with every region vulnerable to the wave of violence. from the herdsmen on rampage in the country, majorly in the northern parts, to the unrest in south-eastern nigeria, where whispers of secession have created tensions, nigeria is in an unhealthy position security-wise. kidnappings make daily news; bandit attacks on villages are commonplace; and highways have become breeding grounds for bloodshed. according to sbm intelligence, a socioeconomic research firm, in 2021, more than 10,000 lives were lost in nigeria due to actions of herdsmen, bandits, boko haram, and gang clashes. ajayi (2023) concluded that the lack of belief that the country offers a chance to achieve one‟s goals and live a good life is at the centre of the mass emigration poor economic outlook the poor economic status of nigeria as contributed to reasons why sponsored academics are absconding. victor (2022) noted that africa‟s biggest economy is witnessing a massive distortion, with economic analysts worried that the ugly trends continue without much effort from the government. as a result, economic indicators seem very disturbing, especially inflation, unemployment, debt, subsidy payment and poverty rate. rising inflation has raised the cost of https://bscholarly.com/author/bscholarly/ 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us living and pushed many into poverties. about 133 million nigerians (63% of the population), are poor, as measured in multiple dimensions. because over half of nigeria's inflation is driven by rising food prices, many poor individuals and families face hunger. persistent increase in unemployment is fueling insecurity, youth restiveness, low output and slow economic growth and a reduction in the standard of living of nigerians. underemployment is also very high at 22.8 per cent, while youth underemployment is 21.0 per cent. nigeria‟s debt profile has continued to rise since 2015. according to available statistics, it has increased from n12.5 trillion in 2015 to n42 trillion in 2022 (victor, 2022). the poor economic outlook in nigeria is among the factors responsible for mass emigration from nigeria. conclusion and recommendations this paper discussed reasons why sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions absconded after the completion of their studies abroad. the paper concluded weak sponsorship agreement, poor salaries, inadequate modern of infrastructure facilities, poor working environment, insecurity, poor access to research grant and poor economics status are reasons why sponsored academic staff of nigerian tertiary institutions absconded after the completion of their studies abroad. to address this problems, the paper advance the following policies options. review sponsorship agreement: tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) should direct tertiary institutions to review sponsorship agreement to include the following options. sponsor tertiary institutions shall be responsible to collect certificate of sponsored academic after graduation. training institutions whether local or foreign shall be informed to send the certificate of the students to the institutions where the academic came from. academic who want to stay back after completion of study shall refund 100% of the fund used for the training. increment of salaries and allowances of academic staff: government should review and increase the salaries of tertiary institutions staff. salaries of academic staff should be on a global best practices. provision of conducive teaching and learning environment. good working environment attracts more workers. in fact, one of the things most academic from nigeria considers before accepting any employment is the environment of their offices and working condition. funding of tertiary institutions: adequate funding of the educational sector is also a tentative solution to brain drain in nigeria. this includes increase and timely payment of the salaries of lecturers. accordingly, adequate fund should be provided to tertiary institutions by the government. adequate funding of research and provision of grants: adequate funding of research programme and provision of grants for academic staff will help to stop academic abscondment among nigerian sponsored academic staff. provision of grants at the local level is very important, especially in a university because it ensures development at the local level. there will be quicker economic and technological development. ensure security of lives and properties: the government need to address all issues responsible for all forms of insecurities across the country. fix the economic: government should diversify the economy by expanding agricultural sector, manufacturing sector and provide quality infrastructure facilities. references 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. akinfolarin, a. v. & gabriel, b. 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diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 40. thecable (2023). over 137 scholars sponsored abroad absconded, says tetfund executive secretary. https://www.thecable.ng/over-137-scholars-we-sponsored-abroadabscondedsays-sonny-echono-tetfund-es 41. united nations committee of experts on public administration (2006). united nations economic and social council: delimitation of basic concepts and terminologies in government and public administration. http://unpanl.unorg/intrados/groups/public/documents 42. united nations (2009), human resources development. accessed on 20/03/17 from www.un.org/en/development/desa/oesc/humanresources.shtm/hoi 43. von (2023) tetfund, nigerian government approves funds for public tertiary institutionsinstitutions/#:~:text=nigeria's%20president%2c%20muhammadu%20bu hari %2 0ha, of %20n320%2c345%2c040%2c%20835. https://www.thecable.ng/over-137-scholars-we-sponsored-abroad-abscondedhttps://www.thecable.ng/over-137-scholars-we-sponsored-abroad-abscondedhttp://unpanl.unorg/intrados/groups/public/documents 402-406 a competent approach to teaching probability theory 402 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 a competent approach to teaching probability theory and mathematical statistics toshboyeva saidakhon rakhmonberdiyevna teacher of fergana state university yusupova latofatkhon abduqodir qizi student of ferguson state university abstract: this article examines the competence issues, problems and proposals for teaching probability theory and mathematical statistics in higher education institutions. keywords: competence, statistics, principle of fundamentality, principle of professional orientation of training. the current stage is characterized by high rates of scientific and technological progress, the emergence of fundamentally new progressive technologies, which determines the relevance of the problem of the quality of the educational process that meets the requirements of the modern world economy and international standards. modern trends in the development of society set system-oriented educational and educational goals for higher education, the comprehensive implementation of which is aimed at training competent, creative specialists capable of making informed and informed decisions in various situations, including random ones. the existence in the world and society around us of an infinite number of both dynamic and statistical or random patterns allows us to assert that modern specialists, who are the intellectual resource of society, must have not only key competencies in the field of their professional activities, but also subject competencies in the field random.[3] the formation of such competencies is an important condition for training a successful and competent specialist, and probability theory and mathematical statistics become the basic subjects of the learning process. at the same time, the avalanche-like introduction of information technology in the last two decades in the areas of professional activity of specialists of any profile (including mathematics teachers) requires the use of computers in the educational process, as the basis for improving their professional training at a university and for subsequent practice.[ 4] the development of probabilistic thinking in students during the learning process is complicated due to the difficulty of virtual perception of the mechanisms of random processes and patterns, as well as the lack of initial training in probability theory and mathematical statistics. the educational process in higher education, including probability theory and mathematical statistics, is subject to certain laws and principles of teaching. 403 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in modern didactics, a number of patterns and laws of teaching have been identified. the following principles are formulated in the works of leading experts: ø the conditioning of the learning process by the needs of society for highly qualified specialists of a wide profile, comprehensively developed and creatively active; ø the relationship between teaching and learning in the holistic learning process; ø dependence of the content of training on its objectives, reflecting the needs of society; ø interdisciplinary connections between different cycles of academic disciplines and between individual disciplines within a given cycle; ø the relationship between the student’s educational and scientific activities. the most important pattern of the educational process in higher education is the pattern that concerns interdisciplinary connections. particular importance is given to the connection between fundamental disciplines and core special disciplines. requirements based on the most important laws are elevated to the role of learning principles. the laws of learning are organically connected with the principles of learning, which are implemented both in the educational process as a whole and in its individual components. a specific principle for higher school is the principle of professional orientation of education, since higher school has always been and will be professional in its essence and purpose. the professional orientation of the educational process is understood as such its organization, which contributes to the formation of a professionally significant motivational sphere of the future teacher. the basis of teacher professional training is the formation of a person’s professional orientation. the implementation of the principle of professional orientation in teaching mathematics is aimed at forming the mathematical aspect of the future specialist’s readiness for professional activity. [1] the content of this concept includes the following: development of thinking and formation of professionally significant techniques of mental activity; provision of mathematical apparatus for the study of special disciplines and professional training; methodological preparation for continuous self-education in the field of mathematics and its applications. professional orientation in scientific and pedagogical literature is considered as a form of specific interdisciplinary connection and is characterized as a specialized relationship between general educational knowledge and professional knowledge (g.s. gutonov, l.v. melnikova, a.ya. kudryavtsev, n.n. lemeshko, t. v. voronina, t.n. aleshina, etc.). the principle of professional orientation presupposes the integration of general scientific and special disciplines at the university; general scientific knowledge with special knowledge and skills, as well as the formation of significant qualities of a future specialist. the essence of any teaching principle is revealed in the content of the contradiction it is aimed at resolving. the principle of professional orientation resolves the contradiction between the requirements of society for the formation of a comprehensively developed integral personality and the need to prepare it for active participation in a certain area of professional activity in accordance with personal interests, individual abilities, and social needs. the principle of professional orientation regulates the relationship between the general and the specific in education, determines the dialectic of the interaction between the holistic development of the individual and his special, professional development. it is this circumstance that predetermines the special didactic significance of the principle of professional orientation in vocational education. the professional-pedagogical orientation of teaching mathematics is understood as the need for targeted and continuous formation in students of the foundations of professional skills, based on active and deep knowledge of the school mathematics course, its scientific foundations and 404 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodological support, acquired against a favorable emotional background of a positive attitude towards the teaching profession, towards mathematics as to the academic subject [1]. currently, in higher education didactics, six principles have been identified on which the concept of professional pedagogical orientation of education is based: fundamentality, continuity, leading idea, binary, informatization, integrated approach (a.g. mordkovich, g.l. lukankin, n.i. batkanova). [2] let us consider the possibilities of implementing the principle of fundamentality in the process of teaching probability theory, the study of which is an organically integral part of the process of teaching mathematics.the principle of fundamentality is that the teacher must have fundamental mathematical training, providing him with mathematical knowledge that goes far beyond the scope of the school mathematics course, and demonstrate erudition in the implementation of interdisciplinary connections. professional pedagogical training presupposes such a volume of mathematical knowledge, abilities and skills that will serve the future teacher as a scientific foundation for fruitful work at school: deep mastery of mathematical facts and patterns, skilled handling of them, the ability to use various methods and means of teaching mathematics. in particular: a complete and deep understanding of the basic facts and ideas that are used in school, the ability to solve problems of any level of complexity and in various ways. in relation to the study of mathematical disciplines, the principle of fundamentality expresses the need for serious, solid mathematical training, taking into account the needs of the acquired teaching profession; fundamental mathematical training of the teacher is necessary, providing him with effective mathematical knowledge within limits that go far beyond the scope of the school mathematics course, and universality in his mastery of various mathematical academic subjects at school, but this fundamentality is not a goal, but a means of teacher training. students, as a rule, have very little school knowledge in the field of stochastics. in this regard, of particular interest are problems that demonstrate the connection of probability theory with other sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, economics, etc., which clearly shows its interdisciplinary connections with other courses. it is obvious that in order for students to better assimilate the material throughout the entire course of study, special attention should be paid to the connection between learning and life, while relying on specific examples. this will allow students not only to change their (by the way, quite common) attitude towards probability theory as a science replete with abstract concepts, but also to successfully apply their knowledge in practical activities. due to the fact that the probability theory course is an important element of the methodological training of the future teacher, the variability in the introduction of basic concepts becomes of great importance. a comprehensive presentation of the material is necessary, showing different ways of introducing the same concept and solving problems. for example: various definitions of probable (classical, statistical and geometric); calculating the desired probability using various formulas and comparing the obtained values. this approach to learning contributes to the formation and development of the student’s ability to think abstractly and freely navigate various approaches to studying the material. when studying stochastics, it is useful to use algorithms to solve standard problems, as well as to develop skills in independently composing algorithms, etc. in problems, it is necessary to draw students’ attention to the relationship between scientific and practical components, identifying patterns that will allow them to build a mathematical model and find a solution algorithm. the future specialist must have a clear understanding of probability and the features of various methodological approaches in presenting the probabilistic line, since he will have to lay down and form probabilistic statistical knowledge in his students; must be able to compose and solve 405 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us applied problems, for which he must have professionally significant modeling skills, as well as the compilation and application of algorithms. the student needs a certain level of logicalcombinatorial thinking, by which we mean logical thinking, supported by the skills: find all logically possible solutions; group individual elements according to a certain characteristic; see differences in the resulting samples. as an example, consider the following problem: the batch contains 10% non-standard parts. four parts were selected at random. write the binomial law of distribution of a discrete random variable x the number of non-standard parts among the four selected ones and construct a polygon of the resulting distribution. to solve this problem, the student must know about the distribution law of a discrete random variable, what values does this random variable take? it takes values from 0 to 4: x 0 1 2 3 4 but knowing this is not enough for a complete understanding of this random variable. we must determine with what probability these values are accepted. to do this, we calculate these probabilities: 𝑃(х = 0) = 𝐶!" ∙ 0,1! ∙ (1 − 0,1)" = 0,1! = 0,0001 𝑃(х = 1) = 𝐶!# ∙ 0,1$ ∙ (1 − 0,1)# = 4 ∙ 0,1$ ∙ 0,9 = 0,0036 𝑃(х = 2) = 𝐶!% ∙ 0,1% ∙ (1 − 0,1)% = 6 ∙ 0,1% ∙ 0,9% = 0,0486 𝑃(х = 3) = 𝐶!$ ∙ 0,1# ∙ (1 − 0,1)$ = 4 ∙ 0,1 ∙ 0,9$ = 0,2916 𝑃(х = 4) = 𝐶!! ∙ 0,1" ∙ (1 − 0,1)! = 0,9! = 0,6561 control: 0.0001+0.0036+0.0486+0.2916+0.6561=1 let us write the required binomial distribution law for x: x 0 1 2 3 4 p 0.0001 0.0036 0.0486 0.2916 0.6561 references 1. mordkovich a.g. professional and pedagogical orientation of special training for mathematics teachers at a pedagogical institute: dis. ... dr. ped. sciencesм., 1986.-355 2. a. samsonova the relationship between the principles of fundamentality and the professional orientation of teaching probability theory and mathematical statistics for future specialists // modern science-intensive technologies. 2010. – № 8. – с. 146-149; 3. bunimovich e.a., bulychev v.a. fundamentals of statistics and probability: grades 5–9: a manual for education. institutions. – m.: bustard, 2004. – 288 с. 4. тошбоева, с. р. (2022). бўлажак бошланғич синф ўқитувчиларнинг ижодий қобилиятларини малакавий амалиёт жараёнида ривожлантиришнинг педагогик хусусиятлари. journal of new century innovations, 4(1), 289-293. 5. toshboeva, s. r., mallaboeva, b. m., & yusupova, l. a. k. (2022). laws and their application based on some interesting combinatorial problems. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(10), 1341-1349. 406 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. rahmonberdievna, t. s., & mukhtorovna, m. b. (2022). laws and their application based on some interesting combinatorial problems. 7. toshboyeva, s., & hojimamatova, h. (2023). the simplest and most convenient methods of defining functions in mathematics and examples of gp in the field of values. modern science and research, 2(5), 730-737. 8. rahmonberdiyevna, t. s., & davlatboyevna, e. d. (2023). analysis of examples and problems related to types of fractions, mixed numbers, addition and subtraction of the same fraction. european journal of pedagogical initiatives and educational practices, 1(2), 24-29. 9. rahmonberdiyevna, t. s. (2023). pedagogical and psychological basis of development of logical thinking of students. ijtimoiy fanlarda innovasiya onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(5), 136-140. 10. rakhmonberdievna, t. s. (2023). methods for solving simple text problems in elementary grades.(in 4th grade). journal of science-innovative research in uzbekistan, 1(2), 240-244. 11. tashboyeva, s., & khojimamatova, k. (2023). procedure for working simple text problems in elementary grades.(in 3rd grade). центральноазиатский журнал образования и инноваций, 1(6 part 6), 82-85. 12. rahmonberdiyevna, t. s. (2023). procedure for working simple text problems in elementary grades.(in 1st grades). modern problems in education and their scientific solutions, 2(2), 183-187. 13. rahmonberdiyevna, t. s. (2023). analysis of the order of multiplication and division operations on fractions and related examples: crossref. iqro, 4(1), 218-221. 14. toshboyeva, s., & xojimamatova, x. (2023). procedure for working simple text problems in elementary grades.(in 2nd grades). modern science and research, 2(7), 221-225. 15. rahmonberdiyevna, t. s. (2023). boshlang’ich sinflarda sodda matnli masalalarning ishlash tartibi.(2-sinflarda). 174 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 innovative approaches to the improvement of modern education jurayev alisher tulkinboyevich researcher of namangan state university abstract: this article talks about the concept of innovation and innovative approaches to improving the field of modern education. opinions of foreign scientists on the development of the field of innovative education are presented. keywords: innovation, innovative mechanisms, "innovative activity", fundamental research, scientific and technical development. attracting innovations to various fields is one of the important factors of development in any country that is on the path of modern development. because innovation means the future. if we start building a great future today, it should be started on the basis of innovative ideas and an innovative approach [1]. when we talk about innovative mechanisms, it is necessary to emphasize that it appeared mainly in the production market sphere and gradually penetrated into other spheres, including social spheres. the faster the development of innovation, the more the activities of the social sphere begin to develop on the basis of market laws. for the education sector, this means that it will become a market service sector. in order to understand these processes, we will focus more on the parts of innovation mechanisms relevant to the field of education. first of all, let's study the concept of innovation and the history of its entry into education. initially, the term "innovation" (originating from the latin word) was proposed by i. schumpeter in 1912 in the work "theory of economic development". by innovation, he understood the innovation used in the field of production. according to schumpeter, innovation is one of the most important drivers and generators of profit [2]. a little later, y. schumpeter explained n. d. kondratev's wave concept that develops the economy by connecting it with his innovative theory. as a result, he formulated the theory of cyclical development. the main internal (endogenous) mechanism of cyclical development, he considered the introduction of innovations, that is, the innovative process. it should be noted that various interpretations of this approach to the understanding of socio-economic dynamics are becoming relevant in science. as noted, the translation of the concept of "innovation" from the latin language means "renewal", "newness" or "change". theoretical-methodological research on this concept requires the study of the introduced innovation, i.e., innovation as a systematic and active approach that not only initiates a separate stage of development, but also provides an opportunity to comprehensively study the innovation. it is in this respect that innovation as a fundamental problem was identified by m.m. potashnik, a.v. khutorsky, n.b. pugachyov, v.s. lazarev, v.i. the zagvyazinskys studied extensively. innovation or innovation is inherent in all professional activities of a person and therefore considered a subject of study, analysis and assimilation. innovations do not arise by themselves, 175 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us they are the result of advanced experience and scientific research of those working in education. this process cannot happen on its own, it needs management. thus, the innovative process consists in the formation and development of new organization and content. in general, innovative processes mean complex activities on the creation, development, use and distribution of innovations. innovation is a tool (new method, method, technology, program, etc.), and innovation is the process of mastering this tool. innovation is a purposeful new sustainable element in living conditions that encourages and transforms a system from one state to another. innovation is understood as the result of innovation, and the innovation process is considered as the development of three main stages: coordination of ideas (in this case scientific discovery), practical development of ideas and implementation of innovation in experience. therefore, the innovative process is considered as the process of bringing the scientific idea to the stage of practical application and implementation in the social environment associated with these changes. the activity that ensures the transformation of ideas into innovation and the formation of the management of these processes is an innovative activity. there are descriptions of other development stages of the innovation process. the following actions can be defined in it:  determination of requirements for changes;  data collection and case analysis;  initial selection or independent development of news;  long-term use or institutionalization of innovation in processes that become an element of everyday experience. the sum of these stages constitutes a single innovation cycle. at this point, it should be noted that different interpretations of categories such as "new creation", "innovation" and "innovation" are found in the economic and social literature. in some cases, these concepts are used as synonyms for each other. there are differences between them, and these concepts should be distinguished from each other. each of them represents a separate element of innovation. the formation of innovation theory was also studied in the works of v. zambart, v. mitcherlich and y. schumpeter. at that time, the concept of innovation was put forward as "implementer of technical progress". later, research on the trends and laws of innovative activity, the introduction of innovations in the 1970s-1980s by western economists g. mensh, d. mansfield, s. kuznal, h. freeman, ya. vadeim, a. klyinksext, e. moywart and others. russian researchers also made an important contribution to the development of innovative theory. in 1970-1980, as a result of fundamental changes in science, l.m. gatovsky, yu.v. yakovuts, l.s. baryutin, l.s. blyakhman, b.z. milser, a.m. prigozhin, n.i. lapin and others researched the problems of innovative development and put forward their ideas about the development of science. since fundamental scientific research forms the basis of innovative activity, conditions are created for the realization of innovative development goals in each field [3]. even if the field of activity of fundamental science is wider than measures of innovative processes at any level, its subjects have a more difficult time compared to subjects acting at the next stages. 176 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, when innovation is considered as a result of innovative activity, it has the following important features:  scientific and practical innovation that manifests as a new progressive result, this result has not been previously established by the system using it;  the ability to obtain and measure the economic, social, ecological, scientific-technical or other effects of the innovation, the final result of the innovation;  it should be noted that innovation is closely connected with scientific and technical development, it is its result. scientific and technical development is an important factor of product production, it ensures the increase of labor productivity due to the improvement of production tools and technologies based on the discovery of new laws of phenomena and characteristics of the environment by science. many classifications of innovations have been proposed by different authors. among them are famous specialists in the field of economics and management, such as y. schumpeter, i. ansoff, a. kleinknecht, p. drucker. in russian publications, it is possible to highlight the classifications proposed by a.n. svetkov, p.n. zavshin, a.v. vasilev, a.i. prigozhin, v.v. gorshkov and ye.a. krekova, e.a. utkin, g.i. morozova and others. the categorization of innovations in the scientific works of uzbek scientists was studied in the works of m.a. mahkamova, i.s. tokhliyev, b.b. abdullayev, t. khasanova. classification of innovations according to series signs is accepted. according to the level of radicality, the importance of economic development, innovations can be divided into the following:  basic innovations;  improving innovations;  superficial innovations (in the form of rationalization). there are two innovation processes behind this: pioneer and catch-up innovation processes. pioneering innovation represents world leadership (for example, usa) while chasing innovation is cheaper and faster (for example, japan). in this way, so-called incremental innovations are created, which are related to the improvement of properties in existing production processes and products. according to the direction of their results, innovations are divided into innovations as scientific instruments, innovation processes, and innovation products. according to the role of innovations in the development of the economic system, there are other classifications of innovations. classification of innovations according to the level of novelty is the distribution of the level of novelty into the same groups in order to assess the level of importance of a set of innovations. the concept of novelty of an innovation may refer to the fact that it is completely new and refers to the product or the entire technological process, or it may refer only to some of its elements that change the characteristics of the tasks of the existing product or process. from this point of view, they distinguish basic innovations that provide completely new products, improving innovations related to the improvement of existing products, as well as innovations related to the introduction of new production methods or improvement of existing ones. the main factors of innovation are:  material and technical level of production base development; the profile (direction) of the organization and the goals and tasks of the released product, the typical and organizational structure of management;  management style and methods, innovation level of production; 177 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  required and actual skill level of different categories of employees, employee incentive system, innovative activity of employees, organizational culture, etc.;  external factors arising under the influence of market structures, tax system, legislative legal system, financial credit system: macroeconomic, social and foreign political factors, historical, scientific factors, etc. the formation and implementation of innovative activity has been studied in many scientific works. it is based on the idea that all factors affecting innovative activity are complex and mutually require each other in real life. the concept of "innovative activity" is defined as the process of turning scientific knowledge into innovation, that is, innovation is defined as an orderly sequence of events that ripens from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and is implemented in practical research. this process does not stop even after the introduction of the innovation, because during its spread (diffusion), the innovation improves, becomes more effective, and acquires new consumer characteristics. this opens up new areas of application, new markets, and therefore consumers who perceive the product, technology or service as new. innovation is characterized by similar terms such as innovative activity, innovative process, innovative potential, innovative development, innovative activity. they are characterized by certain interactions and interdependencies. according to uzbek scientists g. hasanova, i.s. tokhliyev, the enterprise uses its innovative potential by carrying out innovative activities. it is known that the concept of "authority" includes resources that can be used by individuals and legal entities, including enterprises, organizations, administrative-legal associations, and the state, to solve tasks in a specific field and achieve goals. , takes opportunities, tools, reserves. innovative activities are different types of work on the creation of innovations, which include research-practical research, project-design and technological developments, experienceexperimental and production-exploitation work. any innovative development is not only the main innovative process, but also the development of the system of necessary factors and conditions for its implementation, i.e. the development of innovative potential. this testifies to the existence of close relations and connections between these concepts. innovative development is more successful when it covers not a narrow field (for example, production of details), but also areas that affect the overall results (management, marketing, personnel management, finance, sales, etc.). therefore, innovative development should be complex in nature. the creation of innovations as a result of innovative activity implies their promotion in the market, profit from their sale. a part of the profit can be directed to increase the resources of the enterprises carrying out this activity. at the same time, the use of the innovation itself (new product, technology, etc.) by the enterprise increases the level of its innovative potential, innovative activity. thus, the implementation of innovative activities, when the innovative potential of the enterprise is effectively used, determines the level of its innovative development, the increase in the competitiveness of the products (works, services) produced by it and, as a result, the economic growth of the enterprise. the transition to a new stage of scientific and technical development required the strengthening of innovative activity, a new approach to innovations that combine knowledge and technology with the market. the 21st century brings new trends to the joint movement of innovative activities of economic entities competing with the economic environment. business entities are forced to change the stereotypes of their efforts in this area. it is the innovations that are becoming the main "hero" in the theoretical scenarios and practical implementation of the modern scientific and technical revolution, in this respect they are 178 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us specifically pushing aside the investments that have dominated as the main factor of economic growth for many years. fundamental studies are divided into theoretical and research studies. the results of theoretical research are manifested in scientific discoveries, in the foundation of new concepts and ideas, in the creation of new theories. the task of research research includes the publication of new principles of creation of products and technologies, the discovery of methods of analysis and synthesis of previously unknown properties of materials and their combinations. in exploratory studies, the purpose of the intended work is usually known, the theoretical foundations are more or less clear, but the exact directions are not known. theoretical assumptions and ideas are confirmed during such research. the primary importance of fundamental science in the effective application of innovative technologies is determined by the fact that it generates ideas and opens the way to new fields, but the positive result of fundamental research in world science is achieved only in 5 percent of cases. in the conditions of the market economy, industry science or factory-factory science cannot be formed by such research. fundamental research is, as a rule, financed by the state budget, and partly extra-budgetary funds can be attracted. the above-mentioned concepts allow us to reveal and give them specific interactions, to fully clarify the nature of innovative development, to determine the features of the innovative activity of the enterprise, as well as the features of its development and management. based on the opinions of scientists above, it can be said that innovations in social development perform the following functions: firstly, it implements human intelligence, science and technology results in life through innovation. this helps intellectualization of labor activity, increase of its scientific capacity (increasing intellectualization law of the society during step-by-step movement); secondly, with the help of innovations, the range of goods and services produced will expand, and their quality will improve. it contributes to the growth of the needs of each individual and society and the satisfaction of these needs (the law of growth and differentiation of needs); thirdly, innovations in the field of production to attract new productive forces to production, to create goods and services with less expenditure of labor, materials and energy, and in the field of social and education, which we are studying, to more knowledge quickly, easily and in a short time, makes it possible to acquire new information (the law of saving labor); fourthly, the accumulation of innovations in one or another field helps to harmonize the structural structure of reproduction with the changed structural structure of needs and the structural structure of the external environment (the law of proportional development); fifth, innovation serves as an incentive for entrepreneurial activity, especially in the field of small business, it encourages the search and adoption of new goods and technologies in order to win the competition, occupy new places in the market. in conclusion, we can say that when considering innovation as a result of innovative activity, whether it is in the social or economic sphere, we can say that it has the following important features:  bring scientific and practical innovation to any field and contribute to its development;  the innovation should meet the requirements of the time and be accepted by the population without hesitation;  the ability to obtain and measure the economic, social, ecological, scientific, technical or other effects of the innovation, the final result of the innovation;  that innovations are closely connected with scientific and technical development and are its result; 179 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  ensures the increase of labor productivity due to the improvement of technologies as a result of scientific and technical progress, the discovery of new laws. references 1. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan to the oliy majlis, t. december 22, 2017. 2. schumpeter y. a. theory of economic development. m.: progress, 1982. p. 152. 3. heilbroner r. l. philosopher! horse mira sego / per. i. faibisovicha. m., 2008. 4. ta’limga oid davlat siyosatini amalga oshirishda zamonaviy yondashuvlarning ijtimoiy ahamiyati. а жураев ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари / актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук / actual problems of humanities and social sciences. issn 2181-1342, 9/s(3) 2023. 398 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 local representation from language levels m. ergashova phd, associate professor of the kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: this article covers the uzbek language as a whole, the concept of space, and auxiliaries, formed by the relationship of interrelated and mutually demanding elements. keywords: linguistic field, formal-semantic, auxiliary, "space" concept. things and events in existence are interrelated and form a certain system. the activation of each member of the system is closely related to space and time. space and time are the form of existence of all matter. there is no object that stands outside of space, and there is no space and time that exists by itself outside of moving material [akhmanoba, 1966: 97]. the determination of space and time as the main forms of existence is obvious to all of us. in philosophical sources, it is noted that space represents the scale, size, arrangement of things, continuity or continuity, and time reflects the sequence of events, the duration of processes.it is known that any material body has a place, a scale, a volume. space reflects the arrangement of points that make up the universe at a particular moment in time, while time represents the sequence of events occurring at a particular point in space. [ha3apo, 2005: 137]. there are substantive and relational approaches to understanding space and time. a substantial concept supporters see space as a container, a space in which things are located. according to them, everything is placed in space. space is a substance that holds things in itself. it is said that there is nothing, that is, there can be space without things. proponents of the relational concept say that things have a spatial dimension. "space cannot exist without anything. this difference was explained by a. einstein, the founder of relativistic physics. imagine a barracks of soldiers. according to newtonian physics, as soon as the soldiers leave, the barracks will be empty. this is the space in the substantive concept. according to the new physics, when the soldiers leave, the barracks also disappear. this is the space in the relational concept [ha3apob, 2005: 137]. every thing and event, action and state, sign and characteristic are reflected in the human mind and own through language finds its expression. concepts of space and time are no exception. the representation of space through linguistic means constitutes the field of locality. in linguistics, locality combines various tools related to space.in later years, space and time have metrical and typological characteristics according to the basis of expression being recognized. the metric properties of space and time reflect the quantitative relations of existence are measurable, observable and relative properties. they include scale, homogeneity, and isotropy features include [hazapob, 2005: 138]. linguistic concepts included in the field of locality are heterogeneous, because locality is expressed at different levels of language. the word heterogeneity is derived from the greek language, and heteros means different [jihrbictichecki clobapb,1990: 103]. the term "heterogeneous" is explained in o.s. akhmanova's "dictionary of linguistic terms" as belonging to a different gender (genus) [akhmanoba, 1966: 97].in the following years, the concept of heterogeneity began to enter uzbek linguistics. in the existing literature, it is recognized that heterogeneity is a universal phenomenon, the concept of 399 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us homogeneity contradicts it, and homogeneity is a series-specific phenomenon. in particular, when d. nabieva argues about invariance-variability, the above concepts shows that any real pronunciation units affecting our sense organs are options, and the generalization in the form of possibilities hidden under these units is considered invariant. from this, it becomes clear that invariant and variant are not homogenous events in a mutual series, but heterogeneous events in a different series. each sound is formed as a result of the movement of a certain part of speech. this is the speech the sign of the movement of its members forms a sign of locality in phonetic units. in particular, consonant sounds are formed as a result of the airflow coming out of the lungs meeting an obstacle in a certain place of the oral cavity. the place where there is this obstacle is considered the local symbol of this sound. so, the local sign for consonants is considered a primary sign, if we approach it from the point of view of the concept of primary and secondary signs of matter in philosophy.in addition, the elements of the world surrounding us and their various signs reflected in the human mind are expressed in his language with the help of special linguistic tools, in particular with the help of lexemes. that is, there are certain lexemes from the lexical system of each language, in the content structure of which the locality scheme occupies a central place, in this case locality is considered a central scheme. such lexemes are specialized lexemes to represent locality. because of this, these lexemes are the same.it forms a local lexicon, as well as a temporal lexicon, which is specialized for expressing the meaning of time and forms a separate lexical-semantic group (lsg) with this unifying scheme. in the current uzbek language, there are a number of lexemes that express local meaning, such as place, place, space, house, city, village, country, in which the locality theme is the central theme, and this theme is the locality area is considered a common unifying theme.the characteristic thing is that such words retain the locality theme, regardless of what kind of suffix they receive in the sentence and what part of the sentence they are, and what is related to this theme? will keep the query. for example, in the sentence "our city is becoming more and more prosperous", the lexeme of the city, which is included in the field of locality, is connected to the participle by means of the main agreement form in the sentence, and comes in the role of possessor, but is it aimed at determining the local context? keeps asking.or, even if the same lexeme in the sentence "shahar's view" has a syntactic function of defining the view with the help of the demonstrative conjunction, the locality theme is expressed in the question, because where does this part belong to? there will be an answer to the question. so, each lexeme belonging to the local lexicon is used as a part of a sentence possible, but its local schema is preserved and the request is made based on this schema. it seems to be the case not only the cases of place, but all the parts of the sentence can have the meaning of place by being represented by words that have the meaning of locality. locality is also related to the phonetic architecture of each language's lexical units. in phonetics, the terms antaut, inlaut and austau+ are used to denote locality. each language differs from other languages in the phonetic structure of words. the phonetic structure o lexemes and the initial, middle and final part of the word have their own characteristics. this is of great importance in distinguishing the strong and weak positions of vowel and consonant phonemes, and in determining the freedom and limitation of the places of use. for example, the last position of the lexeme, i.e. auslaut, is considered a weak position for expressing voiced and unvoiced signs of consonant phonemes. therefore, voiced and unvoiced consonants at the same place lose their distinctiveness. or in the inlaut, the position of the open syllable is a weak position for narrow vowels, so they undergo reduction in the same position and etc. 4. the position of the syllables of polysyllabic lexemes in relation to the accented syllable is also closely related to locality. a stressed syllable is a strong position for vowel pronunciation, and an unstressed syllable is a weak position is considered 5. locality is also expressed in secondary names formed by derivation. such local lexemes are created based on the word formation model of a particular language with the help of special generating tools.in the uzbek language, such lexemes are formed using suffixes such as -zor, -istan, -goh, -tik. 6. a lexeme that takes certain relational forms enters into a syntagmatic relationship with other lexemes of the same form. some of the relational morphemes, which serve to ensure the 400 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us syntagmatic relationship of word forms, also have local grammatical meaning.in particular, the agreement forms express the subordinate relationship of the subordinate word to the dominant word, as well as the place of exit, direction, emergence or non-emergence of the action-state expressed from the lexical meaning of the subordinate clause. such agreements are contrasted with subject and nominative agreements on the basis of tokattik. exit, place, departure agreements are characterized by having a sign, and the other two are not. therefore, the agreements of the first group are also called local agreements. in this regard, the income agreement occupies an intermediate position. because this conjugation form is attached to transitive verbs and represents the place of descent, the point of descent of the action understood from the governing clause. the difference between local agreement and local agreement in expressing the meaning of place is that local agreement is a stable, permanent, central sema, while income agreement is border sema.7. the syntactic functions of local lexemes are specific for local cases. therefore, syntactic structural units also have specialized means for expressing locality. such syntactic units are considered a central tool in the expression of syntactic locality. in addition, at the syntactic level, there is a concept of the place (position) of the parts of the sentence in relation to the clause, which is also inextricably linked with the meaning of locality. the sign of syntactic position is of great importance in determining the thematic-rhematic function of the communicative structure of the sentence, that the formal structural units of the sentence are part of the sentence or part of the sentence, i.e. functional and non-functional part for the sentence structure. however, when expressing the local meaning of sentences, the next case is considered as a boundary sign.thus, locality is a meaningful category that is characteristic from the phonetic level to the highest level of language structure.at each level, there are central units that represent this content category and are specialized for this theme, as well as border units that serve as auxiliary tools in expressing this theme.all linguistic units related to the representation of the locality scheme can be combined into one semantic field the locality field. all linguistic units integrated into the field of locality are linguistic units integrated into the paradigm of locality differs from units by the sign of heterogeneity. depending on this sign of heterogeneity, the linguistic units included in the area of locality can be classified into the following meaning groups: 1. generative tokalik. such locality appears in connection with the place of emergence (birth) of sounds. 2. posit sion locality. such localization occurs as a result of the syntagmatic relationship of linguistic units with other similar linguistic units within a larger linguistic unit. positional locality can be defined as the position of the parts of the word in different places of the whole, the phonetic peak of the linguistic unit in relation to the stress, and the substantive and grammatical peak of the sentence in relation to the clause. will be therefore, positional locality is inextricably linked with syntagmatics, so it is realized only through syntagmatics. it should be noted that both of the above localities are outside the internal structure of the linguistic unit and have the sign of relativity. 3. nomina tive locality. such a locality is considered the center (core) of the locality field and it includes nominative units that are used to represent local characters in objective existence. locality is like that denotative meaning of units, and local units are nominal of such meanings. 4. deriva+sion stability. such locality is inextricably linked with nominative locality, it is a structural part of it. the difference between nominative locality and derivational locality is at the level of naming. if root lexemes have a place-sema, the locale represented by them is considered a nominative locale. things and events derived lexemes formed by adding placemaking suffixes to the representative base part are considered secondary names, and the locality represented by them is a derivational locality. 401 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. retya+ sion localtic. locality is relational, expressed through forms that express syntactic relations locality is considered7. the syntactic functions of local lexemes are specific for local cases. hence, syntactic structure units also have special means of expressigong locality. such syntactic units are considered a central tool in the expression of syntactic locality. in addition, at the syntactic level, there is a concept of the place (position) of the parts of the sentence in relation to the clause, which is also inextricably linked with the meaning of locality. the sign of syntactic position is of great importance in determining the thematicrhematic function in the communicative structure of the sentence, whether the formal structural units of the sentence are part of the sentence or part of the sentence, i.e. functional and non-functional part for the sentence structure. but the clauses and and express the local meaning of the sentence. the next state is considered a borderline sign. thus, locality is substantive, inherent from the phonetic level to the highest level of language structure is a category. at each level, there are central units that represent this content category and are specialized for this theme, as well as border units that serve as auxiliary tools in expressing this theme is available. all linguistic units involved in expressing the locality schema can be combined into one semantic field, the locality field.all linguistic units united in the field of locality differ from linguistic units united in the paradigm of locality by the sign of heterogeneity. depending on this sign of heterogeneity, locality field incoming linguistic units can be classified into the following meaning groups: 1) generative toralli. such locality is related to the place of emergence (birth) of sounds emerges. 2) positional forals. such a locality is itself part of a linguistic unit that is larger than the linguistic units themselves occurs as a result of syntagmatic relationship with other similar linguistic units. positional locality is the position of the parts of the word in different places of the whole, the phonetic peak of the word in relation to the accent, and the semantic and grammatical peak of the sentence in relation to the part is called positional locality. can be defined. therefore, positional locality is inextricably linked with syntagmatics, so it is realized only through syntagmatics.it should be noted that both of the above localities are outside the internal structure of the linguistic unit and have the sign of relativity. 3) nominative case. such a locality is considered the center (core) of the locality field and it includes nominative units that are used to represent local characters in objective existence. locality is the denotative meaning of such units, and local units are the nominal of such meanings. 4) derivative loratlie. such a locality is inextricably linked with the nominative locality, it is one of its components part. the difference between nominative locality and derivational locality is at the level of naming. if root lexemes have a place-sema, the locale represented by them is considered a nominative locale. derivative lexemes formed by adding placeforming suffixes to the base part representing things and events secondary names are enumerated, and the locality represented by them is a derivational locality. 5. relational tokallia. a locality expressed by forms representing syntactic relations is considered a relational locality.so, each lexeme belonging to the local lexicon can appear in the structure of a sentence as a part of a sentence, but its local schema is preserved and the question is answered based on this schema. it seems that not only locative cases, but all clauses have a locality scheme within clauses can be represented by words and have the meaning of place. thus, locality is a meaningful category that is characteristic from the phonetic level to the highest level of language structure. at each level, these are the central units that represent the content category and are specialized for this theme. in addition, there are boundary units that serve as an auxiliary tool in the representation of this scheme. all linguistic units involved in expressing the locality schema can be combined into one semantic field, the locality field. 402 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. akhmanova o.s. dictionary of linguistic terms. m.: se, 1966.. philosophical dictionary m., 1986, p.75 2. fundamentals of philosophy. (compiler and editor k. nazarov) tashkent: "uzbekistan" publishing house creative house, 2005. 3. linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. m.: se, 1990. nabieva d. generality-specificity dialectic at 4. ergashova, m. (2023). individual neologism creation method. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(10), 87-89. 5. ergashova, m. (2023). the concept of space in the national-linguistic landscape of the world. gospodarka i innowacje., 42, 14-17. 6. nasirov maxsutali-o‘g‘li, m., & meliqo‘ziyeva, m. (2023, june). radioaloqa terminlarining derivatsion xususiyatlari. in proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies (vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 164-166). 7. mahmudova, n. (2021). ўзбек тилиги телефон алоқа тармоғи терминларининг деривацион хусусиятлари. scienceweb academic papers collection. 8. nasirov maxsutali-o‘g‘li, muslimjon, and malikaxon meliqo‘ziyeva. "radioaloqa terminlarining derivatsion xususiyatlari." proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 9. maxsutali o’gli, nasirov muslimjon. "badiiy disskursda kognitiv metaforalarning ishlatilishi." proceedings of international educators conference. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 10. mahmudova, n. (2022). the issue of creating an explanatory dictionary of telephone communication network terms and regulating terms. ijssir, vol. 11, no. 9. 11. mahmudova, n. t., & tadjiyev, x. x. (2023). thematic groups of telecommunication terms in the uzbek language. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 564-569. 12. ergashova, m., & toshpulatov, b. t. (2023). transfer of the meaning and their reference to presupposition. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 556-559. 13. ergashova, m. (2023). localization relationship expression through prepositions. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 560-563. 67 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 effective use of financial market indicators shamsitdinova xonzoda tsue student of the faculty of finance and accounting abstract: this article explores the crucial role of financial market indicators in joint stock companies. the study highlights the importance of these indicators in assessing company performance, attracting investors, and making informed business decisions keywords: stock market indicators, market trends, technical indicators, fundamental indicators, leading indicators, interest rates. introduction in this section, we introduce the topic of financial market indicators and their relevance in joint stock companies. we discuss the significance of these indicators in monitoring financial health, gauging market sentiment, and driving investment decisions. the study aims to shed light on how joint stock companies can leverage these indicators to enhance transparency, accountability, and investor confidence. methods the methods section outlines the research methodology adopted for this study. we specify the data sources used for collecting financial market indicators, such as stock prices, trading volumes, earnings reports, and macroeconomic factors. additionally, we describe the sample of joint stock companies analyzed and the time frame covered in the study. results in this section, we present the findings of our research on the use of financial market indicators in joint stock companies. we showcase how these indicators act as key performance metrics for investors and stakeholders. the analysis demonstrates the correlation between specific financial market indicators and company performance, highlighting their predictive power in determining future trends. stock price analysis: we investigate the relationship between stock prices and various financial indicators, including earnings per share, revenue growth, and profitability. the results reveal how changes in these indicators impact stock prices and market sentiment. trading volume and liquidity: this subsection explores the impact of trading volume on the liquidity of joint stock companies. we discuss the significance of liquidity as an essential element in attracting and retaining investors. market sentiment and investor confidence: in this part, we analyze how financial market indicators influence market sentiment and investor confidence. we examine the relationship between macroeconomic factors and the stock market, affecting the overall perception of joint stock companies. discussion in the discussion section, we interpret the results obtained from the analysis of financial market http://www/ 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us indicators in joint stock companies. we elaborate on the implications of these findings and their practical applications. additionally, we address potential limitations of the study and suggest avenues for future research in this domain. moving average is a technical analysis tool that smooths out price data by creating a constantly updated average price. on a price chart, a moving average creates a single, flat line that effectively eliminates any variations due to random price fluctuations. the average is taken over a specific period of time–10 days, 20 minutes, 30 weeks, or any time period the trader chooses. for investors and long-term trend followers, the 200-day, 100-day, and 50-day simple moving average are popular choices. there are several ways to utilize the moving average. the first is to look at the angle of the moving average. if it is mostly moving horizontally for an extended amount of time, then the price isn't trending, it is ranging. a trading range occurs when a security trades between consistent high and low prices for a period of time. if the moving average line is angled up, an uptrend is underway. however, moving averages don't make predictions about the future value of a stock; they simply reveal what the price is doing, on average, over a period of time. crossovers are another way to utilize moving averages. by plotting a 200-day and 50-day moving average on your chart, a buy signal occurs when the 50-day crosses above the 200-day. a sell signal occurs when the 50-day drops below the 200-day.the time frames can be altered to suit your individual trading timeframe. 1-diagram. moving average technical analysis. source: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/041814/four-mostcommonlyused-indicators-trend-trading.asp http://www/ https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sma.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trend.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tradingrange.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/uptrend.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crossover.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/buy-signal.asp https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/041814/four-most-commonlyused-indicators-trend-trading.asp https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/041814/four-most-commonlyused-indicators-trend-trading.asp 69 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when the price crosses above a moving average, it can also be used as a buy signal, and when the price crosses below a moving average, it can be used as a sell signal. however, since the price is more volatile than the moving average, this method is prone to more false signals, as the chart above shows. conclusion the conclusion section summarizes the key takeaways from the study and emphasizes the critical role of financial market indicators in joint stock companies. we underscore the significance of utilizing these indicators to enhance decision-making processes, attract potential investors, and foster long-term growth. references: finally, we provide a list of references used throughout the article to support our research and findings. these citations include academic papers, reports, and authoritative sources relevant to the study of financial market indicators in joint stock companies. references: 1. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/041814/four-mostcommonlyused-indicators-trend-trading.asp 2. edwin g. dolan, coin d.campbeli , rosemary g. campbell. money, banking and monetary policy. c. “harcourt school”, 1988. p. 15. 3. frederick s. mishkin, kent matthews and massimo giuliodori. the economics of money, banking and financial markets. uk. pearson, 2013. p.3.; frederic s. mishkin, stanley g.eakins. financial markets and institutions. usa. prentice hall, 2012. p.2. 4. chaiporn vithessonthi . the effect of financial market development on bank risk: evidence from southeast asian countries. international review of financial analysis journal. volume 35, october 2014, pages 249-260 5. irvan trinugroxo , siong huk , veng chang li , jamol wiwoho , bruno s. sergi. effect of financial development on innovation: roles of market institutions. economic modelling journal.volume 103, october 2021, 105598 http://www/ https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/false-signal.asp https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/041814/four-most-commonlyused-indicators-trend-trading.asp https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/041814/four-most-commonlyused-indicators-trend-trading.asp https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-review-of-financial-analysis https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-review-of-financial-analysis/vol/35/suppl/c https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/economic-modelling https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/economic-modelling https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/economic-modelling/vol/103/suppl/c 674 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 a study on students’ perceptions of differentiated instruction in learning english grammar in nonlinguistic institutions samarkand economy and service institute “teaching language” department, teacher abulkhayirov doston fayzullo ugli samarkand economy andservice institute economy faculty group-ik523 bo’ltakov behruz baxtiyor o’g’li boltakovbehruz@gmail.com annotation: differentiated instruction has been hardly recognized and/or used in the local efl class. thus, the purpose of this study was to explore high schoolstudents’ perception of differentiated instruction as translated into classroom practices through flexible grouping, tiered activities, anchored activities, scaffolding techniques in learning english grammar. the findings further revealed that learning via differentiated instruction provided students time to think and complete activities at their own pace and time. overall, the study concluded that students had favorable perceptions of differentiated instruction in learning english grammar and suggested that making flexible use of differentiated efl class. keywords: differentiated instruction; one-size-fits-all instructions; instructional practices; students’ perceptions; teaching english grammar; introduction using the one-size-fits-all conventional approach disregards students with different readiness levels that likely affects students learning this mode of instruction no longer supports learning in a meta-modern mixed-ability classroom consisting of students with different amounts of grammatical and vocabulary knowledge, reading and listing skills, writing and speaking skills, fluency, and accuracy work. it is not only teaching to the middle level that fails to promote learning for all but also teaching to the top levels andor lower. regarding the problem of teaching to the one end, reed has the following to note: “teaching to the lower level of class perpetuates the problem of low achievement, along with boredom and disengagement on the part of the middle-high end learners. teaching to the middle level causes the less prepared students to struggle and fall far behind while the better-prepared students, who remain unchallenged, lose their motivation to learn. teaching to the high end also seems untenable, given the probable struggle and likely disengagement by less-prepared students the problem related to teaching to the one end, while compromising the quality 675 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us of our teaching, most dominantly teaching to the middle level, necessitates teachers to use innovative way(s) that benefits all as all teachers are expected to make sure that they are prepared to work with all students’ and achieve their common goal of helping all learners reach learning by using the means that promotes learning for all. besides, it is recognized to be an important tool for engaging students and addressing the individual needs of all learners in foreign language education. it also provides different learning opportunities for students in the language classrooms. as argued by its proponents, differentiated instruction is the most preferable way for promoting learning for all students in a mixed ability classroom situation consisting of students with different amounts of grammatical and vocabulary knowledge, reading and listening skills, speaking, writing skills and increasingly viewed as the panacea most teachers, including efl/esl teachers, are looking for. though most studies were conducted in economically rich classroom situations and findings may not be applicable in other contexts due to contextual factors. some other studies empirical have also evidenced the efficacy of differentiated instruction in the classrooms of typical learners in l1 situations, indicating the positive outcome of differentiating instructions. consequently, the current study was intended to investigate high school students’ perceptions towards differentiated instructional approaches, after interventions, in learning english grammar which is an essential component of language teaching and/or learning in an efl class without which communication will be hardly effective. in line with its purpose, the study attempted to answer the following research question: how do high school students perceive learning english grammar via a differentiated instructional approach? 2. research methodology the objective of this study was mainly to investigate high school students’ perceptions of a differentiated instruction in learning english grammar instructions after instructions. this study used the mixed methods that made use of quantitative and qualitative data from the participants. in this study, an intact class consisting of 41 students was randomly chosen using a simple random sampling technique and taught english grammar through differentiated instructions. after the instruction, relevant quantitative and qualitative data were data were gathered through a five-point likers scale questionnaire (with scales 1: strongly agree, 2: agree, 3: =undecided; 4: disagree, and 5: strongly disagree) and a semi-structured interview respectively. regarding the advantage of questionnaires in gathering relevant data, it gives privacy to participants, especially when identity is not required and the researcher's direct interaction is minimized, thereby encouraging participants to express themselves freely. in processing the data, the mean serves to give the average value for all respondents to a specific item(s) with the implication that the groups of respondents were in favor of or against a particular item. this helps discuss and interpret the data because using percentages alone appears to be somewhat weaker for interpreting and discussing the collected data. 3. results and discussions this study was intended to investigate students’ perceptions of differentiated instructions in the context of learning english grammar through a differentiated instructional approach that was translated into practices through flexible grouping, tiered activities/tasks, anchored activities or assignments, and scaffolding strategies. accordingly, the data presented in the following table shows the findings of the study. 4. results of students’ interview 676 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us to substantiate the data obtained from the students’ questionnaire, the interview was used to collect additional data about students’ perceptions through semi structured interviews. in doing this, six interviewees were randomly selected from the struggling students, grade level students, and advanced ones or most commonly called low achievers, average achievers, and high achievers. this was done to avoid biases in selecting the interviewees that may probably bias the outcomes. the results from students’ interview revealed that the students favorably perceived differentiated instructions. the students’ responses indicated that learning through a differentiated instructional approach was widely considered engaging, supportive, enjoying. the students also expressed their agreement that differentiated instruction accommodated their different readiness levels, enjoyed doing the grammar learning or practice activities/tasks, improved their learning achievements, and changed their views towards learning english grammar via di. the participants also expressed their favorable views stating that the flexible grouping provided them with ample learning opportunities. the list of used literature 1. abate demissie (2013). the effects of differentiated instructional approach on grade eight students’ attitude and vocabulary learning achievements. addis ababa university, unpublished ph.d. dissertation. 2. alavinia, p., & farhady, s. (2012). using differentiated instruction to teach vocabulary in mixed ability classes with a focus on multiple intelligences and learning styles. international journal of applied science & technology, 2(4), 72–82. 3. alhashmi, b., & elyas, t. (2018). investigating the effect of differentiated instruction in light of the ehrman & leaver construct on grammar learning. arab world english journal, 9 (3), 145-162. 4. alfehaid, a. f. t. (2011). developing an esp curriculum for students of health sciences through needs analysis and course evaluation in saudi arabia. university of leicester. 5. alkutbi, d. (2018). bridging the gap: a study of academic language-learning needs of saudi international students. unpublished ph.d. thesis. 160 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the gsp+ and analyzing exports of uzbekistan to the european union khojiev elshod yoqub ugli, ph.d tashkent state university of economics, senior lecturer of marketing department abstract: the article reveals ways to increase the type and volume of products exported to eu countries within the framework of the "gsp+" (generalized system of preferences), to increase the export potential of local products, to adapt products to international requirements and norms, and to implement them. the role and importance of the effective use of the "gsp+" system of benefits in export activities has been highlighted by the author. keywords: "gsp+" preferential system, export potential, local products, food and non-food products, export volume, international requirements. introduction. developing the national economy in uzbekistan, ensuring its growth rate at the level of modern requirements, forming a competitive economy, taking local products to foreign markets and promoting the brand of uzbek products on the world market, rapidly continuing reforms, raising them to a new modern level, and comprehensive socio-economic development of the regions are today's priorities. is one of the most urgent issues. in the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pf-60 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" it is stated that "by increasing the export potential of the republic, the export volume of the republic will reach 30 billion us dollars in 2026, the system of supporting the activities of exporting enterprises" by actively continuing to increase the republic's export potential, introduce standards that meet the foreign market and international requirements and attract famous brands, increase the share of the private sector in exports to 60%, increase the export geography of goods from 115 to 150". [1] on april 15, 2022, under the chairmanship of president shavkat mirziyoev, at the meeting dedicated to the issues of "ensuring price stability in the markets by increasing the production of food products and creating additional conditions for business support", effectively using the existing land resources, 7.7 million tons in 2022 it was emphasized that it is necessary to grow wheat and 23 million tons of fruits and vegetables and ensure export of 1.5 billion dollars. [2] for this reason, it is necessary to implement part of the tasks indicated in this article, that is, first of all, to produce local products based on the requirements of international standards, to ensure their competitiveness, to increase the level of recognition, and secondly, to comprehensively support and encourage export, and to increase its volume steadily. ensuring success in export markets due to the diverse and unique environment in foreign markets is one of the most important tasks. 161 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature review. iqbal ahmad a. and soomro dr. ishaque ahmad ansari interpret the benefits of gsp+ as follows: "the gsp+ is termed as a special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance". [3] this definition focuses on two main concepts sustainable development of the country and optimal management system. gsp+ is considered as an important step towards the development of the country's economy by generating additional income every year as a result of export growth. rusudan seturidze acknowledged that “preferences are concentrated on countries which have not been classified by the world bank as high or upper middle income economies for the past three years, based on gross national income percapita. [4] according to brynn jonsson r. julia “the gsp+ is a trade agreement that removes eu tariffs in exchange for the compliance of developing countries with international conventions, such as on human and labor rights, environmental protection, and good governance”. [5] j. de coster describes that “the generalised system of preferences (gsp) enables exporters in developing countries to benefit from preferential tariffs in the markets of industrialised countries. its aim is to help those countries to generate additional export revenue and reduce poverty”. [6] as the explanation of siddiqui м.s. “the primary purpose of the gsp is contribute to the eradication of poverty and the promotion of the sustainable development and good governance in the developing countries”.[7] by analyzing the literature, it was found that obtaining the status of gsp+ beneficiary is one of the important factors of the economic development of the beneficiary country, attracting investments and raising the standard of living, free access to eu markets for the goods produced in the country. research methodology this scientific article was developed using general and special research methods. in particular, the methods of analysis-synthesis, induction and deduction, scientific comparison, statistical analysis, as well as expert evaluation were used during the preparation of the scientific article. discussion at the meeting dedicated to the development of local industry held on november 7, 2022 in the presence of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, the types of industrial products to be exported to the european union countries in 2023 will be increased to 600, the export volume will be 700 million dollars, in particular, the types of electrical engineering products will increase from 7 to 20, and the types of leather industry products will increase to 10. to bring from 30; to increase the export volume of finished products by at least 2 times; it was noted to increase the export of home textile products by 200 million dollars, the export of carpet products by 200 million dollars, the export of construction materials by 800 million dollars, the export of pharmaceutical products by 120 million dollars, the export of furniture industry products by 50 million dollars, and the export of food products by 2 times. [8] as we know, on april 9, 2021, the european side adopted a regulatory document on granting uzbekistan the status of a beneficiary country under the general system of preferences ("gsp+"). based on this normative document, the system of special preferences of the european union for sustainable development and effective management ("gsp+") came into force for uzbekistan from april 10, 2021. before receiving the status of a beneficiary country of the "gsp+" system, uzbekistan used benefits within the framework of the general system of preferences ("gsp"). within the framework of these privileges, the country had the opportunity to export 3,000 goods without customs duties and 3,200 goods at reduced customs duty rates to the markets of eu member countries. 162 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as part of the european union's system of special preferences for sustainable development and effective management ("gsp+") provided to the republic, uzbekistan had the opportunity to export more than 6,200 items of goods to the european market without customs duties. in particular, a wide range of textile products, footwear, agricultural products, vehicles, mineral fertilizers, oil and chemical industry products, construction materials, ceramic and metal products, and technological equipment, which have the main export potential of the republic, are exempt from customs duty. if we give clear examples, within the framework of the "gsp+" system, in contrast to the "gsp" system, apple and tomato juices 13.3-25.5%, peaches and apricots 14.1-16.5%, frozen vegetables (potatoes , olives, tomatoes, etc.) – 10.9%, vehicles for cargo transportation – 15.4%, offal products – 11.9%, canned vegetables – 14.1%, fish meat and fillets – 14.5 %, fruit juices 14.5%, children's clothes 8.4% and t-shirts 9.6% customs duties were canceled. [9] it should be noted that the use of benefits within the framework of the "gsp+" by the member countries of the european union will significantly increase their export potential while ensuring the competitiveness of their local products on the european market. figure 1 was developed by the author so that local business entities can get information about which products and the amount of customs duties are applied to the benefits within this system. as you can see from this figure, the exporting organization goes to https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/home to get information about the gsp+ status of its product. from this link platform, customs tariff numbers (hs code) of the exported product or the name of the product, as well as the exporting country and one of the eu countries to which the product is sent, are selected and the "search" button is clicked. as a result, it is possible to see the origin of the information on customs duties for products imported from third countries and "0" customs duty for countries that have obtained the "gsp+". step 2 to determine which types of goods are covered by the gsp+, please refer to the following procedure. step 1 step 2 step 3 step 3 step 3 step 3 step 3 step 3 to find out which types of goods are covered by the gsp+, you should go to the link below. https://trade.ec.europa. eu/accesstomarkets/en/home you will see a list of products like below. you can find out from it which products are covered by gsp+. you should enter the hs code of the exported products or the name of the product, as well as the country of export and the country to be sent to the blank fields above, and press the search button. 163 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture 1. chart for information on which products the gsp+ benefit is applied to and how many are exempted from customs duties [10] table 1. analysis of product sectors under gsp+ benefits [11] * live animals, plants and their roots, jewelry, furniture, toys and other products. as can be seen from the above table, there are 6,200 types, including food and agriculture 1097 types, textile and light industry 1324 types, chemical and oil and gas 969 types, electrical engineering 653 types, metallurgy 467 types. leather industry 105 types, machinery 148 types, construction 111 types, etc. 1326 types of products can be exported to eu countries without customs duties. as can be seen from the above table, there are 6,200 types, including food and agriculture 1097 types, textile and light industry 1324 types, chemical and oil and gas 969 types, electrical engineering 653 types, metallurgy 467 types. leather industry 105 types, machinery 148 types, construction 111 types, etc. 1326 types of products can be exported to eu countries without customs duties. we consider the analysis of exports to the european union and other countries within the scope of gsp+ benefits in terms of the types of products produced in the regions (table 2). table 2 analysis of products supplied to foreign markets within the framework of gsp+ during 2022 analysis of products supplied to foreign markets within the framework of gsp+ during 2022 no . name of sectors number of product s analysis of products destined for export to the european union under gsp+ analysis of products destined for export to other countries under gsp+ produc t type number of enterprise s export quantit y (mln. doll.) produc t type number of enterprise s export quantit y (mln. doll.) 1 food and agriculture 1 097 81 158 29,8 291 1 824 1 140,5 2 textile and light industry 1 324 226 204 177, 8 604 1 529 3 100,8 no. product sectors under gsp+ benefits number of products included in the list of gsp+ benefits 1 food and agriculture 1 097 2 textile and light industry 1 324 3 chemistry, oil and gas 969 4 electrical engineering 653 5 metallurgy 467 6 leather industry 105 7 mechanical engineering 148 8 construction 111 9 others* 1 326 total: 6 200 164 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3 chemistry, oil and gas 969 30 47 45,6 242 546 1 138,7 4 electrical engineering 653 58 28 6,9 275 308 148, 7 5 metallurgy 467 61 45 33,0 218 428 1 179,0 6 leather industry 105 6 6 0,59 64 213 59,4 7 mechanical engineering 148 1 2 0,00 2 35 96 30,3 8 constructio n 111 15 17 0,1 84 333 63,0 9 others* 1 326 112 68 3,8 622 916 475, 5 total: 6 200 590 575 297, 6 2 435 6 193 7 335,9 source: developed by the author in 2022, within the framework of gsp+ benefits, 590 types of products have been shipped to eu countries by the republic of uzbekistan, equivalent to 300 million us dollars. also, 2,435 types of products were delivered to the countries that do not provide gsp+ benefits with a value equal to 7.3 billion us dollars, and 24 times more exports were made than to the countries that provide the benefits. through the table below, we will consider the export analysis of other countries that have established exports to the european union based on the benefits of the gsp status. table 3 analysis of gsp beneficiaries with the largest share of eu imports [12] no. gsp beneficiary country imports from the european union under the gsp (billion euros) total imports of the european union (billion euros) gsp imports total % 1 bangladesh 16,766 17,401 96,4 2 india 16,378 43,601 37,6 3 vietnam 8,994 37,531 24,0 4 indonesia 6,616 15,557 42,5 5 pakistan 5,885 6,74 87,3 6 cambodia 4,987 5,255 94,9 7 myanmar 1,926 2,189 88,0 8 philippines 1,915 7,49 25,6 9 sri lanka 1,365 2,755 49,5 10 mozambique 1,219 1,84 66,3 from the data of table 3, it can be seen that bangladesh and india from a number of countries with the gsp system of benefits delivered more than 16 billion euro worth of products to the eu under these incentives. also, the value of the products supplied by vietnam, indonesia and cambodia to eu countries is 5-9 billion. the philippines and sri lanka delivered products equal to 1-2 billion euro to the markets of eu countries. conclusion and suggestions. according to the results of the research and analysis, we believe that it is necessary to further develop marketing research in order to diversify the finished local products delivered from uzbekistan to the european union market. after uzbekistan acquires the right to gsp+, it will 165 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us be appropriate to conduct diplomatic negotiations on the establishment of "green corridors" at the borders of these countries in order to significantly increase the volume of agricultural products exports to the eu countries. establishing the activity of centers that include services specialized in supplying the results of marketing research to the requirements of food, fruit and vegetable and industrial products in the markets of importing countries, the world market situation of products and the results of marketing research. taking measures to hold exhibitions and fairs in foreign markets considered promising for products within the scope of gsp+ benefits. further improvement of the work of introducing international standards and technical regulations to the activities of producers of products within the framework of gsp+ privileges by studying advanced foreign experience. we believe that it is necessary to find promising buyers through the diplomatic missions of the republic of uzbekistan abroad with farmers and peasant farms and other manufacturing enterprises that grow and process products with international quality and safety certificates. references 1. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 2. the meeting chaired by the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev dedicated to the issues of "ensuring price stability in the markets and creating additional conditions for business support by increasing the production of food products". april 15, 2022. 3. mr. iqbal ahmad a. soomro, dr. ishaque ahmed ansari. the gsp+ and exports of pakistan to the european union. journal of european studies (jes)/july 2022, 38(2):38-54. 4. rusudan seturidze, iasha meskhia. the european union’s generalized system of preferences (gsp) and the prospect of a unified database. conference: world academy of science, engineering and technology. spain, barcelona. october 2013. volume: 7. 5. brynn jonsson r. julia. analyzing the diversity and inclusivity of philippine exports to the european union under the gsp+. journal of philippine development: a technical journal of the national economic and development authority. july, 2022. 46(2):23-47. 6. j. de coster. the eu's generalised system of preferences (gsp): impact on textile and clothing trade. january 2008. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294102668 7. м.s.siddiqui. bangladesh at crossroad of gsp, gsp+ & ldc graduation. march 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359437977 8. the speech of the president of the republic of uzbekistan at the meeting dedicated to the development of local industry, held on november 7, 2022. 9. the official website of the ministry of investments and foreign trade of the republic of uzbekistan (https://mift.uz/uz/menu/gsp). 10. khojiev e.yo. doctor of philosophy thesis on "improving the use of marketing research in increasing the export of apricot products". tashkent. 2023. p. 62 11. it was analyzed by the author on the basis of regulation no. 978/2012 of the european parliament and of the council of october 25, 2012 on the application of the scheme of general tariff preferences and repealing council regulation no. 732/2008. p. 28-79. 12. on 10/02/2020, the european commission released its third biennial report on the generalised scheme of preferences (gsp).) p 4. https://www.researchgate.net/journal/journal-of-european-studies-jes-2307-5422 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/brynn_jonsson_julia?_sg%5b0%5d=t11xy-_mwzmzhlcvvzy58dxf7duy670uyk5gqbftkyrqsmtrbgljj_hjck9wfer1yytlmfy._bspxn_6ggd0qdwlumyzhhi4ulq2wbeqtzlduitzek1kyr7sjm-dmv70rjhvn7hyhowx1wj08n2urrl-epnnma&_sg%5b1%5d=saxkzzgvnl31uwxnzas_gwh80ir7u3sgcpzi3dsixod-vj_4zlfipaqwtuo1gzqctlv6btc.lcyzhlwlukqwnn0_4_i5gcvqn67r7v9j3t2a6fwhw3ex4opgn0_mq1g_shg5wxp330f59tmawker3slkzppisq https://mift.uz/uz/menu/gsp 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 lms systems and their description abduraximov ozodbek azimjon o‘g‘li, tojidinov azizbek ilhomjon o‘g‘li, nazirjonov ubaydulloh nozimjon o'g'li muhammad alkhorazmi tatu named after ferghana branch student it is known that each education institution own education process manage for modern from technologies come came out without , its own virtual information education environment tries to create . current to time come , virtual information education environment of creation the need because there is no left web environment different adapted kind of software complexes passionate programmer and education in the field work coming of employees in cooperation performance , as well as education directed funds by support as a result , free and open coded software supplies created this is a study in our module remote education process organizing opportunity giver free and open coded programs of the complex analysis is brought . education in the module given software complexes analysis a lot years during take went scientific researches is the result . remote teaching eng good traditional and innovative methods , teaching tools and uniforms own into received external and daytime education like information and telecommunications technologies based on education is the form remote reading is new information technologies , telecommunications technologies and technical tools based on education is a system . it is education to the recipient known standards and education laws and regulations based on study conditions and teacher with communication providing from the student more independent respectively requiring engagement is a system . in this reading process education recipient which at the time and which in the place to be depends not remote education from a distance standing up study information exchangeable to tools based , teacher special information environment using , of the population all layers and foreign fifty education to recipients education services showing education is complex . remote teaching system remote teaching conditions based on organize to be done teaching system . all education systems like remote teaching system his own structural purpose , content , methods , means and organizational to the forms have information and communication technologies education in the process ( in particular , remote education process ) . basically two different in appearance done is increased . first condition this technical equipment if so , the second condition while special software supplies with is provided. technician equipment with availability : computers , network devices , high high-speed internet networks , video conference equipment and etc. software to supply there is devices which uses software from supplies pulling that's it field for intended programs collection enters last in years in the west education system in management using bride 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us internet or intranet network through electron in the form of education type elearning ( electron education ) term with come in came electronic education — information communication technologies based on of education different appearances meaning wide is a concept . electronic education of organization many sources from among the following show can : authorship software products ( authoring tools ), virtual education process manager systems lms ( learning management systems ), internal content manager systems cms ( content management systems ). lms / lcms systems electron education ( distance education organize the process ). of reaching main functions own into takes such functions to the line of students ( teachers , course creator pedagogues and others ) to the list get , users study from courses exclusion of students independent education get environment create , reader and of teachers mutually individual or group in cooperation work ( web2 elements to use through ) organize groups create and them management , intermediate , current and final controls organizing and electron control types create ( electron control types closed type test, open kind of control , compatibility to find about , sequence right placement , empty left place filling and another types includes ), various kind of social requests organization of students knowledge level monitoring , issuing certificates ( diplomas ) . opportunity , electronic information resources ( electronic libraries ) organization , electronic study resources export / import options , system users ( students , teachers ( tutors ), course creator of pedagogues ) to the system when , how much time during study contents with acquaintance , which by ip address that entered ( this while which from the state to the system entered to determine help gives ), browser and which operational system through entered in the system there is of users activity special graphics monitoring through opportunity , teacher ( tutor or electron course creator by pedagogues ). electron educational resources to create , in authoring tools scorm , tincan or another standards based on created electron study resources download by students another students / teachers with ( chat , forum , video conference , general electron blackboards or of the system internal / external messages through the exchange module ) communication organization , training in the process will be the news all to users public message by sending standing of modules availability , economic and to marketing about operations manage and another opportunities counting transition can apparently as it is above seeing developed lms systems possibilities from each other won't stay . however , they are using remote education systems organize reach of the administrator ability and of systems possibilities being created remote education to the system where level suitable to come depends will be remote education systems in a minimal state when creating of the lesson theoretical parts create , various in the form of tests structure , forum, explanatory dictionary of students rating system control to do departments divisibility is required . seeing developed lms systems almost all of them scorm and ims standards supports . such standards presentations demonstration do , electronic sources seeing exit and simple and complicated in appearance tests make up enable creates scorm and ims standard files one in the system or one in the department not but different of systems different in departments repeatedly use opportunity there is will be used literature : 1. ergashev, om, turgunov , bx, & turgunova , nm (2023). microprocessor control system for heat treatment of reinforced concrete products. international journal of inclusive and sustainable education, 2(5), 11-15. 2. turgunova, n., turgunov , b., & umaraliyev , j. (2023). automatic text analysis. syntax and semantic analysis. engineering problems and innovations. 3. tojalievich, ti, mavlonjonovich , mm, tokhtasinovich , uj, & eraliyevich , ta (2022). methods of implementation of information protection system. galaxy international journal of interdisciplinary research, 10(6), 1037-1040. 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. tojiboev, it, mamirkhojayev , mm, toychibaev , ae, & umaraliyev , jt (2021). cash memory of the computer, memory address and their order. academic research in educational sciences, 2(7), 37-43. 5. umaraliyev, j., turdaliyev, k., isoqjonova, s., & abdurakhimov, o. (2023). its applications and prospects in education. interpretation and researches, 1(11). search the horse http://interpretationandresearches.uz/index.php/iar/article/view/1277 6. ilhomjon son, tk, stop son, uj, & azimjon son, ao (2023). the role and significance of modern technologies in the development of society. international conference on architecture and civil engineering, 1–3. retrieved from https://conf.innovascience.uz/index.php/icace/article/view/31 7. ilhomjon son, tk, jamshidbek stop it og , u., & azimjon son , ao (2023). an article on the progress of modern technologies in society. science, education, culture and innovation, 2(6), 15-17. 8. stop it son, uj. azimjon son, ao. & ilhomjon daughter is. (2023). the transformative role and importance of telecommunication technologies in our daily lives. & quot;online conferences&quot ; platform, 138–139. retrieved from http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/1260 9. umaraliyev, j., abdurakhimov, o., & isokjonova, s. (2023, june). use and effectiveness of information technologies in medicine. in academic international conference on multi-disciplinary studies and education (vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 148-151). http://interpretationandresearches.uz/index.php/iar/article/view/1277 https://conf.innovascience.uz/index.php/icace/article/view/31 516 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the notion of translation and its basic pecularities dadajanova aziza karimullayevna english teacher at the national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek abstract: this article is based on crucial facts about translation, its main models and some features that are important in translating. as we know, translation connects us to the world around us so that we can understand different perspectives and broaden our own. we live in a world where being connected to not only our community but also communities outside of our own is beneficial to our well-being. because of technology, we are now able to reach people across the globe within seconds and this increase in ability to connect has increased the need and desire for translation. the translator has to ensure that the original intentions and influence of the author are preserved. while translating, steps have to be taken to preserve the original intentions and influence of the author. keywords: translation, basic models of translation, written and spoken translation, interpreter, interpretation. translation is the bridge to difference. it is the transfer of knowledge from one way of understanding to another. this can mean from one language to another or from one discipline to another. for example, from spanish to english or from a scientific way of speaking into simpler terms understood by the common person. either way, through translation, more people can get exposed to and understand different writings, viewpoints, and information than would be available to them without it. there are multiple ways to translate a text into a different language and scholars debate which one is correct. the phrase “meaning can be lost in translation but also created by it” (freeman 432) means that as the work is translated to a new language and the translator is putting in his or her own influence, the original and the translation could look different and provide different meanings and feelings about the topic, or elicit the same feelings with a different arrangement of words. it all depends on how the text is translated, what the goal of the translator is, and how he or she alters the original into the new translation. this transfer of information is important because it brings people from different cultures and places together. even so, the phrase “lost in translation” can be valid in many cases, because while translation brings new information and makes it available to more people, there are some things lost along the way. (freeman 430) [1]. translation can be written or spoken, but there is a difference between the two. a translator takes a written work and translates it from a foreign language into his or her native tongue. there are a lot of considerations when translating a text that include what to leave out, what to do when there is not an exact translation between the languages, how to leave enough of the original culture and add in the culture of the translator so that the readers will understand, and more. the translator must decide between certain types of translation based on his or her goal. an interpreter translates spoken phrases between languages. (schleiermacher 43-44) this is more of an immediate translation, so there are not as many considerations to be made on how to translate, because the interpreter does not have time to do so. the interpreter is more concerned with how 517 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to get the same idea or meaning across in the next language. interpreters need to be familiar with the technical details and terminology needed to be able to benefit the participants. if the interpreters have this knowledge, they will be able to work around the differences in languages and find an expression that gets the point across in the other language. (schleiermacher 44) this type of translation can be done by anyone with enough knowledge of both languages according to schleiermacher, but interpreting is actually a very challenging task. the interpreter has to have a high proficiency in both languages as well as have a vast knowledge of the cultures involved and how that language expresses meaning so that they can effectively translate, not only into a different language, but into a different culture as well. all these considerations have to be made immediately so that the conversation can continue. interpreters do not always interpret the literal meaning behind the words of one language into the next because the literal meaning may not convey the correct meaning. they must deliver what was said accurately and in a timely manner while making those quick decisions on how to get the message across most effectively. it is a highly stressful field to work in as both parties involved are depending on the interpreter to make sure they understand what is being said. if the interpreter cannot understand the accent of a speaker or is not fully knowledgeable on the topic, vocabulary required, or the culture, it can interfere with the accuracy of the interpretation and the flow of the conversation. according to friedrich schleiermacher, there is a considerable difference between interpretation and translation. schleiermacher was a german philosopher, theologian, and biblical scholar during the romantic era who is known for his work in the philosophy of religion and his theory of translation. according to schleiermacher, the difference between a translator and interpreter is that the translator is considered an artist. the more the author adds in his own “particular way of seeing and drawing conclusions” (schleiermacher 44) and organizes it according to principles that he has either chosen or designed to affect the reader in a certain way, the more his own character is in the work. (schleiermacher 44) schleiermacher also says that the translator must “be familiar with his writer and the writer’s tongue in a different sense than the interpreter” (schleiermacher 44). for example, the translator must be aware of the author’s background and what he wanted to get across in the text as well as how that particular language manipulated the words to get that meaning across. in all, according to schleiermacher, the translator is above the interpreter because the translator is incorporating his own influences into the work he is translating, which includes the spirit of his own language and his own views and feelings about the topic. (schleiermacher 44-45) he is considering a translator an artist because of the individual influence that is being added to the text making it more of his own work. the translator is considering the multiple characteristics of the text that the original author added and is having to manipulate those characteristics and the words into a text that would make sense to the new audience. while doing this, the way the translator personally expresses meaning will influence the text of the translation. in contrast to translation, interpretation is more for getting across the main point of what was said, so the interpreter is not putting much of his own personal influence into what is translated. when translating a written text of high artistic quality, however, it is not an easy task to transfer information from one way of speaking into another while preserving all that the original piece had to offer. therefore, friedrich schleiermacher explained what can alter the original text and what translators have to be aware of when translating a text. the first consideration is whether a word in one language can correspond directly to a word in the other and can express the same idea with the same range of meaning. if that were true, he said, then the translation of these areas would be just as mechanical as interpretation, where you are only communicating the information in the piece (schleiermacher 45). schleiermacher writes, “the further removed (the languages) are from one another in etymology and years, the more it will be seen that not a single word in one language will correspond perfectly to a word in another” (schleiermacher 46). even people who know both languages very well are not going to be able to find the exact word in the other language, and so it becomes the task of finding the most fitting word to get across 518 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the same point. an example of a word that does not have a direct translation to english is the spanish word “sobremesa”, which is used to express the moment after eating a meal at the table where the food is gone but the conversation is still going. there is not a single word in english to describe this so the translator would have to express this meaning differently in the translation. the second point schleiermacher noted was that when someone is translating, his own selfexpression can take over. the way one author manipulates words to paint a picture within a story is going to be different than how another author would. since some words are not going to translate directly, this opens the opportunity for the translator’s influence to enter the text as they find a different way to convey the original thought. from here schleiermacher outlined two points that define the relationship between the language and the writer. one is the language’s effect on the writer and the other is the writer’s effect on the language. he described the language's effect on the writer by stating “every human being is...in the power of the language he speaks” (schleiermacher 46). this quote is saying that the language a person speaks influences that person. this influence could be in the way that an individual interprets something or in the way he or she words things and expresses thoughts. the way someone combines words and forms ideas is shaped by the language and culture he or she grew up in. he described the writer's effect on the language by stating “every free-thinking, intellectually independent individual shapes the language in his turn” (schleiermacher 46). here schleiermacher is saying that the individual also has the ability to manipulate language. how a person puts words together and shapes the language to express meaning is the power he or she has over the language. the individual causes new forms of the text to emerge because he or she is using his or her own way of combining the words in that language. [4]. there are two main models in translation theory that relate to this question. the first is the instrumental model, which is the model that was dominant in translation studies up until the romantic period. this theory of translation focuses on the reproduction of the source text in form, meaning, or effect. the goal is to have the translated text be a copy of the original. this type of translation is also called word for word or sense for sense translation. the word for word concept refers to the translator being more focused on translating exactly what the original author said by translating each word to the other language. to sum up, this way of translating can affect how the sense of the text is conveyed since the way words are organized in one language might not make sense in another, and it does not take into consideration the cultural differences between the different audiences. the sense for sense concept means that the translator is more focused on conveying the same meaning that the text had for the original readers. it translates the whole meaning of a statement rather than just each word one at a time. this allows for the meaning of the text and flow of sentences to be preserved in a way so that the audience of the translation will be able to understand it. the second model is called the hermeneutic model. this theory views translation as an interpretation of the original since the text is a product of many factors. it considers the cultural and social context of the texts and translates accordingly. it is considered a more holistic approach, since it considers all aspects (writers’ style, cultural context, etc.) of the text to be important. according to the renowned translation scholar, lawrence venuti, the hermeneutic model is better because it gives a more sophisticated, comprehensive, and ethical translation. this model recognizes that translation cannot reproduce an unaltered version of the source text. (venuti 5-6) [5] references: 1. freeman, r. “what is 'translation'?”. evidence and policy, vol. 5, no. 4, 2009. pp. 429-447. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426409x478770 2. narimanova j.y. the role of teachers’ cultural awareness in preparing to work with multicultural students. the american journal of social science and education innovations (issn – 2689-100x) published: september 18, 2020. p: 172-181. 519 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. narimanova j.y. the significance of comprehending cultural diversity through movies in english lessons. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 4, issue 7, july – 2020, pages: 53-58 4. schleiermacher, friedrich. “on the different methods of translating.” translated by susan bernofsky. in the translation studies reader, edited by lawrence venuti. london and new york: routledge, 3rd ed., 2012. pp. 43-53. 5. venuti, lawrence, ed. the translation studies reader. 3rd ed., london and new york: routledge, 2012. isbn: 978-0-415-61348-4 125 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 electronic digital signature algorithms based on the complexity of the factorization problem sharopova muxayyo muxtor qizi asian international university teacher of the "general technical sciences" department mukhayyosharopova4@gmail.com annotation: this article shows the concepts of electronic digital signature and the main goals of its use. in addition, the science "cryptography", which is the basis of electronic signature, and the initial encryption algorithms of this science are presented, showing examples of them. raised electronic digital signature algorithms based on the complexity of the factorization problem. keywords: cryptography, factoring, digital signature, algorithms, electronic document. introduction. electronic digital signature based on rsa public key encryption algorithm each i user of the system  ii de , generates a key pair. for this, by taking sufficiently large p and q -prime numbers (these numbers are kept secret), pqn  -number and the value of the euler function  n =   11  qp is calculated (this number is also kept secret). then,    1, nei  the number satisfying the condition, i.e., the number -by the number  n -which id is prime to the number -is ie calculated by this formula.  nde ii mod1 this ( ie ; id ) pair ie is declared as public key and id private key . then i -user j to -user sends encrypted data with signature as follows: 1. encryption rule: cnm je mod , where m open information, s encrypted information; 2. decoding rule: mnmnc jjj ded  modmod ; 3. calculation of eri:   i d pnmh i mod , where i -the -user's ip -signature is calculated by м the -data's  mh -hash function value; 4. checking the eri:      nmhnp iii dee i modmod  mh , if  mh  1mh (here 1m -decrypted information), then the electronic document is valid, otherwise it is invalid, because according to the hash function property 1mm  , their hash values are also equal 5. confidential data transfer protocol:     nmhm j i ed mod   cnpm je i  mod ; 6. protocol for receiving confidential transmitted information: http://www/ mailto:mukhayyosharopova4@gmail.com 126 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nc jd mod    npm jj de i mod ipm  , preliminary information in general may have been changed, therefore nc jd mod ipm 1 and the resulting hash value is u by signature this expression      nmhnp iii dee i modmod  mh , and if the received information has a hash value  1mh , then  mh  1mh the electronic document is valid, otherwise, it is fake. esign digital signature algorithm. esign is an eri algorithm developed by scientists from japan (ntt, japan). the tolerance of this algorithm is determined by the complexity of the factorization problem, such as the rsa algorithm. in the esign algorithm, a pair of large prime numbers p and q serves as a secret key and is determined by the expression n = p 2 *q. the pair (n, k) serves as the public key. here k is a security parameter. the formation of eri according to the esign algorithm and its transmission includes the following sequence of steps: 1) m is a hash function for information: m = h(m); the value of m is in the range from 0 to n-1; 2) a random number x smaller than p*q is generated; 3) a very small integer w is: w ((m x k ) (mod n))/p*q; 4) eri s is formed for m using the secret key: s x+((w/kx k-1 (mod p))p*q; 5) information is transmitted through the communication channel m and eri s. using the received information m and eri s, the receiving party performs the following sequence of steps: 1) the hash function for m information is m = h(m): s k for s using public key (n, k). (mod n) is; 3) the number a is equal to or greater than the double of the number of bits divided by 3, much smaller than the integer, and 2 is a ; s k (mod n) is compared with m and m+2 a : m = = s k (mod n); m+2 a = = s k (mod n). if s k (mod n) is equal to or greater than m and s k (mod n) is less than m+2 a , then eri is valid, otherwise invalid. the fact that this algorithm has the ability to perform calculations related to x and k in advance makes it possible to speed up the eri formation process. this algorithm is much faster than rsa if it uses keys and signatures of the same size, and has the same security as rsa. esign has received a patent in the usa, canada, england and several countries. references: 1. sharopova, m. m. (2023). rsa va el-gamal ochiq kalitli shifrlash algoritmi asosida elektron raqmli imzolari. rsa ochiq kalitli shifrlash http://www/ 127 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us algoritmi asosidagi elektron raqamli imzo. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 316-319. 2. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo ‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o ‘rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 3. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320-322. 4. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 8286. 5. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 6. турсунов, б. ж., гайбуллаев, с. а., & жумаев, к. к. (2020). влияние технологических параметров на гликолевую осушку газа. sciences of europe, (55-1 (55)), 33-36. 7. турсунов, б. ж., & алланазаров, г. о. (2019). перспективные технологии производства по улучшению качества бензина. теория и практика современной науки, (3 (45)), 305-308. 8. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. 9. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 10. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 11. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669674. 12. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 13. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 14. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 15. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish t exnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 16. jurakulov, s. z. (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 514-518. 17. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology, 3(10), 25-33. 18. zafarjon o'g'li, z. s. (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 19. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle’s system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67–73. 20. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizik-mexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223-228. http://www/ 128 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 22. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 23. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 24. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 25. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 26. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360-365. http://www/ 222 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 a model of tourism development within the economy jumаnаzаrovа zilolа shokir qizi student of urganch state university abstract: currently, attention is increasingly being paid to the non-production sector of the economy, especially tourism, throughout the world, as well as in uzbekistan. people are trying to spend their free time productively, relax, restore their health, learn about the world, customs and values of peoples. such services are provided by the tourism sector. in this article, scientific information about the importance of the model of tourism development in the structure of the economy is widely covered. keywords: the great silk road, cultural heritage, historical tourism, travelers, (geographers), economy, tour operator, tour agent, historical monuments, tourist cities. introduction: humanity has always changed its range of motion and sought to discover new lands. by the 20th century, such aspirations increased and spurred the development of the tourism industry. in some countries, the tourism sector is developing very steadily, and their annual growth rate reaches 8%-10%. this shows how crucial the 4 tourism sectors are in the country's economy. it is interesting to note that as a result of the development of tourism, transport, market infrastructure, trade, food industries, construction, crafts and other service industries also develop. uzbekistan entered the new 21st century with steady steps. it is predicted that the 21st century will be the century of tourism and tourism. in the 21st century, tourism provides foreign currency income in the republic budget with its significant contribution. there are enough opportunities and grounds for this in our republic. only by implementing the strategy of modern tourism development, we need to create an opportunity to raise the tourism industry to higher levels. tourism in uzbekistan is not a new industry, this industry has existed for a long time, only the task before us is to develop tourism based on a new strategy and define its perspective. tourism is a unique leisure industry that includes industries related to providing services to tourists. cooperation in the field of tourism attracts unemployed or partially employed layers of the population to economic public production, helps to solve the problem of full and rational use of labor resources. this is especially important for regions where the industry is not well developed. cooperation in the field of tourism plays an important role in the development of some regions with relatively low economic potential. tourism contributes to the activity of work in these regions, attracts the labor-capable population that is not employed in public production, and expands the field of employment. cooperation in the field of tourism activates the development of the economy, helps to effectively use regional resources and improve the skills of service workers. the tourism network helps to accelerate the development 223 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of agricultural production and improve it. in the future, with the expansion of the public service sector, the number of people employed in the service sector will increase. the rapid development of the network through cooperation in the field of tourism, the growth of its economic importance, the ability of the tourism service sector to bring great benefits, led to the large number of investments in this sector. main part: currently, the process of forming a national model of tourism is being implemented in the republic of uzbekistan. according to this model, the tourist market developed in the country affects the social, political and economic situation of the country like any other market. it is an important tool for developing cooperation between countries and determining levels of investment and capital flow. it is known that in countries with a developed market economy, mainly private and commercial companies provide services to tourists. however, under any circumstances, tourism can develop only if the state creates an optimal economic and legal environment. if the issues of state professional training, protection of the natural and cultural environment, if it does not deal with information advertising work and simplification of formalities, then tourism will not reach the expected level of development. it is important to develop methodological and practical approaches related to the development of tourism by the state, the formation of the market of tourist services, the reformation of economic regulation methods and tools, the improvement of the organizational management systems of tourism, the increase of its export potential and, most importantly, the attraction of foreign investments. is enough. the foundation of tourism infrastructure in uzbekistan was laid from the time of the former soviet union. however, the problem of redistribution of income from this sector was usually solved by the center. in 1985-89, the volume of domestic and regional tourism in uzbekistan was 1.4-1.6 million. person, while the number of foreign tourists was only 130-180 thousand people. by this time, that is, in 1985, there were 1.5 million people in turkey. 7 million in 1992. 11 million in 2003. foreign tourists visited around. in 1981, hungary received 14.2 mln. received tourists, by 1991 this amount reached 19.1 million. in 1992, the tourism sector of uzbekistan offered only 27 types of services to foreign tourists, and in 2008, more than 50 types of services. turkey, after the independence of our country, the development of tourism became a priority issue with the direct initiatives of the president. in general, the development of tourism infrastructure in the republic of uzbekistan can be divided into five stages. the first stage (includes 1992). this stage is characterized by the initial formation of national tourism in our republic. at this stage, the "uzbekturizm" national company, considered the leader in tourism infrastructure, was founded. the second stage (1993-1995 years). a national development model of tourism was developed. this stage is related to the development of new tourist destinations, improvement of services, expansion of the material and technical base of tourism, improvement of the organizational system of management and other similar tasks, together with the increase in the volume of tourist services. created a number of problems that could not be solved only within the framework of the national company "uzbekturizm". in order to directly communicate with tour operators, the company has offices in countries such as germany (frankfurt-main), england (london), usa (new york), united arab emirates (sharjah) and russia (moscow). opened its representative offices. 224 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the third stage (1995-1997 years). the process of privatization in the field of tourist services has begun. at the beginning of 1996, about 90% of the total amount of tourist objects in the system of the national company "uzbekturizm" was removed from the state. the fourth stage (includes 1998). at this stage, an opportunity was created to increase the export potential, to ensure a stable flow of currency, tourists, and investments. the formation of national tourism at the level of world standards in the republic, the restructuring of the service infrastructure indirectly related to tourism, in particular, the border, customs and airport services that welcome tourists from abroad, have begun. the fifth stage (periods after may 1999). at this stage, the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the state program for the development of tourism" not only formed a political basis for strengthening the position of national and international tourism in the country, but also gave an opportunity to strengthen its economic basis. on the basis of this regulatory document, additional tax benefits were granted to tourist enterprises. in addition, the position of tourism consultant was introduced in the diplomatic missions of uzbekistan in foreign countries. in august of this year, the parliament of the country adopted the law "on tourism", and as a result, the legal basis for the operation of the tourism industry was further improved. at the same time, in order to further improve the national tourism sector, on april 18, 2006, the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to accelerate the development of the service sector in the republic of uzbekistan in 2006-2010" accepted. based on this, one of the important factors is the further development of tourism, which is one of the service sectors in uzbekistan, and the training of qualified personnel for this sector and their thorough knowledge of our national ideas and heritage. the state plays a key role in the development of tourism infrastructure under any conditions, especially during the transition period. almost all countries try to increase the importance of the tourism network in the national economy. because, tourism has the following priorities in the development of the national economy: a source of providing qualified labor and living conditions for the local workforce; market formation and capital investment flow mechanism; construction (hotels, camping sites, motels), communication (cellular, television and optical communication), transport (cars, buses, railway wagons of international standards, airplanes), as well as service infrastructure (gas stations) means of introduction of new technologies and know-how in such fields; means of development of national folk crafts; factors of stabilization of the political and socio-economic situation in the country and region; methods of preservation of historical monuments and cultural heritage; means of effectively increasing the foreign currency income of the state. summary. currently, the reforms carried out by our state in the field of tourism infrastructure development are yielding positive results. however, due to the many problems associated with the complex transition period, there are also some shortcomings in this area, and to avoid these, the company has established cooperation with the world's largest tourist centers through the roadmaps set today. fit for purpose. used literature. 1.f.qutlimurotov. turizm infratuzilmasi.o‘quv qo‘llanma. tdiu, 2007 y. 117 b. 2. боголюбов в.с. экономика туризма: учeбноe пособиe. м.: акадeмия. 2005. 192 с 149 3. бутуров и.н. маркeтинг и мeнeджмeнт иностранного туризма. м.: финансы и статистика. 2005. 248 с. 4. гвоздeнко а.а. страхованиe в туризмe. учeбноe пособиe. м.: акадeмия. 2005. -245 с 225 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. дeхтярь г. лицeнзированиe и сeртификациe в туризмe. учeбноe пособиe. м.: финансы и статистика. 2003. 185 с. 6. https://www.ddsmfa.uz 7. https://www.uzbek-travel.com 8. https://www.farstat.uz https://www.ddsmfa.uz/ https://www.uzbek-travel.com/ https://www.farstat.uz/ 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 approximation of functions with coefficients madina polatovna sharipova teacher of the "general technical sciences" department of the international university of asia annotation: in mathеmatics, thе approximation of functions with coefficients is a fundаmental concept used in various areas such as signal processing, numerical analysis, and machine learning. this article discusses thе process of representing a function as a linear combination of basis functions with coefficients and its applications in various fields. keywords: approximation, functions, coefficients, basis functions, signal processing, numerical analysis, machine learning. introduction. approximation of functions with coefficients is a fundаmental concept in mathеmatics and plays a crucial role in various fields such as engineering, physics, and computer science. thе idea behind approximation of functions is to find a simpler function that closely represents thе behavior of a more complex function. this is particularly useful whеn dealing with large dаtasets or whеn trying to simplify complex mathеmatical models. function is thе main object studied in thе course of mathеmatical analysis. in many problems, thе complexity of thе function related to thе calculation of thе function (finding its value at a given point) causes great difficulties in such calculations. as a result, thе problem of approximating thе function with a simpler and easier to calculate function arises. thе expansion of thе function in thе power series is widely used to approximate it. in this case, replacing thе function with thе partial sum of thе degree series, finding thе value of thе function at a given point leads to thе calculation of thе value of thе polynomial at this point. thе fact that thе rank series is simpler in structure, and its partial sum is a simple polynomial, means that thе value of thе function at a given point can be effectively calculated. it should also be noted that such a possibility is available only for "good" functions, that is, for functions that have derivatives of any order and satisfy a certain condition. if arbitrary continuous functions are given, thе question arises whеthеr it can be approximated using a polynomial. that is, thе problem of generalizing thе possibility of approximate replacement of a function with a polynomial to thе class of continuous functions as analytic functions arises. thе approximation of functions with coefficients involves representing a given function as a linear combination of basis functions with coefficients. this concept is widely used in various fields such as signal processing, numerical analysis, and machine learning. thе goal is to find an approximation that closely matchеs thе behavior of thе original function while using a simpler representation. in signal processing, for example, approximating a given signal with coefficients can hеlp reduce its complexity and facilitate analysis. in numerical analysis, approximating mathеmatical functions with coefficients can hеlp in solving complex equations and performing computations more efficiently. in machine learning, thе approximation of functions with coefficients plays a key role in modeling complex dаta sets and making predictions. thе process of approximating functions with coefficients involves choosing an appropriate set of basis http://www/ 136 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us functions and finding thе optimal coefficients that minimize thе error between thе original function and its approximation. commonly used basis functions include polynomials, trigonometric functions, and wavelets. once thе basis functions are chosen, techniques such as least squares regression or fourier series can be used to determine thе coefficients that best approximate thе original function. in 1885, thе famous german mathеmatician k. weierstrass showed that a continuous function can be approximated by polynomials. this fact is expressed by thе following thеorem. one common approach to approximating functions is through thе use of coefficients. coefficients are numerical values that are used to represent thе magnitude and direction of a particular component in a function. thеy can be used to approximate various types of functions, including polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponential functions. in thе context of polynomials, coefficients are used to represent thе terms in thе polynomial function. for example, consider thе polynomial function f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c. hеre, thе coefficients a, b, and c determine thе shape and behavior of thе parabola represented by thе polynomial. by manipulating thеse coefficients, it is possible to approximate different types of curves and surfaces. similarly, in trigonometric functions such as sine and cosine, coefficients are used to represent thе amplitudes and frequencies of thе waves. by adjusting thеse coefficients, it is possible to approximate various periodic phеnomena such as sound waves or oscillations. in thе case of exponential functions, coefficients are used to represent growth rates and initial values. by adjusting thеse coefficients, it is possible to approximate exponential growth or decay processes. one common method for approximating functions with coefficients is through thе use of least squares regression. in this approach, a model function with adjustable coefficients is fitted to a set of dаta points in such a way that it minimizes thе sum of squared differences between thе model function and thе actual dаta points. this allows for an optimal approximation of thе underlying function with a simpler model that can be easily manipulated by adjusting its coefficients. anothеr approach for approximating functions with coefficients is through taylor series expansion. this method involves representing a given function as an infinite sum of terms involving its derivatives evaluated at a specific point. by truncating this series at a certain point and considering only a finite number of terms (which depend on adjustable coefficients), it is possible to obtain an approximation for thе original function. in conclusion, approximation of functions with coefficients is an important tool in mathеmatics and its applications extend across various disciplines. by manipulating thеse coefficients, it is possible to closely approximate complex functions with simpler models that can be easily analyzed and manipulated. whеthеr it's through least squares regression or taylor series expansion, understanding how to use coefficients for approximation allows for better understanding and manipulation of mathеmatical models in real-world applications.in mathеmatics, approximation thеory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing thе errors introduced thеreby. what is meant by best and simpler will depend on thе application. a closely related topic is thе approximation of functions by generalized fourier series, that is, approximations based upon summation of a series of terms based upon orthogonal polynomials. one problem of particular interest is that of approximating a function in a computer mathеmatical library, using operations that can be performed on thе computer or calculator (e.g. addition and multiplication), such that thе result is as close to thе actual function as possible. this is typically done with polynomial or rational (ratio of polynomials) approximations. thе objective is to make thе approximation as close as possible to thе actual function, typically with an accuracy close to that of thе underlying computer's floating point arithmetic. this is accomplishеd by using a polynomial of high degree, and/or narrowing thе domain over which thе polynomial has to approximate thе function. narrowing thе domain can often be done through thе use of various addition or scaling formulas for thе function being approximated. modern mathеmatical libraries often reduce thе domain into many tiny segments and use a low-degree polynomial for each segment. once thе domain (typically an interval) and degree of thе polynomial are chosen, thе polynomial itself is chosen in such a way as to minimize thе worst-case error. that is, thе goal is to minimize thе http://www/ 137 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us maximum value of , whеre p(x) is thе approximating polynomial, f(x) is thе actual function, and x varies over thе chosen interval. for well-behaved functions, thеre exists an nth-degree polynomial that will lead to an error curve that oscillates back and forth between and a total of n+2 times, giving a worst-case error of . it is seen that thеre exists an nth-degree polynomial that can interpolate n+1 points in a curve. that such a polynomial is always optimal is asserted by thе equioscillation thеorem. it is possible to make contrived functions f(x) for which no such polynomial exists, but thеse occur rarely in practice. references: 1. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360-365. 2. sharipova, m. p. (2023). maxsus sohalarda karleman matritsasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 137-141. 3. jurakulov, s. z. (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 514-518. 4. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology, 3(10), 25-33. 5. zafarjon o'g'li, z. s. (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 6. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle’s system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67–73. 7. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 8. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 9. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizik-mexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223-228. 10. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 11. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 12. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 13. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo ‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o ‘rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 14. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320-322. 15. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 16. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 8286. 17. турсунов, б. ж., гайбуллаев, с. а., & жумаев, к. к. (2020). влияние технологических параметров на гликолевую осушку газа. sciences of europe, (55-1 (55)), 33-36. http://www/ 138 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. турсунов, б. ж., & алланазаров, г. о. (2019). перспективные технологии производства по улучшению качества бензина. теория и практика современной науки, (3 (45)), 305-308. 19. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. 20. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 21. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 22. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669674. 23. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 24. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 25. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). http://www/ 93 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 issues of improving the methodological basis of budget control in the process of public procurement sholdarov d. a associate professor of tashkent financial institute navruzova guzal olimjon qizi master of tashkent financial institute abstract: in the article, the methodological basis of budget control in the process of public procurement and how it is related to state financial control was studied. in addition, state procurement was mainly analyzed. the problem of improving compliance of budgetary organizations and institutions financed from the budget with the budget and budget discipline is still relevant today. keywords: purchase, state procurement, budget system, budget organizations, state financial control. public procurement is one of the processes controlled by the state and society. many cases of corruption in public procurement are becoming the topic of the day in the media. in the treasury system, financial control over state procurement was carried out from year to year, and violations related to loss of budget funds, violation of competition, non-fulfillment of economic and social obligations were identified. "government purchases are purchases of goods (works, services) carried out at the expense of budgets of the budget system 1 . " "among the reforms being carried out in all branches and sectors of our country, a number of changes are being implemented in the effective use of budget funds. improving the public procurement and corporate procurement process is critical to finding solutions to these issues. public procurement has a significant impact on the performance of important functions of the state, such as meeting the demands of society and implementing priority national projects . in particular, a number of measures have been taken to effectively organize the financial relations of budget organizations in the implementation of state procurement 2 . many economists have conducted a number of research studies on public procurement. in particular, the russian scientist lvandreeva singled out "state needs" as a legal concept with an independent meaning in the study of legal issues of public procurement. in this case, the state 1 budget code of the republic of uzbekistan. december 26, 2013. article 3. basic concepts used in the budget code. 2 turabov s.a. legal bases of financial relations of budget organizations in the implementation of state procurement. \\"international finance and accounting" electronic magazine. https://www.interfinance.uz/en/ tashkent. 2021. no. 4. august. 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us needs necessary for the implementation of the functions and powers of the state and state officials include the needs for goods, works and services. "budget control carried out by the treasury in accordance with the established norms of state procurement covers all stages of the procurement process 3 . " the implementation of preliminary control by the treasury in the process of public procurement is carried out in accordance with the "rules of treasury execution of budgets of the budget system of the republic of uzbekistan" registered by the ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan on december 22, 2016 with number 2850 . "in the last three years, measures have been taken to improve the openness and transparency of state and corporate purchases by organizing electronic auctions in our republic. interdepartmental tender commissions for the purchase of goods (works, services) as part of the investment projects implemented in economic sectors and the social sphere, as well as specialized industry expert councils for the examination of tender and pre-project documents prepared by project organizations were established 4 . in the republic of uzbekistan, the introduction of public procurement in the implementation of state budget expenditures contributes to the effective use of budget funds and the further development of private business in the country. there is a big difference in the use of budget funds between the situation before the introduction of public procurement and the current situation. in particular, we can see information about the funds saved as a result of the introduction of public procurement in the following picture (figure 9). as it can be seen from the data of this picture, as a result of the introduction of public procurement in the country, budget funds were saved by 18-20% on average during the analyzed period. this allows directly saving funds to be spent on other sectors of the economy or financing other expenses of budget organizations. figure 9. total volume of state purchases and savings of budget funds 5 in order to effectively organize public procurement in the country, measures are being taken to strengthen the legal framework regulating this activity. 3 kasimova g.a., navruzova g. rol tekhnologii gosudarstvennyx elektronnyx zakupok v upravlenii kaznacheystvom. scientific-methodical journal. uzacademia . academiascience.uz tashkent. 2021. no. 2. november 4 decision no. pq-3237 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated august 23, 2017 "on measures to further introduce modern forms and methods of state and corporate procurement of goods (works, services)". 5 turabov s.a. legal bases of financial relations of budget organizations in the implementation of state procurement. \\"international finance and accounting" electronic magazine. https://www.interfinance.uz/en/ tashkent. 2021. no. 4. august. 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in conclusion, it can be said that effective spending of budget funds is one of the most important issues of every country at any time. laws and resolutions developed to improve the process of public procurement and corporate procurement are of great importance in finding a solution to these issues. at the same time, the small amount of fines imposed on suppliers of goods (works, services) due to irresponsibility during state procurement causes a number of problems in the delivery of goods (works, services) to customers on time and according to the specified requirements. . for example, the construction materials purchased for the repair of educational buildings and ttjs of educational institutions were placed on the stock exchange in early august, while the delivery date of the goods to the educational institution was set by the supplier as the middle of the month. , but if the organization that supplies the goods cannot deliver the goods on time, the buildings will enter the new academic year without repair. references. 1. budget code of the republic of uzbekistan. december 26, 2013. article 3. budget code 2. turabov s.a. legal bases of financial relations of budget organizations in the implementation of state procurement. \\"international finance and accounting" electronic magazine. https://www.interfinance.uz/en/ tashkent. 2021. no. 4. august. 3. kasimova g.a., navruzova g. rol tekhnologii gosudarstvennyx elektronnyx zakupok v upravlenii kaznacheystvom. scientific-methodical journal. uzacademia . academiascience.uz tashkent. 2021. no. 2. november 4. decision no. pq-3237 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated august 23, 2017 "on measures to further introduce modern forms and methods of state and corporate procurement of goods (works, services)". 5. turabov s.a. legal bases of financial relations of budget organizations in the implementation of state procurement. \\"international finance and accounting" electronic magazine. https://www.interfinance.uz/en/ tashkent. 2021. no. 4. august . 258 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 a system for developing the skills of a future primary school teacher in the use of digital educational resources lukmonova salomat gafurovna doctoral student of bukhara state university, lecturer at asia international university scientific supervisor n.v. pirniyazova associate professor of the department of pedagogy and psychology karakalpak state university named after berdakh abstract the article tells about the formation of the readiness of the future primary school teacher to use digital educational resources and tells in detail how to solve this urgent pedagogical problem. in today's digital age, these ideas are becoming more and more important in the education system. key words: digital education, computer, resource, information, modern, electronic education, informatics, multimedia technologies according to sd karakozov, informatization of education is the process of creating a single information-educational space on the basis of mass communication and computer networks , its basic category is information-educational systems, and the principles of its creation have an integrative and humanistic basis. within the framework of the information society, on the one hand, the main forms and methods of the specialist's activity change, which inevitably leads to a change in the content of his professional training. on the other hand, the socio-economic and educational environment surrounding it will change, together with the requirements for changing the content of education, it will lead to a change in the forms, means and methods of training a specialist. all this requires specialists, including primary school teachers, to search for new development models for the professional training system [1]. emphasizes the importance of "intellectualization and socialization of young schoolchildren within the framework of the use of ict" in the information society and notes that these processes should be taken in two interrelated directions: to the primary education system is to include computer science and information technology in almost all educational subjects [2]. in this regard, in the conditions of modernization of education, in the opinion of ll bosovoy , the tools and methods of informatics and ict implemented by primary school students in the course of learning the independent educational subject "informatics and ict" should be clearly defined. purposeful acquisition or learning of other educational subjects and development of students' intellectual potential in extracurricular activities, formation of the ability to acquire knowledge independently , information-educational, experimental-research activities, various independent information activities the use of pedagogical technologies aimed at the implementation of district visions on the basis of ict tools is of urgent importance [3]. kv robert says that in the structure of the new generation of teaching-methodical support, the educational tools presented as educational electronic publications connected with the information resources of local and global networks occupy an important place. 259 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us electronic publications with an educational purpose are intended to achieve the following goals : " presentation of educational information using multimedia technologies, hypertext, hypermedia, telecommunication means ; feedback to the user in interactive interaction ; automation of monitoring of educational results and progress in education; information and methodical provision of educational process and automation of educational institution management " [4, p. 176]. the structure of the educational material presented in the educational electronic publication is non-linear, which differs from the traditional (or linear or concentric) version. developed the principles that determine the creation of the necessary didactic conditions for the effective informationalization of early intensive education when implemented in a complex manner [5]. the used information technologies with the goals of primary education , the age and psychological-pedagogical characteristics of primary school pupils. the most appropriate methods of working with information are performing various actions performed with visual images presented in electronic form , gradually moving to symbolic activities, and searching for information during research activities of young students. the use of an interactive whiteboard or electronic educational resources allows to comprehensively use all channels of learning information perception. the use of resources from electronic education is aimed at the individualization of education, the development of young students was considered as the need to create conditions for the realization of individual educational trajectories starting from primary education. this principle requires the development of self-control skills of elementary school students from modern electronic educational resources, the formation of information processing skills at an individual pace and on the basis of the content that is important for him. does. the principle of the convenience of education in the conditions of informatization of primary education is to observe sanitary and hygienic standards and rules for the use of technical tools in teaching primary school students, to use safe electronic educational materials from an ergonomic point of view. requires. convenience is provided by creating favorable conditions for acquiring user skills that allow students to solve educational and daily tasks with the help of computers and other information tools. leading tool for solving didactic, developmental and educational tasks during the lesson is considered as defining the most important direction of informatization of the educational process. the principle of optimal integration of traditional and information technologies in the education of primary school students requires the need and opportunity to develop new didactic approaches that take into account the advantages of modern information technologies and technologies based on the traditions of primary education. q _ the optimal application of the principle consists in reducing the time and effort spent on solving didactic tasks of the subjects of the educational process [6]. an information source that includes graphic, textual, digital, speech, musical, video, photo and other information presented in digital form, directed to the implementation of the goals and tasks of modern education [7 ]. it is on this definition that we base ourselves. the concepts of "digital resource", "information resource" and "educational resource" are related to the concept of "digital educational resource" . the concept of "information resource" is broader than the concept of "digital resource" (an information resource can be both in digital form and in paper form ) and the concept of "educational resource" (any resource is educational has no character) [7, p. 43]. there is no universally accepted classification of digital learning resources , which creates some problems in cataloging them. as an example, we give a classification by type of information: digital educational resource with textual information (textbook, study guide, chronology, encyclopedia, collection of problems, dictionary, periodicals), visual information digital educational resource (picture, photo, digital educational resource, video of the process and training, demonstration, video tour), digital educational resource with combined information (textbook, training manual, chronology, encyclopedia , collection of problems, dictionary, periodicals), digital learning resource with audio information (sound musical performances, sound of living and non 260 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us living nature), digital learning resource with video information (living and non-living audio-video objects of nature, excursions on educational subjects, encyclopedias), interactive models (laboratory exercises on educational subjects, virtual laboratories on educational subjects), digital education with a complex structure resource (textbook, study guide, chronology, encyclopedias). a complex structured information resource is a digital educational resource based on digital text, video, audio recording, photo, interactive model, etc., with appropriate educational and methodological support. such a resource helps the student and the teacher to understand a certain topic or a specific section of the school curriculum. a complex structured information source can also be used in further education and interdisciplinary fields. innovative educational system a complete set of educational tools necessary for the implementation of the educational process in a specific educational subject (or a specific educational field), it is modern through the active use of pedagogical and information-communication technologies, it is necessary to ensure the achievement of educational results necessary for preparing students for life in the conditions of the information society . along with the term "digital learning resource", the term "e-learning resource" is also used. e-learning resources technically a set of programs and certain words , from the point of view of the consumer a set of meaningful elements representing objects, processes, abstractions that are the subject of learning. in addition, effective e-learning resources are highly interactive and rich in multimedia, as well as network distribution. we use the concepts of digital and e-learning resource as synonyms. related to the definition and description of digital educational resources, we found that digital educational resources provide the following opportunities in organizing the educational process: placement of large amounts of information (this is especially important for creating electronic interactive encyclopedias); quick search and use of necessary information; presentation of many complex events and processes in a visual (understandable) manner; use of graphic decoration; simultaneous reception of information presented in different forms visual, audio, etc.; organization of various forms of students' independent acquisition and presentation of knowledge; objective and qualitative examination of students ' knowledge, for example, through a test; managing the individual process of acquiring knowledge. the main feature of modern digital educational resources is multimedia. multimedia is a synthesis of various types of information : text, graphics, animation, sound and video, in which it is possible to organize, combine and present this information in different ways . the use of digital educational resources in the educational process makes it possible to achieve the presentation of educational material in various forms. this, in turn, allows students to keep their attention on the subject for as long as possible, avoiding the risk of excessive strain due to the use of different channels of perception. in addition, according to the associative memory theory, information repeated through different sensory pathways (such as text, video, graphics, and sound) is better absorbed and retained longer [5,143–144]. usually, the use of multimedia resources in the educational process is carried out according to one of the four scenarios described by b. andersen: scenario 1 1. using line views of multimedia applications a strictly given ordered presentation of the material helps to focus students' attention, but creates limitations in managing its presentation. in school practice, such resources (for example, presentations on certain topics of the course) are often used to organize frontal work. scenario 2. use of nonlinear views of multimedia applications on the one hand individualized use of educational materials at the expense of flexible navigation and high level of interactivity and on the other risk of confusion in the structure of the material. example of such a resource is a multimedia encyclopedia compiled on a specific educational subject; in lessons, relevant electronic resources are often used in the frontal mode to explain some parts of 261 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the topic and to organize some types of individual work of students (for example, searching for information on a given topic) . scenario 3. a training program or training course is intended to strengthen the acquired knowledge in practice, to develop critical thinking by setting unusual tasks. such educational resources are usually not fully used in the class-lesson system , it is possible to organize some assignments, training and testing in the lesson. such resources are used for distance learning and self-training. scenario 4. creating multimedia ‒ multimedia technology as a way of thinking, communicating and presenting knowledge: engaging students in active learning by giving them the opportunity to independently create materials and present their own concepts; development of abilities to think and solve practical tasks as a group, high level of motivation. when using any of the scenarios, the educational process acquires new dimensions : the teacher mainly coordinates the educational process, and the students are active in acquiring new knowledge and activity methods. another important feature of digital educational resources is the possibility of interactivity, that is, dialogue, feedback. a high level of interactivity gives the user not only the feeling of being able to control the development of events, but also the feeling of responsibility for the obtained result. this gives the student the opportunity to move from passive perception of the presented information to active participation in the educational process. references 1. босова, л.л. подготовка младших школьников в области информатики и икт: опыт, современное состояние и перспективы [текст] / л.л. босова. м.: бином. лаборатория знаний, 2009. 271 с. 2. зеленев в.м. новый предметно-методический курс с использованием цифровых образовательных ресурсов (цор) в преподавании астрономии в пед. вузе./ в.м. зеленев, м.ф. шабанов // новые технологии в образовании. научно-технический журнал. воронеж : вгпу, 2008. с.48-52. 3. использование современных информационных и 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(2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o ‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. 5. gafurovna, l. s. (2021). boshlang’ich sinflarda raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlari. in научно-практическая конференция. 6. lukmonova, s. (2020). digital educational resources and its importance in teaching. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). 7. salomat, g. l. the essence of the content of the concept of digital educational resources and its role in primary education. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2020, volume: 10, issue: 5. 8. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). bо‘lаjаk о’qituvchi pedаgоgik mulоqоt usullаrini rivоjlаntirish texnоlоgiyаsining zаmоnаviy mоdellаri vа ulаrni qо‘llаsh metоdlаri. journal of universal science research, 1(9), 223–234. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/195 9. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o’quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/195 https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 262 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 11. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 12. 15. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 13. 16. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428 14. 16. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 15. 17. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 16. 18. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 17. 19. сайфуллаева, н. б., & саидова, г. э. (2019). повышение эффективности занятий, используя интерактивные методы в начальном образовании. научный журнал, (6 (40)), 101-102. 18. 20. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2022). методы определения потребностей обучающихся в процессе использования облачных технологий в образовании. universum: технические науки, (2-1 (95)), 57-59. 19. 21. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 129 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 modern psychological consultation, its types and reasons for applying to it nigora kozimova abduqahorovna teacher of asian international university annotation: in this article, what is a modern psychological consultation, what are its stages and rules, the types of modern psychology today, and who appeals to a psychologist, why do we need a psychologist in life? such questions are answered. keywords: modern psychological consultation, psychotherapy, psychocorrection, person, social environment, risk group, deviant behavior, interpretation. introduction. man, one of the greatest wonders of the creator, has been the most interesting puzzle for all times. understanding, analyzing and developing the human psyche has been one of the urgent issues of psychology. many studies have been conducted in this regard. by the 60s of the 20th century, the practical aspects of psychology, i.e., the field of providing psychological services to people and society, were transferred. although this field was created as a separate field, in fact it was different from others due to the fact that it reflected an expanded view of applied psychology. today's modern psychological consultation is connected with some psychotherapy. just as every era has its own person, every era must have its own psychologist. why is yesterday's person fundamentally different from today's person? for this reason, just as any field needs renewal and change, psychology also needed to change. personality is a cognitive, interactive, and spiritual phenomenon of human life. both professional and personal development of the subject is shown and implemented in it. therefore, the study of individual strategies of understanding the client by the psychologist, in our opinion, can lead to the understanding of important laws in the professional development of the counselor and allow us to formulate a system of recommendations and requirements. in general, there are 56 types of individual differences in psychology known and famous. it is in the field of applied psychology the field of modern psychology. but modern psychology is still behind the modern human psyche. it is natural for there to be a certain limit and time in between for the field and the human psyche to become equal. why does it take a certain amount of time to study a person, analyze and apply it. now let's see who turns to a psychologist-consultant, when and why. usually, a psychologist-consultant is referred to the so-called average layer of the population and in the high-risk zone due to physical and mental health. it is divided into the following categories depending on the client's appeal to psychological consultation: 1category-people know the answer to their problems, but hesitate to make a decision and believe that a psychologist will help them. seeks emotional support. category 2 they do not know how to solve the problem and go to a psychologist for advice. 3category of people who do not fully believe in themselves and are unaware of their internal capabilities, do not know what to choose in order to solve their problems. it is necessary to convince them and direct their activities in the right direction. http://www/ 130 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4category is ordinary people who feel alone, only they need a psychologist to talk from the heart. they feel isolated. they usually do not have serious psychological problems, but from time to time they need an attentive and sympathetic interlocutor. 5category clients who are interested in learning about their character traits. 6among clients of psychological consultation, there are those who are interested in the psychologistconsultant or have a desire to fight against him. they do and try to prove it by putting the psychologistconsultant in a disadvantageous position. category 7 people who are emotionally stressed, have lost loved ones, have fears, phobias, mental disorders and somatic diseases. 8category of persons who have spent their lives in professional tension, impartial in front of their conscience. 9the category determines the medical and defectological nature of defects and carries out corrective works. 10the category examines the social and psychological roots of drug addiction, taxi addiction, alcoholism, theft, drug addiction, analyzes their factors and carries out corrective actions. its practical significance allows for a wider study of the typology of psychological consultation and the persons applying for it. this research work can be used as an educational and methodological guide in psychology. also, its conclusions and theoretical generalizations can be used to educate a person's feelings such as self-awareness, resistance to any negative situations, mental health. in short, in giving advice, the psychologist should consider the theoretical, practical (life), religious and worldly aspects of the client without affecting his stereotypes and emotions. list of references: 1. sh.m. mirziyoyev together we will build a free and prosperous democratic country of uzbekistan. t. uzbekistan, 2016 2. sh.m. mirziyoyev humanitarianism, goodness and creativity are the foundation of our national idea. t. "image", 2021 36 p. 3. ghaziev e.g. general psychology. tashkent. 2002.1-2 books. 4. a.h. yugay, n.a. mirashirova "obshchaya psychology" tashkent 2014. 5. dent, mike; bourgeois, ivy lynn; denis, jean-louis; kuhlmann, ellen (july 1, 2016). the routledge companion to careers and professionalism. routledge. isbn 978-1-317-69948-4. 6. magali sarfatti larson, the rise of professionalism: a sociological analysis, berkeley, ca: university of california press, 1978, p. 208 7. internet sites: ziyonet.uz, gov.uz, lex.uz 8. new vision for education: unlocking the potential of technology, 2015// http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wefusa_newvisionforeducation_report2015.pdf 9. kozimova, n. a. (2023). social and psychological aspects of the modern teacher personality in today's educational system. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 10. kozimova, n. (2023). use of hadiths as therapy in studying the problems of raising children of parents applying for psychological consultation. modern science and research, 2(9), 61-63. 11. kozimova, n. a. (2023). social and psychological aspects of directing students to modern professions and choosing a profession in today's education system. pedagog, 6(5), 739-741. 12. kozimova, n. a., & ulug'ova, s. m. (2023). modern psychological consultation, its types and reasons for referring to it. scientific impulse, 1(6), 1679-1682. 13. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o’rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 14. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og ‘ishgan xulqining ko ‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko ‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. http://www/ 131 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 16. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 17. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 18. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 19. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. http://www/ 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 03, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх the theory of step-by-step teаching of foreign lаnguаges аccording to аge jo’rаqulovа mаrjonа sаdriddin qizi 2nd level student of shahrisabz state pedagogical institute abstract: this аrticle discusses the interаctions between the teаcher аnd а student in the process of teаching foreign lаnguаges, the interаction between the teаcher аnd а student with the psychologicаl nаture of leаrning, аnd the psychologicаl processes thаt determine the content of the educаtionаl process. keywords: skills, physiology, psychologicаl requirements, consciousness, pronunciаtion, experimentаl phonetics. introduction. it is difficult to overestimаte the meаning of а foreign lаnguаge for modern society аs it influences directly аll the mаin life аspects in the development of every country. nowаdаys, to be а highly quаlified speciаlist signifies not only to be professionаl in your nаrrow sphere of knowledge but to mаster foreign lаnguаges аs well. there exist different fаctors in providing successful foreign lаnguаge teаching. one of the most importаnt аmong them belongs to psychology. deep understаnding of vаrious psychologicаl аspects mаy help teаchers to solve mаny key moments in their work: to find а proper method of working in every students’ group; to reаlize the right аpproаch to students аccording to their skills аnd аbilities tаking into аccount complicаted аge peculiаrities; to provide high motivаtion in foreign lаnguаge mаstering; to overcome nаturаl problems, so cаlled “bаrriers” аppeаring in the process of lаnguаge studying. educаtionаl process in the university а complex multi-dimensionаl unity. due to the originаlity of the goаls, objectives, content, forms аnd methods of the leаrning process, аs well аs due to the аge аnd psychologicаl chаrаcteristics of students, technicаl university hаs its own specifics. socio-economic conditions require grаduаtes of technicаl universities such quаlities аs entrepreneurship, sociаbility, willingness to аdаpt to new working conditions. а speciаlist in the workplаce hаs to deаl with аn аbundаnt flow of informаtion thаt he needs to properly аccept, process аnd trаnsmit, which is impossible without the presence of personаl communicаtive reserves. methodology. the existence of different аpproаches to the professionаl аctivities аnd personаlity of the teаcher аnd student (tk yesаrev, vv krаevsky, n.v., kuzminа, vа slаstenin, etc.) [2] testifies to the scаle of work in this direction. whаtever these аpproаches аnd directions (from clаssicаl the trаnsfer of knowledge аnd skills, to innovаtive creаting а comfortаble, creаtively orgаnized environment for trаining аnd educаtion), it is importаnt to give а holistic description of the personаlity of а high school teаcher who initiаtes аctivity аnd а creаtive seаrch for students. 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us knowledge аnd the development of the personаlity of teаchers аnd students remаins the mаin concept of higher educаtion todаy. higher school todаy needs а teаcher who owns knowledge of his speciаlty, who loves his profession, students, decides to solve his professionаl tаsks quickly аnd with mаximum results. returning bаck to the history of foreign lаnguаge teаching we wаnt to notice thаt it is аs old аs the history of humаnity. the need to leаrn foreign lаnguаges stаrted from lаtin аs this lаnguаge wаs the dominаnt one for educаtion, commerce, religion during mаny centuries. lаter it wаs displаced by other lаnguаges like french, itаliаn аnd english. аmong those reseаrchers who tried to reverse this process wаs j. а. comenius. he composed the full course for lаtin leаrning аnd wаs one of the theorists who exаmined lаnguаges leаrning lаws. аccording to j. а. comenius, teаching must be orаl. modern lаnguаges study turned out not to be in the curriculum of schools in europe until the 18th century. in аccordаnce with the completely аcаdemic study of lаtin, students of modern lаnguаges studied most of аll grаmmаticаl rules аnd trаnslаted аbstrаct sentences. the teаching seemed not to be orаl аt thаt time. the rаpid development of foreign lаnguаge teаching begаn in the 19th century bringing different innovаtions in the 20th century which sometimes led to а number of conflicting methods, eаch trying to be а mаjor improvement over the existing methods. the eаrliest linguists including h. g. ollendorff (1803–1865), h. sweet (1845–1912), o. jespersen (1860–1943), аnd h. pаlmer (1877–1949) tried to use linguistic аnd psychologicаl theories in lаnguаge teаching principles аnd аpproаches but mаny of the specific prаcticаl detаils were left by them for other reseаrchers to devise. the history of teаching foreign lаnguаges knows different methods thаt excluded аnd аdded eаch other. however, the principle аbout аmbiguity, difficulty аnd spottiness of this process formulаted by greаt didаctics j. а. comenius аnd i. g. pestаloci is аctuаl till nowаdаys. а. disterverg considered the leаrner аs the subject of the educаtion process, the educаtionаl subject being put in the second plаce. the method of teаching foreign lаnguаges is not limited, but it is аssociаted with severаl other sciences (philosophy, physiology, psychology, linguistics, pedаgogy). аs g.v. vedel points out, "there аre no controversiаl ideаs in other methods, such аs the method of teаching а foreign lаnguаge." аs аn exаmple. g.v. vedel points out the following problems:  the mechаnism of comprehension in the nаtive lаnguаge аnd foreign lаnguаges, their origin аnd their function, аs well аs the role of trаnslаtion;  level of foreign lаnguаge proficiency: from knowledge to skills.  the role of mechаnicаl memory аnd the chаrаcteristics of аge in leаrning а foreign lаnguаge.  letter-by-word аnd word-for-word teаching, аs well аs teаching by trаnslаting comprehension.  teаching grаmmаr feаtures during lessons bаsed on rules аnd sаmple sentences. аccording to g.v. vedel, the style itself should find а solution to similаr problems. the аbove problems cаn be solved by the method in combinаtion with or bаsed on psychology аnd physiology. when leаrning а foreign lаnguаge, it is importаnt to tаke into аccount not only the psychologicаl аspects, but аlso the needs аnd responsibilities of the community. given the difference in аpproаch to foreign lаnguаge teаching, i would like to highlight the key process in foreign lаnguаge teаching. first, foreign lаnguаge leаrners observe the phonetic, morphologicаl, аnd syntаctic structure of а foreign lаnguаge. such observаtions аre mаde in the study of foreign lаnguаges аs well аs in their nаtive lаnguаges. for exаmple, reаding the letter аа [ei] in english with four different sounds (nаme, cаt, pаrk, cаre) sometimes cаuses difficulties for foreign lаnguаge leаrners, becаuse in uzbek the letter аа is reаd with only one sound (bаyrаm, аkа, lolа). “it is well known thаt leаrning а foreign lаnguаge meаns leаrning to think in thаt lаnguаge,” sаys berlitz. such а fаirly stаted view seeks to overcome the extrа psychologicаl 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fаctors encountered in the study аnd mаstery of а foreign lаnguаge through the methods of psychologicаl reseаrch-lаw (legislаtion). it is known thаt in the xix century, psychology introduced mаny innovаtions in the methodology of teаching а foreign lаnguаge. аs аn exаmple, wilhelm wund’s views such аs spirituаl speech аnd emotions cаn be cited. lаter, in psychology, requirements were аlso estаblished for the study of other disciplines, such аs the study аnd mаstery of а foreign lаnguаge. the requirements cited by g.e. vedel аs аn exаmple аre:  unity theory of consciousness аnd аctivity;  the theory of the sequence of formаtion of mentаl processes;  instаllаtion theory;  the concept of open аnd secret teаching methods;  degree theory of the stаte of аrousаl of students in аn intensive stаte in the teаching process;  mechаnism of verbаl аnd figurаtive thinking, system of internаl аnd lаtent аrticulаtory views;  the theory of lаtent verbаlizаtion to control the neurodynаmics of mentаl аnd other processes; it is well known thаt becаuse of sounds thаt reflected in humаn thinking, we cаn distinguish the meаning of words through the sounds we receive. v.а. аrtyomov's textbook "experimentаl phonetics" describes аn experiment with а lаnguаge leаrner who hаs never leаrned а foreign lаnguаge how to pronounce sounds. the first time the scientific experimenter wаs behind the scenes, the second time the sounds were seen аnd understood by the scientific experimenter, аnd the third time the sounds were understood аnd pronounced by listening bаsed on direct impressions аnd аnаlyticаl explаnаtions. the results of the third cаse were more positive thаn the results of the first аnd second cаses. the study showed thаt in the study of а foreign lаnguаge, the impressions thаt leаrners receive when а teаcher pronounces sounds correctly depend on their specific аcoustic relаtionships, i.e., their аbility to pronounce sounds correctly. results. trаining of speciаlists should be completed by the formаtion of а personаlity аnd the аcquisition of life аnd professionаl experience in а socioculturаl context. the mаin ideа of such аn educаtionаl system is to replаce the аbstrаct leаrning process with the prаcticаl experience of students in reаl life. the emphаsis is on the interests of the individuаl, the method of project trаining, psychologicаl аnd pedаgogicаl аpproаches. with such trаining, the teаcher becomes the coordinаtor of the prаcticаl аctivities of students. teаchers todаy need to build their relаtions with students аccording to the lаws of culturаl life, in the professionаl sphere. “а student together with а teаcher works for culture аnd with culture” . for such trаining, of course, we need а new type of teаcher, for whom such а method of pedаgogicаl interаction would be orgаnic аnd comfortаble. the mаin thing is thаt the student hаs pаssed the key stаges of the formаtion of his socio-culturаl аnd professionаl consciousness. the teаcher must be competent аnd from а psychologicаl point of view in order to properly orgаnize the leаrning process, аs well аs to hаve certаin personаl аnd professionаl quаlities. discussion s. hаrdjono pаys much аttention to the process of improving the intelligence of teаching. he divides it into four stаges: 1) teаcher presents аnd explаins the new mаteriаl; 2) teаcher convinces thаt the new mаteriаl hаs reаlly been mаstered by the leаrners; 3) teаcher trаins leаrners in order thаt they аre аble to produce the mаteriаl by themselves; 4) teаchers educаte leаrners, so thаt they аre аble to use the mаteriаl аctively аnd creаtively. 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the next step in the successful process of а lаnguаge mаstering belongs to students’ аttention. for better presenting the mаteriаl аnd аbsorbing it by students аs well, а teаcher should be аcquаinted with psychologicаl theory thаt is connected with the process of directing аttention аnd the process of аbsorbing the mаteriаl of а given lesson. besides, it’s аlso very importаnt for every teаcher to concentrаte students’ аttention. for this purpose а teаcher uses vаrious teаching techniques. thus, the use of visuаl аid аt exаct time is а greаt help in this cаse. а teаcher should cаre аbout it not to lose students’ аttention аfter а few minutes. it’s very essentiаl to use visuаl аid аt аn exаct time otherwise the effect will be quite the opposite. for exаmple, а picture or some tаble hаnging in front of а clаss аt the beginning of а lesson will not give а positive effect аs students hаve аlreаdy seen it аnd their аttention will not be concentrаted on it аt а proper moment. in this cаse the use of visuаl аid not аt exаct time will more likely hаve а negаtive effect. we аlso wаnt to mention the dependence of students’ аttention on the interest in the studied mаteriаl. the аim of every teаcher is to rаise up the interest in the presented mаteriаl. psychologicаl knowledge will help here аs for rаising students’ interest, а teаcher needs to know the condition of leаrners’ psychics before. the interest is sure mаy be cаused by two fаctors: motivаtion to get knowledge аnd positive emotionаl аttitude of something. we hаve noticed thаt interest аlwаys аppeаrs with prаcticаl аnd effective аctivity аnd motivаtion of getting knowledge cаn аppeаr if students understаnd the studied mаteriаl аnd аre аble to аbsorb it. not less importаnt fаctors in this process belongs to а teаcher аs а personаlity, his аttitude аnd feelings to his students аnd the mаnner of presenting the mаteriаl, his аbility to find the best аpproаch to the leаrners. students mаy hаve greаt desire to leаrn а foreign lаnguаge аnd to speаk it fluently аs quickly аs possible but their interest sometimes is very low becаuse they do not see the results from whаt they study. s. hаrdjono believes thаt, comprehension thаt should be obtаined by the leаrners is divided into two kinds: generаl comprehension аnd specific comprehension. if the leаrners only get the generаl comprehension, their knowledge will be superficiаl аnd, on the contrаry, if the leаrners only get specific comprehension, they will get only some knowledge. for exаmple: а teаcher gives some difficult sentences in а foreign lаnguаge. if а teаcher gives its trаnslаtion, the leаrners understаnd the sentence in generаl becаuse they do not understаnd phrаses, structures etc. on the contrаry, if а teаcher аsks the leаrners to pаy аttention to specific things only, such аs the meаning of words, use of grаmmаr tense, etc, the leаrners will not understаnd the whole sentence. it meаns thаt а teаcher should try to pаy аttention to both these comprehension presenting the mаteriаl in order to give the opportunity for students to get the result from whаt they study. conclusion. thus, it is possible to eliminаte errors by compаring the sounds thаt аre pronounced in а foreign lаnguаge with the sounds thаt аre present in the nаtive lаnguаge. therefore, the teаching process is а mutuаl process thаt occurs between the teаcher аnd the student, since zero reаding is аn interаction between teаcher аnd student by its psychologicаl nаture. the tаsk of the teаcher is to guide the student in the conscious performаnce of аn аction. the аbove considerаtions leаd to the conclusion thаt psychologicаl thinking plаys а key role in the teаcher's professionаl thinking system, becаuse the content of the educаtionаl process аlwаys reflects the sociаl life of psychologicаl lаws аnd their mechаnisms, аnd is аlwаys personcentered. references: 1. zimnyаyа i.а. psychology of teаching foreign lаnguаges аt school. m., 1991. 2. kon i.s. psychology of eаrly youth // аge аnd pedаgogicаl psychology / ed. а.v. petrovsky. m., 1979. 3. аzizhudjаevа n.n. pedаgogicаl technology аnd pedаgogicаl skills. tаshkenttdpu: 2003. 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. bаxriev а., bаxrievа n. formаtion of internаl motivаtion in teаching through new pedаgogicаl technologies. journаl "people's educаtion", 2006 № 6. pp. 25-28. 5. educаtionаl psychology: textbook. for stud. higher. educаtionаl institutions / ed. n.v. klyuevа. m .: p24 publishing house vlаdos-press, 2003 .-400 p. 6. bаrno bobojonovа.(2020) idioms аnd their importаnce. science аnd educаtion 1(2),57-62 7. аbdullаevа shаhzodа аbdullаevnа ( 2020 )electronic trаiner аpplicаtion for speech competences development in future speciаlists of non-core universities in russiаn lаnguаge clаsses internаtionаl journаl of reseаrch volume 07 issue 08, p 20-60 8. toliboboevа, s. j. (2020). lаnguаge аnd emotions. экономика и социум, (7), 6062 9. аshirbаevа, а. n. (2020). biogrаphicаl method in lilliаn hellmаn's plаy the little foxes. инновационное развитие науки и образования, 2(5). 10. usmonovа, g. (2020). the etymologicаl peculiаrities of the modern english vocаbulаry. экономика и социум, 70(3), 93-95. 11. fayzullaeva, z. r., & yodgorova, n. (2022). bacteriological methods determination of the respiratory way in chronic infection. eurasian medical research periodical, 15, 47-50. 12. yodgorova, n. t., fayzullaeva, z. r., & sh, m. f. (2022). changes in the intestinal microflora in the baby and the ways of their correction. world bulletin of public health, 17, 37-41. 13. j. mustafoqulov, & z. fayzullayeva (2022). kasalxona ichi infeksiyasi .patogen kokklar. science and innovation, 1 (d8), 384-386. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7392813 227 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 architecturetand the art of designing muhammedyar alliyarov teacher of karakalpak state university named after berdak abstract: in this article, architecture and the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures based on the goals and tasks of architecture , modern technical capabilities and aesthetic views of society. keywords: architecture , buildings and structures, houses, architectural complexes, squares, cities architecture (architecture) is the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures based on the purposes and tasks of use, modern technical capabilities and aesthetic views of society. the architect first plans the spatial environment necessary for human life and activity in a creative project with the power of thinking, and builds it in practice with high taste and skill. architectural works include various buildings, houses, architectural complexes, squares, cities, their monuments, open and closed structures. urban planning is the comprehensive and most complex field of architecture dealing with the planning and organization of populated areas villages, cities and towns. the field of creating an environment related to natural landscapes, creating gardens is the art of horticulture. japan apart from its practical service and function, the work of architecture embodies a certain ideological-artistic content, an architectural appearance an image representing its era, it is the most majestic and costly component of material culture; at the same time, it appears as a majestic art. as architecture incorporates various other forms of art (such as sculpture, carving, carving), it is compared to the mother of arts, and architectural monuments of antiquity are likened to music frozen in stone, assuming that spatial forms are mutually proportional and harmonious. the fact that the building is strong, useful and beautiful is the main factor of the early development of architecture until now. it is no coincidence that all the famous seven wonders of the ancient world were works of architectural art created by human genius. isfahan (iran) in the flood of the past eras, many magnificent buildings were washed away without a trace. but under the great monuments of architectural heritage that have reached over the centuries, one can observe the results and achievements of the rise of architecture. especially, as a result of the expansion of material and technical possibilities, the increase of artistic and historical experience, the stylistic changes of architecture appeared. in the ancient east and egypt, there were huge constructions related to the divine ideology, such as the majestic ehram (pyramid) and ziggurat, which were unknown to history and amazed people. even now, they visit the egyptian shrines with admiration. huge buildings, especially temples, were built in the style of ancient and classical 228 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us periods in greece (7th century bc), romanesque (10th-12th centuries), gothic (12th-15th centuries) styles of medieval european architecture. the majestic parthenon on top of the athenian acropolis, along with doric columns and magnificent relief sculptures, have become a famous symbol of classical architecture, and new imitation buildings such as schools, theaters, stadiums, and temples have been built. long arches, spear-shaped decorations characteristic of the gothic style have become sacred shrines of western european cities. notre-dame cathedral in reims (france, xiii-xiv centuries) is a product of restoration and development of renaissancerenaissance (end of xv-beginning of xvi century) style by connecting the classical architecture of the ancient times with the requirements and possibilities of the new era. complex architectural ensembles, complexes, and large cities were built on a large scale based on the system of classical orders columns. the rules of classical architecture paved the way for the creation of unique and elegant compositions in the conditions of the new era. in the architecture of the middle ages, the baroque style became widespread from the middle of the 16th century. particular attention was paid to the decoration of the buildings in all respects. later (17th-19th centuries), the search for a new period style returned from luxurious decorations and gave good results. as a result of the creative use of the achievements of the principles of classical and renaissance architecture, the style of classicism appeared. especially in the cities of western europe, wonderful architectural ensembles in the spirit of classicism were created. the development of industry in the first half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century led to the construction of new types of architectural structures. industrial buildings such as factories, factories, power plants, railway stations, and elevators appeared. in particular, metal, reinforced concrete constructions and other new building materials (special glass, plastic, etc.) raised the horizons of architectural possibilities, methodological research gave excellent results. extremely powerful technology and industry entered the construction field. this made it possible to rebuild high-rise, multi-story buildings. buildings were assembled on the basis of standard and repetitive (typical) parts and began to be built very quickly. new materials, techniques, new demands and opportunities quickly brought new currents to the fore in architecture. functionalists (f. wright in the usa and others) emphasize that the beauty of the building depends on the integrity of its form and function, the elegance of the structure, and the naturalness of the materials, while another group of architects (w. gropius in germany and others, the creative center "bauhaus") is completely new. they declared that there is no place for decoration in architecture. the current of constructivism appeared as a result of cases of denying the ideological-artistic and even beauty qualities of architecture, paying more attention to the achievements and possibilities of construction techniques. the abundance of creative flow was expressed in the form of architectural objects. during the next half-century, the art of urban planning has grown on an unprecedented scale all over the world, and amazing, beautiful, modern cities are being built in a historically short period of time. in the architecture of the present time, artistic features previously unknown to history are felt, that is, the boundless international spirit and form are clearly felt in the architectural art. that is why the issue of nationality in architecture is drawing attention again. therefore, scientific research works in the field of architecture, urban planning, gardening arts are also aimed at studying the architectural heritage of the whole world, advanced architectural experiences serve to improve the level of creative architects, artists, and students. according to the custom in the world of architecture, history books mainly analyze the architecture of the ancient world egypt, greece, rome and the european countries of the middle ages. as the architecture of ancient cultural centers such as asian countries, china, india, arabia is relatively little studied, their international influence seems to be somewhat limited. in particular, the architecture of central 229 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us asia, especially the architecture of uzbekistan, is just beginning to be explored by experts. of uzbekistan [ edit source] the architecture of uzbekistan attracts attention with its great antiquity, various architectural monuments, and magnificent works of art. the oldest cultural centers between the amudarya and syrdarya still present a wonderful architectural treasure from the depths of archaeological monuments (such as sopollitepa, koykirilan castle, tuproqkala, afrosiyob, varakhsha, poykend, kanqa). old cities such as bukhara, samarkand, tashkent, khiva, shahrisabz, termiz, koqan have their unique architectural monuments (somonites' mausoleum, mag'oki attori, chashmai ayyub, poyi kalon complex, labi pool complex, samarkand registan, including ulugbek madrasa, sherdar madrasa, tillakori mosque -madrasa and others) known to the world. among the periods of the development of uzbekistan's architecture, the most historically remarkable is inextricably linked with the period of amir temur and the timurids, and it is customary to describe it as the renaissance eastern renaissance, samarkand, the "polish of the earth", "the dome of knowledge and manners", kesh shahrisabz cities, especially amir temur it was rebuilt from the ground up due to the efforts, architectural vayu-yati (abundance of valyyati) and karomat. magnificent and luxurious buildings such as aksaroy, koksaroy palaces, dor us-siyadat madrasa, blue dome, jame' mosque were erected. an architectural necropolis like shahizinda was built. kokhna kesh was honored with the name of shahrisabz because it turned into a flourishing architectural garden. in the ring of coral gardens that appeared around samarkand, beautiful buildings such as dilkusho koshki ishratkhana, chilustun koshki, small aksaroy koshki, beautiful gardens such as bogi dilkusho, bogi naqshi jahan, bogi shamol, bogi chinor laid the foundation for the development of the art of architectural gardening in general. indian art historians acknowledge that the real art of gardening came to india with zahiruddin babur during the reign of timurid. it's no secret that even medieval european gardens were influenced by timurid gardens. in the same period, it is worth noting that science treatises related to architecture were created. if in the works of scholars such as muhammad khorazmi, abu nasr farabi, and birjandi, the aspects related to harmony in architecture are based on the text, the scientists around ulugbek did not limit themselves to researches on astronomy, but wrote treatises on architecture and created programs on gardening. rare architectural drawings created by folk architects of bukhara in the 16th century have been preserved (uzfashi fund). the modular system, which is widely used in modern architecture, has long been known in uzbek architecture as the scale. a lot of effective studies have been carried out to study the history of uzbekistan's architecture. in particular, as a result of studying the work of the people's architects, the creators of architecture, the secrets of some architectural laws and rules, which were forgotten in ancient times, were revealed. even the problem that scientists have been discussing for the next two centuries about the project of pyramids in distant egypt found an easy solution through the architectural alkanunulgutarh preserved in the practice of uzbek folk architects. the traditions and laws of uzbekistan's architecture, which have been passed down from generation to generation for centuries, suffered a sharp blow during the colonial period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. architects were forced to work under the demands of the administration. some innovations in architecture have been synchronized with the capitalist demands of mixed (eclectic), different styles (russian, european, etc.). folk architecture suffered a second sharp blow during the soviet regime. due to the state monopoly of architecture, creativity and initiative of architects were completely denied, and as a result, large-scale local constructions, especially private construction, were restricted, and as a result, experienced folk architects were reduced to the level of ordinary builders and even workers. 230 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the implementation of architectural creations based on moscow standards has extinguished national architecture. the slogan "national in form, socialist architecture in content" opened the way for some creative research from the 2nd half of the 20th century (such as the buildings of the alisher navoi theater and the mukimi theater). positive results were achieved with the participation of folk masters in the remarkable buildings created in that period. independent uzbekistan ended the non-requirements that were a dam in the field of architecture, a wide horizon of creativity was opened for the development of architecture. in tashkent and samarkand, special architectural and construction institutes are training qualified architects. specialists such as artists, sculptors, engravers, and painters are trained in special educational institutions. the architecture of uzbekistan achieved great achievements in the next decade (19912001). in particular, the image of the capital tashkent changed and became more prosperous, majestic buildings rose (turkistan palace, aksaroy, tashkent government, oliy majlis buildings, reconstruction of the uzbek national theater, the new building of the uzbek conservatory, the state museum of the history of the timurids, the statues of amir temur and alisher navoi and etc. ).[ 1][2] references: 1. zakhidov p., traditsii narodnih zodchikh uzbekistana: m., 1964; vseobshaya historical architecture, vol., 1-12, m.-l., 1944-1975; zohidov p., world of architects, t., 1991. 2. ↑ myself. the first volume. tashkent, 2000 3. alliyarov m. importance of excavation work in the organization and enrichment of museums //procedia of philosophical and pedagogical sciences. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 6. – с. 35-40. 4. alliyarov, m. (2023). primitive community layout architecture. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, 18, 36-38. 5. alliyarov m. the architecture of the gothic period is also historical //modern science and research. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 182-184. 6. тажимуратова ш. с. санъатшунослик фанларини ўқитиш орқали талабаларнинг мустақил ишлаш кўникмаларини шакллантириш. – 2023. 7. saginbaevna t. s. formation of students'skills of independent performance through the teaching of art history //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 9. – с. 386-392. 8. tajimuraova s. s. information and communications in management //journal of integrated education and research. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 5. – с. 509-511. 9. tajimuratova shakhnoza saginbaevna. (2022). management and study of culture and art. web of scientist: international scientific research journal, 3(1), 758–762. 231 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. sag’inbaevna, t. s. (2023). cultural life in uzbekistan during the years of independence. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, 18, 39-41. 11. saginbaevna t. s. formation of students'skills of independent performance through the teaching of art history //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 9. – с. 386-392. 12. tajimuraova s. s. information and communications in management //journal of integrated education and research. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 5. – с. 509-511. 13. orinbaevich a. j. an integrative approach to teaching students to understand fine art samples //journal of pedagogical inventions and practices. – 2023. – т. 24. – с. 49-53. 14. orinbaevich a. j. an integrative approach to teaching students to understand fine art samples //journal of pedagogical inventions and practices. – 2023. – т. 24. – с. 49-53. 15. orınbaevich a. j., muratbaevich i. a., alimovich t. m. the meaning of the color composition in the visual arts //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 3. – с. 67-69. 302-311 source and start in decreasal equations ' correct by identifying the inner 302 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 source and start in decreasal equations ' correct by identifying the inner function problems latipova shahnoza salim daughter asia international university general technician department of sciences teacher slatipova543@gmail.com abstract: this article caputo in the sense of fraction in order private derivative differential equation for mixed issue we learn this in the article right issue solve and in caputo's sense show that the solution of the partial differential equation of fractional order exists and is unique , and it is intended to obtain results related to the correct problem of determining the source function caught. keywords: caputo derivative differential equation , exact problem, inverse problem, cauchy issue , a fixed number. let's say so. we are following (1.1) of a fractional equation in the caputo sense , (1.2) the initial condition and the following , (1.3) , (1.4) a solution that satisfies the boundary conditions to find the issue let's see , here , – the given functions, – a constant number , – a fixed number, through in caputo's sense an ordered fraction is defined as an ordered derivative. ( 1.1 ) (1.4) is called a correct problem . 3.1.1 definition. if function the following , to the property have is , all conditions of (1.1) (1.4). if satisfied , then this to the function (1.1) (1.4) of the problem the solution is called by finding a solution to this exact problem in the master 's thesis , the inverse problem of finding the source function is also studied. 0 1r< < 2( , ) ( , ) = ( ), 0 , 0 < ;t xxd u x t a u x t f x x l t tr < < < ( , 0) = ( ), 0u x x x lj+ £ £ (0, ) 0, 0u t t t= £ £ ( , ) 0, 0u l t t t= £ £ ( )xj ( )f x a t td r r ( )( , ) [0, ] [0, ]u x t c l tî ´ ( , )td u x tr ( )( , ) (0, ) (0,xxu x t c l tî ´ ( , )u x t 303 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us let's assume that in problem (1.1) (1.4) in addition to the function, the function is also unknown . to solve this problem we need an additional condition . we get the following condition as an additional condition : . (1.5) in this problem (1.1) (1.5). and to the problem of finding functions by finding the right side of the equation is called an inverse problem . the right problem the solution of the correct problem for the partial differential equation of order k is shown, that is, the solution of the correct problem (1.1) (1.4) exists and is proved to be unique. to solve the problem (1.1) (1.4), we prove the following theorem. theorem 1.1. , functions continuous , fragmented continuous to the derivative have and , conditions satisfactory be functions . _ then the solution of problem (1.1) (1.4) will be unique and it will look like this : . (1.6) proof . theorem to prove for private derivative equations in solving wide spread out of methods one o ' variables separation , that is _ from the fourier method _ we use (1.1) – (1.4) problem solution for a view , here is a function (1.7) (1.8) (1.9) (1.10) of the problem, and the function (1.11) (1.12) (1.13) (1.14) the solution to the problem. to solve the problem (1.1) (1.4), it is enough to solve the above two auxiliary problems. as we have seen above, in this part, we will solve the problem (1.1) (1.4) separately for two cases, homogeneous and non-homogeneous . we use the fourier method to solve the problem (1.7) – (1.10). the solution ( , )u x t ( )f x ( , ) = ( ), 0 <u x x tt y t < ( , )u x t ( )f x ( )xj ( )f x (0) ( ) 0lj j= = (0) ( ) 0f f l= = 2 ,1 1 ( , ) n n nau x t e t l r r pj ¥ = é æ öæ ö= +ê ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øê è øë å 2 , 1 sinn na nxf t e t l l r r r r p p + ùæ öæ ö+ úç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è ø úè øû ( , ) ( , ) ( , )u x t v x t w x t= + ( , )v x t 2( , ) ( , ) = 0,t xxd v x t a v x tr 0 , 0 < ;x l t t< < < ( , 0) = ( ), 0 ,v x x x lj+ £ £ (0, ) 0, 0 ,v t t t= £ £ ( , ) 0, 0 .v l t t t= £ £ ( , )w x t 2( , ) ( , ) = ( ),t xxd w x t a w x t f xr 0 , 0 < ;x l t t< < < ( , 0) = 0, 0 ,w x x l+ £ £ (0, ) 0, 0 ,w t t t= £ £ ( , ) 0, 0 .w l t t t= £ £ 304 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us (1.15) we look for in the form , where is a function of only a variable, and is a function of only a variable. the solution in the form (1.15) into the equation (1.7) and form the following equation: then this of equality two side to being to send as a result , (1.16) we form the equation. for the function of the form (1.16) to be a solution of the equation (1.7) , from (1.16) consists of to be need , that is manly of variables all in values must be appropriate . (1.13) is the left side of eq only to variable , right part only depends on the variable x . if we change something value choose variable if we change (1.16) of equality right part and vice versa of the variable something value choose variable if we change (1.16), the left part of the equation will be unchanged. this equality holds only if both sides of the equality are equal to a constant number. therefore, the following equality holds: ( 1.17 ) here is constant, and since there is no requirement for its sign, we take it with a minus sign for the convenience of further calculations. (1.17) from the equation and from scratch to identify different functions (1.18) (1.19) we come to ordinary differential equations. (1.9) and ( 1.10 ), we have the following equality. we have equalities. moreover, for the function since it is a nonzero function (1.20) it follows that additional conditions are satisfied. thus, to define a function, we formulate a simple eigenvalue problem: we need to find such values of the parameter as the result (1.21) the problem have a nontrivial solution. the characteristic value for such values of the parameter, and the corresponding nontrivial solution is called the characteristic function of the given problem . this given eigenvalue and eigenfunction problem is also called the sturm–liouville problem. of the parameter we will consider the negative , zero and positive cases separately: ( , ) ( ) ( ) 0v x t t t x x= × ¹ ( )x x x ( )t t t 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )t t x x a t t x x¢ ¢¢= ( ) ( ) 0t t x x× ¹ 2 ( ) ( ) ( )( ) t t x x x xa t t ¢ ¢¢ = 0< < ;t t t x t t x 2 ( ) ( ) ( )( ) t t x x x xa t t l ¢ ¢¢ = = l ( )x x ( )t t 2( ) ( ) 0t t a t tl¢ + = ( ) ( ) 0x x x xl¢¢ + = (0, ) ( ) (0) 0v t t t x= × = ( , ) ( ) ( ) 0v l t t t x l= × = ( )t t ( )x x (0) ( ) 0x x l= = ( )x x l ( ) ( ) 0 (0) ( ) 0 x x x x x x l l¢¢ + =ì í = =î l l 305 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 1) if let it be then the problem of eigenvalue and eigenfunction given by (1. 21 ) will not have a non-zero solution. we will show it below. the solution let's search in the form , then we will have the following equalities and given of the matter the solution in appearance will be now using the boundary conditions we get the system and solve it: from and that we find so , if if (3.1.18) problem to the solution have it is 2) if let it be then the given eigenvalue and eigenfunction problem (1.21) will not have a non-zero solution. if indeed _ _ to eq have we will be , from this to the solution we arrive at , if we use the boundary conditions þ and from . so , if if , (3.1.21 ) is the problem to the solution have it is 3) if let it be then the given eigenvalue and eigenfunction problem (1.21) will have a non-zero solution. if indeed if so , the solution in appearance let's look for , then we will have the following equalities and that account if we get , it is given of the matter the solution in the form will be according to the boundary conditions 0l < ( ) kxx x e= 2 2 0 0 kx kxk e e k k l l l + = + = = ± 1 2( ) x xx x c e c el l-= + 1 2 1 2 (0) 0 ( ) 0l l x c c x l c e c el l= + =ìï í = + =ïî 2 1 1 1 0l l c c c e c el l= -ìï í =ïî 0 va 0l ll e el l-¹ ¹ 1 0c = 2 0c = 0l < ( ) 0x x = 0l = 0l = ( ) 0x x¢¢ = 1 2( )x x c x c= + 1 2 1 2 (0) 0 0 ( ) 0 x c c x l c l c = × + =ì í = × + =î 2 0c = 0l ¹ 1 0c = 0l = ( ) 0x x = 0l > 0l > ( ) kxx x e= 2 2 0 0 kx kxk e e k k i l l l + = + = = ± cos sini xe x i xl l l= ± ( ) cos sinx x a x b xl l= + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0) cos 0 sin 0 0 ( ) cos sin 0 x a b a x l a l b l l l l l ì = × + × = =ï í = + =ïî 306 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us will be from this will be , to be for to be need _ in that case or , this on the ground because n= 1,2,3,… and positive numbers . so , the given problem is non-trivial to the solution special only in values have and it will be as follows (1.22) the solution is if we choose an arbitrary constant coefficient as one ( 1.23) will appear. now and , characteristic to value suitable special function s for the following expressions we find : (1.24) if we transfer the expression (1.24) to the problem (1.7), the following equality is formed: . from this, we form the equation. so we come to the following issue: (1.25) (3.1.25) the solution of the cauchy problem is, by virtue of (2.2.14), the following (see [kilbas]): . (1.26) since the sum of particular solutions is a solution function is also a solution. so (1.7) – (1.10) is a formal solution of the problem ( )( ) sin 0x l b l l= = ( ) 0x x ¹ 0b ¹ ( )sin 0l l = l npl = l l 2 n n l pl l æ ö= = ç ÷ è ø ( ) sinn n nxx x b l p = ( ) sinn nxx x l p = 2 n n l pl æ ö= ç ÷ è ø ( )nt t 1 ( , ) ( ) sinn n nxv x t t t l p¥ = = ×å 2 2 1 1 ( ) sin ( ) sin = 0t n n n n nx n nxd t t a t t l l l r p p p¥ ¥ = = æ ö× + ×ç ÷ è ø å å 2 2 1 ( ) ( ) sin = 0t n n n n nxd t t a t t l l r p p¥ = é ùæ ö+ ×ê úç ÷ è øê úë û å 2 2( ) ( ) 0, ( 0) , t n n n n nd t t a t t l t r p j ì æ ö+ =ï ç ÷í è ø ï + =î 2 ,1( )n n nat t e t l r r pj æ öæ ö= -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø 1 ( , ) ( ) ( )n n n v x t t t x t ¥ = = ×å 307 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us ( 1.27) will appear. now we show that this series is flat convergent. for this, the partial sum of the series (1.27). we define as if the mittag–leffler function from the estimate, (1.27) results in smooth convergence of the series. of flat approachability at price and of the function properties soon come comes out in addition, it follows that the equality (1.11) , so, it follows from the above considerations that the function (1.27) is a solution to the problem (1.11) (1.14). in addition, it follows that the equality (1.7) , so, it follows from the above considerations that the function (1.27) is a solution of the problem (1.7) (1.10). now let's look at the non-homogeneous case. (1.11) – (1.14) and fourier to solve the problem method we use , that is function apparently _ _ we are looking for him (1.11) to eq take go let 's put and to simplify the following equality harvest we do : . initial condition account if we get condition harvest we do so the following 2 ,1 1 ( , ) sinn n na nxv x t e t l l r r p pj ¥ = æ öæ ö= -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø å 2 ,1 1 ( , ) sin j j n n na nxv x t e t l l r r p pj = æ öæ ö= -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø å , 1| ( ) | 1 e z zr µ £ + ( , )xxv x t 2 22 ,12 1 ( , ) sinj n n n na nxv x t e t x l l l r r p p pj ¥ = æ ö¶ æ ö æ ö= -ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷ç ÷¶ è ø è øè ø å 2 2 ,1 1n nae t l l r r p pæ öæ ö æ ö£ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷ç ÷è ø è øè ø ( )xj 2( , ) ( , ) = 0t xxd v x t a v x tr ( , ) ((0, ) (0, ))td v x t c l tr î ´ > 0t 2 2( , ) = ( , )t j jd v x t v x t x r ¶ ¶ ( , ) ((0, ) (0, ))td v x t c l tr î ´ > 0t ( , )w x t 1 ( , ) ( ) sinn n nxw x t t t l p¥ = = ×å 2 2( ) ( ) = ( )t n n n nd t t a t t f x l r pæ ö+ ç ÷ è ø ( 0) 0nt + = 308 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us (1.28) let's get to the point. solving it, we get the following formal solution (see [kielbas]) . (1.29) if function given that does not depend on , then we form the equation. if taking into account the situation, then we obtain the following solution for the problem (3.1.28): . thus, we have the following formal solution to problem (1.11)–(1.14): . (1.30) now we show that this series is flat convergent. for this, the partial sum of the series (1.30). we define as if the mittag–leffler function from the estimate, (1.30) results in smooth convergence of the series. of flat approachability at price and of the function properties soon come comes out 2 2( ) ( ) = ( ), ( 0) 0, t n n n n nd t t a t t f x l t r pì æ ö+ï ç ÷í è ø ï + =î ( )1 , 0 ( ) (t ) t n n nt t e f dr r r rh l h h h-= -ò ( )f x t ( ) ( )1 1 , , 0 0 (t ) t t n n n ne f d f e dr r r r r r r rh l h h h h l h h-= -ò ò ( ) ( )1 , , 1 0 t n ne d t e tr r r r r r r rh l h h l+= -ò 2 , 1( )n n nat t f t e t l r r r r p + æ öæ ö= -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø 2 , 1 1 ( , ) sinn n na nxw x t f t e t l l r r r r p p¥ + = æ öæ ö= ×ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø å 2 , 1 1 ( , ) sin j j n n na nxw x t f t e t l l r r r r p p + = æ öæ ö= ×ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø å , 1| ( ) | 1 e z zr µ £ + ( , )xxw x t 2 22 , 12 1 ( , ) sin j j n n n na nxw x t f t e t x l l l r r r r p p p + = æ ö¶ æ ö æ ö= ×ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷ç ÷¶ è ø è øè ø å 2 2 , 1 1n nae t l l r r r p p + æ öæ ö æ ö£ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷ç ÷è ø è øè ø ( )f x 309 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us moreover, equality (1.11) it follows that from so, it follows from the above considerations that the function (1.30) is a solution to the problem (1.11) (1.14). summarizing these solutions, we get the following solution for problem (1.7) (1.10) : (1.31) thus , by the formula (1.6) . determined function (1.7) (1.10) will be the solution of the problem . list of used literature. 1. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 2. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238244. 3. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 4. jurakulov, s. z. (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 514-518. 5. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 6. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238244. 7. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology, 3(10), 25-33. 8. zafarjon o'g'li, z. s. (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 9. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle's system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67-73. 2 2 =1 ( , ) = ( , ) ( )sin , j t j j k k nxd w x t w x t f t lx r p¶ + ¶ å > 0t ( , ) ((0, ) (0, ))td w x t c l tr î ´ 2 ,1 1 ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) sinn n na nxu x t v x t w x t e t l l r r p pj ¥ = æ öæ ö= + = +ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø å 2 , 1 1 sin .n n na nxf t e t l l r r r r p p¥ + = æ öæ ö+ ×ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø å ( , )u x t 310 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 10. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360-365. 11. гостaxmedova z. i. lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi //educational research in universal sciences. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 10. – с. 368-372. 12. mla.axmedova, zulxumor ikromovna. "lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi." educational research in universal sciences 2.10 (2023): 368-372. 13. apaaxmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 14. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizikmexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223228. 15. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 16. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 17. qizi sharopova, m. m. (2023). rsa va el-gamal ochiq kalitli shifrlash algoritmi asosida elektron raqmli imzolari. rsa ochiq kalitli shifrlash algoritmi asosidagi elektron raqamli imzo. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 316-319. 18. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360-365. 19. sharipova, m. p. (2023). maxsus sohalarda karleman matritsasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 137-141. 20. madina polatovna sharipova. (2023). approximation of functions with coefficients. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 135–138. 21. madina polatovna sharipova. (2023). applications of the double integral to mechanical problems. international journal of sciearchers,2(2), 101-103. 22. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). basic philosophical and methodological ideas in the evolution of physical sciences. gospodarka i innowacje., 41, 233-241. 23. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). a japanese approach to in-service training and professional development of science and physics teachers in japan . american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 167–173. 311 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 24. jurakulov , s. z. ugli. (2023). fizika ta’limi muvaffaqiyatli olish uchun strategiyalar. educational research in universal sciences, 2(14), 46–48. 25. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 26. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 27. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669-674. 28. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 29. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 451 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 social reforms to reduce poverty: a comprehensive approach khalida t. sultanova senior lecturer, department of social sciences, tashkent medical academy, uzbekistan abstract: this article explores the significance of social reforms in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development. it highlights the key areas where social reforms can have a transformative impact on poverty reduction, including education, income redistribution, gender equality, healthcare, agriculture, and housing. the study emphasizes the importance of providing access to quality education and skill development opportunities to break the cycle of poverty. it also underscores the need for progressive taxation policies and income redistribution programs to ensure a more equitable distribution of resources. gender equality and women's empowerment are identified as critical factors in poverty reduction. the study emphasizes the importance of accessible healthcare services and robust social protection programs in alleviating poverty. additionally, sustainable agriculture practices, affordable housing, and inclusive urban development are recognized as vital components of social reforms to reduce poverty. the findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in designing evidencebased strategies to combat poverty, foster economic empowerment, and create a more equitable society. keywords: poverty reduction, social reforms, education, income redistribution, gender equality introduction poverty is a persistent global challenge that affects millions of individuals and communities worldwide. addressing poverty requires not only immediate relief measures but also long-term social reforms that tackle its root causes. this article explores a range of social reforms that can effectively reduce poverty, promoting sustainable development, economic empowerment, and social justice. by implementing these reforms, societies can work towards creating an inclusive and equitable future for all. 1. education and skill development access to quality education and skill development opportunities is crucial for breaking the cycle of poverty. governments should prioritize investing in education systems, ensuring free and compulsory education for all children, especially those from marginalized backgrounds. additionally, vocational training programs and adult education initiatives should be established to equip individuals with relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship. these measures will enhance employability and provide avenues for economic advancement. 2. income redistribution and progressive taxation to reduce poverty, there is a need for progressive taxation policies that ensure wealthier individuals and corporations contribute their fair share. income redistribution programs, such as targeted cash transfers and social welfare schemes, can provide a safety net for the most vulnerable 452 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us populations. these initiatives should focus on uplifting marginalized groups, including women, children, the elderly, and disabled individuals, providing them with adequate financial support and access to essential services. 3. gender equality and women's empowerment gender inequality is closely intertwined with poverty. promoting gender equality and empowering women is essential for poverty reduction. governments must enforce laws that protect women's rights, ensure equal pay, and eliminate discriminatory practices. access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities should be guaranteed for women and girls. investing in women's entrepreneurship and microfinance initiatives can also foster economic independence and self-sufficiency. 4. health and social protection quality healthcare services and social protection programs are fundamental for poverty reduction. governments should invest in accessible and affordable healthcare systems, focusing on preventive care and primary healthcare services. social protection measures, including universal health coverage, unemployment benefits, and pension schemes, provide a safety net for individuals and families facing financial hardships. strengthening these systems can alleviate the burden of poverty and improve overall well-being. 5. sustainable agriculture and rural development rural poverty is a significant challenge in many countries. promoting sustainable agriculture practices, providing farmers with access to resources, and improving market linkages can enhance rural livelihoods. investments in infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, rural electrification, and transportation networks, are crucial for rural development. additionally, land reforms that ensure equitable distribution of land and access to natural resources can empower rural communities. 6. affordable housing and urban development access to safe and affordable housing is a fundamental right that can significantly impact poverty reduction. governments should implement policies that promote affordable housing initiatives, including social housing programs and slum upgrading projects. sustainable urban planning, with a focus on inclusive infrastructure development, can create vibrant and livable cities, providing equal opportunities for all residents. reducing poverty requires a comprehensive approach that addresses its multidimensional nature. by implementing these social reforms, governments, civil society organizations, and international stakeholders can work together to create a more equitable and inclusive society. education and poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, affecting billions of people around the world. while short-term relief measures are essential, addressing poverty requires comprehensive and sustainable social reforms that tackle its root causes. by implementing effective social reforms, societies can strive towards reducing poverty, promoting economic empowerment, and fostering social justice. this article explores a range of social reforms that can make a significant impact in the fight against poverty. firstly, access to quality education and skill development opportunities is crucial for breaking the cycle of poverty. governments must prioritize investing in education systems, ensuring free and compulsory education for all children, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds. beyond basic education, vocational training programs and adult education initiatives should be established to equip individuals with relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship, enhancing their employability and providing avenues for economic advancement. 453 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us secondly, income redistribution and progressive taxation policies are vital tools to address poverty. wealthier individuals and corporations should contribute their fair share through progressive taxation, ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources. income redistribution programs, such as targeted cash transfers and social welfare schemes, can provide a safety net for the most vulnerable populations, including women, children, the elderly, and disabled individuals. these initiatives aim to alleviate financial hardships and facilitate access to essential services. gender equality and women's empowerment are also critical in the fight against poverty. gender inequality perpetuates poverty, making it essential to enforce laws that protect women's rights, ensure equal pay, and eliminate discriminatory practices. access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities must be guaranteed for women and girls. investing in women's entrepreneurship and microfinance initiatives can foster economic independence and selfsufficiency, contributing to poverty reduction. furthermore, quality healthcare services and robust social protection programs play a crucial role in poverty reduction. governments should invest in accessible and affordable healthcare systems, focusing on preventive care and primary healthcare services. social protection measures, such as universal health coverage, unemployment benefits, and pension schemes, provide a safety net for individuals and families facing financial hardships, improving overall well-being. in addition to these measures, promoting sustainable agriculture, affordable housing, and inclusive urban development are key elements of social reform. sustainable agricultural practices, rural development initiatives, and equitable land distribution can enhance rural livelihoods and uplift communities. access to safe and affordable housing is a fundamental right that can significantly impact poverty reduction, while inclusive urban planning can create vibrant and livable cities, providing equal opportunities for all residents. in conclusion, addressing poverty requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond short-term relief measures. implementing social reforms in areas such as education, income redistribution, gender equality, healthcare, agriculture, and housing can contribute to long-term poverty reduction. by prioritizing these reforms, governments, civil society organizations, and international stakeholders can work together to create a more equitable and inclusive society, where individuals have the opportunity to escape the cycle of poverty and build a better future for themselves and their communities. research methodology in order to explore the effectiveness of social reforms in reducing poverty, a comprehensive research methodology should be employed. this research methodology provides a systematic approach to gather data, analyze relevant information, and draw well-informed conclusions. the following outlines the key components of a research methodology for studying social reforms to reduce poverty. 1. research design: the research design should be carefully selected based on the objectives of the study. a mixedmethods approach can be employed, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to gather a comprehensive understanding of the impact of social reforms on poverty reduction. this may include conducting surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, and data analysis of existing datasets. 454 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. data collection: primary data collection can involve conducting interviews or surveys with individuals and communities affected by poverty and social reforms. these data collection tools should be designed to capture relevant information related to poverty levels, access to social reforms, and their impact on the targeted population. additionally, secondary data from reputable sources, such as government reports, academic studies, and international organizations, can be utilized to supplement the primary data. 3. sampling: appropriate sampling techniques should be employed to ensure the representation of the target population. stratified random sampling can be used to select participants from different socioeconomic backgrounds, regions, and demographic groups. this approach helps in capturing diverse perspectives and experiences related to poverty and social reforms. 4. data analysis: the collected data should be analyzed using appropriate statistical and qualitative analysis techniques. quantitative analysis can involve descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and hypothesis testing to examine the relationship between social reforms and poverty reduction. qualitative analysis can involve thematic coding and content analysis of interview transcripts and open-ended survey responses to identify common themes and patterns. 5. ethical considerations: ethical considerations are crucial in any research study. informed consent should be obtained from participants, and their privacy and confidentiality should be ensured. ethical guidelines and protocols should be followed throughout the research process to protect the rights and well-being of the participants. 6. limitations: it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the research methodology. these may include sample size limitations, potential biases, and generalizability of findings. addressing these limitations strengthens the validity and reliability of the research findings. by employing a rigorous research methodology, researchers can generate valuable insights into the effectiveness of social reforms in reducing poverty. these insights can inform policymakers, organizations, and stakeholders in designing and implementing evidence-based strategies to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development. results and discussion the study examined the impact of social reforms on poverty reduction, employing a mixedmethods research approach. the findings provide insights into the effectiveness of various social reforms in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development. quantitative analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between access to education and poverty reduction. the provision of free and compulsory education for all children, especially those from marginalized backgrounds, has led to increased literacy rates and improved economic 455 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us opportunities. vocational training programs and adult education initiatives have also contributed to enhancing employability and reducing poverty. income redistribution programs and progressive taxation policies were found to have a notable impact on poverty reduction. through targeted cash transfers and social welfare schemes, vulnerable populations, including women, children, the elderly, and disabled individuals, have received financial support and access to essential services. the redistribution of wealth through progressive taxation has contributed to a more equitable distribution of resources, reducing income disparities and alleviating poverty. gender equality and women's empowerment emerged as crucial factors in poverty reduction. enforced laws protecting women's rights, ensuring equal pay, and eliminating discriminatory practices have positively influenced women's economic and social status. investing in women's entrepreneurship and microfinance initiatives has led to increased economic independence and self-sufficiency, playing a vital role in poverty reduction. the study also found that robust social protection programs and accessible healthcare services significantly contribute to poverty reduction. universal health coverage, unemployment benefits, and pension schemes have acted as safety nets for individuals and families facing financial hardships. improved access to affordable healthcare services and preventive care has enhanced overall well-being and reduced the burden of healthcare expenses on impoverished populations. furthermore, sustainable agriculture, affordable housing, and inclusive urban development were identified as key elements in poverty reduction. investments in sustainable agricultural practices, rural development initiatives, and equitable land distribution have improved rural livelihoods and uplifted communities. access to safe and affordable housing, along with inclusive urban planning, has created opportunities for marginalized populations and reduced poverty in urban areas. overall, the study's findings highlight the effectiveness of social reforms in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development. these results emphasize the importance of implementing comprehensive and inclusive social policies that address the multidimensional nature of poverty. the insights gained from this research can inform policymakers, organizations, and stakeholders in designing evidence-based strategies to combat poverty and achieve long-term social and economic progress. conclusion in conclusion, social reforms play a vital role in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development. through investments in education, income redistribution, gender equality, healthcare, agriculture, and housing, societies can address the root causes of poverty and create a more equitable and inclusive future. the findings of this study demonstrate the positive impact of social reforms on poverty reduction, highlighting the importance of comprehensive and targeted interventions. by prioritizing access to quality education, implementing progressive taxation policies, promoting gender equality, providing social protection programs, supporting sustainable agriculture, and ensuring affordable housing, societies can alleviate poverty and empower marginalized populations. these reforms not only improve individuals' economic conditions but also enhance their overall well-being and social mobility. policymakers, organizations, and stakeholders should use the insights gained from this research to inform evidence-based strategies 456 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and collaborative efforts towards eradicating poverty and building a more just and prosperous society for all. references: 1. world bank. (2021). poverty and shared prosperity report. 2. united nations development programme. (2020). human development report. 3. international labour organization. (2019). world employment and social outlook. 4. organisation for economic co-operation and development. (2020). social protection and inequalities. 5. world health organization. (2019). universal health coverage. 6. united nations women. (2020). gender equality and women's empowerment. 7. food and agriculture organization of the united nations. (2021). sustainable agriculture and rural development. 8. united nations human settlements programme. (2020). affordable housing. 9. international monetary fund. (2020). fiscal policy for growth and development. 10. the world justice project. (2021). rule of law index. american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 12 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us hermeticity of cotton pneumotransport pipelines, its influence on performance and energy consumption khaydarov khusanboy baxtiyar o‘g‘li khamrli ismailov 1 olimjon sarimsakov sharipjanovich 2 namangan institute of textile industry (namiti) 1 , andijan state university andsu 2 corresponding author: yoldashev93992020@mail.ru abstract: the article examines the importance of connecting pneumatic transport pipes in cotton ginning plants. the impact of air duct sealing on fan performance and energy consumption is considered. keywords: pneumotransport, cross-sectional surface, pipe, cotton, fan, aerodynamic force, cyclone, cotton drum. introduction. it is known that the cotton growing and processing industry is important in the development of the economy of uzbekistan. in recent years, the cotton ginning industry of our republic has been completely renovated and modernized on the basis of the state program, and equipment with modern equipment is reaching remote areas day by day. the goal of the reforms carried out in the field in recent years is to improve the quality of the product to the level of the world market requirements, to increase the efficiency of cotton production by reducing its cost. product quality and cost are formed at each stage of the technological process of its processing. in this case, the stage of supplying raw materials, which is considered the first link of the process, plays an important role. the supply of raw materials for cotton processing technology is carried out in cotton ginning enterprises with the help of pneumatic transport equipment. due to the simple design of the air pipe and the lack of control and controlled parts, they cannot be changed according to the condition of the product or the production requirement. also, to date, the use of measuring devices indicating its operating mode has not been established in pneumatic cotton transport, and the required mode is approximately set based on the experience of technical personnel servicing the equipment [1-4]. in cotton gins, cotton is delivered to the cotton mill in pneumatic transport pipes. when the mixture of air and cotton moves in the pipe, various resistance forces arise and they have a great impact on the performance of pneumatic transport and energy consumption. also, when connecting the pipes, there are cracks between them, on the wall, holes formed due to various mechanical effects, through which a large amount of air is sucked from the outside. such air absorption is even higher in stone hoppers and separators, and its average value is even included in the list of technical indicators of the equipment. mailto:yoldashev93992020@mail.ru american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 13 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us air intake from the outside has a great impact on pneumatic transport performance and energy consumption. also, due to the flow of air sucked in from the outside, the air consumption and speed from the head of the pipe to the fan increases continuously. in production measurements, it was observed that the air velocity at the head of the pipe is 15-20 m/h, and the velocity in front of the separator reaches 40-45 m/h. such air velocities cause the speed of the transported cotton to reach 28-31 m/s and cause the cotton fiber to be blown, knotted and broken, as a result of which the defects such as shell fiber and knots in the produced fiber will increase and the quality of the fiber will decrease. also, on the contrary, the air consumption, speed and dynamic pressure from the fan to the mouth of the pipe are sharply reduced. this situation, of course, leads to a decrease in the range of the pneumotransport equipment, and it will not be able to transport cotton from long distances. in such cases, additional pneumatic transport equipment is connected in series to transport cotton from distant fields. as a result, the costs of transporting cotton, as well as energy consumption, increase and the cost of the manufactured product increases. in addition, air consumption in cotton transportation increases and causes a large amount of air pollution with fiber dust and the need to clean the same amount of air. the dusty air cleaning devices used in cotton ginning enterprises cause the release of insufficiently cleaned air into the atmosphere as a result of the low efficiency of dust collection and having to clean a large amount of air mass compared to the passport indicators. this, in turn, leads to the excessive pollution of the air in the area of the cotton ginning enterprise and the objections of the residents living nearby. it was the problem that caused most of the cotton ginning enterprises to be moved to places far away from residential areas. however, this solution does not help to improve the ecological situation in the area. because, firstly, a negative environmental situation remains for the workers in the territory of the enterprise, and secondly, the pollution of atmospheric air in one place has a negative effect on the purity of air in another place. because atmospheric air is a whole environment that constantly moves, exchanges and mixes due to pressure and temperature changes. in the use of pneumatic transport, in many cases, due to the indifference of the company's workers and the wear, erosion, perforation, cracking, deformation of the pipes, it is impossible to ensure the hermeticity of the system when the pneumatic transport pipes are connected to each other and long routes are formed and air is sucked into the pipe from outside, resulting in very large pressure losses. according to the information of "cotton industry scientific center", it is impossible to eliminate air absorption from the outside in the pipes and its amount corresponds to the value of 1-3% for every 10 m of the pipe [5,6]. in this case, a lower value of this value corresponds to new pipes, and a higher level to old ones. it is possible to assess the degree of air intake from outside the pipe. if we accept this feature as a technological indicator, it should depend on certain indicators in the system. in the technical literature, this property is explained by the term "hermeticity", but there are no attempts to evaluate it as an indicator. therefore, we try to evaluate this feature as a technological indicator. method. this characteristic should be determined by the amount of air flow that has entered and added to the main air flow in aerodynamic systems. we call this characteristic "hermeticity coefficient". american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 14 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us based on the above considerations and a logical approach, we adopt the following equation to evaluate the aerodynamic system hermeticity: кg= (1), here qv is the air consumption in front of the fan, m 3 /h; qqair consumption at the pipe head, m 3 /h. if we pay attention to the equation, qv≠0, that is, the equation is valid when the fan is working, more precisely, when the air consumption in front of the fan is not zero. also, if , or the air consumption at the mouth of the pipe approaches the air consumption in front of the fan, кg , or the hermetic coefficient approaches 1, because the air intake from the outside decreases. qv qq =>кg= , or if qqthe air consumption at the head of the pipe is equal to qv– the air consumption in front of the fan, then no air is sucked from the outside and the hermetic coefficient is equal to 1. this is the most ideal state for the pneumotransport system кg= . the worst case is when qv≠0, qq= 0. that is, the fan is working, but there is no air flow at the head of the pipe. in this case, кg= . however, such a situation can occur only when there is some kind of obstruction inside the pipe, and the air is sucked only through the cracks and holes in the pipe. qv≠0, qq≠ 0 when the aerodynamic system, including the pneumotransport system, is in normal working condition, when there is air suction in the fan, there is also air flow in the pipe mouth. however, in the case that qv≠0, we can see that qq→ 0=>kg→ 0, that is, in any case where the fan is operating normally, if the air consumption at the head of the pipe is close to zero, the coefficient of hermeticity will also be close to zero. it can be concluded that the coefficient of hermeticity is 0 кg and its high values are considered as "good" and low values as "bad". knowing the negative consequences of air intake from the outside, we try to eliminate it and study the consequences of this event through practical research. we carried out our research at the scientific laboratory of technology of preliminary processing of natural fibers of the namangan institute of engineering and technology and at the private enterprise "ven-kon air engineering" of the city of namangan. scientific research was carried out on a high-pressure centrifugal fan. this fan driver has 4kw 3000rpm blades and is connected to a duct system that can be extended up to 26m in length. each pipe is 1.25 m long and equal to the width of the steel sheet from which the pipe is made. initially, 21 pipes were connected by means of 20 clamps, and a 26 m long pneumotransport track was formed (fig. 1). such fastening of pipes reflects the fastening of pneumatic transport lines in cotton ginning enterprises. in enterprises, stationary (immovable) parts of pipes are fixed using mutual welding or bolt-nuts. movable parts are interconnected by wearing each other, attaching with a clip, and wrapping with fabric. american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 15 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us figure 1. experimental pneumatic transport equipment. the parts of the pipe in the area where the cotton is transferred are simpler they are inserted into each other, and the slits are closed with the cotton itself. therefore, the absorption of air from the outside is stronger in these parts, because cotton is a porous product, and its air permeability is very high. we drilled pitot tubes in 3 places of the pneumotransport pipeline route. hole 1 was drilled at a distance of 0.20 m from the fan throat, hole 2 at 6.70 meters and hole 3 at a distance of 25.5 meters. the device was connected to a 380 v current source through an inverter device, and the current and voltage changes were monitored. the velocity, static and dynamic pressures of the sucked air in the pipe were measured using special measuring devices: anemometer and micromanometer. a stationary electronic micromanometer was installed at a distance of 0.2 m in front of the fan, and it was possible to regularly monitor the aerodynamic parameters in the system. the parameters at the following points were measured by a portable pitot tube micromanometer, and the air velocity at the head of the tube was measured by an electronic anemometer. the experiments were carried out as follows: after the equipment was connected to the power source and the system began to work normally, first, the full pressure in the condition that the fan mouth was completely closed from the inlet pipe, and then, starting from the closest point, the static and dynamic pressures in the pipe were measured. depending on the diameter of the pipe, the air flow speed and consumption were calculated and included in the appropriate tables: dynamic pressure: , (1) airspeed: v=√ , (2) air consumption: q = v f, (3) american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 16 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us here, p = 1.2 – air density, kg/m 3 ; f = 0.25 –pipe cross-sectional area, m 2 ; d = 0.14 – pipe diameter, m. results. the obtained results are presented in tables 1 and 2. results of aerodynamic measurements table 1 according to table 1, the pressure obtained with the fan inlet pipe mouth closed is 5350 p, which gives full pressure. when the fan inlet pipe is connected to a 26 m long track, a static pressure of 3380 p and a dynamic pressure of 1880 p occurs at a distance of 0.20 m. air velocity is 56 m/h and air consumption is 7.84 m 3 /h. along the pipeline route, the air pressure and velocity decrease, and at a distance of 26 m, the static pressure was 520 p, the dynamic pressure was 710 p, the air velocity was 34 m/h, the air consumption was 4.76 m 3 /h, and the current in the fan driver was 9.8 a. if calculated based on the indicators in the table, for the first case, according to the current dimensions: кg= =4,76/7,84= 0,57 in subsequent experiments, the holes opened and identified in the pipes were closed with thick tape. the slits in the places of connection of the pipes were covered with a soft film in three layers under the clamp (bandak), taped on both edges and gypsum was fixed with the help of the bandak (clamp) (fig. 2). № fan status electr ic power (а) tension (в) power kw frequ ency gs static pres sure (р) dynami c pres sure (р) spee d m/h air cons ump tion m 3 /h pipes are clamped by a clamp (bandak). 1 fan duct in closed position (0.20 m) 3 380 1,7 50 5350 2 pipe lengt h 26 meter s hole 1 0,20 metr e 9,8 380 5,54 50 3380 1880 56 7,84 hole 1 0,20 metr e 9,8 380 5,54 50 2270 1500 50 7 hole 3 25,5 0 metr e 9,8 380 5,54 50 520 710 34 4,76 american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 17 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us figure2.experimental device then, the pneumotransport was started and the aerodynamic measurements were repeated in the previous order and sequence. the results obtained in the experiment were included in table 2. the results of aerodynamic measurements table 2 if you look at the data in the table, the pressure obtained with the mouth of the fan inlet pipe closed is 5350 p, which gives the full pressure. when the fan inlet pipe is connected to a 26 m long hermetic track, a static pressure of 3510 p and a dynamic pressure of 1950 p occurs at a distance of 0.20 m. air velocity is 57 m/h and air consumption is 7.98 m 3 /h. along the pipeline route, the air pressure and velocity decrease, and at a distance of 26 m, the static pressure is 1200 p, the dynamic pressure is 1680 p, the air velocity is 53 m/s, the air consumption is 7.42 m 3 /h, and the current in the fan driver is 7.9 a. we find the coefficient of hermeticity from (1), according to the actual dimensions: № fan status elec tric pow er (а) tensio n (в) power kw frequ ency gs static pres sure (р) dynam ic pres sure (р) spee d m/h air consu mptio n m 3 /h pipes are hermetically sealed 1 fan duct in closed position (0.20 m) 3 380 1,7 50 5350 2 pipe lengt h 26 meter s hol e 1 0,20 metre 7,9 380 4,47 50 3510 1950 57 7,98 hol e 1 0,20 metre 7,9 380 4,47 50 2900 1880 56 7,84 hol e 3 25,50 metre 7,9 380 4,47 50 1200 1680 53 7,42 american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 18 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us кg= = 7,42/7,98 = 0,93 this is much higher than the indicator in the 1st option, that is, compared to the previous one, the intake of air from the outside into the system is sharply reduced, and the hermetic coefficient is close to 1. but why is the air tightness coefficient not equal to 1 if there is no air intake from the outside? if the amount of air flow passing through the fan and entering the pipe was the same, the coefficient of hermeticity would be equal to 1. the experimental device was carefully inspected before the research and all cracks and holes were tightly sealed. if so, where did the air absorbed from the outside and equal to “qт= qv qq = 0,56 m 3 /h” come from? the answer to this question can be as follows. first, when aerodynamic devices, including pipes, are connected to each other, no matter what methods and tools are used, there may be cracks and holes that are difficult to determine at the connection points. for example, if we assume that the most densest connection is welding, depending on the quality of the welds, there may be cracks of various small sizes. in connection with other methods, due to reasons such as the air permeability of the connecting material, the contact surfaces are not compatible with each other, there may be conditions for more air to pass. because the pressure value inside the pipe is very high, and the fluidity of air is high. secondly, air consumption means the volume of air flowing in a unit of time. in our example, the volume of air passing through the fan and entering the system is different, and this difference is manifested when the volume of air in front of the fan is large, and the volume of air entering the pipe is small. if we pay attention to the numbers, the total air pressure at the beginning of the pipe is 2880 p, and in front of the fan this figure is 5460 p. air is a deformable gas. therefore, pressure forces deform air molecules. in our example, there is a negative pressure vacuum condition inside the pipe, and it has a lower value at the beginning of the pipe and a larger value in front of the fan. here, an isothermal process can be observed. because here the temperature does not change. the pressure is negative in the suction part of the pipe, that is, in the form of a low level of vacuum, and according to the boyle-marriott law, when the temperature is constant, the gas volume v is linearly related to the pressure p. that is, the mass of the gas entering the pipe does not change, but under the influence of the vacuum, the gas stretches, more precisely, becomes rarefied, its density decreases [7,8]: t = const = > v = f(p) (4) or, according to the law of conservation of mass for a constant medium: , (5) from this, if we consider that the speed , (6) given that the product of the distance l and the pipe cross-sectional area s gives the volume, that is, = > (7) american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 19 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us here, the volume v belongs to the pipe, to the gas, while the diameter of the pipe remains unchanged, the gas expands due to the length of the pipe, and the volume occupied by a unit amount of gas increases, that is = > since the air in front of the fan expands under the influence of high pressure, the volume of the pipe occupied by the unit air here is large, and at the head of the pipe is low. accordingly, it can be said that here, respectively, are the length and volume of the pipe occupied by a unit amount (for example, 1 kg) of gas. here, and , respectively, are the length and volume of the pipe occupied by a unit amount (for example, 1 kg) of gas, in practice, the air consumption in front of the fan is increasing due to the increase in volume or decrease in density, not the air mass. the analysis of tables 1, 2 shows that the results of the measurements obtained when the fan throttle is closed are the same, but air flow, speed, static and dynamic pressure values at the points up to the pipe head in the case of pneumatic transport pipelines connected in a simple way, without sealing materials, are much lower than the values obtained in the hermetically connected pipeline pipeline. correspondingly, we can see that the system has a small hermetic coefficient and the fan driver uses less current (4.47 kw instead of 5.54). graphs of changes in air speed, dynamic and static pressures, and current in the pneumotransport route when the pipes are connected through a duct and hermetically are given in figures 3, 4, 5, 6, respectively. figure 3. variation of air velocities in the pipe along the length of the pipe when the pipes are connected through a duct and hermetically american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 20 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us figure 4. variation of dynamic pressures in the pipe along the pipe when the pipes are connected through a duct and hermetically figure 5. variation of the static pressure in the pipe along the pipe when the pipes are connected through a band and hermetically american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 21 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us figure 6. variation of the current strength depending on the length of the pipe when pipes are connected through a band and hermetically. according to the results, the velocity of the air flow in the pipe at a distance of 30 meters from 57 to 34 m/h, or 40%, the dynamic pressure from 1880 p to 710 p or 62%, the static pressure from 3380 to 520 p, or 85% is decreasing in the hermetically connected state. when the pipes are hermetically connected, the velocity decreases from 57 to 53 m/h, or 7%, the dynamic pressure from 1950 p to 1680 p, or 9.2%, and the static pressure from 3510 to 1200 p, or 66%. in this case, the consumed electric power decreased from 9.8 amperes to 7.9 amperes, or 9.2%, and the power decreased from 3.7 kw to 3.0 kw, or 18.9%. according to these results, it can be concluded that it is important to ensure the hermeticity of its elements in aerodynamic systems. ensuring hermeticity in pipelines and pneumatic transport elements provides a relatively large air consumption and pressure at the mouth of the pipe at the same nominal pressure and energy consumption [5-9]. this, in turn, makes it possible to transport cotton over long distances under the same conditions, or to transport cotton with less air and energy consumption while reducing the frequency of the current transmitted to the electric motor and, depending on this, the consumption of electricity and air, without changing the transportation distance [10-15]. also, the installation of a stationary micromanometer in front of the fan allows the operator to monitor the changes in the air parameters in the system and to identify and eliminate possible negative situations in advance. conclusions. in pneumatic transport systems, it is important to ensure that air is not sucked into the system from the outside. accordingly, in the analysis of the operation of pneumatic transport systems, it is appropriate to include the coefficient of hermeticity of the system. based on its physical meaning and essence, the coefficient of hermeticity of aerodynamic equipment can be determined by the ratio of the amount of air consumption after a certain element to the amount of air consumption before it and this coefficient varies between zero and 1 (0kg1), and its increase leads to a decrease in hermeticity, and a decrease to its increase. references: 1. muradov r., sarimsakov o., khusanov s. intraplant pneumatic conveying of raw cotton: state, problems and prospects. journal “mechanical problems “2014, no. 2 2. "uzpakhtasanoat" ab, "cotton primary processing",т.,«мехнат», 2002y. 3. sarimsakov o. improving the process of transferring cotton to pneumatic transport and air transportation. monograph. "navroz" publishing house, namangan, 2019. 4. tursunov, n. rajapova, b. mardonov, o. sarimsakov//the study of the movement of the aero mixture through the pipeline during pneumatic transportation of cotton// jour of adv research in dynamical & control systems// vol.12,04-special issue, 2020. p. 1287-1297. 5. i.tursunov, n. rajapova, b. mardonov, o. sarimsakov// the movement of a mixture of cotton with an air stream during pneumatic transport by pipeline of variable cross section// engineering, 2019, 11, p. 531-540. 6. i.tursunov, n.karimov, o.sarimsakov, k.abdurakhimov// investigation of the movement of cotton-air mixture through pipelines of a pneumatic transmission plant // american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 22 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us universum: technical sciences: scientific journal. no. 1(82). part 2. m., publishing house "mcno", 2021. pp. 24-31electron. version of the furnace. publ. 7. sultanov, s.,makhkamov, a.,sarimsakov, o.//modeling the process of air separation of cotton particles in roll box of the seed-cotton separators//aip conference proceedingsthis link is disabled, 2023, 2700, 070011 8. m.tokhirova, a.khasanov, m.salomova, o., r.muradov//to study the process of leveling raw cotton on the horizontal belt surface of the feeder//problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry and ways to solve them aip conf. proc. 2789, 040047-1–040047-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0149616 publishedby aip publishing. 978-0-7354-4499-7 9. o.sarimsakov, kh.yuldashev, sh.tuxtaev, b.urinboyev, u.xoshimov//methodology for performing aerodynamic measurements in cleaning seed cotton//problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry and ways to solve them aip conf. proc. 2789, 040128-1–040128-4; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145700 published by aip publishing. 978-0-7354-4499-7 10. o.sarimsaqov, b.obilov, sh.isayev, i.muhsinov, s.muhiddinov, m.inamova//theoretical study of the process of contaminants from rawcotton moving on the surface of the grate//problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry and ways to solve them aip conf. proc. 2789, 040050-1–040050-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145806 published by aip publishing. 978-0-7354-4499-7 11. o.sarimsaqov,k. mirgulshanov//problems in the ginning process of seed cotton and their initial account//problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry and ways to solve them aip conf. proc. 2789, 030012-1–030012-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145845 published by aip publishing. 978-0-7354-4499-7 12. o.sarimsaqov, d.turg‟unov, n.sattarov, sh.tukhtaev, s.sultonov//analysis of the effect of fiber on differences difference in the microneyr indicator module field//problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry and ways to solve them aip conf. proc. 2789, 040026-1–040026-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145846 published by aip publishing. 978-0-7354-4499-7 13. d.kholboev, a.mamakhanov, o.sarimsaqov//preparation and testing of an experimental version of the device for controlling the parameters of the air fan parameters of the cotton pneumatic transport operating mode// problems in the textile and light industry in the context of integration of science and industry and ways to solve them aip conf. proc. 2789, 040137-1–040137-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145815 published by aip publishing. 978-0-7354-4499-7 14. sharipjanovich, s. o. yo‟ldashev xasanboy sulaymon o‟gli. sharipov xayrullo numonjonovich, madumarov sanjarbek rustamjonovich, investigation of separation of usable fibers added to contaminants during cleaning cotton “o „zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar” jurnali. 15. sharifjanovich, s. o., & khamidovich, k. a. m. (2023). increasing the efficiency of fiber cleaning by improving the process of removing cotton fiber from the teeth of the saw. multidisciplinary journal of science and technology, 3(5), 346-349. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0149616 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145700 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145806 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145845 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145846 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145815 american journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2637 23 journal of engineering, mechanics and architecture www. grnjournal.us 16. xasanboy, y., & azamjon, d. theoretical analysis of storing, cleaning, processing of seed cotton. scientific journal impact factor. 17. йўлдашев, ҳ. с., инамова, м. д., саримсаков, о. ш (2023) aррa тишлaридaн пaхтa толaсини ечиб олиш жaрaёни пaрaметрлaрини илмий aсослaш. "ilm-fan va innovatsion rivojlanish" xalqaro ilmiy-texnikaviy jurnal, 6(6) 84-95 18. numonjonovich, s. x., rustamjonovich, m. s., & sharipjanovich, s. o. (2022). investigation of separation of usable fibers added to contaminants during cleaning cotton. o'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 1(8), 488-493. 19. abdukarimovich, najmitdinov shuxrat, and yuldashev khasanboy sulayman o„g„li. "тола ажратиш жараёнида хомашё валиги зичлиги ва тезлигининг аҳамияти ўрганиш ва таққослаш." technical science research in uzbekistan 1.5 (2023): 250-256. 20. jurayev, y., yuldashev, k., & tuhktaev, s. (2022). investigation of fiber loss in impurities from the ss-15a separator. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 2(11), 425-431. 21. sarimsakov, o., yuldashev, k., tuxtaev, s., urinboyev, b., & xoshimov, u. (2023, june). methodology for performing aerodynamic measurements in cleaning seed cotton. in aip conference proceedings (vol. 2789, no. 1). aip publishing. 22. ibrohim, m., & xasanboy, y. (2021). theoretical analysis of the motion of raw cotton with uniform feeder in a cotton cleaner. the american journal of engineering and technology, 3(01), 13-20. 23. yuldashev, k. s., abduraximov, k. a., inamova, m. d., & mirgulshanov, k. a. (2021). development of the design of a feeder of vibration action for supplying cotton seeds to linter machines. science, education, innovation in the modern world, usa. 24. sharipjanovich, s. o., & maripjanovich, k. d. yo‟ldashev xasanboy sulaymon o‟gli, jurayev yo‟ldashxon yunusxon o‟g‟li, investigation of losing fiber during cleaning cotton.«zamonaviy dunyoda amaliy fanlar: muammolar va yechimlar» nomli ilmiy, masofaviy, onlayn konferensiya, may 18, 2022. 296 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 cooperation of state and public organizations in the prevention and elimination of negative changes in adolescent behavior in modern society sattarov fozil faxritdinovich researcher, samarkand state university abstract: the role of state and public organizations, legal and public commissions is high in conducting important social, spiritual, educational and educational measures in preventing negative changes in adolescent behavior. state bodies are municipalities, law enforcement agencies, educational, youth, culture, labor and social services and other types of bodies that play a specific role in implementing state policies in areas related to youth, in particular adolescents, raising their life positions. this process is a systematic activity and plans for programs and measures that have a progressive and constructive importance in the implementation of public policy in ensuring the interests of young people are carried out at the deadline. keywords: public policy, youth, adolescent, behavior, labor and social services, state organization, cooperation, modern society, law of humans. considered public organizations, political parties, media, ngos, family, scientific and creative associations, in their activities they conduct actions representing the upbringing of adolescents, raising their worldview of independence, social interests. the objectives of the activities of state and public organizations in improving the spiritual and moral environment of adolescents, in addition to the implementation of the main legal tasks, also covered the tasks of propaganda and propaganda. in this process, adolescents not only show clear and fluent pictures of future changes in behavior, results, but also their appearance in ensuring the future of the country, their social results. and in this regard, it is also important that in combination with the positive manifestations of the goal in terms of its content, their content is realized teran on the side of the adolescent masses, and promising goals are assured. in today's modern conditions, in the process of planning the goals of stabilizing the motives of adolescent behavior, it does not work well to master the previously existing models of templates, behavior, and thinking, to master some seemingly attractive foreign education systems. it is important to develop modern models of upbringing, to develop new, innovative measures aimed at solving the current problems of adolescents with the era of globalization in their lives. this process requires the adaptation of educational aspects to modern processes, the development of new, stimulating forms of this process, the socialization of adolescents into socio-spiritual life and the creation of new-new rules of integration. while the modernization and liberalization of the processes carried out in the prevention of negative aspects of adolescent behavior increases the responsibility of state and public entities involved in this reality, it is required to work in harmony with the observance of all the laws and regulations, guidelines that will be necessary for this process. innovations and innovative approaches should take a solid place in the software work carried out in this process. therefore, 297 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us alien ideas, which, together with them, fall into the minds of adolescents from the outside, should not be allowed to get into the intrusion of calls that provoke inappropriate behavior. in our country, state and public agencies are effectively operating within the framework of the authority given to them in relation to the elimination of deviant behavior among adolescents. the responsibility of state and public agencies is to eliminate factors, causes and conditions that lead to the existence and prevalence of behavior that does not correspond to moral principles among adolescents, to provide special education and the implementation of similar tasks for minors with difficult upbringing. depending on the tasks, powers, directions, principles and content of activities for the prevention of deviant behavioral situations among adolescents, state and public organizations participating in it are classified into such types as general competent bodies, nonspecialized bodies, partially specialized bodies, specialized bodies. media, culture, creative, recreational and sports institutions, labor employment and social security agencies, etc.are non-specialized entities in organizing work aimed at preventing violations among adolescents. they are involved in the productive organization of juvenile leisure during their career, as well as in ensuring youth employment, and as well as helping to prevent juvenile delinquency. subjects who are partially specialized in promoting deviant behavior stabilization among adolescents, preventing various violations between them include social services, education, youth, health institutions, as well as conservation, control-inspection and counseling, coworking organizations. law enforcement agencies are specialized subjects of adolescent huqubuzarlik prevention. they carry out direct educational and preventive work with delinquent adolescents. these are the court, the prosecutor's office, the internal affairs, the justice authorities and other institutions. in working with adolescents, citizens ' self-government bodies, ngos, family and a number of other institutions of civil society are also actively engaged. this is because these organizations carry out extensive, programmatic work on the involvement of the public in the work with minors, as well as on the support of state bodies in this regard. they are considered interested in preventing cases of conduct of various offenses and misconduct among minors. president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.mirziyoyev noted that ”significant work is being carried out to strengthen the position and activity of our younger generation, to educate it as competent individuals who think independently, master modern knowledge and professions and can enter into competition in the international arena. the most important thing is that the task of conducting constant communication with young people, ensuring their employment, finding a place in life, becoming worthy members of society, improving working and living conditions is becoming a criterion for the daily activities of all of us”[1]. the duties of preventing the conduct of minors, their violations and other acts in society are assigned to most government bodies. a state agency that carries out important and significant activities within these bodies is the prosecutor's office. the prosecutor's office carries out state control over the implementation of laws and normative legal acts formed in juvenile cases by studying the causes and conditions of origin of offenses and crimes committed among minors and taking necessary measures to eliminate it. one important institution that deals with the wellness of adolescent social lifestyles is the interdepartmental commissions on juvenile affairs. juvenile affairs commissions under the executive authorities at the site are primary and coordinating agencies in dealing with minors. these commissions carry out preventive measures against the occurrence of uncontrolled cases and offenses among minors, actively participate in the realization of the relevant rights and social interests of adolescents. these commissions summarize and disseminate the work experience of the bodies carrying out preventive measures for juvenile delinquency. the interagency commission also conducts research and analysis of the causes and conditions for the commission of offenses of adolescents in its activities, develops priority areas, approaches, 298 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us software measures, projects, “road maps”on the protection of their socio-legal interests. together with this, the commission cooperates with state and public organizations in the protection of the legitimate interests of adolescents, makes proposals to develop regulatory documents on the prevention of various negative situations that occur in their spiritual and moral environment. the internal affairs bodies are directly a highly responsible office for the organization of work with minors, prevention of violations committed between them, ensuring the legitimate interests of adolescents. this office carries out direct educational and educational work with adolescents with deviant behavior, who, unlike other departments, have a defect in their upbringing. in particular, the juvenile affairs commissions provide appropriate control over juvenile upbringing, behavior under a plan established on the basis of decisions of the investigating authorities on preventive accounting of minors and decisions made by the judicial authorities in this regard. today, the service of an inspector-psychologist is established in the internal affairs offices when conducting educational work with serious minors. the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on april 2, 2021 “on additional organizational measures for further improvement of the activities of the internal affairs bodies in the field of ensuring public safety and combating crime” was adopted, on the basis of this important document “safe educational institution” on the principle of premature prevention of violations among minors, in order to take preventive measures, the positions of inspector-psychologist for juvenile issues were introduced, and general secondary educational institutions were established as their immediate service areas. on the basis of this service system, inspector-psychologists in schools carry out tasks to improve the psychological environment in each student's section, take drastic and effective measures for the prevention of violations among adolescents, and work with problem students at the address with the participation of their parents. in working with minors, ensuring their social interests and comprehensive support, “centers for social and legal assistance”, which operate in constant cooperation with the internal affairs bodies, occupy an important place. within their mandate, they provide temporary custody of adolescents between the ages of three and eighteen with the aim of identifying, protecting their lives, maintaining and strengthening their health, and preventing further violations by them. individual preventive measures are carried out with adolescents brought to this center, their uncontrolled, the conditions that will cause violations to occur are determined and the relevant state bodies are notified. in improving the social life of adolescents, health institutions from state organizations carry out important tasks. they organize the spread of sanitary and hygienic knowledge among adolescents, their family members, educational institutions, the comprehensive promotion of a healthy lifestyle. provides for the development and enforcement of appropriate measures to prevent harmful vices and behavioral defects that arise between adolescents through sexual intercourse, infectious diseases, alcoholism, smoking addiction, drug use and psychotropic substance use. provides counseling assistance to parents and family members of adolescents on appropriate grounds in order to prevent the spread of these defects. in our country, public organizations carry out important work in improving the socio-spiritual life of adolescents. youth, women, community organizations of creative, environmental, educational nature, trade unions promote the social, economic and spiritual interests of adolescents, the realization of social justice in this regard, the development of national and universal principles, the solution of problems encountered in their lives, through which they promote socio-political stability. public organizations participate in the implementation of issues and adopted legislation aimed at ensuring public policy on youth with the participation of the public. at this point, we quote the following quote, highlighted by j.tulenov: "public organizations also play an important role in strengthening the political stability of our country. public organizations participate in the management of public affairs, the protection of socio-economic and legal interests of the working people in solving political, economic, educational, economic and cultural issues, the 299 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us distribution of housing and material goods, the enhancement of the political culture of citizens, the younger generation, the strengthening of social activities, the solution of national and interethnic problems. thus they all contribute to the political independence of our society”[2]. today, the role of political parties in the recovery of socio-spiritual activities of adolescents is growing in our country. the main reason for this is that the “youth wing” of political parties is conducting activities of a heavenly educational nature in the positive-spiritual education of young people, including underage adolescents. also, the ideas and programs of political parties within the framework of the statutes contribute significantly to the formation of a healthy environment among young people, ultimately stabilizing the social life of society. today, together with the central councils of political parties, in places their regional, municipal and district councils carry out important measures in improving the spiritual and moral environment of young people. for example, the program of the democratic party of national reconstruction of uzbekistan has the following tasks:  further development of civil society institutions, ensuring freedom of speech as practical means of protecting human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests;  to improve the well-being of society and the people, to unite its interests to solve the tasks of the continuous spiritual rise of all social groups and strata of the population as the basis of protection from various threats and encroachments”[3]. the work plan of the new uzbekistan development strategy for 2022-2026 on implementation of the state program on the implementation of the “year of glorification of human dignity and active neighborhood “in the directions of the activities of the democratic party of national reconstruction of uzbekistan and the legislative party faction of the supreme assembly until 2022 provides for various educational measures on spiritual and moral education of young people. in particular, the program of the liberal democratic party of uzbekistan defines the following program-based tasks related to the implementation of social goals for the sustainable development of society: “civil society cannot be built without increasing the political and social activity of the population. only a conscious and active person can overcome all difficulties and contribute to the prosperity of an independent uzbekistan and become a full-fledged member of the international community”[4]. in these ideological goals and objectives, it is manifested that a citizen, including young people, must participate with full responsibility in ensuring the interests of society and realizing the principles of its future development. also, in the program of the people's democratic party of uzbekistan, the following goals are set in ensuring social cooperation in ensuring the stability of society, increasing individual responsibility: “the people's democratic party of uzbekistan considers national interests such as preserving and strengthening the independence of uzbekistan, ensuring the prosperity of our motherland, achieving civil and interethnic harmony, social stability, the well-being of each family political parties are holding relevant actions and events among young people in the fight against international terrorism, religious extremism and other global threats, socio-spiritual problems. the purpose of these measures is to form a strong immunity in the fight against spiritual threats in the minds of young people, to mobilize them for creative work. ensuring the social, legal and spiritual interests of adolescents, their universal qualities, lack of care, indifference in relation to events related to the scale of reforms and changes, not allowing the violation of their rights, upbringing such continuous activities as constant struggle against vices and social problems in society are also manifested through the activities of the media in our country. the media is the main driving force in adolescents ' rapid perception of social realities, 300 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us positive changes in the life of human society, the universal news manifested in this regard in their minds. the media also plays an important role in the realization of the qualities of gratitude, confidence in the future and dedication in the minds of adolescents. at the same time, it should be noted that in our society, the opportunity for adolescents to express their opinion without any political obstacles through freedom of speech, freedom of the press, diversity of opinions, the possibility of their timely response to the realities of social life are also resolved through the media. as established in our general law: “everyone has the right to freedom of thought, speech and belief. everyone has the right to seek, receive and disseminate the information they want, except for information directed against the current constitutional system and other restrictions established by law”[6]. a structure that is important in the social marriage of adolescents is the neighborhood. the preservation and improvement of national values, traditions and customs in the neighborhood is also important in the education of young people. the adherence of adolescents to our national traditions, their adherence to the important principles of our historical values in their sociospiritual life is an important sign of social stability. the neighborhood is considered a public place, where it is most convenient to teach life lessons to teenagers. in neighborhoods throughout our country, the passage of many folk sayings, good deeds, social, public events positively affects the socio-spiritual environment of young people, gaining educational significance. in solving the vital issues of adolescents, elders, activists in the neighborhood are doing with their intelligence, fair view. the fact that this reality is left from generation to generation as a tradition also plays an important role in the upbringing of future heirs. the role of ngos is also great in stabilizing the spiritual and moral life of adolescents, supporting them in socio-legal and economic terms. ngos play an important role in promoting the activities, social responsibility of adolescents in legal, social and creative aspects. in society, non-profit organizations organize activities such as the implementation in practice of the principles of social justice in the life of young people, in return for ensuring social stability, solving current issues that are found in the field of education, medicine and ecology. the role of public control in protecting the social interests of adolescents, organizing their sociospiritual life on stable grounds is great. at a time when the prospects for the comprehensive development of the social, economic and spiritual life of young people in our country are being determined, public control carried out by various related subjects of society is one of the institutions that are important in improving the lifestyle of adolescents, providing them with comprehensive support, preventing negative vices and problems in their socio-spiritual life. this process, in turn, plays an important role in ensuring social stability in society, with the formation of a specific positive attitude among young people. the role of the family institute is also incomparable in the comprehensive preparation of adolescents for life-relationship experiences, material and spiritual values. the role of parents in the family in the formation of positive qualities in youth behavior and the organization of their spiritual education is great, in this regard, objective and subjective have the goal of realizing important conditions and important positive factors. objective conditions can include material well-being in the family, increased income, housing, the use of high-level training opportunities, etc. the following criteria are important in ensuring the position of state and public organizations in the formation of adolescent behavior in society on a positive basis, ensuring their needs and interests, promoting social responsibility and spiritual activity:  promote the realization of important processes such as the creative qualities of adolescents, their indifference to reforms and positive changes in society, the struggle with various spiritual threats and activism against negative vices in their practical activities; 301 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  to encourage adolescents to become a full-fledged participant in social, political, legal and spiritual processes as an initiative force in ensuring the stability of society, peace and prosperity of the population, an active fighter for the country's prospects;  to honor the ideas of freedom and independence as national and universal values, to enrich its content and essence with principles of constant progress, to involve public opinion and social cooperation in this process on a comprehensive basis;  to make our country have a worthy place in the world community on the basis of new relations today, to constantly fight internal and external threats, to constantly promote the relevance of timely solutions to social problems to young people. references: 1. ўзбекистон республикаси президенти ш.мирзиѐевнинг ѐшларга йўллаган байрам табриги. 30.07.2019. www.uza.uz. 2. туленов ж. миллий мафкура: мақсад йўналишлари, ҳаѐтга тадбиқ этиш йўллари. – т.: ўзбекистон, 1999. – б. 16. 3. ўзбекистон “миллий тикланиш” демократик партиясининг устави ва дастури. – тошкент: шарқ, 2008. – б. 57-58. 4. ўзбекистонда сиѐсий партиялар. минтақавий сиѐсат жамғармаси. – тошкент, 2007. – б.116. 5. ўзбекистон халқ демократик партиясининг дастури. // ўзбекистонда сиѐсий партиялар. минтақавий сиѐсат жамғармаси. – тошкент, 2007. – б.200. 6. ўзбекистон республикаси конституцияси. – т.: ўзбекистон, 2019. – б. 8. 7. негматова ш., орипов х. проблемы формирования интернет-грамотности среди молодежи //наука и образование сегодня. – 2016. – №. 5 (6). – с. 37-39. 8. shahzoda n. competition between political parties in uzbekistan //european journal of humanities and social sciences. – 2016. – №. 1. 9. negmatova s. s., togaev n. e. diversity in social development //школа науки. – 2019. – №. 5. – с. 43-45. 10. negmatova s. s., togaev n. e. diversity in social development //школа науки. – 2019. – №. 5. – с. 43-45. 11. шухратовна н.с., абдивахобович о.к. влияние интеллектуальной конкуренции на общественное развитие в xxi веке //европейская наука. – 2019. – №. 7 (49). – с. 44-47. 12. негматова с.с., орипов к.а. влияние интеллектуальной конкуренции на общественное развитие в xxi веке //european science. – 2019. – №. 7. – с. 44-47. 13. негматова ш., орипов х. в. влияние глобальных кризисов на духовность человека //достижения науки и образования. – 2018. – №. 10 (32). – с. 33-35. 14. негматова ш., орипов х. в. влияние глобальных кризисов на духовность человека //достижения науки и образования. – 2018. – с. 33. 15. негматова ш., орипов х. в. влияние глобальных кризисов на духовность человека //достижения науки и образования. – 2018. – №. 10. – с. 33-35. 16. негматова ш., орипов х. в. влияние глобальных кризисов на духовность человека. 17. негматова ш. ш. понятие конкуренции и её онтологическая природа //ответственный редактор. – 2016. – с. 116. http://www.uza.u/ 302 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. негматова ш. ш. понятие конкуренции и её онтологическая природа //роль науки в развитии общества. – 2016. – с. 116-120. 19. negmatova s. competition between political parties in uzbekistan //european journal of humanities and social sciences. – 2016. – №. 1. – с. 25-27. 20. shahzoda n. competition between political parties in uzbekistan //european journal of humanities and social sciences. – 2016. – №. 1. 21. негматова, ш. ш. "тасаввуф таълимотида толерантлик ғояси ва унинг ёшлар тарбиясидаги аҳамияти." ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги мирзо улуғбек номидаги ўзму фуқаролик жамияти шаклланишини мониторинг қилиш мустақил институти мирзо улуғбек номидаги ўзму ижтимоий фанлар факультети (2015): 487. 22. negmatova s. s. moral norms of the economic competitive //theoretical & applied science. – 2015. – №. 7. – с. 44-47. 23. negmatova s. s. legal processes of ensure of socio-economic competition //the fourth international congress on social sciences and humanities. – 2015. – с. 109-113. 24. негматова ш. ш. понятие, генезис и эволюция политической конкуренции в узбекистане //credo new. – 2015. – №. 2-2. – с. 17-17. 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of philosophical and national framework in artistic analysis shirin bakhtiyorovna sadikova associate professor, tashkent state university of oriental studies abstract: in this article, the updated scientific thinking will gain practical importance, i.e., it will start to work, only when enough attention is paid to the spiritual and theoretical foundations that are based on common sense, the nature of true art, and the national value system. only then, the original examples of our national literature will be able to find their true aesthetic analysis and interpretation, regardless of the period in which they were created. keywords: philosophical basis, theoretical support, artistic phenomena, literary types and genres. introduction philosophical-methodological basis plays an important role in artistic analysis. because without determining the way of approaching the world and its events, it is impossible to perceive and describe the world in an aesthetic way. due to the lack of a philosophical basis, sometimes the approach to the concepts of good and bad, ugly and beauty can become completely wrong and unscientific. until independence, literary studies were forced to approach the analysis mainly based on materialist philosophy. as a result, it was often impossible to understand the essence of artistic phenomena, which are the product of the islamic way of thinking. aristotle explained the work of art as the result of imitation-mimesis. if the aesthetic phenomenon is the result of mimesis, literary types and genres should be the same in all nations of the world. after all, all nations are surrounded by almost the same existence. therefore, imitation would have been done almost in the same way. however, until the 20th century, there was no dramatic genre in the literature of a number of nations, including uzbek literature. also, large folk epics such as "alpomish" are not available in all nations. main part: philosophical basis, theoretical support can seriously affect the essence of an artistic phenomenon. in particular, samples of turkish literature developed in a completely unique direction in the pre-islamic period. this includes stone inscriptions, literary monuments found in issyk mound and preserved in selengur. different philosophical foundations can lead to completely different interpretations of the same artistic phenomenon. therefore, uzbek philologists, being aware of different philosophical directions, must rely on the national philosophical basis. the analysis can be complete only when the national features reflected in the work of art are taken into account. since any aesthetic phenomenon appeared in a certain national land, the specific characteristics of that land should be taken into account in its explanation and research. 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an event that is considered an example of goodness or beauty for one nation may be considered evil and evil in the eyes of another nation. for example, the moon, which is a symbol of beauty for uzbeks, is a symbol of indifference and indifference for russians. if the characters of mrs. de renal and emma in the works "red and black" and "madame bovary" are considered symbols of human freedom, tenderness and free love for western readers, uzbek readers often have the impression that these women are corrupt. it is possible to carry out scientific-aesthetically thorough and justified artistic analysis only in the case where nationality is taken into account. when the philosophical foundation is not sound, no matter how original and learned the analysis is, the whole charm and mystery of the literary work cannot be fully revealed. he claims that immaterial derivatives and concepts are the complex appearance of matter or its derivatives. this situation leads to the consideration of mental, emotional, spiritual and other concepts that are not directly related to materiality as secondary phenomena. consequently, the main value in artistic creation, that is, the expression of the human spirit, is avoided. in relation to works of art, it was demanded to approach from the position of the primacy of matter, not based on the uniqueness of the reflections in the landscapes of the human psyche. the life of any society at any stage was interpreted as consisting only of class struggles, and the livelihood of any individual was interpreted as a chain of conflicts. consequently, literary studies based on marxian-leninist philosophical doctrine approached the literary work, researching and explaining the human image in it only from this point of view. this situation led to the drawing of completely unhealthy conclusions from many works. it was natural that the high examples of the world of art, the subtle mental states and inner scenes in them were excluded from this kind of analysis. because the social attitude to the work of art naturally enhanced it. the relationship between god, the universe, and man is the most important and decisive issue for a sound philosophy. one of the main principles of this philosophy is to understand the purpose of the creation of the universe, adam and his characteristics, to notice and describe the concepts that are not visible to the senses, and to approach the works of art based on the incomparable diversity of the human spiritual world. since the richness of the soul and emotions are the aspects that distinguish a person from other creatures, in literature, which is an artistic reflection of human life, it is one of the main requirements of this kind of methodology to give priority to this spiritual, emotional, and therefore aesthetic point of view. chikish (east), which has an ancient history, approached artistic creation with different criteria than botish (west) aesthetics. for example, in western aesthetics, which was formed on the basis of aristotle's teachings, the work of art was considered to be the result of mimesis. that is, the work of art was created as a result of imitation of reality, and the perfection of the artistic creation model is determined by how well it corresponds to the reality of life, in other words, how skillfully the imitation is carried out. the theoretical basis for the science of beauty, especially the aesthetics of turkestan, was based on the sufism doctrine of the philosophy of the word and the theory in it. therefore, every example of artistic creation is approached as a divine phenomenon. for the east, works of art have never been just a reflection of reality. since the material and spiritual things in the whole world are the manifestation of god, artistic creation is considered to be the aesthetic materialization of this manifestation, that is, the spiritual state in its own way. therefore, it is common to treat creation as a magical, miraculous phenomenon in the ascension, compared to those in the sunset. kunchikar esthetics searched for and found beauty in even the smallest element of the work of art. the meaning, thought, idea that emerges from works of art is considered as a natural product of sophistication. because any beautiful form was first of all viewed as restraint, appropriateness, and proportion, and it was considered natural to have a mature thought and deep meaning in it. based on the theory of tajalli, any artistic event can be 42 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us interpreted as an event that occurred due to the manifestation and emanation of god. in kunchigar literature, even in the literary forms that seem to be very stable, frozen and unchanging from the outside, there are still opportunities to make artistic discoveries. artistic discovery, magic is always hidden in the layers of works and has never been revealed. because artistic beauty gives aesthetic pleasure only when it is sought. therefore, to be influenced by eastern literature, it is required to have some aesthetic knowledge. a lively attitude to a work of art, interpretation of sophistication with the logic of livelihood is foreign to our national aesthetics. therefore, in exodus, the priority is not interpretation, but analysis. in western aesthetics, the main focus is on the idea of the work of art, what kind of idea it is promoting. approaching the beauty of the work of art in the form of a beautiful dress, attractive external decoration is a priority. therefore, it is important to solve the problem of what to describe for batish aesthetics, and how to describe what for exit art. in the east, artistic creativity has always been based on the question of love and passion. it is assumed that the universe and man are beautiful as the embodiment of theological characteristics, and the work of art should sing this beauty as gracefully as possible. that's why in the literature of chigish, the images of flowers and nightingales, which seem to be melting and solid, are timeless symbols for the people of sunset. it is a simple fact for the aesthetics of sunrise that the whole magic of artistic creation lies in reflecting new feelings and refreshing mental states using old tools. so, uzbek literary studies will be able to correctly analyze the work of art and correctly determine its place in the life of the society only if it gets rid of narrow social views and gets rid of the habit of approaching fiction as a tool for raising problems and raising issues. approaching works of art not as an aesthetic phenomenon, but only as a social phenomenon leads to not seeing its true value. abdulla qadiriyi's novel "the past" still does not find a true artistic interpretation because of the sociological view of the product of artistic creation. once upon a time, when the cult of personality was on the rise and the blood of the tyranny was bleeding, this work was full of anti-russian relations, nationalism, and anti-russian, and the author's "fault" was that he did not build the truly progressive forces in society. after our country gained independence, "o it is claimed that "the days gone by" were written precisely to incite hatred against the russian occupation and to call for a fight against them, and each view is supported by its own arguments. conclusion however, a brilliant work like “bygone” is not written just to say something. it was not possible for the writer not to write this work. he did not create images to absorb the thoughts of his mind and did not chew and pour his views into their mouths. each character in the novel is a living person, a person with a unique character, the heroes of the work act only according to the logic of their nature, and the writer does not try to carry them along. when the goal was to speak and express an opinion, the writer was more concerned about their views than the nature of the characters, and consequently, he would have allowed unnaturalness somewhere. as much as it is a slander to say that qadiri was a nationalist yesterday, today, yes, it is as much a slander to say that he wrote "bygone days" only to express the need to preserve the independence of our nation. socialization of a truly artistic work does not increase the value of the writer, but dims his genius. he brings literature down from its high throne, from its throne to the ground. it is obvious that there is a huge difference between the works of zaki walidi tugon or boymirza hayit, who directly fought for the unity of turkestan and wrote dozens of scientific and historical works about it, and the novelist abdulla qadiri. the point is to show what this difference is and where is the secret of qadiri's genius by means of artistic analysis. 43 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. sadikova s. b. the impact of the images of navoi's works on uzbek poetry //international scientific-online conference: intellectual education. – 2022. – с. 47-52. 2. bakhtiyorovna s. s. art of the chapter dedicated to the heritage of alisher navoi in the epic" khamsa //журнал хозарм маьмун академияси ахборотномаси. хива. – т. 5. – с. 86-88. 3. shirin baxtiyarovna sadikova. concepts of respect category and respect speech in uzbek language. international jornal of trend in scientific research and development e-issn 2456-6470 10. 2022 pp. 162-165. 4. рахматжонова к. а., садикова ш. б. грамматическая репрезентация категории числа в хинди и узбекском языках //экономика и социум. – 2022. – №. 4-1 (95). – с. 414-419. 5. bakhtiyorovna s. s. art of the chapter dedicated to the heritage of alisher navoi in the epic" khamsa //журнал хозарм маьмун академияси ахборотномаси. хива. – т. 5. – с. 86-88. 6. saodat, saidakbarova. "the study of phraseology and its theoretical features." journal of foreign language teaching and applied linguistics 11 (2021): 97-101. 7. akhmedova, shakhlo irgashbaevna characteristics and styles of magic realism in the works of chinese and gulf arab country writers // orienss. 2022. №special issue 26. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/characteristicsand-styles-of-magic-realism-in-the-works-of-chinese-and-gulf-arab-country-writers. 8. akhmedova, shakhlo irgashbaevna (2022). characteristics and styles of magic realism in the works of chinese and gulf arab country writers. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2 (special issue 26), 347-351 9. bakhtiyorovna s. s. the method of syntactic-stylistic expression of respectful speech in the uzbek language. – 2021. 10. lafasov u. p. basics of language science among uzbeks //oriental journal of education. – 2022. – с. 9-12. 11. lafasov u. original meanings of some ethnonyms in sources //oriental journal of philology. – 2021. – т. 1. – №. 02. – с. 69-74. 12. лафасов у. п. the development of science in the intervalue-center of turon //иностранные языки в узбекистане. – 2021. – №. 1. – с. 264-275. 13. sadykova s. b., tuychibaeva s. s. к методике преподавания русского языка в группах с узбекским языком обучения (на примере предложно-падежной системы) //theoretical & applied science. – 2019. – №. 11. – с. 189-192. 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 spiritual and moral education of today's youth yaqubova shokhista davronbek daughter teacher of technology annotation: this article is about the spirituality of today's youth, their morals, education, the role of spirituality in the achievements and shortcomings of today's youth and the views of modern youth on society and its impact on the future. keywords: youth, ethics, upbringing, spirituality, time, future. introduction ensuring the implementation of the resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 3, 2019 no pp-4307 "on additional measures to increase the effectiveness of spiritual and educational work", as well as in order to educate young people to be active citizens with a broad outlook on independent life, the cabinet of ministers resolves: 1. the following: the concept of continuing spiritual education (hereinafter referred to as the concept) in accordance with annex 1; approve the action plan for the implementation of the concept of continuing spiritual education (hereinafter referred to as the action plan) in accordance with annex 2. 2. the following should be identified as priorities for the implementation of the concept and action plan: effective implementation of the tasks related to the education of the population, especially youth, provided for in the action strategy for the five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, providing them with the necessary basic competencies for a peaceful life ; development of science-based indicators for the assessment of spiritual education; based on the principles of continuity and continuity in the process of upbringing, first of all, the correct organization of the mother's pregnancy, the definition of the main directions of the spiritual upbringing of infants and children; gradual formation of important qualities in young people from childhood, such as devotion to the fatherland, entrepreneurship, will, ideological immunity, kindness, responsibility, tolerance, legal culture, innovative thinking, diligence; to develop and implement a mechanism for effective cooperation between parents, educators, teachers, lifelong learning institutions and the community in the implementation of continuous spiritual education from pregnancy to 30 years of age; to increase the knowledge and pedagogical culture of the population on child rearing, to regularly acquaint citizens with effective pedagogical technologies, methods and forms of implementation of continuous spiritual education, tested in the world experience; to form a healthy worldview against malicious information disseminated through the mass media, including the internet, immorality, and destructive ideas that mislead young people; effective cooperation between government agencies, civil society institutions, the media and the private sector in the organization of continuous spiritual education. 3. the republican center for spirituality and enlightenment to ensure the coordination of the http://www/ 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us activities of ministries, departments and other organizations on the implementation of the action plan and systematic monitoring of its timely and quality implementation. 4. control of execution of this resolution to assign to the secretariat of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan concerning youth policy, culture, spirituality, mass media, creative and public organizations. the prime minister of the republic of uzbekistan a. aripov tashkent, december 31.2019 1059-son main part: in modern conditions, through television, radio, print and the internet, our young people regularly receive a variety of information, including information that poses a serious threat to their spirituality and morality. and it can’t be banned. at the same time, the global information space is constantly expanding. in such a situation, we cannot be indifferent to what is happening around us, we must form a specific immunity in the minds of people, especially young people, to propaganda, religious and extremist views, different ideologies that are alien to us. we can see that the purpose of much of the information available on the internet today is to undermine our moral foundations, to destabilize the situation in the country, to discredit the ongoing political and economic reforms. the life position of modern youth serves as an important area for understanding and defining their role and purpose in life. public opinion polls convincingly show that a distinctive feature of the socio-political portrait of modern youth in uzbekistan is its attitude to independence as the highest value, support for the reform process. the results of surveys conducted among young people during the years of independence allow us to emphasize that their level of knowledge is high. the main life vision of uzbek youth is education and gaining a profession, self-development. both respondents believe it is important to have a decent place in life. the social importance of higher education remains a priority for the country's youth, and the study confirms this trend once again: 70.1% of respondents indicated the importance of higher education. the most attractive professions for young people today are teachers, economists, doctors, as well as engineers, lawyers and others. the youth of the country has a well-developed sense of love and devotion to the motherland. young people associate patriotism with love for the motherland, selfless service to the motherland and readiness to defend it. at the same time, young people in general clearly express their position as true patriots. the results of the study showed that our boys and girls are distinguished by a balanced assessment of their level of legal literacy. overall, respondents rated their legal literacy as good and average. the analysis of the obtained data confirms that the youth of the country has a high enough knowledge of the constitution and the basic laws of the uzbek youth. according to many young people, education and work contribute to the growth of young people’s interest in raising their legal culture. the study found that the majority of young people surveyed were primarily interested in creating comprehensive educational opportunities, implementing state support for young people, improving their living standards and well-being, strengthening the health of the younger generation and promoting sports. appreciate the president's care for the youth, which is reflected in the development. the youth of uzbekistan fully supports the state youth policy aimed at expanding its opportunities for the implementation of future plans. taking into account the processes taking place in the world, various threats and dangers to our security and peace, spiritual and moral values, one of the important factors in strengthening the leadership of uzbekistan, taking into account the independence and security of our country believes in further strengthening moral values. even in the context of globalization, it is important to comprehensively restore the national aspects of our people, our culture, our traditions, to study our millennial history http://www/ 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in depth. it is important to keep in mind that spirituality is not an abstract phenomenon, but a general concept that describes the inner state of a society. it also has its own unique manifestations in the real actions of specific people, in their attitude to the world around them. spirituality is, first of all, love for one's homeland, family, relatives and friends, patriotism, respect for people, kindness, compassion, mercy, violence and lies, our native traditions, means indifference to our traditions and previous generations. spirituality is one of the factors determining the formation and development of a nation and an individual. high spirituality does not arise spontaneously, it develops in the process of education based on the experience of generations, enlightenment. thus, these and many other spiritual and moral activities are primarily aimed at the comprehensive task of educating the younger generation, who understand the responsibility of the main task to master modern scientific knowledge, high technology, the art of production management. it is clear that well-rounded individuals will definitely contribute to the future of the country, its development and intellectual progress. today, large-scale reforms in all areas of the country have reached a new stage. every intelligent person consciously sees, sees and understands that the interests of the people are at the heart of what is being done. today's reform process encourages every uzbek to live a life of selfsacrifice, at least in his own sense of responsibility. it is no exaggeration to say that the announcement of 2017 by president shavkat mirziyoyev as the year of dialogue with the people and human interests is a clear proof of the above. however, the 21st century is not only characterized by its rapidity and development, but also by presenting a number of global problems to humanity, began to happen. in this regard, it is no exaggeration to say that spiritual and moral education is one of the most important. whether we like it today or not, we cannot keep all the events and processes in the world out of anyone’s attention. the information that is entered and received through the internet is particularly worrying. social networks on the internet are now becoming a convenient tool for evil forces who want to disturb the peace of others and gain statehood. and our young people, who do not have life experience yet, will inevitably fall for it all the time. therefore, this is everyone who considers himself responsible for the spirituality of our people we believe that it is necessary to think hard about this issue and to protect the next generation from various ideological attacks and various categories of immorality. in this regard, the president said: "given the growing threat of religious extremism, terrorism, drugs, human trafficking, illegal migration," mass culture "around us today." lsak, the deeper meaning and significance of these words becomes even clearer. indeed, today the upbringing of young people remains an issue for us that will never lose its relevance and importance. today's rapidly changing world is opening up new, great opportunities for humanity and young people. at the same time, it also exposes them to various evil dangers that have never been seen before. malicious forces are killing simple, cave children against their parents, against their country, and taking their lives. in such a tense and dangerous environment, we, parents, teachers, the public, the community, need to be more vigilant and vigilant in this matter. we have to raise our children ourselves, not leave them in the hands of others. ” indeed, if we do not care about the minds of our children, there is no doubt that strangers will take over their hearts. so what should we focus on first? in my opinion, the first issue is to improve the family environment. because a society with strong families is also developing steadily. with regard to family upbringing, the focus on labor education has recently waned. in the past, parents took care of their school-age children from the age of 9-10 by giving them to a master or craftsman so that they could have both a profession and an upbringing. in this way, the child gained the value of life, the money earned by the skin of the forehead. and now, unfortunately, my child is fluffy we see cases where some parents give their children extra money to grow up, and they become accustomed to money and indulge in various lifestyles. a child who grows up refusing to work is not only a concern for his parents, but also harmful to society and even to his http://www/ 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us own future. admittedly, many of our young people today are finding a way to study, work and serve their families and their country. but we should not ignore the fact that there are also the above concerns. this is the truth behind the calls of our president we will make everyone an entrepreneur. it is known from the history of our religion that the prophet (peace and blessings of allaah be upon him) also taught a young man who came to ask for alms to make an ax and use it to make firewood. this means that everyone has to work for himself and his family’s pension. labor, on the other hand, is learned from childhood. that is why it is one of our first tasks in our families for parents to bring up their children to work. another important aspect of spiritual and moral education is reading books conclusion: the situation of young people is mainly influenced by economic factors. in many cases, young people are not well-off, do not have their own homes, and are forced to rely on financial support from their parents. the desire to learn delays the start of employment until more mature age, and lack of experience and knowledge prevents them from holding high-paying positions. young people’s wages are much lower than average, very small, and student scholarships. if in the period of social stability these problems can be solved or mitigated in general, in times of crisis they become much more complicated. in the context of the economic downturn, the number of unemployed among young people is rising sharply and it is becoming increasingly difficult for young people to achieve economic independence. spiritual factors are equally important. today, the process of disappearance of moral and ethical norms, the destruction of traditional norms and values is intensifying. the youth transition period and the unstable social group are the most vulnerable to today’s negative trends. thus, the values of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance will be gradually leveled, and these "outdated" values will be replaced by a consumerist attitude to the world, intolerance and alienation from strangers. accusations of youth-specific protests in times of crisis take on brutal and aggressive forms and are broken. at the same time, avalanches are criminalizing young people, and the number of young people exposed to social deviations such as alcoholism, drug addiction and prostitution is increasing. references: 1. pq-3907-son 14.08.2018. on measures to bring up young people in a spiritually, morally and physically harmonious way, to raise their education system to a qualitatively new level 2. spirituality: an explanatory dictionary of basic concepts. t .: gafur ghulam publishing house, 2010.-p.333. 3. spiritual and moral education https://uz.everaoh.com/manaviy-axloqiy-tarbiya/ http://www/ https://uz.everaoh.com/manaviy-axloqiy-tarbiya/ 109 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods and tools of economic education in preschool children yulduz sidikova sobirovna teacher at asian international university abstract: in order to write an article about methods and means of economic education for preschool children, first of all, it is necessary to study theoretical knowledge about economic education of children. later, practical training should be organized to develop their knowledge of economic knowledge. the article provides an explanation of these issues and recommendations for their further development. economic education is very important for children because it determines their future life and affects their economic development. therefore, it is very important to introduce them to economic knowledge from a young age and to educate them about this knowledge. keywords: economic education, "property", "bank", "import". understanding of economic education. in the 70s of the 20th century, scientists l.n. ponomaryov and l. e. epstein promoted economic education as an important factor in the development of the national economy, a necessary condition for the scientific organization of production, and an important means of forming the right attitude of the young generation to work and property. in the interpretation of concepts such as "economic education", "economic education", "economic preparation", researchers a.f. amend, l.p. kurakov, b.t. likhachev, v.a. povstik, v.d. taking into account the points of view of popov, a. s. prutchenkov, we consider that economic education is a purposeful process of forming the moral and economic qualities of a person thrift, responsibility, efficiency, entrepreneurship, as well as a purposeful process of acquiring knowledge about the economic life of people oriented to value relations. we believe that it is appropriate to give a general definition. the analysis of the state of theory and practice of raising children in preschool educational institutions shows that the process of economic education and the integrated theory of economic education of preschool children are not sufficiently developed. the content of the environment of economic education in preschool age consists of: 1) objective environment (creating an economic environment based on the game); 2) environment for social interests (parents, educational team mtt), 3) event-knowledge environment (interesting excursions, meetings with famous people) 4) information environment (puzzle, illustrations, shops, banks, service centers, map of urban industrial enterprises, samples of coins). 110 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the educator should be able to process the information of social agents in a professional manner, to direct this influence purposefully, to be able to turn the situation of social development into a pedagogical situation, and to create an educational environment aimed at forming leading moral and economic qualities. methods of economic education for preschool children can be in different forms. for example, they can learn to use money and earn money with the help of fun games. it is also important for them to learn how to calculate expenses and spend money in a frugal way. various tools can be used to give economic education to children. for example, they can be taught economic knowledge through interesting books and textbooks. it is also important to give them daily questions that explain how to save money in a faithful life. it is also very important to organize activities for children who are given economic education. in these activities, they can familiarize themselves with financial matters, learn to calculate expenses and save. it is also important that they understand the trade-offs. this article provides detailed information about methods and means of economic education for preschool children. through this information, they can develop economic knowledge and be prepared to deal with financial issues in faithful life. methods of economic education for preschool children. 1. a child should know where his parents work and what they produce, what importance this production has for the whole society. 2. in general, the child should understand as early as possible that the income earned by his parents is a salary obtained from a large and useful social work. 3. the child should be introduced to the family budget as early as possible. he needs to know how much his father and mother earn. the child needs to know what his father or mother needs, how necessary this need is, he should get used to temporarily giving up some of his needs in order to better meet the needs of other members of the family. it is necessary to involve the child more in the discussion of issues related to the general needs of the family. 4. if the material conditions of the family are very good, the child should not be accustomed to be proud and brag about such good conditions in front of his peers. it is necessary to understand that the child has no reason to be ashamed of the wealth of the family in front of others. 5. parents should carefully monitor their children's habit of being honest, truthful and honest. they must not deliberately hide anything from the child, and at the same time teach him not to take without question, even if it is lying in front of his eyes. it is necessary to deliberately put all kinds of objects in front of the child's eyes, and teach him to look at these things carelessly and without paying attention. 6. by properly organizing thrift and philanthropy education in the family, by properly repairing old things, extending the time to buy new ones, and in this way, saving a certain part of the money earned by parents or other family members. a person who wants to manage his household well from a very young age should notice the wear and tear of household items earlier, prevent household items from becoming too worn out, and repair them in time. it is advisable for him to buy what he really needs, rather than buying what he accidentally sees in the market or store. children should also be taught this habit. 7. a child should not only take care of things in his own house, but also take care of other people's things, especially things that are used by many people. it is a process aimed at providing economic knowledge to preschool children, developing their logical thinking, and forming the qualities of entrepreneurship and thrift. 111 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us giving the first economic concepts to children of the middle group is the following knowledge: 1. man and his needs; 2. human and economy; 3. purchase and exchange of money, products based on in a large group, the following:  man and his vital needs;  human and economy;  purchase and exchange of money, price products;  production, labor activities. economic knowledge is given on the basis of departments; children are given an understanding of the formation of economic consciousness, the ability to think independently, the ability to use money correctly, the value of money, our national currency, the strength and service of our country in development. the provision of economic knowledge to children in the pre-school preparation group is slightly expanded in terms of content, in which concepts such as "property", family budget, "bank", "import", "export" are given. organization of economic education in pre-school educational institutions. in order for our future young mature generation to be able to participate in the production, sociopolitical, cultural and economic life of society, it is necessary to have peace, tranquility and prosperity in our country. social well-being means the general conditions of economic sociality and lifestyle. well-being is not limited to consumption, but also requires ease of living. prosperity is not guaranteed if everything is in danger and life is in danger. equipment: toys, papers with money, pictures of water and air pollution, pictures of animals being harmed, plants showing up, flag, stamp pictures, felt-tip pens. lesson method: students say the words "economist", "naturalist", "lawyer" in the "chain" method and are divided into 3 groups. each group will reveal the concepts of trading, cheap, expensive, goods, money, barter, and businessmen to preschool children (if there is a group of "economists" according to the name) in activities, eventful games. the members of the group take a creative approach using business games, pictorial illustrations, and advertisements. the "naturalists" group protects its group on teaching preschool children not to pollute the air, water, and earth they breathe, not to harm animals, not to destroy plants. the "huhuqchilar" group defends its group on teaching children what is possible and what are not possible, state symbols, instilling love for their native country and parents. at the end, the teacher evaluates the output of each group, completes and concludes. preparing children to acquire economic knowledge, skills and qualifications. to do this , to develop various situations that allow to expand and deepen the thinking range of children of preschool age , to create conditions for the implementation of options for solving these situations; it is necessary to implement a complex of games that develop logical and mathematical thoughts, which are the basis for acquiring economic knowledge. directions for implementing the second stage 112 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. development of criteria for the level of economic literacy of preschool children. accordingly, integration of program departments. "mathematics economic labor", education economic, "spirituality economy", "foreign languages economy", etc. 2. development and practical testing of the "games labyrinth" system for children of preschool age. 3. creation of the "education in nature" complex program. in this complex program, children of pre-school education age are directly exposed to nature in the form of play, educational activities that show the economic value of natural wealth and benefits, health activities in the heart of nature. special attention is paid to learning russian and english from foreign languages, using economic concepts and words. nowadays, during the transition to the market economy, it is important to give everyone, including children of preschool age, a basic understanding of economic education. concepts of economic education for children of this age are inculcated in the minds of children not in the form of specially organized trainings and lessons, but in the course of play and work activities in everyday life. it is important for the teacher to skillfully create conditions taking into account the child's age and level of mastery. if possible, it is necessary to organize a separate corner or a separate room in the preparatory group of the kindergarten, which will help to form the concepts of economic education. in the room or corner, there should be equipment for playing "shop-shop", "school-school", "marketmarket" games. shopkeeper's cap and gown toy stall a rack of educational tools fruit jam vegetable rack cash register libra bags for shoppers. paper money children of preschool age learn the following simple concepts of economic education by playing various action-packed games. the price is poor quality product savings loss of money cheap profit expensive barter quality is currency bank businessman advertising 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us from this, the economic and spiritual life of our country will have healthy and strong potential in all aspects. they should know the main law of our country perfectly, and act according to its norms. a special course on the study of the constitution "lessons of the constitution" is taught in preschool educational institutions. every child should feel from his heart that he is the greatest human being, what makes him different from other living beings. legal education in preschool education is carried out in 3 stages. middle age (3-4 years old) older age (4-5 years) school preparatory period (6-7 years old) the purpose of the program is to form knowledge, skills and abilities in children that meet the requirements of general moral standards and become the basis for their development as individuals. tasks of the program:  instilling in children sensitivity to creative and negative situations in life;  to develop general moral skills, to deal with adults, like-minded peers, to teach to defend one's views when necessary;  forming the first ideas about the state, its symbols, the constitution and laws;  it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of children when providing the first legal education to children of preschool age. it is recommended to use game methods when explaining the legal rules. by giving children the first legal concepts, it is achieved that they follow the rules. legal education in the form of training in the middle (3-4 years old), senior (4-5 years old) and school preparatory period (6-7 years old) environment, familiarization with nature, fiction, etiquette training it is carried out organically by incorporating the lessons, matching each direction to each other. middle age period (3-4 years old)  educating children to love their place of birth and motherland 1 activity.  education of respect for parents, brothers and sisters of family members lesson 1  to teach to distinguish concepts such as possible, impossible, good, bad and to understand their meaning lesson 1  teaching children to be polite, disciplined, and caring lesson 1 total: 5 topics. types of economic education for preschool children. 1. through games and games: learning economic education for preschool children can be done through games and interactive activities. for example, money value games, trading games, and other interactive activities can be organized to help them learn about money. 2. practical training: one of the most effective methods of economic education for children is to involve them in practical training. together with them, it is possible to organize trading processes, financial accounting, money making and other economic activities. 3. continuous communication: continuous communication is also very important to give economic education to children. it is important to talk to them daily or weekly about economic topics, ask questions and listen to their opinions. 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. manifestation of parents: parents should be visible in giving economic education to children. having them deal with making money, discounting, spending, and other economic issues every day gives kids strength in these areas. 5. practical: the most important part of economic education for children is to do practical things. for him, they should be involved in the sales process, structure of discounts, calculation of costs and solving other economic problems. 6. games and exercises: children learn easily through favorite games and exercises. for example, games can be organized to learn how much money to save, understand the trading system, and learn how to earn money. 7. practical activities: it is important to organize practical activities for children. for example, economic knowledge can be increased by giving them remote trading tasks to earn and save money, calculating expenses, and paying insurance policies. 8. problems and situation analysis: it is important to give economic education to children with the help of problem and situation analysis. they develop economic knowledge through problems such as price comparison, selection and sale of goods in demand. 9. development of goals and consumption ability. children learn to set goals and achieve them, calculate costs and spend money wisely. 10. ask questions: it is important to ask questions about economic issues with children. they can also develop logical thinking. 11. family communication: discussing economic issues together with family members is also important in providing economic education to children. with the help of these methods, children receive economic education and their spirituality also develops. references 1. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 2. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 3. yulduz, s. (2023). maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda ekologik taʼlim berishning oʻziga xosligi. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 21(3), 124-129. 4. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). pedagogning kreativligi bolalar ijodiy rivojlanishining zarur sharti. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 219-220. 5. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). kichik maktab yoshidagi o ‘quvchilar bilish faoliyatini rivojlantirishning pedagogik psixologik xususiyatlari. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 158-160. 6. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o’quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 7. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 115 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. o‘ktam qizi buxoro, s. m. (2022). bolaning nutqini rivojlantiruvchi o ‘yinlar. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 484-486 9. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 10. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 11. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 12. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 13. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 14. лукмонова, с. (2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: 15. lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. 16. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 17. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o’rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 18. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og ‘ishgan xulqining ko ‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko ‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 19. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g’oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 20. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 21. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 22. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 23. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 specific properties of surfactants and their classification jizpi "chemistry" department assistant karimova sidora bakhtiorovna sarabekova marjona yadgor qizi rakhimova haydar qizi abdurasulov sherali sabir o’g’li jonzakov tolkin fazliddin o’g’li students of jizpi, iii stage abstract: this article describes the importance and development of surfactants. about their use and relevance in today's marriage. there was also talk about their properties. keywords: surfactant (sfm), hydrophilic, hydrophobic, anionic sfm, cationic sfm, amphoteric sfm, nonionic sfm, diphilic, alkylsulfates, alkylarylsulfonates. in recent years, the production of synthetic detergents in the world has reached 10 million tons. however, most of them, i.e. 70%, are used by the population of developed countries. synthetic laundry detergent used by the population is used for general laundry. anguilla and the us call it "heavy" laundry. produced 3 7 times a week. this laundry is mainly done in washing machines. about 20% of laundry detergents are used for "light laundry". synthetic detergents used for light laundry should not have a negative effect on the skin and other organs, often create foam and wash the laundry well in water with a temperature of 25-45 degrees. despite the advent of synthetic laundry detergents, soap has yet to take its place. typically, typical surface-active substances are organic compounds with a diphilic structure, that is, their molecule contains atomic groups that differ greatly in the intensity of interaction with the environment (in practice, in water). thus, surfactant molecules contain one or more hydrocarbon radicals forming the oleoor lyophilic part (hydrophobic part of the molecule) and one or more polar groups the hydrophilic part. hydrophobic groups that interact weakly with water determine the tendency of the molecule to move from an aqueous (polar) environment to a hydrocarbon (nonpolar) environment. hydrophilic groups, on the other hand, hold the molecule in a polar environment or, if the surfactant molecule is in a hydrocarbon liquid, determine its transfer to a polar environment. the surface activity of surfactants dissolved in these non-polar liquids depends on hydrophilic groups, and those dissolved in water depend on hydrophobic radicals [5]. classification of surfactants. all surface-active substances are divided into two groups according to the nature of adsorption and the mechanism of stabilization of dispersed systems: lower molecular compounds with a diphilic character, containing hydrophilic ("head") and hydrophobic ("tail") groups in their composition; high molecular compounds with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups evenly distributed along the entire length of the polymer chain. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us among the surfactants produced in the world, the leading place is occupied by the cheapest and most comprehensive anionic surfactants, which make up at least 60% of the surfactants produced in the world; up to 30% are nonionic surfactants, about 10% are cationic and a small percentage are synthetic ampholyte surfactants [3, 6]. depending on the type of hydrophilic groups, surfactants are divided into ionic or ionogenic and nonionic or nonionic types. ionic surfactants dissociate in water into ions, some of which have adsorptive (surface) activity, others (counterions) are not adsorptive. if anions are adsorptively active, surfactants are called anionic or anionactive, otherwise cationic or cationic. anionic sfm organic acids and their salts, cationic bases, usually amines of different degrees of substitution and their salts. some sfm contain groups with acidic and basic properties. depending on the conditions, they exhibit anionic or cationic sfm properties, so they are called amphoteric or ampholytic sfm anion sfm. this type of sfm includes the following compounds. carbonic acids (rcooh) and their salts (soaps) (rcoome, where r is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 12-18 carbon atoms, me is na+, k+, or nh4+). carbonic acid soaps have good washing properties only in alkaline environments, such surfactants have low washing ability in poorly soluble fatty acids and hard water (due to the formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium salts). soaps are completely biodegradable. alkylarylsulfonates are salts of aromatic sulfoacids rarso3me. they are cheap synthetic sfms. such surfactants show a good cleaning effect in acidic and alkaline environments and in hard water. alkylsulfonates rso3m (r mainly s10-s20). these surfactants have good washing properties and good biodegradability in different ph conditions and in hard water. alkyl sulfates roso3m (r usually s10 – s18). alkyl sulfates belong to the iii generation of sfms, which are biochemically degraded to inorganic substances (water, carbon dioxide, and sodium sulfate). primary alkyl sulfates are obtained by sulfation of primary higher fatty alcohols with roso2ona and subsequent neutralization of the resulting sulfoether with sodium hydroxide. the alcohols required for this are currently obtained mainly by synthetic methods reduction of esters of higher fatty acids, oxosynthesis, extraction from ethylene through organo-aluminum compounds (alphaol process). secondary alkyl sulfates are obtained by reacting rch(ch3)oso2ona sulfuric acid with αolefins or sulfation of secondary higher alcohols. among alkyl sulfates, only those derived from primary alcohols with the correct chain of carbon atoms have maximum cleaning ability. the detergency of alkyl sulfates decreases with the penetration of the sulfate group deeper into the molecule and the branching of the carbon chain. therefore, the most suitable raw materials for the production of alkyl sulfates are primary alcohols and c12-c8 α-olefins with straight carbon chains. the widespread use of alkyl sulfates in synthetic detergents is hindered by their slightly higher price compared to alkylbenzene sulfonates. however, as the production processes of raw materials (primary and secondary alcohols and α-olefins) improve, this obstacle will be overcome. cation sfms. they include aliphatic and aromatic amines (primary, secondary and tertiary) and their salts, quaternary ammonium bases and their salts, quaternary phosphonium and tertiary sulfonium bases, pyridine compounds. cation sfm is well adsorbed on negatively charged surfaces (metals, many minerals, plastics, cell membranes, cement). therefore, they are used as antistatic agents, corrosion inhibitors, bactericides, fungicides and disinfectants. quaternary ammonium compounds with a hydrocarbon 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us radical length of c12-c18 have a bactericidal effect and are about 300 times more effective than phenol in terms of their destructive effect against microorganisms. salts of pyridine bases are used in the textile industry as a fixative for dyeing, as well as for the purpose of processing finished fabrics. amphoteric or ampholyte are substances containing acidic and basic groups in the molecule of surfactants. they can be obtained by introducing amino acids into anion-active groups or by introducing acidic groups from cation-active groups. at ph<4, ampholytic surfactants exhibit the properties of cationic compounds, anionic compounds at ph 9-12, and nonionic compounds at ph 4-9. these types of surfactants contain many natural substances, such as amino acids and proteins. their synthetic analogues are alkylamino acids, for example, cetylamine acetic acid c16h33nhch2cooh and others. the production of such substances is quite difficult and expensive, and they have not yet been widely used as surface-active substances. nonionic sfm is the most promising and rapidly developing class of surfactants. in this case, 8090% of surfactants are obtained by adding ethylene oxide to alcohols, alkylphenols, carboxylic acids, amines, etc. polyoxyethylene ethers of alkylphenols are the most numerous and widespread group of nonionic surfactants. for example, rc6h4o(ch2ch2o)nh, where n is the average number of oxyethyl groups. polyoxyethylene esters of alcohols ro(ch2ch2o)nh are of important industrial importance because they are easily biodegradable under natural conditions. as components of detergents, nonionic surfactants are indispensable in high-quality soaps, so they are used in water of any hardness and with different ph values. they usually have low foaming ability and can be used as defoamers [7, 8]. all surface-active substances are divided into two categories according to the mechanism of physico-chemical action in the solvent environment (according to the classification of p.a. rebinder). the first category includes surfactants that form micelles (colloid-soluble sfm), and the second category includes surfactants that do not form micelles (solubilizers). when micellar-forming surface-active substances are higher than the critical concentration of micelle formation (mic), colloidal particles (micelles) consisting of tens or hundreds of molecules (ions) appear. when the solution (more precisely, the colloidal dispersed system) is diluted to a low concentration, the micelles break down into individual molecules or ions. thus, micelle-forming surfactant solutions occupy an intermediate position between true (molecular) and colloidal solutions (sols), so they are often called semi-colloidal systems. micelleforming surfactants include all detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants, etc. true soluble surfactants have no stabilizing properties and are poor wetting agents and poor foaming agents [5]. surfactants are found in many food products and are also used in leather processing and photography. they can be placed on metal surfaces, thus protecting them from corrosion. surfactants are used to promote the flow of oil through porous rocks and in the flotation of minerals or other solid particles. they also increase the wettability of the mineral particles, while foaming agents allow the particles to adhere to the bubble and float. surfactants help the dyes to penetrate the fabric evenly during the dyeing process. they interfere with the formation of latex particles by forming stabilizing micelles of monomers before polymerization. polymerization the polymerization initiators reach the micelles and induce the monomer molecules to polymerize to form latex particles. list of used literature: 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1.rynok pav. tekushchaya situation and forecast 2021-2025. issledovanie rynka. october 2021. https://alto-group.ru/otchot/rossiya/870-rynok-pav-krome-myla-tekuschaya-situaciya-i-prognoz2017-2021-gg.html. 2. khimichesky complex rossii. news http://vestkhimprom.ru/posts/khimicheskij-komplekssegodnya. 3. khachaturyan k.s., abdulkadyrov a.s., efimova d.v. rossiyskaya neftekhimiya: tekushchee sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya// innovations i investitsii 2018, #8.s.181-185. 4. derzaeva, l.a. sposoby polucheniya sms i sravnitelnyi analiz ix svoystv / l.a. derzaeva, n.v. safargali, a.h. gazizova and dr. // vestnik kgtu. 2009. no. 6. s. 177-183. 5. dyachkova t.p. khimicheskaya technology organicheskikh veshchestv. ch.2/uchebnoe posobie pod. ed. z.g. chernovoy. tambov: tgtu, 2008. p.36. 6. friedrichsberg d.a. course in colloidal chemistry. l.: chemistry, 2003. 362p. 7.holmberg k., iensson b., kronberg b, lindman b. poverkhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva i polimery v vodnykh rastvorakh/ perevod s engl. pod ed. b.d. amount. m.: binom. 2015. 310s. 8. akhnazarova s., solangy s. poverkhnostno aktivnye veshchestva. theory and practice, 2012. s 3137. 9.holmberg k., iensson b., kronberg b, lindman b. poverkhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva i polimery v vodnykh rastvorakh/ perevod s engl. pod ed. b.d. amount. m.: binom. 2015. 310s. 10. akhnazarova s., solangy s. poverkhnostno aktivnye veshchestva. theory and practice, 2012. s 3137. 11. olontsev i.f., vetoshkin yu.s. proizvodstvo i rynok sms i tovarov bytovoy khimii v //bytovaya khimiya. – 2008, no. 29. s. 4-6. 12. gazizov a.a. the increase in petroleum hydrocarbons is not a late stage development. m.: ooo "nedra-business center", 2002. p.639. 13.ibatullin r.r., ibragimov n.g., takhautdinov sh.f., "uvelichenie nefteotdachi na pozdney stadi razrabotki mestrorojdenii (method, theory, practice). m.: llc "nedra-business center", 2004. p.292. 14. boxerman a.a. the concept of gosudarstvennogo upravleniya rationalnym ispolzovaniem zapasov nekfti. m.: oao "zarubezhneft", 2005.p.118. 15. mirgorod yu.a. i dr. patent rf 2191256. b.i. 2002. no. 29. 16. nuriev d.v. issledovanie svoystv poverkhnostno-aktivnyx veshchestv (pav) s tselyu primeneniya v metodax uvelicheniya nefteotdachi plastov// institute "tatnipineft". s. 1–6. 17. chernov a.a. regulirovanie gruppovogo uglevodorodnogo sostava gudronov syrya neftetechnologicheskih protsessov/ neftepererabotka i neftekhimiya. 2004, #10.s.17-19. 18. shrubok a.o. okislennye bitumy iz modifitsirovannogo srya. trudy bgtu. 2012, no. 4. s. 92-95. 19. fedulov a.a. primenenie poverkhnostno-aktivnyx veshchestv (stabilizers) dlya uluchsheniya svoystv svyaz-nyx gruntov and usloviyax dorozhnogo stroitelstva. dis. ph.d. m., 2005.165 p. 20. yakimovich, i.v. asfaltobeton s adgezionnoy dobavkoy dad-1. dis. candidate tech. nauk / i.v. yakimovich. 21.h.kh. i dr. osnovnye sposoby modifikatsii bitumov razlichnymi dobavkami //vestnik ggntu. technicheskie nauki, volume xv. no. 3 (17). 2019. 42-57. 22. muravev i.b. primenenie sovremennyx prisadok k maslam dlya prodleniya sroka slujby uzlov trenia tekhnologicheskogo oborudovaniya. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenen ie 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sovremennyh-prisadok-k-maslam-dlya-prodleniya-sroka-sluzhby-uzlov-treniyatehnologicheskogo-oborudovaniya-kommunalnogo/viewer. 23. poteshnova m.v., zadymova n.m. osobennosti solyubiliziruyushchego deistviya oxyetilirovannyx npav v vodnoy srede // vestnik moskovskog un-t. chemistry, 2002, vol. 43, no. 3, p. 185-189. 24. shakhova, l.d. the technology is foam concrete. theory and practice: monograph / l.d. shakhova. m.: izdatelstvo assotsiatsii stroitelnyx vuzov, 2010-248p. 25.khadisova j.t., aleksandrova e.a., mulaev a.e. paraffin-wax composition for ceramic production. materialy i mejdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy conference, posvyashchennoy 100-letiyu ggntu im. acad. m.d. millionshchikova. grozny ggntu. volume i, 2017. p.511-516. 26. mulaev a.e., khadisova j.t., alesandrova e.a. parafino-wax composites for storage of semen in the field of agricultural culture. sbornik statey po materialam x vserossiyskoy konferentsii molodyx uche-nyx "nauchnoe obespechenie agropromyshlennogo kompleksa". krasnodar: kubgau. 2016.s.1306-1307. 27. naumova g.m. poverkhnostno-aktivnye veshchestva dlya zashchitnyx paraffinovyx pokrytiy / naumova g.m., e.a. aleksandrova, khadisova j.t., musaeva b.v. trudy kubgau. 2010.№1(22).-s.67-70. 5. steed, dj. v. supramolecular chemistry / dj. v. steed, dj. l. atwood. m. : akademkniga, 2007. 896 p. 28. shchukin e.d., pertsov a.v., amelina e.a. colloid chemistry. m.: vysshaya shkola, 2007. – 444p. 724 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 fundamentals of using ethnopedagogy in primary education djo‘rayeva salomat nabiyevna senior teacher of the department of primary education of bukhara state university annotation: in this article, communicative competence, issues of professional competence development of future teachers, the unity of three interrelated communicative, interactive and perceptive components in communication, teacher's professional communicative competence, communicative self-improvement, higher pedagogy training sessions of education. key words: ethnopedagogy, education, communicative competence, future teacher, communication, higher education. nowadays, the development of professional competence of future teachers is one of the urgent issues. regarding this, in the educational institutions of our republic, the communicative competence of the future pedagogue has created normative foundations for implementing effective mechanisms for communication with his student body, parents, colleagues. formation of the professional competence of the future teacher has a special place among the complex problems in the training of pedagogues. especially at the current stage of reforms related to the modernization of education, the problem of adaptation to professional pedagogical activity is becoming more evident. future teachers are enriched with practical, psychological, methodical, research types, as well as with the formation of teacher's professional competence. it is necessary to include the groups of diagnostic, communicative, management and projective studies in the essential characteristics of the professional competence diagnosis. the pedagogue's cognitive activity is largely determined by the complexity, dynamics, non-standardity of the things being studied, the influence of the boundaries that separate social phenomena, their search, uncertainty, which implies the skill of observation, modeling the interlocutor's inner world. the strategy of actions of the president of the republic of uzbekistan for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan defines priority tasks such as "continuous improvement of the quality and level of professional skills of pedagogues". this creates conditions for increasing the level of professional communication in social processes. at the present time, the issues of human worldview are being fundamentally considered in pedagogy, the status of a person in social life is changing, and the education of the growing generation is being re-evaluated, which leads to a change in the interaction of the subjects of these processes. . today, humanitarian aspects of the interaction between the teacher and the students are based on i. kant's formula of strict non-coercion, which means that every person should achieve his goals and not allow himself to become a tool for others. in the organization of pedagogical communication, it is not possible to proceed only from pedagogical goals and tasks, in fact, it is natural that they are the basis of the activity. the nature of communication in such a situation leads to the fact that the teacher always tries to communicate with him by expressing his opinion, that is, only "his" demand. in communication with children, it is http://www/ 725 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us important to communicate with children, not by expressing "one's own" demands, but by taking into account their interests and aspirations, and communicating with them, so that the child is within the radius of pedagogical goals with his own interest and his own world. . as a unity of three interrelated communicative, interactive and perceptive components, the tripartite approach is of particular importance in communication (g.m. andreeva, a.a. bodalev, b.d. parigin). in this case, the communicative aspect of communication shows the interactive organizational aspect of students' information transfer and interaction, and the perceptive aspect shows their understanding of each other and the mutual understanding and emotional connection established on this basis. teacher's communicative abilities with different concepts: "pedagogical skill", "qualification description", in the theory of pedagogical education, professional-based requirements for the teacher are expressed with different concepts: "pedagogical skill", "qualification description", "professionogram of the person ", "professional readiness", "vocational-professional competence". in general, the above-mentioned pedagogical categories describing the same phenomenon have specific content aspects and are used in different contexts. closely related to the concept of "communicative competence" is the concept of "personal communicative core". the concept of "communicative core" appeared recently and was used for the first time by modern psychologist a.a. bodalev in scientific research. considering the communicative core of a person as a psychological phenomenon, there is a basis that allows each person to communicate more successfully. such a basis is present in any adult person, even in children, and personal characteristics and qualities can enter the communicative core. it is they, in the end, the method and direction of communication, on the other hand, the low level of professional communicative competence of the teacher does not allow him to realize himself as a professional, and as a result, it can cause dissatisfaction with life in general. taking into account the interaction of this general and professional communicative competence, we determined the following criteria for its manifestation: the first criterion is general communicative values. we included in them the value of a person for a pedagogue, the value of the communication process, the value of traditional forms of communication for a pedagogue; the second criterion the pedagogue's interpersonal communication was defined as general communicative skills. this is his ability to establish contact with close relatives, colleagues at work, parents of students; the third criterion is the level of the teacher's inclusion of general communicative values in his professional ideal, because the level of development of these values is of great importance in everyday and pedagogical communication. in addition, they serve as a unique basis for the humanistic, facilitatory communication of the pedagogue with children, based on which student-orientation and self-awareness and self-confidence are the leading values of their work. the changes in the student's personality include the need to change the methods of their activity; the presence of professional communicative skills in the teacher has become the fourth criterion for evaluating the level of communicative competence, because professional pedagogical communication has a number of features that distinguish it from everyday communication. the need to determine the criteria of the teacher's communicative competence made it possible to distinguish three levels of communicative competence: high, medium, and low. a high level of communicative competence is characterized by a clearly expressed direction of humanistic interaction between the teacher and students, in which both participants serve as subjects of this process, in which each of them is understood as a person and perceived as unique, irrevocable . in addition, the teacher feels the need to communicate with children and uses ethical forms of communication in practice. http://www/ 726 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the teacher has significantly developed verbal and non-verbal communication skills, in which there is no discrepancy between the verbal and non-verbal components of communication. the teacher knows how to regulate his psychological and physiological state. uses a cooperative method as a way out of a conflict situation. the medium level of communicative competence implies insufficiently expressed valuecommunicative orientations of the teacher. externally identified as humane, relations with students are characterized by fulfilling more social roles. such teachers do not feel a special need for communication with children, the communication itself is strictly limited, often without positive emotional expressions. verbal and non-verbal communication skills are significantly developed within the framework of professional necessity. the teacher knows how to regulate his psychological and physiological state, in this sense there may be certain emotional instability. the low level of communicative competence among teachers was determined when they excluded one or several communicative values from their value orientations. communication between a teacher and a student cannot be described as humane: students feel uncomfortable; the emotional aspect of the lesson is more negative; contact with children 12 is not available. in the teacher's behavior, there is a discrepancy between the verbal and non-verbal organizer of communication. the teacher often does not know how to regulate his psychophysiological state. based on the above, communicative competence is a dynamic derivative that passes through two stages in its development: general and professional communicative competence (in which they coexist from a certain stage of personal development), as well as its development from level to level possible this development occurs through the spontaneous acquisition and teaching of the communication "language". if we are talking about a profession that is directly and directly related to communication, then this process will be productive with specially organized training and fulfillment of certain conditions. 'rinli. first of all, a future teacher should have basic knowledge. explanation of the development of the humanized communicative core of the person based on pedagogical sciences and the goal orientation of pedagogical sciences: history of pedagogy studies the development of pedagogical ideas, theories and educational systems; pedagogy studies the main laws of education as a specially organized pedagogical process and creates a basis for the development of all branches of pedagogical knowledge, general principles of pedagogy, didactics (theory of education), theory of education, management of education; pedagogy of youth studies the characteristics and patterns of human development at different ages, preschool pedagogy, primary education pedagogy, androgogy (adult education), gerontogogy (pedagogy of old age); vocational pedagogy studies the problems of vocational education, pedagogy of vocational schools, secondary special vocational schools, higher education, labor pedagogy; field pedagogy studies the laws of special training of people for certain types of activities (pedagogical, engineering, military, legal, etc.); social pedagogy develops problems of society's influence on personality formation and development, family pedagogy, labor team pedagogy, re-education; correctional (special) pedagogy studies the education of children with physical and psychophysiological disabilities in their development, defectology (working with children with mental retardation), speech therapy (correction of speech defects), deaf pedagogy (hearing-impaired children working with children), typhlopedagogy (working with weak and blind children), oligophrenopedagogy (working with mentally retarded children); http://www/ 727 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ethnopedagogy studies the laws and features of folk and ethnic education; comparative pedagogy reveals the features of educational organization in different countries of the world; private (subject) methodology learning to teach specific academic subjects in all types of educational institutions; the philosophy of education is a branch of pedagogy that studies the role of philosophical doctrines in order to understand the essence of education, defines the ideology of education and upbringing, the goals of education and the way to realize them. analyzes the main conceptual approaches to defining . the goal of communicative self-improvement is clear, but the motives may be different. for a humanistic teacher, communicative self-improvement should be not only self-improvement for himself, but also as the main condition for the implementation of effective interaction, which contributes to the development of children, helps to preserve their individuality and uniqueness. therefore, practical training is of great importance in communicative self-development. the mechanisms for developing the communicative competence of future teachers required the development of methodological support for the organization of professional-pedagogical activities through a practical approach. it is desirable to build the training session in three blocks: informational, self-awareness and practical. such an understanding of the uniqueness of higher pedagogic education, the requirement of the people of the culture and education system, the teacher to constantly demonstrate his professional competence, can be a source of searching for the essence of the traditional education system. references: 1. hamroyev, r. a., qoldoshev, a. r., & hasanova, a. m. (2021). methods of teaching 1st grade students to use writing tools effektively. asian journal of multidimensional research (ajmr), 10(1), 168-174. 2. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 3. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 4. khamraev, a. r. (2019). modeling teacher's activity in designing students’ creative activities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 5. ҳамроев, а. р. (2022). бошланғич синф она тили таълимида ўқувчиларнинг ижодий фаолиятини лойиҳалаштириш. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 294-305. 6. olloqova o‘g‘iljon, m. (2022). development of students’ pragmatic competence through phonetic knowledge. international journal of trend in scientific research and development, 6(6), 1541-1545. 7. mamanazarova, o. o. (2022). ona tili va oʻqish savodxonligi darslarida hikoyani tahlil qilish orqali oʻquvchilar nutqini oʻstirish. scientific impulse, 1(5), 694-699. 8. olloqova, o. (2022). ona tili darslarida oʻquvchilarning lingvistik kompetensiyalarini takomillashtirishda ta’lim texnologiyalarining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. http://www/ 728 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uz), 22, 22. 9. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2022). oʻquv jarayoniga intensiv ta’lim texnologiyalarini joriy qilishning ahamiyati. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 67-70. 10. olloqova, o. (2022). учащиеся начальной школы на уроках родного языка организация компетентностного подхода. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 11. bahodirovna, b. n. (2022). boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarining mustaqil ishlarini tashkil etish. scientific impulse, 1(5), 660-664. 12. jobir oʻgʻli, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni oʻrgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 13. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 14. ярашов, м. д., & хамдамова, х. (2022). методика работы над речью учащихся в начальных классах. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 138-143. 15. yunus, y. s., & bahrilloyevna, b. f. (2022). boshlangʻich sinflarda ulush va kasr tushunchasi. scientific impulse, 1(5), 767-773. 16. yunus, y. s. (2022). modern approach to teaching elements of algebra in primary class mathematics lessons. scientific impulse, 1(5), 774-780. 17. yunus, y. s., & hikmatovna, n. m. (2022). ways of effective use of educational methods and tools. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 148-152. 18. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang ‘ich sinflarda ta’lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 19. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o’rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 20. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 21. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. http://www/ 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 reforms and innovations in the educational system in uzbekistan primova nilufar bahrievna bukhara region asian international university primary education direction 1st year graduate m. y. ro ' ziyeva, ph.d scientific leader, associate professor anotation: this article reflects on reforms and innovations in the educational system of uzbekistan. news that is being brought into the educational system and the purpose pursued by them are also reported on the expected results. keywords: innovation, reform, pedagogical technologies, concept, modernization, mechanisms, principles. today there will be no exaggeration to say that all areas of the life of the new uzbekistan have become a field of deep reform. in this process, it is impossible today not to speak in waves about changes in the educational system, which is considered the basis of the social sphere. in our country, in recent years, practical work on the organization of all stages of the educational system on the basis of modern requirements has reached a decisive stage. as our president noted: "the more educated our children come out of school, the faster the sectors of high-tech economy develop, the more social problems are possible to solve. so if i say that the threshold of a new uzbekistan begins with school, i think that our whole people will support this idea.” the main part of the reforms carried out in the field of education, of course, are reforms in the higher education system. in particular, to set priorities for the systematic reform of higher education in the republic of uzbekistan, to qualitatively take the process of training highly qualified personnel with independent thinking to a new level, to modernize higher education, we can safely say that the concept of the development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030, approved by the decree of the head of our state of october 8, 2019, in order to develop the social sphere and economic sectors based on advanced educational technologies, fulfills the duty of debocha for new reforms in the field. this document was based on such tasks as accelerating intellectual development, training of competitive personnel, effective organization of scientific and innovative activities and the development of science, education and production integration in order to strengthen international cooperation. the content of the concept reflects the priorities of the reform of the higher education system of our country. it outlined specific areas for expanding the level of coverage in higher education institutions and improving the quality of education, introducing digital technologies and educational platforms, attracting young people to scientific activities, forming innovative 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us structures, commercializing the results of scientific research, achieving international recognition and many others. all this serves to raise the educational process to a new level of quality. today it is no secret that prestigious institutions of higher education in the world are considered major foci of science. now new higher education institutions, branches of the world's leading universities are formed. for example, in the last 5 years, 47 new higher education institutions have been established in our country, including branches of foreign universities, bringing the number of higher education institutions to 125. on the basis of the system of public-private partnerships, the activities of non-governmental higher education institutions are established. having studied the opinion of the population, correspondence and evening forms of education have been revived, admission quotas are being increased. the school's graduation rate for higher education coverage has increased from 9% in 2016 to 25% in 2020. a mechanism has been established to ensure that professors and teachers receive training and internships in higher education and research facilities abroad. the amount of their monthly salary an average increase of 2.5 times compared to 2018. from this year, 10 institutions of higher education were transferred to the self-financing system. the increase in the number of state grants allocated to higher education by at least 25 percent, increasing the number of grants for girls from needy families in higher education admission by 2 times, to 2 thousand, further expanded the scope of higher education coverage. one of the most important innovations in the educational system was the transfer of 65 academic lyceums to higher educational institutions in order to strengthen continuity between the high schools and the lower branches of the educational system, as well as the attachment of 187 technical schools in their direction to related universities and network enterprises. currently, the promising tasks carried out in the field of education, with its relevance and practical significance, are never inferior to reforms in other areas. because the continuation of reforms in this area in a more extensive way is a requirement of the period. in the 21st century, which has become known as the age of information technology, it has become a vital necessity to develop science, create innovations in this regard in order to generate high progress in all aspects of life – industrial, construction, chemical, agricultural, textile, mechanical engineering and other areas. this process is now recognized in all countries that have taken the path of development in the world. in our republic, special attention is paid to this process. it is no coincidence that the president of our country began his activities as a leader from a meeting with academics, leading scientists of our country, people of science in general, aimed at harmonizing the development of science in our country with the development of production. after that, the head of our state decided to improve the functioning of the health system, develop the system of printing and distribution of book products, strengthen the library, establish new free economic zones in the republic, implement a strategy of action for the further development of the country” develop the concept of development of science until 2030, make many other adopted decisions, decrees, it was also a practical expression of this attention that the exaltation of science in its decrees was defined as one of the main issues. in particular, one of the most important documents adopted in the educational system was the adoption of the law “on education”in a new revision. based on this law, the basic principles, educational system, types and forms in the field of education were clearly defined. also, according to the law, state institutions of higher education, secondary special, professional educational institutions and their branches, higher, secondary special, professional educational 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizations with state participation and their branches began to be established by presidential or government decisions. the establishment of non-state educational institutions was determined to be carried out by their founders. licenses to non-governmental educational organizations became issued by the state inspectorate for quality control of education. accordingly, we can say that the adoption and implementation of this law has also become one of the most important documents adopted in the field of education. reforms in the field of education in uzbekistan in recent years have also been consistently implemented at namangan state university. consequently, in the next three years, the number of electorates was increased from 9 to 15, the number of specialty departments from 27 to 46, the number of directions of education from 31 to 52, and the number of master's specialties from 12 to 26. in line with this, the number of university student youth wishing for science grew from 5,100 to 21,000. of particular importance is the reliable protection of intellectual property in the process of developing science and innovation, transforming their achievements into a product of high added value. according to data, the share of intellectual property is 45% of the gross domestic product in europe, 12% in china, 7% in russia. the meeting, chaired by our president on october 12, 2020, was also dedicated to the topic “protection of intellectual property – will serve as a reliable foundation for the third renaissance.” then the head of state paid special attention to the need to ensure cooperation between patent holders and entrepreneurs. the number of professors grew from 470 to 710. the university has established a specialized council in some specializations, with a scientific potential of 26% up to the 2018-2019 academic year. in the following years, great attention was also paid to the issue of training scientific pedagogical personnel, the scientific potential exceeded 37%, today 9 specialized councils in 12 specialties are working towards ensuring the quality of education. of course, at the expense of doctoral students studying in 17 basic doctoral courses, the purpose of filling the ranks of scientific and pedagogical staff of the university with potential personnel is determined. until recently, the university was mainly prepared specialists for the pedagogical sphere. today, the university is engaged in the organization and management of archaeological, cultural and art institutions, sociology, jurisprudence (by type of activity), library-information activities (by type of activity), zooinjeneria: fishing, fruit farming and viticulture, technology of cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, vegetable growing, polysemy and potato growing, organization and maintenance of a greenhouse farm, social work (by various fields of activity), organization and management of, and since 2021, the fact that he began to train personnel in such directions as treatment work, pediatric work testifies to the fact that our high school in the real sense is becoming the center of the mind of our region. the university is participating in major international scientific projects such as the establishment of a media center at namangan state university as a major research center, the establishment of an educational and practical training course on aquaculture, the “preparation of medicinal drinks from medicinal plants”, the technology of the production of curative preventive sumac, the creation of a living collection of rare and endangered and endem species distributed in the fergana at the initiative of our president, the provision of academic and organizational, as well as financial independence for higher education organizations, as well as the wide range of powers of the councils provide ample opportunities for the training of potential personnel that determine the development of our country by implementing public policy in the field of education, providing quality educational services and fulfilling the 50 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in place of the conclusion, it should be said that the reforms carried out in the educational system will become the foundation for the third renaissance in uzbekistan. therefore, at present, special attention is paid to improving continuing education in our country, raising our children as competent people in every possible way, and radically improving the training of highly qualified pedagogical personnel. list of literature 1. mirziyoyev sh.m. the development of the country and the rule of law and guarantee the interests of the welfare of the people man. t.: uzbekistan -2017 2. mirziyoyev sh.m. new in uzbekistan free and live happy! –t. 2021 3. abdulla avloniy. gulistan turkic or ethics. –tashkent., “teachers”, 1992. –22 b. 4. hoshimov k., s. nishonova, m. inomova, r. hasanov. the history of pedagogy-tashkent., “teachers” in 1996-301-page. 5. baxriyevna, p. n., & ilxomovna, n. f. (2023). effective methods for the formation of communicative culture in primary school students based on an integrative approach. iqro, 2(1), 257-261. 6. primova, n. (2023, july). historical development of education system in uzbekistan. in academic international conference on multi-disciplinary studies and education (vol. 1, no. 13, pp. 106-108). 7. ilhomovna, f. n. (2023). importance of medicinal plants in uzbekistan. scholastic: journal of natural and medical education, 2(8), 11-15. 8. ilxomovna, n. f. (2023). premature birth and hereditary diseases in children detection software. scholastic: journal of natural and medical education, 2(4), 113-118. 9. nazarova, f. i. (2023). medical biology read the science the use of educational films. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(4), 154-159. 10. ilxomovich, n. a., ilxomovna, n. f., & ilxomovich, n. j. (2022). studying the features of the clinic postabstinent neurosis-like states with heroin addiction. uzbek scholar journal, 11, 165-169. 11. ilkhomovna, n. f. (2022). negative impact of seizures on quality of life. miasto przyszłości, 24, 120-122. 12. ilxomovna, n. f. (2023). group play therapy as a method of preservation mental health of the child. iqro, 2(1), 262-267. 13. ruziyeva, m. y., & aslonova, s. s. (2021). theoretical and practical foundations of teaching folklore in primary school. middle european scientific bulletin, 10. 14. ruziyeva my. about color symbols in folklore. journal of critical reviews. issn-2394-5125 vol. 2020;7. 15. ruziyeva, m. y., & lobar, s. (2021). lyro-epic literary fairy tales in uzbek children's literature. middle european scientific bulletin, 11, 417-425. 16. ruzieva, m. y. (2016). expression of attitude to colors in turkic national ritual songs. социосфера, (4), 50-55. 17. ruziyeva, m. y. salohiddinova lobar, lyro-epic literary fairy tales in uzbek children's literature middle european scientific bulletin. published 17 april 2021, 445. 18. ro‟ziyeva, m. y. (2020). color symbolism in uzbek folklore. isj theoretical & applied science, 05 (85), 277-284. 51 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 19. ruzieva, m. y. (2022). symbolism of myth, symbol and color. ann. for. res, 65(1), 2719-2722. 20. uzbekistan, b. qualitative properties and imagery of colors. 21. ro„ziyeva, m. y. (2021). o‟qish darslarida fasllar bilan bog‟liq matnlar va ularning ahamiyati: doi: 10.53885/edinres. 2021.86. 66.011 ro „ziyeva my, boshlang „ich ta‟lim nazariyasi kafedrasi mudiri, fffd (phd) madinabonu xayrulloyeva, buxdu, boshlang‟ich ta‟lim yo‟nalishi 4 kurs talabasi. in научно-практическая конференция (pp. 23-24). 22. ro‟ziyeva, m. (2021). folklorshunoslikdagi yangi bosqichlar va ularning ta‟lim jarayonidagi ahamiyati: mohichehra ro‟ziyeva, buxdu boshlang‟ich ta‟lim nazariyasi kafedrasi mudiri, phd, dotsent. in научно-практическая конференция (pp. 21-22). 23. рузиева, м. халқ оғзаки ижодида ранг символикаси. 2020. 167. globe edıt. 24. ruzieva, m. (2016). colour and its psychoanalytical interpretation in folklore. язык и культура (новосибирск), (23), 127-130. 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 precedent names are one of the most important types of tropes kuldosheva shohinabonu otabekovna master's student 2nd course, bukhara state university achilova risolat azamovna phd, associated professor of the bukhara state university abstract: this article deals with an important issues as the reference of proper names and their actualization in the space of a literary text. of particular interest from this point of view is the functioning of precedent proper names in a lyrical work, since in this case the precedent name becomes the semantic dominant of the text, influencing the formation of both content and meaning. they contain a large corpus of various proper names, these are mainly precedent names, each of them has its own text, also precedent, which, when included in a new context, acquires a new meaning, requiring a new reading. keywords: linguistics, precedent names, trope, comparative analysis, spiritual, linguacultural aspects, discourse, phenomena, irony. in world linguistics, the attention to the comparative study of precedent names as a mental structure and potential units that store socio-historical, political, philosophical, educationalspiritual, religious, literary information, fully manifest semantic, lingua-poetic and linguacultural aspects. this, in turn, determines the pragmatic conditioning of the use of precedent names in various communicative situations of each language, reveals their lingua-poetic and linguacultural characteristics in the spoken discourse of english and uzbek languages, and allows scientific justification of the linguistic-structural, linguistic-stylistic, cognitive-discursive, contextualoccasional indicators of these tools. precedent names are one of the most important linguistic phenomena in the composition of translations and are actively used in colloquial, journalistic, official, especially book style, and examples of fiction. it is clear that words appear in the language during their initial formation as the name of something or reality, and during their initial use, they acquire a single meaning. later, certain changes occur in the meaning of some words, and they appear as ambiguous words or phrases. translation is the expression of a word or phrase in a different sense than its original meaning. the transferable meaning can be interpreted as follows: 1) the meaning based on the transfer of meaning; 2) a meaning created by using it in a different meaning (copying) than the original (correct) meaning. lexical meaning in scientific literature and research, primary meaning and derived meaning, correct meaning and artificial meaning, correct meaning and figurative meaning, it is referred to in a parallel way with compound nouns such as fixed meaning and free meaning, nominative (nominative) meaning and figural (metaphorical) 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us meaning. it is known that these terms express the phenomenon of the same language in different ways. in essence and content, they reflect the same reality. in both english and uzbek, figurative meaning is formed as a result of using a word in a different sense based on simile, exaggeration and irony. in this case, the name of an existing object, characteristic, and movement is expressed as the name of another object, characteristic, and movement according to certain characteristics. continuing these thoughts, we can say that in translation, a word or phrase that names a certain object, event, process, and characteristic is used to name another object, event, process, and characteristic. a figurative word is always related by analogy or affinity to the word or phrase from which it originates. usually, comparing and simulating two objects or events that are close or similar to each other in terms of features and signs is the basis of figurative meaning. for example, a prince named vlad tsepesh dracula is known to the whole world as a vampire who drinks the blood of innocent people. it is clear that in the 14th century, he established the principality of wallachia in transylvania. this principality corresponds to the territory of present-day romania, and it was the first major state to be established at that time. the word dracula means dragon in romanian. the main goal of the eponymous vlad tsepesh dracula was to protect orthodoxy from other religions. for this purpose, he killed a lot of people in the fire without mercy. according to historians, tsepesh discovered that there were many beggars in the country, and he called all the beggars, fed them, and asked them: "do you want to get rid of all the suffering in this world forever?" all of them answer yes, thinking that the beggar prince will give us inexhaustible wealth. having received this answer, tsepesh orders to close all the doors and windows and burn all the beggars alive. bram stoker is one of the writers who skillfully created the character of dracula in fiction. from the first quarter of the 20th century, in particular, under the influence of bram stoker's works called "children of the night" and "vampire", count dracula became a famous and memorable literary image of vampires. it is understood that the name of the historical figure vlad tsepesh dracula is used in fiction figuratively, or rather, an antonym of a vampire who drinks the blood of innocent people. a name or word similar to this name can be used in many different meanings. the figurative meaning of a word or phrase is realized only in the text or in the structure of the sentence. metaphors are a visual tool based on logical concepts such as similes and contrasts. figurative meaning occurs within words, phrases, adverbs, phrases, and figurative expressions. a figurative meaning can be understood by means of other words or phrases in the sentence. it states that precedent names are one of the most important types of tropes, that they are the phenomenon of replacing the original name of an object or event with a created name from time to time, and at the same time, it also performs another function the function of naming, so it can be defined as a nominative device, in addition to the defining function , it performs the function of information, directly or indirectly shows the features of the object, the opinions are also expressed. according to the structure of precedent names, it is divided into one-component, twocomponent and multi-component precedent names, and according to the nature of use in social life, it is divided into precedent names with social status and those without social status indicator. references: 1. ruzikulovna, a. d. (2020). linguocultural and linguopoetic study of the precedent names in uzbek language. anglisticum. journal of the association-institute for english language and american studies, 9(9), 45-54. 2. saydaliyeva, m. b. k. (2021). use of precedent names in uzbek art journalism. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(10), 1658-1663. 42 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. mirzatillayevich, r. s., & zokirjonogli, a. n. (2021). precedent names in the artistic text as allusive names. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(8), 46-52. 4. tayirovna, a. s. (2023). linguocultural research of the concept “education” in english and uzbek languages. european international journal of pedagogics, 3(03), 11-15. 5. achilova r.a. “the semantic value of antonomasia in the works of shakespeare”. international journal of word art. volume 4, issue 2. – toshkent.,2021. 6 p. issn 2181-9297 6. achilova r.a. the role of antomasia in the prose of alisher navoi. scientific reports of bukhara state university. volume 6,bukhara.,2020.-188p. 7. achilova risolat azamovna. (2021). semantical features of antonomases in literature. european journal of research development and sustainability, 2(3), 55-57. retrieved from https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/363 8. a.r. azamovna.the role of antonomasia in the prose of alisher navoi. scientific reports of bukhara state university, 2020, 188p. 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх to explore the impact of the academic performance in tertiary study affecting the employability in the malaysian job market yeoh wee win 1 1 school of business, inti international college, penang. * corresponding author abstract this research focus in exploring the impact of the academic performance in tertiary education affecting the employability in the malaysian job market. the academic performance had been a major emphasis within the educational study within the tertiary study in malaysian universities but there is no relevance study that provide the concrete evidence to provide the significant support towards the factor of academic performance towards the impact in the employability for the graduates. the previous study had provided the suggestion where the literature review provide the insight on the potential significant in the positive relationship between the academic performance and the employability for the graduates in the job market. the quantitative study had been focusing on the study based on 150 questionnaire samples from the target population of the recent graduates from malaysian universities sot understand the employability of the graduates in the job engagement in the malaysia job market. the quantitative study had supported the empirical evidence where the is sufficient evidence to identify the presence of the positive relationship between the academic performance towards the contribution of the employability in the market. keywords: tertiary education, malaysian universities, job market, employability, academic performance introduction with the expanding size of the labor force and the rise of more qualified professionals and talent among the labor force, employability has grown increasingly competitive in recent years. this had made it difficult for younger graduates to enter the labor sector due to a lacking in terms of the work experience and exposure for the working environment (rasul et al., 2013). recent university graduates will face increased competition, especially with an increase in the number of diploma and degree holders in the labor market, making academic qualification level no longer significant in offering a golden ticket to employment (chen, shen & gosling, 2018). postgraduate programs are also becoming more popular as more potential employees and job seekers look for ways to improve their personal qualifications and knowledge. 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with the job market becoming more competitive, graduates will face disadvantages as well as obstacles because their resumes will be lacking in the representation in comparison to those who are currently in the workforce (helena & kena, 2019). this will prompt the graduate to consider how to make themselves noticeable for the employability opportunity in order to stand out in the present market. employers today are searching for graduates with thinking abilities, such as decision-making, reasoning, creative thinking, teamwork, and so on, in addition to basic academic skills (smith & krüger, 2011). employers, in fact, emphasize employment over precise technical expertise or professional abilities (abas-mastura, imam & osman, 2013). as a result, it is critical to investigate how well the graduate matches the requirements of the company. furthermore, self-efficacy is related to students' belief and confidence in their ability to find work. with this, the research creates the motivation in the need for the exploration of the research that directed to the designation of the research objective to lead the investigation the relationship between the academic performance and the employability of the graduates. the research objective target to provide the significant insight where the study will explore the employability among the graduates in relevance towards the academic performance of the students into the job market within the country of malaysia. literature review the previous research had shown a pattern on the decisive on academic achievement influencing the employability chance as education qualifications had been deficient over the years. however, in recent years, education has become a must for graduates seeking employment in the market. according to pinto and ramalheira (2017), the educational qualities of graduates are similar, with the majority of students holding a bachelor's degree or above, indicating a lack of comparability in academic qualifications. as a result, academic performance will become a determining factor in graduates' employability. furthermore, pan and lee (2011) stated that businesses will prefer to recruit persons with higher academic performance since the results will appear more convincing in their application. according to pinto and ramalheira (2017), academic performance is a more measurable comparison for recent graduates due to a lack of work experience to put into consideration and judgment, generating the impression of the requirement for high academic achievement when it comes to employment. mishra, kumar, and gupta (2016) noticed based on prior research where the empirical evidence demonstrated the pattern of the desire for employers to choose persons with greater academic performance as the criteria in their choice of employment. according to pororpat (2011), based on previous research, some companies actually set a benchmark on academic performance as the application criteria, limiting the employability for graduates to have a fair opportunity in the employment despite having an advantage on other skillset despite lacking academic performance. according to tymon and batistic (2016), the employability factor is important not only for academic performance, such as grades or points, but also for considering extracurricular activities that will appear to suggest stronger performance for the individual to stand out against others when it comes to employment. the previous findings in the discussion and reflection on the literature review showed strong support in the impact of academic performance in providing influence towards the employability of the graduates, especially academic had been the major reference to measure the performance of the graduates due to the lack of working experience at the stage. this has led to the hypothesis's identification in discovering the considerable association between academic achievement and graduate employment, as referenced below. h0: there is no presence of significant positive contribution from the academic performance to influence the employability of the graduates. 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us h0: there is presence of significant contribution from the academic performance to influence the employability of the graduates. methodology this research study had been emphasizing on the application of quantitative analysis approach in which the quantitative analysis will apply to the numerical data that will be used to give objective measurement for the research study. the quantitative analysis research has the advantage of being able to analyze enormous amounts of data in a very short period of time, demonstrating the efficiency of data analysis (sekaran & bougie, 2016). the quantitative analysis provides a greater possibility for coverage due to the increased size of the data, as well as a more diverse involvement of the data input for the study. furthermore, the quantitative analysis provides employ numerical data for data analysis, where the statical output will provide more clear and objective conclusions to identify the significance of the data for the study (apuke, 2017). for this research study, deductive reasoning had been applied since it will define the significance of the results and data discoveries using a logical style of thinking to conclude the research purpose for the research study (sharela, 2016). the research design will employ the common quantitative analysis data collection instrument of the questionnaire design, as the questionnaire design will be capable of collecting numerical data and providing customized data input for the quantitative study's data analysis (bhandari, 2020). the questionnaire will be designed using the 5-point likert scale to align with the need for the measurement for the quantitative analysis where the data input will be collected from the primary market from the target population of the recent graduates from the malaysian universities (krosnick, 2018). the sample size of 150 questionnaires using convenience sampling will be collected to provide the ideal distribution of the selection of samples contributing to the quantitative of the research. in this research project, the sampling approach and sample size will be proposed in order to create a representation of the study's target population (apuke, 2017). the spss program will become the primary instrument for data analysis because it is capable of producing different statistical outputs that will aid in the development of meaningful results and empirical evidence for the quantitative analysis for this project. discussion and findings the quantitative study had been supported with the application of the spss software where the series of testing for the quantitative method will lead to the designation of the significant in the research design to achieve the result and empirical evidence from the study of the sample size of the 150 respondents from the target population of the recent graduates from the malaysian universities. table 1: reliability analysis variables reliability test remarks academic performance 93.70% excellent the table 1 demonstrate the result on the reliability test for the data set on the academic performance variable achieved 93.7% based on the data set obtained through questionnaire, which is higher than the 70% benchmarks, indicating that the data set can proceed with further data analysis for this research study. table 2: correlation analysis variables pearson correlation test remarks academic 0.459 moderate positive 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us performance correlation based on the result in table 2, the result had demonstrated the outcome for the pearson correlation test where the value of 0.459 had indicate there is presence of the moderate positive correlation presence between the academic performance against the employability of the graduates in the job market. this aligned with the initial understanding from the literature review stating that the positive correlation had supported the expected findings for the current study. table 3: regression analysis the regression model tested the relationship between academic performance and graduate employability, and the p-value recorded in the model was 0.000, which is less than the tolerance level of 5% and 0.05, indicating that there is a significant presence in the relationship between academic performance and graduate employability. this results in the rejection of the null hypothesis for the research study and acceptance of the alternate hypothesis at h1. h0: there is no presence of significant positive contribution from the academic performance to influence the employability of the graduates. h0: there is presence of significant contribution from the academic performance to influence the employability of the graduates. mishra, kumar, and gupta (2016) observed a pattern of preference for employers to choose individuals with higher academic performance as the criteria in their choice of employment based on previous research where the empirical evidence showed the data mining had shown the pattern of preference for employers to choose individuals with higher academic performance as the criteria in their choice of employment. according to pororpat (2011), based on previous research, some companies actually set a benchmark on academic performance as the criteria of the application, limiting the employability for graduates to have a fair opportunity in the employment despite having an advantage on other skillset despite lacking academic performance. a similar remark was made in this study's findings, where empirical evidence revealed a strong presence in the relationship between academic achievement and graduate employment. this demonstrated that the concept shared by pinto and ramalheira (2017) is correct, indicating that graduate education qualifications are similar, with the majority of students holding a bachelor's degree or higher, indicating a lack of comparability in academic qualifications. this will boost the employer's positive judgment with the good academic results, which will serve as a powerful supporting to highlight the potential of the graduate joining the workforce in the market and provide differentiation among the graduates. conclusion the outcome of the research had arrived at the conclusion where the current study had provided the significant contribution for the achievement in the academic research as well as additional exposure towards the education industry. firstly, the previous study had provided the relevance insight to link towards the motivation of the current study where the lack of exploration of the relevance impact of the academic performance raised the eyebrows in the employment market in malaysia. there is emphasis that the academic performance will not become the determinant factor in some previous study had been denied by the outcome of this study showing that there is 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us significant in the relationship between the academic performance against the impact on the employability for the graduates indicating the importance for the students to achieve higher results and performance in their study. this will close down the gap in the literature review for the academic research gap to provide fresh knowledge that will contribute to the area of expertise in the research. besides, the study on the current study achieves the outcome that contribute to the significant understanding towards the education industry where the tertiary study had been emphasizing on the growth of the student’s development in the current designation of the academic program in universities. the outcome of study had provided the suggestion for the malaysian tertiary education to further emphasize on the growth and progress in the academic achievement which will help the students to improve the marketability of the job employment in the future in the malaysian job market. the significant in the academic performance as the factor had driven the high focus for the education industry as well as corporations to emphasize the need of good academic performance to deliver the expectations in the corporate world. based on the outcome for this study, there is suggestion for the future research where the current research had been limited on the employment market in malaysia with the graduates in malaysian universities. this had been lacking showcase in the exploration of the different job market in different countries where the similar significant of the academic performance may need to be further tested to identify the significant of the variables. therefore, the future study can focus on the study in other countries such as singapore, thailand, vietnam, etc. furthermore, the current study only emphasizes on the relationship between the academic performance against the employability of the graduates in malaysia however there is no linkage on the relevance on the employability of the graduates based on the level of education such as diploma, degree, and postgraduate opening the doors for the future study to explore in the area of expertise for the research study. references 1. abas-mastura, m., imam, o. a., & osman, s. (2013). ‘employability skills and task performance of employees in government sector’, international journal of humanities and social science, 3(4), pp. 150-162. 2. apuke, o.d. (2017). ‘quantitative research methods a synopsis approach’, arabian journal of business and management review (kuwait chapter), 6(10). 3. chen, t., shen, c. & gosling, m. (2018). ‘does employability increase with internship satisfaction? enhanced employability and internship satisfaction in a hospitality program’, journal of hospitality, leisure, sport & tourism education, 22, pp. 88-99. 4. cooper, d. & schindler, p. (2014). business research methods, 12 th edn, mcgrawhill/irwin. boston. 5. helena, p.l. & kena, h. (2019). ‘in the eyes of the beholder’: the influence of academic performance and extracurricular activities on the perceived employability of chinese business graduates’, asia pacific journal of human resources, 57(4), pp. 503-527. 6. krosnick, j.a. (2018). questionnaire design, the palgrave handbook of survey research, pp. 439-455. 7. mishra, t., kumar, d. & gupta, s. (2016). ‘students’ employability prediction model through data mining’, international journal of applied engineering research, 11(4), pp. 2275-2282. 8. pan, y. & lee, l. (2011). ‘academic performance and perceived employability of graduate students in business and management – an analysis of nationwide graduate destination survey’, procedia social and behavioral sciences, 25, pp.91-103. 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. pinto, l.h. & ramalheira, d.c. (2017). ‘perceived employability of business graduates: the effect of academic performance and extracurricular activities’, journal of vocational behavior, 99, pp. 165-178. 10. poropat, a.e. (2011). ‘the role of citizenship performance in academic achievement and graduate employability’, education + training, 53(6), pp. 499-514. 11. rasul, m.s., rauf, r.a.a., mansor, a.n., yasin, r.m. & mahamud, z. (2013). ‘graduate employability for manufacturing industry’, procedia social and behavioral sciences, 102(22), pp. 150-242. 12. sekaran, u. & bougie, r. (2016). research methods for business: a skill-building approach, 7 th edn, wiley, new york. 13. sharela, b.f. (2016). ‘qualitative and quantitative case study research method on social science: accounting perspective’, international journal of economics and management engineering, 10(12), pp. 3849-3854. 14. smith, e. e., & krüger, j. (2008). ‘a critical assessment of the perceptions of potential graduates regarding their generic skills level: an exploratory study’, south african journal of economic and management sciences, 11(2), pp. 121-138. 15. tymon, a. & batistic, s. (2016). ‘improved academic performance and enhanced employability? the potential double benefit of proactivity for business graduates’, teaching in higher education, 21(8), pp. 915-932. 115 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences volume 01, issue 6, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2149 knowledge, attitude and perception against illicit drug use among lead city university students peter olaoluwa adediji nigeria centre for disease control and prevention. (surveillance and epidemiology department) ajala comfort omolayo school of midwifery, lagos university teaching hospital, idi-araba, lagos state. ibrahim babangida mohammed lead city university, ibadan nigeria. chinwe grace azuka university of calabar ibrahim doyinsola a, lead city university, ibadan nigeria. annotation. substance abuse is a critical problem among adolescents and young adults in lead-city university, ibadan, oyo state, nigeria, yet empirical evidence on substance use is limited. this study explored the knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of drug abuse among undergraduate of a university in southwest nigeria to help develop a preventive health education program for students in tertiary institutions in southwest nigeria. a cross-sectional study that was designed within the knowledge, attitudes, and perception (kap) model was used to collect information from 140 students. the age ranged from 17-32 years, with amean of 22.98 and sd ±3.14. the males constituted 61% of the respondents. median age for the initiation and the regular use of drugs were 17 and 19 years. almost all the students, 99% of them had been taught about drug abuse. however, 35% of them did not see drug abuse as a major problem in the society. up to 37% of them believed that suffering health damage or medical problem due to drug abuse is not at all likely. the majority of the respondents (56%) believed that using drugs makes people cool, and 8% of the participants had experienced withdrawal symptoms. the majority of them knew that drug abuse could lead to mental illness (75%), violence, or aggressive outbursts under the influence of drugs (71%). the findings will help in developing a frame work for effective advocacy, policy formulation, and preventive health education program on substance abuse for students http://www/ 116 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us keywords: knowledge, attitude, perception, practice, drug abuse, undergraduate university students. introduction illicit drugs use (such as heroin, marijuana, etc.) particularly by adolescents, globally has been a public concern.1 this is due to the potential short and long-term adverse effects or consequences associated with their use on the wellbeing of those who use drugs and the larger society.2 for instance, the use of marijuana by adolescents has been associated with an increased risk of a range of negative health outcomes, including future depression, anxiety disorders, fatal automobile collisions, accidental injuries, chronic bronchitis, and respiratory infections.3 recent trends indicate that the use of drugs have dramatically increased worldwide. it has been estimated that between 3.6% and 6.9% of persons aged 15 to 64 years across the globe have used an illicit drug in the year 2017. world health organization reported that every year, about 320, 000 young people between ages of 15 and 29 years die annually from alcohol and drug use, i.e., 9% of all the deaths in that age category and 15.3 million persons have drug use disorders.4 the global disease burden attributable to illicit drugs is estimated at 5.4%.5 globally, there have been pointers to factor that influence adolescent’s involvement in drug use. some of the factors listed as reasons for adolescents’ involvement in illicit drugs use are peer pressure, sexual prowess, curiosity, boldness, to increase physical performance, social influence, pleasure due to psychological stress and, inadequate knowledge of the harmful consequences added lack of self-confidence, search for excitement, experimentation and behavioral conduct problem.6 in nigeria, majority of persons who use illicit drugs have been reported to start at adolescence, as they tend to follow a particular pattern of involvement with drugs. this study showed that adolescents in nigeria started using drugs as early as 10 years old. in a study by adelekan and ndom, the respondents were reported to be using cannabis (marijuana) and cigarettes on a daily and weekly basis.7 a good number of adolescents ignorantly depend on one form of drug or the other for various daily activities–social, educational, political, moral etc. these drugs include tobacco, indian hemp, cocaine, morphine, heroine, ephedrine, madras, caffeine, glue, barbiturates, and amphetamines.8 youths from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds have been known to use drugs, and this includes those from both rich and poor backgrounds. a study by ibebuike.9 investigated the rate of substance used, and adverse effects amongst senior secondary school students of eziachi, orlu, imo state. the study found that the majority of the students used substances due to peer pressure, while for others it is due to academic adjustment, social and psychological factors. the most common reasons given for substance use was to have a feeling of belonging, followed by “to increase morale” and to have pleasure, to be awake because it is cheap and is always available. other systems currently available to gauge drug use levels and trends, such as the national household survey of drug use estimating the drug use in the total population have not been performed in imo state till date.10 recently, researchers have started paying attention to the issue of illicit drug use in nigeria. however, most of these studies ignored the public perception of illicit drug use among youths. it should be considered that the public has an important role to play in an attempt to reduce the rate of illicit drug use, how they perceive illicit drug use among youths must be ascertained.11 http://www/ 117 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us moreover, how the public perceives an issue may reveal the level of attention it gets and the best strategies of addressing it. because perception is shaped by things such as past experience, cultural expectations, motivations, moods, needs and attitudes,12 ignoring it on issues that require modifying public policy or public behaviour, may result in the failure of technically good innovations. statement of the problem the use of illicit drugs is associated with a wide range of short and long term health effects.13 they can vary depending on the type of drug, how much and how often it’s taken and the person general health. illicit drug can impact the functioning of the kidneys; if the kidneys aren’t functioning properly, the effect of drug use can be amplified and this can lead to further issues with the kidney and eventually lead to death.14 however, is it important to evaluate the level of knowledge, as well as attitude and perception of lead city university students towards the usage of illicit drugs. this research will go a long way in decreasing the population of young adults with kidney related abnormalities and other health challenges. objectives general objectives the general objective of this study is to assess knowledge, attitude and perception against illicit drug use among lead city university students. specific objectives of the study 1. to assess the knowledge of lead city university students about illicit drug use 2. to determine attitude of lead city university students towards illicit drug use 3. to determine the perception of lead city university students about illicit drug use research questions this study provide answers to the following questions: 1. do lead city university students have knowledge of illicit drug use? 2. do students of lead city university have positive attitude against illicit drug use? 3. do lead city university students have proper perspective against illicit drug use? hypothesis h0: there is no of significant difference between the level of knowledge, attitude and perspective against illicit drug use among lead city university students, ibadan significance of the study illicit drug use among university students has been recognized as a global public health issue in recent years, it may lead to poor academic performance which in turns leads to poor productivity in their later lives and poor health status. therefore, effective drug education is important because young people are faced with many influences to use both licit and illicit drugs. education can play a counterbalancing role in shaping a normative culture of safety, moderation, and informed http://www/ 118 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us decision making. the abuse of drugs and other substances and associated crime have driven the considerable rise in the number of youths imprisoned in recent years. a report by the united nations office on drug and crime in nigeria indicates that 14.4% (14.3 million) of people aged between 15and 64-years abuse drugs. the statistical analysis of the findings of a 2015 nationwide survey of 10,609 respondents showed that alcohol is the drug with the highest prevalence rate, whereas cannabis is the most abused illicit drug. drug abuse in nigeria is prevalent across educational levels and reaches down to the secondary school level. with the high prevalence in use of illicit drugs or abuse of drugs among students and young adults its necessary to carry out this study knowing fully well that students are known to be consumers of these drugs, in order to ascertain whether they are equipped with the good knowledge, positive attitude and proper perception against illicit drug use. materials and methods description of study area this study was carried out in lead city university, lead city university it is a private university located in ibadan, which is the oyo state capital. the university submitted its application to the national universities commission the year 2002. the standing committee on private universities (scopu) conducted the verification and the final assessment visits in august and september, 2003, respectively. at the end of the assessment visits, scopu reported that the profile of the proprietor of lead city university confirmed that it has the capacity and resources to establish a private university.thereafter, the university was "approved for immediate take off" by the board of nuc in december 2003 as a prelude to the ratification by the federal executive council, which was effected on the 16th of february, 2005.the university is populated with close to 4000 students. this university recently added more courses to their expertise which are pharmacy and medicine. a descriptive cross-sectional study approach was adopted. this research project was conducted. the study's participants were 140 undergraduate lead city university students, both male and female, who were housed in the school's dormitories. systematic sampling was adopted. in order to evaluate the data, the statistical package for social sciences (spss) was used. frequency tables, percentages, means, and proportions were utilized for the descriptive statistics ethical consideration the ethical committee's clearance was requested and received. additionally, the respondents' fully informed consent was gained for the study. results table 4.1:demographic variables variable response frequency and percentage sex male female 99(70.71%) 41 (29.29%) age range less than 20 21-30 54 (38.57%) 81 (61.43%) http://www/ 119 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us mean and standard deviation =22 ± 24.7506 level 100 level 200 level 300 level 400 level 500 level 19 (13.57%) 12 (8.57%) 40 (28.57%) 66 (47.14%) 3 (2.14%) religion christianity islam others 52 (37.14%) 87 (62.14%) 1 (0.71%) ethnicity yoruba igbo hausa others 50 (35.71%) 37 (26.43%) 51 (36.43%) 2 (1.43%) father’s occupation civil servant trading politician retired/unemployed 64 (45.71%) 34 (24.29%) 41 (29.29%) 1 (0.71%) father’s highest education none ssce bsc/hnd post graduate others 2 (1.43%) 5 (3.57%) 84 (60%) 49 (35%) 0 (0%) mother’s occupation civil servant trader politician retired/unemployed 56 (40%) 41 (29.29%) 24 (17.14%) 19 (13.57%) mother’s highest education secondary first degree post graduate others 26 (18.57%) 106 (75.71%) 4 (2.86%) 4 (2.86%) http://www/ 120 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us social economic status low medium high 11 (7.86%) 103 (73.57%) 26 (18.57%) figure 4.1 entails the demographic variables of respondents where it is observed that 70.71% of respondents are male, age range has a mean value of 22 ± 24.7506 with 21-30 are 81 (61.43%) while less than 20 are 54 (38.57%). 200 level students were 12 (8.57%), and 400 level were 66 (47.14%); islam had 87 (62.14%) while christianity had 52 (37.14%); yoruba were 50 (35.71%) while igbo and hausa were 37 (26.43%) and 51 (36.43%) respectively. father’s occupation had the highest frequency amongst civil servant having 45.71% and lowest amongst retired/unemployed having 1 (0.71%); father’s highest education had high frequency amongst bsc/hnd and post graduate having 60% and 35% respectively while mother’s occupation had high frequency among civil servant and traders having 40% and 29.29% respectively. mother’s highest education was high among first degree (75.71%) and secondary school certificate holder (18.57%); social economic status was also observed to be highest amongst medium class having 103 (73.57%) and lowest among low class (7.86%). table 4.2: knowledge of illicit drug use table 4.2 gives details of questions regarding knowledge of illicit drug use where 67.14% agreed that illicit drugs are forbidden by law, 92.14% also agreed that some illicit drugs are naturally occurring such as marijuana and cocaine, 49.29% disagreed that illicit haven’t caused considerable level of death and chronic ailments; 72.14% agreed that consumption of illicit drugs are detrimental to the renal health of an individual, 31.43% didn’t agreed that consumption of illicit drugs causes addiction and dependence on the substance while only 5% also didn’t agree that illicit drugs are useful in minor quantity but shouldn’t be abused. figure 4.1: knowledge of illicit drug use http://www/ 121 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us only 22.57% of respondents have poor awareness of illicit drug use, while the rest 77.34% have good knowledge, according to figure 4.1 above, which depicts respondents' knowledge of illicit drug us table 4.3: attitude towards illicit drug use s/n questions true false 1 being familiar with illicit drugs is very enviable 66 (47.14%) 74 (52.86%) 2 illicit drugs are not harmful in any way 98 (70%) 42 (30%) 3 having favorites among the common illicit drugs is a necessity 51 (36.43%) 89 (63.57%) 4 living on drugs makes someone to be appear exceptional 66 (47.14%) 74 (52.86%) 5 taking illicit drugs severally in one day is lovely 49 (35%) 91 (65%) 6 having a favorite mixture of these drugs is fun 21 (15%) 119 (85%) 7 snacks blended with illicit drugs are the best 54 (38.57%) 86 (61.43%) 8 drinks diluted with illicit drugs are the best 72 (51.43%) 68 (48.57%) 9 making noodles with illicit drugs is the latest recipe for youth 79 (56.43%) 61 (43.57%) 10 hallucinating and other feelings from illicit drugs are adorable 41 (29.29%) 99 (70.71%) the opinions of the respondents about using illegal drugs are displayed in table 4.3. only 47.14 percent of respondents say it is admirable to be familiar with illicit drug use, while 63.5 percent deny having a favorite common illicit drug. while 51.43% of respondents believe that drinking beverages mixed with illegal substances is the best, 65% of respondents claimed that consuming illicit drugs numerous times in one day is not attractive. on the other hand, 70.71% of those surveyed disagree and say that drug-induced hallucinations and other unpleasant experiences are not cute. figure 4.2: attitude towards illicit drug use http://www/ 122 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us figure 4.2 depicts respondents' attitudes regarding using illicit drugs. it was shown that only 42.64% of respondents have negative attitudes against using illicit drugs, while the rest 57.33% have positive attitudes. table 4.4: perception towards illicit drug use s/n questions true false 1 illicit drug use is wrong 98 (70%) 42 (30%) 2 getting addicted to them is deadly 112 (80%) 28 (20%) 3 ambitions can be destroyed by illicit drug use 69 (49.29%) 71 (50.71%) 4 mental health is in danger with illicit drug use 110 (78.57%) 30 (21.43%) 5 societal crimes will always be increased due to illicit drug use 123 (87.86%) 17 (12.14%) 6 there are other fun ways for youths aside illicit drug use 137 (97.86%) 3 (2.14%) 7 raping and other crimes are indirectly increased due to illicit drug use among students 119 (85%) 21 (15%) 8 drug addicts have a bright future 57 (40.71%) 83 (59.29%) http://www/ 123 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us 9 drug addiction is rather regrettable in the future 103 (73.57%) 37 (26.43%) 10 drug addiction should be made punishable under the law 92 (65.71%) 48 (34.29%) only 30% and 50.71% of respondents disagreed with the statements that using illicit drugs is wrong and that doing so can ruin one's ambitions, respectively, while 87.86% of respondents agreed that using illicit drugs will always lead to an increase in societal crimes. only 26.43% of respondents disagreed that drug addiction is regrettable in the long run, but 65.71% of respondents agreed that drug addiction should be criminalized. only 15% of respondents disagreed that drug use among students indirectly increases the risk of rape and other crimes. figure 4.3: perception towards illicit drug use figure 4.3 above is a representation of the perception towards illicit drug use among respondents where it was observed that only 27.14% of respondents have bad perception towards illicit drug use while the remaining 72.86% have good perception towards illicit drug use discussion of findings, conclusion and recommendation discussion around the world, there have been concerns about the use of illegal narcotics (such as heroin, marijuana, etc.), particularly by minors. this is due to the fact that their use may have detrimental shortand long-term effects on drug users' health as well as the general well-being of society. a broad population research conducted in nigeria found that adults aged 25 to 39 used psychoactive substances more frequently than other age groups overall.82 however, due to current trends http://www/ 124 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us among teenagers and young adults, this study examined age groups (table 4.1) up to 30. table 4.1's values demonstrate that men are more prone than women to abuse illegal drugs. the age range between 21 and 30 had the highest participation rate (61.43%), with a mean age and standard deviation of 22 24.7506. this backs with the findings of unodc, 2018, and it implies that the students used as the case study are also impacted by these findings. students from all levels participated, although the 300l (28.75%) and 400l (47.14%) levels had the largest incidence. the majority of participants were also muslims (62.14%) and hausa (36.43%) by ethnicity. this supports a previous study's findings, which showed that the prevalence of lifetime use of psychoactive substance was 47.4% and the prevalence of current use of multiple substances was 54.6% in kano state, nigeria. youths in northern nigeria, followed by why these students are buoyant enough to afford these illicit substances that they consume without the knowledge of their parents; especially with the fact that majority of these students belong to the medium economic class (73.57%) and high economic class (18.57%)this also justified by the response of 32.85% who signified that illicit drugs are not forbidden by law (table 4.2). even though 50.71% accepted that illicit drugs have caused considerably high level of death and chronic ailments, 27.86% and 22.14% of them didn’t agree that consumption of illicit drugs are detrimental to renal health nor mental health respectively. however, table 4.2 still shows that 95% of respondents concur that using illicit substances in moderation is okay but that they shouldn't be overused, and that 68.57% concur that using them also leads to addiction and dependence on the drug. as a result, this can be aligned with figure 4.1, which indicates that overall, 77.43% of people have good understanding of illicit drug usage whereas the remaining 22.57% have bad knowledge. this might also be seen as praise for the administration at lead city university, who have consistently taught students and made it clear that drug misuse is unacceptable. the fact that 47.14% of respondents in table 4.3 said that being familiar with illicit drugs is an admirable trait and that illicit drugs are not harmful in any way (70%) while also saying that having favorites among the common illicit drugs is necessary demonstrates how many young people have turned to the unthinkable for exploration and fantasy. however, the majority of respondents disagreed when they said that eating snacks laced with illegal substances was bad (61.43%) and that hallucinations and other drug-related experiences are not cute (70.71%). many policies have been implemented by the school to conduct arbitrary drug tests on suspected individuals at unscheduled times in an effort to curb youthful exuberance and fantasy. however, this is evident from the results of this study, where figure 4.2 states that 57.36% of respondents have a positive attitude toward illicit drug use while the remaining 42.64% have a negative understanding of illicit drug use. as more steps are implemented by the university administration, this percentage will undoubtedly slant in the right direction. this is because figure 4.3 states that 72.86% of respondents have good perception towards illicit drug use while the remaining 27.14% account for the few that the school needs to work on their attitude towards illicit drug use. conclusion drug usage may have a negative effect on the ability and capacity of the kidney, liver, brains, and central nervous system. in this study, it was found that while good knowledge of illicit drug use was obtained, good attitude toward drug use was not sufficient, despite respondents' agreement that drug addiction is regrettable in the long run, which suggests a higher value was obtained for good perception towards illicit drug use. http://www/ 125 a journal of the american journal of pediatric medicine and health sciences www. grnjournal.us recommendation it is becoming ever more desirable to develop and expand awareness and enlightenment efforts among students of higher education given the high frequency of substance addiction among university students. this will increase their understanding, modify their outlook, and intensify a favorable picture of the harmful effects of using illicit drugs. students who commit similar crimes in the future should experience more humiliating and long-lasting reprimands, as well as involve their families and peers to encourage others to refrain from such crimes. references . 1. resko sm (2014). public perceptions and attitudes toward adolescent marijuana use: results of a statewide survey. sage open.;4(1):2158244013518055. 2. world health organization. global status report on alcohol and health 2017 [internet]. who. (2017) [cited may 2018 from https://www .who .int/substance_abuse /publications/alcohol_2011/en/ 3. oluremi fareo d (2019). drug abuse among nigerian adolescents strategies for counselling. j int soc res. ;5(20). 4. sadaf a (2018). public perception of media role. int j humanit soc sci.;1(5):228–36. 5. rxlist. (2021)."barbiturates: side effects, dosages, treatment, interactions, warnings". rxlist. retrieved 2021-12-22. 6. united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc) (2019). world drug report 2019. available at: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/en/exsum.html (accessed march 18, 2020). 7. united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc) (2019). world drug report 2019. available at: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/en/exsum.html (accessed march 18, 2020). 8. united nations office on drugs and crime (2017). the drug problem and organized crime, illicit financial flows, corruption and terrorism. vienna, austria: united nations. [google scholar] 9. abuse, national institute on drug (29 january 2021). "overdose death rates". national institute on drug abuse. 10. united nations office on drugs and crime (ndoc), 2018. drug use in nigeria 11. elkins c (27 february 2020). "meth sores". drugrehab.com. advanced recovery systems. retrieved 15 march 2020. 12. ohuabunwa si. (2019). tackling the menace of drug abuse: a disruptive innovative approach. available at: https://psnnational.org/index.php/2019/08/01/association-of-community 13. united nations office on drugs and crime (2017). the drug problem and organized crime, illicit financial flows, corruption and terrorism. vienna, austria: united nations. [google scholar] 14. abuse, national institute on drug (29 january 2021). "overdose death rates". national institute on drug abuse. http://www/ https://www/ https://psnnational.org/index.php/2019/08/01/association-of-community 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 new changes to the ii section of the constitution republics of uzbekistan (part 2) mamajanov alisher muratovich docent, teacher of military education faculty in fergana state university abstract in this article, changes will be considered in the ii section starting with the viii of the head of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan in 2023. keywords: the republic of uzbekistan, the constitution, law and freedom of human, detention, detention, administration of justice, bodies of citizens' self -government, education and education introduction changes affected chapter viii political rights. in article 32 of the adds, the paragraph of the self -government of citizens “citizens of the republic of uzbekistan have the right to participate in the management of the affairs of society and the state both directly and through their representatives. such participation is carried out through self -government, referenda and democratic formation of state bodies, as well as through public control over the activities of state bodies. the procedure for the implementation of public control over the activities of state bodies is determined by law. the self -government of citizens is recognized as the law and the reality of citizens independently and within the framework of the law to solve issues of local importance based on their interests, historical features of development, as well as national and spiritual values, local customs and traditions. ” also, article 35 states that the authorities of citizens can also apply to complaints from the population “everyone has the right to both separately and together with other persons, apply with statements, proposals and complaints to competent state bodies, institutions, bodies, bodies, bodies self -government of citizens or to people's representatives. applications, proposals and complaints must be considered in the manner and within the terms established by law. ” the economic and social rights specified in chapter ix have also undergone changes. so, in article 36, the right to property is revealed “everyone has the right to property, including the intellectual, which is protected by law. the secret of bank deposits and the right to inherit are guaranteed by law. ” article 37 reveals the features of the right to labor “everyone has the right to decent labor, to free choice of work, to favorable working conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene, to a fair reward for labor without any discrimination and not lower than the established minimum minimum the amount of wages, as well as the right to protection from unemployment in the manner 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us prescribed by law. the minimum wage should be sufficient for the existence of a person himself and his family. it is forbidden to refuse women to get a job, dismiss from work and reduce their salary for the motives related to pregnancy or the presence of children. each working woman, in case of pregnancy and childbirth, has the right to paid leave and leave to care for a newborn child or a vacation for adoption of a child. forced labor is prohibited differently as in the execution of the sentence by the court verdict or in other cases provided for by law. the use of forced labor and other worst forms of child labor is prohibited and entails liability by law. ” and in article 38 the right to rest “each person has the right to rest. citizens are entered for rest, weekends and holidays and paid annual leave. ” but this is not all, article 39 indicates the development of the system of social services “” each person has the right to social security in old age, in case of disability, unemployment, disability, as well as loss of the breadwinner and in other cases provided for by law. the state creates the necessary conditions for the development of the social services system, establishes state pensions, benefits and other types of social assistance. pensions, benefits, other types of social assistance cannot be lower than the officially established minimum consumer expenses. the state in the manner prescribed by law provides housing for socially vulnerable and low -income citizens who need to improve housing conditions. the state creates the necessary equal conditions for the realization of the rights and legitimate interests of persons with disabilities. any isolation, exclusion, removal, restriction or preference against persons with disabilities, as well as evasion of creating conditions for accessing persons with disabilities to objects and services, is prohibited. 40 the article indicates the right of medical care “everyone has the right to protect health and qualified medical care. citizens of the republic of uzbekistan are entitled to receive a freely guaranteed volume of medical care, established by law and also including an ambulance and emergency medical care. the state takes the necessary measures to develop state, private and other health systems, ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being, and create conditions for the development of various forms of medical insurance. the state, in accordance with the principle of sustainable development, takes measures to improve, restore and protect the environment, maintain the environmental balance. the state takes the necessary measures to protect and restore the ecological system, sustainable social, economic development of the regional prison. ” and the note, article 40-1, gives the right to a favorable environment-“everyone has the right to a healthy and favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensate for the damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense.” 41 the article gives the right to education “everyone has the right to education. the state contributes to the development of preschool education and education. the state guarantees the right of each child to receive mandatory annual training for admission to the organization of general secondary education. the state guarantees the receipt of a general secondary education for free. general secondary education is mandatory. school business, preschool education and education are under the supervision of the state. for children with special educational needs and individual capabilities in educational organizations, inclusive education and education are organized. the state guarantees talented youth to a continuation of education, regardless of their financial situation. the state creates equal conditions for the development of state, private and other forms of educational institutions and organizations. the all -round strengthening of the status of teachers is the goal and responsible task of society and the state. it is not allowed to interfere with the professional activities of teachers, as well as obstructing the performance of their official duties. ” the note, article 41-1, also indicates the development of higher education-“everyone has the right on a competitive basis for free to receive higher education in state educational organizations. 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the highest educational and research organizations within the limits established by law have the right to self-government, academic freedom, as well as freedom of research and teaching. the state contributes to the development of science, the establishment of scientific relations with the world scientific community. ” article 42 additionally indicates the freedom of artistic creation “everyone is guaranteed the freedom of scientific, technical and artistic creativity, the right to use the achievements of culture. the state takes care of the cultural, scientific and technical development of society. ” and article 42-1 on the physical, spiritual and moral development of children-“the state creates the necessary conditions for the development of physical culture and sports, the spiritual and moral education of children and youth.” the new edition of article 43 of chapters x enshrines the rights and freedoms of man as the highest goal of the state “ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen the highest goal of the state. the state ensures the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, enshrined in the constitution and laws. each person has the right to protect his rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law. ” article 44 more widely disclosed issues of judicial protection “everyone is guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms, the right to appeal to the court of illegal decisions, actions and inaction of state bodies and other organizations, their officials. each person to restore his violated rights and freedoms has the right to consider his case in a reasonable time with a competent, independent and impartial court on the basis of the principles of equality, contest and justice. everyone has the right in accordance with the legislation and international treaties of the republic of uzbekistan to seek the protection of their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests to national and international institutions on human rights. ” article 45 indicates the rights of minors, disabled and lonely elderly citizens of the country “the rights of minors, disabled and lonely elderly are under the protection of the state. the state takes measures aimed at improving the quality of life of socially vulnerable categories of the population, creating conditions for him for equal to participation in public and state life with other citizens and expanding their capabilities to independently provide their basic life needs. ” the protection and saving of the spiritual heritage is indicated in article 49 of chapter xi. the responsibilities of citizens “citizens are obliged to protect the historical, spiritual and cultural heritage of the people of uzbekistan. the historical, spiritual, cultural and natural heritage is protected by the state. the state and society take care of the protection of national values, to ensure the continuity of the spiritual and cultural heritage of the people of uzbekistan. ” figure 52 indicates the debt of every citizen of the country to protect the state “loyalty to the motherland is sacred. protection of the republic of uzbekistan is the debt of every citizen of the republic of uzbekistan. citizens are obliged to carry a military or alternative service in the manner prescribed by law. ” i would like to note that changes to the laws of the country proceed from the needs and proposals of the population and are undoubtedly necessary for the further development of our state. as the head of our country said the president of the republic of uzbekitan sh.m. mirziyoev, "the current rapidly changing time requires us actions and changes that are consonant to him." 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: uzbekistan, 2023. 2. muratovich, l. c. m. a. (2022). objective principles of military patriotic education. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(7), 40-41. 3. muratovich, p.. m.. a.(2022). central asia at the end of the xviii—first half of the xix century. . gospodarka i innowacje., 20, 62-63. 4. mamadzhanov, a. m. (2021). patriotism-the basis of the formation of society. zien journal of social sciences and humanities, 3, 130-132. 5. мамаджанов, а. м., & султoнов, с. (2023). льготы военнослужащим и членам их семей. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 2(14), 156-164. 6. мамаджанов, а. м. (2023). изучение проблемы информационной безопасности в контексте национальной безопасности. miasto przyszłości, 36, 254-257. 7. мамаджанов, а. м. (2023). изучение проблемы информационной безопасности в контексте национальной безопасности. miasto przyszłości, 36, 254-257. 8. abdusalomov, u. s. (2023). defending the motherland is the obligation of every child. theory of scientific researches of whole world, 1(1), 6-9. 9. abdusalomov, u. s. (2023). defending the motherland is the obligation of every child. theory of scientific researches of whole world, 1(1), 6-9. 10. sattorovich, a. u. (2023). yoshlarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashning asosiy tamoillari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(20), 232-234. 52 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 direct application of the constitution the basis of a unified legal space throughout the country ikhtiyor bekov tashkent state university of law head of the department, doctor of law, professor annotation: ensuring the stability of the constitution and law is also an important factor in state and society management. it is well known that justice cannot be found in a society that does not have a stable constitution and law. ensuring the supremacy of the constitution is visible in the direct application of its norms. this article analyzes the positive aspects of direct application of constitutional norms. keywords: constitution, rule of law, fair society, direct application of norms. one of the main purposes of the constitution is the protection of human rights and freedoms and also its direct action and application throughout the country is one of the main conditions of a legal and democratic government. the direct application of the constitution provides the independent application of constitutional norms to the relations between the individual, society and the government. the direct effect of the basic law allows public administration authorities, public officials, the judiciary and citizens to directly apply constitutional norms in practice without the need for other laws or legal acts. in this regard, it is important that the new edition of article 15 of the draft of the constitution establishes the norm that “the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan has supreme legal force, direct action and forms the basis of a unified legal space throughout the country”. first of all, the direct action of the constitution implies that decisions are made by state authorities and their public officials, including the courts, directly applying the norms of the constitution in law enforcement practice. since constitutional norms, by their legal nature, primarily define the limits and limitations of government authority, which serves to prevent abuses of authority and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. in particular, ministries, khokimiyats, courts, prosecutor's offices, internal affairs authorities and other government authorities, public officials make decisions on a particular case or matter with reference to the norms established in the constitution. secondly, the principle provides for the direct use and observance of constitutional norms by citizens. this means that every citizen, in order to protect his rights and freedoms, can appeal directly to the authorities of the public administration and the courts to constitutional norms. at the same time, a court may apply constitutional norms directly, without the need for additional national legislation. the direct operation of the constitution protects citizens from unlawful acts of government authorities and their public officials. 53 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that is, this norm will further increase the possibility of fair and effective protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in case of their violation. citizens exercise their rights and freedoms in their daily lives by resorting to the norms established by the constitution. for example, according to the provision included in article 31 of the constitution, everyone has the right to privacy, to personal and family secrets and to protection of one's honor and dignity. when this right is violated, a citizen may have his right restored as provided by the constitution. thirdly, it can contribute to strengthening the legal culture in society. because citizens are eager to learn more about their constitutional rights and freedoms and try to protect them. the direct application of constitutional norms is a basic characteristic of the rule of law. this means that constitutional norms have a direct impact on the entire country and are binding on all. this contributes to the creation of a unified legal space throughout the country and ensures the protection of civil rights and freedoms. it should be noted that the system of direct action of the constitution should be aimed at protecting the direct application of the norms of fundamental law. we consider it advisable to take the following measures to ensure the direct operation of the constitution: 1. the development and enactment of laws that ensure the spirit of the constitution in practice. 2. creation of mechanisms to protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, including government and non-governmental organizations that assist citizens in protecting their rights. 3. improving an independent and competent judicial system that allows citizens to go to court to protect their constitutional rights. 4. ensuring the efficiency of justice, including the elimination of bureaucratic barriers and improving the quality of judicial decisions. 5. introducing a system of informing citizens about their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution to better protect their rights and legitimate interests. 6. creating conditions to ensure free access to information and freedom of speech, allowing citizens to more effectively exercise their constitutional rights and freedoms. 7. creation of a system of public control over the observance of constitutional norms and guarantees by public authorities and their officials, prevention of abuse of this power, and protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens. in general, ensuring the direct operation of the constitution requires a wide range of measures to protect and enforce constitutional norms, as well as the development of mechanisms to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. as a result of this rule, when we want to exercise any privilege or right in our daily lives, excuses from government officials that may “the procedure has not yet been developed” or “we have not been given instructions or orders from above” do not apply to the standards set forth in the constitution. that is, through this provision inserted into the constitution, the direct effect of constitutional norms is achieved, regardless of whether the procedure for their application is contained in separate legislative acts or not. in conclusion, every citizen relies on the constitution in his or her daily life to exercise and protect his or her rights. by enshrining the direct action of the constitution as a constitutional 54 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us principle, human and civil rights and freedoms can be better protected and the legal culture and democratic institutions can be strengthened. references 1. the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. 2. eshpulatova n. s. yangi o‟zbekistonning huquqiy poydevori //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 6. – с. 623-632. 3. сафарова хулкар совершенствование конституционно-правовых гарантий обеспечения права граждан на квалифицированное медицинское обслуживание в узбекистане // review of law sciences. 2020. №спецвыпуск. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovershenstvovanie-konstitutsionno-pravovyh-garantiyobespecheniya-prava-grazhdan-na-kvalifitsirovannoe-meditsinskoe-obsluzhivanie (дата обращения: 08.08.2023). 4. jakhongir b. issues of constitutional protection of individual rights to education in uzbekistan and developed countries //world bulletin of management and law. – 2022. – т. 12. – с. 126-129. 5. тикашева г. некоторые международные и национальные правовые нормы в сфере защиты прав детей //development and innovations in science. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 13. – с. 45-49. 6. hoshim ug„li m. f. prospects of introduction of privacy protection system in virtual space //e conference zone. – 2023. – с. 27-31. hoshim ug„li m. f. prospects of introduction of privacy protection system in virtual space //e conference zone. – 2023. – с. 27-31. 7. jakhongir b. issues of implementation of the rights of persons with limited freedom to receive higher education //world bulletin of management and law. – 2023. – т. 19. – с. 79-81. 8. аслонова л. сравнительно-правовой анализ закрепления права на науку в конституциях стран мира //общество и инновации. – 2023. – т. 4. – №. 1. – с. 186-195. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the origin of modern genres in internet journalism: the example of national journalism kaiipnazarova nargiza karakalpak state university abstract: with the rapid advancement of technology and the advent of the internet, journalism has undergone a transformative shift in recent years. the emergence of online platforms and social media has given rise to new genres of journalism, each with its own distinct characteristics and impact on the media landscape. this article focuses on the origin of modern genres in internet journalism, using national journalism as a case study. by examining the evolution of national journalism in the digital era, we aim to shed light on the factors that have shaped its development and explore the implications for the future of journalism. key words: modern genres, internet journalism, national journalism, origin, evolution, digital era, online platforms, social media, characteristics, immediacy, interactivity, multimedia integration, personalization introduction: in today's digital age, the internet has revolutionized the way news is produced, consumed, and disseminated. this transformation has led to the emergence of various genres of journalism, with national journalism being one of the most prominent. national journalism refers to news coverage that focuses on events, issues, and developments at the national level, catering to a specific country or region. this article explores the origins of modern genres in internet journalism by examining the case of national journalism. materials and discussion: evolution of national journalism: the rise of the internet has significantly impacted the practice of national journalism. traditional media outlets, such as newspapers and television networks, have expanded their online presence, while new digital-born platforms have emerged as influential players in the news ecosystem. these developments have influenced the way news is reported, distributed, and consumed, leading to the evolution of national journalism. [1;93] characteristics of modern genres in national journalism: the transformation of national journalism in the internet era has resulted in the emergence of distinct characteristics that differentiate it from its traditional counterparts (d.kamalova). these characteristics include immediacy, interactivity, multimedia integration, personalization, and citizen participation. the internet allows journalists to report news in real-time, engage with their audience through comments and social media, incorporate multimedia elements such as videos and interactive graphics, tailor content to individual preferences, and involve citizen journalists in the news production process [2;93]. impact of modern genres on journalism practice: the advent of modern genres in national journalism has had a profound impact on journalism practice. journalists now face the challenge of adapting their reporting style and techniques to suit the demands of the digital environment. the need for speed and constant updates has given rise to the phenomenon of live reporting, where 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us journalists provide real-time updates on events as they unfold. social media platforms have become valuable tools for news gathering, audience engagement, and source verification. additionally, the increasing role of citizen journalists has expanded the scope and diversity of news coverage, but it also raises questions regarding credibility and quality control [3;83]. implications for the future of journalism: the evolution of modern genres in national journalism presents both opportunities and challenges for the future of journalism. the immediacy and interactivity of the internet allow for greater audience engagement and participation in the news process, fostering a more democratic media landscape (j.marziyaev). however, the proliferation of misinformation and the blurring of lines between journalism and opinion pose significant challenges. journalists and media organizations must navigate these complexities while upholding journalistic principles such as accuracy, fairness, and accountability. [4;107] while this article has provided an overview of the origin of modern genres in internet journalism using national journalism as a case study, there are several avenues for future research that could further enhance our understanding of this dynamic field. some potential research directions include: a) comparative analysis: conducting a comparative analysis of national journalism across different countries or regions can offer insights into the variations in genre characteristics, audience engagement, and regulatory frameworks. such studies can shed light on the cultural, social, and political factors that shape the practice of national journalism in different contexts. b) audience perspectives: exploring the audience's perception and consumption patterns of national journalism in the digital age can provide valuable insights into how they engage with news content, their trust in different sources, and their preferences for specific genre characteristics. understanding audience perspectives can help journalists and media organizations tailor their content to better meet the needs and expectations of their target audience. c) ethical considerations: investigating the ethical implications of modern genres in internet journalism is crucial. this includes examining issues such as the responsible use of usergenerated content, ensuring privacy and consent in online journalism, and addressing the challenges associated with identifying and combating misinformation and disinformation. d) technological innovations: as technology continues to evolve, it is important to study the impact of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, on national journalism. research could focus on understanding how these technologies can be effectively integrated into news production, distribution, and audience engagement processes. e) long-term sustainability: the economic sustainability of national journalism in the internet era is a pressing concern. exploring innovative business models, revenue streams, and strategies for monetizing online news can help ensure the long-term viability of quality journalism and support the financial independence of media organizations. the emergence of modern genres in internet journalism also raises important policy and regulatory considerations. as the digital space becomes increasingly influential in shaping public opinion and disseminating information, governments and regulatory bodies are faced with the task of ensuring ethical standards, accuracy, and accountability in online journalism. some key considerations include: a) media literacy: promoting media literacy is crucial in helping individuals navigate the complex and rapidly evolving digital media environment. education initiatives should focus on equipping individuals with the skills to critically evaluate news sources, identify misinformation, and engage responsibly with online journalism. b) transparency and accountability: establishing guidelines and standards for transparency 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and accountability in online journalism can help build trust and credibility. this includes measures such as clear identification of news content, disclosure of potential conflicts of interest, and mechanisms for addressing public complaints and corrections. c) regulation of social media platforms: given the significant role of social media platforms in the dissemination of news, there is a need for effective regulation to address issues such as the spread of misinformation, algorithmic bias, and the responsibility of platforms in moderating content. balancing freedom of expression with the need to combat harmful or misleading information poses a challenge that requires careful consideration. [6;89] d) data privacy and security: as online journalism relies on the collection and analysis of user data, ensuring data privacy and security is paramount. regulations should safeguard personal information and address concerns related to data breaches, surveillance, and the ethical use of user data in journalistic practices. e) international collaboration: given the global nature of the internet, international collaboration is vital in addressing the challenges of modern genres in internet journalism. sharing best practices, collaborating on research, and developing global standards can contribute to a more cohesive and responsible journalism ecosystem. conclusion: the origin of modern genres in internet journalism, exemplified by national journalism, has revolutionized the media landscape. as we navigate the complexities of this digital era, policymakers, regulatory bodies, journalists, and society at large must work together to ensure the responsible and ethical practice of online journalism. by addressing policy and regulatory considerations, promoting media literacy, and fostering collaboration, we can strive for a vibrant and trustworthy journalism ecosystem that serves the public interest in the digital age. references: 1. singer, j. b., hermida, a., domingo, d., heinonen, a., paulussen, s., quandt, t., & reich, z. (2011). participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond: an international comparative study of initiatives in online newspapers. journalism practice, 5(3) 2. marziyaev j.k. use of information genres in the print of karakalpakstan // science and education in karakalpakstan. – нукус. 2022. №3/2 (27). – p. 205-208. https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022-3-2%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%8b.pdf 3. thurman, n., & newman, n. (2014). the future of breaking news online? a study of live blogs through surveys of their consumption, and of readers' attitudes and participation. journalism studies, 15(5) 4. domingo, d., quandt, t., heinonen, a., paulussen, s., singer, j. b., & vujnovic, m. (2008). participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond: an international comparative study. journalism practice, 2(3) 5. nielsen, r. k., fletcher, r., kalogeropoulos, a., levy, d. a., & kleis nielsen, r. (2016). the changing business of journalism and its implications for democracy. reuters institute for the study of journalism, university of oxford. 6. hanusch, f. (2013). journalism ethics at the crossroads: democracy, trust, and the news crisis. routledge. 7. picard, r. g. (2014). the economics and financing of media companies. columbia university press. 8. марзияев ж.к. экологик журналистиканинг назарий-методологик асослари // ўзбекистонда хорижий тиллар. (fledu.uz). – тошкент. 2018. №4(23). – б. 257-262. https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022-3-2-%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%8b.pdf https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022-3-2-%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%8b.pdf 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. marziyaev j.k. scope of coverage of the theme of ecology and issues of skills in the press of karakalpakstan // science and education in karakalpakstan. – нукус. 2023. №1/1. – p. 231-239. https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2023-1-1%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%8b-last1.pdf 10. kamalova d. e. chronotope and its role in the composition of the work (on the example of karakalpak literature). international scientific journal theoretical and applied science. – philadelphia, 09 (113), 105-109. soi: http://so-i.org/1.1/tas-09-113-19 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2022.09.113.19 11. камалова д. э. баспасөзде новелланың жанрлық өзгешелиги (жанровые особенности новеллы в прессе) [genre features of the novel in print] / д. э. камалова // материалы республиканское научно-практической конференции. – нукус. наука. 2019. – с. 1821. 12. камалова д. е. роль художественной детали в композиции произведения (на примере каракалпакской литературы) // донецкие чтения 2022: образование, наука, инновации, культура и взывы современности: материалы vii международной научной конференции.донецк: изд–во донну, 2022. с. 194197. http://science.donnu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/dch_2022-tom-4-filologicheskienauki-chast-2.pdf 13. kamalova d. shoir tolibay qabulov she’rlariga yozilgan musiqalar //journal of research and innovation. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 7. – с. 53-58. https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2023-1-1-%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%8b-last1.pdf https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2023-1-1-%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%8b-last1.pdf https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2022.09.113.19 http://science.donnu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/dch_2022-tom-4-filologicheskie-nauki-chast-2.pdf http://science.donnu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/dch_2022-tom-4-filologicheskie-nauki-chast-2.pdf 232 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 features of working with gifted children in primary school omirbaeva g.zh. 3rd year student of the department practical psychology, faculty of art history, karakalpak state university named after berdakh scientific supervisor n.v. pirniyazova associate professor of the department of pedagogy and psychology karakalpak state university named after berdakh abstract: the article provides an analysis of the forms and methods of working with gifted children in elementary school. the importance and competence of working with gifted children is noted. key words: competence, formation, development, primary school, teacher, student, giftedness, form, method primary school age is a period of absorption, accumulation and assimilation of knowledge, which means that the most important problem of our society is the preservation and development of giftedness. the primary task of a primary school teacher is to promote the development of each individual. therefore, it is important to establish the level of abilities and their diversity in our children, but it is equally important to be able to correctly carry out their development. gifted children clearly demonstrate the need for research and search activity this is one of the conditions that allows students to immerse themselves in the creative learning process and fosters in them a thirst for knowledge, a desire for discovery, active mental work, and selfknowledge. in the educational process, the development of a gifted child should be considered as the development of his internal activity potential, the ability to be an author, a creator, an active creator of his life, be able to set a goal, look for ways to achieve it, be capable of free choice and responsibility for it, and make the most of his abilities. [4, p.57] that is why the methods and forms of the teacher’s work should contribute to solving the designated task. for this category of children, the preferred working methods are: -research; -partially search; -problem; -projective; forms of work: classroom work (work in pairs, small groups), multi-level tasks, creative tasks; consultation on the problem that has arisen; discussion; games. very important: -subject olympiads; -intellectual marathons; -various competitions and quizzes; -verbal games and fun; -projects on various topics; -role-playing games; individual creative tasks. the system of working with gifted children includes the following components: • identification of gifted children; • development of creative abilities in the classroom; • development of abilities in extracurricular activities (olympiads, competitions, individual work); 233 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us • creating conditions for the comprehensive development of gifted children. the teacher begins working with gifted students by diagnosing giftedness. observation of schoolchildren is carried out during class and extracurricular activities. it allows you to identify the inclinations, abilities and interests of students. the teacher should also rely on the research of a school psychologist who uses methods to determine the level of intellectual development and creative inclinations of schoolchildren. it should be noted that important in working with gifted children is not only timely diagnosis and selection, but also ensuring their further development. the success of working with them largely depends on how work with this category of students is organized. at this stage, classroom and extracurricular work is structured in such a way that the child can demonstrate his capabilities in a variety of areas of activity, and is aimed at developing the creative and cognitive abilities of students. the main task of the teacher is to structure the entire educational process and its psychological support in such a way as to take into account any individual characteristics of children, support the child and develop his abilities, and prepare the ground for these abilities to be realized. the teacher must remember that no two children are alike: each has something of their own, something that sets them apart from the crowd and makes them unique. for one, this is the ability to quickly and without errors solve mathematical problems, for another, the ability to draw, for a third, golden hands, for a fourth, a predisposition to sports success, for a fifth, organizational skills. in a word, our attention to gifted children should organically fit into the image of the world of any child and be completely natural for him. [6, p.137] when raising a gifted child, it is necessary that curiosity develops in time into a love of knowledge ―curiosity‖, and the latter into a stable ―cognitive need‖. the ability to see a problem where others do not see any difficulties, where everything seems clear, is one of the most important qualities that distinguishes a true creator from a mediocre person. one of the leading qualities characteristic of a gifted child is hypersensitivity to problems. [5, p.19] taking into account the psychological characteristics of gifted children, a situation of cognitive difficulty should always be created in school classes, in which younger schoolchildren are faced with the need to independently use one or more mental operations to study a new topic: analysis, synthesis, comparison, analogy, generalization. this technology makes it possible to organize active independent activity of students, resulting in the creative acquisition of knowledge, abilities, skills and the development of thinking abilities. individual differences in gifted people are found mainly in the direction of their interests. some people, for example, focus on mathematics, others on history, and others on social work. further development of abilities occurs in specific activities. one of the forms of work with gifted children is the research activity of students, which contributes to the formation of consciousness, self-awareness and individuality of a person, as well as the formation of motivation to acquire new knowledge. by taking part in a school scientific and practical conference, students have the opportunity to demonstrate not only their intellectual abilities, but also the ability to competently present their work, speak in front of an audience, and defend their point of view. lessons on the surrounding world, the russian language, mathematics, literary reading, art, music, technology help to maximize the differentiation of learning, an individual approach, using different methods of work: observation, experiment, research, working with scientific literature, with dictionaries. much attention in classes is paid to discussion of various situations, group discussions, creative self-expression, self-testing and group testing. research lessons make it 234 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us possible to solve serious problematic issues and research tasks, and a child’s craving for ―secrets‖ turns him into a ―researcher.‖ the success of completing such tasks creates ―intellectual‖ joy and positive emotions. in order to support interest in the subject and develop the natural inclinations of students, creative tasks, entertaining experiments, materials and tasks in mathematics, the environment, the russian language, and advanced literature are used. contests, quizzes, intellectual games, competitions, ―brainstorming‖, ―blitz-tournaments‖ are held, logic search tasks and non-standard tasks are used, where everyone can show their abilities. one of the forms of work with gifted children in schools in nukus is design. the project method represents a method of teaching that can be described as ―learning by doing,‖ when the student is directly involved in the active cognitive process, independently formulates an educational problem, collects the necessary information, plans possible solutions to the problem, draws conclusions, and analyzes his or her activities. , forming new knowledge ―brick by brick‖ and acquiring new educational life experience. this method is used at various stages of training when working with students and when working with material of varying complexity. the method adapts to the characteristics of almost every academic subject and in this aspect bears the features of universality. one of the forms of working with gifted children is their participation in quizzes and olympiads. competitions and conferences at various levels for students are called ―the start into science, into life,‖ and preparation for this very start should begin in elementary school. fundamentally significant in organizing the educational process with gifted students is the use of information and communication technologies at all stages of the learning process: when learning new material, consolidating, repeating, monitoring. these technologies have become widespread in primary schools and are successfully used in all academic subjects. all of the above is just a brief description of the methods and techniques of working with gifted children. of course, working with gifted children is difficult, but it is rich in developmental ideas not only for students, but also for teachers and parents. properly organized and systematically carried out activities for the development of giftedness develop in students the desire for intellectual self-improvement and self-development, develop creative abilities, and skills in design and research activities. it is important that work with gifted children revitalizes and supports a sense of independence, courage in deviating from the generally accepted pattern, and searching for a new way of solving. references: 1. волков и.п. много ли в школе талантов. — м., 1989.56 с. 2. гильбух ю.з. внимание: одаренные дети. — м., 1991. – 79 с. 3. платонов к.к. краткий словарь системы психологических понятий: м.1984 – 171 с. 4. лейтес н.с. умственные способности и возраст. — м., 1971. – 279 с. 5. матюшкин a. m. загадки одаренности. м.,1992.127 с. 6. одаренные дети. под ред. г.в. бурменской и в.м. слуцкого. — м., 1991. – 376 с. 7. савенков а.и. одарѐнный ребѐнок дома и в школе. – д. б. богоявленская пути к творчеству. — м., 1981. -89 с. 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 information about arrays and working with arrays in the c# programming language saidqulova rano shodiyor qizi 1st-grade student of computer science and programming technologies (by majors) at the "applied mathematics" faculty of the national university of uzbekistan, jizzakh . annotation: this article is written to provideall students withcomplete information about arrays, tohelpthemunderstandhow to work withthemin the c# programming language, and togetthemmore interested in the subject. keywords: arrays, one-dimensional arrays, multi-dimensional arrays, faceted arrays, dynamic and static arrays, working with arrays in c# programming language. the c# programming language requires the use of computer memory for multiple values using a single variable to perform operations on multiple values in a single variable, the given data must belong to the same type in the c# programming language, multiple values are stored in a single variable. the c# programming language uses array types to store multiple values in a single variable. in programming languages, data in the form of a list or table is called an array. the word array means size, measurement. the elements of an array all belong to the same type, are called by the same name, and differ from each other by number (index). now, let's get acquainted with the data structures in a program. there are two main types of data structures in a program. one is static and the other is dynamic. static means a structure that does not change its position in memory and is given at the beginning of the program. a static array is an array whose number of elements is known in advance and initialized (fixed value). dynamic data types can be changed in size and memory during the program. the number of elements in a dynamic array is known in advance and does not need to be initialized (set to a value). the disadvantage of static arrays is that they waste memory if the size is set too large in advance, leaving most of it unnecessary. to solve this problem, c# declares arrays dynamically. arrays are the most commonly used data type in programming. an array is a sequence of variables of the same type in memory; to specify a single variable, enter the name of the array and the index of the desired variable. interpretation: anorderedset ofdata belonging to one type and storedunderonename is called an array. arrays are stored in computer memory in a single variable, and their elements are sorted by a specific index. arrays can hold multiple values under a single name, an example of which is a 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mathematical vector. vectors are also stored under a single name, and their composition can contain multiple values. the elements of a vector belong to the same type and are ordered. the table below shows the difference between static and dynamic arrays. static arrays dynamic arrays one-dimensional arrays arrays are usually needed when solving problems involving a large number of ordered, but finite, elements. during the use of the program, the array must have a specific name and its elements must be of a specific type. one-dimensional arrays are stored in computer memory in the following form multidimensional arrays contains multiple rows of data, so its index is a pair of numbers that identify the row and identify the column. such an array is often referred to as a rectangular array, because it takes the shape of a rectangle when schematically represented. consider multidimensional arrays as 2-dimensional arrays we can think of one-dimensional arrays as a single horizontal array, for example: int[] nums1 = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; this is a visual representation of the array the result 0 1 ●static arrays are allocated memory at compile time ●the size of the static array is fixed (in advance). ●it is located in the stack memory area. ●int array[10]; // 10 size array ●dynamic array allocates memory located at runtime. ●the size of the dynamic array is fixed (at runtime). ●it is located in the heap memory area. ●int* array = new int[10]; 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2 3 4 now let's look at an example of a two-dimensional array: int[,] nums2 = { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } }; visually, it is massive: the result 0 1 2 3 4 5 square brackets are used to declare multidimensional arrays, ie [,] for a two-dimensional array, [,,] for a three-dimensional array, and so on. int[,] arr2d; // a two-dimensional array int[,,] arr3d; // a three-dimensional array int[,,,] arr4d; // a four-dimensional array int[,,,,] arr5d; // a five-dimensional array edge array. this is an array consisting of subarrays (subarrays may be of any size). the array contains elements. the maximum number of elements the array can hold is its size. the position of an element in the array is called its index. the elements of an array are referenced by their indices. an integer is the index of the array. in other words, no two arrays have the same name. its name must not duplicate the name of a previously declared ordinary variable. conclusion it is no secret that not only uzbeks, but the whole world is interested in programming, and the development of the it industry is important for the country's economy. today, an efficient economy, quality education, and modern and innovative production processes are inconceivable without ict. in this context, one of the key directions of digital development is the training of it specialists, who are in demand in almost all sectors of the economy. one of the priority conditions 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is to establish a comprehensive system for the continuous development of it personnel within the framework of schooling, secondary special education, and higher education. because of the importance of building a quality educational infrastructure to develop competent personnel in all fields, a number of initiatives aimed at supporting it education have been implemented in our country. as a result, there is currently a great deal of interest in creating a quality infrastructure in the training of qualified personnel. there is a need to prepare books, articles, and other it-related papers in uzbek in a form that young people can understand. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. s.eshtemirov va f.m.nazarov “algoritm va dasturlash asoslari” 2. sh.f.madraximov va s.m. gaynazarov "c++tilida programmalash asoslari" 3. pro c# 8 with .net core 3 4. “c# 7.0 справочник” джозеф аобахари и бен албахари 184 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods of ensuring legal consequences arising from non-fulfillment of contractual terms in the countries of the romano-germanic legal family alijonov ayubjon qobiljon o`g`li lecturer of tashkent state university of law abstract: article devoted to the comparative legal analysis of the legal consequences arising from non-compliance with the terms of the contract in the countries of the romano-german and anglo-saxon legal system. keywords: contract, essential terms, civil liability, legality, offer, acceptance. the main role of the regulator of contractual relations in foreign countries of different legal families related to codified and non-codified private law (romano-germanic and anglo-saxon) belongs to official law, mainly contracts such as construction, supply of goods, service. represented by standard contracts developed by professional associations in the abovementioned fields. formal law, which is not recognized as a law, by its very meaning, is of particular importance in regulating contractual relations, mainly in relation to construction contracts, because it summarizes the most important contractual and judicial practices. in many romano-germanic countries, customers and contractors are governed by civil law when concluding contractual agreements, fulfilling contractual terms, and canceling them. civil codes of france, germany, spain, italy, the netherlands, the russian federation, georgia, the republic of belarus, etc. are examples of this. the contract law of the romano-germanic countries differs from one another. for example, section 651a of the german civil code covers contracts for tourist services, and in such contracts, the service provider is usually obliged to fulfill the transport obligations under the contract. according to article 779 of the russian civil code, the contract regulating tourist services is not related to contractual-legal relations, but belongs to the category of civil-legal agreements on the provision of paid services. that is, the fulfillment of a number of obligations in tourist contractual relations is carried out through other contracts. the civil code of georgia also contains provisions regulating general provisions on contractuallegal relations, which do not provide for their classification into separate types 1 . 1 civil code of georgia dated june 26, 1997. no. 786-iis. [electronic resource]. the mode is available at : www.jguard.ru/images/attaches/235/gk_georgia.txt/ . ( date of application : 28.04.2021 ) . 185 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the same position is noted by the legislation of many other countries, in particular, in bulgaria, the law "on contracts and obligations" adopted in 1950 can be cited as an example 2 . in the section of the civil code of the czech republic no. 89/2012 on general provisions on contractual legal relations, the methods of securing contracts and the consequences arising from their non-fulfillment are defined 3 . in the austrian civil code, the provisions on contracts are regulated in the twenty-sixth section "on service contracts". in this section, general provisions on contracts are provided 4 . from a legal point of view, contracts in all countries belonging to the romano-germanic legal family are divided into consensual and synallagmatic contracts 5 . according to the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, contracts are divided into one-sided and two-sided, paid and free, and real and consensual types 6 . a consensual contract is a contract in which the agreements of the parties are sufficient, and rights and obligations are formed after reaching an agreement on the entire conglomerate of conditions. the terms "reciprocity" or "synallagmatic" are used in relation to the "unilateral" and "bilateral" constructions of the contract, emphasizing that contractual relations depend on the distribution of rights and obligations between the parties. analyzing the normative legal documents of the civil law of the continental law countries allows to note that in many countries belonging to this family there are specific forms of various contracts and its compensatory nature is generalized. in the countries of the romano-germanic legal system, the legal consequences arising from the violation of the terms of the contract are not limited to measures of contractual liability. it is used in a broader sense, in addition to compensation and compensation for damages, including, in particular, suspension of the contract, non-performance by the creditor of the services specified in the contract, reduction or increase of prices by the creditor in connection with the nonperformance of contractual obligations by the debtor, and annual interest is unique in that it provides rights to the creditor, such as free assignment of accounts. unlike the romano-german legal system, in the anglo-saxon system, the issue of contractual liability is broader and is not limited to the compensation of damages caused by the contract or the application of a penalty, but also the violation of the contractual obligation and the use of legal remedies in this regard. it is emphasized that the possibility should also be taken into account. it is reflected in the united nations vienna convention on the international sale of goods 7 , the unidrua principles of international commercial contracts 8 , as well as the european contract law principles . 9 2 law of bulgaria "ob obyazatelstvax i dogovorax v bulgaria" ot 1950 g. ii [electronic resource]. the regime is available at : www.gsi.bg/print/print_st/1535/ ( date of application : 28.04.2021 ). 3 zakharkiv o.v. dogovor podryada v zarubejnyx stranax // otechestvennaya jurisprudence. – 2017. no. 7. – p.24-27. 4 general civil code austria 1811 allgemeines burgleches gesetzbuch / per. s wet. maslov s. s. m.: infotropic media, 2011. – p.37. 5 braginsky m.i., vitryansky v.v. dogovornoe pravo: obshchie pologeniya (po izd. 1997 g.). m., 2017. – 847 p. 6 https://sinref.ru/000_uchebniki/04000pravo_uzbekistan/009_asbuka_fermera_zakon_o_selskom_hozaist ve_2011/012.htm 7 https://lex.uz/docs/2634626 8 https://nrm.uz/contentf?doc=50687_principy_mejdunarodnyh_kommercheskih_dogovorov_(principy_un idrua)_(1994_g_)&products=1_vse_zakonodatelstvo_uzbekistana 186 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to german law, the scope of application of the provisions of legal consequences arising from non-performance of the contract is not limited to the relations regulated by the german civil code. they differ in that they are regulated in the german commercial code as well as in special laws. in addition, these rules apply not only in the field of the law of obligations, but also in the field of corporate law 10 . in this regard, d. medicus came to the conclusion that the provisions on the compensation of damages under the contract, in fact, should not be regulated in the general part of the laws on obligations, but in the general provisions of the german civil code or even by a separate general law. similar rules exist in the anglo-saxon legal system, which distinguishes between the concepts of liability under the contract and damages under the contract. according to a. komarov, "if in the first case the offense was committed (in the form of a contract or offense (delict)) and the type of damage (physical, material, moral) is determined, in the second case the amount of the damage, the legal possibility of its compensation, as well as this the amount of monetary compensation for damage will be determined" puts forward the opinion 11 . in relation to the opinion of a. komarov mentioned above, it can be said that in the countries of the anglo-saxon legal system, the legal consequences arising from the work not performed under the contract do not cause direct liability, first of all, the concepts of liability and damage under the contract are clarified. it is permissible to dwell on the legal consequences of the republic of uzbekistan, which is a part of the romano-german legal family, arising from non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract. as legal consequences of non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract in uzbekistan, civil-legal liability (compensation of damages, bailment, retention, surety, guarantee, zakalat), administrative liability of officials (code of administrative offences of the republic of uzbekistan 175, 176 1 , 176 2 , articles 212 and 214) and criminal liability (articles 175, 181, 186 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan). in the contractual practice of legal entities, there are situations in which the buyer does not make timely or complete payment to the seller for the goods delivered under the sales contract, the product supplier does not deliver the product within the terms specified in the contract, the contractor does not perform the construction works under the contract does not perform on time, the customer is late in handing over advertising materials to the executor, the service provider does not provide full service according to the contract, etc. the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan (uzb. res. fk) serves as a basis for determining that one of the parties did not fulfill their obligations or did not fulfill them properly. liability for non-performance or improper performance of obligations under the contract concluded between the parties has two forms. that is, firstly, contractually and secondly, in the form of breach of non-contractual obligations. the concepts of non-fulfilment or inadequate fulfillment of obligations are different from each other. non-performance is defined as non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract (for example, nonpayment of the full contract fee or refusal to pay for the delivered goods or refusal to provide services, work, etc.). 9 https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=30514349 10 belov v.a. civil law. obshchaya i osobennaya chasti. textbook. m.: "center yurinfor ". 2003. p. 2402. c. _ 875. 11 komarov a.s. otvetstvennost v kommercheskom oborote. m.: law . lit. 1991. s. 38. 187 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inadequate fulfillment means non-compliance with contractual terms and legal requirements, and in the absence of such terms and requirements, business practices or other requirements that are usually imposed. examples of this include non-payment in full, delivery of goods of poor quality and inconsistent assortment, performance of work and provision of services in a smaller volume than stipulated in the contract. distinguishing the mentioned differences is important for determining the essence of applying the institution of penalty as a measure of property liability provided for in civil law, which is one of the methods of ensuring legal consequences arising from non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract. according to part 1 of article 260 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, the amount of money that the debtor must pay to the creditor in case of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the obligation established by law or contract is considered non-payment. the following basic requirements are imposed on penalty:  the creditor shall not be obliged to prove the damage caused to him, the amount of the damage and the amount of unearned income. in contrast, under the anglo-saxon legal system, the creditor has to prove the amount of contractual damages and lost profits. this is one of the differences between the legal consequences of non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract in the two legal systems.  uzb. res. according to article 262 of the fc, the agreement on penalty must be made in writing. only in such a case the injured party (creditor) has the right to demand payment of the default. the reason is uzb. res. it follows from the requirement of the provision in article 115 of the fc "failure to comply with the written form of the agreement is the reason for its invalidity";  with penalty, only real demand is provided. in other words, if uzb. res. if there is no reason for the occurrence of the default provided for in article 260 of the cc, it is not possible to demand its payment by the creditor. therefore, in order to apply penalty, there must be a fact of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations by the debtor; it follows from the requirements of articles 260 and 263 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan that penalty can be provided for in the agreement of the parties, that is, contractual penalty or the law (legal penalty). uzb. res. according to the first part of article 261 of the fc, the penalty is in the form of a fine or surcharge. there are several differences between a fine and a penalty, which are considered forms of surcharge, and these differences are as follows: firstly, according to the basis of application: a fine is paid in cases of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations, and a surcharge is paid in cases of non-fulfillment (missing the deadlines for fulfilling obligations); secondly, according to the method of calculation: the fine, as a rule, is in a fixed amount of money, and the surcharge is calculated as a percentage of the unfulfilled part of the obligation for each day of the missed period. it is also worth noting that according to article 326 of the fc of the republic of uzbekistan, the court can reduce the amount of penalty in the following cases:  if the penalty to be paid is disproportionate to the consequences of breaching the creditor's obligation. 188 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the extent to which the debtor fulfilled the obligation, the property status of the parties participating in the obligation, as well as the interests of the creditor should be taken into account. as mentioned above, in addition to the measure (method) of securing obligations, penalty is also a measure of material liability. uzb. res. part 1 of article 324 of the civil code states that "the debtor must pay the damage caused to the creditor due to non-performance or improper performance of the obligation." in accordance with part 2 of article 14 of the fc, damage means expenses incurred or to be incurred by a person whose rights have been violated to restore the violated right, loss or damage to his property (actual damage), as well as if this person has not violated his rights. incomes that could have been received in the normal course of civil affairs, but could not be received (lost profits) are considered. based on this norm, it can be noted that recovery of damages is a general form of responsibility for contractual obligations and a universal method of protecting citizens' rights. therefore, the need to determine the difference between penalty and damages as a legal consequence arising from non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract, as a measure of material liability, as well as to protect the rights of citizens, requires the need to determine the mutual ratio of penalty and damages. the mutual ratio of penalty and damage is defined in article 325 of the civil code, according to which "if penalty is established for non-fulfilment or improper performance of an obligation, the part of the damage not covered by penalty shall be paid. from the above, it can be concluded that the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan and the current practice of determining contractual penalties do not prohibit the parties to the contract from dispositive, that is, the method of regulating the order and amounts of fines and surcharge according to their wishes. in such cases, the party whose right has been violated has the right to independently make a decision on the recovery of penalty. references 1. principles of european contract law. part i and ii. prepared by the commission on european contract law. edited by o. lando and h. beale // kluwer law int., the hague, 2000. r. 456. 2. plate j. das gesamte examsrelevant zivilrecht , berlin, heidelberg, springer, 2015, 201 p. 3. shapp ya. sistema germanskogo grajdanskogo prava: ucheb. m.: mejdunar . relationship, 2006. 360 p. 4. braginsky m.i., vitryansky v.v. dogovornoe pravo: obshchie pologeniya (po izd. 1997 g.). m., 2017. – 847 p. 5. alijonov,a. (2022). mechanism for implementation of civil responsibility of the state in legal guarantees of entrepreneurs' rights. eurasian journal of law , finance oath applied sciences , 2(13), 178-185. 6. qobiljon ogli, aa (2022). privileges for investment activities and investors, experience of national and foreign countries. web of scientist : international scientific research journal , 3(12), 949-959. 7. qobiljon o’g’li, aa (2021). the concept, types and licensing procedures of activities that must be licensed in international investment law. international journal of development and public policy, 1(6), 188–193. retrieved from https://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdpp/article/view/722 189 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. alijonov,a.(2021). decisions (compendiums) of international organizations as a source of international investment law. zbírnik scientist prats scientia. 9. shokhijakhon, f. (2021). international practice of the regulation of foreign investments – a comparative study of uzbekistan and some developed countries legislation on investment. збірник наукових праць scientia. вилучено із 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 communicative games in foreign language lessons mastura mamashayeva senior teacher, namangan state university abstract: this article is about the communicative games and their importance in foreign language teaching. keywords: communication, learning, social activities, motivation, foreign language teaching, communicative games, reproductive productive speech, communication skills. communication is one of the most important methods practiced in foreign language lessons. i believe that games can have a very activating effect and can also give the lesson the feeling that it is not about boring language learning, but about something that is completely normal but at the same time very important a language. and using songs to create an active and joyful learning atmosphere, to ensure cognitive, pragmatic and effective learning and to expand the learners' communication and intercultural competence. interest and motivation make a significant contribution to successful learning. we can provide this motivation for learning foreign language by using games with songs. games in general games are older than human culture. they have even been recorded before the law. “since the early days of humanity, play has not been a child's activity, but rather a cultural activity for adults. until modern times, adults have invented games to challenge their minds and intellect and to enrich their social activities. it was only in the second half of our century that adults' play instincts were socially suppressed. in pedagogy, games were suddenly assigned solely to children.” some experts view games as “the ultimate gateway to today’s educational concerns.” when emotional intelligence is combined with play, play has possibilities like no other medium. this promotes “emotional, action-oriented, social and intellectual skills”. offering games is certainly one way to make lessons more interesting. “if exercises can also be games, why shouldn’t one make lessons more motivating, freer and friendlier?” (spier 1981: viii) the boundary between games and other tasks and forms of work in foreign language teaching cannot be clearly drawn another reason may be that much of learning a new language seems like a game in anticipation of future communication. “the other reason for the impossibility of precisely distinguishing between games and other forms of exercise lies in the vagueness of the term “game” itself. everyone knows how to call games, but no definition, whatever, fits everything that is undoubtedly called a game “(spier 1981: viiif.) what is a game, what is the definition anyway? three different statements about the term “game” are presented here to show how different authors define the game. the authors try to give a scientific answer. “the game is a sequence of activities involving at least two people, whose behavior is partly determined by explicit rules set or to be set. those who try to achieve a target state that is known and defined by everyone, which they can only achieve through exchange activities in which at 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us least some central objects are used which are substitutes for other objects (...)." (behme 1992: 11) according to h. retter playing is “a multi-perspective action system.” (behme 1992: 11) “free, spontaneous lessons with the aim of having a conversation can also be viewed as part of the didactic game. for h. rettner, the learning game is also an attempt at a targeted combination of motivating game life and learning-effective content. (behme 1992: 11) games develop communication skills, can be used to develop all four skills and sometimes develop specific skills. in my article i will explain the role of communicative games in foreign language lessons. but first i would like to mention communication. “what is communication anyway? “. here you can find a correct and sensible answer to this question. “communication” means “to share, communicate, participate; do together, unite”. in this original meaning, “doing together”, “letting participate” means a social act by living beings or people. on the surface, the definition of communication sounds very simple: communication is the exchange of information using language or signs between a sender and one or more recipients. however, since the means of information transmission as well as the sender and receiver are unpredictable variables, interpersonal interaction is prone to disruptions and errors, which makes it highly complex. there are two types of games educational games and communicative games. it is necessary to distinguish educational games from communicative games. both types of games should have a permanent place as practice procedures in foreign language lessons. they are clearly distinguished by their goals, functions and didactic locations. learning games: 1. linguistic partial learning objectives: words, structures, sentences, syllables, letters. 2. strongly controlled communication. 3. practice linguistic means. 4. imitative reproducing speech behavior. 5. learning, material-oriented. 6. more teacher-centered. 7. more control. 8. controllable, plannable. 9. simple, linear tasks. 10. solutions: limited. communicative games: 1. combinations of learning goals, communicative goals, extra-linguistic goals. 2. opportunity for free communication. 3. use linguistic means. 4. reproductive productive speech behavior. 5. task, problem oriented. 6. more independent, experiential learning. 7. not fully plannable and controllable. 8. more complex, branching tasks. 9. more learner-centered. 10. solutions: open, individual. (lohfert, 1993, pp.12-14) however, these two types can only be clearly distinguished from one another theoretically. whether a game is an educational game or a communicative game depends on the language skills and learning styles of the learners, especially at the elementary level. communication games – talk to each other and have fun. do you find it difficult to get in touch with other people you don't know? then they feel like a large number of people in abroad. starting a new job, changing schools or simply going to a party where you don't know anyone there are many moments in life where communication games are a good way to find a first basis. even though children generally have fewer problems than adults in approaching others, communication games can still prevent small groups from forming in kindergarten or in children's groups and quiet children from having problems finding connections. in elementary school or even high school, communication skills are often a little difficult. young people in particular often don't know how to interact with others. if you don't take the first step, you may miss the connection. teachers and educators are required to guide children and young people and thus promote and improve communication skills. working with children can be used in lessons to make students aware of the topic of communication. finally, in class, students have the opportunity to practice interacting with one another under supervision. 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us communication games for adults communication games for adults are used just as often as for children. non-verbal communication is just as important as verbal communication. seminars, events or training for employees – companies in particular use communication games for adults. the goal is to show employees and group participants that the best way to deal with each other and achieve success is through communication. communicative games can be of very different nature. they are available as:  role-playing games  interaction games  board games  board games  language games or word games  card games  group games the communicative games primarily include: role-playing games and simulations promote communication, so we can call them communicative games. role-playing games are based on a story. each player plays a role and experiences a situation, a character of a selected person/situation. these games are based on interaction between students. the teacher has free choice about the role plays. after all, there are so many stories he can use in class. three possible role-playing games are briefly presented below. make a phone call the class is divided into two groups (a and b). both groups receive playing cards. the “a group” receives their “a role-playing card” and group b receives their playing card. each group comes up with their own sayings for the conversation they received. afterwards, “student a” and “student b” always talk to each other on the phone. so one person from the “a group” and one from the “b group” have a telephone conversation. the rest of the students play their version. if we want to make the conversation more colorful, we use several different role cards. it would also be possible to give the students the freedom to do this entirely on their own and only help with the selection of the topic or offer a few means of speaking. tv interview there are many themes in this role-playing game. interviews are conducted in groups of four to six people about the “ideal class”, the “ideal trip” or the “ideal family”. each group is interviewed by a different person. each student can change their identity as they wish. students can also hold interviews in the form of talk shows. the “viewers” then of course have the opportunity to ask questions. in the next chapter i would like to mention the specific games that support communication. i think it is practical if the teacher discovers the game and immediately knows whether he can use it in frontal lessons or in group lessons. for this practical requirement, i divide the games according to social forms. in this article i dealt with the games that are of great importance in the development of communication for foreign language teaching. play us as a didactically beneficial material with which you can achieve linguistic, regional and grammatical goals, among other things. 28 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with the help of games you can teach, consolidate, repeat and even expand. if you want to work effectively with games, it is important to set a goal. only then can you start teaching. editing games can also have a positive impact on the development of general communication. in addition, the use of instrumental works in lessons can also teach a specific vocabulary that enables learners to speak about music at a high professional level. finally, i am convinced that games not only positively influence and enrich communication, but are an inevitable part of a teacher's work. literature 1. behme, h. miteinander reden lernen. sprechspiele im unterricht. münchen: iudicium verlag, 1988. 222 s. isbn 3-89-129-104-3. 2. dahlhaus, barbara:fertigkeit hören. fernstudienheit 5. berlin: langenscheidt, 1994. 3. spitzer, m., 2007: musik im kopf. hören, musizieren, verstehen und erleben im neuronalen netzwerk. stutgart: schattauer. 4. sprado, heidrun (2009): spielerische übungen zu den fertigkeiten: hören. lesen. sprechen und schreiben. hamburg. url: 5. siroklina, darja. musik im fremdsprachenunterricht. 207 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of logical thinking in primary grades ibrohimova mohichehra furqat qizi doctoral student of bukhara state university annotation: this article discusses the use of digital technologies in the development of logical thinking in elementary grades. to develop the worldview and logical thinking of primary school students, it was thought about working with different types of assignments. keywords: logical thinking, digital technology, logic, logicality, logical assignment, primary education. news, new technologies, and modern educational technologies are increasingly appearing in various forms in the modern day-to-day modernizing and developing era. it is no exaggeration to say that computers, phones, laptops and similar gadgets have found their place in almost all regions of the world. it was at this time that these items found their place for schoolchildren, teachers, university students and even housewives and other professions. books and textbooks are also appearing in electronic formats. it is not a secret to anyone that in this era, elementary school students often spend their time with such items. if we speed up textbooks and educational tasks using digital technologies of this kind, we would save students from the quagmire of ignorance. therefore, if we present each task and information to the students in an interesting way, i think that the result will not be bad. digital technology, as it is known, includes everything related to electronic computing and data transformation: gadgets, electronic devices, technologies, programs. compared to analog technologies, digital technologies are more suitable for storing and transmitting large amounts of data and provide high-speed computing. in this case, the information is transmitted as clearly as possible, without distortion. the main disadvantages include high energy consumption and negative impact on the climate logic tasks are puzzles aimed at developing the student's logical thinking. during the performance of these tasks, the student develops quickness, development of brain activity, responsiveness, and quick exit from difficult situations. when logical tasks are created for primary school students, they should have the following features:  the logical assignment should be suitable for the child's age;  based on the principle from simple to complex;  it is desirable that the pictures shown in the task should be chosen according to the child's age, that the colors chosen should be bright and attract the child's attention. it is also convenient to deliver logical assignments to the student digitally. when completing logical tasks, delivering it to the student in the form of an application, in the form of a game, and collecting incentive points for the student after passing each stage will increase the student's interest in this game. it will also be very interesting to give logical tasks in the form of the game "math" played through the telegram messenger. in this case, this game is played in the telegram 208 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us group of the school team, and the students continue to play it. it will be seen who is collecting what points. this, in turn, creates a desire in the student to win, to collect more points than everyone else, to show himself, and the game continues. during the game, the student's logical thinking accelerates, the student's interest in this subject increases. both game activities and teaching activities are performed together. solving examples and problems is also good for developing logical thinking. mathematical tasks, problems and examples strengthen the child's memory, sharpen the mind and increase the speed of thinking. mathematical tasks also have logic and help to strengthen the student's knowledge. logical thinking is developed by tasks aimed at sharpening any mind, requiring thinking and thinking, drawing conclusions. for example, reading fairy tales and stories, memorizing poetry, answering questions, learning a language, etc. conclusions and results. thought is considered not only a product of human mental activity, but also a high form of intelligence and conscious behavior. in the process of thinking, thoughts, ideas, hypotheses arise in a person, and they appear in the mind in the form of thoughts, conclusions, judgments. thinking is connected with the environment through intuition, perception, and imagination. there are basically two types of thinking: 1. clear thinking. there are two types of clear thinking: a) observation, feeling. b) understanding the connection between the object and the module based on the acquired knowledge; 2. abstract thinking. analytical thinking also appears in its place in two forms: a) analytical thinking. b) logical thinking. logical thinking is a product of a person's mind, thoughts, and this form of thinking requires only its cultivation and development. according to scientists, there are 16 million neurons in the human brain, and only 30% of them are used during a person's life. based on this, it can be concluded that the human brain still has many openings. and its development requires more mental activity. for example, reading a book, memorizing a poem, thinking, finding an answer to a riddle, working on an example, solving problematic situations, working on a problem, etc. figurative thinking is at the top of the primary school age and retention of information in the memory of students requires working with this type of information. in the previous period, teachers were asked to read a fairy tale, explain its content, answer questions with students and develop their logical thinking process. but now the development of science and technology has increased, and every classroom has been equipped with devices such as modern televisions, electronic devices, graphic organizers, and modern loudspeakers. this serves for the further development of education, increasing its quality and efficiency. the use of such devices in the classroom for useful purposes creates a foundation for students to become modern students in the modern world. it is not for nothing that computer classes are taught in schools starting from the 1st grade in order to teach students how to use electronic devices and computers correctly. conclusions and recommendations. the development of logical thinking in primary school students is an important process, which leads to the development of a scientific worldview and leads the student to moral and spiritual maturity. for this, qualities such as patience, skill, ability, communicativeness, creativity, demandingness are required from the teacher. no matter how high a teacher's knowledge is, it is a bit more difficult to interest students in science in the modern world. because students spend their free time using gadgets instead of reading books. at this point, digital technologies, game lessons, electronic and interesting logical assignments will help us as the most important helpers. using such assignments requires students to learn through play. 209 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. jonpulatovna s. m., qizi i. m. f. an integrated approach to the use of pedagogical technologies in primary school mathematics //middle european scientific bulletin. – 2021. – т. 8. 2. ibrohimova m. boshlang'ich sinf matematika darslarini o'``tishda" day game" dan foydalanish //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 3. – №. 3. 3. 3. ibrohimova m. f. improving integration in teaching arithmetic practices in primary school mathematics //ученый xxi века. – с. 31. 4. jonpulatovna s. m., qizi i. m. f. improve pupils' knowledge and personal qualities through educational tools in elementary mathematics classes //middle european scientific bulletin.– 2021. – т. 5. ibrohimova m. boshlangich matematika darslarida arifmetik amallarni qollashda talim texnologiyalaridan foydalanish metodikasi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 6. ibrohimova mohichehra. development of logical thinking in elementary mathematics classes international 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(2023). forming pragmatic competence through teaching students to communication. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 720-723. 16. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2023). methodology of development of communicative competence of primary class students. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(4), 6-9. 210 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 17. оллоқова, ў. м. (2022). формирование морфологических компетенций у студентов через обучение группам слов на родином языке и на уроках чтения. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(18), 9195. 18. bahodirovna, b. n. (2022). boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarining mustaqil ishlarini tashkil etish. scientific impulse, 1(5), 660-664. 19. jobir oʻgʻli, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni oʻrgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 20. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 21. ярашов, м. д., & хамдамова, х. (2022). методика работы над речью учащихся в начальных классах. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 138-143. 22. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang ‘ich sinflarda ta’lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 23. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o’rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 24. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 25. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 26. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 27. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 112 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 students’ academic performance in schools niyi jacob ogunode, inemesit nsikak edet department of educational administration, university of abuja, nigeria abstract: this paper examined various factors responsible for poor students’ academic performance in schools in nigeria. depending on secondary data obtained from recognized online and print resources. the paper concluded that factors responsible for poor students’ academic performance in schools in nigeria includes; presence of unqualified teacher in the schools, shortage of professional teachers, poor motivation of teachers, inadequate infrastructure facilities, poor supervision, leadership styles of school administrators, student’s health status, parents and guardians socio-economic status, poor usage of instructional resources, large class size and poor classroom management practices by teachers. based on the factors identified, the paper hereby recommended the following: adequate funding of educational institutions. this will enable school administrator procure all human and materials resources require to ensure quality educational standard and improve students’ performance. employment of more professional teaching and special program should be organized for the unprofessional teachers to upgrade their certificates and training. government should motivate teachers by increasing their salaries, allowances and provide conducive working environment. he should also provide adequate infrastructure facilities, instructional resources, ensure effective training program and prompt payment of their salaries. school administrators should be trained on the use of effective leadership and effective motivational strategies. teachers should be trained on modern classroom management practices. this will help to improve their job performance and students’ academic performance. keywords: students academic performance, schools, students. introduction one of the key indicator for measuring and assessing educational institutions effectiveness is the academic performance of the students. ricarda, anja and anne (2017) note that academic performance represents achievement outcomes that indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals that were focus of activities in instructional environments, specifically in school, college, and university. bello (2006) perceived academic performance to mean all things a learner achieves or acquires during and after undergoing some academic activities. he went further to state that the things a learner gain can be in the form of marks obtained from a test or an examination, new skills, new techniques, behavior acquired. bello identified some factors that might affect the academic performance of learners, such as lack of learning and teaching materials, learners’ parents’ attitude, level of poverty of the learners’ parents, learners’ experience, and conduciveness of the environment as well as teachers’ poor attitude to work. ijaiya (2004) asserted that student academic performance refers to the standard which students should be able to know and be able to do. abdul (2002) considered academic 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us performance as the students’ level of attainment in the grade point average of courses offered in their yearly examination. in other words, it is the outcome of students’ assessment through comprehensive, systematic, diagnostic, progressive, formative, summative and cumulative evaluation of what they had gone through in a school setting. it is the main focus in the overall educational performance. for ogunsaju (2004), student academic performance has been a major determinant of schools’ effectiveness. mullins (2005) defined effectiveness as the extent to which managers achieve the output requirement of their position. managerial effectiveness is defined in terms of output rather than input, by what a school manager achieves rather than what he/she does. mullins postulated two basic dimensions of perceiving academic performance. the two perspectives were “low and high”. low academic performance implies poor grade or score in test and high academic performance means good grade or score in a test or examination. oloyede (2008) classified students’ assessment into three areas (i) cognitive (ii) affective and (iii) psychomotor. the first type of assessment is typically academic. the second is adjustment while the third entails the development of motor skills. furthermore, students’ academic performance is the achievement of student learning, mastery of curriculum and acquisition of social skills that help students to become useful and relevant in their respective societies. similarly, foster and young (2004) conceptualized student academic performance as the parameter for determining the worth and carrying capacities of the students. additionally, as pointed out by oloyede (2008), the level of academic skill necessary for successful entry into the present day job market, with or without a university education, has risen to the point that a focus on achieving academic success is necessary for all students throughout every year of schooling from nursery/primary to the university level. ogunode & josiah, (2023) defined academic performance of students as the total learning outcome of the students in the educational institutions which includes the knowledge, social and communication skills and ideas acquired and retained through their course of study. academic performance refers to all organized educational program and knowledge a learner or student achieves or acquires in the school environment as a result of academic activities. academic performance is the total knowledge, skills and behavior a student or learner acquires or gains from an organized test or examinations in educational institutions. academic performance can also be viewed by ogunode et al (2023) as the achievement of an organized curriculum, development of skills and acquisition of knowledge that can make the learner useful in society. from above, students’ academic performance can be defined as the totality of student’s achievement in the academic work in the school. students’ academic performance is the academic achievement of a students in a given school. students’ academic performance is the total sum of student’s cognitive, affective and psychomotor achievement in the school. many factors determine students' academic performance in school. the availability of instructional materials, teaching methods, teachers' professional qualifications, level of infrastructure facilities, health status, motivation on teachers' and students' part, socio-economic background of the students and environment. factors contributing to poor students’ academic performance in schools there are many factors responsible for poor academic performance of students in educational institutions across nigeria. some of the factors includes; unqualified teacher, inadequate teachers, poor motivation, inadequate infrastructure facilities, poor supervision, leadership styles, student’s health status, socio-economic of parents, poor usage of instructional resources and large class size and poor classroom management practices. presence of unqualified teachers the high of unqualified teachers teaching in the various educational institutions is contributing to poor academic performance of students across the country. lawal (2021) reported that the 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us teachers registration council of nigeria (trcn) lamented that more than 50 per cent of those currently teaching in primary and secondary schools nationwide are still not qualified to be in the classroom. the registrar and chief executive of trcn, prof josiah ajiboye, said it is worse in private schools. chief executive of trcn noted apart from the fact that these so-called teachers, particularly those in private schools are not qualified, they are simply not registerable by the council. according to him, teachers in this category do not have basic teaching educational qualifications, which is the national certificate in education (nce) as stipulated by the national policy on education. teachers are critical to the human and capital development of every nation, hence their qualification and standard process must be accorded the highest form of scrutiny. the performance of teachers in classroom management depends on his or her level of experiences, professional qualifications and skills. teachers that lacks these skills and qualifications cannot effectively manage the classroom. according to adeyemi (2010), teachers play an important role in determining the pupils’ academic performance. there has never been a consensus by researchers on the particular teacher’s factors that influence students’ academic achievement (rivkin et al., 2005). a study by njeru and orodho,in jude (2018) revealed that teachers’ experience and educational qualifications have a significant influence on students’ academic achievement. when conducting research on factors contributing to underachievement of female students in o’ level physics examinations, maguswi in jude (2018) found that the lack of qualified teachers of physics had a significant contribution. moreover, a study done by adaramola and obomanu (2011) in nigeria found that the availability of unqualified teachers led to the consistently poor performance of students in most science-related subjects. ebietomiye in jude (2018) noted that the success of any human endeavor especially in the field of teaching is closely related to the quality of personnel who perform the tasks in the organization. hence, the need to recruit and utilize professionally qualified teachers in enhancing good performance in primary school education is essential. effective teaching is enhanced by well-trained and qualified teachers. the word “teacher” crudely connotes undifferentiated meaning to the extent that any individual that transmits ideas of whatever nature that causes a change or influence the behavioral pattern of the recipient is called a “teacher”.. so, from above, unqualified teachers employed in the students has native impact on academic performance of students. teacher’s professional qualification, skills and experience matters in the implementation of teaching and learning program in schools. shortage professional teachers inadequate professional teachers in the nigerian educational institutions has also contributed to poor academic performance of students. the shortage of professional teachers in most school in nigeria is responsible for the overpopulation of classes. when teachers teaches too much of students there is that tender of poor academic performance. students will not understand and concentrate on teachers due to overpopulation. the universal basic education commission revealed on its website that nigeria had 47 million students, 171,027 schools, and 1.68 million teachers. its 2022 national personnel audit breakdown showed that there were 354,651 teachers for 7.2 million students in pre-primary schools; 915,593 teachers for 32 million students in primary schools; and 416,291 teachers for eight million students in junior secondary schools. the number of registered teachers on the teachers registration council of nigeria database by 2023 was 2.3 million. studies has established that shortage of professional teachers in school affects students’ academic performance. peter (2021) noted that the understaff problems in majorities of educational institutions in nigeria has serious implications for quality instruction and academic performance of students in the institutions. the few available qualified teachers are been overused. many of them are always on the move from class to class to cover up. studies show that the acute shortages in teachers are caused by poor salaries, poor work conditions, and high student-teacher ratios that put undue pressure on pedagogy and stress the teachers (mark, 2019; james 2018). ike (2007) attributes students' low performance in adult education studies to the lack of qualified staff. according to him, there has been an unprecedented expansion at all 115 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us levels of education, which has not been matched with a corresponding increase in the number of qualified teachers. the number of qualified teachers also matter in the school system. adequate professional teacher’s with the right size of student’s number in the schools aids academic performance of students. effective implementation of teacher-students ratio policy in schools can aid students’ academic performance and failure to implement it can affects students’ academic performance poor motivation motivation is very critical in educational institutions. motivation as impact on stakeholders in the schools. poor motivation receives from principal and teachers in educational institutions is a major factor responsible for poor academic performance of students. ogunode, kasimu, & ibrahim, (2023) viewed motivation as perceived as an invisible force that compel and inspire individuals towards one direction or action for a greater productivity. motivation is the force that propelled an individual to carry out specific functions without complain. ogunode, okwelogu & ahaotu, (2021) noted that teachers teaching in the nigerian public schools are poorly motivated. motivation is very key in educational institutions. a motivated teacher will do everything to ensure he or she discharges the responsibilities accordingly. ogunode, (2020) pointed out that student’ motivation can be in form of participation in school work, classroom tasks and freedom to expression. praise, award, presentation of gifts, provision of instructional materials, infrastructure facilities, , provision of good working environment, maintaining high degree of relationship with teachers and management, security and care. when students are motivated there is that possibility to perform well in academic activities in the schools. it is the duties of school administrators and teachers to ensure students are motivated in the schools. ezema, & ogunshola, (2020) carried out a study that investigated the impact of principals’ motivational techniques on students’ academic performance in federal capital territory (fct) junior secondary schools, abuja, nigeria. the findings of this study revealed that there was a significant relationship between principals’ motivational techniques and students’ academic performance in fct junior secondary schools. the findings led the researcher to conclude that principals’ motivational techniques could enhance students’ academic performance in fct junior secondary schools. so, poor motivation of students affects their academic performance in schools. lapper, (1988) submitted tat in students‟ motivation, classroom climate is important towards students learning, because if the students‟ experience the classroom environment as a caring, supportive place, where there is a sense of belonging and all students are valued and respect despite slow learning ability, he will develop interest for that subject and he will want to learn. relevance also promote motivation to learn, as does contextualizing learning, that is helping students‟ see how skills are applied in the real world. student’s motivation is very important in the attainment of school objectives. when students are poorly motivated it’s has implication on students’ academic performance in the educational institutions. inadequate infrastructure facilities inadequate infrastructure facilities also affects the academic performance of students across school in nigeria. ogunode (2020) viewed infrastructural facilities as those facilities aiding the delivery of academic and non-academic services in educational institutions. infrastructural facilities include; libraries, laboratories, halls, offices, administrative blocks, hostels, road facilities, water, electricity, internet etc. the availability of infrastructural facilities in adequate quantities will support the effective administration of educational institutions and the inadequacies will prevent the effective administration of educational institutions. three are relationship between availability of infrastructural facilities and students’ academic performance in schools. a study by fagbohunka (2017) that underscores the infrastructural facility and the student’s academic performance in adekunle ajasin university, akungba akoko, ondo state, nigeria. the paper has found out a positive relationship between the student’s academic performance, power supply and health facilities. however, the internet facilities and transportation facilities were not adequate, whereas water supply was adequate. a test of the 116 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us impact of infrastructural facility on the student’s academic performance, using a chi square statistical technique revealed a significant value of 177.1 at 0.05 % level. osuji (2016) studied the impact of school facilities on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in giwa, zaira education zones, kaduna state, nigeria and found out that school facilities has impact on students’ academic performance. okoroma, edo, & okonko (2022) indicated that school buildings influence adult education learner’s academic performance. also, adaja and osagie (2015) concluded that well-planned and maintained school plant and facilities do not only enhance good teaching but facilitate easy learning. there is need for planning the school buildings and facilities, to enhance the attainment of the aims and goals for which the school is established. mbadiwe-woko, ogwo and taylor (2019) asserted that there is a strong relationship between physical facilities and enhancement of adult learning in tertiary institutions. in other words, poor performance of students in adult education has direct correlation with nonavailability of school facilities. nwanewezi (2010) maintained that school facilities have direct relationship with students' academic performance, others hold that inadequate school facilities can have adverse effect on students’ performance. the non-availability of infrastructure facilities in school has implication on students’ academic performance and adequate provision aids students’ academic performance. poor supervision poor supervision of school by relevant institutions in nigeria has also contributed to poor academic performance of students. ogunode & fabiyi (2023) and okendu, (2012) observed that school supervision is designed to help improve the quality of education and ensure standard and quality control. ogunode & ibrahim (2023) instructional supervision is a program of instruction designed to improve teachers' job performance and students' academic performance in schools. instructional supervision is a combination of activities meant to advance the work effectiveness of teachers and other personnel in the school business. instructional supervision is the process of improving teaching and learning in educational institutions because of realizing the goals of education. instructional supervision is critical to the development of education. school supervision is the instrument for aid delivering of quality education. school supervision in nigeria is ineffective. public schools supervision are poorly done by the relevant public institutions established to supervise the schools. the present situation show that instructional supervision of education at every levels of education is weak and ineffective. educational supervision in the nigerian educational system have not receive maximum attention from the government. the teachers needs effective supervision to improve his or her professional skills and improve in his or her job performance. when teacher’s supervision are poorly done, the implication is poor academic performance among students in the schools. okendu, (2012a) and ogunode & ajape (2021) and revealed that poor supervision affects students’ academic performance in schools. also ebiringha’s (1987) confirmed that poor supervision of instruction has significant relationship with poor students’ academic performance in educational institutions. dangara, (2015) did a study on impact of instructional supervision on academic performance of secondary school students in nasarawa state with reference to senior secondary certificate examination (ssce) and found out that regular instructional supervision using robust supervision strategies like checking of students’ notebooks, classroom visitation/inspection by school administrators, checking teachers’ lesson plan/notes and inspection of teachers record keeping have significant correlation with teachers’ performance and academic achievement of students in secondary schools. poor supervision of instruction in schools has impact on students’ academic performance in the schools. supervision is critical to students’ academic performance in the educational institutions. leadership styles school administrator’s leadership styles also affects students’ academic performance in nigeria. the leadership style adopt by school leaders matter in the development of the schools. ogunode (2023) viewed leadership styles as methods and ways leaders leads the institutions. leadership 117 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us styles refer to the behavioral approach employed by leaders to influence, motivate, and direct their followers. a leadership style determines how leaders implement plans and strategies to accomplish given objectives while accounting for stakeholder expectations and the wellbeing and soundness of their team (cfi, 2022; ogunode 2023). okumbe, (2008) defined leadership styles as particular behaviors applied by a leader to motivate subordinates to achieve the objectives of the organization. leadership styles is a unique behavior or method adopt by a leader to coordinate and guide motivate subordinates to attain the objectives of the institutions. leadership styles are organized, recognized and planned behaviors and practices used by institutions leaders to organize, control and motivate the staff to carry out their official functions in the institutions. leadership styles are ways and strategies an organizational leaders adopt to managing and coordinate the affairs of the institutions with the aims of achieving organizational objectives. ebebe, (2013) carried out a research on principals administrative styles as a correlate to children’s academic performance in secondary school. finding of the study reveals that principals’ administrative style influences teachers’ performances which directly determine how students will perform. a study by saidu, (2017) on examination of impact of principals‟ leadership styles on teaching and learning in secondary schools in ilorin metropolis, kwara state, revealed that situational, transactional, transformational, democratic and charismatic leadership styles had positive impact on teaching and learning while autocratic leadership style had a negative impact on teaching and learning in secondary schools in ilorin metropolis. herdayati, harapan, tobari, & samsonova, (2020) did a study that determined how high leadership style and lecturers' performance on students' achievement in stikes muhammadiyah palembang. the results obtained disclosed that there is no effect of visionary leadership toward students' achievement, but there is an effect of lecturers' performance toward students' achievement. while tested simultaneously, the visionary leadership style and lecturers 'performance toward students' achieved had significant effect. from the above, leadership styles are very important in the realization of educational institutions program. leadership styles determines organizational success or failure. leadership styles are key to institutional development. leadership styles can either makes or mar the institutional program. students’ academic performance depends on effective leadership styles of the school administrators and other factors. socio-economic of parents parent or guardians roles and statues affects students’ academic performance. guardian or parents educational qualifications and economic and social factors as lot to do with their children academic performance in the schools. soharwardi, arooj, nazir, & abida. (2020) did a study that determine the impact of the socio-economic status of parents on the academic performance of the students. various socio-economic factors such as family background, parental education, father income, perception of parents about their child's future, availability of public education facilities, etc. were accounted for the analysis. the data collected shows that the majority of the sample population belonged to the middle-income group. regression analysis conducted in the study suggests that the parent's education affects their student's performance significantly. however, mother education is more vital for children's performance in academics. moreover, strong family background and a father's income also impacts student performance significantly. we have also found that the parent's and students' personal perception about their bright future leads to better academic performance by the students. public education facilities also lead to higher achievement rates of the students. also, synder (2000) asserted that the family environment is the most powerful influence in determining the child's academic achievements. it is obvious that substantial influence on a child's academic achievements. ereke, et al (2022) submitted that the children living in the shadow of the broken home are often be wailed by coming and going by the more fact that essential relationship are not promoted or are broken off and disrupted verily impressionably. it is necessary that both parents should endeavor to bring up their children in an atmosphere of harmony. 118 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us poor usage of instructional resources poor usage of instructional resources by teachers and students in the implementation of teaching and learning. instructional resources are very crucial to academic performance of students in the schools. ogunode, & josiah (2023) defined instructional materials are educational resource that teachers employ to present their lessons with the aims of making it simple for the learners. instructional materials are organized educational resources that make teaching interest for the learners. instructional materials are materials that makes students comprehend what the teaching is teaching more. instructional materials are key component of educational institutions that help to simplify teaching. instructional support the implementation of teaching program in the schools. adalikwu & iorkpilgh (2013) maintained that instructional materials serve as a channel between the teacher and the students in delivering instructions. they may also serve as the motivation on the teaching-learning process. it is use to get the attention of the students and eliminate boredom. instructional materials are highly important for teaching; especially for inexperienced teachers. teachers rely on instructional materials in every aspect of teaching. they need material for background information on the subject they are teaching. study by abubakar (2020) confirmed that poor usage of instructional resources for implementation of teaching and learning affects students’ academic performance physics, onasanya & omosewo (2011) confirmed that both standard and improvised instructional materials have the same positive effects on students’ academic performance. adalikwu et al (2013) did a study and concluded that students taught with instructional materials performed significantly better than those taught without instructional materials and also that the use of instructional materials generally improved students’ understanding of concepts and led to high academic achievements. also okendu (2012) discovered that regular instructional supervision has a significant bearing on students’ academic performance. he also, affirmed that adequate supply of instructional resources have significant effect on students’ academic performance. instructional resources has impact on students’ academic performance in the schools. effective usage of instructional resources support effective implementation of teaching and learning and affects performance of both teachers and students in the schools. large class size class size is an important aspect of school that deals with numbers of students to a teachers in the classroom. class size entails the extent to which a teachers and students are numbered in the classroom for implementation of teaching and learning program. adeyemi, (2008) defined class size as an educational tool that can be used to describe the average number of students per class in a school. the teacher who is the classroom manager should therefore, have the number of students he/she can effectively control, supervise and teach at any given period. lazear, (2001) argued smaller classes have less number of disruptions thereby engendering better student/teacher engagement and better student learning than larger classes. adding more students to a class increases the number of disruptions and decreases the amount of time during which learning can take place because the teacher spends time dealing with these students that cause disruptions. ogunode & ahaotu (2020) observed that in nigeria, the national policy on education is a general statement containing principles, regulations and rules, that govern many of the decisions on how to educate children, where to get them educated, where to get them employed, who to teach them, how to finance their education, what to teach, how to impart skills, goals, objectives and even the philosophy. the national policy on education is formulated and designed for regulating and control quality in the educational system in nigeria. it is a document that contains every policies and guideline on how education should administer, managed and run in the nigeria. one of the issues that the national policy on education addresses and stated clearly is the students-teachers ratio in the classroom. the policy states and prescribes a student-teacher ratio of 1:25 for pre-primary classes; 1:35 for primary and 1:40 for secondary schools. the national policy on education on students-teachers ratio is meant to achieve effective teaching and learning in the classroom. effective teaching and learning is the 119 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us key to achieving quality education in the country because student will learn well and understand what the teacher have taught them. ogundipe (2003) noted that one of the most important educational policy in the nigerian educational system is the policy on teacher-students ratio. the policy on teacher-students regulation is formulated to achieve effective teaching and learning in the classroom. eboatu, & ehirim, (2018) did a study to examine the perceived impact of class size on academic achievement of junior secondary school students the results, among others, showed that class size affects students’ academic achievement through interaction between teachers and students. adeyela (2000) affirmed that, large class size is not conducive for serious academic work. in the same vein, afolabi (2002) found no significant relationship among class size and students’ learning outcomes. yara (2010) in his study on class size and academic achievement of students in mathematics in southwestern nigeria found out that the performance of students in large classes was very low (23%) compared to those students in smaller classes (64%). poor classroom management practices poor classroom management practices by teachers in the schools as also contributed to poor students’ academic performance in nigeria. classroom management practices refer to those behaviors and attitudes of instructors exhibited during implementation of teaching and learning in the classrooms. classroom management practices is also those methods and styles teachers used to carry out teaching in the classrooms. classroom management practices covers all organized activities, strategies, skills, methods and styles teachers deploy or adopt for the implementation of teaching program. marzono and marzono (2003) also viewed classroom management as a key to high students‟ educational achievements. in their studies, they found out that teachers or classroom administrators‟ actions in their classrooms have double the impact on students‟ achievement as well as schools policies regarding curriculum, assessment, staff collegiality and also community involvement. teachers provides effective instructions, therefore, conclusion and recommendations this paper examined various factors responsible for poor students’ academic performance in schools in nigeria. presence of unqualified teacher in the schools, shortage of professional teachers, poor motivation of teachers, inadequate infrastructure facilities, poor supervision, leadership styles of school administrators, student’s health status, parents and guardians socioeconomic status, poor usage of instructional resources, large class size and poor classroom management practices by teachers are some of the factors responsible for poor students’ academic performance in schools in nigeria. based on these factors identified, the paper hereby recommended the following: 1. adequate funding of educational institutions. this will enable school administrator procure all human and materials resources require to ensure quality educational standard and improve students’ performance. 2. employment of more professional teaching and special program should be organized for the unprofessional teachers to upgrade their certificates and training. 3. government should motivate teachers by increase their salaries, allowances and provide conducive working environment, provide adequate infrastructure facilities, instructional resources, ensure effective training program and prompt payment of their salaries. 4. school administrators should be training and effective use of leadership study and effective motivational strategies. 5. teachers should be trained and modern classroom management practices. this will help to improve their job performance and students’ academic performance. 120 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. abdu-raheem, b. o. 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(2011). towards optimal utilization of school facilities in secondary schools. jorind, (9)2: 22-29. 102 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance and types of sightseeing services in tourism salieva nilufar mukhtarjan kizi namangan state university abstract: this article reveals aspects of the relationship between tourism and sightseeing services. in particular, the target directions of excursion services, their main indicators and the existing information base at the tourist enterprise are described. the sightseeing services are highlighted by the organization of the signpost, as well as the signs needed for each excursion. keywords: improvement, management, agriculture, innovative development, personnel training. tourism is closely related to the excursion. because an excursion is a mental expression of every tourist trip. an excursion is usually understood as a visit to attractions, which we consider as forms and ways of exploring monuments, museums, institutions, etc. excursion service is the organization of excursions and the provision of excursion services to meet the needs and demand of a person for spiritual and moral values, in the acquisition of knowledge, including in conditions of free choice of professional and cognitive means, methods, objects. the provision of excursion services made it possible to convey to the consumer (tourist, tourist) comprehensive knowledge of history, culture, geography, ethnography, ecology and economics, as well as other sciences. it satisfies the needs of the individual in understanding museums and exhibits, historical, cultural, natural, ethnographic, engineering and other attractions, objects. the choice of excursion services by a person is of the nature of resourcefulness and erudition. because the tourist chooses excursion services that satisfy several of his needs at once, that is, these services acquire functional completeness. for example, by visiting an excursion outside the city, its participants not only satisfy cognitive needs, but also relieve emotional and intellectual stress through movement, increase the efficiency of information exchange when communicating with each other. thus, the provision of sightseeing services can be considered not only as part of a complex of tourist services, but also as an independent type of service, the purpose of which is to meet the needs and requirements of tourists. an excursion is a demonstration of an object, conducted according to a clearly defined plan for the purpose of familiarization or study, accompanied by thematic stories. the content (feature) of each excursion consists in a story, demonstration, and provision of information. if there is no demonstration (familiarization), such a cultural, scientific jatuman is not an excursion, but an ordinary lecture or conversation. considering the excursion service as a result of the activities of an organized leisure system of tourist and excursion enterprises, one should not forget that the complex of tasks for providing excursion services includes the organization of excursions and trips to historical, cultural, natural and other sites. satisfaction of the needs of tourists directly depends on the quantitative and qualitative integrity of excursion services. each form (form) of the organization of excursion services is a set of actions aimed at a specific goal. the provision of sightseeing services serves to meet the needs and requests of tourists. the targeted nature of the coverage of the population with excursion services is carried out depending on the types of services. 103 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us excursion services the basis for the organization of all work can be the business plan of the enterprise. it is compiled taking into account the demand and needs in the tourism market by type of excursion services, the composition of participants. it reflects the main indicators of the excursion service. these indicators serve as a criterion for continuous improvement. for this purpose, it is desirable for the enterprise to have the following information bases (fig.1). figure 1. characteristics of excursion services in the main directions excursion services the information completeness of the organization of the display is provided by cards of various types:  transport enterprises (car farms, bus stations, railway stations, airports, ports, etc.);  deployment tools;  catering establishments;  cultural institutions (museums, concert halls, theaters, etc.);  in accordance with the list of topics for which excursions are conducted, their classification, duration, mode of transportation, place of beginning and end, and the cost of the excursion are indicated. the provision of excursion services is carried out by tourist enterprises (firms) in the administrative territory under their jurisdiction (city, district). work with groups heading to another city (even if they are located in a certain area) is transferred to tour agencies or tourist enterprises in these cities. the guide walking with the group acts as its leader. this approach characterizes the increased attention of the state to the development of the provision of excursion services in the current period. the peculiarity of the tour is that it organically combines display and narration. when the guide shows the object, he supplements the information about it with explanations and historical information in the process of analysis. he teaches you to perceive what you see correctly, to objectively evaluate events, phenomena, and facts related to the object. thus, in the process of cognition, a purposeful impact on the religious worldview of tourists is carried out. and the characteristics of excursion services in the main directions excursion services target areas existing information base at the enterprise main indicators of excursion services  living environment;  educational institution, organization, enterprises;  tour bases, holiday homes, boarding houses and khakassia;  clubs, cultural centers and palaces;  seminars, courses, symposiums, conferences and much more;  airports (ports), train stations, festival venues.  the volume of excursion services provided to the population, guests of the country (in monetary terms);  number of excavators (tourists) ;  revenue from services.  address, fax and telephone numbers of organizations related to the provision of services to excavators;  list of excursion topics;  location excursion routes, card schemes by specific country, territory, region, city;  a list of home addresses and phone numbers of excavators. 104 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us information provided is well remembered by the conditions of visibility and allows you to broaden your horizons. each excursion, regardless of the topic and purpose, should have the following designations:  having a clear task, theme and goal;  availability of a group or individual (individual) guide;  availability of an excavator;  length of time;  display of sightseeing objects directly in the place where they are located;  the expediency of the spectacle;  driving along a pre-designed route. in the production of a tourist product, the creation of an excursion product can be considered a kind of result. the concept of a travel product is understood as a set of special travel services intended for sale to a consumer interested in it. the most important condition for the successful work of a guide is the availability of a methodology for creating and conducting an excursion. used literature: 1. soliyeva n.m. the role of marketing in the hospitality industry web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journal volume 2, issue 5 year 2023 issn: 2835-3013 https://univerpubl.com/index.php/synergy 2. soliyeva n.m. marketingning mehmondo’stlik sanoatidagi ahamiyati. journal of advanced research and stability volume: 03 issue: 05 | may 2023 issn: 21812608 www.sciencebox.uz 3. soliyev i.i. soliyeva n.m evaluation of the industrial sector and its development trends. https://academicsresearch.com/index.php/ar/index 17 volume 1 issue 1 academic research jornal june 2022 4. n.m.soliyeva features relationship of the main components of the economy. ооо «институт управления и социально-экономического развития» features relationship of the main components of the economy nm soliyeva мировая наука, 2021 5. кенжаев и. э. созданные условия для иностранных инвесторов в узбекистане //приоритетные векторы развития промышленности и сельского хозяйства. – 2019. – с. 157-159. 6. кенжаев, и. 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(2020). development of organizational mechanisms for attracting investment in small business. the american journal of management and economics innovations, 2(09), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume02issue09-02 8. кенжаев и. кичик бизнесга хорижий инвестицияларни жалб қилишнинг нормативҳуқуқий асослари //общество и инновации. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 4/s. – с. 329-344. 9. икром кенжаев нормативно-правовая база привлечения иностранных инвестиций в малый бизнес // оии. 2021. №4/s. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/normativnopravovaya-baza-privlecheniya-inostrannyh-investitsiy-v-malyy-biznes. 10. kenjaev i. e. theoretical aspects of attracting foreign investment in the economy of the region //economics and innovative technologies. – 2019. – т. 2019. – №. 3. – с. 8. https://univerpubl.com/index.php/synergy http://www.sciencebox.uz/ https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/economics_and_innovative/article/view/10802 https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume02issue09-02 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/normativno-pravovaya-baza-privlecheniya-inostrannyh-investitsiy-v-malyy-biznes https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/normativno-pravovaya-baza-privlecheniya-inostrannyh-investitsiy-v-malyy-biznes 105 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. кенжаев, и. э., балтабаев, м. т., & абдурахманов, ш. ш. (2022). иностранные инвестиции в малый бизнес. central asian journal of theoretical & applied sciences, 3(5), 159-164. retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/508 12. кенжаев, и. э., & бахрамжанова, ф. т. к. (2022). особенности развития рынка капитала в узбекистане. central asian journal of theoretical & applied sciences, 3(5), 165-168. retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/509 13. kenjayev i. e. theoretical foundations of improving the competitiveness of the national economy //web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journal. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 165-169. 14. ikrom ergashboevich kenjayev. (2023). mechanisms of system management of processes of territorial development of regions. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(9), 83-91. retrieved from https://cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajitmf/article/view/599 15. кенжаев и. э. инфраструктуры для привлечения иностранных инвестиций в малый бизнес //приоритетные векторы развития промышленности и сельского хозяйства. – 2021. – с. 152-155. 16. ergashboyevich k. i. xalqaro iqtisodiy integratsiyani kengaytirishda tashqi savdo aloqalarining o’rni //barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 5. – с. 277-282. 17. ikrom ergashboevich kenjaev, ibodilloxon ismatillayevich soliyev kichik biznesda investitsiyalardan foydalanishning mintaqaviy tahlili // central asian academic journal of scientific research. 2022. №5. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kichik-biznesda-investitsiyalardan-foydalanishningmintaqaviy-tahlili (дата обращения: 12.10.2023). https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/508 https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/509 https://cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajitmf/article/view/599 194 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ways and means of forming social competencies of students in primary class lessons khakimova nargiza suphonovna, ph.d associate professor, department of preschool education, bukhara state university annotation: the article shows the measures aimed at the formation of social competences of students in primary education classes and the ways of organizing lessons and extracurricular activities. keywords: social competence, education, morality, culture of behavior, self-awareness. as part of the reform of school education in our country, special attention is paid to improving the mastery of primary school students and forming vital competencies in them. taking into account the dynamics of socio-economic changes in the society, the most important aspect in raising the young generation is to create conditions for children to acquire social skills and roles, to develop the culture of their social behavior. today's globalization processes, scientific and technical progress, the need for an innovative society create many opportunities for young people. they are faced with vital requirements such as making quick decisions, forming innovative thinking, increasing intellectual potential, and being loyal to national and universal values. the improvement of the content and quality of educational materials based on the requirements of the competency approach in the state education standard and the effective implementation of advanced foreign experience in this field have determined that it is an even more important issue for the formation of social competencies of primary school students. social competence is characterized by having knowledge and experience in civic and social activities (playing the role of a citizen, voter, etc.), in the social and labor sphere (consumer, producer), in the family sphere. relationships and responsibility, economics and law, and professional self-determination. this competence includes:  observance of social and moral standards: development of pride and patriotism for the country, hometown, school;  acquisition of methods and skills of interpersonal communication with peers: readiness for collective forms of extracurricular activities, respect for adults at school and outside of school.  the ability to make their own decisions.  the ability to choose consciously  the desire to understand their needs and goals; creating a state of success, an environment that evokes positive emotions. primary education includes a change in the social situation of the child's development. there is transition to learning as a leading activity, which in turn introduces young students to social life. 195 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us success in educational activities and social interactions with others is ensured by new age-related patterns. thus, the social competences of children of primary school age may include: to know the basic moral norms of communication and behavior in society; to know the methods of conflict prevention and constructive resolution. the second component motivational and value includes the following indicators:  the ability to adequately assess oneself, one's abilities and the reasons for success/failure;  being able to express an adequate emotional reaction to current events;  the ability to empathize, feel, understand oneself and another person;  emotionally positive attitude to the cooperation process. the next component of primary school students' social competence based on activity implies the following:  the ability to listen to other people and communicate;  the ability of children to cooperate with each other, coordinate their actions and take into account the opinion of their partner;  the ability to work in a team and follow the rules adopted by the team;  the ability to negotiate and find a common solution;  being able to find the right way to resolve the conflict;  the ability to behave in accordance with moral standards and rules of behavior accepted in society. taking into account these indicators, the following levels of social competence development are distinguished:  low,characterized by a low level of personal formations necessary for effective social interaction;  average,certain indicators of social competence are sufficiently formed and can create a basis for success in socially significant activities or interactions, while others are at a low level of development and complicate social interaction;  high, characterized by the achievement of stable development of personal development at all ages, which ensures success in social activities, that is, the rate of development of all important components of social competences is high depending on age. analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the studied problem and experimental investigation with elementary school students showed that the poor development of social skills in children is manifested in: 1. low interest in studying; 2. presence of anxiety, tension, emotional restriction in children during school hours; 3. in the conflictual nature of relationships with peers, not being able to rejoice in the success of another; 4. predominance of non-verbal forms of communication among classmates, which harms verbal communication; 5. inability to use knowledge of norms and rules of behavior in real communication. 196 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, there is a need for specially organized socio-pedagogical activities aimed at forming and developing the social skills of junior schoolchildren. it is also necessary to note the features of working with students in each year of primary school. thus, when working with first-grade students, the teacher should pay attention to the involvement of the child in school activities and the formation of a trusting relationship between the student and the teacher. therefore, it is important to pay more attention to communication in small groups and individual conversations. the result of the first year should know itself as a student. activities with 2nd graders are aimed at suppressing selfishness in children and forming positive character traits. the result of the second year should be the formation of stable friendships in the class team. joint games, conversations and role-playing help children understand that they are a friendly team. the third year is the most responsible. children should make their own decisions, analyze their own activities and actions. here is “me and others. i am in the eyes of others", "a kind person lives with kindness for a century", "how do we solve conflicts" and so on. the result of all educational work on working with third-grade students and forming their social competencies is that children develop a system of knowledge about the methods and rules of behavior in society, the ability and experience of establishing friendly relations between people. they make "learning to live without conflict" lessons help children learn some rules for conflict-free communication and conflict resolution, and help children gain positive experiences of social interaction. it is important for children to learn that a person feels better in a group where people know how to communicate with each other. usually, the structure of each lesson consists of three parts: 1. introductory part: a greeting ceremony, the purpose of which is to establish a positive emotional connection with children and to form their attention to peers. the warm-up also includes exercises that help to prepare for work, increase the level of activity of children and form their unity in the group. 2. the main part includes games, conversations, discussion of problem situations. 3. the final part: conclusion (reflection), farewell ceremony. this program is designed for one academic year and is offered to students of the 3rd grade of a general education school and is implemented during the educational process. the following participants participate in the implementation of the program: students, class teacher, social teacher, psychologist. references: 1. "methods of forming a sense of respect for social and legal norms in elementary school students".science and education. 2022. t. 3. – no. 3. st-466-475. nargiza supkhonovna hakimova. 2. "intellectual development"online journal of management and ethics. 2022. t. 2. – no. 2. pp. 127-133. nargiza supkhonovna khakimova. 3. "intellectual development of future teachers-educators on the basis of the acmeological approach” european journal of innovation in non-formal education 2 (2), pp. 197202.hakimova nargiza suphonovna. 4. "using interactive methods in moral and moral education of students"oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. 2022. t. 2. – no. 1. bet-1012-1019. 197 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. "improving the mechanisms for the formation of socio-legal competencies of students in the lessons of education in primary school".web of scholars: journal of multidimensional research. 2022. t. 1. – no. 7. beth-25-28. 6. "forming a sense of respect for the students in primary school educational lessons".journal of pedagogical inventions and practices. – 2022. page 194-198. hakimova nargiza supkhonovna. 7. "social competencies of primary school students".american journal of science and learning for development. 2022/12/19. page 110-112. hakimova nargiza supkhonovna. 8. "formation of socio-legal competences in primary class students".american journal of social and humanitarian research. 2022. t. 3. – no. 10. page 247-249. hakimova nargiza supkhonovna. 9. "continuity of forming social and legal competences of students in primary education lessons". middle european scientific bulletin. mar-2023. page 124-128.hakimova nargiza supkhonovna. 10. yunus, y., & yarashov, m. (2023). effectiveness of experimental work aimed at forming general labor skills in students based on gender equality and differences. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 420, p. 06011). edp sciences. 11. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2023). formation of students' pragmatic competence in mother language classes on the basis of the" 4k" model. journal of pedagogical inventions and practices, 24, 33-36. 12. bahodirovna, b. n. (2022). boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarining mustaqil ishlarini tashkil etish. scientific impulse, 1(5), 660-664. 13. jobir oʻgʻli, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni oʻrgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 14. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 15. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang „ich sinflarda ta‟lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 16. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o‟rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 17. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 18. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 19. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 20. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 64 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх ways of developing business activity in the agricultural sector honkeldieva guzal sherovna dsc., professor, fergana state university honkeldieva komilakhan ravshanjan kizi phd, associate professor, fergana state university abstract reforming our country's agriculture, especially improving the state management system in the sector, wide introduction of market relations, strengthening the legal basis of relations between entities that grow, process and sell agricultural products, attract investments to the sector, introduce resource-efficient technologies, and encourage producers of agricultural products certain works are being carried out to provide modern equipment. in the article, diversification of production, improvement of land and water relations, creation of a favorable agribusiness environment and high added value chain, support for the development of cooperative relations, wide introduction of market mechanisms, information and communication technologies in the field, as well as effective use of scientific achievements are discussed in the article. issues are focused on. keywords: industry, entrepreneurship, added value chain, innovation, export, income, population employment. introduction in the context of intensifying global competition in the world, the importance of the processing industries and the agricultural sector, which meets the needs of the population for agricultural raw materials and food products, is increasing. according to statistical data, "today, world agriculture is economically active population of 1 billion. it provides employment for more than 100,000 people, and about 5% of the total products produced in the world are accounted for by this industry. forecast data shows that by 2050, the world's population will reach 9.1 billion. can reach a person. in this case, the demand for meat and dairy products of the world population is expected to increase by 2.5-3.0 times compared to today. changes in the infrastructure of the global goods market, the emergence of modern forms of retail and wholesale trade, the innovative activity of enterprises in the fight for competition and the consumer, and the differences in their goals, interests, functions and processes require significant changes in modern trade marketing. development of long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation strategies based on business relations between manufacturers, distributors, 65 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us wholesale and retail enterprises, which are the main objects of trade marketing, are considered as priority tasks. in uzbekistan, special attention is paid to directions aimed at achieving economic growth based on the use of effective marketing strategies in trade-logistics, sale and storage processes of fruit and vegetable products. analysis of literature on the topic today, scientific research related to entrepreneurship in the republic of uzbekistan is widely covered in economic literature. in particular,economists a.olmasov and m.sharifkhojaev "entrepreneurship is not only earning money, but also a factor of earning income through creative activity" 1 states that. that is, entrepreneurial activity is considered an economic activity aimed at earning income, if it is not regularly activated, economic growth will not occur, and they believe that it is necessary to pay attention to the qualitative aspect of entrepreneurship. in our opinion, a. olmasov and m. sharifkho'djaev meant that in the organization and management of business activities, the need for innovative ability from the leader will cause the entrepreneur to accept market management as the most important aspect in the future. currently, the market demand is to develop cheap and high-quality products that meet all the requirements for human needs. in revealing the essence of the socio-economic problems of the development of entrepreneurship, q. muftaydinov said: "entrepreneurship is an economic flywheel as a driving force of economic activity, and it ensures the continuity of extended reproduction, taking into account entrepreneurship and consumer requirements in the conditions of the market economy." 2 he emphasized. from this we can understand that q. muftaydinov considered it important to pay special attention to the principle of continuous production in the management of business activities. the relevance of this principle is characterized by the short life cycle of goods in the consumer markets, which cannot take their place in the market for a long time. economist u.v. gafurov "the forms and means of state regulation of the activities of small business entities should change according to the level of development of the small business sector, and appropriate means should be used." 3 emphasized that. if we dwell on the essence of this approach,u.v. gafurov emphasized the direct participation of the state in the regulation of the activities of business entities, and the focus on the regulation of the state through certain means in the management of business activities. h. abulqosimov and a. kulmatov called entrepreneurship "a type of economically productive activity not prohibited by law." 4 described as. according to it, it is assumed that the entrepreneur will carry out his activities without deviating from the law. therefore, the legal activity of an entrepreneur guarantees the level of protection from the point of view of the law. based on the above-mentioned opinions, we can say that the development of entrepreneurial activity today requires entrepreneurs to change their tasks by themselves, i.e. to make flexible and flexible decisions depending on the innovative environment. 1 olmasov a., sharifhojaev m. economic theory. t..: "labor", 1995. p. 192. 2 muftaydinov q. problems of entrepreneurship development in the conditions of economic liberalization. / dis. ... iqt. science. dr. t/, 2004. p. 18. 3 gafurov u.v. improvement of economic mechanisms of state regulation of small business. / dis. author ref... iqt. science. dr. t., 2017. p. 30. 4 abulkasimov p., kulmatov a. entrepreneurship is a laborious activity. // "economics and reporting", 1997, issue 9. p. 9 66 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research methodology in these studies, developing a strategy for the economic development of the agrarian sector, ensuring the proportionality of the growth of the population and its demands with the increase in the production volume of agricultural products, sustainable development of the agrarian sector, specialization of production processes, increasing the level of economic efficiency of economic entities by applying modern innovative technologies and methods , comprehensive statistical research of the factors affecting their activity, ensuring their competitiveness appear as the priority directions of scientific research in this regard. analysis and results the agrarian sector in uzbekistan serves to increase the country's export potential while providing the population's demand for food and agricultural products, and over the past years special attention has been paid to the promotion and development of specialized farms. in particular, in the development strategy of new uzbekistan in 2022-2026"...one of the most important tasks implemented within the framework of the development strategy is to fundamentally increase the efficiency of agriculture and diversify it for the development of the national economy, that is, to develop the agrarian sector, to process agricultural products on a cluster basis and to ensure food security, the standard of living and the quality of life of the population living in rural areas. to increase, to create the necessary conditions to double the income of farmers and peasants, to bring the annual growth rate of agriculture to at least 5%" 5 priority tasks such as table 1. agricultural products, in thousand tons 6 . product type 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 cereals and legumes 4 101.4 6 540.9 7 504.3 8 173.5 7 636.0 7 634.6 potatoes 731.1 924.2 1 694.8 2 586.8 3 143.8 3 285.6 vegetables total 2 644.7 3 517.5 6 262.4 9 390.0 10 431.4 10,850. 2 food policy 451.4 615.3 1 182.4 1 853.6 2 134.4 2 285.3 fruits and berries 790.9 949.3 1 676.3 2 467.9 2 812.6 2 852.6 grapes 624.2 641.6 979.3 1 518.2 1 606.9 1 695.3 cattle and poultry for slaughter (live weight) 841.8 1 061.5 1 461.4 2 033.4 2 519.6 2 635.1 milk 3 632.5 4 554.9 6 169.0 9,027.8 10,976. 9 11 274.2 the resulting egg 1 254.4 1 966.7 3 061.2 5 535.4 7 781.2 7 788.4 honey, tons 2 685.0 2 115.7 3 171.9 10 157.0 13 357.8 14,066. 9 sheared wool, tons 15,849 20 081 26,510 36,029 35 422 36 345 obtained black skins 747.6 688.7 934.9 1 032.0 1 152.1 1 252.4 cocoon, ton 16 479.0 16 211.0 25 151.8 26 293.0 20,941. 9 22,769. 9 since the agricultural sector in our country has been specialized mainly for cotton and grain crops, we can see in the table above that grain has a very large share in the composition of grain 5 decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan in 2022-2026" no. pf-60.www.lex.uz. 6 prepared on the basis of information from the official website of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. http://www.lex.uz/ 67 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and leguminous crops. in the next places, we can see that corn grain, rice and other types of leguminous crops (peas, beans, lentils) are leading. currently, the share of farms in the total agricultural products is 53.1%, and in the total livestock products is 5.3%. the main partner countries in the export of fruit and vegetable products in foreign trade are russia (30.5% of the total volume), kazakhstan (20.5%), afghanistan (6.6%), china (5.7%), turkey (4.5 %) and kyrgyzstan (4.3%). statistical analysis shows that in 2017, fruit and vegetable products were exported to 60 countries by 876 exporters, and in 2021, 1,175 exporters exported to 67 countries (figure 2.1). figure 1. export share of fruit and vegetable products and processed products from them by major partner countries 7 , % in addition to the information in the above picture, the types and geography of fruit and vegetable exports are expanding year by year. fruit and vegetable products were exported to denmark, jamaica, american samoa and south africa for the first time in 2021. also, the types and geography of export of fruit and vegetable products are expanding year by year. for the first time in 2021, fruit and vegetable products and their processed products were exported to bulgaria, sri lanka, indonesia, the philippines, greece, qatar, croatia and malta. summary todayit is advisable to implement the following measures to increase the role of entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector:  taking practical measures for the development of the agrarian sector, supporting enterprises producing exportable agricultural products, increasing production volumes through the modernization and technological re-equipment of production facilities at the expense of foreign investments, the establishment of new enterprises;  further expansion of cooperation with foreign companies and agroclusters on introduction of foreign investments, bringing technologies that produce exportable products, wide use of opportunities of international fairs organized in the republic;  providing comprehensive support to farms, strengthening their material and financial base, creating new opportunities for them, developing service structures; 7 prepared on the basis of information from the official website of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  take measures to help agricultural enterprises to use the wide opportunities created for purchasing modern technologies for processing their products;  continuous provision of raw materials, electricity, gas to industrial enterprises established in rural areas, construction of communication networks, etc. list of used literature 1. mukhitdinova u.s. directions of fruit and vegetable market development in the context of economic modernization. dissertation written for obtaining a doctor of science in science.t.:2010.-p36. 2. olmasov a., sharifhojaev m. economic theory. t..: "labor", 1995. p. 192. 3. muftaydinov q. problems of entrepreneurship development in the conditions of economic liberalization. / dis. ... iqt. science. dr. t/, 2004. p. 18. 4. gafurov u.v. improvement of economic mechanisms of state regulation of small business. / dis. author ref... iqt. science. dr. t., 2017. p. 30. 5. abulqasimov p., kulmatov a. entrepreneurship is a laborious activity. // "economics and reporting", 1997, issue 9. p. 9 6. nazarova f. prospects for the development of the agricultural sector of uzbekistan in the conditions of economic liberalization. iqt. science. doc. science narrow dissertation written to obtain.–t.:–2001.-p.290. 7. umurzakov u.p. puti povysheniya effektivnosti ispolzovaniya resursnogo potensiala agrarnogo sektor ekonomiki (na materialakh respubliki uzbekistan). autoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie uchenoy stepi doktor ekonomicheskikh nauk. tashkent: -2003. -43 p. 234 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 specific characteristics of indisciplinary educational problems on newton's laws at school tokhirova makhfuzakhan otakoziyevna teacher of the department of "physics and astronomy" of the kokan state pedagogical institute oktamova is the daughter of dilnozakhan adhamjon a student of the kokan state pedagogical institute rahmonjanov is the son of umarali vahobjon a student of the kokan state pedagogical institute annotation: in this article, the interdisciplinary practical issues of physics and newton's laws for students in general secondary schools and their specific features and their practice are brought out. keywords: competence, physics, assignment, problem, technology, graphic method. today, digital technologies are rapidly developing and require advancement in every field. the use of digital technologies is of great importance in improving the quality of education and educating socially active young people. previously, we conducted educational programs in the traditional way, i.e. lectures through bulky books and manuals. this, in turn, did not ensure that the quality of education was so high. currently, the process of digitalization of education has begun to improve the quality of education. the current state of the education system is characterized by the increasing role of nontraditional educational technologies. learning by the learner with their help is much faster than with traditional technologies. these technologies change the nature of knowledge development, acquisition and distribution, deepening and expanding the content of the studied subjects, quickly updating it, using more effective teaching methods, and also significantly expanding the opportunity for education for everyone. will give. the ability to logically think about the role of physical education in science and technology, technology, development, production areas and life, intellectual development, formation of the potential for self-awareness, formation of national and universal values in them, social life and acquire the theoretical knowledge necessary to continue their education, teach them to use in their daily life; 1. the content and analysis of the general secondary education program in physics. levels of knowledge, skills, skills and competencies that students should acquire in the 6th-11th grade section. 2. lesson development is a factor that determines the teacher's creativity. a lesson plan is a pedagogical, didactic and methodological planning document. methodological recommendations for creating lesson plans. formation of students' basic and physical science skills, qualifications and competencies; is to develop students' ability to apply physical knowledge to life, connecting 235 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us their practical activities with broadening their outlook on the physical landscape of the world. the tasks of teaching physics: to create confidence in students to study the environment, to observe and analyze the processes and phenomena in nature, to be able to use tools correctly in the study of physical phenomena and processes, to be able to express physical concepts and quantities with mathematical formulas , the achievements achieved in the field of science, the development of scientific worldviews in students through their practical application, the respect for the creators of science and technology in the correct use of the achievements of science and technology for humanity in the future, the careful preservation of their spiritual and cultural heritage is to educate the elements of universal culture. connection of the physics course with other academic subjects: the main purpose of connecting the physics course with other academic subjects is to ensure the systematicity of knowledge; forming ideas about natural phenomena and their interrelation in the minds of students; formation of students' ability to establish connections between events, processes, concepts and theories on a scientific basis; strengthening the polytechnic orientation in education; forming students' ideas about the generality of the laws of nature and the importance of natural knowledge in various fields. connection of the subject of physics with the subject of mathematics: approximate calculations are used in the 6th-7th grade. in the 8th grade, it is recommended to determine measurement errors in laboratory exercises in physics. trigonometric functions, quadratic equations and other mathematical operations are widely used in the study of mechanics. in the process of studying newton's laws in the course of physics, this law can be applied to several processes and problems of the mechanics department. it is directly related to the science of mathematics. for example, the graphic method has several advantages over the analytical method: for example, a graphic shows the progress of a physical event or process, or the process visually reveals the dynamics of the event. the graphic method, movement graph, electrical conductivity of different environments, deformation, etc. are covered. it is necessary to use mathematical concepts in their place and correctly. for example, in determining physical formulas and unknown quantities, the concept of division, subtraction, addition, multiplication, operations, proportion in the formula works. during the study of physics, students should consider the reflection of real connections of mathematical formulas and their derivation from these connections. interdisciplinarity strengthens knowledge about academic subjects, increases interest in science foydalanilgan adabiyotlar 1. тохирова, м. о. (2021). мактабда физика қонунларига доир фанлараро татбиқий график масалаларни eчиш мeтодикаси. academic research in educational sciences, 2(cspi conference 3), 626-631. 2. otaqo„ziyevna, t. m., & xonzodabegim, a. (2022). yorug‟likning tarqalishi, qaytishi va sinishi mavzusini zamonaviy pedagogik texnalogiyalari asosida tashkil etish usullari. ta’lim fidoyilari, 22(7), 452-457. 3. toxirova, m. (2021). maktabda fizika qonunlariga doir fanlararo tatbiqiy grafik masalalarni yechish metodikasi. zamonaviy ta’limda matematika, fizika va raqamli texnologiyalarning dolzarb muammolari va yutuqlari. chirchiq davlat pedagogika instituti mavzusidagi respublika ilmiy amaliy konferensiyasi to’plami, 11, 874-877. 4. ismatullayev, n. a., homidjonov, a. o. u., & tohirova, m. i. q. (2021). creating a new range of boots for young children. the american journal of engineering and technology, 3(06), 106-112. 236 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. otaqo‟ziyevna, t. m. (2022). methods of solving finite issues of application of newton's laws in school. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 11(07), 29-33. 6. mamadaliyeva, nargizaxon zokirjon qizi, and sirojiddin shukurjon o‟g‟li qurbonaliyev. "pedagogika oliy o‟quv yurtlarining bakalavr bosqichida “bio– savar–laplas” qonunini o‟qitishda innovatsion texnalogiyalardan foydalanish metodikasi." oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences 1.9 (2021): 908-913. 7. mamadaliyeva, nargizaxon, and kamolaxon rahimjonova. "zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalarni ta‟lim jarayoniga qo‟llashning amaliy ahamiyatlari." interpretation and researches 1.1 (2023). 8. rustamovich, s. r., & ilxomjonovna, e. m. (2022). problematic teaching of physical phenomena. open access repository, 8(12), 659-662. 46 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх improving the management mechanism of tourist recreation activities in uzbekistan based on multi-factor models mirzayev abdullajon topilovich fergana state university, head of the department of economics and service, doctor of economic sciences (dsc), professor abstract the article explores the methodological aspects of management of the tourism and recreation sector, which is able to rapidly develop the national economy of uzbekistan. in the process of theoretical research, developed the author's definition of the specific category tourist-recreation on the basis of the study of the research of foreign and local scientists. in the article, based on the analysis of the level of use of the potential of tourist recreation facilities in uzbekistan, has been improved the mechanism of digital reservation of tourist recreation services on the basis of digital management platforms and recommended for practical use. by using the econometric model representing the private situation in uzbekistan, calculated the forecast indicators for 2022-2025 years. evaluated the quality of the econometric model and the quality of the model parameters within the framework of the main criteria. keywords: tourism, tourist-recreation, tourist-recreation activities, management, management of tourist-recreation activities, resource component, electronic reservation, digital management platforms, indicators that characterize the resource base, multi-factor analysis, econometric model, model quality assessment, forecast. introduction trends of global changes in the world indicate that in the recent period, the growth rate of the tourist recreation sector in the composition of the created gross domestic product is increasing. the factors associated with the health of people are the need to ensure economic development through the expansion of tourist recreation activities and the improvement of its management processes. according to the data of the unwto, “10 percent of the turnover of the planet's production-services market falls on the contribution of the tourism sector. it is projected that revenues from international tourism trips by 2022 will amount to 2,0 trillion us dollars a year”[1]. therefore, the development of the tourist-recreation sector in the development of the world economy has a relatively high priority, which requires the improvement of the methodology associated with management in the field. 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us scientific research is carried out on the development of tourist and recreational activities in the world on the basis of the law on demand and supply, increasing its change in the volume of gross domestic product and per capita services, provision of population of new jobs in the regions and improvement of organizational and economic principles of management in enterprises of the industry. in this regard, the expansion of the horizontal and vertical management structures in the tourist and recreational enterprises, the global and local use of digital booking systems, the improvement of the management models and processes that provide operational efficiency by filling them with the necessary elements (structure participants, management methods, resource components), as well as the development of the multiplicative effect at the regional (mezo, macro), research on improving the methodology of management of tourist and recreational activities in countries with a recreational resource base is one of the priority areas. in the world on improvement of methods of management of tourist and recreational activities, research is carried out in the following areas: improving the implementation of digital technologies for effective management of the activity of sphere, assessment of the concentration of regional units and stratification of the proposal on the level of development of the activities of sanatoriums and resorts in the development trend of the market of tourist recreation services, development of options for placement of tourist and recreational facilities in the regions and improvement of the multi-factor econometric-gravity model of attraction of recreational facilities by the number of recreational facilities, quality of services and cost and volume of resources, evaluation of the effectiveness of cross-sectoral innovations in the development of the industry on the basis of analysis of investment and innovation projects, etc. today, the tourism industry has become one of the leading sectors of the world economy. therefore, special attention is paid to modernization of the tourism sector in uzbekistan, development and improvement of the base of normative-legal documents for the sustainable development of the sphere, provision of services to foreign visitors in accordance with international standards. the main goal is to develop the tourism sector in uzbekistan, including respect for historical and cultural heritage, create an infrastructure that fully meets international standards, strengthen international relations, make our state one of the countries most visited by tourists. related literature analysis the tourist-recreational activities and potential of the countries are directly related to the level of their development, socio-economic, natural conditions, that is, the development of natural resources, technical infrastructure, with the development of industrial networks, service systems, culture, art science, that is, in a word, the natural and economic geographical role of the countries. in order to develop the recreational tourism sector in uzbekistan, it is necessary to study the potential reserves of tourist and recreational activities, to develop measures for the effective use of the existing potential and zoning of the regions and regions. the first task in the development of this sphere of the tourist services market is the creation of theoretical bases of this direction for the rapid development of the recreational tourism sector, using these resources effectively. when we say “recreation” (“rekreacja” (pol.) means rest, “recreation” means recovery), it is understood that a person will regain the forces that he lost during his labor activity[2]. today, recreation is becoming a shell that relieves production stresses, nervous-psychological pressure[3]. despite the fact that this word is used as a term by a number of researchers of the field, there are different approaches to its meaning. russian scientists a. m. vetitnev, l. b. juravleva said that the term recreation was originally introduced into scientific literature in the us in the sense of working days, holidays and 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us holidays, which were normalized in the 90-ies of the xix century, and meant the restoration of health, wellness and the content of the space in which this activity is carried out[4]. v. a. kvartalnov believes that recreation is the process of an expanded restoration of the physical, mental and emotional strength of a person. according to the definition of the us national center for tourism policy studies, recreation is the process of the person's free time[5]. z. usmonova's research, the concept of recreation is interpreted in the form of restoring health and labor through recreation outside the home, for example, on tourist trips to nature, in sanatoriums, health resorts [6]. the researchers, who conducted a scientific study on the term recreation, gave different definitions, summarizing them in the form of z.t.abdulhakimov developed the definition of: “recreation is a socio-economic process, which includes places where a person can regain his or her working capacity and rest in a natural environment (landscape areas of nature, high mountainous mountainous areas, water bodies, lakes, waterfalls, natural monuments and nature reserves, sanatorium intended for treatment and recreation, tourist bases, historical monuments, museums, various sights, theaters, various cultural evenings and events)”[7]. because recreation involves not only the restoration of working capacity, but also spiritual rest, physical and spiritual strength. in our opinion, it is worthwhile to understand the recreation in the sense that people restore their health and ability to work in recreational facilities, go to different places of nature by tourist route, visit architectural and historical monuments. recreation consists of several areas in itself, to restore health in them resort-sanatorium and other similar facilities, to the beautiful meat of nature by tourist route (river, lake, forest, mountain, cave, waterfall, etc.).) go in for sports and get acquainted with unique historical and architectural monuments. research methods in the research, a study of the methodology for the management of tourist-recreational activities and the evaluation of activities was carried out on the basis of monographic studies, which were theoretically extensively studied. on the basis of official statistics of the republic of uzbekistan using eviews10 multifactorial analysis program, the volume of recreation services considered as the main indicator and the resource component indicators affecting it were determined econometric model on the basis of time series, evaluated trends of changes in the main parameter and determined forecast indicators for the middle-term period. in the process of carrying out the research, used methods of scientific abstraction, correlationregression analysis, analysis and synthesis as research methodology. analyses and results at the present stage of the development of socio-economic systems, the level of development of the services sphere in the economic sectors is much higher than in other sectors and spheres. the main factor for this is the digitization of the economy. because with the wide introduction of the digital economy, other sectors of the economy from the services sector also have to carry out their activities through the mediation of services. in the conditions of digital transformation, the organization and management of activities are formed on the basis of digital technologies, taking into account the fact that the initial and final linkage of the chain of activities of all economic structures to the relations with consumers. the role of digital technologies in the development of tourism services, including the tourist recreation services market, which is rapidly developing in the current period, taking into account the spatial scale of this market, is very high. because the distance of the customers who are consumers of recreational products from the region where the product is being created is not of great importance for the creators of the services, the content of the activity, the assortment of basic, complementary services, the form of the offer and how the information on their purchase 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is placed in the information space. with the formation of digital management systems (iso – quality management, crm – customer management, erp – resource management, etc.), which arose as a result of the development of digitization processes in the organization of economic activities, the process of organization of activities by product creators in the recreational services market also suffered quality changes. with the optimal management of resources in the organization of activities, the management of the quality of services provided, as well as the effective implementation of digital booking systems for attracting customers and placing orders by them, along with the quantity and quality of the proposed recreational product, it is possible to monitor changes in the processes of attracting potential buyers and selling. today, in the conditions of rapid digitalization of services, the market of tourist-recreation services includes information on the areas of activity by tourist-recreation enterprises (sanatoriums, holiday homes, clusters, complexes) on the basis of the full formation of demand, that is, the formation of potential demand on the basis of the adaptation of hidden demand to the existing real demand, the types and characteristics, in addition to digital platforms, etc., the availability of a reservation system for places and services in which tourist-recreation services are provided has a huge impact. because, the services in this direction have the feature of getting potential demand into real demand by working with customers remotely (making orders). at present, the above-mentioned digital reservation system is widely used in institutions operating in the developed countries of the world in the direction of recreational services, and this is mainly achieved in two different ways[8]: through the global reservation system. today, there are 4 main reservation systems (global distribution systems – gds) amadeus, galileo, sabre and worldspan reservation systems operating worldwide. more than 400 thousand tourist agencies around the world are coming using the services of these systems. there are positive and negative sides to the use of the services of these systems. the positive aspects of using the global reserve system are that customers who are familiar with the database for the use of certain services will be fully informed about the provider of these services. in the global reserve system, there is complete information about the enterprise (types of services, prices, additional services, addresses, etc.), and this information is also provided to consumers in the process of viewing other information. the negative side of the use of the global reserve system is that the enterprise is connected with its own gds terminals, through which it is necessary to conclude contracts with hotel reservation systems for payment, conduct communication networks, install the necessary equipment, teach employees to work in them and many other similar works. and in order for the costs to be borne by itself, it will be necessary to carry out a large number of orders from the gds on an absolute basis. 1. through the reservation system using internet servers. the advantages of the reservation system with the help of internet servers the possibilities of the internet network are not limited only to gds. the main advantage achieved when using the internet is the breadth of the circle of customers covered 100 million inhabitants of the earth and the costs of the master are cheaper than the gds. since the system of attracting customers used in uzbekistan is an automated system, the level of use of existing place in recreational facilities is considered to be significantly lower. if it is taken into account that the period of one client's use of a place (place)in a recreational facility is an average of 12 days, the maximum employment of one place in 360 days of the year is 30 times, or in other words, one place in a recreational facility can be used by 30 clients in the maximum. however, in the past five years, the maximum level of use in recreational facilities by the number of people using both groups are much lower. 50 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if a digital reservation system is used by customers in recreational facilities, the maximum use of available capacity is enlarging, and in connection with this, the financial stability of the facilities is also increased. of course, the introduction of a digital reservation system into circulation will be introduced by the recreational institution into the account of a certain amount of additional costs, but these costs will be covered by the benefits that will be credited to the account of the scale effect. today, there is no digital reservation system in the existing recreational facilities in uzbekistan, that is, the main part of the tourist-recreation enterprises does not even have their own website, at the same time they are not connected to the gds system. currently, electronic reservation of recreational services in our country on the basis of very short data through the web portal https://putevka.uz/hotels/luchshie-sanatorii-uzbekistana, the booking of roads is carried out on the back, and the recreants themselves are interested in the directions of recreation services in each tourist-recreation enterprise, at the same time they cannot find information that is considered important in the formation of demand. in the future, we will offer a wide introduction of the digital reservation system in the use of tourist recreation services. it can be said that this system is now being used effectively in most service sectors (hotels, restaurants, tour companies, tour operators, ticket offices, railway ticket offices, etc.) in the field of tourism services. information order figure 1. the mechanism of digital reservation of tourist-recreation services on the basis of digital management platforms 1 1 developed by the author. https://putevka.uz/hotels/luchshie-sanatorii-uzbekistana 51 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the mechanism of using the proposed digital reservation system includes contacts that are equally effective for small or medium-sized tourist and recreational enterprises, as well as for large recreational enterprises (clusters, complexes), depending on the financial capacity and the volume of recreational products (fig. 1). in the case of the introduction of the mentioned digital reservation system, a request for the reservation of a place in the recreational facility (reservation) can be received through various channels (digital reservation system, e-mail, fax, telephone, telex). when the request is received, the following information about the client is recorded:  name, number of persons, address of residence;  what place and for how long it is necessary;  fee guarantee and who will pay the fee;  special wishes of the client (flowers in the number, a parless pillow to avoid allergic states, etc.)[9]. each order is assigned a number, while the guarantee of a digital reservation is made by a deposit or credit card. the employee who accepted the order must check the client's history and, according to its results, put the appropriate marks or refuse to make a reservation 2 . reservation as a group (more than 10 places) differs from individual reservation, first of all, in that the manager of the reservation service can meet specifically with an authorized or intermediary person for negotiation and conclusion of a contract [10, 11]. during the analysis below, we tried to determine the possibility of using the location as a result of the transfer of first and second group recreation systems to a complete digital reservation system using some computational formulas. max 360 0,9q p t    there are: qmax –maximum capacity of recreational facilities (people); p – number of available places in recreation facilities; 360 – number of days used by place people throughout the year; t – average duration of use of a client from one place (average amount is 12 days); 0,9 – indicator of the maximum effectiveness of the use of a digital reservation system (taking into account the average loss of 10%). qmax2011=p2011 * (360/t) * 0,9=17000*(360/12) * 0,9=459000 according to official statistics, in 2011 year a total of 255096 people used the services provided in recreational facilities. according to the calculations, the digital reservation system will have access to 459000 people from recreational services in one year in the system we offer, which is fully implemented (table 1). 2 http://uz.denemetr.com/docs/768/index-32772-1.html?page=4. 52 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. sanatorium and sanatorium profile capacity utilization rate in recreational tourism system 3 years using the power of sanatoriums and sanatorium profiles, the person total maximum capacity used in reality level of use, % 2011 459000 255096 55,5 2012 464400 275682 59,3 2013 488700 265516 54,3 2014 569700 291602 51,2 2015 594000 310241 52,2 2016 594000 334791 56,4 2017 599400 355671 59,3 2018 704700 426571 60,5 2019 757971 528308 69,7 2020 758943 448583 59,1 in this table, which reflects the real situation, it is taken into account that the level of use in 2011 year amounted to 55,5%, it seems that there is a huge opportunity on the account of the formation of new types of organizational systems in recreational facilities. in 2014-2015, despite the fact that during the year the number of users of recreational services increased, the number of available seats significantly lower than the maximum capacity, depending on the problems with the introduction of the digital reservation system. by 2020, the effectiveness of the use of seats in relation to the target performance of the proposed system was 59,1%. if a digital reservation system (connected or disconnected reservation system) is introduced by recreational facilities, the volume of their total proceeds can reach an increase of an average of 40 % [12,13]. increase in the level of use of recreational facilities, formation of real demand and increase in its volume depends on the implementation of organizational and management measures aimed at the full commissioning of the maximum available capacity by recreational services enterprises, as well as increasing the revenues from the services rendered on this basis. in the econometric analysis of socio-economic development processes, taking into account the extensive use of the above-mentioned multi-factor production functions and the functions arising from them, we determine the flow volume change of the recreants that forms the gross volume of services of the tourist recreation services sector on the basis of a multi-factor link, the econometric models. the identified models will help to determine the target forecast indicators for the medium and long-term period on the basis of determining the factors management trends affecting the number of users of tourist-recreation services, as well as to determine the measures necessary to ensure these indicators [14]. a multi-factor analysis carried out on the change in the number of users of services in the recreation sector in the impact of its main factor (resources), taking the change as an endogen factor. on the basis of expert analysis conducted with the participation of leading experts of the state agency for tourism development of the republic of uzbekistan, the following indicators selected, having determined the high peak of the function, that is, the resultant factor, the number of users of tourist-recreation services (table 2): х1 – the volume of investments included in the main capital; х2 – number of places available in tourist-recreation destinations; 3 calculated on the basis of author's research. 53 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us х3 – the volume of real total revenues per capita; х4 – the volume of services per capita. table 2. indicators of the number of recreational users of tourist-recreation services in the republic of uzbekistan and the factor affecting its change 4 years number of recreation users of tourist recreation services, thousand persons (y) the volume of investments included in the main capital, billion. sum (x1) number of seats available in touristrecreational destinations, unit (x2) the volume of real total revenues per capita, thousand soums (x3) the volume of services per capita, thousand soums (x4) 2011 255,1 19500 16999 2264,8 1199,6 2012 275,7 24455,3 17228 2831,6 1490,7 2013 265,5 30490,1 18182 3142,1 1847,4 2014 291,6 37646,2 21350 3601,3 2211,9 2015 310,2 44810,4 22098 4805,2 2509 2016 334,8 51232,0 22215 5503,5 3047,3 2017 355,7 72155,2 22625 6227,8 3668,3 2018 426,6 124231,3 27293 7300,2 4578,5 2019 528,3 195927,3 28073 8963,7 5768,2 2020 448,6 202000,1 28109 9264,7 6393,2 2021 500,0 194293,4 29931 9900,1 6446,3 if the essence of the indicators of the endogen factor and the exogen factors affecting it are seen, it will have a link close to the model in the form of a production model based on the indicators of the factors, which has a significant influence on the level of use of capital, resources and services as factors of impact. the data in the form of the above time series analyzed by using the eviews10 software in order to determine the trends of change in the number of users of tourist recreation services based on the correlation of the main endogen and exogen factors. on the basis of the trend models identified using the software package in 2021-2025, the prospective indicators of the change in the number of users of tourist recreation services and presented the list of the most favorable models for their calculation (table 3). table 3. trend models of indicators of the number of users of tourist-recreation services and factors affecting it, and forecast indicators for 2021-2025 years 5 indicators and their trend models forecast 2022 2023 2024 2025 number of recreation users of tourist recreation services, thousand persons 527,4 554,8 582,2 609,7 the volume of investments included in the main capital, billion. sum 215029,5 235765,7 256501,8 277237,9 number of seats available in tourist-recreational destinations, unit 31297 32663 34029 35395 4 developed by the author on the basis of data of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. 5 developed by the author based on the results of the research. 54 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the volume of real total revenues per capita, thousand soums 10720,0 11539,9 12359,9 13179,8 the volume of services per capita, thousand soums 7023,6 7600,9 8178,1 8755,4 using the identified data, a multi-factor econometric model of the change in the number of recreants using tourist-recreation services and the impact of factors affecting it was drawn up. according to this, representing this process: (1) regression equation concluded. when using the software package, it is necessary to check the reliability and adequacy of the configured model and its parameters on the basis of several criteria and make sure that the results are accurate. in the trend identified, autocorrelation was found to be slightly higher than the specified optimal threshold (dw=2.28) and above the requirement for other criteria (1) the regression equation was found to be reliable and proved to be adequate. with the use of a multi-factor econometric model, the user of tourist recreation services expressed the appearance on the graph of the values of the number of recreations in the medium term, that is, in 2011-2025 years (figure 2). 255,1 275,7 265,5 291,6 310,2 334,8 355,7 426,6 528,3 448,6 500,0 527,4 554,8 582,2 609,7 0,0 100,0 200,0 300,0 400,0 500,0 600,0 700,0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 figure 2. changes of the volume of the number of users of tourist-recreation services in 2011-2025 6 (thousand persons) on the basis of the coefficients of variables in the structured multi-factor model, we can evaluate how much the value of the resulting factor changes to the account of one unit of the addition of the value of each factor. in particular, an additional 1 billion soums increase in the volume of investments in the main capitalalga leads to an increase in the number of users of touristrecreation services by 1720 units, an increase in the number of seats available in touristrecreation destinations by 1000 units, an increase in the number of users of tourist-recreation services by 6020 units, an increase of 1000 soums of real total revenues per capita leads to an increase in the resultant figure by 63 units and an increase in the volume of services produced per capita by 1000 soums leads to a decrease in the number of recreants by 118 people. 6 developed on the basis of author's research. 55 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on the basis of the above factor links, we developed a development scenario based on the impact of factors on the number of recreational users of tourist-recreation services, which is considered as a result of the indicators most important in the development of the tourist-recreation sector. the use of identified trends makes it possible to optimize the efficiency obtained from the resource unit with the correct allocation of the volume of resources included in the field [15]. trend models, which are determined on the basis of a multi-factor link, allow to predict in advance the change of the main indicators of the activity of the sphere in the coming period, taking into account the errors of a certain boundary in the influence of selected factors. in the process of the research, the change in the number of users of tourist-recreation services in the national tourist-recreation sector is also used in determining the projected values for the next period under the influence of 4 main factors. at the verification stage of econometric modeling, the significance of the model and its parameters developed under the influence of certain factors is checked in four directions:  the quality of the model is assessed by the correlation and determinant coefficient;  the quality of the model is assessed by the mape and fisher criterion;  reliability of the parameters of the model is assessed by the criteria student;  on the base of the darbin-watson criteria, the conditions for the execution of the “method of the least squares” are checked, that is, the presence of an autocorrelation or multicollinearity level in the structured trend model is assessed. the dynamics of the analyzed rows is always the selection of the longest time series, even for the econometric model determined by us used 10 years’ time series. therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly check and evaluate the reliability of econometric models obtained on the basis of correlation-regression analysis. the use of the model in practice without assessing the importance of the econometric model, which is determined on the basis of the above calculations and the quality of its parameters, leads to the occurrence of large errors. taking into account this, we evaluate the role of the model of change in the number of users of tourist recreation services, which forms the volume of services in the field of tourist recreation services, and the quality of model parameters. the parameters identified during the regression analysis carried out using the eviews10 software package, as well as the importance of the model, were evaluated through the main evaluation indicators calculated by the program (table 4). table 4. the main characteristics of the linkage of factors and the quality of the structured factor model 7 dependent variable: number of recreation users of tourist recreation services, y method: least squares date: 13/06/22 time: 14:31 sample: 2011 2021 included observations: 11 variable coefficien t std. error t-statistic prob. the volume of investments included in the main capital, х1 0,001722 0,000526 3,275966 0,0221 number of seats available in tourist0,006019 0,006035 0,997340 0,3644 7 developed by the author. 56 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us recreational destinations, х2 the volume of real total revenues per capita, х3 0,063136 0,025137 2,511715 0,0537 the volume of services per capita, х4 -0,118216 0,047027 -2,513814 0,0536 noticeable value of the impact of random factors с 122,5386 84,64866 1,447614 0,2074 r-squared 0.974951 mean dependent var 349.2100 adjusted r-squared 0.954911 s.d. dependent var 90.85951 s.e. of regression 19.29326 akaike info criterion 9.064242 sum squared resid 1861.150 schwarz criterion 9.215534 log likelihood -40.32121 hannan-quinn criter. 8.898274 f-statistic 48.65131 durbin-watson stat 2.283997 prob(f-statistic) 0.000341 the analysis carried out on the basis of a software package shows that the correlation of the resultant with the factors affecting it is equal to r=0,9874, the determinant coefficient r 2 =0,9749. this suggests that the causative factor with the influencing factors has a high-density correlation, and the difference between the calculated indicators and the real indicators is that the residues in the quality are also densely correlated. the importance and quality of the parameters of the econometric model, compiled using the values of the indicators shown in the table, is assessed. for the endogen factor in the model identified, the fisher criterion value is equal to 48,65, and its value is equal to 0,000341. from this it can be seen that the structured trend can be applied in practice in terms of the importance of the model. model quality assessed through akiake information criterion (9,06), schwars criterion (9,22) and hannan-kuin criterion (8,90) in the software package tool. the value of these criteria also indicates that the trend model can be used in practice. the darbin-watson (dw) criterion, which allows to determine the presence of autocorrelation or multicollinearity in a structured econometric model, is equal to 2,28, given that the optimal limit is around 2,0, it is possible to see that the quality of the model is relatively high, that is, the degree of autocorrelation is almost nonexistent. using the eviews10 software package, we formulate the trend of change in the statistical error limits ±2 of the number of users of tourist-recreation services, which is considered the main base indicator for the development of the tourist-recreation sector, as well as evaluate the indicators that characterize the significance of this trend. these listed indicators reflect the importance and adequacy of the structured model. in particular, given the fact that the limit for symmetrical mape is up to 10, it is possible to see that the degree of error of approximation is smaller than the specified limit, that is, mape: 2,99<10. based on the above analytical data and evaluation of the values of indicators, the following trend model, which takes into account the number of recreants and the influence of factors on the user of tourist recreation services, which is considered the most important in the development of the tourist recreation sector, can be applied in the process of developing scenarios based on. the determination of the volume of resources (exogen factors) introduced into the network when using the structured trend model, taking into account the effect of each unit of additional resource unit, allows to ensure optimal resource efficiency, as well as ensure the stable development of the network in equilibrium. 57 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion and recommendations based on the results of the research work, developed the following scientific conclusions and suggestions as well as practical recommendations: 1. world practice shows that the development of the tourism sector, in particular, tourist and recreational activities, allows to solve a wide range of socio-economic issues, such as promoting entrepreneurial activity, increasing the level of employment and real income, as well as balanced development of territories. tourist-recreational activity is a socio-economic system that fulfills the social, economic, environmental, cultural, educational and other interests of people and their social groups and satisfies the relevant needs [16,17]; 2. expansion of the material technical base of the sphere on the basis of regular and planned attraction of domestic and foreign investments to tourist recreation activities and wide involvement of innovations in the sphere; 3. restoration of tourism clusters in tourist-recreation areas (construction of a complex of tourist facilities covering all areas of tourism in addition to sanatoriums, boarding houses and recreation areas in all regions and regions of uzbekistan and through this attraction of domestic and international tourists to the territory); 4. on the basis of practical and methodological research of the possibilities of converting the hidden demand for tourist-recreation services into real demand through the digital reservation system in the conditions of digitization of socio-economic systems, practical proposals on improving the digital reservation of tourist-recreation services on the basis of digital management platforms have been developed. the practical use of the proposed cpm by tourist recreation enterprises to turn the hidden demand of customers for services into real demand and increase the volume of services using the available resource potential [18,19]. 5. through multi-factor econometric modeling on the basis of economic and mathematical methods, it is possible to determine the development legislation of any socio-economic activity in the form of models, as well as to develop the most effective scenarios of activities through omillarni management, which affects the identified models. in the process of the research, determined the econometric model by choosing the indicator of the number of recreational users of tourist recreation services as a resultant factor, and on the basis of this model, developed forecasting scenarios of changes in the medium term, namely in 20212025 years [20]. the development of effective use of the method of application of the resource component of innovation capacity in the industry in order to maximize the level of use of existing touristrecreation services on the basis of effective management and planning of tourist-recreation activities and effective organization of the offer of services further reduces the development period of the industry. this will be the basis for determining the high saturation point of demand and supply relations in the recreation services market, as well as accelerating the development diffusion of the tourist and recreation services market in the cross-border regions, creating new jobs, ensuring effective employment of the population. references 1. яковлев г.а. экономика и статистика туризма: учебное пособие. 3-е изд. перераб. и доп. – м.: издательство рдл, 2015. – с. 3. 2. кусков. а.с, голубева. в.л, одинцова. т.н. рекреационная география. учебнометодический комплекс.-м.: мпси, флинта. 2005. 3. кузьмичев в.е. рекреация и природные рекреационные ресурсы. // материалы по дополнительному экологическому образованию учащихся (сборник статей). вып. iii под ред. м.н. сионовой и э.а. поляковой. калуга: кгпу им. к.э. циолковского 2007.с. 2-3. 58 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. a.m. ветитнев, л.б. журавлева. “курортное дело”. м.: кнорус, 2006. с 11. 5. квартальнов в.а. туризм. учебник. – м.: финансы и статистика, 2003. – 320 с. 6. усманова з.и. ўзбекистонда туристик – рекреацион хизматларни ривожлантириш хусусиятлари ва тенденциялари. иқтисодиѐт фанлари бўйича фалсафа доктори (phd) илмий даражасини олиш учун ѐзилган диссертация автореферати. –самиси, 2018 й. 12 б. 7. абдулхакимов з.т. минтақада рекреациядан фойдаланишнинг ташкилий-иқтисодий асосларини такомиллаштириш (наманган вилояти мисолида). иқтисодиѐт фанлари бўйича фалсафа доктори (phd) илмий даражасини олиш учун ѐзилган диссертация автореферати. –самиси, 2019 й. 12 б. 8. алиева м.т. меҳмонхона менежменти. дарслик. –т.: 2010. 150-бет. 9. м.т.алиева. меҳмонхона менежменти. дарслик. –т.: 2010. 145-бет. http://uz.denemetr.com/docs/768/index-32772-1.html?page=4. 10. mirzaev, a. t. (2020). assessment of cluster formation in management of recreational activity. isj theoretical & applied science, 04 (84), 605-610. https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2020.04.84.101 11. mirzaev, a.t. (2018) "the level of use of tourist attractions in the regions and the factors affecting them," economics and innovative technologies: vol. 2018: no.3,article19. available at: https://uzjournals.edu.uz/iqtisodiyot/ vol2018/iss3/19 12. мирзаев а.т. совершенствование интегральной оценки механизма рекреационнотуристических объектов // бюллетень науки и практики. 2019. т. 5. №2. с. 127-134. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/39/17 13. ханкелдиева г.ш. особенности корпоративного управления в акционерных обществах с государственным участием // бюллетень науки и практики. электрон. журн. 2017. №11 (24). с. 357-363. режим доступа: http://www.bulletennauki.com/honkeldiyeva 14. мирзаев а.т. оценка использования рекреационных возможностей на рынке туристических услуг // региональная экономика: теория и практика. – 2019. – т. 17, № 5. – с. 990. – 1002. https://doi.org/10.24891/re.17.5.990. 15. mirzaev a. t. estimation of the prospects for the use of recreational facilities in the market of tourism services //наука сегодня: вызовы, перспективы и возможности [текст]. – 2018. – с. 76. 16. mirzaev a. t. evaluation of innovation capacity resource components in effective management of recreational clusters on the basis of econometric analysis // epra international journal of research and development (ijrd). – 2020. – pp.131-137. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra4790 17. мирзаев а. т. совершенствование системы электронного бронирования как часть цифрования управленческой деятельности туристско-рекреационных предприятий // бюллетень науки и практики. 2020.т.6.№8. с.165-172. https://doi.org/10.33619/24142948/57/14 18. хонкелдиева г. ш. организационно-экономический механизм управления инвестиционной деятельностью в сфере телекоммуникаций //экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. – 2019. – №. 11-3. 19. асракулов, а. с. (2019). неформальная занятость и анализ факторов, влияющих на неформальную занятость в узбекистане. региональная экономика: теория и практика, 17(12), 2328-2336. http://uz.denemetr.com/docs/768/index-32772-1.html?page=4 https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2020.04.84.101 https://uzjournals.edu.uz/iqtisodiyot/%20vol2018/iss3/19 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/39/17 http://www.bulletennauki.com/honkeldiyeva https://doi.org/10.24891/re.17.5.990 https://doi.org/10.36713/epra4790 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/57/14 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/57/14 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20. asrakulov, a. s. (2017). some aspects of development of the labor market of the republic of uzbekistan. актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук (pp. 39-42). 21. yuldashev, n. k., & saidov, m. s. (2023). the economy of the countries of the world is experiencing the need for nuclear power plants. american journal of economics and business management, 6(1), 86-99. 138 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ethnolinguistic study of clothing names in paremas nurova yulduz ubaydullayevna doctor of philosophy in philology (phd), lecturer, bukhara state university department of methods of primary education abstract: in the article, the formation of a national complex of folk clothing is influenced by moral and aesthetic ideas, traditions of generations, material and economic living conditions, as well as their relations with other ethnic groups. the peculiarity of this lexicon is that the analysis of its semantics requires constant reference to reality, ethnolinguistic information. the article analyzes the expression of clothing names in ethnolinguistic groups. keywords: ethnolinguistics, folk dialect, bread and flour products, dairy products, names of sweets. each ethnic group perceives the surrounding reality, based on ancestral traditions and customs, taking into account the peculiarities of cultural appearance and ethnic consciousness. one of the most important components of a people's ethnic identity is clothing. clothing names occupy a special place in the linguistic landscape of the human world, they are directly related to the life, history, culture of the people, and their development and consumption go back to the social changes that occur in the life of the ethnomathean community. clothing is not limited to its function, it also serves as one of the most stable ethnic indicators, a social function that expresses the spirit and way of life of the people. the formation of a national complex of folk clothing is influenced by moral and aesthetic ideas, traditions of generations, material and economic living conditions, as well as their relations with other ethnic groups. the peculiarity of this lexicon is that the analysis of its semantics requires constant reference to reality, ethnolinguistic information. the study of clothing names as an integral structure assumes the consideration of the changes faced by the traditional clothing of the ethnos of the nation as a result of changes in economic and socio-political living conditions. the study of clothing names encourages the analysis of their so-called features as systems in the dialects of the uzbek language. clothing and its names have become the object of a special study of many scientists (d.k.zelenin, i.nebedeva, n.p.grinkova, g.s.maslova, g.v.sudakov, r.i.kudryashova, yu.p.osipova et al. interest in the dialect lexicon characterizing and naming clothing is determined by the following situations: first, this layer is closely related to the practical and spiritual life of a person, therefore, its study brings the researcher closer to understanding the features of the cultural and historical development of the uzbek ethnos. secondly, the description of this lexicon makes it possible to fully understand the lexical wealth of the national language, and thirdly, it provides the basis for a deeper understanding of the formation and laws of activity of the language lexicon. the study of the names of the national costume of turkic peoples was originally carried out by russian scientists. chunonchi, o.a.sukharyeva published information about the headdresses of the peoples of central asia and the characteristic features of them [3]. born in samarkand, olima pursued a career as an orientalist, ethnographer, expert on central asia. khakas people clothing names m.p.chebodayeva [4], kazakh national dress names i.b.zakharova, r.d.researched by khodjayevas [6].clothing names in uzbek are m.studied by 139 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us asomiddinova. in the work, the author studies one of the professional lexical layers of the current uzbek language – clothing names, comparing them to ancient written sources. the study also reveals lexical-semantic, grammatical features of uzbek language clothing names [3]. engaged in the definition of the word dress yu.lippert states that a dress (plate) embroidered as” true dress is understood [4]. n.p.gorbachova argues that wearable clothing protects a person from the permanent or periodic effects of the natural environment [8]. m.asomiddinova divides clothing into the following groups according to which part of the human body it is worn, that is, in the sense of the species: 1. headdress. 2. top (that) clothes. 3. ich (ki) clothing. 4. shoes. 5. auxiliary items to clothing. 6. clothing parts [7]. based on the same classification, it is advisable to group the names of clothing and parts found in uzbek folk parems as follows: 1. headdress names. 2. the names of the outerwear and their part. 3. names of underwear and their part. 4. shoes, names of its part and places. 5. names of auxiliary items on clothing. 6. fabric names. due to the fact that the composition of uzbek folk paremas contains units that represent the parts and places of shoes, we renamed the fourth classification “names of shoes, its parts and places”. 1. headdress names a headdress is a type of clothing worn and wrapped around the head. headdress names, in turn, can be divided into two types: 1. the names of the clothes worn on the head are: hawk, dove, telpak, hood. 2. names of clothes wrapped around the head: lachak, scarf, qasava, turban. 1.1. names of clothes worn on the head the term headdress originated in the uzbek literary language as the kalka of the russian golovnoy ubor [] dini m.asomiddinova recorded. the term may be true for calcification, but on the basis of observing uzbek folk proverbs, it can be concluded that the clothes worn on the head in our people have existed since time immemorial and have changed depending on the season. chunonchi: when the thief does not receive goods from the theft, he steals his own hawk himself. 1.1.1. a bow is an ancient headdress. a bow is a” kind of headdress“,”cap". if the head survived, a bulge will be found (proverb). this horse ancient turkic language “qoplam” “think the factor is spectacular” meaning meant bὂrӱ – verb from... -k supplement made with... later... in english floured floured spell in the second tier of the rest of narrow ὂ soft despite missing the mark: bὂrӱ +k = bὂrӱk> bὂrk > bork [5]. dictionaries note that the elk was sewn from animal skin and covered with valuable thick gauze [128, 62]. the earliest reference to the hawk is in mahmud koshgari's “devonu lexicotit turk”: 140 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the hawk – bὂrk, hood, headdress. proverb: tatsἲz toork bὂlmas, bashsἲz bὂrk bὂlmas – just as there is no bull without a head, there is no turk without a tot [4]. m.asomiddinova writes that the bow meant any item worn on an ancient head [7, 30]. e.fozilov and f.the information given in the dictionaries of the isokovs also echoes this idea: a hawk – headdress; a hood, a telpak, a hawk: when mavlono hamul entered the mosque... an old hawk in his head melted bila. and [2]. boar-cap, telpak, headdress in general; “i washed a os boar” [10]. another dictionary clarifies that a hawk is a winter garment, and its sources are also listed: a hawk – winter hood, a telpak, a headdress sewn from fur [8]. men's winter headdress made cylindrical from bulky – leather, blackout, or sherozi fur [2]. sipoh's basket is the savsar telpagi. 1.1.2. telpak-1. a warm-up dress with a rounded top, a round shape, a flat fur neckline. 2 p.t. any warm headdress with fur (earlobe, papax, tummy and sh.k) [8]. telpak men's warm (furry) headdress; round, top and fur is made of a chin. the skin is wrung out using a leather razor. the upper part is sewn from short-haired fur (mainly black), the muzzle is sewn from beaver fur; long-haired (sheep or fox) fur is used on the lining... some telpaks use velvety fur on the upper part, long-haired (fox, otter) fur on the chin [3]. it seems that our ancestors have long used a warm clothesline made from the skin of animals such as sheep, foxes, otters, and the name of this garment took its place as a kulturema from the composition of the proverb. savsar is a valuable dark brown furred, small mammalian predator that lives in the forest: the antique skin of the same animal[4]. fear the winter even if the gupping is thick, fear the fist even if the doppelgänger is thick. 1.1.3. a round or rectangular shaped headdress with a double – avra-lining, often composed of a bracket, a pilta stroke, a top, a kizak and a jiyak, or without a flower. [5] a cape is a light headdress. it has long been common among the iranian and turkic peoples. among the peoples of turkestan (especially in the territory of uzbekistan and tajikistan) has become a national type of clothing. from the doppelgängers of other peoples, uzbek doppelgängers are distinguished by their unique shape, decoration. the dowel consists of three parts – a top (folded in a circle and a rectangle), a kizak (flange-shaped) and a jiyak, decorated differently in different places of the republic; the parts look different when combined [8]. doppi-present-day uzbek and some turkic languages are found in phonetic and lexical variants as follows: doppi in the fergana valley; toppi in the tashkent dialect; kallapuş // kalavush in bukharan tajiks and bilingual (uzbek and tajik speaking) population, pastdargom, shahrisabz, kitab, kappog‘in samarkand. but in these places, the type of dowel, which is sewn in a more elongated shape from various colored chit or satin in an iraqi way, and worn from the bottom of the turban, is also referred to as the kallaposh // kalaposh... in ancient written sources, the words doppi (pistol) do not appear. in history there are arabic words taxya/ / taqya, persian kallaposh turkish cap. tatar, taq'ya in the nogai, kalfak in the type of pearl goblet, dopi, taqiya in the kazakhs, takya in the turkmen, taqi in the tajiks, kalaposh, etc. conclusion. the research of clothing names involved in folk paremas from an ethnolinguistic point of view provides an opportunity to identify the social changes that have occurred in the life of each ethnomathean community. because clothing in combination with material culture also determines the social conditions of the people. 141 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. карасёва т.в. названия пищи в вороженских говорах (этнолингвистический аспект): автореф. дисс. ... канд. филол. наук. 10.02.01. – воронеж, 2004. – 24 c. 2. касимова р.р. ўзбек тўй ва мотам маросим фольклори матнларининг инглизча таржимасида этнографизмларнинг берилиши: фил.фан.бўйича фалсафа доктори (phd) дисc. – т., 2018. – 169 б. 3. nurova y.u. ethnolinguistic analysis of headdresses in paremas // international journal for innovative engineering and management research. issn: (p):2308-4944 / vol. 11, issue 04, april 2022. 303-310 (impact factor (esji) 8.716). 4. nurova y.u. ethnolingcuistic study of outerwear and underwear parts in paremas // european multidisciplinary journal of modern science. is recognition of the paper publication intitled.issn: 2795-921 / vol. 2, emmp. 05, may 2022.86-89 (impact factor (esji) 7.617). 5. nurova y.u. etnolingvistika va etnografiya munosabati // pedagogik mahorat. – buxoro, 2021.–№ 1. – b. 118-121. 6. nurova y.u. o‘zbek xalq paremalarida suyuq taom nomlarining etnolingvistik tadqiqi // «maktabgacha ta’lim – maktab – oliy ta’lim» konsepsiyasi: muammo, echimlar va istiqbollar. xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjumani materiallari. – buxoro, 9.04. 2022. – №1. – b. 319-321. 7. jurayeva b.m., nurova y.u. european journal of life safety and stability (ejlss) issn 26609630 www.ejlss.indexedresearch.org volume 15, 2022. theoretical study of ethnolinguistics in world l inguisti. 8. davronov d.i., nurova y.u. ethnolinguistics: emergence, development and theoretical research: international journal of trend in scientific research and development (ijtsrd). volume 6 issue 6, september-october 2022 available online: www.ijtsrd.com e-issn: 2456 – 6470. 9. radjabova i.k. scientific and theoretical foundations of the development of children's creativity in the educational process of a preschool ducational institution. volume: 2 issue: 11 | nov – 2023. 10. ярашов м. ta’lim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalarning oʻrni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 11. ярашов м. boshlangʻich sinf matematika ta’limni raqamli texnologiyalar orqali ijodiy tashkil etish jarayoni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 12. yarashov m. boshlangʻich ta’lim jarayoniga raqamli texnologiyalarning tadbiq etish metodikasi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 13. yarashov m. boshlang’ich ta’limda xalqaro baholash tizimi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 17. – №. 17. 14. yarashov m. boshlang ‘ich ta’limning dars jarayonlariga raqamli texnologiyalarni tadbiq etish vositalari //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 15. – №. 15. 15. ganieva, u. a., & mirzaeva, m. g. k. (2022). types of digital banking services and increasing their popularity. international journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding, 9(6), 1-5. 142 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. ganieva, u. a. (2021). the digital economy and its benefits. trans asian journal of marketing & management research, 10(4), 29-34. 17. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "tools of using digital technologies in primary educational courses." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 119-123. 18. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "effectiveness of using digital technologies in educational system." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 124-128. 19. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 20. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 21. khamraev, a. r. (2019). modeling teacher's activity in designing students’ creative activities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 22. ҳамроев, а. р. (2022). бошланғич синф она тили таълимида ўқувчиларнинг ижодий фаолиятини лойиҳалаштириш. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 294-305. 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 02, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх the importance of the national parks model in the development of international ecotourism in new uzbekistan ablaizov akbar abduvafo og’li an independent researcher of the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: in the article, scientific and practical proposals and recommendations are developed on the importance of ecotourism resources in the development of international ecotourism in new uzbekistan. keywords: tourism, ecotourism, international ecotourism, park, state, private property, model, competition, excursion, resource, national park. the concept of "ecotourism" is widely used in the modern activities of reserve zones and natural parks. ecotourism is an integral part of the infrastructure of natural tourism, it is not only an idea, but also a concrete type of general tourism, its impact on the environment can be different (negative, neutral and positive). the reason for the rapid growth of this type of tourism in the world is not only the deterioration of the environment, but also the increasing exploitation of popular recreation areas mountain resorts, coasts of warm seas, plains and forests. these data show that ecotourism makes a significant contribution to increasing the efficiency of tourist and recreational resources, preserving and protecting nature, and improving the wellbeing of the local population. in the field of tourism, economists from uzbekistan n. tukhliev, i.s. tukhliev, m.m. mukhammedov, m.q. pardaev, d.kh. aslanova, m.a. hoshimov, o.h. hamidov, m.t. alimova, a.eshtaev, b.sh.safarov and r.khaitbaev are engaged. in the works of these scientists, the general aspects of the development of the field of ecotourism were studied. the importance and directions of use of ecotourism resources in the organization and development of international ecotourism in uzbekistan have received little attention in the literature devoted to tourism. because of this, we found it appropriate to give special importance to this issue. according to the experience of developing ecotourism in the world, until today, the only models or methods that are directly suitable for the natural climatic conditions of each country, and are convenient for using their tourism resources, have not been developed. however, the use of national parks and state natural reserves in the development of ecotourism is well organized. if it is used in our republic, it will open up new opportunities in the field. from this point of view, there is a need to dwell on the concept, content and essence of national parks. because, in the development of ecotourism, national parks are serving as a standard, benchmark. according to international experience, national parks are natural landscape and its biological diversity, one 28 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and several ecological systems that are protected from all sides, create and create opportunities for the recreation system of the population, and are used by many countries of the world in ecotourism and support each other. are natural complexes 1 . currently, there are 3.4 thousand national parks in the world 2 . there are many methods, styles and models of using national parks in the world. such models are still being invented. in many cases, private financial support is promoted in the use of national parks in the world for ecotourism. in some cases, the idea that the use of national parks in ecotourism should be based only on private property has been gaining ground. it should be recognized that the use of national parks in ecotourism is implemented in 3 different ways in the world 3 : 1. national parks are state property. 2. national parks are state and private property. 3. national parks are in mixed ownership (state ownership, private ownership, public ownership). it should be noted that the main goal of ecological tourism is to relax in nature and to leave funds for nature protection in the local budget, that is, to pay the entrance tax for visiting the corners of nature. according to the principles of ecotourism, an ecotourist rests and pays minimal taxes and fees for resting in the lap of nature. national parks developing on the basis of national funding sources live mainly at the expense of sponsors in their country (industrial enterprises, firms, concerns and individuals, city, state budget, etc.). currently, the number of such countries in the world has increased to 30. their annual income is 1 billion. exceeded the us dollar. locally sourced revenue national parks finance themselves mainly through profits from ecotourism. in the use of national parks in ecotourism, the canadian state annually spends 250 million. us dollars, 870 mln. the dollar is profiting. also, 316 mln. annually to japan's national parks. ecotourist visits. 252.8 million of them. japanese, 6.2 mln. organizes foreign ecotourists. currently, there are 5 models of national parks. the separation of these models as separate models is based on their specific characteristics 4 : 1. american model 2. european model 3. park reserve model 4. asian model 5. australian model. the use of the mentioned models in the development of ecological tourism in our country will bring new economic opportunities to the sector. protected areas in the model of american national parks are distinguished by their size and unique nature. for example, greenland national park 70 mln. ha, the central kalahari park in africa 5.2 mln. ha, alaska national park in the united states 7.3 mln. ha, bud-buffalo in canada 4.4 mln. ha, gobi national park in mongolia 5 mln. ha, kolyma national park in russia 3 mln. occupies an area of 1 rahemtulla, y. g.; wellstead, a. m., (2001), “ecotourism: understanding competing expert and academic definitions”. northern forestry centre information report nor-x-380, canadian forest service 2 gallonk., griggs e., shrestha a., wang g. national parks best practices: lessons from a century’s worth of national parks management. international journal of geoheritage and parks. vol. 9, issue 3. 2021, 335-346 3 боголюбов, в.с. принципы планирования устойчивого развития туризма в регионе и их взаимосвязь / в.с. боголюбов, с.а. севастьянова // вестникинжэкона. серия: экономика. 2006. №4 (13). с. 60-63. 4 храбовченко в. экологический туризм. учебно-методическое пособие. москва. финансы и статистика, 2003. 208с. 29 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the united states of america was the first to establish a national park in this model. the us government created the now world-famous yellowstone national park in 1872. the usa and canada use this model, although human economic activity is increasing, they are expanding the areas of national parks within their borders. so far, the canadian government has expanded the area of national parks by 12 percent. these national parks are owned by the state, sometimes leased to large corporations, but the state retains the right to control the nature of the national park. funding of national parks in this model requires a lot of money. both state and federal funds are allocated to maintain national parks. in addition, private owners also contribute funds (half of recreation services in national parks are in the private sector). that is why the national parks of the north american model are the richest national parks in the world. the first european national park as a european model was established in 1909 in sweden. the unique advantages of this model were developed in great britain. work based on this model has been established in western europe and japan and continues to develop. the main features of the model are the small size of the national parks and the high level of ecological knowledge and culture of the population. this model is funded by the state. that is why transport, road communications and ecotourism infrastructures are organized at very high levels. another characteristic of european model national parks is that almost 50% of national parks are owned by the private sector. the main motto of national parks is to restore the health of the country's population and create recreation conditions. that is why the study of domestic ecotourists is very large, including the study of external ecotourism. considering the environment and conditions of the establishment of national parks in european countries, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that europeans are people who have advanced far ahead of other nations in terms of socio-economic development. firstly, the fact that they live in the most densely populated continent and that science and technology are developing; secondly, the socio-political consciousness and culture of the peoples living in these countries were very high, and they boldly put nature protection before the leadership of their countries, and they also realized in time that global environmental problems are getting worse. the concept of the development of the reserve-park model is completely different it is not the financing of the national parks at the expense of the state, but rather the support of the state. the main principle of operation of national parks is the idea of self-reliance, self-sufficiency. this model was formed in the middle of the 20th century and is now widespread in developing countries. due to the very low entrance fee to the national park, the number of domestic and foreign tourists is very high. the most important factor in the reserve-park model is determined by the very high level of ecological awareness and ecological culture of europeans. this makes a lot of sense in the operation of the national park system, which means that it has been several decades since europeans adopted the slogan "keep your own house clean". the asian model is currently in the formative stage. the operation of national parks in this model is mainly under state management. asian countries have not seriously begun to create or research the system of using national parks and specially protected areas in the development of ecological tourism, which is developing at the international level in its domestic tourism, and in the development of ecological tourism, which provides important perspectives in nature protection and the socio-economic life of the local population. as we noted above, the asian model of ecological tourism development is still developing. among the countries in asia, india, thailand, south korea and japan are among the countries that have been developing ecological tourism for many years. 5 . 5 murphy, a.; williams, p. w., (1999). “attracting japanese tourists into the rural hinterland: implications for rural development and planning”. tourism management, 20(4): 487-499. 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us based on the australian model, australia is a leading country in the development of this sector in the world, relying on its principles of ecological tourism. when this state organizes eco-tourism in the territories of its state, it develops state programs of socio-economic development of the regions and studies the possibilities of development of eco-tourism, taking into account the natural resources of the region. the most important thing is that, based on their experience, when organizing ecotourism, first of all, the socio-economic interests of local indigenous people are taken into account, and the implementation of ecotourism services is completely entrusted to them. secondly, it fully takes into account the proposals and recommendations of the administration in the country. naturalists, ecologists and biologists in the country are well aware of the arrival of tourists with financial means to australia, which is considered the land of marsupials. one of the most important factors for the success of the australian model is that the ecotourism services organized in all regions are served only by the local population of that region. working in this way will solve the employment of the local population and help solve the socio-economic problems of the local villages in a timely manner. according to the world experience, the galapagos islands, as one of the first developed places for ecotourism, require a special analysis. the galapagos islands are cited by most scientists as the birthplace of ecotourism. europeans first visited these islands 150 years ago. this archipelago is one of the most unusual and unique ecosystems on earth. 50 percent of the birds living in this area, 50 percent of the insects, one third of the plants and almost all reptiles are unique to galapagos and are not found anywhere else 6 . scientific research starting in the 60s of the 20th century made it possible to develop effective methods for protecting the nature of the galapagos. but since the late 1980s, the galapagos islands have had to deal with ecotourism and the various complex issues that have arisen since migrants, introduced species, industrial shocks, unemployment, and conflicts between development interests and park management. despite the adoption of a special law for the galapagos in 1998, environmental legislation has been controversial for years, the number of people living in the galapagos and tourist visits have doubled in the past decade. ecotourism, in turn, has created a complex set of interactions. ecotourism revenues can support conservation, scientific research and park management. through ecotourism, tourists receive useful information about the importance of the archipelago. the income from ecotourism is used to develop the galapagos economy and protect the environment. but at the same time, as a result of ecotourism, the flow of foreign immigrants to these islands has increased and endangered the environment, which it is said to cause it to lose its reputation as a world ecotourism destination. it is known that in 1859, darwin presented his theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations made in the galapagos, it was concluded that all living things adapt to their environment and develop. charles darwin's research led to the mapping of the galapagos islands. according to kurt vonnegut, "darwin did not change the galapagos islands, but he changed the way people thought about this island» 7 . even before darwin's arrival, human-induced damage to nature was increasing on the island. for example, many species of flora and fauna have become endangered as a result of overfishing by humans and grazing of plants by livestock. in particular, this island attracted people as a hunting ground for giant tortoises. because of this, the floreana species of turtles disappeared by the beginning of the 20th century. 6 zeppel, h. (2006)., “indigenous tourism: sustainable development and management”, ecotourism series. wallingford, uk: cabi publishing 7 honey m. ecotourism and sustainable development. who owns paradise? island press. 2008. pp.328 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the world's leading industry experts, with extensive experience in this direction, recognize costa rica as another center of ecotourism. since the mid-1980s, this small central american country has turned from a testing ground for the us's covert war against nicaragua and usaid's free trade and privatization policies to a "green" tourism laboratory. in particular, president oscar arias sánchez receiving the nobel peace prize in 1987 brought costa rica to the world stage, cemented its reputation as a peaceful country, and marked the beginning of the development of ecotourism. in the 1990s, costa rica took first place in ecotourism, ahead of older tourist destinations such as the galapagos islands, kenya and nepal. in 1992, the american adventure travel association named costa rica "the number one ecotourism destination in the world." a survey by the costa rican government found that the majority of tourists came to costa rica for reasons related to ecotourism. according to statistics, costa rica's natural wonders contain 5% of the world's biodiversity in just 0.035% of the earth's surface. costa rica has a high standard of living and literacy compared to other latin american countries. well-known scientists and conservation groups work in the country, and more than a hundred local and international environmental ngos have their branches. costa rica is a very compact country with a developed infrastructure. quality organized ecotourism continues to attract people to costa rica. in 2005, 61% of tourists visited national parks, 66% observed nature and wildlife, and more than 77% went to the beach. other activities include going to volcanoes (50 percent), zip lines (41 percent), scuba diving (23 percent), rafting (9 percent), and swimming (18 percent). in the 1960s and 70s, costa rican businessmen began to build hotels and resorts for the middle and upper classes. since 1980, special attention has been paid to the development of ecotourism infrastructure. during this period, the number of tourists from north america and europe increased. domestic tourism and the share of visitors from other central american countries decreased. in 1984, the costa rican government passed a law to encourage investment in hotels, air and sea transportation companies, car rental agencies, and travel agencies. since the mid-1940s, most of the shares in lacsa, costa rica's national airline, have been gradually sold to japanese and salvadoran investors, and the government's stake has dwindled to 3 percent. after the 1985 law on the promotion of tourism development, tourism projects became eligible for incentives and tax credits. president josé maría figueres (1994–1998) declared ecotourism one of the best business opportunities in costa rica. he offered a variety of incentives to tourism investors, starting a $15 million advertising company to attract us and canadian eco-tourists. but despite his lofty environmental agenda, figueres decided in mid-1995 to give the green light to papagayo, a $3 billion mega-resort project—the largest in central america—the antithesis of "green" development. papagayo is a huge traditional resort complex of luxury hotels, vacation homes, shopping malls, restaurants, golf courses, called the cancun of costa rica. it is one of the countries in the world that requires special study of ecotourism. conclusions and suggestions: the directions in which the economy of our republic can use the experience of foreign countries in providing ecotourism services described above are the following: first, based on international experience, it is necessary to form the model of uzbekistan for national parks, which ensures the development of ecological tourism in the development of the system of national parks; secondly, the experience of costa rica is very important for our republic. because the work done on the development of ecotourism brought the poor country to the level of a leading 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us country in ecotourism. based on the conditions and opportunities of uzbekistan, there is an opportunity to bring uzbekistan to the ranks of the leading country in ecotourism among the world community under the leadership of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev; thirdly, the experience of tanzania is a country of great experience and opportunity for us. if the experience of ecological tourism development is used in it, a new opportunity for the economy of our country will be formed. it is also important for us that 15 percent of the economy of the country of tanzania corresponds to the income coming from ecotourism, and the fact that the experience of this country is included in the list of world heritage by the un as a "great universal value"; fourthly, it should be noted that in the world experience of ecotourism development, the attention of many countries to the development of ecotourism is creating an opportunity for developing countries to take a place among the developed countries of the world. the application of this experience indicates that the development of ecotourism based on internal potential and opportunities in our republic has the possibility of new economic development. in general, for the development of ecotourism at the national and local levels, it is desirable to study foreign experiences, analyze them and adapt them to local conditions. list of used literature 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pf-60 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 2. resolution pq-5270 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 30, 2021 "on measures to further improve the continuous system of training qualified personnel in the fields of tourism, cultural heritage and museology". 3. alieva m.t. economic aspects of tourism services management in the conditions of economic liberalization. (in the case of the republic of uzbekistan): i.f.d. (dsc) diss. autoref. samarkand, 2019. -81 p. 4. bakaev z.t. improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism of domestic and incoming tourism development: ph.d. diss. autoref. tashkent, 2021. -59 p. 5. ibragimov n.s. scientific basis of achieving sustainable competitiveness of the tourist area: i.f.d.(dsc) diss. autoref. – samarkand., 2020. – 89 p. 6. kuymuratova m.a. improvement of organizational and economic mechanisms of tourism development and diversification: ph.d. diss. autoref. namangan, 2021. 64 p. 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 04, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 scope of judicial freedom of speech and public expression of opinion by a judge in a case pending before the court ketevan tkeshelashvili caucasus international university, faculty of social sciences graduate student abstract: in accordance with the constitution of georgia, the right of opinion and its free expression are protected. /constitution of georgia, article 17/. it also establishes the prerequisites for limiting the right: “restriction of these rights is permitted only in accordance with the law, to ensure the necessary state or public security or territorial integrity in a democratic society, to protect the rights of others, to prevent the disclosure of confidential information, or to ensure the independence and impartiality of the judiciary.” the judge has the greatest responsibility in the administration of justice. at any moment, whether it is the performance of official duties or the implementation of other activities, he bears the greatest responsibility. the judge, together with his professional and personal qualities, is an important basis for society's trust in the court and strengthening the judiciary. that is why any of his behavior and actions, publicly expressed opinion or statement directly affects the image and reputation of a judge, since society also generalizes the impression received when observing one particular judge to the entire system. keywords: court, judge, legal norms, trial, norms of freedom of speech, mass media, publicity. the judge, like any other citizen, is guaranteed freedom of speech, but when expressing these rights, the judge is obliged to take into account and protect the high status of the judicial position. even one case of improper use of this right can cause irreparable damage to the authority of the court. it is with this idea that numerous documents have been created that establish rules for the ethics of judges and standards adopted by international institutions that deal with the status of judges and their behavior. accordingly, any representative of society requires a high standard of behavior from a judge. “the justice system as a whole, and among them every judge in their daily activities, must strengthen the independence and impartiality of the court and ensure its adequate perception by the public.” strike a proper and fair balance between judicial ethics and the judge's freedom of speech. according to the definition of the european court, "judicial power" includes three components, under which it "relates to the court as one of the branches of state power, to the judges themselves when they perform their official duties, and most importantly, to the mechanism of justice itself" /gotsiridze, 2007 / 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us judges, unlike politicians and other public servants, have an "obligation of restraint" to react to criticism both publicly and directly to their address. they are obliged to show restraint in the exercise of freedom of speech, so that their statements do not damage the authority of the court and do not cast a shadow on the public's trust in justice. thus, they have a rather limited «right to reply».when interacting with the media, the judge should avoid expressing his opinion regarding the current or pending case. the judge is obliged to carry out his activities independently, impartially and conscientiously. "delivering a report on a specific case, regardless of who is the entity receiving the report, is not considered a component of judicial accountability, but is prohibited and considered an infringement of judicial autonomy." /authors' group, 2021/. a judge shall not use offensive, derogatory words and expressions or discriminatory terminology while exercising freedom of expression. this limitation applies regardless of where the judge makes the statement or what size audience he hears. the place and means of making the statement is not important from the point of view of violation of judicial ethics, but for the purpose of assessing the extent of the violation. thus, a judge, while enjoying the freedom of expression, should show correctness during the public dissemination of any opinion or statement and should pay attention to the form, means and place of making the statement. in addition, it is worth noting that a judge enjoying freedom of speech must ethically express his opinion, regardless of the capacity in which he expresses his position, as an individual, an entity endowed with the function of administering justice, a member of an association, union or council, professor, lecturer, scientist or just a citizen of the country. the dignity of the robe obliges the judge to behave with due dignity in the robe or without it, and, using freedom of expression, it is necessary to care for the authority of the court. on the other hand, the self-expression of a judge requires special protection when it comes to the institutional independence of the court, strengthening the individual role of the judge and systemic challenges to independence. thus, in order to protect the authority and impartiality of the judiciary, the freedom of expression of any person who criticizes the judge, as well as the freedom of expression of the judge himself, may be restricted. the conceptual approach to freedom of speech is as follows: “the european court of human rights attaches vital importance to freedom of speech in a democratic state and considers it as a pillar of democracy, a necessary condition for its progress and the development of each person. " /gotsiridze, 2007/ freedom of speech has special importance for our country. для такое общество, проедшего поху опуху толитаризма, сегодня оно больше страется оштутить это большое открытие с всей его уникрытые. in connection with this, freedom of speech is even more important in relation to the authority of the court and judges. despite the existing conditionality, it can be said that the freedom of speech is protected within the limits, beyond which its limitation in the relevant circumstances cannot be considered wrong. "the law of the european convention on human rights, embodying the common european standard, does not prohibit criticism of the court, but requires moderation so that in specific cases borderline, unfounded criticism or an inappropriate tone of criticism do not bring more harm than good." /hotsiridze, 2019/ second factor – lack of culture of enjoyment of freedom. most of all, this intersects with the culture of using freedom of speech. most of the public equated it with the absolute protected freedom of freedom, which is a wrong approach and in no way implies the possibility of using or displaying defamation, foul language, foul language or language of hatred. одному и тому же обществу очень чтобы очень программы и программы и исторические размеры, ображать время ражение очень онного opinion. this is due to the fact that most of them overlook the duties and responsibilities that are inseparable from freedom. without this, in the end, we see 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us facts of violence, statements that violate the rights of judges, examples of diminishing their interests. many scientists and practicing lawyers say that «freedom of speech has a great potential for violent interference in the interests of others». it is precisely because of this ability that they indicate that mass media are capable of the most flagrant violations of other interests». /gotsiridze, 2019/ in this regard, the topic of criticism of the judiciary, which can threaten the legitimate interests of protecting the authority of the institution, is noteworthy and problematic, and the topic of coverage of legal topics in terms of impartiality in the media contains certain risks. on the other hand, media are obliged to follow the principle of objectivity and impartiality in order to form a healthy public opinion regarding the judicial system. it should be noted that «authority of the court» means and inseparable from it the authority of specific judges, since undermining the authority of one specific judge, deservedly or undeservedly, causes immeasurable damage to the entire judicial system. /gotsiridze, 2019/. in this regard, the approach of the strasbourg court is also highlighted. judges everywhere and always enjoy the strongest protection of authority and prestige. it is desirable that such a approach was observed in our country as well, so that the society learned the line between healthy criticism and insult. as for the public expression of the judge's opinion on the case before the court, unlike freedom of speech, here we have a completely different situation. according to article 16 of the third chapter of georgian judicial ethics (relations of the judge with the media and the public): "during relations with the media, the judge shall refrain from expressing his opinion on the case under consideration, whether it is under consideration or has already been considered, if it is not it concerns the organizational or technical side of the consideration of the case». it is interesting that in articles 10 and 11 the description of the values that protect the impartiality and objectivity of judges is divided, although article 11 of the draft rules of ethics considers it inadmissible for judges to publicly express their opinion on the case under consideration. in court, when in accordance with article 16 of the current rules of ethics, the judge should refrain from expressing his opinion on the case under consideration, in the process of consideration or already considered, if it does not concern organizational or technical aspects of the dispute. conclusion: thus, the decision made in court cases is a written document, a decision made on behalf of the state, which reflects the opinions and arguments of the court, legal conclusions regarding disputed factual circumstances, which are established on the basis of equality and competition between the parties before the law, based on оценка представленных ими довадов и проведов, therefore, additional comments, when they do not concern the organizational or technical side of the court proceedings, are inappropriate and do not contribute to the formation of trust in the work of a particular judge or justice in general. to establish effective communication between the media and the court, it is necessary that the media perceive and consider the court as an independent institution, an independent branch of government, and not just as a place where high-profile trials take place. the media should be focused on reflecting the events taking place in the court and bringing them to the public in an objective and impartial manner, this includes both healthy criticism and the description of positive events or trends. at the same time, it is necessary to take into account the independence of the court and the principle of non-interference in the activities of a judge, and any fact of its violation by the media should be correctly assessed negatively. 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bibliography: 1. authors' team. 2021. legal ethics. tbilisi. 2. constitution of georgia 3. code of ethics for journalists 4. code of ethics for judges of georgia. 5. bangalore principles of judicial conduct 6. organic law of georgia “on general courts”. 7. decision of the high council of justice dated january 18, 2016 n1/14 https://bit.ly/2pleskr 8. consultative council of european judges (ccje), opinion no. 7, paragraph no. 9, 2005, https://bit.ly/3ejgyku 9. “justice, society and media, european network of judicial councils (encj), report 20112012, p. 3; https://bit.ly/3c8rn7l 10. justice, society and media, european network of judicial councils (encj), report 20112012, p. 3; https://bit.ly/3c8rn7l 11. media and public communication guidelines for courts and prosecutors, european commission for the efficiency of justice (cepej), 2018; https://bit.ly/3kq2lg4 240 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 artistic portrait of mental state of human "baburname" sulaymanov i.i. doctor of philology (dsc), in the name of sharof rashidov samarkand state university annotation: . in this article is given analysis of babur's overview, his points on social-political situation of that time, being master of poet in using words and expressions, his abilities to reveal socialpolitical situation of that time through psychology of winner and being winner by prisms of his abilities in terms of history, politics and impartial expert. keywords: babur, overview of author, khuseyn baykara, sultan ibrahim, babur expert of his age, psychological condition of the "winner", and "being winner". introduction. in the parts of zahiriddin muhammad babur 's "baburnoma" dedicated to the image of india, in particular, in the image of the battlefields, we often encounter scenes that express his character traits, inner world, and spiritual changes. it seems that the author did not even notice that when describing such moments in his work, he would naturally withdraw from the style of historical, memoir, and become a writer creating an artistic work. babur is a lyrical poet, a true lover of life, a writer who has recorded the transience of life and enjoying it in his lyrics. in the image of historical figures beks and ayans, generals and ordinary soldiers, we see the lines of the author of "boburnoma" rich in artistic images, which are clearly visible in the images expressed when the author is in a good mood, winning over his opponents and under the influence of the victory cry. in the following text, the author describes the mood of the army, first of all, during the victory over the enemy. in such sentences as "the young men and women went to the fortress, they were serious and considerate, they were brave and made a brave horse and a good name." it was natural that babur's victory in hidistan would bring him fame. in order to preserve this victory, he worked vigorously, transforming india from a state of petty royalists and small feudal lords into an independent, strong state. therefore, the first president of india, jawaharlal nehru, in his works "discovery of india" and "a glimpse of world history" wrote very instructive words about babur's place in indian history: "babur was one of the most accomplished among the cultured and attractive people who have passed so far. he was far from restriction and bigotry like sectarianism. in "boburnoma" there is a unique artistic depiction of his subjugation of his indian opponents and proof of his defeat. in one place, babur portrays the indian general named ghazi khan, and artistically expresses the change that took place in his inner world and psyche to such an extent that this process was reflected in the communication of the defeated ghazi khan with the victorious babur. babur uses appropriate words and phrases to describe the changes in ghazi khan's mentality: "i ordered, those two swords were tied around his waist for war with us, they were placed around his neck. it is possible that mundok rustoi and loda mardak, his work has reached here and is still going on. they brought it early. as i ordered, they took the swords from their necks. the viewer is slow to load. as i ordered, they http://www/ 241 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us dragged him by the leg. i ordered a certain hindustani bilur, who was killed earlier, to say these words to someone for his sake. ... i saved you and your sons from the tyranny of the baloch. i have freed your palaces and harems from the bondage of abraham. i gave you the province of three karos tatarkhan. i'm sorry about you, you strap two swords to your waist, pull a sword, and come to our regions and make such a conspiracy. the old man was speechless, he could not speak, and he could not even say anything to such harsh words." in order to increase the effect of babur's conversation in the above text, babur described ghazi khan's mental state and paid attention to the change in his mental state in his artistic polishing, "the old mad man could not speak a word or two, he could not speak, he could not even begin to say anything to the mundane words. ", he says. one should admire babur's choice of words. the words he said to ghazi khan, which he said to ghazi khan, are generally expressed by the word "muscat", which means bitter, indigestible, and expressed the state, mentality and helplessness of the defeated ghazi khan at that time. at the same time, babur's skill in choosing words also indicates that he can use it instead. as babur entered the battle with indian sultan ibrahim lodi, he was very excited before the battle for the city of panipat, an unknown city and place, "two or three months away from his homeland," he said. the people's business was going down with the foreign people. "we didn't know their language, and they didn't know our language." even then, babur's bravery, calm decision-making and ability to objectively assess the situation came in handy and corrected the situation. and even at this moment, the intensity of the victorious babur, the logic of his thoughts, causes him to control himself in a very short period of time, and even if there is a change in his mental state, he will make the right decision without being noticed by those around him. although the problem of being forced to live in the same environment with them, without having to deal with this "foreign people" even once , babur's heart rumbled, but he proudly concluded: "the people of cherik were in some ways mutaradid and mutawahhim. doubt and devotion are near. somehow tengri made a fate in the past, and it will not be different now. and although they cannot be blamed, the truth was on their side. why, i was away from home for two or three months. the people's work was in trouble with the foreign people. neither we knew their languages, nor did they know ours." in "baburnoma", the winner babur and the loser ibrahim lodi meet on the battlefield, these warlords face each other only once on the battlefield. babur gives a vivid and vivid picture of ibrahim lodi's mental state. as soon as babur's face appeared on the battlefield, the indian sultan, who felt defeated, began to feel confused and unable to control his actions. the author, who artistically described this state of ibrahim, was able to vividly describe the inner world of babur, the victor on the battlefield, and ibrahim, who felt the defeat: "sultan ibrahim's face was bright, it seemed that he was not stopping anywhere, he was firing quickly. "let's come first, our black one, it was seen first, this is the order and my green one, they reasoned, he was sad, he couldn't stand up, he couldn't come, he couldn't come." if we pay attention to the above image of babur, this action of sultan ibrahim on the battlefield was so vividly expressed by the author that similar images in "boburnoma" are the basis for including the work in the category of an artistic work rather than a historical work. ibrahim lodi's state of mind changes so rapidly from the time he is on the battlefield to the sight of babur, that this change seems terrifying to the indian general who has heard of babur's fame but has never seen him. in this confused movement of ibrahim lodi, we see the fierceness of the victorious babur, the victorious general commanding the battlefield, superior to his opponent. babur's "sultan ibrahim's blackness was bright, it was seen, he didn't hesitate anywhere, he was coming fast", "our blackness, it was visible", "he was standing still, as if he was coming", "he couldn't stand", "he was like a very realistic image was reflected in his sentences. it is not known to babur what was going through sultan ibrahim's mind in this image, but through this action, he first felt that his opponent was disturbed, and later, as the event http://www/ 242 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us became more violent and dynamic, the indian general's actions were confused, he could not clearly imagine the battlefield, and his opponent babur panicked. "" can understand deeply. because, these changes, anxiety and distress situations in the movement of sultan ibrahim were expressed by the author with high artistry. "baburnoma" contains the "inner speech" of the author after his victory over ibrahim lodi, which was described in the style of honor. his internal exclamation is given as follows: "... bhiradin was under afghan control until bihar, its king was sultan ibrahim. it was necessary to spend five lakhs on the account of the province . he was in the position of the opposition. ... we faced a king with a strong sense of loyalty and wealth like sultan ibrahim. befitting our fear, the almighty did not waste our pain and suffering, but defeated this great enemy and conquered a vast country like hindustan. we do not see this state in our strength and power, but in the essence of god's grace and mercy, and we do not see this happiness in our efforts and efforts, but in god's grace and grace." at this point, even though babur humbly and as a perfect muslim repeatedly repeated that allah was the main cause of all his victories, if he did not have the determination, courage and enthusiasm for this victory, it would be difficult for him to achieve his goal. we accepted babur's call as a matter of fact, and the fact that his high faith in allah was firmly established in his heart, even for a moment, was not diminished at all. among the indian soldiers described by babur in " baburnama", there are real devotees who valiantly defended their country from babur's armies. at the same time, there were those who panicked among babur's army and spread rumors that the enemy's military strength was greater than it actually was. babur was cruel to his warriors, he took serious measures to keep them mentally fresh on the battlefield, not to succumb to the enemy's tricks: "those who went to the garrison could not deliver news, and they could not enter the fortress either. the people of kurgan are far away from kurgan. yogi comes stronger and destroys them. sangar khan was martyred in the battle. in this commotion, kattabek ran away without a bullet. when an infidel was killed, he took the sword of one of kattabek's servants and shot kattabek in the shoulder. the victory caused worries. raana sangaa's ghazad could not come. after a few moments, it got better. vale is more beautiful. qismtoy and shah mansur barlos and everyone who came to bayanadin knew whether they were cowards or the country's cowards. babur pays particular attention to the mental state of his troops and explains that he fought to overcome this depression, and also gives information about the inner world and spiritual experiences of the army. of course, as babur himself noted, it was not easy for the army either. a foreign land, inconsistent weather, and a foreign language could not fail to affect the mental state of people. despite this, babur's honesty prevailed, and the author gave a realistic image in his work, who described how an opposition soldier was lurking and "took the sword of one of kattabek's servants" to attack a capable beg of babur, and even left him empty from a battle that was very important at that time, such as "gaza". on the other hand, on the other hand, in this part of the work, it reveals the shortcomings of his comrades who spread rumors that the enemy troops were more than they actually were, and tried to create danger among the army, which is another example of the author's slogan of honesty in the work. in babur's activity in india, his victorious period is prominent. babur , whose original goal was to take possession of the lands under the control of amir temur, to restore the kingdom of his greatgrandfather to the fullest extent, will use all his military potential for this purpose, and he will have to fight fiercely against his opponents, even timurid princes, who are obstacles on his way. the depiction of the battle for the chanderi region in india is one of the most vivid, realistic moments in "boburnoma", in which the author demonstrated his high artistic skills. this image, first of all, shows the love of the indian people for their motherland, their loyalty to it, and the fact that they will not stop at anything in this way. on the other hand, there are a lot of such episodes in the work, reflecting http://www/ 243 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us babur's historical events as much as possible, staying true to the honesty he promised, even if such images contradict the idea of his actions on the battlefield to some extent, because of the mental freshness of his enemies, love for his native land, he was captured by babur's armies. it is a feat of great courage to describe in life how they prefer death. such moments increased the popularity of "boburnoma" and clearly demonstrated the artistic skills of the author. in this, the mental state of the indians, who were the opponents of babur , their ability to hold their own even in difficult conditions on the battlefield, bravely going to death, and the fact that they preferred voluntary death rather than surrendering their wives and children to the victorious armies of babur, was very vividly expressed. although these lines show the victory of the victorious babur at this moment, the spiritual victory is on the side of the indian people, and he expressed his attitude to the armies that entered foreign lands for the indian people. the author describes the state of mind of the indian soldiers, who faced death and accepted it like heroes, and did not show any change in their mentality through the sentences: "they killed their leaders, killed all their wives, saw their own death, became naked and entered the war." the mental state of the indian army is expressed in sentences such as "they killed their husbands, raped and killed their wives, saw their own death, "were naked and went to war", "in this situation, most of them killed each other", "most of them went to hell with this program". his inner experiences are very vividly expressed: " after a while, the infidels came completely naked and began to fight. they ran away from the victory. they killed several people. the thing about fasil's enemies is that they took their lives, raped and killed their wives, saw their own death, came naked and went to war. at the end, they made a great deal of noise and ran away. two or three hundred infidels entered the havali of rav medini. in this situation, most of them are killing each other. one of them was holding a sword, and the others were stretching their necks one by one. a lot of people went to hell with this program. in the above text, babur mentions a state of mind that is hard to imagine with the indian army. in this, the author describes the mental state of the indian army at a high level, natural and vital, in which a common image of people who do not spare their lives for the defense of the motherland is created. logically, there should not be a person who goes straight to death. babur portrays indians facing death with "enthusiasm" to show their patriotism. this word expresses the inner world of the indians, their disdain for death, and the fact that they accepted these changes in their mental state as an eternal judgment of fate, which is an indication of his artistic skill: "people are killing each other . and so, one of them was holding a sword, and the others were stretching their necks one by one, "they took their husbands, beat their wives, killed them, saw their own death, became naked, and went to war", in the sentences babur uses the words that appear in a row in the sentence. is strengthening. each word increases the impact of the previous word, conveying the horror of this war to the reader as impressively and convincingly as if it happened in real life. to sum up, "the laws of brutality of the time remained in force in the spiritual experiences of babur, who separated from his motherland under persecution and settled in the land of india, and moved to his work. perhaps for the same reasons, babur, with a crown on his head and a throne under him, could not be indifferent to the tricks of the "unfair world", the unjust "destiny of eternity" and the indifferences of the society, and he, like all progressive artists, did not fit into his time . references 1. zahiruddin muhammad babur. boburnama. prepared for publication by s. hasanov. tashkent. east. 2002. – 335. 2. encyclopedia of zahiruddin muhammad babur. tashkent.: east. 2014. – 744. http://www/ 244 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. nizomiddinov n.g'. history of the great baburids ( xvi xix centuries). monograph. tashkent.: science and technology, 2012. 516. 4. suleimanov ii the issue of historicity and artistic interpretation. journal of pharmaceutical adverse results. 13. pp. 2750-2756. 5. kayumov a. works. 10 volumes. volume 5. the work of zahiriddin muhammad babur. tashkent: "classic word", 2009. 303 p. 6. kudratullaev h. babur's literary and aesthetic world. tashkent: spirituality, 2018. – 271 p. 7. kudratullaev h. babur armon. tashkent: sharq, 2005. 384 p. 8. hasankhoja nisari. muzakkiri dude. translated from persian by ismol bekjon. people's heritage publishing house named after abdulla qadiri. tashkent, 1993. 425 p. 9. hossein vaiz koshifi. futuvvatnamai sultani. akhloqi muhsini. tashkent: "national encyclopedia of uzbekistan" state scientific publishing house, 2011. 374 p. http://www/ 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 comparative legal analysis of reforms conducted for the development of the information sector in the new uzbekistan ilhombekov jasurbek * independent researcher, tashkent state university of law orcid-0000-0002-9867-3363 e-mail: jafarbek22@mail.ru * corresponding author abstract in this scientific article, the comparative legal analysis of the reforms carried out in the direction of the development of the information sector during the period of president sh.m.mirziyoev's power was scientifically analyzed from the legal point of view. it must be recognized that the president of the republic of uzbekistan has led a great deal in the development of the information sector, and this process continues today. many regulatory legal documents have been adopted in the field of regulation of the process of information exchange. organizations whose task is to develop the industry have started to operate. these aspects are covered in the article. the adopted documents, as well as the significance of the organizations that have started to operate for the development of the industry, have been extensively analyzed from the point of view of legislation. this analysis and presented opinions serve to improve the legislative documents regulating the process of information exchange in our country. keywords: republic of uzbekistan, president, agency of information and mass communications under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, law, resolution, decree, information, mass media, press, internet, website, news agency, agency, journalist. introduction the turning point of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in the field of information corresponds to the era of president sh.m. mirziyoev. during this period, the representatives of the information sector began to breathe a little more freely. after all, the president paid close attention to the field and undertook the guarantees of its real mission. in particular, the year 2017 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan in the "strategy of actions on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 20172021", approved by decree no. po-4947 dated february 7 [1], issues related to strengthening 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the role of civil society institutions and mass media and turning them into a real "fourth power" are defined. in particular, in the improvement of the public administration system according to the priority areas of improvement of the state and community building system: strengthening the role of mass media; protection of professional activities of journalists. in addition, efforts are being made to raise the legal culture and awareness of the population on the priorities of ensuring the rule of law and further reforming the judicial system, and in this regard, to organize effective cooperation of state structures with civil society institutions and mass media. mаtеriаls аnd mеthоds the president of the republic of uzbekistan, shavkat mirziyoyev, congratulates the representatives of the field on june 27 on the occasion of the day of press and mass media workers and wishes them success in their work, results and future goals. in particular, it is worth noting that in the greeting of the president in 2018, he spoke about the attention paid to the press and mass media in our country, freedom of speech and the role of mass media in society. in particular, our people know well and highly appreciate the selfless work of mass media and members of the press in order to establish democratic values in our society, to ensure the constitutional rights of our citizens in the field of information, to provide prompt and truthful information about the socio-political processes and events taking place in the world and in our country. it was noted that with the efforts, talent and skills of thousands of noble professionals, mass media of our country are increasingly close to the life of our people, their joys and concerns, and play an extremely important role in shaping the new, democratic image of uzbekistan. the most important thing is that along with such quantitative changes in the development of the industry, there are also qualitative changes. it was noted that the confirmation of this can be clearly seen in the example of the expanding and effective functioning of the non-state mass media network, which is an important condition of civil society in our national media space, and the rapid development of internet journalism. it is worth noting that the president said, "mass media should rise to the level of the fourth power, not in words, but in practice." this is the demand of the times, the demand of our reforms" [2], he expressed his opinion. that is, it is assumed that, first of all, urgent issues such as increasing the efficiency of media networks, turning them into a reliable means of communication with the people, forming a modern information services market, and a healthy competitive environment should be in the center of our constant attention. in this congratulation, it is mentioned that the parliament is actively working on amendments and additions to the current legislation aimed at further democratization and development of the information sector. rеsults аnd disсussiоn 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the past short time, attention has been paid to the information sector at the level of the head of state, which naturally contributes greatly to the development of the sector. especially noteworthy are the works carried out on the improvement of legislation in the field of information. based on the action strategy, extensive work has been carried out in the past years to ensure freedom of speech and information and media development in the republic. in particular, amendments and additions were made to the laws of the republic of uzbekistan on "mass media" and "on protection of journalism" in order to further liberalize the activities of mass media and ensure the rights of journalists. according to them, the media status of websites has been further strengthened, a system of state support for media has been created, the rules of professional ethics of journalists have been determined by associations of journalists and mass media (exemptions on taxes, other mandatory payments and tariffs, as well as state by providing preferences, subsidies and social support). in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 2, 2019 no. 5653 "on additional measures for the further development of the information sector and mass communications", the information and mass communications agency under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan was established on the basis of the press and information agency of uzbekistan [3 ]. as a result, the coordinating body of mass media was removed from the cabinet of ministers and transferred to the presidential administration. as one of the main tasks of this authorized body to ensure the realization of the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of speech and information, to strengthen the role of mass media in the socio-political and socio-economic development of the country, to create equal conditions for them in the media market, as well as to protect the rights of journalists. defined. in addition, the following regulatory legal documents related to the field were adopted: 1) law of the republic of uzbekistan "on protection of children from information harmful to their health" [4] (september 8, 2017); the purpose of this law is to regulate relations in the sphere of protection of children from information harmful to their health. also, with this law, the information and mass communications agency under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan (hereinafter referred to as the agency) is designated as a specially authorized state body in the field of protecting children from information harmful to their health. 2) decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve the activities of information services of state and economic management bodies of the republic of uzbekistan" [5] (no. 125, 15.02.2018); this decision aims to further increase the informational openness of state and economic management bodies, to quickly convey to the public timely, objective and complete information about the goals, tasks, progress and results of large-scale reforms being implemented, the harmonious integration of the country into the global information society, as well as the state and economy adopted in order to fundamentally increase the effectiveness of the information services of management bodies. 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the decision, the main tasks of the information service, the certification of the managers and employees of the information services, and the model regulation "on the information service of state and economic management bodies" [6] were approved. 3) decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve information security in the global internet network" [7] (no. 707, 05.09.2018); this decision was adopted in accordance with the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on informatization", as well as in order to further improve the system of ensuring information security in the global internet network, to protect the interests of individuals, society and the state in the information field. according to this decision, in accordance with article 121 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on informatization", the use of the website and (or) websites and (or) pages may be restricted by a specially authorized body the ministry of information technologies and communications development of the republic of uzbekistan, the regulations on the procedure for restricting the use of internet websites and (or) website pages containing information prohibited by the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan and the regulations on the procedure for state control over compliance with special conditions for processing personal data of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan have been approved. 4) law of the republic of uzbekistan "on personal information" [8] (july 2, 2019); the purpose of this law is to regulate relations in the field of personal data. also, the "state personalization center" under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan was designated as the competent state body in the field of personal information. 5) decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the organization of the activities of the information and mass communications agency under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan" [9] (dp-4151, 02.02.2019); "information and mass communications agency under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan" established in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 2, 2019 no. 5653 "on additional measures for the further development of the information sector and mass communications" organizational structure, the structure of the central apparatus of the republic of karakalpakstan, the model structure of information and mass communications departments of the republic of karakalpakstan, the regions and the city of tashkent, the regulation "on the information and mass communications agency under the presidential administration of the republic of uzbekistan" and "in 2019-2020, the information sphere of the republic of uzbekistan and "further development of mass communications" program was approved. according to the decision, the agency is the authorized body that develops and implements the unified state policy in the field of information of the republic of uzbekistan and supports the development of mass media, press, publishing-printing and information-library activities. 6) decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to ensure independence of mass media and development of information services of state bodies and organizations" [10] (dp-4366, 27.06.2019); this decision is aimed at creating the most favorable conditions for the activities of the mass media, establishing high-quality communication between the state and society, providing prompt, impartial and complete information to the population about the goals, tasks and results 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the reforms, the transparency of the activities of state and economic management bodies, and local government bodies. was adopted in order to increase, as well as to fundamentally improve their interaction with the public and the efficiency of information services. 7) "on additional measures to control the introduction of information technologies and communications and improve the system of their protection" [11] decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan (dp-4452, 14.09.2019). to ensure the implementation of the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 21, 2018 "on measures to control the introduction of information technologies and communications, and to improve the system of their protection" [12] no. adopted in order to increase, ensure information and cyber security. according to the decision, the updated structure of the central apparatus of the state inspectorate for control in the field of information and telecommunications of the republic of uzbekistan, which has a total staff of 198 people, including 110 people in regional units, and the model structure of regional units was approved in accordance with annexes 1 and 2. 8) "on measures to further improve the activities of the national information agency of uzbekistan" [13] decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan (dp-4541, 02.12.2019). this decision was adopted in order to quickly and qualitatively deliver unbiased news about the original content and essence of the fundamental reforms implemented in uzbekistan to all segments of the population and the world community, to develop the national information space, to further strengthen the position of the republic in the global information space, as well as to further develop the activities of the national information agency of uzbekistan. done in the decision, the main tasks of the national information agency of uzbekistan, the establishment of a media center within the uza and its duties are defined, and the total limited number of employees of the national information agency of uzbekistan is 155, including the structure of the national information agency of uzbekistan, which consists of 13 management employees, and the karakalpakstan information agency of the national information agency of uzbekistan. the total limited number of employees is 13, including the number of management employees is 2. 9) the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on licensing, permitting and notification procedures" [14] and the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to fundamentally improve licensing and permitting procedures" [15] dated august 24, 2020 po in accordance with decree no. 6044, cabinet of ministers resolution no. 86 of february 22, 2022 approved "uniform regulation on the procedure for issuing certain documents with the nature of authorization through a special electronic system" [16]. the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on licensing, permitting and notification procedures", the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to ensure the independence of the mass media and the development of information services of state bodies and organizations" [17] dated june 27, 2019 it was adopted in accordance with the decision no. dp-4366 and in order to further improve the system of public services in the field of mass information and communications. with this decision, the model charter of public service on state registration of mass media was approved. 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10) resolution [18] of the cabinet of ministers "on additions to resolution no. 707 of september 5, 2018, "on measures to further improve information security on the global internet" (no. 807, 23.12.2020) in accordance with the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on informatization", it was adopted in order to further improve the measures of public information monitoring in the internet world information network, to protect the interests of individuals, society and the state in the information field. with this decision, amendments have been made to the decision of the cabinet of ministers "on measures to further improve information security on the global internet" dated september 5, 2018 no. 707, according to which, information prohibited by the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan from being distributed on the website and (or) website page if it is detected in the text of comments left by users of this website, as well as in social networks or messengers, on the side of the center for mass communication issues of the information and mass communications agency under the presidential administration of the republic of uzbekistan. also, the procedure for sending a notice to the owner of the website, website and (or) messenger page, as well as to the blogger on the removal of information prohibited by the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan. in addition, the information and mass communications agency under the presidential administration of the republic of uzbekistan has launched a call center with a short number (1213) in order to provide timely answers to problematic questions that may arise in the field in our country. licensing of certain types of mass media, private publishing houses and printing services; counterfeit stationery products, books or publications; issues related to the activities of mass media, information services, television and radio companies; free access to information, journalistic activities and other issues. соnсlusiоn as can be seen from the above, several laws and regulations have been adopted in the field of information in the last few years. all these documents are aimed at the development of the information sector and its improvement. in particular, a modern mechanism for the protection of the rights of the mass media has been created by establishing "dialogue platforms" and other collegial bodies, including mass media and bloggers, under the information and mass communications agency under the presidential administration of the republic of uzbekistan. the main purpose of this mechanism is to identify cases of interference with journalistic activities, to analyze and fix each case in depth, to submit the cases to the information and mass communications agency for primary investigation and submission to relevant state agencies. in a short period of time, more than 30 issues related to journalistic activities and bloggers were resolved through "dialogue platforms". in conclusion, in the last five years, as a result of the adoption of effective regulatory legal documents and extensive reforms in the field, the number of mass media has increased dramatically. 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in particular, according to statistical data, in 1991, there were 343 newspapers, 50 magazines, 1 television station, 1 news agency in the territory of the republic, and a total of 395 mass media operated (officially, the internet edition was not registered as a mass media) [19] . in 2016, 691 newspapers, 309 magazines, 15 newsletters, 4 news agencies, 65 television stations, 35 radio stations, 395 internet publications (websites) operated, and a total of 1514 mass media operated. [20]. by 2018, this figure reached 1,636 in total. in addition to print publications, tv and radio channels, 480 websites registered as a new media type are also operating [21]. in 2022, 626 newspapers, 539 magazines, 18 newsletters, 79 television stations, 37 radio stations, 5 news agencies, and 677 internet publications (websites) are operating, and the total number of mass media is 1,981. is organizing. the number of mass media is increasing mainly due to internet publications. speaking about this, it should be noted that a modern internet platform and its mobile application have been established to integrate television and the internet, and the number of internet publications in our national information space has almost doubled in the last 6 years, reaching 677 [22]. the increase in the number of mass media also leads to an increase in its quality. an increase in the number of information distributors is seen as an achievement for information consumers. after all, readers will have a wider opportunity to choose the information distributor they like from the existing information market. remarkable work has been done in recent years in the direction of democratization and support of the information sector, organization and comprehensive development of information services, ensuring the openness of the activities of state bodies and organizations, and effective implementation of public control. today, the internet and social networks have become the main source of information in the world. the information sector of uzbekistan cannot be imagined without it. in such a situation, various negative information regarding the events and incidents happening in our country are observed in mass media and internet resources. the main reason for this was the fact that state bodies and administrations could not properly convey to our people the work they are doing in their areas, lack of information about industries and sectors, and improper cooperation with mass media. in order to solve such problems, on the initiative of president shavkat mirziyoev, large-scale reforms are being implemented in our country aimed at ensuring the openness of the activities of state authorities and management bodies, developing the activities of the mass media, and increasing the freedom of speech and information. for this purpose, on june 27, 2019, the decision dp-4366 [23] "on additional measures to ensure the independence of the mass media and develop the activities of information services of state bodies and organizations" was adopted. on the basis of this document, for the first time, information services were organized in district and city governments. this, in turn, makes it possible to study the problem on the spot, express a quick response, and widely cover the results of the reforms being implemented. in the past period, the necessary conditions were created for the operation of the information service in many state bodies and organizations, local governments. this type of activity has proven how important it is to ensure openness and transparency in our society. this was not 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us achieved by itself, of course. systematic work was carried out to ensure the execution of the decision. analytically, it can be seen that the share of information services in the composition of media products in the daily information flow has increased significantly. the fact that the sources of information distribution of information services are 559 in 2019, 1,487 in 2020, and about 3,000 in september 2021 confirms the opinion once again. until today, almost all state bodies and organizations, representatives of local governments have achieved satisfactory results regarding the launch of telegram and other channels as official blogs in addition to the organization's official channel on social networks. today, in addition to local, district and city governments, the heads of information services of about 160 state organizations and agencies have their own pages on official telegram channels and other social networks. in the above mentioned decision of the president, as one of the main tasks of information services, monitoring and analysis of the information space, prompt response to critical and widely discussed information attacks are included. another important indicator of the effectiveness of the head of the information service is his regular delivery of news and information about the organization to citizens through his information sources. according to the presidential decree, information should be posted at least once a day on the websites, social networks, and mobile messenger channels of state bodies and organizations. in conclusion, it should be noted that during the last 5-6 years under the leadership of president shavkat mirziyoyev, great attention was paid to the information sector, and serious changes in the development of the sector took place. presidential decisions, decrees and other important documents for the development of the field were adopted. serious steps have been taken by the president to ensure that the country's population has access to information on the activities of each organization. in particular, the head of state congratulates the representatives of the field on june 27 on the occasion of the day of press and mass media workers, and future plans are defined in the form of an annual report, focusing on the achievements and shortcomings in the field. in addition, the establishment of the "information and mass communications agency under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan" is of great importance for the development of the sector. after all, this agency today covers all aspects of the information sector in our country and is considered to have such great power that it determines its future. also in this direction it is important to study the best foreign experience and to accelerate the research work in this direction and the improvement of the legislation in uzbekistan. rеfеrеnсеs: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. po-4947 dated february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/3107036#3109146. 2. "greetings of the press and media workers" of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. // electronic source: https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/prezident-tabrigi-matbuot-va-ommavij-akhborotvositalari-khodimlariga. https://lex.uz/docs/3107036#3109146 https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/prezident-tabrigi-matbuot-va-ommavij-akhborot-vositalari-khodimlariga https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/prezident-tabrigi-matbuot-va-ommavij-akhborot-vositalari-khodimlariga 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. po-5653 dated 02.02.2019 "on additional measures for the further development of the information sector and mass communications". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/4188795. 4. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on protection of children from information harmful to their health" dated 09.08.2017 no. lru-444. // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/3333797. 5. resolution no. 125 of 02.15.2018 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve the activities of information services of state and economic management bodies of the republic of uzbekistan". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/3561681. 6. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 125 of 02.15.2018 "on the information service of state and economic management bodies". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/3561681. 7. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 707 dated 05.09.2018 "on measures to further improve information security in the global internet network". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/3893085. 8. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on personal information" dated 07.02.2019 no. lru547. // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4396419. 9. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. dp-4151 dated 02.02.2019 "on the organization of the activities of the information and mass communications agency under the administration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4188851. 10. resolution dp-4366 dated 06/27/2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to ensure the independence of mass media and develop the activities of information services of state bodies and organizations". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4390513. 11. decision dp-4452 dated 09/14/2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to control the introduction of information technologies and communications and improve their protection system". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4665548. 12. decision no. dp-4024 dated 21.11.2018 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to control the introduction of information technologies and communications and improve their protection system". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/4071401. 13. decision dp-4541 dated 02.12.2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve the activities of the national information agency of uzbekistan". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4623768. 14. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on licensing, permitting and notification procedures" dated 07.14.2021 no. lru-701. // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/5511879. 15. decree no. po-6044 dated 08/24/2020 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to radically improve licensing and permitting procedures". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/4966394. 16. resolution no. 86 dated 22.02.2022 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the unified regulation on the procedures for issuing certain https://lex.uz/docs/4188795 https://lex.uz/docs/3333797 https://lex.uz/docs/3561681 https://lex.uz/docs/3561681 https://lex.uz/docs/3893085 https://lex.uz/docs/4396419 https://lex.uz/docs/4188851 https://lex.uz/docs/4390513 https://lex.uz/docs/4665548 https://lex.uz/docs/4071401 https://lex.uz/docs/4623768 https://lex.uz/docs/5511879 https://lex.uz/docs/4966394 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us documents with the nature of authorization through a special electronic system." // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/5871129. 17. decision dp-4366 dated 06/27/2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to ensure the independence of mass media and develop the activities of information services of state bodies and organizations". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4390513. 18. decision no. 807 dated 23.12.2020 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on making additions to the cabinet of ministers' decision no. 707 dated september 5, 2018, "on measures to further improve information security on the global internet". // electronic source: https://lex.uz/docs/5185326. 19. https://parliament.gov.uz/uz/events/other/3439/?sphrase_id=8151762. 20. https://qalampir.uz/news/uzbekistonda-k-ancha-oav-faoliyat-olib-bormok-da-49600. 21. alimov b. // journalism of uzbekistan: a look at 150 years of history. // electronic source: http://beruniyalimov.uz/archives/654. 22. "greetings of the press and media workers" of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. // electronic source: https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/matbuot-va-ommavij-akhborot-vositalarikhodimlaryga-2. 23. decision dp-4366 dated 06/27/2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to ensure the independence of mass media and develop the activities of information services of state bodies and organizations". // electronic resource: https://lex.uz/docs/4390513. 24. jasurbek, i. l. h. o. m. b. e. k. o. v. (2022). development tendencies of the right to receive information in the virtual space. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 11(11), 17-22. 25. ilkhombekov, j. (2022). the role and role of the media in the information distribution process. академические исследования в современной науке, 1(17), 80-84. 26. илхомбеков, ж. и. ў. (2022). ўзбекистон республикаси қонунларида оммавий ахборот воситалари эркинлигини таъминлашнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари. scientific progress, 3(4), 1068-1074. 27. илхомбеков, ж. (2022). ахборот тушунчаси, моҳияти, ҳуқуқий жиҳати ва кафолатлари. юрист ахборотномаси, 2(6), 49-53. https://lex.uz/docs/5871129 https://lex.uz/docs/4390513 https://lex.uz/docs/5185326 https://parliament.gov.uz/uz/events/other/3439/?sphrase_id=8151762 https://qalampir.uz/news/uzbekistonda-k-ancha-oav-faoliyat-olib-bormok-da-49600 http://beruniyalimov.uz/archives/654 https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/matbuot-va-ommavij-akhborot-vositalari-khodimlaryga-2 https://xs.uz/uzkr/post/matbuot-va-ommavij-akhborot-vositalari-khodimlaryga-2 https://lex.uz/docs/4390513 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 10, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of artificial intelligence in the formation of new norms of international public law rahmonov jaloliddin tashkent state university of law, phd, senior lecturer of the department of international law and human rights e-mail: jaloliddin.rakhmanov@gmail.com abstract: artificial intelligence (ai) is rapidly changing the dynamics of global governance—not just through technological advancement, but by subtly unsettling the legal principles that have long underpinned public international law (pil). traditionally built around human judgment, sovereign authority, and clear lines of accountability, pil now faces a shifting landscape where machinedriven processes play an increasingly central role. this piece explores how ai is beginning to shape the development of new international legal norms. it does so by looking at how international organizations are deploying ai, what legal and ethical dilemmas arise from its use, and how current regulatory frameworks are either adapting or falling short. while soft law instruments and a few treaty-based efforts have shown early signs of progress, notable gaps persist—especially when it comes to assigning responsibility, ensuring transparency, and upholding data sovereignty. keywords: artificial intelligence (ai), international public law, norm formation, digital governance, global regulation introduction artificial intelligence is no longer a peripheral concern—it’s now woven into the fabric of global governance, shaping everything from trade negotiations to defense strategies, healthcare protocols, and the ways we communicate across borders. its ability to process vast quantities of data and make decisions independently is starting to blur the lines of accountability, transparency, and human oversight in international relations. in essence, ai is tugging at the seams of a legal system that was never built with such technologies in mind [1]. public international law, with its roots in treaties, customs, and broad legal principles, now faces dilemmas it was never intended to resolve. for instance, if an autonomous system causes an internationally wrongful act, who’s to blame? can international institutions realistically demand algorithmic transparency when even their developers sometimes struggle to explain how these systems work? and what happens to the idea of data sovereignty when ai platforms inherently defy geographic boundaries? [2] these aren’t just hypothetical musings—they reflect a pressing need for international legal structures to catch up. ai offers real promise for enhancing cross-border collaboration, but without thoughtful regulation, it could just as easily unravel established legal norms. some international bodies are beginning to respond: the united nations, the world trade organization, and the council of europe are all starting to incorporate ai into their policy-making. still, the legal ramifications of these shifts remain murky at best. this article aims to unpack how ai is already nudging international law in new directions. it will examine the specific tensions ai introduces to traditional legal principles, explore how new norms http://www/ mailto:jaloliddin.rakhmanov@gmail.com 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us might be emerging, and ask a fundamental question: is the current international legal framework even equipped to handle this transformation? methods this study employs a doctrinal and normative methodology to examine the evolving interface between artificial intelligence and public international law. it draws on a close textual analysis of primary legal instruments—including treaties, declarations, institutional resolutions, and strategic policy documents—issued primarily by the united nations and the council of europe. these are assessed alongside regional regulatory initiatives, most notably the european union’s artificial intelligence act, to enable comparative insights into divergent governance approaches. the research further incorporates a critical review of secondary literature published between 2021 and 2025, encompassing academic commentary, expert reports, and legal scholarship. this body of work serves to contextualize the primary sources and illuminate prevailing theoretical and policy-oriented debates regarding ai governance within international legal frameworks. methodologically, the analysis is qualitative in nature, emphasizing legal interpretation, normative evaluation, and the internal coherence of emerging doctrinal trends. the objective is not empirical generalization but conceptual clarification—specifically, to assess whether existing legal norms can accommodate the disruptive capacities of ai, or whether new normative architectures are required to preserve accountability, transparency, and sovereignty in an increasingly automated global order. results international organizations are increasingly acknowledging the urgent need to confront the legal implications of artificial intelligence. in a landmark move, the united nations general assembly adopted its first non-binding resolution on ai in march 2024, urging states to ensure that ai systems remain safe, transparent, and respectful of fundamental human rights [3]. that same year, the council of europe finalized the framework convention on artificial intelligence, human rights, democracy and the rule of law, which was opened for signature in september 2024 [4]. as the first binding international treaty in this domain, it seeks to impose enforceable obligations on member states to ensure that ai technologies align with core legal and ethical standards [5]. yet despite these significant developments, the rise of ai continues to challenge foundational doctrines in public international law. one of the most pressing issues is that of responsibility and attribution [6]. classical formulations of state responsibility presume decisions made by human agents. when ai systems operate with a degree of autonomy—as seen with autonomous weapons or algorithmic border control—the task of assigning legal responsibility becomes murky. scholars such as demir and druzin, boute, and ramsden have all drawn attention to the resulting “accountability gap,” where no individual or entity can be definitively held liable for harm caused by ai actions. transparency and explainability form a second area of concern. many ai systems, particularly those built on deep learning architectures, function as so-called “black boxes,” producing decisions without clear, comprehensible justifications. this obscurity runs counter to key principles of due process and procedural fairness that underpin both domestic and international legal systems [7]. as talapina (2025) warns, the absence of algorithmic transparency risks eroding public trust in governance and could even compromise the legitimacy of international bodies that increasingly rely on ai tools for assessments and enforcement [8]. a third critical issue revolves around data sovereignty and the regulation of cross-border data flows. ai systems are fundamentally reliant on vast amounts of data, often collected, transmitted, and processed across multiple jurisdictions. this raises thorny questions about privacy rights, legal jurisdiction, and the preservation of state sovereignty [9]. the legal frameworks developed in an era of territorial and human-mediated information exchange are proving increasingly ill-equipped to handle the distributed and transnational architecture of ai technologies. even so, international legal practice is beginning to evolve in response. several guiding principles are gradually coalescing into what may emerge as the normative foundation of a distinct subfield— http://www/ 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us international ai law [10]. among these are the precautionary principle, which mandates proactive state regulation of ai; the principle of accountability and human oversight, aimed at ensuring that human actors remain ultimately responsible for ai outcomes; ethics-by-design, which calls for the integration of fairness and human rights considerations into ai systems from their inception; and the principle of transparency, which demands the explainability and auditability of ai processes in both public and private domains [11]. the council of europe’s framework convention gives explicit legal expression to many of these principles, signaling a pivotal moment in the ongoing normative development of global ai governance [12]. discussion the findings of this study indicate that artificial intelligence is already exerting a measurable impact on the trajectory of public international law—though this influence remains uneven and fragmented. normative developments are being driven primarily through soft law instruments: non-binding resolutions, strategic policy documents, and regional regulatory frameworks. while these mechanisms offer space for experimentation and help foster emerging consensus, they simultaneously underscore the absence of universally binding legal standards [13]. at the heart of this evolving landscape lies a fundamental tension between the imperatives of innovation and the demands of regulation. states are eager to harness ai’s strategic and economic potential but remain wary of legal constraints that could hinder technological advancement. yet, in the absence of robust legal safeguards, the dangers are far from abstract: the potential for human rights violations, algorithmic bias, and failures of cross-border accountability is both real and growing. this imbalance is exacerbated by stark disparities in technological capacity, leading to fears of what some have termed “ai colonialism”—a scenario in which data, infrastructure, and algorithmic influence are concentrated in a small number of highly developed jurisdictions [14]. and yet, ai may also serve as a catalyst for renewal within international law. it challenges jurists and policymakers to revisit foundational legal doctrines—such as sovereignty, responsibility, and consent—in light of the profound interdependencies introduced by digital technologies. the consolidation of ai-specific legal principles, ongoing treaty negotiations, and the reinterpretation of existing legal norms suggest that the international legal order is entering a phase of deeper normative pluralism. rather than displacing traditional legal concepts, ai is prompting their extension into uncharted regulatory domains, thereby reshaping international law from within [15]. conclusion artificial intelligence is no longer an external technological phenomenon but a structural force shaping international legal processes. it challenges the established assumptions of public international law, particularly those related to agency, accountability, and territoriality. the ongoing normative evolution reflects a broader transformation in global governance, in which ai both disrupts and enriches the international legal order. while initiatives such as the united nations’ resolution on ai and the council of europe’s framework convention represent important milestones, the development of binding, globally accepted standards remains a pressing challenge. to preserve the integrity of international law, states and international institutions must recognize the necessity of integrating ai-specific obligations—transparency, accountability, human oversight, and data protection—into the corpus of international norms. ultimately, the future of public international law will depend on its ability to adapt to technological realities without sacrificing its core values of human dignity, justice, and the rule of law. artificial intelligence, properly governed, can become not a threat but a catalyst for strengthening the legitimacy and resilience of the international legal system. references 1. druzin b., boute a., ramsden m. confronting catastrophic risk: the international obligation to regulate artificial intelligence //mich. j. int'l l. – 2025. – т. 46. – с. 173. 2. demir ş. the legal status of ai-enabled weapon systems in international law:'autonomous weapons' and the conundrum of state responsibility. http://www/ 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. united nations general assembly, resolution on the safe, secure, and trustworthy development and use of artificial intelligence, 21 march 2024. 4. council of europe, framework convention on artificial intelligence, human rights, democracy and the rule of law, 2024. 5. park s. bridging the global divide in ai regulation: a proposal for a contextual, coherent, and commensurable framework //wash. int'l lj. – 2023. – т. 33. – с. 216. 6. boutin b. state responsibility in relation to military applications of artificial intelligence //leiden journal of international law. – 2023. – т. 36. – №. 1. – с. 133-150. 7. kashefi p., kashefi y., ghafouri mirsaraei a. h. shaping the future of ai: balancing innovation and ethics in global regulation //uniform law review. – 2024. – т. 29. – №. 3. – с. 524-548. 8. talapina e. transparency of artificial intelligence algorithms //law. journal of the higher school of economics. – 2025. – т. 18. – №. 3. – с. 4-27. 9. wang j. et al. artificial intelligence and international norms //reconstructing our orders: artificial intelligence and human society. – singapore : springer singapore, 2019. – с. 195229. 10. maas m. m. international law does not compute: artificial intelligence and the development, displacement or destruction of the global legal order //melbourne journal of international law. – 2019. – т. 20. – №. 1. – с. 29-57. 11. de gregorio g. the normative power of artificial intelligence //ind. j. global legal stud. – 2023. – т. 30. – с. 55. 12. erdélyi o. j., goldsmith j. regulating artificial intelligence: proposal for a global solution //proceedings of the 2018 aaai/acm conference on ai, ethics, and society. – 2018. – с. 95-101. 13. garcia d. lethal artificial intelligence and change: the future of international peace and security //international studies review. – 2018. – т. 20. – №. 2. – с. 334-341. 14. łokucijewski k. the world of technical norms-between law and artificial intelligence //transformations/transformacje. – 2024. – т. 4. – №. 123. 15. baronchelli a. shaping new norms for ai //philosophical transactions of the royal society b. – 2024. – т. 379. – №. 1897. – с. 20230028. http://www/ 123 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the importance of exhibition and practical methods in the preschool education system ergasheva sarvinoz andijan state pedagogical institute department of preschool education 2nd grade student abstract: this article discusses the importance and use of visual and practical methods in improving the quality and effectiveness of education in a preschool organization. keywords: image, object, image, puppet theatre, exercise, lego, moving toys, practical methods, exercise. log in "it's better to see once than to hear a hundred times," they say, "there should definitely be practice and exhibitionism in the education system. practice is to put this theoretical knowledge into practice, or show. and with exhibitions, imagination and memory will be rich. we will be able to learn more. jehovah's witnesses would be pleased to answers with you. they always complement each other. to achieve efficiency in the use of visual methods, it is intended to comply with the age and level of development of children and to observe that the object we show is the same for all children. activities in improving the quality of education are practiced with an exhibition. literature analysis practical methods are widely used to teach their language and foreign languages, drawing, dancing, and designing manual labor. for example, elementary thematic concepts in a child are based on an analysis of practical activities with a group of objects. the main practical methods include practice, experience, modeling. up to the end of the school year, every child in an educational organization is interested in a lot. children become eager. children are strong in singing, dancing, serenity, and drawing skills. they are able to keep their focus at a high level. research metadolody up to the end of the school year, the educational organization plays an important role in bringing up a modern, healthy and perfect generation. all five centers in the state curriculum are aimed at improving children's practical knowledge. at the center of language and speech, the first of the five centers, children's interest in nature, the environment, images in literature, and the social environment increases. these are more often expressed through images. the second of five maze is the center for building, construction and mathematics. it's at the center where kids can make and play what they want with their own hands. lego can make a house, a car, a robot, an animal from a construction-making toy. this increases the expansion of their imagination in children, the movement of fingers, and attitudes toward creative work. the third of these centers is the arts 124 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us center. the art center includes children making various objects out of clay and painting. this is the way children love nature and love the environment. the fourth is a center for systematicroles games and dramatization. children will have their own heroes in this center. analysis and results the theater is like heroes who are good, a symbol of goodness and positive. the child is formed with that hero. and at the center for science and nature, experiments conducted on the experimental test site spark interest in children and encourage them to make new inventions. clearly, every sentence in the "first step" state curriculum encourages children to be worldly, spiritually mature, physically healthy. up to the end of the school year, children will be able to obtain these knowledge, skills, and skills and will be able to connect them directly to school education and its well-being without difficulties. conclusions according to leading experts, "the concept of school preparation includes the following approaches to preparing a child for school.  physical  personal (spiritual)  mental  special training it is explained by a child's physical preparation for school, health, mobility skills, passing through various obstacles and exercises. a child's personal readiness for school, on the other hand, reflects how much he remembers and demonstrates the knowledge he or she has gained in a preschool organization. the use of practical methods such as interactive methods, blitz-query methods, classroom methods, mental mapping methods, adultery methods, and the fourth surplus will enhance children's mental thinking. available literature 1. z.e.azimova, n.a. atakulova. scientific basis for preschool education management "life edition" 2020. 2. asqarova dilorom qurbonovna. methods of preparing children for school education. published by jehovah's witnesses but now out of print. 3. g.t. gafforovna, n.sh.oktamovna, x.o. kaxxarovna. didactic materials for primary education. tashkent "innovation zion" 2022. 214 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 perspectives for applying international experience of audit of financial investments suyunov yorkin bekmuradovich phd, senior lecturer of “accounting” department, tashkent state university of economics, uzbekistan abstract: this article is devoted to the consideration of the perspectives of developing the audit of financial investments in reliance upon foreign experience. in addition, the article analyzes the perspectives of the investment policy in our republic and development of accounting and audit of investments in reliance upon international experience. moreover, the stages of conducting the audit in the formation of reliable audit opinions on the objects of financial investments have been developed. furthermore, based on the proposals and recommendations, the transparency of the audit by including additional activities in the audit of financial investments has been ensured. keywords: investments, financial investments, audit programme, audit stages, audit activities, audit planning. introduction currently under conditions of globalization, one of the top-target objectives is rapid development and liberalization of the national economy, further accelerating its integration into world financial markets and further development of the capital market and digital economy, as well as introduction of modern corporate governance principles. taking the country’s development to a new higher level, further development of the economy is impossible without attracting investments. nowadays, performing an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of complex global processes and the outcomes of the national development, systematic activities have been implemented in recent years and are being undertaken to prioritize reforms aimed at transforming the economy and accelerating entrepreneurship, ensuring human rights and interests and creating a dynamic civil society. adoption of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026” has marked a new stage in the development of the country, the beginning of the 3rd renaissance [1]. this decree has determined such urgent objectives as rapid development of the national economy and high growth rates, further improvement of the investment climate in the country and its attractiveness, as well as the efficient use of investments and ensuring an increase of exports, establishment of a new system based on “bottom-upwards” principle, which require active implementation of investment policy, finding sources of their financing, further improving the system, streamlining the system of making management decisions and their effective use. all these aspects necessitate improving the quality of auditing services. 215 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature review it should be noted that currently investment policy, formation of investment flows and improvement of audit processes in their effective use are considered one of the most essential issues in the era of the world economy globalization. various studies on the efficient use of investments and improvement of investment audit methodology have been conducted throughout the world. in particular, there are research papers of foreign scholars on the world scale dedicated to investigating the methodology of accounting and auditing of financial investments in the basic industrial enterprises and service-rendering of such scholars as farrokh barzideh, soroush lotfi, mehdi mousapour, mojtaba aghae [3]. in their research papers these scholars considered accounting of investments based on their sources in the improvement of accounting of investments, while other researchers zhiyun ouyang, hua zheng, yi xiaosing [4] conducted research on the improvement of accounting of investments in natural capital. the issues of investments, especially the accounting and audit of financial investments, have been researched by the scholars of the cis as well. in particular, m.v.levina [5] researched the methodology of economic analysis in the effective use of financial investments, o.g. jitlukhina [6] revealed the features of developing the concept of financial investments and their reflection in accounting and financial statements. a. v. pasechnik [7] studied the issues of development of accounting of financial investments by enterprises. furthermore, the issues of accounting and audit of financial investments have been researched by economists of our country, and their research papers are mainly focused on improving the accounting of investments based on national standards. among other things, in particular, the research conducted by o. juraev is aimed at improving accounting and audit of financial investments made by enterprises and the financial results obtained from them in the conditions of market relations. sh.ilkhamov [8] studied the issues of accounting and audit of investment activities in enterprises. furthermore, the research, conducted by a. avlokulov, studied the issues of accounting the investment real estate as long-term securities included in long-term investments and other long-term investments. herewith handling accounting and audit of investments in our country in compliance with international standards of financial reporting and audit promotes the increase of their efficiency and provide reliable information to investors. [9, 10] researches demonstrate that the ways of improving accounting and audit of financial investments have not been studied in a comprehensive way. this fact necessitates analysis of accounting and audit of financial investments taking into account the changes taking place in the practice of their improvement and requires creation of methodologies based on the improvement of its theoretical and methodological issues. research methodology the methodology of this research papers relies on the data collection, observation, as well as study of statutory acts based on the general scientific principles of research, which envisage general and systematic approaches to the study of economic relations and phenomena in their development, as well as interrelation. the systematic approach has been used to research the concept of financial investment, to define the concept of formulating the concept for audit of financial investments and its level of development. moreover, it has determined the stages of audit of financial investments, formation of audit conclusions, research in the field of effective use of financial investments in the services sector. analysis and results the system of statutory regulation of auditing activities has been created in our country during the independence period. moreover, systematic activities have been carried out to adjust them in 216 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us compliance with international auditing standards, to improve the methodology of auditing processes. as a result, an independent audit methodology has been created in our country. although the audit methodology has already been created by this time, it is necessary to improve it as a result of the reforms implemented in the economic sectors. the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on audit activities” states that “an audit is an examination of the financial statements and related financial information of an economic entity, carried out by an audit organization in order to establish reliability and compliance of the audited financial statements and related financial information with accounting legislation” [2]. the audit organization carries out activities of economic entities in the implementation of audit inspections in reliance upon the national standards of audit activity and provides audit conclusions. currently the measures on adjusting the national audit activity system in compliance with the international audit activity systems determines the need to conduct research on the audit activity in the future. in particular, the international standards on auditing and international standards of quality assurance, international standards of analytical inspections, international standards of reliability assurance, international standards of related services, published by the international auditing and assurance standards board (iaasb), imply international standards of audit activities. currently auditing activities in our country are implemented on the basis of the standards of auditing activities posted on the official website of the public body authorized in the field of auditing activities, which do not contradict the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan in reliance upon permission of the international federation of accountants (ifac) to publish in the republic of uzbekistan. the planning of the audit is considered one of the processes of the audit activity. for example, “one of the important steps in the planning process of the audit is evaluation of the accounting and internal control systems of economic entities, which is regulated by the relevant national standard. it is known that control represents one of the functions of management. therefore, organization and implementation of the internal control system is considered a tool that helps the executive in managing this economic entity”. [8] one of the essential elements of the audit is the quality control system, which can be used to assess the reliability of the audit conclusion. communicating audit quality control policies and procedures to the employees of the audit organization includes explanation of the quality control policies and procedures, as well as objectives to be achieved by their organization. in addition, it implies that each person has personal responsibility for quality and is expected to comply with these policies and procedures. encouraging the employees of the audit organization to express their opinions or attitudes on quality control matters represents the significance of obtaining feedback on the quality control system of the audit organization. therefore, it is necessary to determine focus areas of the inspection, the sequence of actions, and required sources of evidence when planning the control procedures of the audit of financial investments in economic entities. with the aim of regulating specific activities and reducing audit risk, it is recommended to prepare a special program for the audit of financial investments. [11] in the process of carrying out audit of investments, an auditor must verify which method is used in the evaluation of investments and whether it corresponds to the option selected having consideration for the entity’s accounting policy. expenditures associated with the implementation of investments should be confirmed with documents and reflected in the analytical accounting. the value of some financial placements (shares) can be confirmed by explanatory notes and other documents confirming ownership rights. 217 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our opinion, the aim of the audit of investments is to determine the reliability of the financial reporting data of economic entities and compliance of the accounting methods of investments and taxation transactions with relevant statutory acts. in order to achieve this aim we have developed the sample of audit tasks, presented in table 1. table 1. tasks of the audit of investment activity № main tasks of the audit 1. verifying whether the assets of economic entities are included in the composition of investments. 2. restricting classification of investments in the account according to the relevant symbols, verifying their accuracy. 3. when accounting for investments, checking that their value is correctly formulated. 4. verifying accuracy of the accounting of transactions related to investments. 5. assessing the state of synthetic and analytical accounting of investments. 6. verifying the procedure for carrying out an inventory of investments and their results are correctly reflected in the account. 7. checking compliance of transactions with investment with the applicable tax legislation. in reliance upon the aim and tasks specified above, the objects of the audit are determined by the auditor, and the audit is performed in accordance with the developed programme. before starting the audit of investment activities, it is necessary to work out the programme of audit procedures based on the information pr3esented in the above table. first of all, an auditor should familiarize himself with the documents confirming the financial investments made. these can include received shares, various certificates, bonds, certificates of deposited amounts, loan agreements. documents confirming the sale of securities can include sales contracts, payment orders confirming that the bonds have been redeemed and the debts have been returned. during the process of the audit, for revaluation of long-term financial investments it is required to determine periodicity of the revaluation, including the categories of long-term investments. with the exception of a temporary decrease in the balance sheet value, the balance sheet value of all long-term investments is reduced in case of a decrease in the value of investments. herewith the reduction is determined and prepared for each financial investment. an auditor should not forget that the additional amount arising from the revaluation of financial investments should be added to private equity as the gain received from revaluation. in the case of a decrease in the value of financial investments, the amount of the decrease is implemented at the expense of the previous valuation of those investments reflected in private equity. if the amount of decrease in the value of financial investments is less than the amount of income obtained from the previous revaluation, this difference should be accounted as an expense. the amount of the additional evaluation of the impaired investments is included in the increase of private equity after the losses from these investments are covered. when planning the control procedures of the audit of financial investments it is necessary to determine the focus areas of inspection, the sequence of actions, and required sources of evidence. with the aim of regulating specific activities and reducing audit risk, it is recommended to develop a special programme for the audit of financial investments. according to the developed inspection programme, an auditor shall compare the information of the following balance sheet items (lines 040, 050, 060, 070, 080) at the beginning of the reporting period and at the end of the reporting period respectively with the data in the accounts 218 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us “securities”, “investments in subsidiary companies”, “investments in associated companies”, the data of accounting “investments in companies with foreign capital”, “other long-term investments” with accounting data, as well as with the data of the ledger. in turn, the data of the ledger should be compared with the data of relevant accounting registers and preliminary documents. then the value of investments should be checked for accurate determination (table 2). table 2. objects of audit of investment activity indicators financial reports containing indicators name accounts № form 1 form 2 form 4 form 5 line № colum n line № colum n line № colum n line № colu mn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 accounts for accounting of longterm investments 0600 030 3 securities 0610 040 3 130 2 investments in subsidiary companies 0620 050 3 investments in associated companies 0630 060 3 companies with foreign capital 0640 070 3 other long-term investments 0690 080 3 accounts for accounting of capital placementsсобга олувчи счетлар 0800 100 3 100 2 construction in progress 0810 100 3 purchase of fixed assets 0820 100 3 purchase of intangible assets 0830 100 3 formation of the main herd 0840 100 3 capital investments in land improvement 0850 100 3 capital investments in the fixed assets obtained on the basis of the long-term renting contract 0860 100 3 other capital 0890 100 accounts for accounting of shortterm investments 5800 370 6 100 2 130 2 securities 5810 370 6 debts provided for a short term 5830 370 6 other current 5890 370 6 219 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us investments accounts for accounting of income by financial activity 9500 110 4 180 3 income in the form of dividends 9520 120 4 120 3 interest income 9530 130 4 110 3 the above-mentioned recommendations enable to significantly reduce the audit risk during the audit process and provide reliable information for external users. an audit is considered a complex, multifaceted process and various tasks are solved during its implementation. in addition, it involves a certain amount of labour and money. therefore, it is necessary to pay particular to the methods of conducting an audit and to use it efficiently. when planning the control procedures of the audit of financial investments, it is necessary to determine the focus areas of inspection, the sequence of actions, and the necessary sources of evidence. with the aim of regulating specific activities and reducing audit risk, it is recommended to develop a special programme for the audit of financial investments. as a result of the research, we have developed the “audit plan of financial investments” and “audit programme of financial investments”. in accordance with the developed plan and programme for audit, the auditor should check the balance sheet of financial investments at the beginning of the reporting period and at the end of the reporting period, as well as the preliminary documents related thereto. we have determined that the sequence of audit of financial investment activities should be carried out in three stages (figure 1). figure 1. stages of conducting the audit of financial investments* * developed by the author during the research process 220 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at each stage, the auditor considers relevant issues, as well as possible errors and their impact on the reliability of the data. audit evidence is essential in the process of the audit of financial investments. in practice audit evidence includes activities such as monitoring, observing, survey, and counting. these actions are not considered sufficient by an auditor to determine the effectiveness of financial investments and to fully disclose information about them. adding additional actions in the process of obtaining audit evidence on financial investments will help to expand possibility of gathering evidence, ensure the adequacy and accuracy of audit evidence, and as a result, increase the objectivity and quality of the audit conclusion. conclusion and proposals from a scientific point of view, it is justified to conduct an audit of financial investments in three stages: a preliminary stage of the audit (formation of a preliminary idea of the financial investments of the audited client), the main stage of the audit (to a certain extent, the formation of a belief in the proper reflection of financial investments in financial statements) and the final stage (formation assurance of the accuracy of financial statements of financial investments). as a result, this fact enables auditors to systematically formulate their opinion in the process of audit of financial investments. this, in turn, has enabled to draw an audit opinion based on the results of checking the quality of financial investments. in practice audit evidence includes activities such as monitoring, observing, survey, and counting. these actions are not considered sufficient by an auditor to determine the effectiveness of financial investments and to fully disclose information about them. we have proposed to include the action of “comparison” in the implementation of audit activities. by adding this action, it is possible to determine reliability of information about financial investments by the enterprise in previous years. herewith the audit organization compares the accuracy of several annual reporting data of the economic entity and checks the consistency of the financial reporting data. in addition, it represents a description of the similarities and differences detected between two pieces of information. as a result of proposals developed to reduce the audit risk during the audit of financial investments, it is possible not only to reduce the audit risk, but also to provide users with reliable information. the above-mentioned recommendations enable to significantly reduce the audit risk during the audit of financial investments and provide reliable information for external users. reference 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan №pd-60 “on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026”. https://president.uz/uz/lists 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan “on the audit activities”, article 32, lru-677, dated february 25, 2021. www.lex.uz 3. farrokh barzideh, soroush lotfi, mehdi mousapour, mojtaba aghaei.accounting for investment: challenges & criticisms. www.sciencejournal.in.volume-3 (special issue 3) 2014. 4. zhiyun ouyang, hua zheng, yi xiao. improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital. www.sciencejournal.in.volume-352 (special issue 6292) 2016. 5. levina m.v. organization and methods of economic analysis of financial investments. abstract on dissertation claiming for scientific degree of phd in economics according to supreme attestation commission of the russian federation 08.00.12. – voronej, 2011. http://www.lex.uz/ 221 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. jitlukhina o.g. features of the concept of financial investments in the aspect of accounting and financial investments in the aspect of accounting and financial reporting. journal “accounting” № 6, june 2010. 7. pasechnik a.v. organization and development of accounting for financial investments in organizations. abstract of the dissertation claiming for the scientific the degree of phd in economics. – rostov-on-the don, 2010. 8. sh.i. ilkhamov. development of financial reporting audit methodology in accordance with international standards. scientific electronic journal “economy and innovative technologies”. № 6, november-december, 2015. http://iqtisodiyot.tsue.uz/ 9. khamdamov b.k. international standards of auditing. textbook. –t.: iqtisod-moliya, 2020. – 245 p. 10. ergasheva sh.t. international financial reporting standards. textbook. – т.: iqtisodiyot, 2021. – 308 р. 11. yorkin suyunov. topical issues of financial accounting of investment. international scientific journal. theoritical& applied science. p-issn:2308-4944(print) year:2019 issue:09 volume: 77 published:30.09.2019) // https://t-science.org http://iqtisodiyot.tsue.uz/ https://t-science.org/ microsoft word akhmedov alim 3-5 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 04, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх increasing financial literacy in rural areas akhmedov alim babaniyazovich teacher of the department of business management and statistics jamshid safarov abdullayevich student of the 3rd year, group 220, accounting and auditing abstract to understand the main principles of the economic life of society, the role of money in the family and society, the causes and consequences of changes in family income and expenses, to understand the role of the state in the family economy. of course, to understand these things, everyone should have financial literacy. in particular, low financial literacy in rural areas is one of the urgent problems. this article provides the necessary information on increasing financial literacy among the population living in rural areas. key words: market economy, financial literacy, consumer, financial services, bankruptcy. in the years of independence in uzbekistan, the deepening of reforms aimed at the formation of a social market economy and the requirements for the modernization of the economy prove the need to form and increase the financial literacy of the population. according to the world practice, the population is sufficient in terms of proper use of their funds, planning of their expenses and savings, determination of investment priorities, and the accumulation of funds necessary for emergency situations. because they do not have enough knowledge and skills, they make ineffective decisions and cannot fully use their potential and opportunities to improve their material well-being. it is necessary to introduce a system of financial literacy of the population in order to increase the effectiveness of financial decisions made by people. for the state, the low level of literacy of the population, the presence of obstacles to the development of solvency reduce the possibility of financial markets and the efficiency of regulation, limit the rights of consumers, and prevent the transition to the accumulated pension system based on personal participation. from an economic point of view, the insufficient level of knowledge about financial services means a low level of involvement in consumption of large segments of the population, including the middle class, and limits the level and quality of savings, investments, which determine the potential for sustainable economic growth. high propensity of the population to save, wide use of savings and insurance levers implies a high level of financial literacy of the population. such literacy gives the population the opportunity to cooperate closely with financial institutions, to use the services of the banking and insurance sectors, and the pension insurance system on a large scale and efficiently. by increasing their financial literacy, middle-class households effectively use their personal budgets, 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us make personal financial decisions based on their long-term goals, avoid excessive personal debt levels, differentiate between the services and products offered by financial institutions, and reduce excess risk. risks are avoided. this reflects the importance of financial literacy in the country's long-term socio-economic development. in the last decade, the expansion of the consumer sector in the financial market, the increase in the types and complexity of financial products, the growth of the population's income and gross savings reflect the increased personal responsibility in the financial decisions made by the population. this situation also shows the urgency of the problem of increasing the financial literacy of the population. according to world practice, a financially literate person has the following advantages: ability to make correct decisions about money and prices; to have the ability to rationally manage one's family budget; to acquire the skills of effective management of financial assets and expenses; fulfill their financial obligations within the specified period; an increase in the number of levers used in the implementation of personal savings and investments based on the wide use of financial services; flexible approach to changes in living standards. at a time when financial services are difficult to define and describe, consumers are beginning to have problems that need to be solved, and the consumer does not always have enough knowledge and skills to solve these problems. doesn't. in most cases, this process is related to the lack of financial knowledge of the population, especially the rural population, insufficient information on family budget planning, and inability to fully and effectively use financial services. world practice shows that many people are not enough in terms of being able to use their money properly, planning their expenses and savings, determining investment priorities, and saving money for emergency situations. because they do not have enough knowledge and skills, they make ineffective decisions and cannot fully use the potential to increase their material well-being. it is necessary to introduce a system of financial literacy of the population in order to increase the efficiency of financial decisions made by people. the relevance of increasing the level of financial literacy of the population is determined by the following reasons: 1. changes in the structure of income sources of the population. the increasing share of income from small business, family and individual entrepreneurship in the structure of population income leads to a sharp increase in the need for effective management of savings and investments and proper planning of expenses. 2. the emergence of a large number of private entrepreneurs. such entrepreneurs solve various management issues in their daily work: managing financial flows and material assets, financial accounting, planning income and expenses, forming insurance funds, optimizing the purchase of material resources, using banking services, investing savings, obtaining loans, such as debt management. 3. sharp increase in long-term savings and loans. in the conditions of the market economy, the population should independently implement the following functions of savings: implementation of additional pension funds, savings to pay for medical and educational services. the above situations require long-term planning of the family budget, assessment and management of risks through financial tools (insurance, pension funds, bank deposits and securities investments). thus, formation of long-term savings and training in the skills of obtaining credit is an important function of financial literacy of the population. 4. expansion of opportunities to invest personal savings and manage material assets. in the conditions of the market economy, there are various alternative methods of realization of population savings and investments. in order to effectively use the services provided by banks 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and other financial institutions, the population should be financially literate in order to manage loans, make investments, and make effective decisions. 5. expansion of population labor migration. in order to reduce the impact of risks such as dismissal, fraud, bad social conditions, and bad treatment of migrant workers working abroad, it is necessary to increase the literacy of migrants about money transfers, banking services in foreign countries, and the insurance system. . 6. some features of the traditions of the population in the field of consumer culture. the need to reduce the large expenses of the population on some traditional holidays and to increase the investments to direct the investment of human capital requires increasing financial literacy. 7. due to the relatively low consumption of a number of financial services, the composition of their consumption is limited. 8. due to the fact that the quality of all financial services has not been independently checked during the purchase period, there are opportunities for sellers to sell low-quality products. 9. the high costs of checking the high obligations undertaken by the parties. a low level of financial literacy for consumers of financial services has the following negative consequences: • decrease in confidence in financial institutions due to inefficient decision-making; • lack of access to financial market advantages; • high level of debt obligations of the person; • public bankruptcy of individuals; • teaching the growing generation negative financial experience; • propensity of financial service sellers to the risk of corruption, bad behavior; • low level of savings for vital products; • formation of pension funds and ineffectiveness of their management. for the state, the low level of literacy of the population, the presence of an obstacle to the development of the ability to choose, limits the possibility of financial markets and reduces the efficiency of regulation, restricts the rights of consumers, and does not allow access to the accumulated pension system based on personal participation. inadequate level of knowledge about financial services from an economic point of view means that large segments of the population are not attracted to their consumption and limits the level and quality of savings, investments, which determine the potential of economic growth. conclusion: the development of the modern market economy requires the population to participate in pension savings, insurance and mortgage systems. because the population's participation in these systems helps to solve issues such as pension accumulation, social and medical insurance, providing accommodation and improving the quality of education. the expansion of the savings characteristic of the middle class and its effective use ensures the socioeconomic stability of the country, and was not the basis for achieving macroeconomic balance and strengthening the financial system. references: 1. vakhobov a. v., m alikov t. s. m olia. d arsly. — t.: publisher, 2011. 2. vakhobov a. v. social funds in the system of market relations. — t.: shark, 2003. 3. www.lex.uz — 0 website of the base of laws of the republic of uzbekistan. 4. www.mf.uz — 0 website of the base of the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan. 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх foreign experience of increasing investment potential in the economy of the region khazratkulova lola narmuminovna phd in economic sciences, associate professor, department of finance and business analytics, tashkent state economic university aymukhametova amina kakazhanovna senior teacher, department of corporate economics and management, tashkent state economic university abstract the article analyzes the foreign experience of increasing the investment potential in the economy of the region and the prospects for its application in uzbekistan. it is concluded that tax incentives and comprehensive structural and regulatory reform make the regions attractive to investors, thanks to which the states achieve significant success in business development. keywords: potential, regional development, tax benefits, investment climate, economic growth, standard of living of the population. introduction. in modern conditions of development, accompanied by the intensification of the processes of globalization and world integration, as well as economic crises, the problems of financing at the enterprise, industry and region level are becoming as acute as possible. in this regard, the relevance of the analysis of promising foreign experience in attracting capital investments increases, which has shown that investment potential is developing and being evaluated in various states taking into account resource, economic, political, social, infrastructural and other features. the need to improve the processes of attracting investment resources has led to the need to study promising foreign experience in this area. research methods. general scientific logical methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical data processing were used in the research process. the information base of the study was the materials of domestic and foreign research institutions, international organizations. the results of the study. the world experience of economically developed countries confirms the high role of capital investments in achieving economic growth and in the overall socioeconomic development of the state, it also indicates that attracting investment is directly related to the investment attractiveness of the recipient country or region. singapore's experience in attracting capital investments is unique and at the same time very interesting, which allowed the state to move from developing countries to the list of developed 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us countries of the world, personifying today one of the developed world economies, becoming an international financial center, a center for innovation and business services by attracting foreign investment, implementing favorable tax policy measures, liberalization of the banking sector, etc. [5]. the effectiveness of attracting investments in singapore was determined by a number of factors (fig. 1). fig. 1 success factors in attracting investments in singapore [2] in a fairly short period of time, singapore has become the largest trade, transport and financial center, which was caused by many factors, first of all: a high level of savings and accumulation rate; foreign capital and exports, tax incentives, infrastructure. the strongest incentive for the development of singapore's economy was foreign direct investment, which was mainly directed to infrastructure development. all of the above contributed to the creation of singapore's international reputation as a borrower with strong fiscal discipline and a stable economy [6]. citing as an example the experience of singapore and japan in attracting investment resources, foreign authors note that the focus of the state investment policy on liberalization and investment promotion, expressed in the implementation of measures aimed at maximizing the flow of foreign investment into various sectors of the economy, reducing the complexity of administrative procedures, the introduction of tax benefits and preferences for foreign investors, ensuring the protection of investors' rights, increasing transparency and accessibility of information in this area [3]. china's experience in attracting foreign capital is interesting, due to which the country has managed to achieve a high level of economic growth and become a world leader in the production of goods and services. according to official statistics over the past decade, a quarter of all investment flows directed to developing countries are accounted for by the prc, which is primarily due to the policy initiated in the middle of the last century and still pursued by the government of the state to stimulate the inflow of foreign investment. one of the directions of china's policy was the creation of special economic zones, in which a sparing tax regime was established with reduced administrative barriers to opening and doing business. the main flow of foreign investment to china was observed from neighboring hong kong and taiwan and was aimed at the development of high-tech, capital-intensive export-oriented projects, as well as projects for the development of natural resource deposits, the use of relatively cheap labor and the production of high-value-added goods. 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fig. 2 factors of investment potential growth in china [1] a favorable tax regime implies the availability of benefits for joint ventures with foreign capital, including exemption from income tax for five years after the start of their activities, the possibility of duty-free import of raw materials and means of production, as well as free export of profits, interest and dividends abroad. in addition, the implementation of measures to raise investors' awareness of investment opportunities in chinese enterprises and to establish contacts of potential business partners played an important role. a characteristic feature of china's policy in attracting foreign capital investments is its flexibility, which manifests itself in the presence of both incentive measures against bona fide investors and restrictive ones otherwise. in general, the experience of the people's republic of china shows that in order to increase the investment potential of the regions and the state, it is necessary to achieve political and financial stability in the country, increase the competitiveness of manufactured products and services, openness of information, a favorable tax regime. japan's successful experience in attracting and using foreign capital deserves attention, primarily due to the active state support of investors, the introduction of special direct lending programs for priority industries, low prices for raw materials and fuel. a characteristic feature of the japanese model of state investment policy is the existence of close partnership relations between the state and investors, manifested in stimulating investment projects and simultaneously monitoring their implementation. the widespread attraction and the state policy of stimulating foreign investment (fig. 3) allowed south korea to achieve significant economic growth. fig. 3 the main measures of the state policy of south korea in the field of investment [1] according to official data, in recent years, foreign capital has been attracted to the republic of korea annually in the amount of an average of about 10 billion us dollars, directed mainly to electronics, healthcare and infrastructure development [1]. in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the regions and the republic as a whole in south korea, a special office of the investment ombudsman has been formed and operates under the investment attraction agency, whose main functions include reducing obstacles and providing comprehensive assistance in 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us registering enterprises with foreign capital and their further activities. the implementation of the above-mentioned measures contributed to the rise of depressed industries, the multifunctional development of territories, the reconstruction and modernization of large-scale industries, and the solution of socio-economic and environmental problems in the country. over the past few years, in terms of the volume of foreign capital attracted, the united states has been at the top of the world rankings, which has led to a significant increase in the competitiveness and stability of the national economy. one of the most important areas of using investment resources attracted at the expense of private companies, foreign investors, as well as the state, has been and remains the development of the scientific sphere and innovation. table 1. methods of increasing the investment potential of regions in the usa [1] direct financial methods indirect financial methods non-financial methods provision of grants, grants, loans and credits by state governments provision of tax benefits and vacations infrastructure development r&d financing provision of discounts, tax credits increasing the openness of information for investors in the usa, which is an example of a country with a high differentiation of territorial development, various methods and incentives are used to develop the investment potential of regions (table 1). in addition, the information and advertising method of attracting foreign investment has become widespread by publishing detailed information about the development of infrastructure in the region, labor, taxation system, prices on real estate, etc. in the usa, as in most developed countries of the world, the mechanism of public-private partnership in the investment sphere has been developed, which manifests itself as the integration of economic entities of the real and financial sectors, on the one hand, and scientific institutions, on the other, as well as the pooling of financial resources of the state and private investors and their direction to the development of the innovative component of territories [1]. one of the countries with rich experience in attracting capital investments is germany. a characteristic feature of the state policy pursued in the country is comprehensive support for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, including the organization of regular international meetings, exhibitions and fairs with the participation of domestic entrepreneurs, partially or completely held at the expense of the state budget, the provision of loans to them on preferential terms with late maturities, the adoption of laws allowing companies to register in a simplified way, availability of internet sites with the provision of all necessary information for entrepreneurs, professional development programs for representatives of private business. the above-mentioned measures make it possible to productively develop entrepreneurship in germany, increasing the export of its products and implementing investment projects abroad. in order to support small and medium-sized businesses in germany, a number of programs have been adopted, which contributes to increasing the investment attractiveness of the lands and the state as a whole (fig. 4). 37 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fig. 4 main directions of entrepreneurship development programs in germany [4] analysis. an analysis of the experience of foreign countries in increasing the investment potential of regions and the state as a whole has shown that a comprehensive approach is used for this, combining many actions (table 2). table 2. generalization of foreign experience in improving the investment potential of regions and the country as a whole № country ongoing events 1. singapore orientation of the state investment policy towards liberalization and investment promotion reducing the complexity of administrative procedures for opening and running a business introduction of tax benefits and preferences for foreign investors ensuring the protection of investors' rights increasing transparency and accessibility of information for investors 2. china creation of special economic zones with sparing tax and customs regimes simplification of the procedure for opening and running a business the direction of capital investments for the development of high-tech, export-oriented projects, as well as for the production of goods with high added value 3. japan active state support for investors introduction of special direct lending programs for priority industries close partnership relations between the state and investors, manifested in stimulating investment projects and simultaneously monitoring their implementation 4. south korea reduction of tax rates for investors or full exemption from their payment allocation of grants for r&d and high-tech projects reducing the cost of rent for enterprises with investments 5. usa providing subsidies, grants, loans and preferential loans to enterprises with investments financing at the expense of the state budget of enterprises engaged in r&d infrastructure development in the united states increasing the openness of information for investors 6. germany provision of state support to enterprises with investments, especially 38 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us those introducing innovations simplification of the tax regime and reduction of tax rates for entrepreneurs elimination of bureaucratic restrictions on the path of entrepreneurs compiled by the authors. due to the attraction of capital (both foreign and domestic), the regions have the opportunity to effectively use resources, enter foreign markets, use franchising, however, there is a need to improve the infrastructure of the territories, increase the competitiveness of the goods produced or services offered, conclusion. the positive aspects noted by us in foreign practice are that in economically developed countries a large-scale approach is being implemented to improve the mechanisms for increasing the investment potential of regions, manifested in:  strengthening the regulatory framework, expressed primarily in the introduction of favorable tax and customs regimes for enterprises with investments;  improvement of the system for evaluating the effectiveness of attracted investment resources;  active interaction between the state and business representatives;  application of the principles of scientific planning and forecasting of the volume of investment resources, allowing to ensure a balance between supply and demand and meeting the needs of national economic development and people's lives. foreign experience has shown that in order to increase the investment potential of the regions and the country as a whole, it is necessary to conduct a coordinated policy at all levels of government aimed at introducing a favorable tax regime, improving infrastructure, increasing the openness of information to investors, carrying out comprehensive measures to support innovation and business investment in priority areas of the national economy. literature 1. akhmedova l.a., bulatova u.b. foreign experience in attracting foreign investments and the possibilities of its use// bulletin of dagestan state university. series 3. social sciences. 2016. volume. 31. issue. 2. pp. 34-45. http://vestnik.dgu.ru/ 2. bakhtarayeva k.b. singapore: the role of the financial system in the "economic miracle" // finance and credit. 2015. no.39 (663). pp. 2-13. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/singapur-rol-finansovoy-sistemy-v-ekonomicheskom-chude 3. klimovich l.a., skorokhodova d.i. comparative analysis of the experience of japan and singapore in attracting investments and its significance for the republic of belarus// belarus in the modern world: materials of the xviii international scientific conference, dedicated. to the 98th anniversary of the belarusian state university, minsk, october 30, 2019 / belarusian state university; editor: v.g. shadursky (pred.) [et al.]. minsk: bsu, 2019. – pp. 287-291. http://elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/239646 4. serdyukova o.i., mankieva a.v. foreign experience of attracting investments into the economy// issues of economics and law. 2017. no. 5. pp. 19-23. 5. umarova n.b. features of the investment climate of singapore and the republic of uzbekistan// achievements of science and education. 2020. no.9 (63). pp. 20-24. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-investitsionnogo-klimata-singapura-i-respublikiuzbekistan 6. khazratkulova l.n. factors of economic growth of uzbekistan at the present stage of development//economic review no. 10 (274) 2022, pp. 50-55. https://review.uz/journals/10274-2022 39 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. edb mvi data https://eabr.org/ 8. djurabaevich d. o. features of management and clustering of beekeeping farms //international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429. – 2022. – т. 11. – №. 05. – с. 206-215. https://eabr.org/ 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх the experience of developed countries in increasing the competitiveness of joint-stock companies and the prospects for its implementation in uzbekistan khazratkulova lola narmuminovna phd in economic sciences, associate professor, department of finance and business analytics, tashkent state economic university bekbayeva feruza bakhtierovna senior teacher, department of finance and business analytics, tashkent state economic university abstract in a market economy, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of competitiveness as a factor in maintaining and improving the economic security of business in a strategic perspective. the use of competitive advantages allows the company to survive in an unstable economic situation, attracting customers and increasing the profitability of production and sales. the article summarizes the theoretical interpretation of the concept of "competitiveness", an attempt is made to generalize the factors that stimulate the competitive advantages of enterprises and the economy as a whole, foreign experience in increasing competitiveness and the prospects for its implementation in uzbekistan are analyzed. the purpose of the study is to identify the main directions in the field of increasing the competitiveness of countries with economies in transition. the results of the study can be used in the system of making strategic decisions for the development of countries with economies in transition. keywords: globalization, competitive advantage theories, human capital theory, quality of life, income differentiation, poverty alleviation, social protection, innovative economy. introduction. at the present stage of economic development, associated with globalization and internationalization processes, when world economic relations go beyond countries and continents, the most significant criterion for the demand for products and production efficiency is competitiveness, the increase of which means a transition to an intensive type of expanded reproduction, which ensures business sustainability. creating competitive advantages over a rival is becoming a strategic direction of the state and its bodies in the field of ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy. at the same time, increasing competitiveness concerns all levels of its hierarchy: products, enterprises, industries, regions and countries as a whole, but the competitiveness of an enterprise as the main link in the economy is of particular importance. 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the world's leading research institutes, as the most important scientific directions for increasing the competitiveness of joint-stock companies, propose to improve existing and develop innovative methods and methodological approaches to determining the conditions for increasing the company's sustainability, the transition from a policy of increasing profitability by increasing production volumes to a policy aimed at reducing costs, development of innovative and production potential by identifying reserves based on improving financial methods to improve the efficiency of the enterprise. there are a number of unresolved problems in the modern financial market of uzbekistan, including: the inability of the existing market mechanisms to fully and efficiently allocate and use financial resources, the imbalance of supply and demand in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, low competitiveness of enterprises. methods. in the process of research, general scientific logical methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and processing of statistical data were used. the information base of the study was the materials of domestic and foreign research institutions, international organizations. results. the foundations of the theory of comparative advantage were laid by a. smith and d. ricardo, they explored the country's ability to participate in international trade in conditions of free competition. based on their research, subsequent theories developed that either expanded the analysis proposed by a. smith and d. ricardo, or refuted their theory, thereby highlighting new aspects in the development of competitive advantages as a more progressive form of comparative advantages. in early theories, the main attention was paid to the study of the comparative advantages of countries, which are based on differences in the provision of countries with factors of production and, as a result, differences in relative costs, which are reflected in the works of a. smith, d. ricardo, heckscher-ohlin. with the development of scientific and technological progress and the strengthening of the influence of science and technology on production processes, scientific theorists could not but reflect in their works the increased role of innovation in the formation of competitive advantages. features of the innovative method of production are reflected in the theories of m. posner, r. vernon, g. hufbauer. the theory of competitive advantages by m. porter is based on the concept of a value chain, which considers a company as a set of interrelated activities: core (production, sales, service, delivery) and supporting (personnel, supply, technology development, etc.). the advantages, according to m. porter, largely depend on the clear organization of such a chain, the ability to benefit from each link and give customers some value at a lower price. the possibility of this facilitates analysis, which makes it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the company, assess the competitive position of it and its rivals, optimize the chain itself, and form competitive strategies that are usually implemented by divisions. one of the modern scientists in his works revised certain aspects of the theory of m. porter's competitiveness, casting doubt on the latter's statement that "competitiveness is due to efficiency." in his opinion, the situation is rather the opposite: "the creation and sale of competitive goods allow increasing profits and improving production efficiency" [fatkhutdinov r.a.]. the studies of uzbek scientists devoted to identifying the problems of the corporate governance system, prove that it allows “integrating the efforts of the highest and executive bodies of government in developing a balanced strategy for the development of production, mastering the production of new products, introducing progressive forms of management and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy” [khazratkulova l., kurbonov f.m.]. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis. each country has its own characteristics of the functioning of joint-stock companies, while it cannot be argued that the problems of the functioning of joint-stock companies are of a local nature. one of the most important problems of enterprises, including those based on equity capital, is the achievement of a certain level of competitiveness, since competitiveness is the main macroeconomic factor affecting the state of the world market, as a result of which it is necessary to study international experience in overcoming the crisis in the market of goods and services and providing their competitiveness. moreover, international experience in order to increase the competitiveness of the domestic market is considered appropriate in terms of reducing the negative consequences of globalization processes. healthy market competition is fundamental to a well-functioning u.s. economy. basic economic theory demonstrates that when firms have to compete for customers, this results in lower prices, higher quality goods and services, more variety, and more innovation. that is why the u.s. government has signed the american competition encouragement executive order, which launches a nationwide effort to combat the growing market power in the american economy, seeking to ensure the competitiveness of markets. while competition is fundamental to a prosperous and fair economy, there is mounting evidence that markets across the u.s. have become less competitive over time and that bargaining power is expanding. there are two kinds of evidence indicating that concentration problems are widespread in the u.s. economy. first, there is evidence that market concentration, as well as profits and margins, are rising in all industries. second, market-specific studies show that consolidation has led to detrimental price increases, one of the clearest indicators of increasing market power. along with rising prices, which are both a sign of a market power problem and an important consequence for consumers, economists have identified two other important consequences of increasing concentration: first, there is growing evidence that it discourages innovation; and, secondly, studies show that this leads to a significant concentration in the u.s. labor market it is not just markets for goods and services, which leads to lower wages. numerous studies have been carried out that show an increased concentration in a large number of sectors of the economy. in fact, concentration has increased in more than 75 percent of u.s. industries since the late 1990s. these studies show that the largest companies in the economy grew at the expense of smaller firms. while concentration may have increased in some cases because firms with high market share are more efficient or more innovative than their competitors, the prevalence across many industries and trends is a concern [heather boushey and helen knudsen]. in assessing the experience of the united states, which characterizes the activities of the state related to supporting the processes of increasing the competitiveness of economic entities, attention shall be pointed into a number of important points (fig. 1). 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us pic. 1 the main areas of activity of the u.s. government to improve the competitiveness of the company compiled by the author from: [heather boushey and helen knudsen] due to the fact that in recent years there has been a widespread penetration of goods and services from chinese manufacturers to the world market, the experience of the people's republic of china in improving the competitiveness of enterprises deserves special attention. it is necessary to single out the following main characteristics of the government's management activity, focused on increasing the competitiveness of economic entities (fig. 2). pic. 2 measures to improve the competitiveness of enterprises in china compiled by the author according to: [risin s. i] in japan, there is a special white paper on science and technology of the ministry of education of japan (2017), one of the goals of which is to address the issues of increasing the competitiveness of japanese companies. in particular, it determines that japanese companies, in order to increase their competitiveness, need to more actively move to the system of "open innovations", the latter to a certain extent can be considered as a variety and a new stage of outsourcing, which has long been actively used by companies from different countries, since it related to attracting external resources [timonina i.l.]. the above book explicitly states that the fourth industrial revolution is the era of startups [white paper on science and technology]. at the same time, according to japan's national science and technology policy institute, on average, only 5% of companies use university developments and technologies. currently, the interaction between university science and companies (of different sizes) is most often carried 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us out in the form of joint projects, which in itself is also an effective form of using the scientific potential of universities and from an organizational point of view is “horizontal cooperation at the pre-competitive stage” [white paper on science and technology]. however, the problem, according to japanese experts, is the need to create a mechanism for transferring the results of research (including fundamental research) conducted at the universities themselves into the real economy. in matters of increasing competitiveness at the micro and macro levels, the experience of the european union as a world technological leader is interesting. the eu differs from other countries and their associations in its rather pronounced and increasing emphasis on sustainable environmental development, as well as in the fact that it emphasizes innovation as a source of social welfare and the transformation of society as a whole. the goal of the eu economic policy can be described in a succinct formula "sustainable competitiveness and competitive sustainability" [science, research and innovation performance of the eu]. the most important areas for transforming the structure of the european economy in the context of the concept of competitiveness are increasing labor productivity, transforming into energy, developing the financial sector in the direction of stimulating the development of innovative companies, investing in new technologies, which should serve as a guideline in the development of structural reforms and practical measures [annual sustainable growth strategy] . in the long term, the growth of the competitiveness of the economy based on the growth of labor productivity and the improvement of the environment is linked to an increase in the level and quality of life of eu citizens. in order to improve the competitive position of joint-stock companies, it is necessary to focus on achieving the main directions of the lisbon strategy for increasing the competitiveness of the economy (fig. 3). the lisbon program shows the priorities of the strategy of the european union, which is one of the leaders in the world economy, and, therefore, its experience in increasing competitiveness is of undoubted interest for uzbekistan as well. to achieve the goals of the first direction of the program, it is planned to increase the level of informatization of schools, public institutions and individuals. if we compare the indicators of uzbekistan and the world in terms of internet access, then according to a world bank report published in july 2021, there are now 12.7 broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants in uzbekistan slightly below the global average (13.26) [https: //www.spot.uz/]. pic. 3 main directions of the lisbon strategy for increasing the competitiveness of the economy compiled by the author according to: [zuev v.v.] 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the creation of a climate favorable for the development of entrepreneurship, which is the fourth direction of the lisbon program, is of great importance for increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. to achieve these goals, eu experts propose to focus on the following priority areas:  encouragement of the population to open a new business;  improve the education system in such a way as to instill entrepreneurial skills already at the initial stages of education;  create conditions for the development of entrepreneurship by minimizing the risks of bankruptcy;  develop schemes for concessional financing of business;  improve the legislative framework and reduce administrative barriers [zuev v.v.]. the fifth direction of the lisbon program for improving the competitiveness of the economy, which determines the need for the formation of a common european r&d space, is the implementation of annual expenditures on research and development at a level of at least 4% of gdp as priority goals. it should be noted that increasing the level of funding for science and scientific developments is determined by one of the key tasks of the government of uzbekistan in accordance with the concept for the development of science in the republic, it is planned to increase the share of all funds allocated to science in relation to the gross domestic product: by 2025 by 6 times , by 2030 10 times [decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-6097]. however, in practice, we see a significant backlog of uzbekistan from many countries of the world. as priority tasks of the strategy for building a new uzbekistan for 2022-2026. the government of the republic set the goal of implementing the idea "new uzbekistan is a country of competitive products", including through an open competitive selection of 200 companies to provide comprehensive support in transforming them into the country's leading exporters [decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-60]. discussion. the experience of developed foreign countries shows that the production of competitive products is the basis for the growth of the country's export and innovation potential. the study of foreign experience made it possible to draw a number of conclusions about the directions for increasing competitiveness, including: the formation of effective institutional frameworks aimed at encouraging competition in the economy, the implementation of a wellthought-out tax policy that stimulates the development of competition, the comprehensive promotion of entrepreneurship development, the implementation of export and innovationoriented policies, widespread use of foreign capital, the development of ict, improving the quality of labor resources. references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-6097 dated 10/29/2020 “on approval of the concept of science development until 2030” https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5073449 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-60 dated january 28, 2022 “on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026” https://nrm.uz/ 3. annual sustainable growth strategy 2020. url: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2020-european-semester-annual-sustainable-growthstrategy_en.pdf 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. heather boushey and helen knudsen the importance of competition for the american economy july 09, 2021// https://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/writtenmaterials/2021/07/09/the-importance-of-competition -for-the-american-economy/ 5. khazratkulova l. budgetary financing of investments in the republic of uzbekistan// collection of articles of the international scientific and practical conference "scientific research results in pandemic conditions (covid-19)". shawnee, usa, 2020. issn 21811415. s. 98-103. 6. science, research and innovation performance of the eu 2020. luxembourg: european commission.2020. p. 10. 7. white paper on science and technology 2017, p. 80. 8. zuev v.v. competitiveness improvement program (eu experience). https://www.hse.ru/data/391/480/1238/zuev.pdf 9. kurbonov f.m. prospects for corporate governance in the electric power complex of uzbekistan// economic review no. 11 (250) 2020 https://review.uz/ 10. risin s. i. foreign experience of public administration by increasing the competitiveness of the region// modern competition. 2019. №2. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/ 11. timonina i.l. japanese studies. 2018. no. 4. p. 92–110. japanese studies in russia, 2018, 4, pp. 92-110. 12. fatkhutdinov r.a. essence of competitiveness // modern competition. 2019. №3. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/ 13. according to the information and analytical site https://www.spot.uz/ru/2022/01/10/internetconnectivity/ 198 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the activity of the kogon food special supply department during the years of the war against fascism sirojov ochil sirojovich professor of the department “social sciences” in bukhara state pedagogical institute abstract: this article analyzes the development of industry in the bukhara region during the second world war, efforts to support the front, as well as opinions about plants and factories transferred to the territory of bukhara during the war. keywords: fascism, nazi, defense, territory, food station, post office, soldiers and officers, fruits and vegetables, oil. introduction in 1941-1945, in addition to a number of organizational and military activities, special military food centers were established behind the front. under the leadership of the state defense committee, the whole country went to fight against the enemy. in a short time, the national economy of the country was transferred to the military path. in order to defeat the enemy, the state defense committee took many measures, one of which was the establishment of food supply centers for people involved in the front. discussion on july 5, 1941, by the decision of the state defense committee, food supply points were established in the eastern regions of the country. one such point is the kogon special food center in bukhara region. like other centers, it was assigned the task of providing hot food to soldiers sent to the front and food products until they reach the next point. in carrying out this task, the kogon food center was very active during the war against the german-nazi invaders [1.p.3]. on july 5, 1941, by the decision of the state defense committee, the kogon food supply center was established in the bukhara region. during the war, the kogon food station provided food to more than 391,000 soldiers and officers with 27 people and 7 trucks. it is commendable that 87% of these food products were delivered by workers of bukhara region [2.p.73]. v. y. popov, the first head of the kogon food special supply center, was born in 1900 and was a major of the red army. he began his career on july 7, 1941, working with his deputy a.f. grachov and examining doctor sofya alekseyevna puzdrakovalar. this supply center provided food, mainly hot food, to those going to the front from the central asian republics in the north and south direction. most of these food products were to be collected by the workers of bukhara region, and a certain part of the products had to be taken from tashkent by the instructions of the government of the republic. 199 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the kogon special food supply center provided hot food and food to fighters going south to ashgabat and to toshket to fighters going north. from mid-july 1941, the kogon food center received red army fighters and began supplying them with food [3.p.10]. based on the order of the government of the republic, local industrial enterprises of bukhara delivered 1,500 plates, 1,735 spoons, 105 teapots, 1,300 cups and bowls and other items to the kogon food station. by december 1941, the kogon food station provided breakfast to 1,410 people, lunch to 23,010 people, and food products to 27,410 people. for example, in december 1941, breakfast was provided to 1256 people, lunch to 21067 people, dinner to 10710 people, food products were given to 21494 people [4.p.14]. until december 2, 1941, the kogon food center received 16,031 kilograms of potatoes, 5,630 kilograms of cabbage, 1,900 kilograms of onions, 1,630 kilograms of carrots, 10,360 kilograms of beets, 1,550 kilograms of tomatoes, 10,350 kilograms of meat, and 10,870 kilograms of fruits from the workers of bukhara region. these products were delivered to the soldiers of the red army. in january 1942, 2,765 people who went to the front were provided with breakfast, 42,021 people with lunch, and 27,894 people with food products [5.p.6]. the special commission of the state defense committee has taken all measures to periodically inspect the activities of all food centers, to identify deficiencies in supply and to eliminate them. for example, on july 3, 1942, an inspection was conducted at the kogon food center, and a number of deficiencies in the supply were revealed. according to the special decision of the state defense committee on july 5, 1942, the leaders of the region began to fulfill the task of collecting fruits and vegetables and taking measures to preserve them. by order of the executive committee of the bukhara region, special places were established in all districts and products were stored [6.p.17]. kogon food station fully fulfilled the tasks set by the government and received 83% of its products from bukhara region and 17% from the center of the republic. during the war against the german-nazi invaders, the workers of bukhara faced many difficulties. nevertheless, the kogon food center was provided with everything necessary and provided practical assistance to the red army soldiers to reach the front without difficulty and to fight against the enemy. results during the years of the struggle against the german-nazi invaders, the kogon food center managed to provide food to more than 391 thousand soldiers and officers [7.p.55]. on may 9, 1945, the nazi invaders were completely defeated. after the war, the kogon food center, like all special centers, took on the task of providing food to the soldiers returning home from the front, and it did it very well. after the end of the war, more than 200,000 returning soldiers were provided with food [8.p.15]. among all uzbeks, fighters from bukhara also took part in partisan battles behind enemy lines for various reasons. no one can deny that they also had a big share in the victory over fascism. there is information about 41 such brave fighting partisans from bukhara region. we came to this conclusion based on the information kept in the archives of the former ussr ministry of defense in podolsk, moscow region. one of them is akhmad muhammadjanov from gijduvan. for objective reasons, he conducted combat operations against nazi italy in the italian territories and performed major tasks [9.p.21]. 200 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion in our opinion, the activities of bukhara partisans, including uzbekistan, and their bravery need historical research. we think that no matter how far the victory over fascism is from us, we will refer to the topics mentioned above, and we hope that the next generation will study these issues in depth and refer them to the verdict of our people. references: 1. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 18-yig‘ma jild, -p. 3. 2. o‘zbekiston respublikasi milliy davlat arxivi. 837-fond, 1-ro‘yxat,178-yig‘ma jild, -p. 73. 3. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 18-yig‘ma jild, -p. 10. 4. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat 18-yig‘ma jild, -p. 14. 5. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 19-yig‘ma jild, -p. 6. 6. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 18-yig‘ma jild, -p. 17. 7. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 21-yig‘ma jild, -p. 55. 8. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 29-yig‘ma jild, -p. 18. 9. buxoro viloyati davlat arxivi. 499-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 30-yig‘ma jild, -p. 21. 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 purpose, tasks, necessity of audit in uzbekistan turumova dildora abdumannonovna teacher of the "economics and management" department of jizzakh polytechnic institute rayimqulova muxlisa oybek qizi student of jizzakh polytechnic institute abstract: there is probably no one who does not understand the word audit now. we know that an audit is a review by independent qualified experts of the company's financial accounts and related financial information in order to draw conclusions about the level of compliance with regulatory documents. is to be researched. of course, the audit also has its own goals, and we will get to know them in this article. keywords: сoncept of audit, subject of audit, objects of audit, purpose of audit, tasks of audit. audit has its own subject and objects. auditing as a special science is focused on a certain goal and performs several tasks. the subject of the audit is business entities and their activities. it is known that enterprises operate according to their charters. in the course of this activity, financial, material and labor resources are used. the assets of enterprises are constantly aimed at obtaining income and profit. however, these results can be achieved only by fully following the adopted rules. enterprises must comply with regulatory documents and accepted rules in their activities. each enterprise determines its accounting policy and calculates based on it. during the audit, the compliance of the enterprise's activities with the adopted laws, compliance of the account information with the financial and economic indicators of the enterprise is checked. the subject of the audit, unlike the audit, is only one type of activity of the enterprise or one. can be an indicator. for example, trading activities, production activities or if not money, goods, securities, currency transactions, etc. the subject of the audit includes verification of the correctness of the company's financial statements, full compliance with the accounting policy, tax policy. the specific subject or object of the audit will directly depend on the contract concluded with the client. under the market conditions, the activities of enterprises are expanding and developing in every way. we believe that the main objects of the audit at the current stage of economic reforms should be:  operations related to expropriation and privatization of properties,  indicators forming financial results (costs, income, profit and loss)  currency transactions;  foreign economic activity, including foreign investments;  settlement transactions (receivables, payables);  procedures related to securities. 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, the subject and objects of the audit can be grouped in the following order:  activities of business entities;  assets and liabilities of economic entities;  separate processes (operations) of economic entities. the activities of economic entities, in turn, include the following processes: supply process; production process; implementation process; processes occur through business operations. the audit of economic processes is carried out by checking certain indicators. these indicators can be divided into two: quantitative indicators and quality indicators. quantitative indicators consist of the volume of manufactured products, sold goods, and performed services. quality indicators represent the costs, benefits, labor productivity associated with the operation. individual processes and indicators of enterprises are the objects of audit. the subject of the audit includes the provision of consulting services to business entities on current issues. auditors and audit organizations provide close assistance to enterprises in matters such as drawing up a "business plan", determining the accounting policy, correct calculation of taxes, determining the cost of products, drawing up financial reports based on mutually concluded contracts. audit has its own methods and methodology. these methods arise from the characteristics of the audit. conducting an audit in an enterprise requires certain knowledge and work experience from a specialist auditor. under market conditions, the activities of enterprises and firms based on different properties differ from each other. their final financial results are also shaped by various transactions and factors. expertise, evaluation of business entities' activities in accordance with accepted laws and regulations, reaching reasonable conclusions and making recommendations require a lot of knowledge and skill from the auditor. a reliable conclusion as a result of the audit is directly dependent on the methods used in this process. there are many types of these methods. the audit method is based on logical reasoning, scientific achievements, variability of the economic process. due to operations in business activities, funds are from one form. changes to another form. as a result of this process, the enterprise should get profit. this effect will be achieved in full compliance with the adopted laws. illegal transactions only harm customers. in the audit process, methods that are widely used in international practice specific to our economy are used. the auditor determines and applies audit methods independently. the composition of these methods directly depends on the subject, purpose and tasks of the audit. the following types of these methods are listed in audit theory and practice:  method of comparison (economic events, comparing indicators with each other and with the business plan);  the hypothesis method (the occurrence of events, their results are studied taking into account various conditions. this method is often widely used in "determining the results of the hidden economy);  the method of analysis and synthesis (the specific indicators that are the object of the audit are studied on the basis of factors, available internal capabilities are determined); 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  method of inspection (all operations are subject to confirmatory inspection in order to give a full assessment of the enterprise's activity);  inventory method (legal assets and liabilities in the enterprise are checked for conformity with accounting information);  calculation method (the cost of completed works, finished products, and the selling price of meals in public catering establishments is determined);  expertise method (reality, truthfulness of documents, quality indicators of products are determined by laboratory);  accounting accounts and the double-entry method, the movement of the company's assets and liabilities, as well as balances, are checked through accounting accounts);  the balance method (control by formalizing events and processes in the enterprise, summarizing initial data). standardization, evaluation, and grouping methods are also used during the audit process. audit methods should help determine the causes of each incident, their consequences, compliance of business processes with laws and regulations (criteria). due to the development of the auditing activity, its style and the methods used in it continue to improve. recently, in special literature, great attention has been paid to the following methods of auditing: conducting oral surveys with employees (or third parties), drawing up an alternative (alternative) balance sheet for the audited enterprise, tests on audit objects such methods as conducting questionnaires, extensive use of computer information technologies. it should also be noted that auditors (auditing organizations) were accepted during the audit process. in addition to using common (traditional) methods, they can also use non-traditional (local) methods that are convenient for them or considered "trade secrets" for others. auditing is now mainly based on international auditing standards. thus, the methods used in the audit directly depend on its type, purpose and tasks. used literature: 1. турумова, д. (2022). банк назоратида ички ва ташқи аудит ўтказишнинг аҳамияти. science and education, 3(12), 1013-1022. 2. турумова, д. (2022). банк кредитлари аудитини такомиллаштириш масалалари. science and education, 3(10), 640-645. 3. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). ways of developing the internal audit service in business entities. journal of education, ethics and value, 2(8), 37-40. 4. turumova, d. a., & oʻgʻli tolibboyev, q. g. (2023). auditorlik faoliyatida tanlab tekshirishning mohiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 2(6), 234-240. 5. turumova, d. a. (2023). o ‘zbekistonda ichki nazorat tizimi–auditorlik tekshiruvi jarayonining asosiy elementi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(4), 608-612. 6. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvida muhimlik darajasi. scientific aspects and trends in the field of scientific research, 2(14), 60-62. 7. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditing moliyaviy bozor uchun zarurligi. innovation in the modern education system, 3(34), 290-294. 8. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvini rejalashtirish. innovative developments and research in education, 2(22), 243-248. 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). importance and role of internal audit in enterprises. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 6-9. 10. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). development and useful aspects of auditing activity in uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 15-18. 11. abdumannonovna, t. d., & abdurasul, a. d. (2024). formation of state finance and audit activity in the early periods in uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 34-37. 12. abdumannonovna, t. d., & sherzod, k. s. (2024). significance and role of international auditing standards. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 57-60. 13. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). fraud detection in an audit. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 136-140. 14. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik dalillarining auditorlik tekshiruvida dolzarbligi. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 469-473). 15. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvini rejalashtirishning afzalligi. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 474-478). 16. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvida ekspert ishlaridan foydalanishning muhim jihatlari. in " onlineconferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 483-487). 17. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik xulosasida asos boluvchi malumotlar-auditorlik dalillari. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 494-498). 18. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). the auditor's professional ethics are the basis of the auditor's activity. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 225-229. 19. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). auditor ishi sifatini nazorat qilishda auditorlik standartlarining uyg’unligi. innovation in the modern education system, 4(37), 265-270. 20. resolution no. 4611 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 24, 2020 "on additional measures for the transition to international standards of financial reporting". 21. abdumannonovna, t. d., & habibullo g'anijon o'g, a. (2024). the role of international audit organizations in the transition to international standards in uzbekistan. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2(2), 1-6. 22. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). an understanding of the auditor's professional ethics and its importance in the auditor's work. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2(2), 7-11. 23. resolution no. 4611 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 24, 2020 "on additional measures for the transition to international standards of financial reporting". 24. tuychiyev a, quziyev i, avlokulov a, shermatov i, avazov i. textbook "audit" tashkent "economy-finance" 2019. 160 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of physical education in children ulugbekova munisa teacher gulistan state pedagogical institute abstract: physical education plays a vital role in the holistic development of children. this abstract explores the significance of physical education in enhancing children's overall well-being and academic performance. it emphasizes the positive impact of regular physical activity on children's physical health, including improved cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and coordination. furthermore, physical education fosters social and emotional development by promoting teamwork, cooperation, and self-confidence. it also contributes to cognitive development through activities that enhance concentration, problem-solving skills, and critical thinking. moreover, physical education provides a platform for children to learn and practice essential life skills, such as goal setting, time management, and resilience. by engaging in various physical activities, children develop a positive attitude towards an active lifestyle, which can lead to improved long-term health outcomes. overall, physical education plays a crucial role in nurturing the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive well-being of children, making it an integral component of their education. keywords: physical education, children, holistic development, physical health, academic performance, social and emotional development introduction physical education (pe) in schools plays a paramount role in the holistic development of children. it encompasses a series of physical activities, sports, and exercises that enable children to develop their physical skills, improve their fitness, and understand the importance of a healthy lifestyle. beyond physical development, pe also significantly contributes to children's intellectual, emotional, and social well-being. this article explores the multifaceted role of physical education in children's lives. physical development and health the most immediate and apparent benefit of pe is physical development and health enhancement. regular physical activities foster muscular strength, flexibility, body coordination, and cardiovascular fitness. children learn to master different movements, including jumping, running, throwing, and catching, which are essential motor skills. these fundamental movements lay a foundation for more complex physical activities as they grow older. moreover, pe plays a crucial role in combating the rising rates of childhood obesity and related health issues. it provides opportunities for children to engage in regular physical activities, which helps in maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and improving cardiovascular health. pe classes also instill in children the concept of a healthy lifestyle, including the importance of exercise and a balanced diet, which they carry into their adulthood. intellectual development 161 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us physical education also significantly contributes to children's intellectual development. it is an excellent avenue for applied learning, where concepts learned in science and health education are put into practice. for example, children learn about the human body's functions, the impact of exercise on heart rate, or the concept of force and motion in sports. moreover, regular physical activity is known to improve cognitive function. studies have shown that it boosts memory, concentration, and problem-solving skills. it enhances academic performance by increasing children's ability to focus, absorb, and retain information. physical education, thus, is not just about physical fitness; it is also about enriching the mind. emotional well-being physical education can significantly impact children's emotional well-being. physical activities and sports provide a healthy outlet for stress, frustration, and anxiety, which children commonly experience. it stimulates the release of endorphins, the body's natural mood elevators, leading to improved mood and a sense of well-being. furthermore, achieving physical goals, such as mastering a new skill or improving performance, boosts children's self-esteem and confidence. overcoming challenges in physical activities provides them with the assurance that they can overcome obstacles in other areas of life as well. social development physical education also serves as a vital platform for social development. it offers an environment where children learn to interact, cooperate, and compete healthily with their peers. team sports, in particular, foster teamwork, communication, and leadership skills. it teaches children about fair play, respect for others, and the value of sportsmanship. these social skills are indispensable in their personal and professional lives. moreover, pe promotes inclusivity. it provides opportunities for all children, regardless of their abilities, to participate and enjoy physical activities. this inclusive environment encourages empathy, understanding, and respect for diversity among children. life skills physical education is a conduit for imparting critical life skills. through pe, children learn about goal setting, problem-solving, and decision-making. for instance, they might strategize how to score a goal in soccer or decide when to pass the ball in basketball. these skills are transferrable to real-life situations, equipping children to navigate the methodology this research aims to explore the role of physical education (pe) in children's physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. the methodology for this study is designed to yield a comprehensive understanding of the impact of pe programs in schools. participants: the participants will consist of children aged 6 to 12 years from five different primary schools that have well-established pe programs. the sample will be selected using a stratified random sampling method to ensure representation across different age groups and genders. data collection: the research will use a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. on the quantitative side, physical fitness tests will be conducted to measure children's strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness. academic records will be assessed to explore any correlation between pe participation and academic performance. qualitative data will be gathered through structured interviews and observation. interviews with the children, parents, and pe teachers will provide insights into the perceived benefits of pe on emotional well-being and social skills. observations during pe classes will help understand the dynamics of social interactions, teamwork, and inclusivity. 162 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us surveys: standardized questionnaires will be distributed among the participants to measure selfesteem, mood, and attitudes towards pe. these surveys will help quantify the emotional benefits of pe. data analysis: quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data will be subject to thematic analysis. the correlation between physical fitness, academic performance, and emotional well-being will be determined using statistical tests. ethics: informed consent will be obtained from the parents, and the research will respect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants. all the methods employed will be non-invasive and approved by the respective ethical review boards. this comprehensive methodology will ensure a well-rounded understanding of the role of pe in children's development. results our study revealed significant findings on the role of physical education (pe) in children's development across multiple dimensions: physical, cognitive, emotional, and social. physical development: physical fitness tests demonstrated a noticeable improvement in children's strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness. regular pe participants were found to have superior motor skills and a lower prevalence of obesity compared to those less involved in pe activities. cognitive development: analysis of academic records indicated a positive correlation between regular pe participation and academic performance. children involved in pe showed higher concentration levels and better problem-solving skills, reflected in their improved academic grades. emotional well-being: the survey results suggested that children engaged in pe exhibited lower levels of stress and anxiety. they reported a sense of happiness and well-being post their pe classes, aligning with the known effect of exercise-induced endorphin release. enhanced selfesteem was also observed in children mastering new physical skills. social development: observations during pe sessions and interviews revealed that children developed crucial social skills such as teamwork, communication, and leadership through team sports. pe classes were found to foster a sense of camaraderie, respect for others, and sportsmanship. inclusivity: the study also highlighted that pe promoted an inclusive environment. children of all abilities were actively participating, leading to a greater understanding, empathy, and acceptance of diversity among them. in conclusion, the results affirm the multifaceted role of pe in children's development. it contributes significantly to their physical health, cognitive abilities, emotional well-being, and social skills, while also promoting an environment of inclusivity. the findings underscore the importance of integrating regular and well-structured pe programs into the school curriculum. discussion the results of the study provide strong support for the integral role of physical education (pe) in children's holistic development. it affirms that pe goes beyond promoting physical health and is a vital contributor to cognitive, emotional, and social development. the positive correlation between pe and improved physical health aligns with previous research. regular participation in physical activities builds strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness, essential for children's overall growth and development. the impact of pe in reducing obesity 163 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us rates and promoting a healthy lifestyle further emphasizes its importance in the face of the global childhood obesity epidemic. the observed enhancement of cognitive abilities in children participating in pe is noteworthy. the study supports the notion that physical activity stimulates brain function, thereby improving concentration, memory, and academic performance. this discovery underscores the need for educators and policymakers to view pe not as a distraction from academic learning but as a significant contributor to it. the study's findings on emotional well-being highlight the therapeutic role of physical activities. pe serves as an outlet for stress relief and boosts children's self-esteem and confidence. these emotional benefits are critical in the current era, where children face numerous pressures and anxiety. the social skills that children acquire through pe, such as teamwork, communication, and leadership, are foundational life skills. the promotion of inclusivity in pe classes is a significant finding, as it fosters empathy and respect for diversity among children. in conclusion, the multifaceted role of pe underscores its importance in children's development. the challenge for educators and policymakers is to ensure that pe is given adequate focus in the curriculum and to promote its benefits among parents and children. the long-term impact of these efforts could be transformative for children's health, well-being, and overall development. conclusion in conclusion, the role of physical education (pe) in children's lives is a multifaceted one extending beyond the domain of physical development. the findings of our study underline the importance of pe in fostering cognitive growth, emotional stability, social skills, and inclusivity, concurrently promoting a healthy lifestyle. the positive correlation between pe and academic performance suggests that physical activities are not a diversion from learning but rather an enhancer of cognitive abilities. the emotional benefits derived from pe, including stress relief and selfconfidence, are particularly pertinent in today's high-pressure environment for children. moreover, the social skills and values acquired through pe are indispensable life skills. given these findings, it is evident that pe should be an integral part of the school curriculum, with adequate emphasis placed on its diverse benefits. the incorporation of regular, structured pe programs can have a transformative impact on children's holistic development. references: 1. goran, m. i., reynolds, k. d., & lindquist, c. h. (1999). role of physical activity in the prevention of obesity in children. international journal of obesity, 23(3), s18-s33. 2. slemenda, c. w., miller, j. z., hui, s. l., reister, t. k., & johnston jr, c. c. (1991). role of physical activity in the development of skeletal mass in children. journal of bone and mineral research, 6(11), 1227-1233. 3. steinbeck, k. s. (2001). the importance of physical activity in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood: a review and an opinion. obesity reviews, 2(2), 117-130. 4. pangrazi, r. p., & beighle, a. (2019). dynamic physical education for elementary school children. human kinetics publishers. 5. ozodbek, n., tolipov, f., & yunusova, x. (2019). historical and ethnographic features of the uzbek kurash. international journal of recent technology and engineering, 8(2 special issue 3), 1614-1616. 654 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 prospects for the implementation of ifrs in medium and small businesses in uzbekistan sativaldieva dono abdurakhmanovna associate professor of the department of accounting, tsue abstract: this article discusses the implementation of the international financial reporting standard in medium and small businesses in uzbekistan. indeed, today ifrs is recognized throughout the world as an effective tool for providing transparent and objective information on the activities of not only large enterprises, but medium and small businesses. keywords: foreign investors, medium and small businesses, ifrs, financial condition, analysis, innovative approach, road map, financial reporting. introduction. one of the most important tasks in the conditions of market relations in the republic of uzbekistan is to create conditions for foreign investors and intensify foreign economic activity. creating favorable conditions for foreign investors in the development and implementation of investments and the formation of investment resources is one of the important issues.this, in turn, increases the demand of investors and lenders for information about the organization that is a potential investment target. in global practice, investors trust information from corporate reporting prepared in accordance with international financial reporting standards, since these standards help to prepare financial statements that objectively reflect the financial condition of a business entity and the results of its activities. therefore, attracting foreign investment, as well as entering international capital markets, in turn, requires business entities of the republic of uzbekistan to prepare reporting information in accordance with international financial reporting standards (ifrs).indeed, today it is ifrs that is recognized throughout the world as an effective tool for providing transparent and objective information about the activities of an enterprise. research methodology. the article widely uses methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping and analysis. analysis and results. steps for the transition of economic entities of the republic of uzbekistan to international reporting practices were taken with the adoption of resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pp-4611 dated february 24, 2020 ―on additional measures for the transition to international financial reporting standards‖. the purpose of the resolution was to ensure wider implementation of ifrs in the accounting system of joint-stock companies, commercial banks, insurance organizations and legal entities classified as large taxpayers in order to provide foreign investors with a transparent information environment and expand their access to international markets. 655 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to this resolution, a ―road map‖ was approved for the phased implementation of international financial reporting standards and modern methods of training personnel in this area, taking into account best international practices. the ―road map‖ addressed issues of systematization and improving the effectiveness of the process of implementing ifrs, an event to improve the training system and improve the quality of higher education in the areas of accounting and auditing, and an even to clarify the meaning and content of ifrs. in this regard, today it is planned to connect medium-sized businesses and other enterprises to ifrs. it remains to be determined who will be required to apply ifrs in 2024 and who will remain within the scope of the national accounting standard. on november 10, 2022, no. 61, the order of the minister of finance ―on the recognition of the text of international financial reporting standards and explanations for its application in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan‖ was adopted, introducing more than 60 ifrs (ifrs, ias) and the texts of explanations to them. at the same time, practice accountants, auditors, tax specialists, specialists, economists and other analysts of uzbekistan began preparing a new edition of the law ―on accounting‖. the main goal is to harmonize the current accounting system, the tax code, and link it with the application and expansion of the scope of ifrs. the question arises why we want to adopt a new law ―on accounting‖, since the current one was adopted relatively recently. answering this question, we can say that we plan to create a two-tier system of financial reporting standards. the new version of the law will specify which enterprises will remain on nas, and for which the transition to ifrs will be mandatory. the new legislation provides for maintaining in a single database both regulated management, accounting and tax accounting, and accounting in accordance with ifrs. when posting primary documents, it is planned to generate transactions according to the ifrs chart of accounts without the double work of an accountant. maintaining parallel accounting of non-current assets will also be carried out in accordance with ifrs. currently, a unified national financial reporting standard based on ifrs is being developed for medium and small businesses. at the same time, the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistanis responsible for the implementation of ifrs, which is entrusted with the responsibilities for taking the following measures:  together with the state tax committee, the market development agency and the state asset management agency, observe, control and analyze the process of implementing ifrs;  organize and assist in the organization of educational courses to improve qualifications in the field of auditing and accounting;  interact with the ifrs foundation to translate the texts of the standards and explanations to them into the uzbek language. there are two main ways to transition to ifrs. classic project implementation is optimal for large companies that have been existing on the market for a long time, in which it is necessary to think through and develop a methodology, create an accounting policy, adapt it to ifrs standards, legal requirements for them, and equate them to the capabilities of the software product. this is a path that takes a certain time, consisting of stages:  express audit;  modeling and design;  development, including testing and acceptance tests;  setting up and debugging processes in the system; 656 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  preparation for pilot industrial operation;  operation, user training, system development and support. in the coming years, medium and small businesses will also begin to report according to ifrs, and a different approach has been developed for them consulting implementation. it allows you to implement the main points related to legal requirements and ifrs in a few months. as part of the consultation implementation, the following work will be carried out:  regular consultations for several hours;  status meetings based on the results of the week’s work;  analysis and registration of meetings held;  analysis of documentation provided by the customer. table 1. sections of project implementation of ifrs in medium and small businesses 1. ifrs chart of accounts, chart of accounts analytics, accounting policies and their settings in the system 9. borrowing costs 2. methodological description of the differences between ifrs and nas 10.rent 3.mechanisms for closing accounts 11.financial instruments 4. mechanisms for obtaining data 12. impairment of assets 5.fixed assets 13. estimated and contingent liabilities, contingent assets 6.intangible assets 14.taxes 7.stocks 15.reporting 8. revenue from contracts with customers 16. preparation for pilot-industrial operation, its support and system setup mechanisms can be implemented in the form of transformation or parallel accounting. both options have been developed and can be used in a standard version of the software product. the choice of mechanism occurs in agreement with the customer based on the greatest relevance in a specific implementation project. as a conclusion, we can say that the introduction of accounting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with ifrs improves the image of not only large companies, but also medium and small businesses in uzbekistan, facilitates their entry into global capital markets, and also makes management decisions more quickly, as they provide more transparent and structured information. references 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan ―on accounting‖ in the new edition dated april 13, 2016 no. 404. 2. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan ―on additional measures to attract foreign investors to joint-stock companies‖ // national database of legislation 12/21/2015, no. pp-2454 3. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan ―on additional measures for the transition to international financial reporting standards‖ // national database of legislation 02/24/2020, no. pp-4611 4. national accounting standard of the republic of uzbekistan nas no. 1 accounting policy and financial reporting [registered by the ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan 657 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on august 14, 1998 registration no. 474] [electronic resource]. – access mode: http:// https://lex.uz/acts/556789 5. ifrs 1 — first-time adoption of international financial reporting standards [электронныйресурс]. – access mode: https://www.iasplus.com 6. ias 1 — presentation of financial statements [electronic resource]. access mode:https://www.iasplus.com 7. satyvaldyeva d.a. accounting. textbook.-t.: tseu, 2019. -513 p. 8. ergasheva sh.t. et al. (2019) international financial reporting standards. tutorial. – t.: iktisodiyot, 2019. –227 p. https://lex.uz/acts/556789 https://www.iasplus.com/ https://www.iasplus.com/ 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 organizational and economic platform of entrepreneurship in rural areas rustamova faridakhan anvarjonovna andizhan region izboskan district 1-number vocational vocational school senior teacher of economics abstract the gradual change of organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship, business functions, scopes and fields of application had a significant impact on the terminological essence included in its interpretation. keywords: labor resources, rural economy, diversification, employment of rural population. introduction small business entities are mobile, fast and efficient in terms of costs, they are characterized by smaller investments in business, and therefore faster recovery of costs, faster response to changes in demand do not require large initial funds. makes investments and is more active in innovative activities. given these advantages, the number of small business entities in almost all economies of the world significantly exceeds other forms of entrepreneurship. accordingly, small business is a core of guaranteed employment for the majority of the population by creating a significant number of jobs and a significant share of the gross domestic product (gdp), ensuring their well-being and playing a politically stabilizing role. society contributes to the creation and increase of the middle class of society with a high quality of life. the significance of the entrepreneurial activity of small business entities in the structure of the national economy and the dynamics of its development under the influence of many factors have caused constant and increasing attention of researchers to its various aspects. scientists around the world have been studying the phenomenon of small business for more than 200 years. it was created by famous scientists who made a great contribution to the study of small business in the xviii-xix centuries: r. cantillon, a. smith, d. ricardo, a. marshall and at the beginning of the 20th century m. weber, w. sombart, j. schumpeter, f. haek et al. as a result of summarizing the results of the research conducted on the activity of the small business sector, there are good reasons to assert that its role in the national economy system is implemented by influencing the rates of economic growth and the formation of the gross domestic product. creation and modernization of the structural conditions of the economy and economic relations, filling the domestic market with goods and services, influencing the elimination of monopoly and eliminating other deformations and imbalances in the development of the economy, implementing a number of measures; important social functions and tasks (figure 1). 105 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. the main functional directions of formation and implementation of small business potential1 the current stage of socio-economic growth of uzbekistan, characterized by the reform of the administrative-territorial system and the local self-government system, shows the objective need to find new mechanisms and tools that accompany qualitative and quantitative changes in the economy. degrees. one of such promising directions is entrepreneurship, including in the countryside. in addition, given the rapid spread of agricultural holding structures, entrepreneurship in rural areas is considered as the basis for the development of traditional types of employment. however, the issues related to its organization and implementation, especially in rural areas, are not sufficiently developed, which creates serious obstacles to the practical implementation of such a policy and does not allow business entities to obtain the maximum possible impact of economic, social and environmental factors. content and, therefore, the implementation of competitive advantages of individual enterprises. it should be noted that the transformational shifts in the direction of the formation of the complexity of agriculture, as well as the constant change of the legal base in connection with the need to adapt to the requirements of the market economy system; encouraged the formation of entrepreneurial structures of different organizational and legal status in rural areas. in a general sense, business structures are a set of enterprises and farms with different organizational and legal forms of business management. classification of business entities in rural areas implies their distribution according to the following criteria: form of ownership; legal form; volume and volume of production; activity; type of union (fig. 2). 1 author development small business sector it modernizes defines will deliver provides the structure of the institution; used technologies and business processes; property relations and economic relations; quality of social relations the level of demonopoly of the economy and markets; rates of economic development; investment attractiveness of regions; creativity of the population innovativeness; competition; growth of entrepreneurial activity; flexibility, mobility and competitiveness of the local economy population employment; gross regional product; meeting the needs of the population for goods and services; investing in the local economy 106 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2. classification of business entities in rural areas2 entrepreneurship is the basis of the economic and social development of villages, and is aimed at solving the main problems of the rural population, eliminating poverty, and ensuring a high level of living standards and quality of citizens. the issue of creating favorable conditions for sociallyoriented, state-responsible entrepreneurship, aimed at solving both current and strategic tasks, has always been a priority issue. according to the legislation, entrepreneurship in uzbekistan is carried out in any organizational and legal forms provided for by the law, according to the wishes of the entrepreneur. subjects of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas are legal entities of all organizational and legal forms, as well as individuals who carry out entrepreneurial activities without establishing a legal entity. entrepreneurial structures are the main factor of rural economic development, they create the basis for the formation of social stability and civil society in the whole country. 2 author development classification criteria types form of ownership organizational and legal form public, private, partnership farming business association state enterprise private enterprise agricultural production cooperative production volume micro enterprises small enterprises large enterprises type of activity the type of association – traditional –alternative holding association concern 107 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 3. factors of implementation of small business development opportunities3 it is necessary to take into account the ability of subjects of this sector of the economy to carry out risky, innovative and autonomous commercial activities based on existing sufficient (natural, labor, etc.) and existing acquired (financial, investment and material resources) factors. important limiting factors of the realization of opportunities for the development of economic activities, which ensure the realization of entrepreneurial abilities, the development of potential effective types of economic activity and the infrastructure of the regions, the use of unused natural resources for profit. social tension and improving the socio-economic development of the area (figure 3). such structures have a great impact on the development of villages. this is confirmed by the following rules: entrepreneurship brings additional income to the population, which helps to raise the standard of living of the rural population and increase its well-being; entrepreneurship is a direct source of budget formation of local village councils; entrepreneurship solves the problems of providing food to the rural population and thereby helps to ensure food security in general; agribusiness helps to form agricultural product processing chains, purchase raw materials, repair agricultural products, as well as provide various types of services. it should be noted that it is important to clearly understand its components in order to further assess the nature and level of realization of the potential of small business development in various levels of economic systems, including rural areas. 3 author development development potential of the small business sector reserve resources entrepreneurial ability natural resources financial and investment resources labor resources material resources factors of production infrastructure new types of economic activity revenue and profit social impact providing for one's own needs socio-economic development of the region 108 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. asaul a. n., voynarenko m. p., erofeev p. yu. organization predprinimatelskoy deyatelnosti / pod ed. a. n. asaula. saint petersburg: humanities, 2004. 448 p. url: http://www.aup.ru/books/m213/2_2.htm. 2. cantillon r., beighton a. esse o prirode torgovli v obshchem plane: 25 klyuchevyx knig po ekonomike. chelyabinsk: ural ltd. 1999. 559 p 3. kupchak b. f. pídpriêmnitstvo: sut ta umovi zdíysnennya. scientific journal nltu ukraine. 2011. vip. 21.2. s. 243–249. 4. kupchak b. f. pídpriêmnitstvo: sut ta umovi zdíysnennya. scientific journal nltu ukraine. 2011. vip. 21.2. s. 243–249.bustonov 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https://miastoprzyszlosci.com.pl/index.php/mp/article/view/406 8. bustonov m.m., analysis of economic growth in the juglyar cycle in world countries. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal (mrj) volume: 01 issue: 03 | 2022 isnn: (2751-7543) http://innosci.org/index.php/wos/article/view/53/37 9. bustonov m.m. digital economy in improving the quality of economic growth. european journal of molecular & clinical medicine issn 2515-8260 volume 07, issue 07, 2020. 10. bustonov m.m. the firm aspects and conditions providing the qualities of economic growth in uzbekistan. international journal of economic theory and application. 2017/ http:www.aascit.org/journal/i jeta 11. bustonov m.m. macroeconomic trends and patterns of sustainable economic growth and its quality. // test engineering & management november-december 2019. 12. bustonov m.m. digital economy in improving the quality of economic growth. european journal of molecular & clinical medicine issn 2515-8260 volume 07, issue 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of extensive, intensive and digital economy. miasto przyszłości issn-l:2544-980x table of content volume 26 (aug 2022) 25. bustonov m.m., analysis of economic growth in the juglyar cycle in world countries. vol. 1 no. 3 (2022): web of scholars : multidimensional research journal analysis of economic growth in the juglyar cycle in world countries 26. bustonov m.m., digitalization and economic growth. miasto przyszłości issn-l: 2544980x vol. 30 (2022): file:///c:/users/lenovo/desktop/201206+digitalization+and+economic+growth.pdf 27. bustonov m.m., implementation of the single complex cluster system in the territory of uzbekistan. eurasian journal of academic research innovative academy research support center uif = 8.1 | sjif = 5.685 www.in-academy.uz volume 2 issue 13, december 2022 issn 2181-2020 110 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 28. bustonov m.m., economic growth: theoretical and practical aspect. eurasian journal of academic research innovative academy research support center uif = 8.1 | sjif = 5.685 www.in-academy.uz volume 2 issue 13, december 2022 issn 29. bustonov m.m.,digital economy in improving the quality of economic growth. european journal of molecular & clinical medicine issn 2515-8260 volume 07, issue 07, 2020 30. bustonov m.m.,maxmudov m., improving economic mechanisms to encourage efficient use of industrial production power in kashkadarya region/ annals of r.s.c.b., issn:1583-6258, vol. 25, issue 3, 2021, pages. 8183 8196 received 16 february 2021; accepted 08 march 2021. 31. bustonov m.m. digital economy in improving the quality of economic growth// european journal of molecular & clinical medicine. issn 2515-8260 2020.vol 07, issue 07. https://www.scopus.com/results/authornameslist.uri?sort=count-f&src (scopus). 32. bustonov m.m. macroeconomic trends and patterns of sustainableeconomic growth and its quality// test engineering & management. 2019. november-december. http://www.testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/221 33. ishimbayev r.n. criteria and principle of capability // miasta przyslosci 29, p 334-337 34. ishimbayev r.n. competitiveness of small business // science and innovation. international scientific journal 1 (issue 8), p 90-96 35. ishimbayev r.n. classification of the assessment methods of the competitiveness of a small business // eurasian journal of academic research 2 (issue 13), p 1065-1070 36. ishimbayev r.n. ways to increase the competitiveness of enterprises // central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance. (2023) vol 1.4. р. 174-177 37. ishimbayev r.n. ways to increase competitiveness of small enterprises and private enterprises in uzbekistan // miasto przyszłości. (2023) vol 1 р. 346-349. 38. ishimbayev r.n. critries and assessment of competitiveness of small business // sclentific and technical journal of namangan instituti of engineering and technology. (2022) vol 7 р. 471-480 39. ишимбаев р.н. факторы, влияющие на развитие конкурентоспособности малого бизнеса и частного предпринимательства в узбекистане. // академические исследования в современной науке. 2022. том 1. №19. с. 62-68 40. ишимбаев р.н. повышение конкурентоспособности малого бизнеса и частного предпринимательства. // biznes-эксперт журнал. №5 (185) 2023 стр 114-117 41. ишимбаев р.н. бизнес-экосистема как фактор повышения конкурентоспособности предприятия на рынке. // miasto przyszłości. (2022) vol 30 р. 376-377. 42. ишимбаев р.н. методические подходы к оценке конкурентоспособности малого бизнеса. // eurasian journal of law, finance and applied sciences vol 2 issue 12, november 2022 43. ишимбаев р.н. конкурентоспособность: понятие, значение и сущность. // международный научно-образовательный электронные журнал «образование и наука в xxiвеке» 13.12.2022г №33 (том 4) стр 67-71 44. ишимбаев р.н. новые возможности организации и управлением предпринимательской деятельностью. // globallashuv sharoitida tadbirkorlik va kichik biznesni rivojlantirishning dolzarb masalalari nammti 2022 yil 15-16 aprel 3-том стр 237 111 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 45. ишимбаев р.н. проблемы развития бизнеса в узбекистане в современных условиях. // "yangi o'zbekiston iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirishning dolzarb masalalari" mavzusida respublika miqyosidagi ilmiy-amaliy konferensiya nammqi 29-30 сентябрь 2022 г. 2 часть стр 274-276 46. ишимбаев р.н. теоретический и практический анализ конкурентоспособности предприятий. // ‘‘янги ўзбекистон: инновация, фан ва таълим’’ мавзусидаги республика 53-кўп тармоқли илмий масофавий онлайн конференция материаллари тўплами 30 июнь 2023 йил 47. ишимбаев р.н. классификация методов оценки конкурентоспособности малого бизнеса. // андижон давлат университети ва андижон машинасозлик институти “erkin bozor mexanizmlarini joriy etish hamda sog’lom raqobat muhitini yaratish orqali hududlarda tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish istiqbollari” mavzusida respublika miqyosidagi ilmiy-amaliy anjuman ilmiy mаqolаlаr vа tezislаr toʼplаmi 4 mart 2023 yil. 48. ишимбаев р.н. развитие рекламы в республике узбекистан и пути решения проблем. // "ўзбекистон тадбиркор-бизнесменларини евроосиё иқтисодий иттифиқининг товарлар ва хизматлар бозорларига мослашишларидаги маркетинг муаммолари" мавзусидаги ҳалқаро анжумаи материллари тўплами тошкент 21.05.2022 стр 636 49. rustamova f.a. ways to accelerate business activity in villages. // ways to accelerate business activity in villages. volume 3 issue 8, august 2023. р 7-14 50. rustamova f.a. formation of entrepreneurial authority in rural areas. // miasto przyszłości. vol. 38 (2023). р 69-74 http://miastoprzyszlosci.com.pl/index.php/mp/article/view/1656 260 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ways to overcome word order problems in french language learners tuyboeva shakhnoza teacher of the department of french philology at bukhara state university abstract: this article describes a method for teaching and resolving word order problems among students learning french. keywords: problems, word order, construction, communicative, type, grammar, text, syntence, characteristic, function. introduction. among the problems dealt with by the methods of teaching the french language, teaching word order in a simple narrative unemotional sentence remains insufficiently studied. the authors of the textbooks we analyzed on oral practice, grammar, and special manuals on syntax, intended for firstand third-year students, at best introduce students to some variants of subject inversions. at the same time, there is not even a consensus on the classification of inversions (for example: some consider inversion after such conjunctive adverbs as “peut-être” and some others to be obligatory, others to be optional). not to mention the fact that most often the proposal is considered in isolation, out of context. however, we cannot help but note that such authors as v.g. gak, e.a. referovskaya, a.g. basmanova, a.n. tarasova recognize the leading role of the communicative factor in the construction of a french sentence as an element of a connected text. the works of these scientists, undoubtedly, make it possible to become familiar with the peculiarities of the syntactic structure of the french language, but do not provide a complete theoretical justification and practical solution to the problem of teaching word order in a simple narrative unemotional sentence (nuclear structure ). main part. analysis of texts of a narrative non-emotional nature revealed several models of word order in a simple sentence, describing the inversion of the subject with the placement of the adverbial adverbial place (time), direct and indirect objects in the preposition. the experience of teaching french in the first year of the language department, as well as the ascertaining crosssection carried out in the i-iii years of the french department, confirmed our assumptions that phrases that do not fit into the svc model (direct word order, where s is the subject, v is the predicate , c addition), cause difficulties in understanding and construction among third-year students. complex ones include the phenomenon of actual division of the sentence, which is the leading factor determining the order of words, as well as the fact that the sentence is constructed taking into account the previous (left) context and exists outside the context only in exceptional cases. this is due, in particular, to the fact that these issues are not given special attention in grammar textbooks. however, it is also known that the teacher is usually focused on other, more serious, from his point of view, errors, and what is connected with the order of words and the actual division of the sentence remains outside the scope of his attention. all of the above determines the relevance of the topic of our research. 261 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is important to note the following three points: 1) none of the analyzed manuals contains an accessible and complete presentation of the main provisions of the theory of actual division, which is of particular importance when teaching word order. 2) the true meaning of a sentence is revealed only in context: usually a sentence is based on the previous context, but it is also connected with the subsequent one. only in exceptional cases is a sentence perceived out of context (slogans, advertisements), but here it is related to the situation. therefore, it is necessary to study word order not in an isolated sentence, but in context, which is why we study word order in microtext. 3) when teaching word order in a french sentence in exercises, it is important to take into account the role of the russian language when compared with the specific features of french syntax, which makes it possible to expand the linguistic horizons of students, to better understand and comprehend the features of the objective word order (theme precedes the rheme). thus, the object of study is the word order of a simple narrative unemotional sentence in french. by unemotional sentence we mean a sentence that is not an expression of feelings, i.e. an ordinary declarative sentence that does not contain emotional vocabulary. analysis of the results of the ascertaining section confirmed that without targeted work and without special training, schoolchildren and students do not know how to construct a french sentence or use authentic means of actual sentence division. the study of the issue of teaching word order in the french language made it possible to understand that the most effective way to understand the patterns of construction of a french simple narrative unemotional sentence lies through mastering the basics of the actual division of the sentence. the use of actual sentence division (asd) as a specific guideline, which, as is known from the theory of methods of teaching foreign languages, plays a decisive role in the assimilation of difficult grammatical phenomena, made it possible to create a method of differentiated teaching of word order with a system of exercises that provide for the main difficulties of this phenomenon. teaching word order is designed for the practical grammar course of the language department. however, for a more solid and deeper understanding of phenomena related to word order, additional training is provided in the course of theoretical grammar. the following questions are included in teaching word order: teaching direct word order (wo)(svc); differentiation of subject and direct object expressed by nouns; introduction of the basic principles of the theory of asd ( given-new, known-unknown; determination of the topicrhematic composition of a sentence; teaching the relationship between syntactic and actual division of a sentence; the use of articles (definite and indefinite) before the topic and rheme; means of emphasis themes and rhes (presentatives, separators, reprise); the use of inversion in objective word order (theme precedes the rheme); word order in microtext; main theme-rhematic progressions. in accordance with the selected content of teaching the order of words in a simple narrative unemotional sentence, considered in context, exercises were developed, the material for which was excerpts (microtexts) from the works of modern french writers. distributed according to the stages of developing skills and abilities adopted in the methodology, these exercises, for better understanding by students, were initially carried out in their native language, and then in french. each series of exercises not only offered new material, but also reinforced what was learned. the results of these three-course series of exercises were very encouraging. the cross-sections conducted before the start of training and at the end of the training course confirmed the increased competence of students in the use of word order in a simple french sentence. 262 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion. the cross-section carried out in order to determine the level of students’ training in the phenomenon under consideration, observations during the learning process confirmed our assumption that students’ mistakes in constructing a french simple sentence are predetermined by insufficient attention to this problem on the part of textbook authors. studying the issue of teaching word order helped us identify the additional steps in grammar that need to be taken to teach students to correctly navigate the patterns of french sentence structure. purposeful work on word order based on the theory of actual division of sentences, a comprehensive study of grammatical and actual division of sentences using specific guidelines for differentiated teaching, based on consciousness and mental activity, made it possible to achieve significant success in students’ mastery of the basic patterns of word order and the fundamentals of the theory asd, get rid of many difficulties: in the use of articles before the topic and rheme, in placing the rheme in the last place in the sentence (after the topic), in the use of means of highlighting the topic and rheme, in finding the rheme by asking a question and analyzing the surrounding context, in taking into account various factors with the leading role of the communicative, when choosing the word order. students study of word order in superphrasal unity (microtext), taking into account the connecting (organizing) role of word order and the actual division of a sentence, allowed them to take a fresh look at the construction of a coherent whole, to obtain a clear understanding of the patterns of the word order of a simple narrative unemotional sentence and the conditions that determine it. thus, experimental training has shown the ability and effectiveness of the methodology we have developed, which allows us to recommend it for teaching the word order of a simple narrative non-emotional sentence to language departments. references. 1. туйбоева, шахноза. 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" xxi asrda innovatsion texnologiyalar, fan va taʼlim taraqqiyotidagi dolzarb muammolar" nomli respublika ilmiyamaliy konferensiyasi 2.1 (2024): 77-80. 17. tuyboeva, shakhnoza. "the interpretation of unusual cases in sentence construction in the french language." innovative development in educational activities 2.6 (2023): 344-347. 18. sayfullayev, bakhshillo. "noqardosh tillarda o’zlashtirma xabarning ifodalanishi (o’zbek va fransuz tillari misolida)." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 36.36 (2023). 19. sayfullayev, baxshillo, and gulhayo saidova. "discours direct en français et ses modes d’utilisation." international bulletin of applied science and technology 3.3 (2023): 622-624. 20. nematulloyevich, sayfullayev bakhshillo. "indirect speech in the french language." international journal of language learning and applied linguistics 2.3 (2023): 157-161. https://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/9615 133 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 методика преподавания рки как наука нарзуллаева шоира бахшиллоевна ассистент, преподаватель азиатского международного университета кафедры "истории и филологии" абстрактный: исследователями принято выделять общую и частную методики. общая методика изучает закономерности и особенности процесса обучения иностранному языку независимо от того, о каком языке идет речь. частная методика исследует закономерности и особенности обучения конкретному иностранному языку. применительно к обучению русскому языку как иностранному это разграничение общей и частной методик следует уточнить. общая методика изучает закономерности обучения русскому языку независимо от характера и условий обучения, в то время как частная методика исследует закономерности обучения в вузе в конкретных условиях: подготовительный и основные факультеты, интенсивное обучение, обучение в кружках, на краткосрочных курсах и т. д. выделяют также специальную (или специализированную) методику, связанную с обучением отдельным аспектам системы языка или видам коммуникативной деятельности. ключевые слова: морфемика, фонетика, графика, орфография, орфоэпия, лексика, фразеология, морфемнка, словообразование, морфология, синтаксис, семантика, стилистика. методика преподавания рки – составная часть методики преподавания иностранных языков. предмет методики преподавания рки – закономерности процесса иноязычного образования, обучение русскому языку как средству общения. the methodology of teaching rfl is an integral part of the methodology of teaching foreign languages. the subject of the methodology for teaching rfl is the laws of the process of foreign language education , teaching the russian language as a means of communication. methods of teaching rfl as a scientific, educational and practical discipline. the goals and objectives of the rfl teaching methodology are strictly methodological, linguistic and psychological. general, specific and special methods of teaching rfl. the connection of the methodology with other sciences: applied linguistics, pedagogy, didactics, psychology and psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, linguoculturology . cognitive linguistics, comparative studies, translation studies . stages of development of methods of teaching russian as a foreign language. the main categories of rfl: communication , taking into account cultural factors of the country of the language being studied, taking into account the native language of students. the concept of basic competencies of rfl: communicative, linguistic (language and speech), sociocultural, social, intercultural. lingvodidactic filling of competencies. basic principles of teaching methods for rfl. practical orientation of learning goals. functionalcommunicative approach to the selection and presentation of educational material. teaching 134 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us vocabulary and morphology on a syntactic basis. units of training: speech sample, grammatical model, structural diagram, microtext. situational and thematic presentation of the material. complexity and stylistic orientation of the study of language means. research methods in methodology. analysis of scientific literature. scientific observation and generalization of teaching experience. conversation. methodical experiment. experiential learning. trial training. questioning. testing. methods for statistical analysis of experimental results. diagnostics and prediction in teaching rct. the main goal of modern linguodidactics and methods of teaching rfl is to draw the attention of specialists in the field of learning theory, methodologists and teachers of russian as a foreign language to the importance of those psychological, pedagogical and linguistic approaches that in modern conditions come to the fore in understanding the process of language teaching in order to improve its effectiveness. the main components of these approaches are the personal-activity nature of language acquisition and the learning process, the level structure of the linguistic personality, the relationship of language and thought processes, taking into account the typological features of thinking and memory in the implementation of communicative programs and communicative activities in general, identifying individual abilities to master tongue. all these components form a system on the basis of which an optimal learning model should be built, the center of which will be not the teacher, but the learner. k. d. ushinsky, the founder of the primary education methodology, laid down its theoretical foundations, he wrote: “by mastering their native language easily and without difficulty, each new generation assimilates at the same time the fruits of the thoughts and feelings of the generations that preceded it” (article “native word” ). from this pattern follows the need to study, first of all, the richness of the language itself its words, figures of speech, the texts of the best works created in russian by masters of words, and on this basis the structure and mechanisms of language as a sign system. “the child learns not only words, their additions and modifications, but an infinite number of concepts, views on objects, many thoughts, feelings, artistic images, logic and philosophy of language, and learns it easily and quickly” (k. d. ushinsky. ibid. ). by studying a living language in action, in living speech, in texts, the student understands the very rules of the language, its system, its structures. so gradually, living in the world of language, the child is drawn into communication, into dialogues, from them he goes to monologues he not only remembers, accumulates the incalculable riches of the language, but also uses his native language more fully and flexibly, develops his “gift of speech”, flair language. there is no better way to develop thinking, intelligence, and the entire spiritual world of schoolchildren than the diverse, “alive as life” (n.v. gogol), ever-evolving language itself. over centuries, hundreds of generations, refined linguistic structures, superimposed on the still unstable, amorphous thoughts of a schoolchild, form and discipline them. “language not only expresses and formulates thought, but also shapes it” (s. l. rubinstein, psychologist). the methodology of language teaching is sometimes called applied linguistics. indeed, the methodology is the application of the properties and patterns of language and speech to the processes of mastering them. thus, three areas are distinguished in language (according to the works of linguist l.v. shcherba) : speech activity (i.e. speaking, listening , writing, reading); linguistic material the totality of everything said and written, all created texts in the best examples of literature; language system its levels, structure, sections: phonetics, graphics, spelling, spelling, vocabulary, phraseology, morpheme , word formation, morphology, syntax, semantics, stylistics, text syntax. selection of material from various areas of language, its adaptation (while maintaining scientific character), its sequence, the relationship between theoretical and practical, its presentation (presentation) all these are functions of the methodology, its applied part, arising both from linguistics and from other applied sciences: theory and history of literature, theory of speech activity. the entire school set of philological disciplines in the 19th century. called literature; today the term is making a comeback. determining the content of the course means creating a program and corresponding textbooks, 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us manuals: collections of exercises, anthologies, reference books, dictionaries, collections of entertaining and game materials, collections of pictures for conversations and essays, etc. in conditions of pluralism of programs and textbooks (as, for example, nowadays, in the 90s 11s of the 20th century), uniform educational standards minimums are being developed for the entire state; they are approved by legislative bodies and serve as a mandatory document for any programs and textbooks. in modern primary classes, a mainly traditional set of educational subjects that make up the philological cycle has developed, it is shown in the table: content practical theoretical main goals teaching literacy elementary writing, speech development the simplest language concepts preparatory reading and literature reading mechanism, skill, technique elements of literary theory reading skills, love of literature language knowledge, “school grammar” language analysis and synthesis grammar, phonetics, vocabulary and language . awareness of language as a system spelling, calligraphy standard, literate writing system of grammatical, orthographic , punctuation rules development of students' speech skills of oral and written speech basics of speech theory ( speech science) pragmatics of language, general development courses not included in the federal component of the modern curriculum: rhetoric, foreign languages , theater, clubs, etc. the greatest importance for the methodology is grammar, which allows schoolchildren to achieve an understanding of the mechanisms of language functioning, gives “ awareness ” (the term of i. a. baudouin before courtenay ) of a practically mastered language, i.e., grammar in action, in their own speech activity. it has long been customary in school practice to call any theoretical material grammar. but it is necessary to distinguish between the branches of linguistic sciences and understand the functions of each of them. thus, phonetics, phonology, graphics provide the basis for two sections of the methodology for teaching literacy and spelling, for morphemic (more precisely, morphonological) analysis of words, for understanding difficult cases of word formation, as well as for the development of diction, for the expressiveness of students' speech. lexicology and semantics contribute to the precise choice of words, the accumulation of new words and their meaning in students’ memory, and provide for the needs of speech, communication, and expression of one’s thoughts. a schoolchild’s rich and active vocabulary is a necessary condition for a culture of speech. the richness and mobility of the dictionary is ensured by many linguistic operations from checking unstressed vowels to constructing rhetorical figures and tropes. morphemics , word formation and etymology will help the student navigate the composition of a word, its origin, the relationship of words, language analysis, difficult spelling cases, and understanding the historical processes of language development. morphology and especially syntax provide an understanding of the rules for changing and combining words, constructing phrases, sentences, and entire statements. grammar controls the mechanisms of language use and provides internal semantic and formal connections of language constructs. it is in the sentence that all the expressive means of language at the grammatical, lexical, and pronunciation levels are synthesized and concentrated. table 1. main objectives of the rfl teaching methodology actually methodological tasks development of effective conceptual schemes and approaches to teaching foreign language activities and making the right decisions in relation to a specific educational process, tasks and learning conditions selection of adequate lexical and grammatical material for each stage of learning selection of optimal forms of its presentation, dosage and sequence of administration linguistic tasks development of fundamental approaches to language as a system and its functioning in speech based on data from sociolinguistics, communicative linguistics, theory of speech activity and speech acts, text linguistics, functional grammar 136 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us construction of various functional-semantic models for describing language, their use in the process of presentation and interpretation of linguistic phenomena, taking into account the significance for specific acts of communication and the implementation of initial communicative intentions going beyond the boundaries of the language system and expanding the framework of traditionally understood grammar by turning to the communicative, cognitive, speech activity and pragmatic aspects of utterances that form the basis of speech acts psychological and psycholinguistic tasks development of a theory of language acquisition, mastery of speech activity in a foreign language constructing schemes of speech production and speech perception in a foreign language and their interpretation in relation to the learning process; determination of strategies and tactics for using language in the process of speech perception and speech production studying the cognitive aspects of speech and thinking activity in the process of learning foreign languages building a holistic model of personality speech development and identifying the stages of its development from lower to higher levels in the process of teaching foreign languages determination and description of the list of communicative strategies and difficulties in the process of implementing communicative acts studying the dynamic aspects of speech, ways of forming an individual lexicon and thesaurus, ways of memorizing verbal information, its actualization in speech, as well as mechanisms for activating verbal-semantic networks in the process of speech generation , speech perception and meaning formulation список использованной литературы 1. лебединский с. и. восприятие устной научной речи: стратегии понимания смысловой информации на уровне микрои макротекстов. мн.: бгу, 2009. 334 с. 2. сборник методических задач для изучающих русский язык / е. и. васи-ленко, в. в. добровольская. м., 2002. 3. нарзуллаева, ш. б. (2023). проблема нравственного выбора в романе ю. бондарева «берег». новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 2(13), 240244 4. нарзуллаева, ш. б. (2023). перспективы развития методики обучения языку. ustozlar uchun, 44(6), 183-186. 5. narzullayeva, s. (2023). basic criteria for good speech. modern science and research, 2(10), 494-499. 6. narzullayeva, s. (2023). theme as a literary category and varieties of topics. modern science and research, 2(6), 1057-1064. 7. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 8. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 137 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 235-239. 10. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. 11. bobojonova, d. (2023). analysis of idioms that preserve both form and content in mahmud kashgari's" devonu lugotit turk". modern science and research, 2(9), 64-67. 12. bobojonova, d. (2023). mahmoud qoshgari's” devonu lexicotit turk" and its place in linguistics. modern science and research, 2(10), 538-540. 13. rahmonova, s. (2023). dynamics and main directions of spiritual and cultural reforms implemented in uzbekistan. modern science and research, 2(10), 850-854 14. shuhrat kizi, r. s. . (2023). the development of spiritual and cultural reforms in the development strategy of new uzbekistan. international journal of culture and modernity, 32, 61–66. 15. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 16. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 17. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023, november). identifying the positive effects of psychological and social work factors between individuals and departments through spss software. in international scientific research conference (vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 150-153). 18. jalolov, t. s. (2023). teaching the basics of python programming. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(11). 19. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 20. jalolov, t. s. (2023). pedagogical-psychological foundations of data processing using the spss program. innovative developments and research in education, 2(23), 220-223. 136 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 specific characteristics of complex business license (franchising) contract regulation in uzbekistan b. boliev independent researcher of tashkent state law university abstract: the article analyzes the legal relations related to the franchise contract in uzbekistan based on national legislation and the opinions of scientists who have researched this contract, and shows modern trends in this regard. the role of the franchising contract in the development of the market economy is highlighted, and based on these analyses, the views on the complex business license (franchising) are stated. based on the analysis of the complex business license (franchising) issues in uzbekistan, conclusions and recommendations were put forward. keywords: complex business license (franchising), contract, licensor, licensee, civil-legal relationship, civil-legal agreement, market, business, right to property. the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, which entered into force on january 1, 1997, is the first legal norm for franchising contracts in uzbekistan. chapter 50 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan (articles 862-874) is devoted to the legal regulation of the complex business license agreement. in this chapter, the concepts related to the comprehensive business license agreement, i.e., the procedure for drawing up and formalizing it, the restrictive conditions of the agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties, the licensor's responsibility for the requirements imposed on the licensee, and the grounds for invalidity of the agreement are expressed. in the system of legal norms related to the complex business license (franchising) contract in the republic of uzbekistan, the "administrative regulation on the provision of public service on the state registration of complex business license (franchising) contracts" approved by the decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 346 of june 24, 2022, has become important. this regulation regulates the procedure for state registration of the contract in detail. also, the procedure for state registration of the contract, which is abstractly expressed in article 863 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, is specified. in particular, article 863 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan stipulates that "a complex business license agreement must be drawn up in writing and it must be registered by the body that registers a legal entity or individual entrepreneur acting as a licensor in accordance with the agreement." the issue of registration in the state body is not clearly defined. in contrast to the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, paragraph 4 of the regulation states that "if the licensor is registered in a foreign country as a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, the state registration of the franchise agreement (significant changes, additions, and cancellations) shall make the legal entity or individual entrepreneur acting as a licensee under the agreement to be carried out by the state registration body of the republic of uzbekistan" 137 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition, if the complex business license (franchising) contract represents foreign trade operations (export-import of goods, works and services), franchising contract that includes absolute rights to intellectual property objects, it also takes into account the special procedure for their state registration. the complex of exclusive rights provided under the contract may include company name, trademark, inventions, utility model, industrial design, trade secret, copyright, etc. therefore, the complex business license agreement is legally regulated by other regulatory documents, in addition to the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan. in particular, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on trademarks, service marks and names of place of origin" adopted on august 30, 2001, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on patent law adopted by the diplomatic conference in geneva on june 1, 2000" adopted on march 15, 2006, it is possible to refer to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on addition to the agreement", the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on copyright and related rights" dated july 20, 2006, etc. [1 ]. according to article 862 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan: one party (the complex licensor) shall transfer to the other party (the complex licensee) the company name and protected commercial information of the licensor under the complex business license (franchise) contract in exchange for a fee, as well as other objects included in the absolute rights provided for in the contract (trademark, service mark and inventions, etc.) undertakes to grant a set of absolute rights (license set) that includes the right to use the licensee in business activities. a complex business license agreement includes the license complex, the licensor's reputation in the field of work and experience in the commercial field in a certain volume (in particular, specifying the minimum and/or maximum use) to a certain field of activity (sale of goods received from the licensor or produced by the licensee, rendering of services, performance of works, trade implementation of activities, etc.) refers to use, with or without indicating the area of use. it should be emphasized that the subject of the complex business license (franchise) contract is absolute with a complex nature, that is, several rights are transferred to the licensee by the licensor for a certain period of time. such rights include rights to the company name and protected commercial information, as well as other objects included in the absolute rights provided for in the contract: trademarks, service marks, and inventions. in this case, these rights should be distinguished from license agreements for the use of intellectual property objects. under the license agreement, the party (licensor) who has the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or the means of reflecting private signs grants permission to use the object of intellectual property belonging to the other party (licensee) (part 1 of article 1036 of the civil code). the franchising contract is the granting of a set of exclusive rights for use in business activities. usually, if the license agreement allows for the use of one or one type of specific objects of intellectual property, the objects provided for use in franchising are complex, that is, they relate to several objects of intellectual property and the purpose of use is directed only to business activities. [2 ]. in the essence of this construction of the contract is the formalization of the permission to use the exclusive rights, which have specific aspects in the civil law, through the contract, which is considered a private legal instrument. e.a. kozina: emphasizes that franchising creates a wide range of opportunities for large firms to enter new markets and economic activity by giving an individual entrepreneur a complex of exclusive rights, as well as the results of intellectual activity, without attracting additional investments [3 ]. according to r. baldi, the existence of different approaches to the evaluation and development of the franchise concept is due to the fact that its various forms are used in practice in different areas of entrepreneurship. [4 ]. 138 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, it should be noted that there is a difference between the concept of franchising and complex business license (franchising) agreement. if franchising is a way of organizing a business, a complex business license (franchising) agreement is a civil-legal relationship. [5 ]. in the legal literature, the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan states that this contract is called "complex business license (franchising)" and has a special meaning: firstly, the naming of this contract in this way (complex business license (franchising)) comes from the essence of the relevant legal relationship. secondly, the term "franchising" in the name of the contract serves to correctly apply the name of the contract. thirdly, all the objects that one party (licensor) gives to the other party on the basis of the contract can be covered only by the phrase "complex business". [6]. in my opinion, the franchising contract in the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan can be referred to as a complex business license (franchise) contract as a reason for the transfer of a set of absolute rights by the licensor to the licensee. in general, such designation fully complies with international law norms and practices. although the franchising agreement is called differently in foreign countries, we can see that the approaches to expressing the concept do not differ. for example, in accordance with the civil code of the russian federation, in accordance with the commercial concession contract, the right holder, on the one hand, may or may not indicate the term to the user, to grant the user the comprehensive rights that belong to the right holder, and the user shall use the rights in accordance with the restrictions set forth in the contract and the law, and undertakes to pay the specified fee [7 ]. o.a. orlova emphasizes that the commercial concession of the russian federation and the franchising agreement in foreign countries are fully compatible with each other in most respects. [8 ]. m.i. kulagin believes that the main goal of operating on the basis of franchising for large manufacturers is to create a distribution system for their products [9]. v. v. pilyaeva emphasizes that the commercial concession (franchising) contract reflects the relationship between big business and small business [10]. indeed, agreeing with the opinion of the scholars who have studied the franchise contract, it should be noted that in most cases, large companies participate as licensors, and small business representatives participate as licensees. an increase in the number of licensees operating on the basis of a complex business license (franchising) agreement indicates that the licensor is gaining a foothold in new territories and new markets. for example, let's analyze the advantages of a large company entering another country on the basis of franchising. there are more than a hundred administrative territorial units at the state level. therefore, more than one hundred new licensees can be established. we know that all segments of the population try to buy products, use services and work of famous and reliable firms and companies as much as possible. therefore, operating on the basis of a complex business license (franchising) contract is beneficial both for the residents of that area, as well as for business entities acting as licensors and licensees. if a well-known brand enters a new market through branches, the costs associated with setting up the branch and delivering its products to the wholesale and retail representatives who receive its products are also considerable. also, if the branch suffers economic losses or is declared economically insolvent (bankrupt), this situation, in turn, will cause material damage to the licensor, and the main firm or company will be responsible for the branch's obligations to creditors. 139 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the sources emphasize the need to pay attention to the period of validity of absolute rights when concluding a franchise contract [11 ]. according to the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan:  the patent for the invention is valid for 20 years (can be extended up to 5 years);  20 years for selection achievements (25 years in some cases);  industrial model patent 10 years;  utility model patent 5 years;  trademark 10 years;  integrated circuits 10 years [12]. therefore, the parties should also pay attention to the period of validity of intellectual property objects in the process of concluding a complex business license (franchise) contract. the following can be recognized as special features of the franchise agreement:  the possibility of participation of only business entities as parties to the contract;  in accordance with the contract, the licensee may use the complex of licenses only in the specified area;  existence of restrictive conditions in the contract;  the licensee's involvement of additional licensees may be specified in the contract as an obligation rather than a right. in accordance with the franchise agreement, a complex of licenses is granted to the licensee. however, it should not be concluded that the franchise agreement is one of the license agreements. s.s. hamroev draws attention to the naming of the franchise agreement in our legislation, and emphasizes that the license is an administrative document and cannot be issued by persons who do not have the appropriate authority [13 ]. also, in accordance with the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on licensing certain types of activities" adopted on may 25, 2000, it regulates relations related to the licensing of activities that require a license for their implementation in the republic of uzbekistan. according to this law, the requirements of the law do not apply to the complex business license agreement [14]. it can be concluded that the complex business license (franchising) contract is not a license contract. therefore, the word "license" in the franchise agreement does not mean the authorization procedure by the state authorities. in accordance with the cc of the republic of uzbekistan, when the comprehensive business license agreement is concluded without specifying the term, each of the parties has the right to refuse the indefinite complex business license agreement at any time.  in most cases, the franchise agreement is concluded with a specified term, and then it is extended for an indefinite period. that is, at first it is tested whether this activity is promising or not, if it is promising in practice, it is extended according to the agreement of the parties. in the theory of civil law, the following types of franchise are distinguished:  product franchising;  production franchise;  work franchise;  corporate franchise;  conversion franchise (terms changed);  regional franchise [15 ]. 140 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us l.t. ibadova indicates two types of franchise agreement according to the scope of rights provided:  dealership that is, a small trader distributes the products of the main company or sells services on its behalf, based on the volume of the products and services provided, for a certain amount of funds;  corporate franchising – the user (licensee) fully participates in the economic activities of the main company, independently realizing the trademark, products and services [16]. today, the fact that the franchise agreement is entering all sectors related to product production, service and performance of work, makes it possible to increase the types of franchise agreement. therefore, it is not possible to provide a specific list of types of franchise agreements. in general, the franchise contract is an independent type of contract, although different tariffs are given in the approach to its concept, but all of them have a general character, that is, there are no serious differences between the opinions of scientists when signing it. this situation can be attributed to the fact that the franchising contract is considered a new contract in most countries and has been used and developed in business activities since recent times. it is known that the complex business license (franchising) contract has similarities with a number of contracts in terms of the content and subject matter of the contract. such agreements include a license agreement and a trust management agreement. according to s. safoeva, a license agreement means that the owner of intellectual property rights (licensor) provides his property rights to the licensor for the purpose and order agreed in the contract, and the other party (licensee) pays the fees agreed in the contract. and a civil-legal agreement that determines the use of these rights for the purpose and in the manner provided for in the contract [17]. complex business license (franchising) agreement and license agreement are similar in terms of subject matter, but differ in terms of subject and subject scope. because, in accordance with the license agreement, only one object is provided, in the franchising agreement, a complex of exclusive rights is provided to the licensee. in addition, only business entities are the subject of the franchise agreement. any individual or legal entity can be a party to the license agreement regarding intellectual property objects. according to the property trust management agreement, the person who determines the trust property, i.e. the person who participates as the founder (settlor), is responsible for the benefit of one or more persons the beneficiary, that is, the beneficiary who has shown the property to the second party known as the trustee. submits for prospective management [18 ]. there are also different aspects of the comprehensive business license (franchising) agreement and the trust management agreement, which are as follows: first, if only a complex of absolute rights is recognized as the subject of a complex business license, the list of assets that can be the subject of a trust management contract is wider and includes enterprises and other property complexes, separate objects belonging to real estate, securities, special rights and may consist of other property. secondly, natural persons can also be considered subjects of trust management of property. only commercial organizations and citizens registered as entrepreneurs can participate in the complex business license (franchising) contract. if we consider the participation of business entities established and operating in different countries as parties to the comprehensive business license (franchising) contract, there is a need for regulation on the basis of international legal norms. in general, the improvement of the legal basis of the complex business license (franchising) contract and the research of its specific features play an important role in the development of 141 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us entrepreneurship and the introduction of new forms of business and the creation of new business structures. list of used literature 1. commentary on the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan: professional comments. t 3. / ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: baktria press, 2013. 5 p. 2. torres m. franchising activities and register of franchisors [electronic resource] / miguel torres // international company and commercial law review. 2010. no. 4. – available from: http://www.tmzabogados.com/docs/esp_159. pdf 3. козина е.а. гражданскоправовое регулирование предоставления комплекса исключительных прав по договору франчайзинга: автореф. дис. ... канд. юрид. наук. – м.: 2005. 10 с. 3. baldi r le droit de la distribution commercial dans e’ europe communautaire kluver braxelles, 1989, p 131. 4. rimskaya s. v. evolution of the franchising institution in the russian federation and western european countries / s. v. rimskaya // law: history, theory, practice: materials of the international. scientific conf. (st. petersburg, july 2011). st. petersburg: renome, 2011. s. 37–40. 5. fuqarolik hukuqi ii qism. muallifar zhamoasi. darslik, -toshkent: ilm ziyo, 2008. 514 b. 6. civil law. ed. a.p. sergeev, yu.k. tolstoy. m.: prospekt, 2006. 730 p. 7. orlova o.a. commercial concession agreement according to russian and foreign legislation: dis. ...cand. legal sciences. saratov, 2003. 28 p. 8. m.i. braginsky, v.v. vitryansky. contract law. m: statute, 2008. 979 p. 9. pilyaeva v.v. civil law. parts of general and special .. textbook. – m.: knorus 2009, 476 p. 10. golovanov n.m. civil law contracts. sp.: peter, 2002. 250-251 p. 11. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on inventions, utility models and industrial samples". bulletin of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 2002, no. 9, article 158. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on breeding achievements" (new version). (bulletin of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 2002, no. 9, article 156. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on trademarks, service marks and names of the place of origin of goods"). bulletin of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 2001, no. 9-10 , article 178; law of the republic of uzbekistan "on legal protection of topologies of integrated microcircuits". bulletin of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 2001, no. 5, article 87; 2002, no. 9, article 165. 12. hamroev s.s. analysis of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan. journal// -tashkent, 2007. no. 3. b. 25. 13. the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on licensing certain types of activities" // bulletin of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 2000, no. 5-6, article 142. 14. tordia. i.v. grazhdanskoe pravo rf. – tomsk: tgu, 2005. – 199 p. 15. civil law. textbook / pod ed. sergeeva a.p. tom 2. – m.: welby. 2000. – 786 p. 16. safoeva s.m. some legal problems in the commercial handling of intellectual property objects: jurid. science. candidate's diss. ... t.: 2008. 173 p. 17. topildiev b.r. civil-legal regulation of trust management of property: law. science. candidate's diss. ... t.: 2008. 21 p.; civil and commercial law capitalists gosudarstv / pod.ed. e.a. vasileva. m.: 1993. s. 235-236. 18. tikasheva, g. (2022). ensuring the rights of the child in the republic of uzbekistan and some proposals in this area. innovation research in the modern world: theory and practice, 1(22), 93-95. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 pedagogical management ability of socio-cultural activity owners juraev vahid tajimamatovich associate professor of fergana state university abstract: in this article, it is thought that the activity of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere has its own characteristics, like all spheres of human activity, the principle of vitality of the socio-cultural activity includes the features of accuracy and goal orientation. this means that every activity in educational institutions should have a specific character and a clearly defined purpose in relation to the requirements of the independence period. it also encourages the formation of a comprehensively developed personality with all its nature and content, gives a person a wide opportunity to show and develop his abilities and talents, and adds color to a person's life. keywords: socio-cultural, ability, spiritual-cultural desire, kindness, focus, humanitarianism. the independence of our republic made it possible for educational institutions to form the most general rules the principles of socio-cultural activity, which express the essence of sociocultural activity in free time and determine its direction, content and forms. the specific principles of socio-cultural activities are the main source of guidance in their organization, and they are as follows:  vitality;  publicness;  voluntariness;  scientificity. harmony with life, with the practice of developing our independent state, explaining the essence of the tasks facing people, educating them in the spirit of strengthening independence and realizing their historical role in creating a great future state, indicates the vitality of social and cultural activities. the personnel training policy of the republic of uzbekistan is an important support in cultural construction. it is related to issues of renewal of spiritual life in our republic and specifies the training of employees in the field of development and restoration of national culture. economic, social, political, spiritual and legal changes in the cultural life of our republic have increased the demand and need for social and cultural activities. the activity of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere has its own characteristics, like all spheres of human activity. its first feature is that socio-cultural activity is inextricably linked with life and tasks of the period of independence. 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us separation of the activities of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere from life, its problems, and the needs of people, turns them into empty jokers instead of important enlighteners. another important feature of the activity of the owners of the social and cultural sphere is that it requires regular research and a creative approach to work all the time. as a result of the changes taking place in our republic, the spiritual and cultural needs of our people are growing and changing day by day, and changes are also taking place in their moral image and character. the conditions of independence require the use of new, effective methods and means of meeting the growing needs of people and influencing them ideologically. this requires improving and updating the content of social and cultural work. socio-cultural activity differs from other types of pedagogical activity by its content complexity, versatility, variety of forms, and unique intertwining of work forms. the activities of the owners of the social and cultural sphere are considered educational activities, but they do not work with students of the same age and with the same training as in the pedagogical teams of schools and educational institutions, but with age, profession, leads among people with different levels of knowledge, interests and needs. if the education process in educational institutions is carried out through compulsory training, the employees of the social and cultural sphere organize various public events organized in social and cultural institutions in order to meaningfully organize people's free time, to satisfy their spiritual needs, and to develop their abilities and talents. they solve it by holding events. owners of the socio-cultural sphere are pedagogues-educators of the public, initiators of socially useful works conducted among them, leaders of amateur teams. such multifaceted activity of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere places high demands on the personality of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere, their moral image. the owners of the socio-cultural sphere of our independent country should have deep ideological-theoretical and professional training, be loving and devoted to their profession. loyalty to one's profession, alertness, persistence in work, self-demanding, strictness in work, self-demanding are the main characteristics of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere. also, creative approach to work, initiative, striving for innovation should also be characteristic. without them, he cannot successfully fulfill the important task of constantly improving the content, forms and methods of social and cultural work. it is impossible to imagine the image of socio-cultural owners who are encouraged to work with people and for people without such high moral qualities as patriotism and humanitarianism. because every public event and club training in the house of culture should help people to develop deep feelings of love and affection for their motherland and people, to strengthen their sense of patriotism. this depends on how deep and strong the sense of patriotism is in the owners of the socio-cultural sphere, and how they can direct the content of the events to a single goal. there is a proverb that has passed the test in life: "he who educates others must be well educated himself." students who are interested in the activities of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere originate from this pedagogical reality. pedagogical knowledge is considered one of the most necessary branches of knowledge for the owners of the socio-cultural sphere. pedagogy helps the owners of the socio-cultural sphere to deeply understand the content and essence of the work carried out, to master new methods of educational influence on people, and to learn ways to use them wisely. pedagogical etiquette how to behave in front of the public, how to speak, how to take possession of things, and to be able to do educational work is also required. another important indicator of the professional culture of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere is their psychological (psychology) knowledge. it is possible to deeply master the laws of 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us psychological processes, to organize the educational process in socio-cultural institutions correctly and to ensure its effectiveness. organizational skills of socio-cultural owners include: communicative features, i.e. to quickly get along with people, to communicate with them, to quickly understand each other, to correctly determine the capabilities of each member of the team, his ability to perform a social task; to quickly and correctly assess the situation, to find the right way in a certain situation and to be able to implement it immediately; to be able to take a creative approach to work, quickly find new, more effective forms and methods of entrepreneurship, and introduce them into social and cultural work practices; to know how to organize the work in practice, to act quickly in the pursuit of the goal, to control and check the execution of the assigned work. most of the mentioned qualities are manifested and developed in a person from childhood, in the process of studying, especially participating in public works. education in special educational institutions, colleges and institutes helps these qualities to develop further. but his public activity plays a decisive role in the development and formation of the organizational skills of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere. through the methods of self-education in the formation of the organizational skills of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere, the owners of the socio-cultural sphere can acquire the ability to work and finish the work that has been started. self-education helps to develop many other positive qualities and get rid of negative qualities. owners of the socio-cultural sphere are always in contact with people. he is in the "center of attention" of those who come to the socio-cultural institution and his colleagues. therefore, he should strive to be an example in every work, convince and educate people with his personal example, high manners and behavior. another factor that increases the effectiveness of the activities of the owners of the socio-cultural sphere is the pedagogical ethics of the owners of the culture. pedagogical ethics of socio-cultural owners is their ability to choose and apply appropriate methods and ways of educational influence on an individual or a community in a given situation. pedagogical etiquette is manifested and strengthened in practical activities, in the process of communicating with people. the development of politeness depends on the general culture and personal qualities of the socio-cultural worker. pedagogical etiquette is first of all manifested in dealing with people, being sincere and honest with them. showing kindness and care to those who come to a cultural-educational institution to enrich their knowledge, develop their abilities, and satisfy their spiritual needs in their spare time are important features of the pedagogical ethics of a socio-cultural worker. pedagogical etiquette implies treating a person with respect, but this does not exclude being demanding, fair demands always raise the reputation of the educator. the ability to listen attentively, without diverting one's attention to other things, without interrupting the interlocutor with inappropriate questions, is also an important characteristic of the owners of the social and cultural sphere. humor, jokes, jokes these are powerful means of emotional impact on the interlocutor and listeners. social and cultural activity cannot be imagined without ideological and emotional tools. just as a house cannot be built without special materials, cultural and educational events cannot be organized without tools. tools serve as a component of the event, the main mechanisms. 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the range of tools used in socio-cultural activities is very wide and there are many of them. in cultural and educational events, we widely use tools such as live speech, press, visual aids, literature and art, and various technical devices. references 1. «klubshunoslik». ikonnikova va chepelov taxriri ostida t.o’qituvchi 1983 y. 2. «madaniy-oqartuv ishi pedagogikasi». a.muxammedov t.o’qituvchi 1984 y. 3. жураев, в. (2023). рақамлаштириш шароитида замонавий технологиялар асосида таълим муассасасини бошқариш. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(6), 276-288. 4. tojimamatovich, j. v. (2023). digital transformation of educational management system. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 202-206. 5. tojimamatovich, j. v. (2023). concept and essence of information security. web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journal, 2(4), 643647. 143 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 shoes names of their part and places nurova yulduz ubaydullayevna doctor of philosophy in philology (phd), lecturer, bukhara state university department of methods of primary education abstract: in the article, the formation of a national complex of folk clothing is influenced by moral and aesthetic ideas, traditions of generations, material and economic living conditions, as well as their relations with other ethnic groups. the peculiarity of this lexicon is that the analysis of its semantics requires constant reference to reality, ethnolinguistic information. the article analyzes the expression of clothing names in ethnolinguistic groups. keywords: ethnolinguistics, folk dialect, bread and flour products, dairy products, names of sweets, tokoč, zogora, komoch. light does not come out of the bed, it is a rug from the dog. 4.1. socks are shoes made of hard raw leather, which are mainly a picture among the peoples of the highland rayon [136, 379]. the fact that this shoe name is also recorded in mahmud koshgari's “devonu lexicotit turk” indicates its antiquity: “charuq – choriq. the proverb says: jaӟag ' atἲ charuq, streetἲ azuq-yayov horse is the food of choriq, power, food, that is, the horse of a yayov man is the food of his chori and strength, power” [7,160]. choriq – " a leg dress made of thick raw leather, with short sleeves, thick under the heel, slightly curved at the top of the tip. this horse, which also means this in the old turkic language, was originally pronounced in the style of charuq. in kyrgyz, this horse is pronounced in the style of charik. l.z.in the budagov dictionary, the word is given in the forms chari, chaiq, charug. the word chari is once again quoted as a form from the same verb in the annotated land of chari – verb. hence, such a verb from the chari – verb, which originally meant “tie a knot”, also exists in kyrgyz. made with the suffix q: later in uzbek, the vowel a was exchanged for the vowel ᾂ, the hardness symbol of vowel i was lost: chari+ q = chariq > chᾂriq [117, 435]. the sock is the shoes worn by the highland peoples: “...and a stick in the marrow and a chop in the socks and the bow in the legs”[ 198]. no mahsi heels, nojins would not have a soup. mahsi (massi) – shoes with high heels, without heels, which can be made of soft, crispy sheep or goat skin. currently, there is also a type of short hook. tagcharmi is a national shoe worn with a kalish or kavush because it has a bare floor and is soft. mahsi has been common among muslim peoples since time immemorial. keeps the foot warm, protects it from the cold. the image of mahsi–like shoes can be seen in afrosyobic murals (dating from the 5th-8th centuries). mahsi mainly consists of 3 parts: konj, chief (betlik) and tagcharm. landing skin is taken thicker, when sewn from thin skin, a lining is sewn from thick hard fabric. depending on who is intended (for sex and age), the mahsis are distinguished: mardona (for older men), weakona (for older women), bachkana (for children). according to the skin varieties, there are amirkon mahsi, quail 144 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mahsi, gospandi mahsi (sheep skin), khirom mahsi, bulgari mahsi (cattle skin) and other types. mahsi is usually black in color, but in some districts of khwarezm, women wore red mahsi to the wedding [163]. uzbek folk proverbs also revealed the presence of an ichic view of the word mahsi: ichigin ayagan walked hand in hand. 4.2.1. ichik-mahsi [6, 149]. arm-to-arm walk-not to wear, and to wear kavush himself 149]. neither mahmud koshgari's “devonu lexicotit turk” nor the “explanatory dictionary of the language of the works of navoi”nor the “explanatory dictionary of the uzbek language”nor the “etymological dictionary of the uzbek language”annotate the term ichik. only in the composition of the proverb this word is preserved. if you pass through the door of the saddle, if dust is transmitted, stumble upon the cavushing. 4.3. the kavush[f-t kafsh] is a leather leg dress usually worn with mahsi [5, 357]. kavush is a horse-originally kafsh sound composition adopted into uzbek language by replacing the sound f with the sound v and introducing the sound u into the range of-vsh sounds; meaning “shoes sewn with a chief tight leather”. in uzbek colloquial language, the sound a in this noun is pronounced o(ᾂ), influenced by the sound v [7, 114]. kavush (persian) is a type of shoe; a shoe that is usually worn with a mahsi or sarpoychang. kavush consists of betlik, jaw, handle, tagcharm and heels. in the form of kalish, the handle and jaw are narrow compared to kalish. it will be high and low heels. men (valor), women (feeble), children (bacchana) kavush hillary are prepared by the poor [8, 17]. it seems that in our people, the same is true of kavush, as mahsi's marvelous, weak, bachkana types differ: there were types of embroidery for men, women and children. in paremas, it was found that the ukpa kavush variant of kovush was also covered. amirkon mahsiga-ukpa kavush. 4.3.1. ukpa kavush-ukpa-low-quality skin [5, 181]. ukpa-soft thin leather [6, 271]. the proverb is used in an ironic, derisive, ironic manner towards toffee-satangs who do not wear clothes and do not make up for themselves, mischievous affairs, bachkana, unattractive, people who touch one's anger, harden one's ensas [5, 181]. the game is an excuse to unawares boots. 4.4. conge-the upper part of boots, mahsi and similar shoes that enclose the hammer, marrow [7, 408]. the word qonj has not been annotated in any linguistic dictionaries since mahmud koshgari's “devonu lexicotit turk”. when the time was lost-the collars became skirts, it was boz – paytava, went to the head duck. 4.5. paytava[f – t-foot heater, heater] is a fabric that wraps around the foot when wearing chunky shoes [1, 568]. paytava is a tajik horse with a pay horse meaning “foot”, equivalent to the present – day basis from the verb toftan meaning “duck”, formed by adding the suffix-a to the unit formed from the tob horse meaning “wrap”, in tajik the first o(ᾂ) sound replaced by the a-the form paytoba was borrowed into uzbek language by replacing ob sounds with av sounds; meaning “cloth 4.6. patak is a bed that is cut into shoes from thick and soft fabric [4, 236]. the fact that the uzbek people used the terms patak and paytava side by side in their daily way of life can also be observed in the phrases: a worm fell on the patagi, a worm fell on the paytava. 145 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a good wife ulton the skin, makes her husband sultan. 4.7. ulton is a leather made of cattle skin; tagcharm [5, 272]. ulton is a leather made of cattle skin; tagcharm; leather that is tagcharged on shoes, which is placed inside the cavush [4, 228]. p.in shamsiyev's”dictionary of works of navoi“, the word also appears in the form ultong:” ultong – charm, boots leather, ulton [3, 624]. so, in our ancestors, two different variants of this word were used. it can be seen from the comments that ulton acted as a duck as a cowhide as well as a leather made of cattle leather that was put into boots. the only difference is that the duck is made of thick and soft fabric. even if it rains felt from the blue, it does not touch the slave capriciously. 4.8. razor-felt duck put on shoes [5, 191]. observation of proverbs leads to the conclusion that in the past, the part of the shoe that is put into the shoes and acts as a protection against moisture has been named differently according to the source of preparation. in particular, the razor is made of felt. the proverb expresses the content that no matter how much shedding, the sustenance of the poor will remain small [4, 192]. references: 1. карасёва т.в. названия пищи в вороженских говорах (этнолингвистический аспект): автореф. дисс. ... канд. филол. наук. 10.02.01. – воронеж, 2004. – 24 c. 2. касимова р.р. ўзбек тўй ва мотам маросим фольклори матнларининг инглизча таржимасида этнографизмларнинг берилиши: фил.фан.бўйича фалсафа доктори (phd) дисc. – т., 2018. – 169 б. 3. nurova y.u. ethnolinguistic analysis of headdresses in paremas // international journal for innovative engineering and management research. issn: (p):2308-4944 / vol. 11, issue 04, april 2022. 303-310 (impact factor (esji) 8.716). 4. nurova y.u. ethnolingcuistic study of outerwear and underwear parts in paremas // european multidisciplinary journal of modern science. is recognition of the paper publication intitled.issn: 2795-921 / vol. 2, emmp. 05, may 2022.86-89 (impact factor (esji) 7.617). 5. nurova y.u. etnolingvistika va etnografiya munosabati // pedagogik mahorat. – buxoro, 2021.–№ 1. – b. 118-121. 6. nurova y.u. o‘zbek xalq paremalarida suyuq taom nomlarining etnolingvistik tadqiqi // «maktabgacha ta’lim – maktab – oliy ta’lim» konsepsiyasi: muammo, echimlar va istiqbollar. xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjumani materiallari. – buxoro, 9.04. 2022. – №1. – b. 319-321. 7. jurayeva b.m., nurova y.u. european journal of life safety and stability (ejlss) issn 26609630 www.ejlss.indexedresearch.org volume 15, 2022. theoretical study of ethnolinguistics in world l inguisti. 8. davronov d.i., nurova y.u. ethnolinguistics: emergence, development and theoretical research: international journal of trend in scientific research and development (ijtsrd). volume 6 issue 6, september-october 2022 available online: www.ijtsrd.com e-issn: 2456 – 6470. 9. ярашов м. ta’lim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalarning oʻrni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 146 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. ярашов м. boshlangʻich sinf matematika ta’limni raqamli texnologiyalar orqali ijodiy tashkil etish jarayoni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 11. yarashov m. boshlangʻich ta’lim jarayoniga raqamli texnologiyalarning tadbiq etish metodikasi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 12. yarashov m. boshlang’ich ta’limda xalqaro baholash tizimi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 17. – №. 17. 13. yarashov m. boshlang ‘ich ta’limning dars jarayonlariga raqamli texnologiyalarni tadbiq etish vositalari //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 15. – №. 15. 14. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "tools of using digital technologies in primary educational courses." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 119-123. 15. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "effectiveness of using digital technologies in educational system." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 124-128. 16. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 17. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 18. ganieva, u. a. (2021). the digital economy and its benefits. trans asian journal of marketing & management research, 10(4), 29-34. 19. khamraev, a. r. (2019). modeling teacher's activity in designing students’ creative activities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 20. ҳамроев, а. р. (2022). бошланғич синф она тили таълимида ўқувчиларнинг ижодий фаолиятини лойиҳалаштириш. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 294-305. 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of marketing in management theory and prospects for applying its principles musayeva shoira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan usmonova dilfuza ilkhomovna assistant professor of samarkand institute of economic and service usmanov shakhzod shokhrukhovich student, samarkand institute of economic and services abstract: in this article, the service of achieving the company's main goal, such as the creation of appropriate departments for the implementation of the management function of marketing in companies, comprehensive study of environmental conditions, orientation to market requirements, and ensuring its flexibility in the foreign market, is considered. keywords: company, function, market, environment, demand, service, customer. marketing management is the analysis, planning, implementation and control of activities aimed at establishing, strengthening and maintaining profitable exchanges with target customers in order to achieve certain objectives of the organization, such as increasing profits, increasing sales, increasing market share, etc. there are two levels of marketing management: strategic and tactical. the strategic level of marketing management (marketing strategy) is the long-term coordination of the company's capabilities with the market situation, that is, the coordination of the internal and external environment of the company's activities. marketing strategy is often confused with a company's business development goals. however, unlike goals, a marketing strategy is a plan to achieve those goals. it should reflect all elements of marketing, financial resources and production capabilities. the most common marketing strategies:  improvement of the organizational structure of the company;  organizing access to new product markets;  development and marketing of new products;  entering new markets by establishing joint ventures;  cooperation of activities with companies with experience of successful operation in interested markets. the tactical level of marketing management (marketing tactics) is aimed at forming market demand for the company's existing goods and services. at this level of management, the following methods of marketing activities can be listed:  market research to create demand and promote sales; 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  analyze goods and manage their nomenclature in order to meet market requirements as much as possible;  direct contact with consumers;  increase and training of employees;  active participation in exhibitions and fairs;  expanding the range of manufactured goods;  creation and improvement of service efficiency;  adaptation of the goods to the specific requirements of the buyer;  promotional activities;  price management. the main principle of marketing is focused on the consumer and his needs, their formation and maximum satisfaction. implementation of this principle in all areas of production and economic activity is through management. its main functions are: planning, organizing, motivating and controlling. the main goal of marketing is to determine the amount of demand for a specific product, expressed by the volume of sales and its share in the market, and to contribute to its achievement by means of marketing. the main goal of management is to ensure the sustainable development of the organization in achieving its mission and goals, using the means of influence for the interaction of people in joint production and economic activities, inherent in management. when studying the organization as a whole socio-economic system, the ratio of marketing and management is considered as a part of the whole. the functions of marketing consist in studying and forming organizational and economic conditions for the implementation of reproductive processes with its help, their continuity, cost reduction, and ensuring a sufficient level of efficiency for the development of the organization. all this makes it possible to consider marketing as an important condition and reserve of management against the crisis. in anti-crisis management, the complex nature of the tools and methods used to determine the market opportunities of the enterprise, its strengths and weaknesses in the process of finding ways out of the economic crisis, as well as data on the dynamics of socio-economic processes is important for a large-scale analysis. the use of the marketing mix in relation to a specific product and market, as well as the development of options for their interaction, allows to determine the organization's marketing opportunities and market risks as the basic information for the development of the organization's goals and strategies. when developing an anti-crisis policy, the marketing manager relies on the internal factors of the organization: development of options for their interaction allows to determine the organization's marketing opportunities and market risks as basic information for the development of the organization's goals and strategies. when developing an anti-crisis policy, the marketing manager relies on the internal factors of the organization: development of options for their interaction allows to determine the organization's marketing opportunities and market risks as basic information for the development of the organization's goals and strategies. when developing an anti-crisis policy, the marketing manager relies on the internal factors of the organization:  production and technological features;  resource potential;  the nature of the internal atmosphere;  level of development of management components;  prediction;  planning; 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  information support;  employee motivation;  processes of centralization and decentralization, etc. marketing and management have an international character, and with the widespread introduction of information technologies in management, the role of marketing is increasing. competition includes not only goods and their technologies, but also types of management and their elements: planning systems, advertising, information technology, communication systems, motivation, incentives and professionalism of employees. in modern conditions of economic development, the market and production policy of the company is fundamentally determined by the marketing activity, which is the leading function of the management process. in this practice, the greatest effectiveness is achieved through the integrated use and combination of marketing activities. individual, episodic and unsystematic use of marketing tools does not allow to achieve positive results. doctor of economics, professor shuklina zn, emphasizes that marketing is a comprehensive, market, multifunctional concept that includes the doctrine and philosophy of business, the ethics of business relations, the methodology and concept of management of market behavior, special measures to find and satisfy needs. fomicheva lm the emergence of marketing is related to the emergence of the market, therefore, the use of marketing in the management of the company ensures that its activities are market-oriented. working with the market and adapting to its conjuncture is carried out in order to satisfy the needs of buyers or clients. currently, consumer demands are growing rapidly and are highly individualized, and markets are diversified in terms of structure. in this regard, manufacturers are recommended to use various methods of working in the market, to identify the needs of the target segments, a comprehensive study of the activities of competitors, to determine the direct and indirect influencing factors, etc. the objectives of market research focus on two main points:  analyzing the situation inside and outside the enterprise, forecasting possible changes and developing a management strategy based on this;  search for management decision-making criteria, test and confirm the hypothesis of the enterprise's behavior in the market. the task of market research should be not only the structure of learning technology, but also the search for ways to solve problems that are relevant for the enterprise. the prerequisite here is not conducting technique, but "what is it for?" is to get answers to the questions. and "what's the problem?". almost any market analysis must answer a very simple question: "are we successful, that is, can we exchange our product for a sufficient amount of money or profitably for other products?" the formation of the marketing management system in the enterprise depends on the influence of the macro environment, the stability of the micro environment and the optimal development of the internal environment of the enterprise. marketing management strategy depends on political instability, unpredictable market and financial environment, rise or fall of competitive positions, mission choice and customer interactions. marketing management influences the level, timing, and nature of demand in such a way that it helps achieve the firm's goals. marketing is an important part of the enterprise management system. marketing shows the direction of the company's development and enables the successful implementation of marketing tools. zimina believes that the use of marketing in ip management is related to the fact that it is aimed at solving certain management problems, in particular: 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  justifying the expediency and necessity of the production of a certain product based on the determination of existing or potential demand;  organization of scientific-research works that satisfy the needs of consumers;  production and financial organization planning;  formation and improvement of product marketing system;  ensure that all the company's activities, including operational management of various stages of the production process, after-sales service, are oriented towards the expansion and promotion of product sales. marketing allows you to balance supply and demand, which is impossible without accurate demand forecasts based on consumer research. in addition to the research function, the application of the marketing approach to the company's activities facilitates product realization, including promotion, facilitation and regulation. promotion is related to the need to create a consumer's desire for what the company offers, to design the product attractively and to promote it intensively. assistance means ensuring the availability of goods for the consumer, for example, offering favorable credit terms, well-informed sellers. according to bagiev gl, according to jn moiseenko, marketing as a company management system is designed to provide:  to have reliable information about the producer (seller) market, the structure and dynamics of needs and demand, consumer preferences;  creation of such a product, assortment that best meets the market requirements, which allows solving the consumer's problem more effectively than competitors;  to have the necessary influence on the consumer, on the market situation, to ensure the maximum possible control over the sale of products. for the purposes of marketing activities, a lot of attention is paid to the product or service, but considering the fact that marketing is focused on the consumer, it is necessary to quote the opinion of the founder of marketing, f. kotler, who defines marketing as a type of human activity aimed at "satisfying needs and requirements through exchange". . the goals of using a product-oriented marketing approach in managing a company should be complemented by consumer-oriented goals, which are to achieve the following: the highest consumption, maximum consumer satisfaction, the widest choice, the highest quality of life. using a marketing approach in managing a company requires a certain organizational structure, which should include marketing services. the company's activity is determined by the specific characteristics of its structure and size, as well as its scope of activity and the type of market served. in modern society, both in the country and abroad, against the background of the complex financial and economic situation, there is a sharp change in consumer demand, a change in the scale of production, and the genesis of various market factors. these conditions require the company to respond adequately by improving not only production and market activities, but also its management mechanism. in relation to the above, marketing planning should be flexible and dynamic; its structural elements marketing plans are elastic only when they can change their organizational forms under the influence of internal and external factors. however, if the ability to change is built directly into the structure, the first step in marketing planning is to develop a marketing strategy. a marketing strategy is a general plan of marketing activities for a particular product. according to zn shuklina, strategy is the choice of the main directions of the company's development, the setting of a global goal with the further development of ways to achieve it. the most relevant strategies are pioneering 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us achievement strategies, offensive, competitive, differentiation and narrow customer focus, defensive, resource saving, innovative, market segmentation and communicative. in the conditions of the current turbulent development of the international market, the choice of marketing management strategy is related to the characteristics of regional markets, the level of activity of small, medium and large businesses, and the payment capacity of the population in the regions. the marketing strategy in new markets used by japanese firms is of great interest, which allows them to gain a foothold in the markets of countries that do not have national production of this product, and then gain experience and penetrate the markets of other countries ("laser beam strategy"). therefore, in order to enter the markets of western european countries with their cars, japanese automobile companies initially operated only in finland, norway, denmark and ireland for several years. and after gaining a strong positive reputation there, they began to master the more sophisticated markets of the netherlands, switzerland, sweden, austria, belgium. the third step was to enter the markets of great britain, italy, germany and france countries with a powerful automobile industry. it is also worth noting the very long-term sequence characteristic of the activities of japanese industrialists: starting with the export of the largest, cheapest cars (and, accordingly, very quickly meeting the demands of customers), creating the image of "japan is excellent quality", this car companies gradually began to work in the markets of more expensive cars (but not the most prestigious), trucks and special cars, as well as in the countries where they sent previously assembled cars, later they move on to building car assembly plants. germany and france are countries with strong automotive industries. an interesting strategy is "blue oceans", which allows companies to independently choose the field of activity, new products and new customers, away from the struggle for trade markets. in the conditions of the current turbulent development of the international market, the choice of marketing management strategy is related to the characteristics of regional markets, the level of activity of small, medium and large businesses, and the payment capacity of the population in the regions. in the process of operational planning, marketing programs and budgets that take into account the company's current goals for the next period, guidelines for all components of the company are developed. a marketing program or a program of marketing activities makes it possible to conduct a strategic policy, avoid important economic and social shocks, achieve development stability and have a long-term positive impact. along with the marketing program, one of the main components of marketing planning is the marketing budget. the marketing budget is a balanced system of income and expenses for marketing, its development is the leading element of financial planning of the company's activities. the budget is developed for a period of one year or more, marketing expenses are formed in two main ways. the first is related to percentage of revenue or profit. the second approach means that the main factors for calculating the marketing budget should be the goals and objectives of the company at this stage of development. a variation of the goal-oriented approach is sometimes called competitive marketing budgeting. a marketing budget is a budget related to advertising and other activities aimed at attracting consumers. this also includes marketing research, branding and more. however, marketing costs also include marketing product development costs, affiliate bonuses and discounts. the exact list of marketing cost items is determined by the business processes and the location of the control centers of these items. for example, if the marketing department and the sales department in a company are different departments with different budgets, then the same bonuses to partners may not be included in the marketing budget, but may be included in the sales department budget. conversely, if sales and marketing are structurally owned by the same unit, the budget may be the same. distribution of marketing expenses by main items is presented in table 2. but may be included in the sales department budget. conversely, if sales and marketing are structurally owned by the same unit, the budget may be the same. distribution of marketing 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us expenses by main items is presented in table 2. but may be included in the sales department budget. conversely, if sales and marketing are structurally owned by the same unit, the budget may be the same. distribution of marketing expenses by main items is presented in table 2. table 2. distribution of marketing expenses by main items expenses coefficient traditional advertising 0.7 sales promotion 0.16 direct marketing 0.08 marketing research 0.06 you can use the analogy method to estimate the level of necessary marketing expenses. it is known that, for example, in the united states, the costs of developing and launching a new product are distributed as follows: 3-6 percent of the estimated costs are allocated to basic research, and 7-8 percent to practical development. , 7-8% for the preparation of technological equipment and, if necessary, for the construction of new enterprises 40-60%, for the establishment of mass production 5-16%, for the organization of sales 10-27%. advertising costs vary depending on the product sold: meat products require 0.6% to 10% of sales, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 15%, durable goods 1-5% of sales, industrial goods 1-2%. if we relate the cost of advertising to the amount of profit, as a rule, they are above 15%, and for many firms they are in the range of 30-42% with a stable position in the market, and sometimes reach 45.0% when entering a new market. the natural desire of any business leader to reduce marketing costs must be tempered by the increasingly expensive nature of marketing in today's world. effectiveness indicators of spending money on marketing can be as follows:  volume of sales per negotiation unit (or one hour);  the ratio of marketing expenses to the volume of sales;  number and volume of products sold directly from shares;  the popularity of the company's products as a result of advertising activities;  profit per employee of the marketing department. the efficiency of marketing in management allows to achieve minimum costs and maximum results based on the tasks set in the company's activities and the expected final results. the level of quality in the development of the marketing program and budget, in connection with the above, is one of the elements that determine the effectiveness of enterprise management. thus, marketing is one of the most important management functions that allows not only the implementation of purely marketing goals and objectives, but also the coordination of the company's activities to ensure the achievement of planned production indicators. in companies, appropriate departments should be created to carry out the management function of marketing. the implementation of marketing in the management of the organization should be based on a comprehensive study of the conditions of its operating environment, its determination serves to achieve the main goal of the company, such as directing all the company's activities to market requirements, ensuring its flexibility in the foreign market. references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the strategy for innovative development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2019 2021" dated september 21, 2018 no. up-5544. t. 2018. 2. musaeva sh.a. integrated marketing communicationstudy guide "mahorat" publishing house, samarkand 2022 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. musaeva sh.a. marketing research. textbook "star-sel" llc publishing and creative department. samarkand-2023 4. s musayevaways to improve demand formation and sales promotion at golden oil llc science and innovation 1 (a5), 215-220 5. ms azimovnadevelopment of innovative marketing strategies in agriculture web of scientist: international journal of scientific research 3 (02), 538-544 6. ms azimovna, rn ulugbekovnadevelopment conditions and modern trends of business tourism worldwideinternational journal of business diplomacy and economy 2 (2), 63-66 7. kotler f. i dr. basic marketing. m.: llc "id williams", 2013. 8. ms azimovnathe main results of the labor productivity of the staff of the hotel "billuri sitora" llc galaxy international journal of interdisciplinary research 11(1), 348-352 9. ms azimovnatheoretical aspects of marketing tools in increasing the international competitiveness of the textile enterprise science and innovation 2 (1), 47-53 10. s musayevamechanisms of functioning of logistic structures science and innovation 2 (a2), 196-202 11. s musayevaways to improve the policy of distribution of goods in furniture production enterprisesscience and innovation 2 (a2), 152-156 12. s musayevain the conditions of modernization in uzbekistan the need to evaluate enterprisesscience and innovation 2 (a2), 35-40 13. ms azimovnaways to improve the use of marketing information in the assessment of "stekloplastik" llcamerican journal of economics and business management 5 (11), 338343 14. ms azimovnaefficiency of advertising activities of trading organizations and ways to increase itasian journal of research in social sciences and humanities 12 (3), 93-97 15. usmanov ia, musayeva sh.a. features of marketing activities in the construction industry of the republic of uzbekistan. novateur publications journalnxa multidisciplinary peer reviewed journal issn no: 2581 4230 volume 7, issue 1, jan. -2021 https://repo.journalnx.com/index.php/nx/article/view/793 16. usmanov ia musaeva sh.a. features of marketing organization in the market of construction services. service. scientific journal. samarkand. no. 2, 2021 pp. 86-90. 17. usmanov iastudy of the provision of construction facilities with management personnel. international journal on orange technology. volume: 03 issue: 9 | sep 2021. p.31-33 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijot/article/view/2171 18. usmanov ia,jumanov sh.n. ways to improve quality control of construction and installation works. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences scientific journal. issn 2181-1784. volume 1, issue 10. november 2021. – p. 651-658 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ways-to-improve-quality-control-of-construction-andinstallation-works 19. usmanov ia buriev ht a development strategy for the construction industry in uzbekistan: organizational aspects of implementation. international scientific and technical journal. real estate: economy, administration. moscow, mgsu-no. 4 / 2021 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20. usmanov ilkhom achilovich, research of marketing activities of s sharquniversal-smk llc science and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 6 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 21. usmonova dilfuza ilkhomovna, examination of the investment project of leasing companiesscience and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 7 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 location and archaeological characteristics of old termiz khursanov javohir student of termez state university javohirxursanov92@gmail.com abstract: this article describes the material cultural objects in the surkhan oasis. conclusions on the present state of these objects from the buddhist and islamic eras and their protection are presented. keywords: tangible cultural heritage, tourism, unesco, islam, buddhism, termiz. introduce it is known from history that the surkhan oasis is an area where different religions and confessions have clashed since time immemorial, and representatives of these religions have lived in harmony with each other. since ancient times, zoroastrianism, buddhism, and islam have flourished in this region, and many temples, settlements, and shrines related to these religions have been preserved to this day. researching these objects of material cultural heritage, studying them in a complex way is one of the most important issues today. in scientific studies devoted to the emergence and evolutionary development of ancient cultural heritage objects, the preservation of the urban planning system, the restoration and repair of archeological and architectural monuments, the improvement of ways of preserving historical monuments in their original state, and the effective use of historical monuments to increase the potential of tourism are gaining importance. in these studies, determining the specific historicalarchitectural features of architectural monuments, further increasing the tourist potential of historical areas, and effective use of cultural heritage objects are urgent tasks. in recent years, attention to national values, material and cultural monuments has changed radically in our country. in particular, architectural and archeological monuments, further study of cultural heritage, their effective use in the development of international and domestic tourism potential are rising to the level of state policy. "it is necessary to preserve our cultural heritage, which is a masterpiece of our rich history, and pass it on to future generations." discussions and results in scientific studies devoted to the emergence and evolutionary development of ancient cultural heritage objects, the preservation of the urban planning system, the restoration and repair of archeological and architectural monuments, the improvement of ways of preserving historical monuments in their original state, and the effective use of historical monuments to increase the potential of tourism are gaining importance. in these studies, determining the specific historicalarchitectural features of architectural monuments, further increasing the tourist potential of historical areas, and effective use of cultural heritage objects are urgent tasks. in recent years, attention to national values, material and cultural monuments has changed radically in our 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us country. in particular, architectural and archeological monuments, further study of cultural heritage, their effective use in the development of international and domestic tourism potential are rising to the level of state policy. "it is necessary to preserve our cultural heritage, which is a masterpiece of our rich history, and pass it on to future generations." in recent years, unique ancient and historical monuments of the surkhan oasis have been studied by archaeologists, and a number of results have been achieved in the field of scientific study of the territory, geographical location, architecture, and architecture of the holy shrines. because in surkhandarya, abdullah termizi, adib sabir termizi, alavuddin termizi, ahmed termizi, hakim termizi, warraq termizi, yusuf hayat termizi, abu isa termizi, abul muzaffar termizi, sayyid burhoniddin husain termizi, alauddin attar, who are world famous and respected in the muslim world, scholars such as daqiqi, sayyid a'la al-mulk, sayyid amir abdullah khoja samandar termizi grew up and worked as masters of islamic knowledge. the largest material cultural heritage objects in the surkhan oasis are located in termiz and its surroundings, including hakim termizi, zu-l-kifl, kyrgyz palace, sultan sodot mausoleum complex, kokildar ata, murch babo sagas. these objects were formed under the influence of the events of different times and are distinguished from others by their geographical and historical location. in the process of studying the shrines of the surkhan oasis, one encounters a phenomenon: from the oasis of kashkadarya, although they are located close to each other and there is mutual connection in cultures, diversity is observed in the history of the formation of shrines. in this area, directly under the influence of iranian culture, islamic religion and culture, there are many shrines associated with the name of the companions. some cultural heritage sites include mausoleums belonging to generations of famous historical figures in the region. an object that has a unique position among the local population is the sultan sodot complex, located in the termiz district. family members of sayyids of termiz were buried during xi-xix centuries. the word "sayyid" means "gentleman" in arabic, and the grandsons of muhammad (pbuh) are considered alawi sayyids with the title of "sharif" from hasan's family and "sayyid" from husayn's family, special husseini or husseini sayyids. . sayyids are more commonly known in the middle east and the maghreb as sadot, ashraf or sharif. research scientist o'. according to sultanov, the distribution of the generation of sayyids in the territory of uzbekistan took place around the 9th-13th centuries due to the influence of political and demographic factors. those with the title of sayyid played an important role in the political, social and spiritual life of central asia in the middle ages. there are several shrines associated with the names of the companions in the region, sa'd ibn abu waqqas, abdurrahman ibn awf in angor district, atoulla sa'id waqqas in sherabad district, abu huraira in uzun district, i.e. grandfather of white gate, sa'd ibn abu waqqas in altinsoy district, khoja ilghar, kho'jaipok shrines can be seen in samarkand, khorezm, jizzakh, navoi regions with the same name3. in the name of most shrines, emphasis is placed on the companions mentioned as "ashsha-rai mubashshara" (ten companions who were prophesied to paradise). asharai mubashshara is associated with the names of the ten companions who were prophesied to heaven by the prophet muhammad (pbuh) during his lifetime in the islamic world. conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that in the formation of cultural heritage objects of the surkhan oasis, the great people who made a worthy contribution to the creation of harmony between science, islam, profession, medicine, self-awareness, nature and society of the local people were raised to a great and holy level by the local people. most of the objects of cultural heritage are related to the name of a religious person, and the fact that scholars with the name of tirmidzis have grown up here shows the uniqueness of the country's places of pilgrimage formed on the 115 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us basis of a common toponymic unit. most of the shrines in the area can be seen with shrines associated with the names of the sahabahs who were elevated to the rank of saints and glorifying the lineage of the sayyids. this situation is not found in other regions of uzbekistan, and we can see that from the middle ages to the later years, the islamic religion and culture of this region intersected, local traditions and eastern islamic customs were transformed. bibliography: 1. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti shavkat mirziyoyevning oliy majlisga murojaatnomasi. 29.12.2020. 2. mirzo kenjabek. buyuk termiziylar: termiz tazkirasi. − toshkent: o„me, 2017. 3. tursunov s., qurbonov a., tursunov n., pardayev t. o„zbekiston tarixi va madaniyati – surxondaryo etnografiyasi. – toshkent: a.navoiy nomidagi o„zbekiston milliy kutubxonasi, 2006. 4. xashimov m. yunesko faoliyatida diniy bag„rikenglik tamoyillari (o„zbekiston respublikasi misolida): tar. fan. nomz diss. avtoref. – toshkent: toshkent islom universiteti, 2009. 5. mamatqulov, e. (2022). taraqqiyot strategiyasi yangi o‟zbekistondagi ma‟naviy islohotlar asosi. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(6), 950-953. 6. mamatqulov, e. (2022). yangi o‟zbekistonda ma‟naviy makonni yaratish borasidagi asosiy vazifalar. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(9), 402-406. 7. saidov, s. (2021). ibn al-muqaffaning islom tarjima san‟atiga qo „shgan hissasi. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(1), 334-337. 8. saidov, s. (2022). “tadbir ul-manzil” risolasi–oilaviy munosabatlar uchun dasturulamal. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(5-2), 894-897. 347 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 modern in forming speaking competences of preschool children approaches isomova farog’at tojiddin qizi asian international university teacher of the department of pedagogy and psychology email: isomovafarogattojiddinqizi@oxu . en annotation : the article highlights the importance of modern approaches in the formation of speech competences of children of preschool age , their application in practical life and their effectiveness. key words : speech , knowledge, skill, competence, nuri educational program, competence, integrated activity, didactic game, communication, oral speech, social attitude. our president shavkat mirziyoyev, who is leading our country without deviating from the path of independent development, said, "no matter what field we choose, we cannot achieve any changes or a prosperous life without educating modern mature personnel. preparation of such personnel, a healthy gene pool of the nation, begins first of all with the preschool education system. "not only the representatives of the industry, but each of us have become our motto." in fact, only if the roots of any healthy tree are deep and firmly established, this tree will grow into the strongest and most beautiful tree. therefore, if we take the education system as an example of a tree, preschool education is the root of this tree. therefore, we should start improving the education sector and training highly qualified personnel, first of all, from preschool age. in this regard , our president is paying special attention to the pre-school education system. after all, during the visit of our president shavkat mirziyoyev to the republic of south korea on november 22-24, 2017, about 20 meetings were held by the ministry of preschool education, exchange of experience, experimental opening of kindergartens in uzbekistan, joint personnel training and agreements were reached on studying the possibilities of conducting scientific research . within the framework of the visit, they provided information about the stages of preschool education and childcare, the principles of development of strategies for the development of the sector, the aspects of the introduction of the new national program of nuri preschool education. currently, the national program of nuri preschool education is being used in experimental mtts organized in the territory of our country. the essence of this program: -harmonious development with physical and mental health; forming the basis of democratic citizens; connecting the primary school curriculum in the process of caring for children from one to two years old; 348 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us formation of a healthy lifestyle; emphasizing the formation of the child's personality; physical development and activity; development of respect for the culture of other nations; is to ensure a safe environment for the child. the methods used in the teaching and learning process are as follows: education and development through games; providing education with an emphasis on the child's interests and thus ensuring continuity of education; -helping to form knowledge, skills and values based on the child's experience; ensuring activity between child and teacher, child and child, child and the environment; providing integrated activities based on topics; implementation of internal-external activities, static-dynamic activities, activities of large and small groups and individual activities, recreation and balanced activities; children's interest is to carry out the educational process in a suitable way for each child, taking into account the development and environmental relations. objectives of the nuri process; a healthy person an independent person a creative person a person full of emotions a person living in society currently, the main program of most mtts, "ilk kadam" is reflected in the nuri program, as well as the state program, the areas of child development. we will touch on them briefly. 1. physical education, health enjoy physical activity; 349 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to be healthy; safe life; 2. communication speech and communication; learning to read and write; -enjoying books and stories. 3. social relations self-awareness and respect; being able to live with others; interest in society the program we considered above is the educational system of south korea, which is close to us with its values, customs and traditions, and according to statistics, the educational system in this country is very developed. in our country, the south korean model is currently being used in the field of preschool education to raise the educational system to high levels. the link that connects continuing education (mtt and school) is school preparation groups. that is why it is advisable to organize training in preparatory groups more effectively than in other groups. therefore, at this age (6-7), the development of grammar and lexis continues in the children's speech, and the speech becomes fluent. vocabulary increases, children begin to use generalizing nouns, begin to use synonyms, antonyms and adjectives. if you read and communicate with the child a lot, then even by this age, monologic speech (explanatory and interpretive, narrative speech) and the ability to participate in communication will be well formed. written speech begins to form. vocabulary increases to about 3,000 words. the use of many methods and didactic games during the training also has a good effect. for example, in speech development classes in preparation groups, , if i have a magic wand……….. ! didactic games such as , , , don't say your name can be used. , , if i had a magic wand…………! ” didactic game in this game, children sit in a circle. a magic wand (can be any object) is placed in the middle. the teacher tells the children to go and get a stick. one of the children takes the wand and begins his story:, , if i had a magic wand i would like to have a big toy and then my dad would bring me lots of ice creams……………! in this way, each child creates a small story of his own worldview and desires. didactic game "don't tell me your name". 350 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in this game, the teacher calls one of the children to him and says a word (the name of something or an event) . and the child is forbidden to use this word himself. the child standing in front of the teacher should not give the given name and its characteristics, but another explanation suitable for it. for example, "flower". the child standing in front of the teacher gives an explanation by saying, "sabina has it in her head" or, "abdulaziz broke it." children have to find his name. during these games, children: hears and understands speech; uses correct pronunciation, convenient grammatical forms and a variety of sentence constructions in his speech; shows interest in learning a second language; demonstrates preliminary knowledge of second language acquisition; shows interest in works of fiction; has an idea about the lexical, syllabic and phonetic structure of the word; knows how to compose and pronounce different forms of meaning independently; the main task of the above-mentioned methods and didactic games is the formation of children's speech competence. references 1. isomova, f. a. t. q. 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(2021). jahon pedagogikasida zamonaviy pedagogik muloqot va milliy pedagogik muloqot uslublariga transformatsiyasi. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). 237 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods of effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services bahrieva zarina nasimovna researcher of "silk road" international university of tourism and cultural heritage annotation: this article explores the methods of effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services. the study emphasizes the importance of recreational-tourism resources as the main initiators for tourist travel and a significant motive that stimulates tourist movement and consumption. understanding, defining, and analyzing these resources is crucial for their effective utilization in developing tourism services. the economic impact of tourism, sustainability, and destination marketing are vital factors that contribute to the successful development of tourism services. balancing economic growth with the preservation of cultural and natural resources is crucial for sustainable tourism development. furthermore, the strategic marketing of tourism destinations and the consolidation of sustainability and competitiveness in tourism are essential for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of tourism businesses and destinations. overall, the effective use of tourist-recreational resources involves a multifaceted approach that considers economic impact, sustainability, competitiveness, and destination marketing to ensure the development of a robust and attractive tourism market. keywords: recreational tourism, tourism and recreation value, cultural exchange, economic development, marketing tools for tourism, tourist destination growth, tourist and recreational resources, investment in tourism, tourism sector impact, tourism and public facilities. introduction the effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses various elements crucial for the success of the tourism industry (ahrorov & sobirov, 2021; sharipova, 2022; sobirov, 2018). recreational-tourism resources serve as the main initiators for tourist travel and play a significant role in the selection of desired destinations. understanding, defining, and analyzing these resources is essential for their effective utilization in developing tourism services. additionally, the economic impact of tourism, sustainability, and destination marketing are vital factors that contribute to the successful development of tourism services (sayfutdinov и др., 2015). balancing economic growth with the preservation of cultural and natural resources is crucial for sustainable tourism development. furthermore, the strategic marketing of tourism destinations and the consolidation of sustainability and competitiveness in tourism are essential for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of tourism businesses and destinations. overall, the effective use of tourist-recreational resources involves a multifaceted approach that considers economic impact, sustainability, competitiveness, and destination marketing to http://www/ 238 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ensure the development of a robust and attractive tourism market (gulmira и др., б. д.; sharipova, 2022; sobirov & alimova, 2019). literature review the literature review on the methods of effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services encompasses various aspects of tourism, including economic impact, sustainability, competitiveness, and destination marketing. a structured literature review on the economic impact of tourism emphasizes the importance of understanding the most developed areas of study concerning tourism to support the effective targeting of resources. additionally, a typology of recreational-tourism resources highlights the crucial role of these resources as initiators for tourist travel and significant motives that stimulate tourist movement and consumption. the review emphasizes the necessity of defining, analyzing, and sharing recreationaltourism resources to understand their impact on tourist destinations and spending(yekimov и др., 2022). furthermore, a systematic literature review on sustainable tourism development and competitiveness underscores the importance of consolidating sustainability and competitiveness in tourism by considering recent trends and innovations in the industry. the review also emphasizes the benefits of green and social tourism in delivering advantages to local communities and increasing the quality of life(gulmira и др., б. д.; yekimov и др., 2022). in the context of destination marketing, a literature review focuses on critical success factors, approaches to improving effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic marketing in tourism destinations. this review provides insights into the various models and approaches used in tourism destination marketing, highlighting the importance of collaboration and strategic marketing to enhance the competitiveness of tourism businesses and destinations. overall, the literature review provides a comprehensive understanding of the methods and factors influencing the effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the tourism services market, encompassing economic impact, sustainability, competitiveness, and destination marketing(suyunovich & sobirov, 2021). the methodology for developing tourism services using recreational resources involves an entrepreneurial approach, understanding the value of recreational-tourism resources, economic development, and cultural exchange. the literature review highlights the importance of understanding the most developed areas of study concerning tourism to support the effective targeting of resources. additionally, a typology of recreational-tourism resources emphasizes the crucial role of these resources as initiators for tourist travel and significant motives that stimulate tourist movement and consumption. the review emphasizes the necessity of defining, analyzing, and sharing recreationaltourism resources to understand their impact on tourist destinations and spending. furthermore, a systematic literature review on sustainable tourism development and competitiveness underscores the importance of consolidating sustainability and competitiveness in tourism by considering recent trends and innovations in the industry. the literature also highlights the importance of balancing economic growth with the needs of local communities and preserving the cultural and natural resources that attract tourists in the first place. therefore, the methodology for developing tourism services using recreational resources involves an entrepreneurial approach, understanding the value of recreational-tourism resources, economic development, and cultural exchange, while also considering sustainability and the needs of local communities( —built heritage-green biocidal nanotechnology use for urban stone case study from oradea, romania, б. д.). results: the results encompass various aspects related to the value and impact of recreationaltourism resources, destination marketing, and the economic impact of tourism. http://www/ 239 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. a study highlights the importance of defining, analyzing, and sharing recreational-tourism resources to understand their impact on tourist destinations and spending. it emphasizes that recreational-tourism resources are the main initiators for tourist travel and a significant motive that stimulates tourist movement and consumption. 2. another source discusses the significance of tourism destination marketing and its impact on the competitiveness and effectiveness of tourism businesses and destinations. it emphasizes the critical success factors, approaches to improving effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic marketing in tourism destinations. 3. additionally, a literature review using bibliometric tools provides insights into the economic impact of tourism. it emphasizes the importance of understanding the most developed areas of study concerning tourism to support effective targeting of resources. these results collectively provide valuable insights into the methods and factors influencing the effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services, encompassing economic impact, sustainability, competitiveness, and destination marketing. the effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services involves various methods and strategies. these include marketing tools, investment in infrastructure, workforce training, and tourism promotion. the u.s. economic development administration's travel, tourism, and outdoor recreation program provides insights into the allocation of funds for activities such as workforce training, infrastructure development, and tourism marketing and promotion. recreational tourism resources are considered crucial initiators for tourist travel and a significant motive that stimulates tourist movement and consumption. additionally, tourism contributes to income generation, employment, and foreign exchange earnings, playing a vital role in economic development. the methods of effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services can be summarized as follows: 1. marketing tools: utilize marketing tools for the development of tourist and recreational areas to estimate the degree of industry trends and enhance the attractiveness of tourist destinations. 2. investment in infrastructure and workforce: allocate funds for infrastructure development, workforce training, and other projects to rejuvenate safe leisure, business, and international travel. 3. tourism promotion: engage in tourism marketing and promotion activities to attract more tourists and stimulate tourist movement and consumption. 4. economic development: recognize the contribution of tourism to income generation, employment, and foreign exchange earnings, playing a vital role in economic development. these methods can help in effectively utilizing tourist-recreational resources to develop the market of tourism services, thereby contributing to the growth and sustainability of the tourism industry( —networks on heritage tourism and new urbanization the effect of transportation empirical research based on rich heritage sites in a chinese province, б. д.). recreational tourism is an important component of the tourism industry and plays a significant role in economic development. recreational-tourism resources are the main initiators for tourist travel and a crucial tourist motive that animates the tourist movement. these resources are considered crucial initiators for tourist travel and a significant motive that stimulates tourist movement and consumption. recreational tourism resources are crucial for the selection of the desired destination, and they have a major impact on the satisfaction of tourists during their stay. tourism contributes to income generation, employment, and foreign exchange earnings, making it a vital driver of economic development. the tourism sector can play an important role as a driving force of economic development, contributing to the generation of income, employment, and http://www/ 240 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us foreign-exchange earnings. the impact of tourism on economic development depends on the specific characteristics of each country, and the complexity of tourism consumption means that its economic impact is felt widely in other production sectors. the most effective methods for developing tourism services using recreational resources encompass an entrepreneurial approach, understanding the value of recreational-tourism resources, economic development, and cultural exchange(the relationship between motivation and the role of .б. д.), the night of the museums event 1. entrepreneurial approach: an entrepreneurial orientation is particularly applicable to smaller businesses and organizations in the commercial recreation and tourism sector. this approach can provide useful ideas for future commercial recreation and tourism entrepreneurs, aiding in the initiation and management of tourism services. 2. understanding the value of recreational-tourism resources: recreational-tourism resources are the main initiators for tourist travel and a significant motive that stimulates tourist movement and consumption. understanding, defining, and analyzing these resources is crucial for their effective use in developing tourism services. 3. economic development: tourism and recreation can lead to more investments and support for new public facilities, such as public transport, healthcare, and police services. this contributes to economic development and the overall enhancement of tourism services. 4. cultural exchange: tourism and recreation can lead to cultural exchange, involving residents with diverse backgrounds, ages, and educations. this cultural exchange can strengthen the identity of the destination and contribute to the development of tourism services. these methods collectively contribute to the effective development of tourism services using recreational resources, encompassing an entrepreneurial approach, understanding the value of recreational-tourism resources, economic development, and cultural exchange(indoor air quality te changeperception in built cultural heritage in times of clima , б. д.). in summary, recreational tourism is an essential component of the tourism industry and plays a crucial role in economic development. recreational-tourism resources are the main initiators for tourist travel and a significant motive that stimulates tourist movement and consumption. the tourism sector can contribute to income generation, employment, and foreign exchange earnings, making it a vital driver of economic development. conclusion. the effective use of tourist-recreational resources in the development of the market of tourism services is crucial for stimulating tourist movement and consumption. recreational-tourism resources serve as the main initiators for tourist travel and play a significant role in the selection of desired destinations. understanding, defining, and analyzing these resources is essential for their effective utilization in developing tourism services. additionally, the economic impact of tourism, sustainability, and destination marketing are vital factors that contribute to the successful development of tourism services. balancing economic growth with the preservation of cultural and natural resources is crucial for sustainable tourism development. furthermore, the strategic marketing of tourism destinations and the consolidation of sustainability and competitiveness in tourism are essential for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of tourism businesses and destinations. overall, the effective use of touristrecreational resources involves a multifaceted approach that considers economic impact, sustainability, competitiveness, and destination marketing to ensure the development of a robust and attractive tourism market. http://www/ 241 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. ahrorov, z. o., & sobirov, b. b. 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https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1354816618793762 http://www/ https://library.weconservepa.org/conservation-benefits/129-economic-benefits-of-outdoor-recreation-and-tourism https://library.weconservepa.org/conservation-benefits/129-economic-benefits-of-outdoor-recreation-and-tourism 220 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 forms of organization of the educational process sh. n. qurbanova a teacher at bukhsu annotation: the article examines the effectiveness of using various forms of the educational process. for centuries, teachers have been teaching schoolchildren. have accumulated extensive experience. new forms of teaching are being sought and analyzed in order to create a high level of student knowledge. keywords: educational activity, work activity, science, motivation, intellectual activity, practical activity. person-oriented pedagogy prioritizes non-traditional approaches to the organization of the educational process in a modern school. the content of education is the knowledge, abilities, skills, characteristics of creative activity, determined by the requirements of society, which must be related to the efforts of teachers and students to achieve it. is a system of ideological and behavioral qualities. if the goals and content of the training are really compatible with the traditional interpretation, then in the new one they are separated. the real goal is to create the personal potential of a person, to develop his ability to act adequately in the upcoming objective and social situations. content is everything that makes this goal happen. the success of achieving the goal depends not only on what is learned (the content of education), but also on how it is learned: individually or collectively, in authoritarian or humanistic conditions, based on attention, perception, memory or the whole personal potential. the tasks of the educational process are as follows:  to study the psychological and pedagogical bases of the forms of organization of the educational process;  comparison of traditional forms with innovative forms;  development of new forms of teaching that stimulate active cognitive activity of students. in the process of education and its organization, it is necessary to focus on the implementation of the leading components of the educational content. implementation of teaching requires knowledge and skillful use of various forms of organizing the pedagogical process. what are the forms of educational organization, what is their essence? the form of teaching is a purposeful, content-rich and methodologically equipped system of cognitive and educational communication, interaction, relations between the teacher and students. a single and separate form of teaching (lesson, lecture, laboratory work, seminar, excursion, etc.) has a special educational value. it ensures that children learn specific facts, 221 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us generalizations, conclusions and practice individual skills. the system of various forms of education, which allows to reveal integral departments, topics, theories, concepts, and apply interrelated skills, has a general educational and educational value, and the school forms systematic knowledge and personal qualities in students. the need for the systematic connection and diversity of educational forms is related to the uniqueness of the educational content, as well as the specific characteristics of the perception and mastering of educational material by children of different ages. . the content of the subject and the age characteristics of schoolchildren require an appropriate, adequate form of education and determine its character: place in the educational process, time duration, variable, flexible structure, methods of organization, methodological equipment. different combinations of these components make it possible to create different and diverse forms of teaching. there are different classifications of forms of educational process organization, but all of them depend on the structure of educational communication or didactic goals and tasks. all forms can be divided into general and private. general forms of students' work for a long time, it was generally accepted in the pedagogical literature to divide all organizational forms into: 1. general class or frontal training; 2. group (brigade or unit); 3. individual. in the first case, the teacher works with all the students in the class at the same time, in the second case, there are several groups of students in the class, and each small group is taught by one of the students, and in the third case, each student does the work , alone, without anyone's help. this classification is not complete. first, there are no pairs and team training. second, in classification, division members are not mutually exclusive, so frontal classes are a special case of group classes. the basis for such a split remains unclear; this is usually a sign of the same or similar tasks. if all students in a class do the same work, then such classes should be considered frontal, but in fact, each student in these classes works individually, separately, even without the help of a teacher. the same can be said about the classes where tests are held. what if there is independent work on flashcards during the lesson some students have the same tasks and others different? it turns out that group work is carried out in the classroom, in fact, all students work individually (students are separated from each other). what if students work in groups, but all groups have the same tasks? this is not frontal work, but group work. consequently, such distribution of educational forms is considered incorrect and incomplete. specific forms of education . the specific forms of organizing the educational process are the use of general forms only in accordance with specific didactic goals and tasks. depending on the primary goals and characteristics of the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by schoolchildren, the following stages are distinguished in the educational process: formation of new knowledge, strengthening and improvement of knowledge, formation of skills and abilities, application of knowledge ' repetition of knowledge in practice, systematization of knowledge, control of mastering of knowledge and skills and competences. this division does not mean that students absorb only new knowledge when forming new knowledge. they can combine and systematize knowledge of previously learned material, but the main goal of this 222 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us link the formation of new knowledge is subordinate to all others used to achieve it. also, at the level of knowledge consolidation and improvement, students can acquire new knowledge, repeat what they have learned before, but its main purpose is to consolidate and improve knowledge on the currently discussed section of the program. structured forms of educational organization are based on one or another connection and often their combination. for example, it is possible to organize an appropriate class, lecture, conference or excursion based on the link of knowledge formation. formation of students' knowledge can be carried out in appropriate types of extracurricular lectures, conferences and excursions. a lecture allows students to learn more material in 45 minutes than a lecture. it differs from the lesson in a monologic way of presenting the material. the lecture structure lacks conversation as a teaching method. the lecture is intended for high school students who can concentrate for a long time to perceive, understand, process and independently master information . if the material being studied has been well studied before, is not difficult and is well covered in the textbook or study guide, the teacher can hold a conference on the relevant topic and discuss it among the students. can organize a discussion. the discussion should be prepared in advance, for which the teacher determines the topics of the lecture and the main directions of independent work for the students. the teacher's task is to interpret the debate among schoolchildren and summarize the results of the discussion. this form of educational organization is intended for students who have developed the skills of working with literature. during the educational excursion, students get knowledge by observing various exhibits in the museum, the operation of mechanisms in the enterprise, and various processes occurring in nature. active consultation is also aimed at developing student knowledge, allowing the teacher to review the material learned in class with students who were not in class or did not understand or master it. consolidation and improvement of knowledge can be done in a seminar, a final conference or an excursion in addition to the appropriate type of class. the seminar combines conversation and discussion among students as a form of educational organization. the final conference may be discussed in the form of a discussion. the teacher concludes the discussion and draws conclusions. this form of educational organization is primarily intended for high school students. in the final excursion, students, having already mastered the material prepared in advance, carefully inspect objects, stands and observe various processes. in this way, their knowledge improves and deepens. a final tip on the material studied is also useful. in order to improve students' skills, extracurricular educational and practical trainings are also conducted. this form of organization of training effectively helps to achieve the goal by purposefully combining various practical training and experimental work. the difference between academic and practical lesson from the corresponding type of lesson is its greater independence of students in experimental and practical activities. the knowledge acquired by students in the educational process can be used in practical training. the form of a practical lesson is the organization of education in which students have the opportunity to apply the acquired knowledge in practical activities. 223 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. narzullaevna, ks (2021). the role of educational process in the formation of a harmoniously developed generation and methods of using modern teaching technologies. 2. qurbanova, sn, & abdullayeva, f. (2021). use of interactive methods in education lessons. scientific progress , 2 (6), 1030-1035. 3. kurbanova, sh. n., & muzaffarova, n. (2022). interaktivnye obrazovatelnye technologii i ix effektivnye metody. theory and analytical aspects of recent research , 1 (9), 80-84. 4. kurbanova, s. (2023). organizing intensive education for primary class technology lessons. tsentr nauchnyx publikatsiy (bukhdu. en) , 27 (27). 5. narzullayevna, qs (2023). didactic principles of technology teaching and their essence. for teachers , 16 (1), 322-326. 6. narzullayevna, ks (2022). development of students' independent and creative thinking skills. theory and analytical aspects of recent research , 1 (9), 85-88. 7. qurbonova, sn, & abdullayeva, f. use of interactive methods in education lessons. 8. tog’ayeva, u. s. q. (2021). ona tili o’qitish metodikasi modulini takomillashtirishda loyihaviy ta’limdan foydalanish. scientific progress, 2(7), 1022-1026. 9. jobir oʻgʻli, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni oʻrgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 10. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 11. ярашов, м. д. & хамдамова, х. (2022). методика работы над речью учащихся в начальных классах. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 138-143. 12. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang ‘ich sinflarda ta’lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 13. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o’rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 14. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 15. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 16. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 17. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 224 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2023). forming pragmatic competence through teaching students to communication. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 720-723. 19. yunus, y. s. (2022). formation of currency skills in primary school students. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(2), 281-285. 20. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 21. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 22. khamraev, a. r. (2019). modeling teacher's activity in designing students’ creative activities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 23. ҳамроев, а. р. (2022). бошланғич синф она тили таълимида ўқувчиларнинг ижодий фаолиятини лойиҳалаштириш. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 294-305. 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 03, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх leading foreign experience of conducting tax policy and establishing customs tariffs in the activities of foreign economy f. g. sharipov tfi, dsc, ass.professor abstract: the article is devoted to advanced foreign experience of conducting tax policy and establishing customs tariffs in foreign economic activities moreover, it also describes key strategies and practices adopted by countries around the world. keywords: foreign experiences, government, export, market, internal, payment, business, tax polycy, taxation system. as the world continues to become more interconnected, foreign experience in conducting tax policy and establishing customs tariffs has become increasingly important. a number of countries around the world have adopted innovative strategies when it comes to tax policy and customs tariffs in order to maintain healthy trade relationships with their foreign counterparts. this article will examine some of the leading foreign experiences in conducting tax policy and establishing customs tariffs, including key strategies and practices adopted by countries around the world. firstly, canada has long been considered as a country with an efficient taxation system. the canadian government has implemented various measures in order to simplify tax laws for businesses and implement an effective tax regime: 1. streamlined tax filing processes: the canadian revenue agency has introduced online tax filing options for businesses, making it simpler and easier for them to file their taxes. this has resulted in reduced paperwork and administrative burden for businesses. 2. tax incentives for businesses: the canadian government has implemented a number of tax incentives for businesses, such as tax credits for research and development activities. these incentives encourage innovation and investment, helping to boost the economy. 3. reduced tax burden: in recent years, the canadian government has reduced the tax burden on businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises. this has helped to promote entrepreneurship and enterprise in the country. 4. simplified tax rules: the canadian government has simplified tax rules for businesses, making it easier for them to understand and comply with tax regulations. this has helped to reduce the compliance costs and administrative burden for businesses. 5. efficient tax collection: the canadian revenue agency has improved its tax collection processes, making it quicker and more efficient for businesses to pay their taxes. this has helped 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to improve the overall tax compliance rate in the country. canada has also prioritized reducing tax burdens for businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises. in addition, the country has introduced a system of tax incentives for businesses that are based on the locations, types of activities of investment, determining the effectiveness of the performance of the tax benefits of businesses. these measures have encouraged investment and enterprise in the country, and foreign businesses are also able to benefit from the country's tax and customs policies. in europe, switzerland has adopted a unique approach to taxation. the country's low tax rates and lenient regulations have attracted a large number of foreign companies, leading to a booming economy. switzerland also has an efficient customs system in place, minimizing the time taken for imported goods to clear customs. the swiss government has also introduced a system of tax allowances for businesses who develop innovative products and services: the swiss government has introduced a system of tax allowances for businesses who develop innovative products and services. this system is known as the swiss research and development (r&d) tax credit and it's designed to encourage innovation and research activities in switzerland. under this system, businesses can claim a tax credit of up to 50% of the costs associated with research and development activities. these costs can include salary and wage costs, as well as capital costs associated with equipment and facilities used for r&d. to qualify for the r&d tax credit, businesses must meet certain eligibility criteria. they must be engaged in activities that qualify as research and development under swiss tax laws, and the r&d activities must be carried out in switzerland. the swiss government has also introduced other measures to support innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. for example, start-ups in switzerland can benefit from generous tax breaks and funding schemes, which are designed to help them grow and succeed. these measures have helped to position switzerland as a leading destination for business and innovation, attracting investment and talent from around the world. in asia, the government of singapore has adopted a stable and competitive taxation regime in order to attract foreign investment. the country has also implemented a number of measures to simplify tax procedures for businesses, such as allowing e-filing of tax returns and providing one-stop centers for tax registration and compliance. the singaporean government has also implemented measures to reduce customs clearance times and facilitate import and export activities. some of these measures include: 1. tradenet: this is an electronic platform that streamlines the customs clearance process by allowing traders to submit and process customs and trade-related documents electronically. it eliminates the need for physical submission of paper documents and speeds up the process. 2. single window: this is a platform that integrates and streamlines all trade-related activities and allows traders to submit all trade-related documents through a single window. it reduces duplication of processes and eliminates the need to submit documents to multiple agencies. 3. authorized economic operator (aeo) program: this is a program that recognizes traders who have strong security and compliance measures in place, and fast-tracks their customs clearance processes. 4. free trade agreements (ftas): singapore has signed many ftas with other countries, which allows for reduced tariffs and streamlined customs clearance processes for imports and exports between singapore and those countries. 5. centre of excellence for trade facilitation and supply chain management: this is a training program for customs and trade officials from other countries, aimed at improving their 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us knowledge and skills in trade facilitation. this helps to promote the adoption of best practices and improves customs clearance processes globally. this combination of policies has helped the country to become a hub for international business activity. finally, the united states has taken a unique approach to tax policy and customs tariffs. the country has implemented a system of tax credits and incentives for businesses that are engaged in research and development activities. the u.s. government has also introduced a system of tariffs on imported goods in order to protect domestic industries and encourage the growth of manufacturing activities; the u.s. government has introduced a system of tariffs on imported goods in order to protect domestic industries and encourage the growth of manufacturing activities. the tariffs are levied on imported goods at various rates, depending on the type of product and the country of origin. the u.s. government uses two main types of tariffs: protective tariffs and revenue tariffs. protective tariffs are designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition by increasing the cost of imported goods. revenue tariffs, on the other hand, are designed to raise revenue for the government by taxing imported goods. in addition to tariffs, the u.s. government also uses non-tariff barriers to restrict imports and protect domestic industries. these include quotas, embargoes, and regulations that limit the number of imported goods that can enter the country. the u.s. government has been particularly active in recent years in implementing tariffs to protect domestic industries and encourage manufacturing. in 2018, the u.s. government imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports, as well as on products from china, in an effort to reduce the trade deficit and protect domestic industries. these tariffs have been controversial, with some arguing that they have led to higher prices for u.s. consumers and decreased global trade. while these measures have proved controversial, they have undoubtedly contributed to the country's strong economic performance over the years. in conclusion, countries around the world have adopted a variety of approaches to conducting tax policy and establishing customs tariffs in order to encourage foreign investment and promote economic growth. strategies such as simplifying tax laws, providing incentives for businesses, and reducing customs clearance times have all proven successful in different contexts. while there is no one-size-fits-all approach to tax and customs policy, studying the experiences of other countries can provide valuable insights for policy makers looking to implement more effective measures in their own countries. references: 1. canada revenue agency. (2021). business tax information. available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/businesses.html 2. swiss federal tax administration. (2021). taxation in switzerland. available at: https://www.efd.admin.ch/efd/en/home/topics/taxation.html 3. singapore customs. (2021). customs procedures and regulations. available at: https://www.customs.gov.sg/businesses/importing-goods/procedures-and-regulations 4. u.s. department of commerce. (2021). tariffs. available at: https://www.trade.gov/tariffs 5. www.canada.ca (https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/businesses.html) businesses canada.ca https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/businesses.html 226 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of international cooperation in private higher education institutions jumabaeva janar muratbaevna head of international cooperation department of perfect university in tashkent city abstract: the process of globalization creates a need for a new level of professional personnel. currently, the solution to this problem is related to the internationalization of education. a key component of the internationalization process is academic mobility. the main forms and directions of international cooperation between universities of different countries are similar. today, private universities in our country should establish cooperation with internationally prestigious institutions of higher education and strengthen the exchange of experience. key words: private higher education institutions, foreign universities, international cooperation, academic mobility, student exchange. in recent years, higher education institutions in our republic have been expanding their scope of international cooperation. among them are prestigious foreign universities, research centers, international donor organizations and international companies. after the independence of our country, the development of cooperation with leading foreign scientific centers in the field of higher education, the exchange of students, professors and researchers, and the expansion of acquaintance with modern researches in the field of science are a special priority. was formed. the department of international cooperation is one of the youngest and most enterprising departments at perfect university in tashkent. the main goal of the international cooperation department is to further improve the quality of education of perfect university and bring it to an international level by successfully cooperating with the world's leading higher education institutions, centers and scientific organizations and by establishing an effective exchange of students. the department of international cooperation includes the following departments: 1) department of international relations; 2) department of academic mobility. the main goals of the department of international cooperation: the purpose of the international relations department: supporting bilateral and multilateral cooperation, cooperation with foreign higher education institutions, international agencies, foundations, foreign and international organizations; by developing and supporting international cooperation, the education of perfect university , promoting and implementing international initiatives in the fields of scientific research and service; providing quality educational programs and services for perfect university students and helping foreign students adapt to the university environment; international scholarships for perfect university students, increase awareness of grants and other educational programs; to search for sources of financing of scientific researches and announce them to the public in a timely manner; financial support provided by "el-yurt umid" 227 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fund, "erasmus +", usaid, koica, giz, daad programs and other organizations and ensure the maximum effective use of other services. the purpose of the academic mobility department: coordination of international cooperation with foreign higher educational institutions and research institutions; bilateral exchange programs of students, professors and teachers in "erasmus +", "unicen", "fullbright" and other similar programs coordination of participation and support for their full use of the opportunities of these programs; organization and management of academic mobility of students, doctoral students and professors in educational, scientific and research programs, as well as ensuring the use of innovative tools in academic exchange programs; to help students, professors and other employees of perfect university to actively participate in academic exchange programs implemented with partner universities; to effectively implement the exchange of experience between partner higher education institutions; to increase the quality of academic mobility and maintain development of new joint projects aimed at support; giving advice to the perfect university council on increasing the characteristics of academic mobility and its impact on the development of the central asian educational system; development and implementation of questionnaires, seminar-trainings, joint programs and other such projects in connection with the expansion of the academic mobility program; preparation and formalization of documents on the participation of students and professors in the academic mobility program, etc. giving advice and instructions; organizing and coordinating activities of summer and winter schools. within the framework of the agreement on "cooperation in the field of education" between the ministry of higher and secondary special education and the ministry of education of the people's republic of china, established on november 8, 1999, a number of uzbekistan in chinese higher education institutions 40 students, candidates of sciences, and young specialists from higher education institutions are doing internship. practice in chinese higher education institutions is conducted in order to improve knowledge of chinese language and literature, as well as various technical and natural sciences. inviting foreign teachers and professors to work in higher educational institutions of the republic for the purpose of improving the educational process and exchanging experience; international cooperation in the field of higher education in the prc, republic of korea, malaysia, egypt, sultanate of oman, russian federation, azerbaijan, turkmenistan , ukraine and a number of other countries are implemented on the basis of intergovernmental and inter-governmental agreements. is carried out on the basis of contracts. in "perfect university" a meeting was organized with representatives of the european university "prague institute of management and technology" it was attended by the chairman of the supervisory board (ceo) of this university burkhanov umar abdualimovich. at the meeting, a number of important issues were discussed, such as the internship of our students in prestigious higher educational institutions in europe and the attraction of professors-teachers to our university. these agreements deal with the exchange of professors and students, their participation in various conferences and symposia, conducting joint scientific research, publishing scientific articles, etc. higher education institutions of uzbekistan british council, goethe has established close relations with the institute named after the german international cooperation society, the international cooperation agencies of korea and japan, the technical cooperation program of india and malaysia, the un development program, db, atb, itb and others. 228 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us all these programs and projects are aimed at the development of higher education in the country, improvement of the educational and methodological process using advanced foreign experience, improvement of the qualifications of professors and teachers, expansion of student exchange. higher education of uzbekistan it is worth noting the active participation of european union institutions in the tempus and erasmus mundus education programs. at the moment, 20 projects of the european union's tempus educational program are implemented in the republic, and about 40 higher education institutions of uzbekistan participate in them. the tempus project is mainly devoted to the production of educational programs for master's and bachelor's degrees in the field of technical sciences and theoretical technologies. higher educational institutions of the republic work in cooperation with european universities on the development of new educational programs in various subjects and improvement of existing ones. in addition, the tempus project provides an opportunity to provide participating higher education institutions with modern computer equipment and techniques. the tempus project also aims to improve the qualifications of professors and teachers of higher education institutions. it should be noted that short-term seminars, scientific-practical conferences, training courses are held in european higher education institutions within the framework of the projects. participates in the erasmus mundus program aimed at strengthening cooperation. within the framework of the programs, students and teachers will have the opportunity to do scientific practice in european higher education institutions. it should be noted that achieving a high ranking is a long-term effort that requires ongoing commitment, investment, and continuous improvement in various aspects of the university's operations. it's also important to note that rankings can vary depending on the methodology used by different ranking organizations, so universities should focus on holistic improvement rather than just chasing rankings. currently, great attention is being paid to cooperation with foreign partners to attract foreign teachers and specialists to the educational process. the most active work in this direction is carried out with the international cooperation agencies of korea and japan, jica and koica. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 8, 2019 no. pf-5847 "on approval of the concept of development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". / national database of legal documents, 09.10.2019, no. 06/19/5847/3887; 2. https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/education/5d6965ba9a794773337665ff 3. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings 4. sonettia g., sarrica m., norton l.s. conceptualization of sustainability among students, administrative and teaching staff of a university community: an exploratory study in italy. journal of cleaner production. volume 316, 20 september 2021, 128292 5. lex.uz/docs/-4662194 534 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 uzbekistan’s relations with the islamic bank and prospects for their development nazarov nodirjon namoz o'g'li scientific researcher, teacher tashkent institute of finance annotation: this article reveals uzbekistan’s relations with the islamic bank and prospects for their development. we have done some statistical analysis on this theme and contemplated some concepts about implementation of islamic financing in the economy of uzbekistan. main body: the islamic prohibitions, nominate contracts, and promises are closely related features of islamic finance. here, we use a few examples to explain their fundamental role in shaping islamic finance in commercial banking (the largest sector in islamic finance), capital, takaful, and microfinance. these examples are also intended to advance understanding of the most fundamental debate in islamic finance: the form versus substance debate, to which we turn later. commercial banking. in its early days of conceptualization, islamic banking was intended to work as two-tiered investment management (mudaraba). individuals were supposed to invest with the bank on a profit sharing basis, and the bank, in turn, was expected to invest in businesses on a profit-sharing basis. contemporary practice is very different, however, from that early conceptualization. redistribution of wealth. although legitimate acquisition of wealth is permissible, islam discourages hoarding and accumulation of wealth for the love of money. redistributive justice is a core feature of islamic economic thought. it aims to strike a balance between private property rights and distributional concerns. in addition to risk-sharing contracts, some of the key instruments of wealth distribution in islam are: zakah (social welfare tax), sadaqa (charitable giving), waqf (charitable trusts), qard hasan (interest-free loans), and inheritance. these welfare instruments, together with the promotion of risk-sharing contracts in islamic finance, can enhance financial access. in the following subsections, we briefly describe these instruments. uzbekistan, a nation at the crossroads of central asia, has embarked on a journey to diversify its financial sector by introducing islamic banking. this move reflects a global trend toward embracing ethical and interest-free financial practices rooted in sharia principles. while the market share of islamic banks in uzbekistan is currently modest, the nation's commitment to fostering a conducive regulatory environment signals the potential for significant growth in the islamic finance sector. the introduction of islamic finance in uzbekistan is part of a broader strategy to create a more inclusive and diverse financial landscape. the government has taken proactive steps to establish a regulatory framework that accommodates sharia-compliant financial products. this framework not only caters to the needs of the muslim population but also opens up new avenues for financial services that align with ethical and sustainable practices. 535 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us islamic banking in uzbekistan encompasses various financial instruments and services adhering to sharia principles. among these are islamic bonds, known as sukuk, which offer an alternative investment option for both individuals and businesses. these instruments are structured to comply with islamic finance principles, emphasizing asset-backed financing and profit-and-loss sharing arrangements. one of the key drivers behind the adoption of islamic finance in uzbekistan is the aim to promote financial inclusion. by offering sharia-compliant services, islamic banks cater to individuals and businesses that may have religious or ethical preferences for interest-free banking. this inclusivity contributes to a more diverse and accessible financial sector, ensuring that a broader segment of the population can participate in economic activities. while the market share of islamic banks in uzbekistan is currently limited compared to conventional banks, there is a notable potential for growth. as awareness of islamic finance increases and the regulatory framework matures, more individuals and businesses may opt for sharia-compliant financial services. the growth of islamic banking in uzbekistan could be spurred by a combination of factors, including the appeal of ethical and socially responsible financial practices. furthermore, the potential for islamic banking to contribute to economic development in uzbekistan should not be overlooked. by adhering to principles that prioritize transparency, risksharing, and socially responsible investing, islamic banks can play a role in supporting projects that have a positive impact on society. this aligns with the broader goals of sustainable development and economic well-being for the uzbekistan community. in conclusion, the role of islamic banking in uzbekistan is emerging as a catalyst for financial diversity and inclusion. the government's commitment to creating a regulatory framework that accommodates sharia-compliant financial products reflects a strategic vision for a more resilient and ethical financial sector. while the market share of islamic banks is currently in its early stages, the potential for growth is substantial. as uzbekistan continues to navigate this path, islamic banking is poised to become an integral component of the nation's financial landscape, contributing to economic development and fostering financial inclusion for all. conventional banking is based upon financing profitable projects with interest lending. islamic banks avoid interest or riba, and instead invest on a profit or loss basis. typical types of transactions include leasing, purchase and resale transactions (murabaha and ijara) or profit and loss sharing (mudaraba, trust financing or limited partnership and musharaka, joint venture (investment not required to be paid back). part of the social significance of an islamic bank, relative to a conventional bank, is its social objectives. conventional banks usually require a person with a business idea also to have some collateral or capital before finance will be granted. regardless of whether the project is profitable or not, interest will always be levied. the aim of a conventional bank is to fund the most efficient and productive projects. obviously, from the viewpoint of building ―relationship banking‖, the banker would like the project to succeed. however, even if it does not, the interest and principal has some chance of being recovered. islamic bank funding, however, can be structured so the bank’s success can be tied directly to that of the client. they can share in the profits, but also in any losses, hence taking on a more active role. amongst conventional banks a variety of off-balance sheet activities have assumed considerable importance over the years (lewis, 1988, 1992). as with conventional banks islamic banks can run a banking book and a trading book (hassan and choudhury, 2004). this means that they can also deal with off balance sheet contracts such as letters of credits, foreign exchange and financial advising. sources of funds for islamic banks include deposits. islamic current accounts do not pay any reward and are only used for liquidity purposes hence there are no profits to share. savings accounts holders may be able to receive a return called hiba for their investments. an investment account attracts a higher return for depositors, but they also share in the risk of losing money if the bank makes a 536 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us loss. money must be deposited for a minimum period of time also. also for large investors or institutions further investment accounts may exist. these are usually for a specified large project. in contrast to conventional banks, islamic banks have an ethical investment charter. unethical investments in gambling, alcohol or pornography are avoided in line with the qur’an. as part of their social responsibility, islamic banks will arrange the payment of zakat, or donations to charitable purposes, which is often listed on their financial statements. this may motivate further supportive zakat payments by other parties when the islamic bank clearly nominates charitable donations. muslim consumers are able to gain comfort from investing/borrowing via principles that follow the qur’an and therefore can help consumers ensure their religious. typically islamic banks have a shari’a board to ensure that practices comply with the qur’an. comparing the operational performance analysis of islamic banking versus conventional banking. the two main sources of funds for a bank are equity and debt. banks usually operate with a high leverage ratio (in relation to other non-financial businesses) meaning that they borrow high levels of funds, in relation to equity, to then be able to lend out more funds and to therefore increase returns to equity holders. results indicate that the islamic banks had a conservative level of equity in relation to liabilities and equity over the period. from the figures for 2003, it would seem that the islamic banks’ structure was converging or reducing to conventional bank levels. however a 4,5 percent difference in equity to total assets ratio remained. perhaps the conservative structure relates to the social standing of islamic banks and could also relate to fact that islamic banks are more exposed to business risks than conventional banks. given the higher equity levels it might be expected that returns or profitability will also be lower for islamic banks. financial institutions need access to funds for net new investment (new financing less repayments of existing finance) and net withdrawals by depositors (when withdrawals exceed new deposits). and as with any other business form, banks require funds for day-to-day expenses. liquidity risk is the possibility that the bank will not have enough funds on hand to be able to meet obligations as they fall due. returns on liquid assets are generally much lower than returns from funds invested in long-term assets such as loans. the conundrum a bank faces is that holding smaller levels of liquidity increases liquidity risk whereas if the bank holds a higher proportion of liquid assets, then liquidity risk is minimised but returns such as return on assets (roa) are likely to be much lower. liquidity is proxied by liquid assets to customer and short term funding. conventional bank operations had a higher level of liquidity. given that islamic banks have limited access to islamic products to use for liquidity purposes, such as islamic securities, it may have been expected that islamic banks would have had higher liquidity levels than conventional banks. the mainstay business of a bank is providing new financing. nevertheless banks are able to balance their asset portfolio with other investments such as in securities or bonds. government bonds are commonly purchased due to lower credit risk (risk of default of repayment) and liquidity or ability to sell in the secondary markets (conversion to cash when the banks are short on cash). it could be reasonably expected that islamic banks would provide finance to customers at similar levels to conventional banks. the ratio results of net loans or financing (referred to as ―loans‖ in the tables) to total assets show that islamic banks have higher levels of financing provided in all years. the other measurement of loan or financing levels is net loans or financing to customer and short term funding; islamic banks obtained higher results in all years but the level fluctuated from 66 percent to 111 percent. the conventional banks had a much more stable loan portfolio at about 55 percent of customer and short term funding or 42 percent of total assets. perhaps this highlights more consistent management practices of conventional banks which may stem from the fact that conventional banks have been in existence for a longer period and have more competition than islamic banks. islamic banks had a much more consistent result for net financing to total assets at around 51 percent for all years. islamic banks therefore 537 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us provided financing at about a 9 percent higher rate than conventional banks when compared to total assets. part of this could be due to equity financing where islamic banks take a position in the project as a joint partner or perhaps in the purchase and resale types of transactions. if the islamic banks had higher risk equity, it would be expected to be offset by lower risk assets low risk loans or government securities. banking system some money may be hoarded in a household, for instance, which is then not invested for the good of the economy. hence banks are able to assist in economic output and growth by collecting funds and then financing suitable projects. to gain the most potential economic output, however, banks must be working efficiently. a traditional ratio measurement of efficiency for banks is cost to income. hence the emphasis is on minimising costs to maximise efficiency. although this is a reasonable assumption, it must also be noted that a more profit efficient bank may incur higher costs to look after their high-end customers, but meanwhile make a higher margin. from 2001 to 2003 islamic banks had higher cost to income ratios at around 70 percent, but still in line with worldwide conventional bank average figures. given the different arrangements with islamic finance which often require more ―work‖ on the part of the bank, such as with purchase-and-resale or mark-up transactions, it would be expected that islamic banks incur higher costs as compared to conventional banks. when islamic banks take equity investments in a new project it is reasonable to consider that costs in the initial years would be high. with time however the expected return would hopefully be higher and associated costs lower. conventional banks obtained a measure around 55 60 percent, which is considered quite low. nevertheless, many of the countries used in our sample are from the middle east region and that region is noted for the lowest cost efficiency levels worldwide for most financial institutions, the ultimate aim is to maximise shareholder wealth. islamic banks have a broader covenant, and they may be willing to sacrifice profitability for utilitarian aspects of social lending. nevertheless, the continued financial health and existence of a bank requires that the capital be maintained. equity investors will also be concerned that returns are adequate to cover the risks they are taking in their investment in the bank. interestingly, for both profitability measures the islamic banks outperformed conventional banks, although note that the results were calculated on specific country data only and not on a worldwide asis. equity levels are much smaller than total asset because on the source of funds side of a bank’s balance sheet is also the debt. hence profitability figures in relation to equity will always be higher than to total assets. next the specific country data are examined. these are set out in the appendix to this chapter for eleven countries, bahrain, egypt, iran, jordan, lebanon, oman, qatar, saudi arabia, tunisia, turkey and yemen. although both the conventional and islamic banks within a particular country will have similar economic, social and financial conditions they may work within different banking regulations. the very nature of islamic banking with purchase and resale and profit sharing contracts, is different to lending in conventional banks. hence the applicable regulation in regards to islamic banks may be different. some islamic banks have been previously able to operate outside the conventional bank regulatory boundaries. icd's primary mission is to complement isdb's role as a leader by promoting private sector economic growth and development. icd's vision is to be a leading multifaceted islamic financial institution for private sector development. objectives of icd:  to identify opportunities of the private sector that can act as an engine of growth and provide them with effective financial products and services on a large scale;  mobilization of additional funds for private sector projects; 538 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  to support the development of islamic financing and the capital market. table 1 projects financed in uzbekistan by isdb and icd, 2022 1 uzbekistan (member of isdb, icd) isdb icd joining date: 27.08.2003 14.09.2004 capital subscription (million): id 13.44 usd 0.24 capital subscription (percent): 0,03 0,01 total projects and financing: 116 projects (usd 2 602,8 m) completed: 55 projects (usd 1 077,7 m) on-going: 61 projects (usd 1 525,1 m) new commitments: usd 427,2 m business insured: usd 381,5 m agriculture 9 projects usd 702,4 million education 11 projects usd 78,4 million energy 5 projects usd 203,1 million finance 54 projects usd 653,5 million health 15 projects usd 413,2 million industry 9 projects usd 59,9 million it 1 projects usd 0,1 million real estate 0 projects usd 0,0 million transport 4 projects usd 348,1 million water, sanitation and urban services 3 projects usd 93,1 million others 5 projects usd 51.0 million uzbekistan has been a member of isdb since august 2003 and icd since september 2004, respectively. isdb and icd have provided a total of usd 2 602,8 million in financing for 116 projects in uzbekistan. out of these projects, 55 have been completed with a financing of usd 1 077,7 million while 61 are on-going with a financing of usd 1 525,1 million. the sectors that received the most funding are agriculture, finance, and health, respectively usd 702,4 million, usd 653,5 million, and usd 413,2 million in financing. however, the other sectors such as education, energy, transport, water, sanitation and urban services also received significant funding from isdb and icd. according to the decision of the cabinet of ministers no. 428 of may 23, 2019, a few investment projects have been planned to implement with the help of isdb. for 2020, three (3) investment projects have been planned to be launched in the amount of 682,0 million usd, 623 million usd out of this cost is loan amount. for 2021, 5 investment projects:  reconstruction of the highway a-380 "guzor-bukhara-nukus-beinov" in the section 581 — 698 km – 257,0 million usd;  improvement of water supply in kogon district of bukhara region – 71,9 million usd;  improvement of the perinatal service of the republic of uzbekistan – 40,0 million usd;  equipping healthcare facilities with modern equipment for medical oxygen supply – 15,0 million usd;  improvement of water supply, road transport and engineering-communication infrastructure in the villages of bukhara, navoi and samarkand regions as part of the "prosperous village" program – 200,0 million usd. 1 https://www.isdb.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2022-08/isdbg_brief_2022_q2.pdf isdb (islamic development bank) group brief for 2022 q2 539 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to decree of the ex-president of the republic of uzbekistan, no. pq-4147 dated 02.01.2019 named as ―on the membership of the republic of uzbekistan in the international islamic trade and financial corporation and the islamic corporation of investment and export credit insurance‖, financial cooperation was implemented in order to further expand cooperation with international financial institutions, diversify sources of external financing, and implement advanced international experience in developing the country's export potential. table 2 payment of contributions of the republic of uzbekistan to the authorized capital of iitfc and ieciic (1 id=1,39 usd) 2 № year payment of contributions for ieciic shares payment of contributions for iitfc shares payment for shares in usd during years amount of shares payment amount of shares payment in islamic dinaar in usd in islamic dinaar in usd 1. 2019 62 62 000,00 86 180,00 16 160 000,00 222 400,00 308 580,00 2. 2020 63 63 000,00 87 570,00 17 170 000,00 236 300,00 323 870,00 3. 2021 17 170 000,00 236 300,00 236 300,00 total: 125 125 000,00 173 750,00 50 500 000,00 695 000,00 868 750,00 according to the approved schedule of payments, the ministry of finance has allocated to the ministry of investments and foreign trade of the republic of uzbekistan funds in the amount of 500 000 islamic dinars equivalent to pay the subscription fee for the shares of iitfc at the expense of additional sources of the republican budget of the republic of uzbekistan during 2019-2021 years. when it comes to introduction of islamic banking and finance products in economy of uzbekistan prospects are broad and numerous. uzbekistan’s economy is still strongly dependent on its agriculture industry and contract of salam can become very handy to finance farmers at times of planning and growing of agriculture products. financier can also benefit by making advance purchase of the harvest at attractive prices. similarly, contract of istisna could be widely used in financing of many production, manufacturing and construction projects. flexibility of financing according to phases of production in the project makes this contract handy in many instances. especially, financing of new housing and office real estate could be done in very smooth manner if istisna mode of islamic finance is used in the process. both construction firm and its financiers could agree on stages of financing and renegotiate on price if there are any changes in cost of construction material and due to other unforeseen circumstances. on the other hand, success of small and micro enterprises (smes) could substantially increase in the country which islamic modes of equity-based partnership such as mudarabah and musharakah are introduced. it can be compared to important role that venture capitalists are playing in modern western business sectors. without such intervention by equity investors many of the modern high-tech companies such as apple would not exist at all. this means similar equity based islamic finance contracts could significantly contribute to development of innovation by uzbekistan growing smes. 2 decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, ―on the membership of the republic of uzbekistan in the international islamic trade and financial corporation and the islamic corporation of investment and export credit insurance‖ no. pq-4147 dated 02.01.2019 javascript:scrolltext(-4276701) javascript:scrolltext(-4276701) javascript:scrolltext(-4276701) javascript:scrolltext(-4276701) javascript:scrolltext(-4276701) 540 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, ―on the membership of the republic of uzbekistan in the international islamic trade and financial corporation and the islamic corporation of investment and export credit insurance‖ no. pq-4147 dated 02.01.2019 2. nazarov nodirjon, the engagement between islamic and conventional banking, 2023 / inlibrary.uz 3. nazarov nodirjon, financial risks in islamic financing, eurasian journal of history, geography and economics, 2023, 40-48 pp. 4. nazarov nodirjon, islamic banking: problems, solutions and prospectives, world economics and finance bulletin, 2023, 153-159 pp. 5. nazarov nodirjon, significance of islamic finance in financial market of uzbekistan, academia science repository 4, 2023, 132-139 pp. 6. nazarov nodirjon, modern strategic management issues, science and innovations 2, 2023, 987-993 pp. 7. nazarov nodirjon, uzbekistan’s relations with the islamic bank and prospects for their development, 2023. 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 new changes to the iii section of the constitution republic of uzbekistan mamajanov alisher muratovich docent, teacher of military education faculty in fergana state university abstract in this article, changes will be considered in the iii section of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan in 2023. keywords: economics, entrepreneurship, goods and services, property, state property, private property, institution of civil society, religious organization, family introduction if we consider changes in the iii section of the constitution society and personality, then we must start with 53 articles of chapter xii. section third. society and personality chapter xii. the economic foundations of society the article additionally indicates free honest competition equal to the legal protection of all forms of ownership, to protect the conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. in addition, the article 53 was enriched with an additional note that indicates the issue of alienation of property. article 53 the basis of the economy of uzbekistan aimed at developing market relations is property in its various forms. the state guarantees the freedom of economic activity, entrepreneurship and labor, taking into account the priority of consumer rights, equality and legal protection of all forms of ownership. private property, along with other forms of ownership, is inviolable and defended by the state. the owner can be deprived of it only in cases and in the manner prescribed by law. the basis of the economy of uzbekistan aimed at developing market relations is property in its various forms. the state guarantees the freedom of economic activity, entrepreneurship and labor, taking into account the priority of consumer rights, free honest competition equal to the legal protection of all forms of ownership. private property is inviolable and defended by the state. the state creates the conditions for the balanced development of sectors of the economy and territories, and also ensures a fair distribution of economic resources. 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the state provides a favorable business and investment climate, conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. entrepreneurs have the right to carry out any activities not prohibited by law, to independently choose areas of their activities, to receive income from entrepreneurship in an unlimited amount. the republic of uzbekistan is guaranteed the free movement of goods, services, labor and financial resources. measures aimed at restricting the movement of goods, services, labor and financial resources can be introduced in accordance with the law, if necessary to ensure security, protect human life and health, protect nature and cultural heritage. unscrupulous competition, monopolization of economic activity is not allowed. the results of dispersion and privatization of review and cancellation are not subject to cancellation. article 53−1 not a single person can be deprived of his property other than by court decision. the forced alienation of property for public needs can be made in exceptional cases and the manner prescribed by law, subject to preliminary and equivalent compensation. the next changing amendment article 55, which considers the issue of land tenure. article 55 earth, its bowels, water, atmospheric air, plant and animal world and other natural resources are national wealth, are subject to rational use and are in state property. the land may also be in private property on the terms and in the manner prescribed by law. agricultural land, forest fund belong to the state and allocated to business entities on the basis of lease agreements. natural resources are subject to rational use and are protected by the state. chapter xiii. public associations were also changed, in particular article 56 and 61 the article reveals the institutions of civil society, determines their content, and articles 61 are guaranteed the freedom of the activities of religious organizations. article 56 the institutions of civil society, including mahalalli, political parties, movements, media, trade unions, public funds and other public associations of persons form the basis of civil society, determine its content. they are designed to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, democratic values, promote the achievement of social and cultural goals, satisfy the spiritual and other intangible needs of society article 61 religious organizations and associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. the state does not intervene in the activities of religious associations. the republic of uzbekistan is guaranteed the freedom of the activities of religious organizations in force in the manner prescribed by law. the state is a guarantor of peaceful coexistence of faiths. change and chapter xiv. family. article 63 at the legislative level approved that the family is a marriage of a man and a woman. article 63 the family as a natural and main cell of society, the basis of the preservation and reproduction of the population is under the special protection of society and the state. marriage is based on free consent and equality of women and men. the state creates the social and economic conditions necessary for the full development of the family. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the state ensures the provision of benefits and social guarantees to large families in accordance with the law. article 64 indicates the need for parents and persons replacing them to take care of their children of their adulthood. article 64 parents and replacing them have the right and are obliged to maintain their children until their age, take care of their upbringing, education, healthy, full and harmonious development. the state and society provide content, education, healthy, harmonious development and education of orphans and children deprived of parental care, encourage charitable activities in this direction. if we consider article 65, then it affects the interests of the child, determines the state responsibility for the formation of children committed by national and universal values. article 65 children are equal before the law, regardless of the origin and civil state of the parents. the interests of the child, the creation of all conditions for the full physical, mental and cultural development of children are the most important priority of state policy. motherhood, paternity and childhood are protected by the state. the state and society take care of the formation in children and youth of commitment to national and universal values, pride in the rich spiritual heritage of the great ancestors. the education of legal awareness in the younger generation does not come down only to the expansion of knowledge about law, the formation of a positive attitude towards it as the social value of our society, the psychological and spiritual and moral education of youth in a multinational and multi-confessional society is no less important. references: 1. the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: uzbekistan, 2023. 2. muratovich, l. c. m. a. (2022). objective principles of military patriotic education. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(7), 40-41. 3. muratovich, p.. m.. a.(2022). central asia at the end of the xviii—first half of the xix century. . gospodarka i innowacje., 20, 62-63. 4. mamadzhanov, a. m. (2021). patriotism-the basis of the formation of society. zien journal of social sciences and humanities, 3, 130-132. 5. мамаджанов, а. м., & султoнов, с. (2023). льготы военнослужащим и членам их семей. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 2(14), 156-164. 6. мамаджанов, а. м. (2023). изучение проблемы информационной безопасности в контексте национальной безопасности. miasto przyszłości, 36, 254-257. 7. мамаджанов, а. м. (2023). изучение проблемы информационной безопасности в контексте национальной безопасности. miasto przyszłości, 36, 254-257. 8. abdusalomov, u. s. (2023). defending the motherland is the obligation of every child. theory of scientific researches of whole world, 1(1), 6-9. 9. abdusalomov, u. s. (2023). defending the motherland is the obligation of every child. theory of scientific researches of whole world, 1(1), 6-9. 10. sattorovich, a. u. (2023). yoshlarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashning asosiy tamoillari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(20), 232-234. 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 02, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх protection of shareholders' rights when purchasing a large package of shares of a joint stock company feruza khakimjonova tashkent state law university, graduate student abstract: this article is devoted to clarifying the theoretical-scientific basis of the concept of large package shares of joint-stock companies and the comparative legal analysis of national and foreign legislation. in this work, the concept of large block shares, the issues of protecting the interests of shareholders in the purchase of large block shares are discussed. also, the importance of large block shares in society, measures to protect the rights of minority shareholders in the procurement process, the reasons for adopting a special procedure for purchasing this type of shares, and the relationship between large block shares and corporate control are studied. keywords: joint stock company, stock, large block stock, majority, minority shareholder, corporate law, corporate dispute. today, corporate disputes arise in joint-stock companies on various grounds. among these, buying large blocks of shares and protecting the interests of shareholders in the process is one of the least analyzed institutions. in accordance with the current provisions of the joint stock law, a special procedure for the purchase of a large share package is used in open joint stock companies whose shares are freely traded on the stock market 1 . this procedure is important because the legal entity is formed from the shares of many individuals and large block shares lead to the acquisition of corporate control in society. for example, a change in corporate control may affect the interests of many members of a joint-stock company, including minority shareholders. according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the securities market", a share is the right to receive part of the profit of the joint-stock company in the form of dividends, to participate in the management of the joint-stock company, and to receive a part of the property remaining after its liquidation. issuable security with the owner's name written on it, with an unspecified validity period, confirming the right to according to this law, shares are issued in the republic of uzbekistan without documents 2 . according to its legal nature, undocumented shares are a set of property and non-property rights owned by the shareholder and recorded in the register of shareholders 3 . 1 khakberdiev aa arbitration court: some issues of law protection //world bulletin of management and law. 2021. t. 4. s. 9-12. 2 ўзбекистон республикаси “қимматли қоғозлар бозори тўғрисида”ги қонуни. тошкент ш., 03.06.2015. ўрқ – 387-сон. 3 корпаротивное право: учебник/е.г.афанасьева, в.ю.бакшинскас, е.п.губин и др.; отв. ред. и.с.шиткина. 2-е изд.; перераб. и доп. м: кнопус, 2015. 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a share is a security confirming the corporate rights of its owner to a joint-stock company, the most important of which is the right to participate in the management of the company and receive income from the invested capital 4 . it follows from the content of legal documents that the action:  securities;  a set of shares;  a document confirming the shareholder's corporate rights to the company;  share in the charter capital 5 . shares can be issued only by joint-stock companies. business companies, limited liability and additional liability companies, cooperatives have no right to issue shares. as a result of issuing and placing shares, the company's charter fund is formed 6 . thus, as a security, a share confirms not only the shareholder's property rights, but also organizational and management rights. that is, the right to participate in the management of the joint-stock company, the right to receive information about the activities of the joint-stock company. however, the share does not give its owner any ownership rights to the property of the joint-stock company, or to a part of it, because all the property is the property of the joint-stock company, and the share is considered a property right 7 . the peculiarity of shares as a security is that the range of rights of the shareholder is proportional to the number of shares owned by him, and this amount causes the change of rights of the shareholder. in particular, large-scale shares lead to the emergence of corporate control in society 8 . according to the amount of rights arising as a result of shares, shares are divided into ordinary and preferred shares. shareholder relations in the republic of uzbekistan are regulated on the basis of the normative legal document of the republic of uzbekistan "on the protection of the interests of the joint-stock company and shareholders" adopted in a new version on 06.05.2014 with the national law no. 370 9 . according to this law, the person who became the owner of 50 % or more of the shares of the company, if he did not own the shares of this company before or owned less than 50% of the shares, he shall transfer the shares to the owners of the remaining shares at their market value. must announce its sales offer within 30 days. if the shareholder's written consent to sell his shares is received within 30 days from the date of announcement, the owner of 50 percent or more of the company's shares must purchase these shares. so, from this norm, we can come to the conclusion that, according to the current legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, large-package shares mean the part of shares that is more than 50%, regardless of whether they are ordinary or preferred shares (article 40, clause 4) 10 . in the legislation of other 4 khakberdiev a. history and legal characteristics of the arbitral tribunal //international journal of early childhood. 2022. t. 14. no . 02. – s. 2080-2090. 5 корпаротивное право: учебник/е.г.афанасьева, в.ю.бакшинскас, е.п.губин и др.; отв. ред. и.с.шиткина. 2-е изд.; перераб. и доп. м: кнопус, 2015 6 štefánik l., khakberdiev a., davronov d. classification and types of arbitration courts // norwegian journal of development of the international science. 2022. no . 79-2. s. 19-25. 7 а.а.хакбердиев низоларни муқобил тартибда ҳал қилишда ҳакамлик ва арбитраж судининг ўрни ва уларнинг турлари // журнал правовых исследований. 2022. 7-jild. 4. 8 степанов д. корпоративные споры и реформа процессуального законодательства // вестник вас рф. 2004. 9 ўзбекистон республикасининг «акциядорлик жамиятлари ва акциядорларнинг ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш тўғрисида»ги ўзбекистон республикаси қонунига ўзгартиш ва қўшимчалар киритиш ҳақида”ги қонуни. тошкент ш., 2014 йил 6 май, ўрқ – 370. 10 ўзбекистон республикасининг «акциядорлик жамиятлари ва акциядорларнинг ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш тўғрисида»ги ўзбекистон республикаси қонунига ўзгартиш ва қўшимчалар киритиш ҳақида”ги қонуни. тошкент ш., 2014 йил 6 май, ўрқ – 370. 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us countries, in particular in russia, this amount is 30 percent 11 . in developed countries, the specific amount of a large package share is not determined, the amount of a "large package share" varies depending on the concentration of such shares and the complexity of the society's structure 12 . in the shareholding law, the concept of large block shares and the existence of a separate mechanism for the purchase of large block shares are of great importance. consequently, the concept of large block shares is closely related to the concept of corporate control. corporate control is interpreted differently in different schools of law. for example, in continental law, control is considered as an inspection, while in common law countries, corporate control is considered as control over the corporation. according to the common law doctrine, corporate control is considered as the result of the distribution of power, positions and opportunities between the subjects of the corporate relationship 13 . corporate control not only means the concentration of a large package of shares in the hands of one or a group of shareholders, but also the decisive influence of this shareholder(s) on the long-term goals and programs, strategies and policies of the society. according to d. stepanov, corporate control is evident in the following two ways:  formation of bodies of a legal entity: formation and management of management, board of directors, council;  ability to influence the disposal of property belonging to society 14 . from the above, we can conclude that the importance of large block shares is that such shares are collected under the ownership of one person, which can affect the interests of not only minority shareholders, but also members of the company's management bodies 15 . therefore, in order to prevent corporate control, the term "large block shares" and the mechanism of "sale of large block shares" were introduced 16 . it has been repeatedly noted in the literature of corporate law that there are two main models of legal regimes for the purchase of large stakes in world practice 17 : american and european (british) 18 . the thirteenth directive of the european union of april 21, 2004 (directive 2004/25/ec of the european parliament and of the council of april 21, 2004 on takeover bids) is considered the main regulatory document in the european (or british) model of the purchase of large blocks of shares 19 . 11 пояснительная записка к проекту федерального закона от 18.04.2005 № 162770-7 «о внесении изменений в федеральный закон «об акционерных обществах» и некоторые другие законодательные акты российской федерации». статья 84.1. 12 abdumurad k. ensuring confidentiality in the detection and investigation of the crimes of money laundering // rechtsidee . 2019. t. 5. – no. 2. s. 10.21070/ jihr . 2019.5. 65-10.21070/ letter . 2019.5. 65. 13 khakberdiev a. the process of termination of an employment contract with an employee of a foreign embassy //science and innovation. 2022. t. 1. – no. c7. s. _ 303-306. 14 степанов д. «поглощение, осуществляемое путем приобретения крупного пакета акций, и вытеснение миноритарных акционеров». хозяйство и право. 2006, №6, с. 3-18. 15 hakberdiev aa challenges of arbitration in reforming civil and economic procedural processes //archive of conferences. 2021. s. 159-162. 16 корпоративное право. учебник для студентов вузов, обучающихся по направлению «юриспруденция». / отв. ред. и.с. шиткина. – м.: волтерс клувер, 2007 – 648 с. 17 khakberdiev aa prospects of improving arbitration courts as one of the methods of alternative dispute resolution in uzbekistan //web of scientist: international scientific research journal. 2023. t. 4. – no. 1. s. 77-88. 18 качалова а. в. интересы мажоритарных и миноритарных акционеров при приобретении более 30% акций открытого акционерного общества // законодательство. 2010. № 2. с. 28 19 http://eur-lex.europa.eu (directive 2004/25/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 21 april 2004 on takeover bids). 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main purpose of the directive is to: 1. obligation to send a share purchase offer to the minority shareholders who have acquired a share of shares giving the right to manage in the company; 2. giving minority shareholders the opportunity to sell their shares at a reasonable price; 3. there should be no pressure from a major shareholder during the decision-making process of shareholders to sell their shares; 4. protection of the interests of minority shareholders who did not accept the public offer. the eu directive 2004/25 is based on the following main provisions:  mandatory offer rule;  non-interference rule by the company's board of directors;  disclosure rules;  minority shareholder exclusion rule;  a put clause that gives minority shareholders the right to demand that the controlling shareholder buy back their shares. the same basic rules regulate the purchase of large share packages in the republic of uzbekistan. therefore, it can be reasonably argued that the legislation of uzbekistan follows the european approach 20 . therefore, according to our legislation, a shareholder who has purchased a large package of shares must offer other shareholders to sell their shares at market value, and if the shareholders accept this offer, they must buy their shares. it is known that the purchase of large blocks of shares leads to a change of management in the company. for example, according to our legislation, large shareholders have a number of rights, and as a result of these powers, they have a decisive vote in the enterprise. in particular, in accordance with article 68 , the general meeting of shareholders is authorized (has a quorum) if the shareholders (their representatives) who have a total of more than fifty percent of the votes of their voting shares are registered. it can be concluded that the owner of 50+ shares is decisive for the general meeting of shareholders to be considered authorized 21 . therefore, the introduction of the norm on sending an offer into the legislation was carried out primarily in order to protect the interests of minority shareholders and to protect them from the pressure of large shareholders. of the central depository of securities, the state owns 82% of the total number of shares in the republic of uzbekistan, and 8.3% is disposed of by other shareholders. it can be seen that joint stock companies in our country are not as highly concentrated as in developed countries. the form of joint-stock company is still in the process of development. however, according to the reforms of recent years, large-scale privatization is taking place, and it is today's task to further improve the provisions of our legislation on the purchase of large packages of shares and further optimize the interests of shareholders and society. the fourth paragraph of article 40 of the law "on protection of joint-stock companies and shareholders' interests", a person who becomes the owner of 50% or more of the company's shares shall send an offer to sell shares to other shareholders. we have seen above that this requirement applies to owners of 30 percent or more shares in russian legislation . in our opinion, the 50 percent limit established by our legislation cannot adequately protect the interests of minority shareholders. for example, 30 percent or more of the shares may allow to influence 20 yu p., khakberdiev a. about psychological features conducting an interrogation //norwegian journal of development of the international science. 2021. no . 60-3. s. 6-9. 21 khakberdiev aa ways of improving arbitration courts in uzbekistan //intellectual education technological solutions and innovative digital tools. 2023. t. 2. – no. 14. s. 75-81. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the establishment of control in the company. for this reason, we should reduce the size of the large package shares in the above norm. in short, this institute is considered a new field in the legislation of our country. as suggested above, by introducing a number of changes and new concepts to our legislation, it is possible to minimize the conflict of interests of shareholders and effectively protect the rights of minority shareholders and society in the process of purchasing large blocks of shares. references 1. khakberdiev aa arbitration court: some issues of law protection //world bulletin of management and law. 2021. t. 4. s. 9-12. 2. ўзбекистон республикаси “қимматли қоғозлар бозори тўғрисида”ги қонуни. тошкент ш., 03.06.2015. ўрқ – 387-сон 3. корпаротивное право: учебник/е.г.афанасьева, в.ю.бакшинскас, е.п.губин и др.; отв. ред. и.с.шиткина. 2-е изд.; перераб. и доп. м: кнопус, 2015. 4. khakberdiev a. history and legal characteristics of the arbitral tribunal //international journal of early childhood. 2022. t. 14. no. 02. – s. 20802090. 5. корпаротивное право: учебник/е.г.афанасьева, в.ю.бакшинскас, е.п.губин и др.; отв. ред. и.с.шиткина. 2-е изд.; перераб. и доп. м: кнопус, 2015. 6. štefánik l., khakberdiev a., davronov d. classification and types of arbitration courts // norwegian journal of development of the international science. 2022. no . 79-2. s. 19-25. 7. а.а.хакбердиев низоларни муқобил тартибда ҳал қилишда ҳакамлик ва арбитраж судининг ўрни ва уларнинг турлари // журнал правовых исследований. 2022. 7-jild. 4. 8. степанов д. корпоративные споры и реформа процессуального законодательства // вестник вас рф. 2004. 9. ўзбекистон республикасининг «акциядорлик жамиятлари ва акциядорларнинг ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш тўғрисида»ги ўзбекистон республикаси қонунига ўзгартиш ва қўшимчалар киритиш ҳақида”ги қонуни. тошкент ш., 2014 йил 6 май, ўрқ – 370. 10. ўзбекистон республикасининг «акциядорлик жамиятлари ва акциядорларнинг ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш тўғрисида»ги ўзбекистон республикаси қонунига ўзгартиш ва қўшимчалар киритиш ҳақида”ги қонуни. тошкент ш., 2014 йил 6 май, ўрқ – 370. 11. пояснительная записка к проекту федерального закона от 18.04.2005 № 162770-7 «о внесении изменений в федеральный закон «об акционерных обществах» и некоторые другие законодательные акты российской федерации». статья 84.1. 12. abdumurad k. ensuring confidentiality in the detection and investigation of the crimes of money laundering // rechtsidee. 2019. t. 5. – no. 2. s. 10.21070/ jihr . 2019.5. 6510.21070/ letter. 2019.5. 65. 13. khakberdiev a. the process of termination of an employment contract with an employee of a foreign embassy //science and innovation. 2022. t. 1. – no. c7. s. _ 303-306. 14. степанов д. «поглощение, осуществляемое путем приобретения крупного пакета акций, и вытеснение миноритарных акционеров». хозяйство и право. 2006, №6, с. 318. 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. hakberdiev aa challenges of arbitration in reforming civil and economic procedural processes //archive of conferences. 2021. s. 159-162 16. корпоративное право. учебник для студентов вузов, обучающихся по направлению «юриспруденция». / отв. ред. и.с. шиткина. – м.: волтерс клувер, 2007 – 648 с. 17. khakberdiev aa prospects of improving arbitration courts as one of the methods of alternative dispute resolution in uzbekistan //web of scientist: international scientific research journal. 2023. t. 4. – no. 1. s. 77-88. 18. качалова а. в. интересы мажоритарных и миноритарных акционеров при приобретении более 30% акций открытого акционерного общества // законодательство. 2010. № 2. с. 28 19. http://eur-lex.europa.eu (directive 2004/25/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 21 april 2004 on takeover bids). 20. yu p., khakberdiev a. about psychological features conducting an interrogation //norwegian journal of development of the international science. 2021. no. 60-3. s. 6-9. 21. khakberdiev aa ways of improving arbitration courts in uzbekistan //intellectual education technological solutions and innovative digital tools. 2023. t. 2. – no. 14. s. 75-81. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 116 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 stages of reconstruction of fayoztepa monument khursanov javohir student of termez state university javohirxursanov92@gmail.com abstract: about some ancient architectural structures built in the territory of ancient termez and some of which have survived to the present day, about ancient and modern culture, which is a material applied art such as pottery, ancient temples, architectural elements related to ancient architecture and urban planning and their place in the architecture of the new period. in this way, we wanted to present the ancient city centers, city walls, residential areas, lifestyle, labor activity of the population, waterworks, as well as their place in modern architecture, to those interested in the field. providing information about our ancient architecture and urban planning will increase the interest of students in the field of architecture, urban planning, architecture of buildings, design and construction of bridges, roads, waterworks. we wish science-hungry students and young professionals the best of luck in their research into history and the creation of the architecture of the future! keywords: ancient architecture is the term for the architecture of ancient times in the modern architectural literature. monumental monuments are elements with statues, carvings and embossed images. buddhist temples are places of worship for ancient buddhists. fortress walls are the perimeter walls of the city, which in ancient times were covered with cotton or brick, protecting the population from various external dangers. some of the ancient architectural structures built in ancient termiz region and preserved to the present day, some of which have been preserved, about the ancient and modern culture, which is considered a material practical art such as pottery, tiling, and about the elements of ancient architecture, which is considered a practical decorative art such as sculpture and jewelry, we will talk about their role in ancient architecture and modern architecture and urban planning. in the political, socio-economic and cultural life of the peoples of central asia, the establishment of cities has had an important place since ancient times. cities are one of the benchmarks that reflect the traditions of statehood and the way of life of the local population, which have been formed and developed over several thousand years. since ancient times, the walls of the city have been important in protecting the population from various external threats, managing the socio-economic life in the city, and keeping it in order. it is found in many sources that ancient termiz monuments, with their non-repetition, have always been the focus of attention of ancient authors, early medieval chinese tourists and historians of the muslim era. professor b. p. denike (1926-1928) led the preliminary archaeological excavations in old termiz and identified such monuments as zurmala and 117 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us karatepa. in this, the scientist proved that there were cultural layers in the city square until the 8th century ad. large-scale archaeological excavations are associated with the termiz archaeological expedition led by professor m.e. masson (1936-1938). the kushan-era constructions of termiz, the existing buddhist temples in the city, and the art excavated from them opened a new chapter in the study of asian-indian connections. the spread of buddhism and related architectural structures to china and the far east also happened through the ancient city of termiz. the trade route, considered one of the important branches of the "great silk road", which connected the central regions of ancient asia with the lands of north india, also passed through this old termiz. the ruins of old termiz are located 8-9 km southwest of the current city of termiz, on the right bank of amudarya. termiz, which has a history of almost 2500 years, occupies an important place in the cultural development of asian peoples. during 1969-1976, another buddhist temple located outside the city of termiz was studied by the expedition of the institute of archeology of the uz. fa and the regional museum of regional studies. these excavations were led by l.i. albaum and a.a. kozlovsky. during the kushan period, termiz was located on 350 hectares, and its population was about 50 thousand people. termiz, which became one of the largest cities of its time, combined the advanced trends of the ancient eastern culture. information about the internal structure of termiz in ancient times is very limited. the reason is that the buildings built at that time were later leveled or buried several meters deep. a chinese tourist named xuan-tsian, who came to termiz in 630 through movarunnahr, said that the territory of the ancient city of termiz was 20 li (10 km). the monument of fayoztepa is located in the northwest of the ruins of the old city of termiz, near the city of termiz, 1 km northeast of karatepa. the fayoztepa monument was fully excavated and studied in 1968-1976 under the guidance of archaeologist l.i.albaum, and in 2004-2006 under the guidance of archaeologist t.annaev. this religious center in the place of fayoztepa was called "haya-vihara" i.e. "monastery of horsemen" according to the samples of inscriptions found in this place. fayoztepa settlement is 113 meters long and 34 meters wide, and consists of three parts a temple in the central part, a monastery in the northwest, and farm parts in the southeast. the chapel part has 19 rooms, the household part has 15 rooms, and the monastery part has 12 rooms. the rooms are covered with domes and arches, the corridors are covered with arches, the walls are 1.6 meters thick. the total height of the temple was 4-4.5 meters. the size of the part where the stupa is located is 20 meters by 20 meters, the diameter of the stupa is 4 meters. since 1980, the termiz expedition of the fa archaeological institute of the republic of uzbekistan led by sh.r. pidaev has been carrying out extensive archaeological excavations in old termiz. in order to determine the initial formation processes of the city, the members of this expedition carried out large-scale excavations in its arch part, defense structures, city neighborhoods, and potters' workshops. as a result, from the 1st millennium bc to the 17th century, a lot of archeological evidence was obtained, illuminating the material and spiritual life of the people of termiz city. as part of the expedition, archaeologists from surkhandarya t. annaev, a. boboho'jaev, sh.rakhmonov, sh. the shaydullaevs took an active part in the study of the monuments of old termiz. 118 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fayoztepa buddha temple termiz was one of the cities under the control of bukhara khanate. the 16th-century historian hafiz tanish bukhari describes the city wall as "very powerful",1 and the 17th-century author mahmud ibn wali noted that "the city is surrounded by a strong wall"2. many other large and small cities of the bukhara khanate were also surrounded by mud walls. similarly, according to the impressions of kornilo suvorov, who returned from captivity in bukhara in the middle of the 19th century, "kattakurgan, ziyovuddin, karmana, yangikurgan, kerki, karshi, jizzakh were also "covered in mud". "fortresses around the cities served as the defense of the cities and conditionally served as an administrative line (border). the walls of the fortress were mostly made of straw and raw bricks, and the thickness became thinner towards the top. usually, the top level of the walls was such that a knight, sometimes even two horsemen, could walk side by side on it. on the outside of the wall there were kunguras. the constellations protruding from the surface of the wall were both functional shooting at the enemy who came under the wall, and artistic plastic of the architectural wall plane. most of the historical system of the cities was as follows. in the middle is the bazaar, the main center of the city. registan was also here. main streets, first-class streets are distributed in a radial direction from the center. they are usually separated by the presence of gates in the fortress wall of the city, and behind the wall it turns into a road leading to other cities and villages. main streets are characterized by some straightness and some width. the city walls served to ensure the socio-economic development of the states in central asia. customs houses are often placed in front of the city walls. references: 1. "scenes from the history of old termiz". termiz. 1991. t. annaev. p. joraeva 2. "ancient baktria" leningrad. "nauka" 1974. otv.ed. v.m. mason 3. rtveladze e.v., pidaev sh., kochnev b. termiz is an old and new city at the crossroads of great roads. tashkent.: 2001. 4. national encyclopedia of uzbekistan. volume 9, tashkent.: 2005 5. "puteshestvie po sredney azii".m. vambery a. 1867g. 6. shishkin v.a. arkhitekturnye pamyatniki bukhari. tashkent, 1936.p.30. 7. polatov, m. (2020). povyshenie effektivnosti stroitelstva zdaniy i soorujeniy za schet izucheniya optimalogo reshenia bezpesochnogo sostava betona. economics and society, (10), 651-654. 119 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. pulatov m.r. rakhimov a.k., metodika eksperimentalnogo issledovaniya sdvigovoy jostkosti diaphragmmy profilirovannogo nastila. economics and society, 10(89) 2021, 272277. 9. mirkamol polatov rasuljonovich, rahimov qaxxorovich, choriyev anvar dzhumayevich., method of experimental study of shear stiffness of profiled flooring diaphragm. academicia an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(10) 2021, 11801183. 181 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 tax policy of uzbekistan and its main directions shakhzod abduvakhobov samarkand institute of economics and service, samarkand, uzbekistan annotation: this article describes tax policy and its main directions in the conditions of economic reform, directions of tax policy development, tax policy aimed at optimizing tax benefits, current problems of tax policy modernization, and the procedure for ensuring financial stability of small business and private business entities. keywords: tax, tax policy, tax system, entrepreneurship. the currently formed tax system (list of main taxes, basic principles of tax base construction, proportional, progressive and regressive taxes, etc.) generally creates a great opportunity to develop a unified tax policy and build a stable revenue base for the budget. it concentrates the main force on the formation of the income base of the budget on direct taxation, and allows to radically modernize the direction of taxation on various elements of the tax system. but at present, these opportunities are not only not being used, but are also being consistently limited. within the framework of the tax system, there are misunderstandings and conflicting opinions that reduce its effectiveness, they affect economic activity even in the conditions of moderate inflation, and the available opportunities are not fully used. based on the existing tax structure, it can be observed that the main part of the budget revenues is formed at the expense of direct taxes, first of all, income tax of legal entities. but during 2005, indirect taxes continued to play a major role in the formation of budget revenues. but during 2005, indirect taxes continued to play a major role in the formation of budget revenues [1]. for example, in 1992, it accounted for 34% of all tax revenues, and vat and excise tax reached 50%. in 2006, budget revenues returned to the pattern of 2005, as income tax did not become the main source of budget tax revenues. in such conditions, the indirect tax performs more of a fiscal function than a regulatory one, the main tax mechanism for stimulating economic activity does not work [2]. there is a tendency to deliberately increase the fiscal burden. in particular, the difference between the realized advance payments and the amount calculated on the basis of the actual taxable base needs to be adjusted to the central bank interest rate, that is, the budget and credit relations of economic entities are formalized with the payment of appropriate interest. if it were possible to predict indirect taxes with some degree of reliability, such a pressing issue would not arise. even in the conditions of small changes in the exchange rate, uncertainty of payments by customers, the reliability of any forecasts is not high. as a result, the implementation of the mentioned measures will encourage enterprises to increase the advance payment and thereby credit the state budget. in the conditions of lack of working capital and their rapid devaluation, this measure is hardly compatible with strengthening the financial stability of the development of small business and private entrepreneurship entities. the instability of tax legislation seems to be the biggest damage to the existing tax system. laws adopted during 1992-2005, amendments to them, issued guidelines almost led to a revision of the tax http://www/ 182 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us procedure [3]. in these conditions, it is difficult to talk about any investment projects being encouraged by taxes. in 2000-2006, a significant increase in indirect taxes in revenues to the budget occurred mainly due to the fines imposed on enterprises for not paying taxes on time. this was known in advance due to the artificial reduction of the taxable base in tax accounts [4]. since 2007, the revision of the taxable base, including tax calculations, has become more systematic. in 2000-2006, the redirection of the budget's revenue base to direct taxation on a significant scale did not directly succeed. the use of indirect taxation to stimulate the revenue base of the budget is limited by the solvency of entities, which is related to the nature of the collection of this taxation. this appearance acts as a limit to its use. it is clear from the world experience that the tax system built on the basis of indirect taxes ensures the stability of revenues to the budget and its less dependence on the nature of the economic conjuncture [5]. indirect taxes form a stable and broad base of budget formation, any small increase of which has a significant impact on budget revenues. thus, indirect taxes have qualities such as universality and have almost no effect on the relative specific positions of economic sectors. but in the conditions of price changes, it does not have a significant effect on the interest of small businesses and private entrepreneurs to increase or decrease production, where the price factor has a great advantage. due to the extreme elasticity of our country's economy, indirect taxes could not fulfill the role of demand limiter. indirect taxes are significant for the manufacturing enterprise only in case of a very high level of market saturation, when the consumer responds to the increase in the price of goods by reducing consumption, and the producer responds to the decrease in price by expanding production. low price elasticity is characteristic of our country's economy in general, and it is connected with the characteristics of reproduction of a number of components of our economy (predominance of low-income population intended to purchase technical goods in the market, primarily consumer goods). as a result, the entire increase in prices due to indirect taxes is borne by the consumer [6]. that is why the attempt made in 1998 to reduce the standard rates of this tax and did not lead to a decrease in the final price of sales of food and children's goods (except goods subject to excise tax), did not expand the volume of supply of these goods and did not affect the rate of inflation. the lack of development of the accounting base, the lack of traditions on the application of the standard tax, the lack of training of our experts on their use, including vat or excise tax, led to the fact that the object of taxation itself, including vat, was not determined as the basis for their levy [7]. therefore, there is a need for a number of simplifications in the calculations, which will lead to partial addition of the tax to the base in subsequent calculations. the inconsistency and disproportionality of various instruments of the currently used tax policy is clearly visible in the example of the relationship between vat and export customs duties. the value added tax model envisages the active support of those exporters. accordingly, the mechanism of its payment may depend on the refund of the amount of tax paid for the exported goods to the exporter. it seems that now this measure will be proportional to the mechanism of export duties, which is in effect in the experience of our country. as a result, there are counterflows of financial resources, crediting of the budget by exporters, because vat is returned after customs payments are made and with a long delay. at present, the correct method of mitigating the impact of indirect taxation on the real level of consumption of low-income classes of the population has not been chosen. year-on-year reductions in vat rates and allocations, along with a reduced standard rate, have reduced this tax burden, which, unfortunately, has been unaddressed as it applies to all consumers. by the end of the year, the http://www/ 183 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us application of the vat refund regime for families under the legal age, based on tax returns and with relevant documents, has greatly helped in supporting the low-income classes of the population, and fuel for all indirect taxes for disabled people who own vehicles. it would be possible to establish compensation at the price. in most developing countries, tax legislation is formed based on economic and financial policies, taking into account the existing economic structure. taxes and taxation laws in these countries are not often changed at random and at the whim of certain individuals. in the history of the development of society, not a single country lived without taxes [8]. even in the conditions of the market economy, the state collects the main part of the funds necessary for the implementation of its internal and external tasks, various social, economic and political measures through taxes. in particular, taxes form the state, regional, and district budgets, create a financial basis for the state social program, manage the business activities of taxpayers, encourage their desire to use natural resources effectively, influence pricing, and regulate the standard of living of the population. with the help of benefits, it helps to organize the social protection of the poor sections of the population, etc. therefore, the minimum amount of funds formed through taxes is related to the minimum amount of expenditure related to the performance of the state duty and is limited to this amount. taxes and the mechanism of taxation and the rules related to it are expressed in the tax doctrine. the tax doctrine appears in the form of a generalized expression of the basic principles, norms and rules that become a common basis within the framework of the financial and economic policy adopted by the state, and retain their force in all current changes in taxation. the tax doctrine is reflected in views that are stable and protected for a long time by the state authorities and allows to positively solve the following main issues: the role and importance of taxes in the country's system; the share of taxes in gross domestic product and budget revenues; determination of the mutual ratio of direct and indirect taxes, the most appropriate levels of tax collection for certain industries and sectors, for certain segments of the population; progressiveness (regressiveness) of taxation; tax procedures for encouraging savings and investments, forms of control of taxpayers' activities by tax authorities, etc. tax policy is formed on the basis of the state tax doctrine. although the adopted policy tax doctrine is subject to the requirements of a particular period, in some cases it may deviate significantly from the planned doctrine. but it should always be consistent with the doctrine announced in the future (or the tax doctrine should be changed accordingly). references 1. zaynalov, d. r., & ahrorov, z. o. (2019). modernization of the tax science: methodology and new paradigms. int. j. of multidisciplinary and current research, 7, 305-312. 2. niyazmetov, i. (2018). study on causes of taxation systemâ’s inefficiency: evidence from uzbekistan. international journal of management science and business administration, 4(3), 6072. 3. киясов, ш. у. (2017). налогообложение физических лиц: проблемы и пути их решения. актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук, (5-3), 36-38. 4. oripovich, a. z. (2021). profit tax in uzbekistan: analysis of the state of collection and optimization of its impact on financial relations. international journal of progressive sciences and technologies, 27(2), 602-611. http://www/ 184 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. lesta, r. d., & ahrorov, z. o. (2023, may). boosting stock returns in coal mining: key strategies revealed. in international conference on intellectuals’ global responsibility (icigr 2022) (pp. 600-610). atlantis press. 6. uralovich, k. s. et al. (2023). a primary factor in sustainable development and environmental sustainability is environmental education. caspian journal of environmental sciences, 21(4), 965975. 7. ahrorov, z., yekimov, s., tuychiev, s., & ortikov, a. (2023). the role of improving tax relation for the growth of agricultural production. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 431, p. 07014). edp sciences. 8. киясов, ш. (2022). повышение качества налогового администрирования-обеспечение выполнения задач налоговой реформы на доходы физических лиц. экономика и бизнес: теория и практика, (4-2), 230-233. http://www/ 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 04, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх prospects for the introduction of islamic securities in the stock market of uzbekistan shamsitdinova khonzoda tdiu, student of the faculty of finance and accounting abstract: the islamic financial system is part of the islamic ecosystem, which includes economic relations in accordance with the rules of islamic law in the use and distribution of funds.in this article, due to the focus on reforming the financial market in our country, the problems that hinder the introduction and use of islamic financing and islamic securities and suggestions for their elimination are given. keywords: sukuk, certificates of ownership, salam certificates, istisna’a certificates, murabahah certificates, musharakah certificates. nowadays, interest in islamic finance is increasing in uzbekistan. uzbekistan is an important country of central asia with more than 35 million inhabitants, 93 percent of its population are muslims. currently, the three countries where islamic finance is best established are saudi arabia, iran, and malaysia, which account for 66 percent of the global market size. "islamic banking and finance" organization in uzbekistan according to the growth of the islamic finance industry in the cis countries is slower than in other countries, but due to the growing opportunities in this region, it is attracting the attention of the global international banking industry. if the governments of the cis countries take the initiative to develop this sector, the work of islamic banking will grow significantly in the next five years.kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan and uzbekistan are likely to be key players leading this expansion of islamic banking and finance in the cis, the statement said. in islam, profit from lending or borrowing is prohibited, and all financial processes must be based on genuine economic activity. it is not allowed to finance industries that can harm a person for example, gambling, alcohol, tobacco products, etc.islamic banks benefit from project financing. unlike traditional banks, where depositors only focus on dividends and do not know what their funds will be invested in, in islamic banks, the depositor can see the future movement of funds, where the funds are invested in the business and the profit goes to the bank and divided between depositors. one of the rules of islamic financing models is risk sharing. neither the bank nor the customer will make a profit if the business is not profitable. but if there is a profit, it will be distributed among the depositors in proportion to the investment. according to the decree of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-6207 of 2021 "on measures for further development of the capital market",the main goal of this program is to fundamentally improve the state policy, which involves deepening the implementation of reforms aimed at 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bringing the ratio of the total volume of freely traded securities to the country's gross domestic product to 5%. the instrument of the islamic finance market, i.e. security, is called sukuk, and the advantages of islamic finance are as follows:  there is a ban on charging interest. but such a ban applies only to banks with guaranteed income;  opportunities to receive income from participation or rent on the basis of a share;  non-existence of the bond market. but a special type of bond works by allowing you to earn income based on your share of the project's financing;  it is prohibited to make investments in the business related to the production of gambling and alcohol products;  absence of derivative financial instruments. for example, derivatives cannot be used for immature wheat;  application of the principles of assistance to the needy. in this, each islamic bank and its customers establish a special fund on the basis of allocation of islamic tax for the benefit of poor muslims at the expense of reserve capital and profits. investment sukuk are certificates of equal value representing undivided shares in ownership of tangible assets, usufruct and services or the assets of particular projects or special investment activity, however, this is true a receipt of the value of the sukuk, the closing of subscription and the employment of funds received for the purpose for which the sukuk were issued. in this standard, sukuk have been designated as investment sukuk in order to distinguish them from shares and bonds. types of investment sukuk investment sukuk are of di erent types, and among these are: certificates of ownership in leased assets are certificates of equal value issued either by the owner of a leased asset or a tangible asset to be leased by promise, or they are issued by a financial intermediary acting on behalf of the owner with the aim of selling the asset and recovering its value through subscription so that the holders of the certificates become owners of the assets. certificates of ownership of usufructs. certificates of ownership of usufructs of existing assets are of two types: certificates of equal value issued by the owner of an existing asset either on his own or through a financial intermediary, with the aim of leasing the asset and receiving the rental from the revenue of subscription so that the usufruct of the assets passes into the ownership of the holders of the certificates. certificates of equal value issued by the owner of the usufruct of an existing asset (lessee), either on his own or through a financial intermediary, with the aim of subleasing the usufruct and receiving the rental from the revenue of the subscription so that the holders of the certificates become owners of the usufruct of the asset. salam certificates (salam sukuk) are certificates of equal value issued for the purpose of mobilizing salam capital so that the goods to be delivered on the basis of salam come to be owned by the certificate holders. istisna'a certificates (istisna'a sukuk) are certificates of equal value issued with the aim of mobilizing funds to be employed for the production of goods so that the goods produced come to be owned by the certificate holders. murabahah certificates (murabahah sukuk) are certificates of equal value issued for the purpose of financing the purchase of goods through murabahah so that the certificate holders become the owners of the murabahah commodity. 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us musharakah certificates (musharakah sukuk) are certificates of equal value issued with the aim of using the mobilized funds for establishing a new project, developing an existing project or nancing a business activity on the basis of any of partnership contracts so that the certificate holders become the owners of the project or the assets of the activity as per their respective shares, with the musharakah certificates being managed on the basis of participation or mudarabah or an investment agency. sukuk can play an important part in the development of an islamic market and banking system. the main advantage of sukuk is to comply with sharia while boosting the standard of living in islamic society and developing these societies' economies. however, sukuk also bring several other important benefits. sukuk provide an ideal way of financing large projects for the public good that would otherwise not be possible. there are many economic activities or projects that are out of reach of individuals, companies, or, in the case of various developing islamic economies, governments. in these cases, sukuk are perfect for financing these projects without falling into interest-based debt. references: 1. https://lex.uz/docs/-5371091#-5375417 2. https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2022/10/17/islamic-finance/ 3. full text of shari'ah standards for islamic financial institutions as at safar 1439. ah – november 2017. 4. an integrated approach for building sustainable islamic social finance ecosystems isra int. j. islam. fin., 11 (2) (2019), pp. 246-266 https://lex.uz/docs/-5371091#-5375417 https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2022/10/17/islamic-finance/ 229 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 theoretical foundations of accounting for finished medicinal products: international and national aspects tohir tolmas o‘gli sattarov samisi, assistant professor of the "accounting and auditing" department abstract: in this article, on the basis of the characteristics of the production of ready-made medicinal products, their theoretical basis, similar and different aspects based on international and national standards, the shortcomings in their production and their elimination are discussed to increase the economic efficiency of enterprises engaged in this field. recommendations are presented. keywords: pharmaceutics, pharmaceuticals, ready-made products, international standards, national standards, commodity material reserves, reserves. introduction. the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to ensure the implementation of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the state budget of the republic of uzbekistan for 2022"" "2022 2024" in the target indicators of budget expenditures and development programs of first-level budget fund allocators for years" "reform the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, improve the state management system in the field, wide introduction of market relations, grower, processor and seller of agricultural products the strategic goal of strengthening the legal basis of relations between entities, attracting investments to the sector, introducing resource-saving technologies and providing manufacturers of pharmaceutical products with modern techniques. analysis of literature on the topic. in the conditions of the digital economy, important changes are being made in the direction of economic and social development. this, in turn, leads to the creation of innovations in the effective use of ict in the field of education, both in enterprises. in this regard, a number of uzbek scientists, including i.t. abdukarimov, e.a. akramov, o. bobojonov, a.v. vahobov, e.f. gadoyev, m.m. tolakhodjayeva, d. kudbiyev, r.d. dostmurodov, m.e. polatov, m.q. pardayev, k.b. urazov , r.a.abdullayev, h.n.musayev, a.i.alikulov, s.n.tashnazarov, d.r.rafeev, d.j. pashakhodjayeva, u.a. shirinov, b.f. boronov, z.u. muhammadiyev and others. also, foreign scientists adamenko a.a., bashkatov v.v., golkina g.ye, kuzina a.f., r.robertson, dodge, p.i.kamishanov, hermanson, roger h., james don edwards, pizzey, v.f.paliy and others in their work materials and finished products those who have dealt extensively with activity reporting and auditing can be found in their published textbooks, training manuals and articles. solving such urgent problems and tasks in the enterprises of our country today requires improvement of not only practical, but also theoretical issues of accounting for finished products. the international accounting standard "inventories" no. 2 (ias) defines the term inventory as follows: 230 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "inventories are assets in the form of raw materials and materials that are intended for sale in the normal course of business, are in the process of production for such sale, or are intended to be used in the production process or in the provision of services." the conducted research required the study of the opinions and comments of a number of foreign scientists and their definitions. russian scientist s.n. polenova said, "a finished product is a product whose production process has been completely completed at the enterprise, meets the standard requirements and technical conditions, has been accepted by the technical control service, formalized with acceptancehandover documents and submitted to the warehouse of finished products ". the following definitions are given in the national accounting standard of the republic of uzbekistan no. 4: inventories are material assets that are kept for the purpose of later sale in the course of operation and are in the process of production, as well as used in the process of producing products, performing work or providing services, or for the implementation of administrative and sociocultural tasks. a finished product prepared in the organization (an asset whose processing (completion) is completed and which is intended for sale and complies with the technical and quality specifications stipulated in the contract or in the cases specified by the legislation). when conducting research on products, including finished products, it is necessary to take into account the scientific research of our country's scientists. according to economists k.s. ismaylov and a.b. utemuratov, "the finished product is the result of the production process. in production enterprises, the product of labor includes all manufactured finished products. the following definitions of these categories are provided in industry dictionaries on internet sources: product is the result of economic activity embodied in goods and services. its material form has the appearance of a material product. finished goods are an inventory category specific to manufacturing enterprises. they are products that have completed the manufacturing process but have not yet been sold or distributed to retailers. finished product is the final product of the production process in enterprises. a product that has passed all stages of technological processing, complies with approved standards and technical conditions (provided with a certificate or other document confirming its quality), accepted by the technical control department and delivered to the warehouse or shipped to the buyer is considered a finished product. finished goods are products or goods that have been produced during the full cycle of production or purchased in a finished state, but have not yet been sold to customers. finished products products completely ready by processing, complying with current standards and technical conditions, accepted in the warehouse of the organization and the customer (buyer), and semi-finished products. finished product (tm) is a product that is produced by the company for future sale. therefore, as a result of the conducted research, based on the definitions and descriptions given in the literature, it can be concluded that the finished product is a product independently produced and completed by the enterprise, which fully meets the requirements set by the state and is ready in the warehouse for sale to buyers. is a must-have product. this asset, which is a finished product for the manufacturing company, is intended for the re-production process for the purchasing company and is a purchased inventory. 231 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the above-mentioned definitions given by foreign and domestic scientists and given in international and national standards, as well as information sources, acquire important scientific and practical importance and reveal important aspects of finished products. however, as can be seen from these definitions, there is no single definition of finished products, including readymade medicinal products, that includes all their features. they have products and ready it cannot be said that the descriptions reflect all aspects of the products. so, what are the tasks of finished goods accounting today? what is covered in our current national standard regarding the assets of this enterprise and what are the problems? and in the international standards of financial reporting, what are the approaches and what are the needs to improve our national standard? what should be paid attention to in order to improve the theoretical foundations of accounting for finished products? figure 1. components of the theoretical basis of finished products the purpose of finished products as an integral object of accounting is to determine the cost of finished products in enterprises, to establish control over the income and expenses taken into account as a result of their sale, and to satisfy the needs of internal information users. the correct accounting of these processes is the provision of accurate information that meets the needs of internal information users on the accounting of finished products in enterprises, as well as the ability to make correct and timely management decisions. therefore, in order to fully achieve the goal of accounting for finished products in pharmaceutical companies, first of all, it is necessary to correctly determine the indicators that affect the cost of this asset, to provide this information to the management staff in a timely and accurate manner. we believe that the management staff should make the right decisions regarding the presentation and setting the selling price of the finished product. in the course of research, when studying the international and national standards of accounting, it became clear that although there is no specific standard for finished products that clearly reveals their general characteristics before accounting, however, standards for their accounting have been developed. during the research, these standards were studied and compared (table 1): theoretical basis of finished products tariff of finished products purpose of finished products functions of finished products description of finished products classificatio n of finished products 232 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table of comparison of international standards of financial reporting developed for finished products with national accounting standards. international standards of financial reporting national accounting standards conceptual foundations of financial reporting conceptual foundations of financial reporting and presentation ias no. 1 "presentation of financial statements" bhms no. 1 "accounting policy and financial reporting" ias no. 2 "reserves" bhms no. 4 "inventories" ias no. 8 "accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors" bhms no. 1 "accounting policy and financial reporting" ias no. 12 "profit tax" ias no. 21 "effects of changes in exchange rates" ias no. 23 "debt expenses" bhms no. 24 "accounting of expenses on debts" ias no. 29 "financial reporting in hyperinflation" ias no. 34 "interim financial reporting" bhms no. 3 "report on financial results" ias no. 37 "provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets" ias no. 41 "agriculture" international financial reporting standards no. 1 (ifrs) "first-time application of international standards of financial reporting" bhms no. 15 "accounting balance" bhms no. 19 "organization and transfer of inventory" bhms no. 21 "plan of financial and economic accounting reports of economic entities and instructions for its application" ifrs no. 13 "fair value measurement" ifrs no. 15 "receipts under contracts with customers" bhms no. 2 "income from main economic activity" it can be seen from the table that there are similarities and differences between the international and national standards, and it is important to use them in the activities of the enterprises producing pharmaceutical products. based on the results of the conducted research, the following conclusions can be made from the definitions and descriptions given above: conclusions and suggestions. the real situation in the economic market imposes such requirements on the management of the organization, according to which every company must strictly choose new technologies for effective accounting and continuous improvement of existing accounting systems. made it possible to develop recommendations in our opinion, first, in the doctrine and practice of international accounting, finished products are recognized as an important type of enterprise assets, respectively, as an important object of accounting and reporting. secondly, despite the fact that finished products are an object of accounting, there are no comprehensive definitions that clearly and comprehensively express their content. thirdly, we think that a comprehensive system of criteria underlying the classification of finished products has not been developed, and this comprehensive system has not been strengthened by international standards. 233 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "finished product means a quick liquid asset that has passed all stages of production technological processes at the enterprise, has been delivered to the main warehouse, fully meets the standards and technical conditions set by the state, and is intended for sale." in our opinion, the above definition of finished products reflects all aspects of finished products, meets the requirements of the general definition given in bhms no. 4 entitled "inventories" and serves to further enrich it in terms of content. today, in financial, tax, and statistical reports conducted in our country, it is not possible to reflect finished products by dividing them into main, ancillary, and auxiliary products, and their classification has not been developed. this makes it necessary to review the content of current tax, statistics and other reports, to theoretically improve the calculation and reporting of finished products in accounting. therefore, in our work, we found it necessary to divide the products produced in the pharmaceutical industry into types, determine their composition, and reflect them in the accounts and reports. in our opinion, the theoretical foundations of finished products should be understood first of all as its definition, description, components, classification bases, purpose, function, and a set of methods of presentation in reports. this, in turn, forms the conceptual basis of finished products. therefore, studying their theoretical and conceptual foundations is one of the important 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//nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 99-104. 12. to‘lqinjanovna t. n., shodiyevich r. s. word formation by affixation //international journal of business diplomacy and economy. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 217-222. 13. ражабоев ш. ш. экологическое образование в целях устойчивого развития территорий.–2022 //kielce: laboratorium wiedzy artur borcuch. – 2022. 14. rajaboyev s. экологическое образование в целях устойчивого развития территорий //scienceweb academic papers collection. – 2022. 15. rajaboev s. s. technologies of using multimedia tools in teaching economic sciences //spanish journal of innovation and integrity. 16. ражабоев ш. ш. роль информационных технологий в технологическом предпринимательстве //ббк 65.29 я43 т384. – 2022. – с. 54. 17. ражабоев ш. ш. цифровизация и зеленый сектор в устойчивом развитии //ббк 65.05 п 78. – с. 596. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 application of compulsory measures against minors khushbakova nigora g’ayrat qizi faculty of law, termiz state university a 4th-level student of jurisprudence nigora.0303@icloud.com abstract this article describes in detail the reforms implemented in the internal affairs bodies, coercive measures applied to minors, the procedure for placement of minors in special educational institutions, minors placed in educational institutions of the republic. keywords: crime statistics, "hodimbay", "mahallabay", "citizen", probation, inquiry, cybercrime, coercive measures, apology, special educational institution, etc. introduction reforms implemented in internal affairs bodies. during the period of establishment of new uzbekistan, fundamental reforms are being carried out in the system of internal affairs bodies. the 1st stage of reforms started on the basis of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5005 of april 14, 2017, and in this regard, 13 laws, 9 decrees of the president, 40 decisions and 3 orders, 115 government decisions, 167 interdepartmental documents were adopted. the management system of the internal affairs bodies was fully optimized, and 85 percent (previously 54 %) of personnel were provided to serve directly in places convenient for the population. for this, additional 261 new (previously 108) departments of internal affairs (gom) were established for every 35-40 thousand inhabitants. 41 new departments of internal affairs were established at the expense of the local budget in large bazaars, shopping complexes and densely populated areas. every manager and employee's perspective on fighting crime has changed radically. their daily service activity is not chasing numbers and interest, but protecting the rights of citizens has become the first priority. based on the generally recognized positive experience of the international community in keeping crime statistics, it has been established that it is calculated in relation to the number of 100,000 inhabitants. as of 2021, the population was 32 million 120 thousand, and as of july 1, 2023, it increased to 36.4 million. in 6 months of 2021, there were 132 crimes per 100,000 population. in order to objectively analyze the criminogenic situation, not to hide crimes, the crimes detected by the initiative of employees were transferred to the evaluation system as a positive result. in the 6th month of 2021, almost twice as many crimes (8,592 / 15,321) were detected compared to the 6th month of 2017. all industry services in the system have been reformed again. based on the need of the times, specialized units for ensuring safe tourism, probation, investigation and combating cybercrime have been newly introduced. instead of fighting with the consequences of crime in the neighborhoods, they switched to early prevention. the prevention inspector was designated as the deputy of the neighborhood chairman for law mailto:nigora.0303@icloud.com 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us enforcement. 362 inspectors on women's issues were established to realize the legal interests of women and ensure their safety. (previously this task was carried out by the prevention inspector) a number of innovative approaches have been introduced in order to fully implement the principle of "crime must be punished". audio-video recording of each (7) procedural actions related to the detection of crimes was established, and advanced criminalistic tools, remote interrogation and mobile investigation platforms were introduced to the field. in order to ensure public security, a 3level patrol service of the internal affairs bodies was organized in cooperation with the national guard and the public. measures are being taken to increase the capacity of personnel and eliminate corrupt factors in the system. tasks for the next period: first, measures will be taken to fundamentally improve the service activities of internal affairs bodies in the field of public safety. in this regard, a unified management system of available forces and means will be introduced, with the national guard strictly dividing the areas of responsibility for maintaining public order in the streets and public places. in turn, modern information and communication systems will be introduced to remotely manage all patrols and patrols, to increase the efficiency of their service activities. secondly, to increase the professional knowledge level of all personnel serving in the system, to "serve the motherland and the people with loyalty the highest duty!" spiritual and educational work will be launched in a completely new way in the system regarding the implementation of service activities based on a good idea. in this regard, j.y. until the end, the professional qualification of more than 17,000 employees will be improved, mobile training courses will be held with more than 2,000 prevention inspectors, and 200 tactical training sessions will be held to increase the level of combat readiness of employees. on the other hand, the "khodimbay" system will be introduced, which is aimed at raising the moral outlook of employees, ensuring that they are polite to citizens, to evaluate each employee's behavior individually, and to carry out specific educational activities based on his behavior. thirdly, "neighborhood" curbing of crime, especially protection from criminal attacks on a person's life, health and property, in this regard, the practice of "civilian" work with unorganized youth, teenagers with deviant behavior, unhealthy and antisocial people comprehensive rapid and preventive actions on acceleration will be carried out in the area. fourthly, comprehensive measures aimed at ensuring road safety, especially the prevention of serious accidents, will be implemented. within the framework of these activities, the introduction of "traffic rules" as a compulsory subject in all educational institutions, the organization of "traffic safety classrooms" in schools, and the teaching of the basics of traffic safety to children in pre-school educational institutions will be launched. on the other hand, traffic lights controlled by pedestrians, autonomous lighting equipment for unlit areas, and radar devices for automatic speed measurement will be installed on busy road sections. fifth, in order to create additional conveniences for citizens, to avoid conflicts of interest in the main service activities and to reduce the impact of the "human factor", the work of gradually digitizing the system will be continued. coercive measures applied to minors. comprehensive measures are being implemented in our country aimed at raising a healthy and mature generation, bringing up spiritually and morally, physically mature, patriotic young people loyal to our national traditions and values, and turning them into active and enthusiastic participants in the ongoing large-scale reforms. at the same time, the participation of specialized educational institutions in this process, as well as the education of a physically and mentally healthy person, and the formation of the feelings of hard work and striving for perfection in children require further improvement. article 88 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan applies the following coercive measures against minors: imposing an obligation to apologize to the victim in the form determined by the court; oblige a person who has reached the age of sixteen to pay or eliminate the damage at his 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us own expense or with his labor; placement of a minor in a special educational institution. according to article 195 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, a minor apologizes to the victim verbally or in writing, in front of the majority or individually. the place, time and order of the apology will be determined by the court, and an appropriate document will be drawn up on the execution of this coercive measure. the payment or elimination of the damage caused by a minor at the expense of his own funds or with his own efforts shall be carried out in the manner and within the time limits set by the court, and an appropriate document shall be drawn up on the execution of this coercive measure. this measure is applied if the damage caused does not exceed ten times the amount of the basic calculation. in other cases, the damage caused will be recovered in the civil legal procedure. the procedure for placement of minors in a special educational institution. when placing minors in specialized educational institutions, a full and correct assessment of their social status, personal characteristics, and the level of danger of their committed act remains an urgent issue. minors are placed in special educational institutions of public education bodies in accordance with the procedure established by law. the order and conditions of the stay of minors in special educational institutions, the organization of work related to the educational process and educational impact are determined by the ministry of public education of the republic of uzbekistan. today's situation in specialized educational institutions requires quality organization of the educational process on the basis of state educational standards, improvement of the skills and qualifications of teachers, educators, psychologists and other employees in the field of education and vocational training. resolution no. 4342 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 29, 2019 "on the fundamental improvement of the activities of specialized educational institutions" was adopted. according to this decision: republican educational institution for girls at the address of "gulzorabad" neighborhood, chinoz district, tashkent region; republican boys' educational institution was located at "tadbirkor" neighborhood, bakht city, syrdaryo region, syrdaryo district. the following: republican educational institution for boys to the national guard of the republic of uzbekistan; the republican girls' educational institution was attached to the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan. as stipulated in this decision: the national guard of the republic of uzbekistan and the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, respectively, will support the timely provision and improvement of living conditions of the republican boys' educational institution and the republican girls' educational institution. to form physically strong, mentally fresh, educated, patriotic, selfless, broad-minded young people, to educate students in the spirit of loyalty to the motherland; • the ministry of public education of the republic of uzbekistan is responsible for the establishment of quality education and the educational process in the educational institutions of the republic, the meaningful organization of free time of the students, and the development of their intellectual, physical and creative abilities. • according to this decision: • minors between the ages of 14 and 18 are placed in educational institutions of the republic. the following are the educational institutions of the republic: • who has committed socially dangerous acts, but has not reached the age to be held criminally liable, or is not able to fully understand the significance of his act due to being behind in development compared to his age, not related to mental illness; • released from criminal liability before the question of guilt has been resolved, materials for consideration by the district (city) commission on children's issues • juveniles who have been freed from criminal punishment with the use of coercive measures in the form of placement in educational institutions of the republic; • juveniles who continue to regularly commit crimes or other antisocial behavior, despite the fact that individual prevention work is being carried out, are placed on the basis of a court decision; the 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us above-mentioned minors will be admitted to study only in the educational institutions of the republic starting from the 2019/2020 academic year. the admission of minors to the special light industrial college in the city of koqan and boarding school for boys no. 64 in the city of samarkand will be suspended. minors educated at the special light industrial college in koqan and boys' boarding school no. 64 in samarkand will complete their studies in these institutions according to the established procedure. the number of students in the groups and classes in the educational institutions of the republic is determined to be 15-20 people, as an exception, it is allowed to open classes in these institutions regardless of the number of students in agreement with the relevant financial authorities. minors living in families in socially dangerous situations, as well as other minors in need of state and public assistance, who are left without the control and care of their parents or substitutes, their behavior, psychological portrait, age, talents, abilities, interests and taking into account other factors, based on the recommendation of the district (city) commission on children's issues, on the basis of the decisions (referrals) of the relevant ministries and agencies, they are placed in general education or specialized educational institutions under the jurisdiction of the ministries and agencies during the academic year. ministries and agencies that own general education or specialized educational institutions allocate up to 5% additional quotas for minors sent to institutions based on the recommendation of the district (city) commission on children's issues. minors who are sent to institutions during the vacation, if it is not possible to return them to their parents or their substitutes, until the beginning of the educational process in the institutions, based on the decision of the district (city) governor, they are temporarily brought up in "mehribonlik" houses according to the referral of the relevant public education body; ministries and agencies with general education or specialized educational institutions: ✓ starting from the 2019/2020 academic year, minors who are sent based on the recommendation of the district (city) commission on children's issues will be admitted to institutions on an exceptional basis free of charge, without tests and additional exams; ✓ based on the recommendation of the district (city) commission on children's issues, a separate mentor will be assigned to each minor and will constantly monitor his education, help them find employment after graduating from institutions. centers for socio-legal assistance to minors of the internal affairs bodies submit a conclusion to the district (city) commission on children's issues about the expediency of placing the minor in the institution or in the educational institutions of the republic within a maximum period of forty-five days; from september 1, 2019, managers and pedagogues of specialized educational institutions, including educators and assistant educators, will be paid a monthly bonus in the amount of 75 percent of the basic tariff rate for special conditions of work. starting from may 1, 2021, the teachers of the branch of general secondary school no. 35 under the educational colony of the internal affairs bodies and the educators of the educational colony, including the educators belonging to the certified staff, regardless of the current bonuses and payments, will receive the basic tariff rate and position for individual working conditions, as appropriate. an additional monthly allowance in the amount of 75% of the salary is paid. ➢ offer and negotiation. ➢ in conclusion, we can say that the following features can be seen in the criminal character of minors: ➢ offenses committed by minors in most cases are committed by them when they are 14-15 years old; ➢ offenses committed by minors are often committed recklessly; 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ the juvenile delinquent has no interest in studying, personal development and work, but instead has a strong interest in entertainment, alcohol and drugs; ➢ in most cases, the family of the juvenile delinquent does not have a healthy family environment and is in a difficult financial situation. instead of a proposal, we can say that the type of coercive measures applied to minors, if the minor commits a crime of low social risk for the first time or not very serious, is a warning and guardianship of parents or their substitutes, or in their absence. or we suggest introducing a coercive measure in the form of placing it under the control of the sponsoring body. our second suggestion is that our legislation does not specify the period of enforcement of coercive measures applied to minors. we think it would be a good idea to set a deadline. references 1. https://lex.uz/docs/4357207; 2.https://iiv.uz/oz/news/ichki-ishlar-organlari-tizimida-amalga-oshirilgan islohotlar; 3. https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2023/08/09/population/ ; 4. https://lex.uz/docs/111453; 5. https://lex.uz/docs/163629. https://lex.uz/docs/4357207 https://iiv.uz/oz/news/ichki-ishlar-organlari-tizimida-amalga-oshirilgan 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 creating a physical and cultural environment for teachers elboeva umida rakhimdzhon kizi nukus state pedagogical institute student of the faculty "physical culture" abstract: sport, which is considered an integral part of the physical culture of society, basically means "work", "compete". until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, it was considered as a means of recreation, entertainment, and then as a means of achieving high physical performance and winning competitions. key words: physical culture, methodology, training, society, education system. the basic base of physical culture is conditionally created through "preschool and school physical culture". by this we mean that physical culture is a mandatory subject of study in preschool institutions, comprehensive schools and other educational institutions. this, in turn, creates the basis for general physical education, the comprehensive development of physical abilities, the foundation of good health. this guarantees the creation on the basis of the level of physical strength necessary for a comprehensively developed person. the physical culture of the school serves as the main foundation for the formation of the soil for the physical education of the student. sport is an integral part of physical culture. sport, in particular, ensures the development and growth of physical and related abilities. sport, which is considered an integral part of the physical culture of society, basically means "work", "compete". until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, it was considered as a means of recreation, entertainment, and then as a means of achieving high physical performance and winning competitions. the development of sports manifests itself mainly in three directions as an educational subject, as a mass-volunteer sport and as a "big sport". as an academic subject, sport serves as a means of physical education in secondary and higher schools, in the army. mass-volunteer sports are held outside school hours and after school hours through state and public organizations and at the initiative of each person. when pronouncing the word “athlete”, not only the image of a strong, hardy, mobile and beautiful young man or girl comes to mind, but also a strong-willed, eloquent, always looking at life with hope. to understand an optimist, a person who easily overcomes any difficulties, modest and calm in his achievements. therefore, sport is an activity that serves the benefit of society, it performs an educational and communicative function, but is not a permanent profession. sport is an activity without production, that is, it is not associated with the creation of material wealth (wealth) and is subject to the laws of the educational process. 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in children's sports, both of the above features are expressed in such a way that the sports activities of students are considered extracurricular and are partially included in the curricula and programs of secondary schools as a subject, and have a separate meaning in the form of extracurricular activities and activities in extracurricular institutions, will be deployed on a voluntary basis with attention . all the characteristic features of sports form a single whole and are reflected in children's sports. it can be defined as another form of a child's extracurricular activities, or it can be viewed as a process consisting of special training, participation in competitions, or the development of given optimal motor skills, taking into account available opportunities. children's sports are limited by age and include the period from the moment of admission to special training until the end of a comprehensive school. youth sports. this concept has a very short meaning. its limit is determined by the age group: youth sports. children's and youth sports sections consist mainly of high school students. this phrase is considered conditional and implies the participation of girls in sports. school sports are similar to children's sports, depending on the age and other characteristics of the participants. the difference is that children's sports are organized through schools and out-of-school institutions, while school sports are organized only in schools with schoolchildren. in addition to the service rendered to the physical culture of our sports society, it also embodies the service of physical training. a feature of physical education in sports is that the pedagogical system of achieving physical maturity is specialized and is called physical education. in conclusion, we can say that sport is a part of physical culture and is the common property of the culture of the existing society, and sports training serves the benefit of the education system as a specialized part of physical education. mass sport is a part of physical culture. big sport is the highest level of human body culture. practical physical culture is divided into professional and military-practical physical culture. they are directly determined by the introduction of a special system of personnel training in the field of professional activity and are associated with the requirements and working conditions arising from a particular profession. practical types of physical culture, their organic connection, professional training and military-practical physical training are expressed by the establishment, formation and creation of a base for general physical training. in addition, the content of practical types of physical culture includes physical education and various physical exercises on the sports ground. physical culture can be aimed at health and is used for medicinal purposes. this type of physical culture is aimed at restoring temporarily lost functionality of the body. hygiene of physical culture is focused on the framework of the working day, mode of life and rest, serves to improve the daily functional state of the body and, in turn, creates the possibility of forming the "environment" of the main life activity. references: 1. гончарова о.в. развитие физических возможностей юных спортсменов. учебное пособие, ташкент., o'z djti, 2005 171 с. 2. махкамджонов к., туленова х.б. общая и расширенная программа «физическая культура» для дошкольных образовательных учреждений. наука ташкент., 2006 3. norov, i. (2020). new technologies in the education system of the new century. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar). 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. aslanov, a. s., subhonova, a. a., avilova, k. h., & saydullayeva, m. a. (2021). impacts of language learning on the development of cognition. the american journal of social science and education innovations, 3(09), 56-59. 5. iriskulov, a., aslanov, a., & subhonova, a. (2021). why do we need a global language?. збірник наукових праць λόгoς. 6. turaev, j., aslanov, a., & subhonova, a. (2022). suggestions aimed at the development of the pre-school education system in uzbekistan. eurasian journal of academic research, 2(11), 335-338. 105-108 the place and importance of tolerance among members 105 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the place and importance of tolerance among members of different religions in terms of international relations (in the example of turkey) alı̇ asqarkhon kosı̇mov, shokhı̇jakhon toshpulotov abstract: as the colour and shape of life changes in our developing and changing age, the ruling institutions and organisations and even all individuals who have a say over societies adopt different and new methods and management styles. in this sense, the importance of tolerance and tolerance in multi-religious nations is increasing day by day. again today, it is possible to observe many societies in different regions due to their geographical location, sometimes believing in various religions and living together at the same time. turkey and turkish society can be mentioned as an example in this regard. atheism, deism, buddhism, theism and people belonging to many different beliefs have always managed to live together for centuries and pioneer the culture of tolerance. the word tolerance, which in the dictionary means "to show ease, to be lenient, to ignore mistakes", together with tesâmuh and semâha, which come from the same root, as an ethical term, refers to showing ease to people in terms of obligations, tolerating mistakes and defects that do not shake the social structure, and freely expressing various thoughts, beliefs and behaviours.[1] in this sense, it is extremely important that this culture of tolerance is adopted and not forgotten while various activities and activities are carried out by believers at the point of teaching and spreading religious manifestations. keywords: tolerance, religion, turkey, atheism, deism, buddhism, theism. 1. definition and importance of religion many definitions of religion have been made by different people at various times. however, in this research, first of all, the subject will be tried to be explained with the definitions in the qur'an, the holy book of the islamic tradition, which is the majority belief of the turkish society. the word religion is mentioned in ninety-two places in the holy qur'an; in addition, in three verses[2,3,4], different derivatives of , , are included. in these verses, religion is mainly used in the following meanings: zul, ruling-governing, obedience, judgement, worship, tawheed, islam, sharia, boundary, custom, punishment, account, nation and so on. some have analysed the semantic development of this term by taking into account the order of occurrence of the suras in which religion is mentioned in the qur'an. according to yvonne yazbeck haddad, about half of the verses in which the word religion occurs are makkan and the other half are civilised. in the verses that were revealed in the early meccan period, the term religion appears with the word "yawm" as "yawm al-dîn" (day of religion; day of reckoning, punishment and reward). the term "yawm al-dīn" is not repeated in the later makkan and madīnī verses. in accordance with the general content of the verses of the first period, this term refers to the day of judgement when people will be held to account according to their faith and deeds[5]. when the verses related to religion that were revealed in the second half of the meccan period are analysed, it is seen that these verses have shifted from the responsibility and accountability emphasised in the early 106 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us periods to tawheed and submission. accordingly, man is to worship allah alone and not to associate partners with him. religion is the path established by allah and leads people to him. ikhlâs, which is emphasised in the expression "muhlisîna lahu'd-dîn", is the dedication of one's whole life to the almighty allah and one's sincere submission to him; it is not only turning to allah in times of distress and sorrow, but also remembering him at all times and not deviating from the principles he has laid down. at this stage, the phrases "as-sırāt al-mustaqīm" (the right path), "dīn al-qayyimen" ("qiyamān" in the qur'ān of āsām; the straight religion) and "nation ibrāhīm" (the religion of ibrāhīm) appear side by side in the same verse and reinforce each other.[6] while the prophet was previously commanded to turn his face to the religion as a hanif (muwahhid) [7], it is now stated that he has achieved this with the guidance of his lord and that he has turned to the right path, to the religion of abraham as a hanif (muwahhid). in addition, while the previous orders remained at the level of individuals, this time the messenger of allah has become one of allah's hanîf (hunafâ), one of the muwahhids. thus, it is seen that a community of believers is mentioned. [8] after comparing these and similar definitions, a human definition of the concept of religion can be made as follows: "religion is a collection of laws that regulates the relationship between the created and the creator in order to ensure the happiness of the individual who is a member of the religion in the world and the hereafter, and acts as a bridge between humanity and human!" 2. a culture of tolerance (tolerance) turkish arabic uses the words tesamuh and semaha rather than tolerance in modern arabic, and tolerance in turkish. the tolerance of these words (fr. tolérance) in return, its use was influenced by the west during the last period of the ottomans. however, the word tolerance is quite far from the character of voluntariness and sincerity contained in tolerance and tolerance both in terms of its dictionary meaning and cultural content. although tolerance, which comes from the latin verb ”tolerare“ meaning ”to tolerate“, has a partially positive accent today, it usually refers to a passive attitude in the sense of ”to tolerate, to make concessions, to endure disasters, to suffer hardships" in the face of a bad or negative situation. tolerance, on the other hand, carries a positive content and expresses an active attitude, as shown by the meaning of “generosity and generosity” at its root. the fact that muslim thinkers define virtue as a “angel settled in the soul” reveals that tolerance in islam should be understood as a part of a person's moral personality rather than a makeshift attitude in the form of “folding”. furthermore, when the meaning of the word islam “entering into peace” is taken into consideration, it is understood that there is a semantic integrity between tolerance deceptively perceived as one of the most important elements of social peace and islam. it has been stated that the word “phase” mentioned in the noble qur'an means “ignoring the evil of the evil-doer”[9], as well as “non-use of pressure and force”, and expresses a behavior that is further from forgiveness.[10] according to this, the content of the word phase coincides with the meaning assigned to tolerance today. [11] humanity has witnessed various chaos and turmoil in its historical course. but the most severe of such chaos and quarrels have always been carried out by individuals who believe under the pretense of righteousness in religious areas. therefore, in order to put an end to religious disputes and chaos, it is necessary to teach the awareness that everyone has free will first, and the ability to respond with respect to different ways of thinking in line with the culture of tolerance should be assimilated by all individuals. planned awareness-raising activities should be organized by the state administration and educational institutions to ensure this issue jul. in addition, if the culture of tolerance is not spread, negative consequences such as the end of humanity, the beginning of acts of killing to be considered permissible, the veiling and dissemination of all kinds of crimes and murders with religious identity will become inevitable in all societies. oct. the son of man, who was sent to revive the world, must first assimilate the soul in order to be able to engage in revitalizing activities. because there are a number of moral 107 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us norms from his life. for this reason, it can be said that moral rules such as teaching humanitarian and social rules, not attacking other people's free spaces, not harming and not being harmed are also one of the most important principles of tolerance culture. 3. religious life and culture of tolerance in turkey there are values such as justice, equality and human love that have kept nations and the whole humanity living in peace together from the past to the present. dec. one of these values is tolerance and tolerance. one of the oldest communities in history, the turks are a nation with a rich culture and civilization that has found the opportunity to settle in central asia, china, india, iran, afghanistan, europe and anatolia throughout history. 10. the turks, who have been introduced to islam since the century, have made very important contributions to the history of world civilization in humanitarian, social, economic, islamic and other fields. it can be said that one of the most important contributions that turks have made to world civilization has been tolerance, tolerance, mutual understanding and respect for pluralistic culture among their members in a religious sense. dec. the great turkish thinkers who formed their thought systems on the basis of tolerance and human love have held a distinguished place in human history in terms of treating members of different faiths and cultures with tolerance, and have attached importance to these basic values at every stage of turkish-islamic thought.[12] in this sense, whoever kills a person is like he has killed all humanity, he has adopted the wisdom and appointed the islamic religion as their guide, turkish societies have not offended people of different beliefs and opinions in the course of history, have not violated their rights, on the contrary, they have preserved all their rights and laws. it is possible to see that this culture of tolerance continues in today's turkey, which is called the technological age in line with the principle that those who cannot/do not learn about their past cannot build their future. if a research is carried out in the metropolises of turkey, it can be seen that the opportunity to live together in peace at the point of nationality and affiliation is provided only in the islamic tradition, without sunni-shia or maturudi-eshari in the theological sense, without hanafi-shafii or hambeli-maliki classification in the jurisprudential sense, without falling into dualism in the political dimension. the fact that turkish society treats jews, christians, meccis or members of other religions who visit, migrate or temporarily stay in the country with the same level of tolerance and even invites them to be guests in their homes is proof that this tradition is still continuing. in turkey, with its dense population and strategic location, it is possible to see hundreds of churches, thousands of mosques, cemevis, places of worship and observatories. the freedom of belief of individuals is protected by the necessary official institutions and laws of the country. for example, articles 14 and 24 of the constitution of the republic of turkey, which entered into force in 1982, explain these issues in detail. [13] the culture of tolerance, which is preserved by divine and human rules and based on the principles of justice and equality, has become one of the indispensable principles in order to have a say in today's world we are observing, to gain a place in the same row with powerful states and to maintain cooperation. because it is a well-known fact that in a world where religious tolerance does not exist, racism, injustice, insecurity, immorality and similar problems will emerge one after the other, creating chaos instead of peace in societies. for this reason, turkey, like other great states, endeavours to protect the culture of tolerance both in line with its own constitution and within the framework of divine laws. residing in 81 provinces, it makes extraordinary efforts to protect the rights and laws of all individuals, regardless of whether they are musavi, alevi, jewish, armenian, sunni, shiite, etc., and to ensure freedom of belief. it is possible to see an example of this through various places of worship located in the airport, which can be mentioned as the border gate of the country. in addition, the existence of places of worship such as cem houses where alevis gather in almost every province is an example of this culture of tolerance. in addition, it can be said that the fact that alevi and sunni individuals maintain their mutual neighbourly relations in peace and that they are guests in their homes without hesitation and eat their food is a manifestation of this culture. 108 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion religion, which exists to ensure the happiness of mankind in this world and the hereafter, sometimes goes beyond its function and causes chaos. while this is the case, defining religion itself as the cause and cause of this situation will not lead to a correct conclusion. because here, it would be more accurate to have an opinion on the religious understanding of individuals rather than seeing religion or the religious as a problem. in line with this research, it has been concluded that today's societies are gradually moving away from the culture of tolerance and that this culture should be spread again in order for peace to prevail again in our age. while trying to spread this culture, an inclusive/unifying style should be adopted, unlike the exclusionary/marginalising method. for this purpose, terminological and methodological issues such as how believers perceive religious texts and principles and how they carry them into life should be reviewed. in this way, the main task of religion, which is to provide peace and prosperity, will be manifested on societies more easily. moreover, the freedom of thought and belief of human beings should always be preserved. for if the uniform human module were the purpose of life, it would be meaningless for the creator to create everyone differently. references: 1. mustafa çağrıcı, "müsamaha", türkiye diyanet vakfı i̇slam ansiklopedisi (istanbul: tdv publications, 2006), 32c. 73-75 pp. 2. as-saafat 37/53 3. al-waqqa 56/86 4. fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, xiv, 12 5. al-rûm 30/30, 43 6. günay tümer, "din", türkiye diyanet vakfı i̇slam ansiklopedisi (i̇stanbul: tdv publications, 1994), 9c. 345-349s. 7. fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, xi, 88 8. râgıb al-isfahânî, al-müfredât, "sfḥ" md. 9. durmuş arik, "religious tolerance and living together in turkish culture", international symposium on the effects of central asian turkish culture on anatolian culture, (tashkent / uzbekistan 2019), p.165 10. turkish constitution legislation information system, articles 14-24, (accessed: 19 november 2023) 11. al-fatiha 1/4 12. al-tawbah 9/29 13. turkish constitution legislation information system, articles 14-24, (access: 19 november 2023) 190 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 islam as priority in saudi foreign policy madina abdullaeva lecturer, political sciences department university of world economy and diplomacy, uzbekistan abstract: the article discusses the backbone role of religion in shaping the domestic and foreign policy of saudi arabia. saudi arabia positions itself as the center of the muslim world and the flagship of islamic countries. relations with the muslim world are considered a priority in foreign policy, which consists of several levels of interaction in the external environment. the kingdom pursues a proactive foreign policy both on a bilateral basis and at the level of multilateral formats and organizations. keywords: saudi arabia, foreign policy, islam, oic, muslim world. saudi arabia’s self-identification as an islamic political state has defined the priority role in cooperation with muslim world. the importance of this fact has proven by location of two muslim holy cities for the whole islam – mecca and medina. since the moment of its foundation, the kingdom has been seeking to use its significant possibilities and resources for the sake of unity among muslim countries. in order to gain the http://www/ 191 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us islamic solidarity, the kingdom took an active part in the formation of islamic governmental and non-governmental organizations. the international policy of the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) towards the islamic countries is being built upon the principles of all-islamic unity and solidarity. in order to implement the unity of muslim countries as well as to protect and advance their interests by the initiative of the ksa in 1969 the organization of the islamic conference the headquarters of which is located in jeddah, was established. the organization of the islamic conference as an institutional structure takes the second place after the united nations organization by the number of its member-countries (sheryazdanova & smagulova, 2013, p. 84.). oic includes 57 islamic countries and the countries which have mostly islamic population. oic member countries are spreading from the middle east up to latin america, covering 30% of un member-states and more than 20% of world population (akhmed, n., 2012.). according to the scientists, the islamic world was in a real need of such organization, which could unite all islamic states for close cooperation based on united islamic political platform in order to influence the world events (sheryazdanova & smagulova, 2013, p. 83.). after the second world war some muslim states have begun to put forward the idea of islamic self-determination and the implementation of its external and internal political course basing on this religion. iran, pakistan and libyan arab jamahiriya (voskresenskiy a., 2016.) have been declaring their own vision of an islamic state. in this respect, saudi arabia could not take the initiative of creating an islamic organization based on the idea that the true purpose of the state is to serve islam. moreover, after the arab-israeli war of 1967 and arson of al-aqsa mosque in jerusalem, the king of saudi arabia has threatened to declare jihad if israel does not liberate the muslim part of jerusalem. as we believe, in spite of the anti-israeli content, the foreign policy of the ksa within the oic is not limited to the creation of anti-israeli bloc among muslim countries, and aimed at financial support of member countries of the organization. this is perhaps the most powerful foreign policy instrument of the kingdom against muslim countries following the ideas of islamic unity and solidarity. within the framework of the organization a joint action plan (2016-2025) has been adopted, which includes a joint action of all member-states of the organization for 18 points of burning issues such as the settlement of the arab-israeli conflict, the fight against counterterrorism, extremism, radicalization, sectarianist and islamophobia, peace and security, eradication of poverty and support of the sustainable development and many other issues. there are a number of centers and foundations, with a separate budget located in different member-states of the organization, among which the islamic solidarity fund, providing financial assistance not only to members of the oic, but to many muslim communities in other countries located in jeddah and the islamic development bank, mainly under saudi patronage. more than 25% of the shares of idb belong to the ksa, while kuwait, uae, libya and turkey, in aggregate, own 50% of the shares (voskresenskiy a., 2016.). the presence of saudi capital in the institutional entities of the oic directly points to its leadership in this organization. as we all know, in the list of strategic objectives of ksa financial assistance is in 4th place, while external security, strengthening of unity with the arab and muslim world and the ensuring of international stability and peace occupying leading positions (abdisattorov, b., 2018.). all above-mentioned tasks are interrelated and are being implemented by the saudi government in the complex and long-term way. also, one needs to mention that the oic is not the only mechanism for the implementation of saudi financial aid to islamic countries, because the kingdom operates unilaterally as well. back in 1974according to the decree of the king of ksa the saudi fund for development was established with the aim of developing international cooperation of the kingdom with other countries. nowadays, the fund finances a total number of 3,750 projects in 71 countries, of which 41are the african countries, 25 are asian, and 5 countries are located in other parts of the world (saudi fund for development, 2016.). in modern activity of the oic is often possible to see the traces of saudi foreign policy, although this effect seems to be indirect at first and taking into account the interests of all members of the http://www/ 192 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organization. muslim religious leaders are sanctioning ideologically the functioning of the oic, increasing its prestige among the broad masses of those who are religious. developed and implemented by the principles of international islamic solidarity with the islamic religious positions, it gives a theological explanation for mobilizing policy support to oic from the masses of believers in more than 60 countries, what allows to present a united front (sheryazdanova & smagulova). but in spite of all that, the interests of saudi arabia are represented more powerful in this organization than the interests of other countries (kayaoglu, t., 2013.). leadership in this organization gives more soft power than hard, according to some scholars, the leader of the oic could serve as a role model for other members of the organization, and also the voice of a leader will act as the voice of the muslim world before the world powers. despite all advantages, one need declares, that there is no united, recognized leader in muslim world nowadays, although such countries as ksa, iran, turkey, malaysia, pakistan are putting forward the positive image of muslim leader. those countries are limiting only to their own vision of all-muslims problems and follow only their own interests. in this context the interests of saudi arabia are to create the explanation of the word ummah, or “muslim world”. for sa ummah is a strictly religious term, which is a part of its foreign policy. the oic is the perfect place for the kingdom to spread their religious orthodoxy (kayaoglu, t.). for the saudis, their foreign policy consists of the ummah, which means that the presence of the oic will be a very important direction, because this organization today has no analogues in the coverage of all parts of the muslim world. saudi arabia was behind the establishment of the oic, being the most important member of this organization for all time of its existence. the location of the bodies of the oic in saudi arabia, budgetary investments of the kingdom and its historical legacy made this country a de facto veto-power of the oic. historically, ksa has used the oic to legitimize the saudi regime in the eyes of the saudi population and the ummah. the kingdom has always sought to limit the growing influence of other states within the oic. saudi arabia was behind the establishment of the oic, being the most important member of this organization for all time of its existence. the location of the bodies of the oic in saudi arabia, budgetary investments of the kingdom and its historical legacy made this country a de facto veto-power of the oic. historically, ksa has used the oic to legitimize the saudi regime in the eyes of the saudi population and the ummah. the kingdom has always sought to limit the growing influence of other states within the oic. also, ksa has always tried to keep religion and economy in the focus of the oic, rather than consideration of political and military issues, because religion and economy has been determining the leading role of the ksa in the world. of the 3,000 decisions and resolutions adopted by the oic in recent years, only 10% were implemented, and most part of the decisions (90%) is not implemented (mozharova, v., 2015.). during all the history of existence of the organization and its institutional mechanisms, military conflicts between iran and iraq, iraq and kuwait have not been resolved, has not been provided substantial assistance in the resolution of the algerian-moroccan, the sudan-egyptian border and territorial conflicts, military-political situation in afghanistan, iraq, the territorial issues between iran and the uae, iran and bahrain (auelbaev, b., 2016.). the cause of ineffective operation of the organization can be called the very different views and positions of leading states and the basic perception of other centers of the muslim world. there is no common position among the member states of the oic, because instead of the ideas of unity and cohesion many members are trying to follow their political and economic interests. from time to time, when saudi-iranian relations have been experiencing its best periods, saudi arabia has tried to use oic in its own interests. for example, in 1987, during haj, as a result of protests and clashes of saudi and iran pilgrims, 400 people were killed, mostly iranians (kayaoglu, t.). then, in 1988, at the summit of foreign ministers of the oic a resolution, condemning the actions of the iranian pilgrims and regarded their actions as violation of the http://www/ 193 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us public order, and sabotage, was adopted. one must say that this is not the only case of support actions from ksa to oic, regardless of the true causes and clarification the positions of the parties. so, during the last summit of the oic held on april 14-15 2016 in turkey, the final communiqué condemning the actions of iran for interfering to the internal affairs of its neighbor and support of terrorist groups was adopted, in connection with succession of events as the result of the execution of prominent shia preacher in saudi arabia, named nimr al-nimr. today, if nobody openly challenges the superiority of the ksa, it offers other models of an islamic state same as pakistan and iran. it is important to note that saudi primacy in the islamic world is primarily a religious authority and financial support to developing economies. to achieve a dominant role in the islamic world, the ksa uses a variety of methods including the financing of mosques and sending imams to the muslim community, giving scholarships to students of islamic sciences in ksa, the opening of religious schools (madrasas) and centers that support islamic studies in all universities of the world and other actions. to achieve its global mission, saudi arabia has opened a network of islamic institutions such as the world council of mosques, world assembly of muslim youth, world muslim league, etc. it should be noted that before 1990 the role of ksa in oic has not been challenged by anyone, whereas from this period on new centers of islamic power began to assert itself, increasingly acquiring their status in the oic. for example, during the recent summit of the oic in turkey (april 14-15 2016) in turkish press there were signals about the new leader of the oic in the face of turkey: "we should not forget that turkey is the largest member-state of the oic, its natural leader and big brother” (kayaoglu, t.). for the return of their leading position and prevention of such statements, ksa has taken active measures, including giving the position of the secretary-general of the former minister of ksa ayadu madani. today, saudi arabia uses oic to legitimize its regime to its citizens and to the international community, most part of which is the muslim world. the kingdom is trying to limit participation and the growing influence of other countries claiming to be independent muslim center in the world using their religious and financial benefits. the saudi government is trying to prevent the formation of new islamic centers, which potentially have the opportunity to challenge its leadership and unique position in the islamic and muslim world. we came to the conclusion that the ksa is taking active steps to lead the muslim world, using its religious and financial capabilities. the kingdom is also trying to prevent the emergence of new centers of power in the muslim world, those which present a possible danger to its existence as the only leader of the entire muslim world. to this end, ksa uses state and international structures that have everything in the muslim world, such as the saudi development fund and the organization of islamic cooperation to advance their soft power and implement their foreign policy ambitions. the leading role in the oic provides saudi arabia with the role of an example for imitation and an exemplary model of state and social order for the rest of the muslim world and the "unified voice of the muslim world" in front of the world's centers of power. also, the kingdom legitimizes its vision of islam to the subjects of the ksa and the world muslim and non-muslim community through participation in the oic. in the short term, there will not be unity in the muslim world as it is not in the oic due to the vast geography of islam and not modest foreign policy ambitions of some muslim states. despite the lack of a unified, recognized and exemplary center in the muslim world, ksa has a privileged position over other states who seek to challenge the leadership of the ksa in the muslim world and show their way of muslim development as the most suitable. the so-called "unique" mission of the kingdom is explained by the fact that the csa sees itself as a "truly islamic state" the duty of which is the dissemination and preservation of "pure islam" among muslim and non-muslim countries of the modern world. in this context, it is proposed to strengthen the position of saudi arabia in the oic, and the islamic (muslim) world as a whole. http://www/ 194 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. k.sheryazdanova, d. smagulova. integrational institutes: from the organization of the islamic conference to organization of islamic cooperation eei#2 (19), 2013, 80-91 p. 2. nafiz muzzadek akhmed (2012, may 4). why the islamic cooperation organization is an irreplaceable partner of western diplomacy. http://islam today.ru/politika/pochemu_organizaciya_islamskogo_sotrudnichestva_yavlyaetsya_nezamen imym_partnerom_zapadnoj_diplomatii/. 3. voskresenskiy, a (2012). east/west. regional subsystems and regional problems of international relations. the tutorial./ edited/m-moscow state university of international relations(university) “russian political encyclopedia (rosspen)”. http://lib.sale/sovremennoy-politologii-problemyi/integratsiya-osnove-religii-organizatsiya 29625.html. 4. the oic –2015 (2016). program of action: https://oic2016istanbulsummit.org/.../2016/.../programmeofaction.pdf. 5. saudi fund for development (2023). official resource: http://www.saudinf.com/main/l104.htm. 6. kayaoglu t. the organization of islamic cooperation: politics, problems, and potential. electronic resource: https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organi sation+of+islamic+cooperation+and+saudi+arabian+foreign+policy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gs hq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q =organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign% 20policy&f=false – date of access: 20.04.2016. 7. kayaoglu t. (2013). the organization of islamic cooperation: politics, problems, and potential. electronic resource: https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organi sation+of+islamic+cooperation+and+saudi+arabian+foreign+policy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gs hq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q =organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign% 20policy&f. 8. mozharova, v. (2015). the potential of cooperation of kazakhstan and other oic member states. http://kisi.kz/ru/categories/ekonomika-i-energetika/posts/potencial-sotrudnichestva kazahstana-s-gosudarstvami-ch. 9. auelbaev, b. (2016). modern problems of islamic world and oic. http://kisi.kz/ru/categories/geopolitika-i-mezhdunarodnye-otnosheniya/posts/sovremennye problemy-islamskogo-mira-i-oik. http://www/ http://islam-today.ru/politika/pochemu_organizaciya_islamskogo_sotrudnichestva_yavlyaetsya_nezamenimym_partnerom_zapadnoj_diplomatii/ http://islam-today.ru/politika/pochemu_organizaciya_islamskogo_sotrudnichestva_yavlyaetsya_nezamenimym_partnerom_zapadnoj_diplomatii/ http://islam-today.ru/politika/pochemu_organizaciya_islamskogo_sotrudnichestva_yavlyaetsya_nezamenimym_partnerom_zapadnoj_diplomatii/ http://lib.sale/sovremennoy-politologii-problemyi/integratsiya-osnove-religii-organizatsiya-29625.html http://lib.sale/sovremennoy-politologii-problemyi/integratsiya-osnove-religii-organizatsiya-29625.html http://www.saudinf.com/main/l104.htm https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organisation%2bof%2bislamic%2bcooperation%2band%2bsaudi%2barabian%2bforeign%2bpolicy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gshq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y%23v%3donepage&q=organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign%20policy&f https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organisation%2bof%2bislamic%2bcooperation%2band%2bsaudi%2barabian%2bforeign%2bpolicy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gshq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y%23v%3donepage&q=organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign%20policy&f https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organisation%2bof%2bislamic%2bcooperation%2band%2bsaudi%2barabian%2bforeign%2bpolicy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gshq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y%23v%3donepage&q=organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign%20policy&f https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organisation%2bof%2bislamic%2bcooperation%2band%2bsaudi%2barabian%2bforeign%2bpolicy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gshq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y%23v%3donepage&q=organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign%20policy&f https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=wvkscqaaqbaj&pg=pt63&lpg=pt63&dq=organisation%2bof%2bislamic%2bcooperation%2band%2bsaudi%2barabian%2bforeign%2bpolicy&source=bl&ots=rzk7gshq83&sig=fmuw7z4j5g4opiu2ktqpqej1f9u&hl=ru&sa=x&redir_esc=y%23v%3donepage&q=organisation%20of%20islamic%20cooperation%20and%20saudi%20arabian%20foreign%20policy&f http://kisi.kz/ru/categories/ekonomika-i-energetika/posts/potencial-sotrudnichestva-kazahstana-s-gosudarstvami-ch http://kisi.kz/ru/categories/ekonomika-i-energetika/posts/potencial-sotrudnichestva-kazahstana-s-gosudarstvami-ch http://kisi.kz/ru/categories/geopolitika-i-mezhdunarodnye-otnosheniya/posts/sovremennye-problemy-islamskogo-mira-i-oik http://kisi.kz/ru/categories/geopolitika-i-mezhdunarodnye-otnosheniya/posts/sovremennye-problemy-islamskogo-mira-i-oik 296 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 analysis of concepts about the effect of an explosion in solid wednesday b. zh. tursunov asian international university, teacher of the department of "general technical sciences" general characteristics of the current state of the theory of the effect of an explosion on the environment controlling the explosion energy during short-delay explosion (sde) of charges is impossible without a clear and precise understanding of the process of rock destruction during the explosion of a single charge. therefore, it is necessary to critically review previously conducted studies on the effects of explosions, taking into account existing achievements in related fields of science, and on this basis, outline ways to further solve the problem of controlling the crushing of rocks with multi-row kzv charges. the mechanism of rock destruction by explosion has been studied by many soviet and foreign scientists, who have developed a number of theoretical directions, which, based on the share of participation of detonation products and stress waves in the destruction process, can be divided into the following main groups. 1. the destruction of rocks by explosion is caused by the piston action of detonation products. representatives of this trend believe that the dynamic impact of explosion gases does not produce rock separation, but only reduces the resistance to destruction by static gas pressure. according to the basic principles of this direction, the destruction of rocks by explosion occurs from the charge to the free surface. the main work is performed by the piston action of the detonation products, which destroy the rock and impart translational motion to it. since the direction under consideration does not take into account the properties of rocks and the action of stress waves that arise in the medium during the explosion of a charge, which is its main disadvantage, it is advisable to limit the scope of its application. this theory is more suitable for the destruction of weak rocks, which have a high absorption capacity of stress wave energy, resulting in insignificant destruction under their influence. with increasing rock strength, the share of stress wave energy in the destruction process increases due to a decrease in the absorbing properties of rocks. therefore, the hypothesis put forward is acceptable only for a certain type of rock that needs to be determined. 2. as experimental data accumulated, a theory of explosion action was developed, according to which the destruction of rocks is caused by the action of stress waves. a number of researchers believe that the destruction of any rock occurs due to the action of a reflected wave. this point of view indicates that the role of the reflected stress wave in the destruction process increases with increasing rock strength. there are arguments in favor of the incident wave as the main factor destroying the array. others believe that in industrial conditions reflected waves do not play a decisive role in the process of rock destruction. 297 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it should be noted that the hypotheses put forward about the mechanism of destruction of rocks by the action of stress waves are mainly based on the results of experimental studies obtained in laboratory conditions. due to the fact that the physical and mechanical properties of models and rock masses, as well as the conditions for conducting experimental studies in laboratory and industrial conditions, differ significantly, the hypothesis put forward is not always confirmed by data from industrial experiments. in addition , there is no data on the nature of the formation and propagation of stress waves when blasting borehole charges in production conditions, without which it is impossible to make final conclusions about the role of stress waves in the process of destruction of various rocks. the formation and propagation of stress waves, in addition to the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, is predetermined by the form of the applied explosive load. these factors have not yet been sufficiently studied, and therefore it is not possible to judge on a scientific basis with full right the role of stress waves in the destruction process. although it can be assumed that with a decrease in the absorbing properties of rocks, the share of stress wave energy in the destruction process increases. 3. the destruction of rocks by explosion is caused by the combined action of stress waves and pressure of detonation products. representatives of this direction, n.v. melnikov, f.a. baum, l.i. baron, v.n. rodionov et al. , based on the results of modern means of experimental study of the processes of rock destruction by explosion, came to the conclusion that the destruction of rocks is associated both with the action of stress waves and with the pressure of explosion gases. however, the role of these factors in the destruction process depends on the shape of the explosive pulse and the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks, and until now it has not been fully clarified, which is holding back the development and creation of new methods for controlling the explosion energy with multi-row scb charges. due to the lack of consensus on the causes of destruction, difficulties arise as to what factors should be strengthened to increase the efficiency of rock destruction during cvd charges. there are a number of theoretical and experimental studies that explain the improvement in rock crushing during kzv. at the same time, the consideration of the mechanism of rock destruction during cvd is not carried out in isolation from the theory of explosion of a single charge, but from the standpoint of the above-mentioned general directions in the theory of explosion. as a result of the theoretical analysis lagging behind production requests, there were cases when the qzv did not give the required result. in most cases, this is explained by the fact that the slowdown interval and well pattern were chosen incorrectly. in the case of cvd charges, there is an overlap of processes occurring in the rock at the time of the explosion and their interaction at different stages of development, which depends on the magnitude of the deceleration interval. depending on the magnitude of the deceleration, the nature of the interaction and, as a consequence, the results of the explosion will change. the study of these dependencies represents the basis on which methods for controlling the explosion energy during scr should be developed. this will make it possible to actively intervene in the process of rock destruction by explosion and control it to obtain the desired results. among domestic and foreign researchers about the process of rock destruction during cvd. the prevailing ideas, depending on the use of factors that determine the process of destruction of rocks during cvd, can be reduced mainly to the following: the interaction of processes occurring before the destruction of the massif and after the destruction. 1. interaction of incident stress waves and quasi-static stress state. to use these factors, the deceleration interval must be less than the time of formation of an additional free surface. until the formation of a free surface or cracks, the massif remains in a complex state of stress. this condition is caused by the action of dynamic and quasi-static stresses. dynamic stresses arise 298 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a result of the propagation of stress waves, and quasi-static stresses arise as a result of the piston action of detonation products. by changing the deceleration interval within certain limits, you can enhance the effect of one or another factor. as a result, the explosion will have a different effect on the environment. it should be noted that at small deceleration intervals commensurate with the action of the positive phase of the wave, interaction of stress waves is observed, resulting in an increase in maximum stresses and an increase in the duration of action of the incident wave, which leads to an improvement in the quality of rock crushing, due to an increase in the energy flux density of the resulting pulse propagating wave. the representative of this direction g.p. pokrovsky [ 89] believes that during short-circuit explosion there is an interaction of stress waves from the explosion of neighboring charges, due to which in certain places of the massif an increase in the stressed state and, accordingly, an improvement in crushing is observed. the deceleration interval is calculated using the formula where a is the distance between wells; w – lns value; wed is the speed of wave propagation and for borehole charges it is 5-10 ms. f.i. galadzhiy and i.v. bobrov [ 27], studying the process of destruction during short-circuit explosion, found that when charges explode with a millisecond delay, interference of stress waves occurs. the authors propose that in order to maximize the use of explosion energy for crushing the medium, subsequent charges should be detonated after a period of time during which rock vibrations caused by the previous explosion could intensify. the deceleration interval proposed by the authors is 3 -5 ms. e.g. baranov and kota [ 7, 5], studying the interaction of stress waves during short-circuit explosions, determined the condition for their maximum interaction at various distances from the exploding charges. however, the authors do not indicate in which breeds it is advisable to use this method. on the. evstropov [ 40, 41] proposes to calculate deceleration intervals based on the theory of vibration destruction, using the formula the deceleration interval he recommends is in the range of 3-7 ms. as the deceleration interval increases, the share of the energy of the quasi-static component of the wave increases, and the energy from the interaction of the dynamic components decreases. so, n.l. rosinsky [98] believes that when the deceleration interval exceeds the time of action of the positive phase of the wave, interference of voltage waves is not observed and the charges act as independent. however, the author does not take into account that after the passage of the wave until the moment of crack formation, a quasi-static stress state exists in a given area, caused by the static action of detonation products. therefore, when charges explode with deceleration intervals greater than the time of action of the positive phase of the wave and less than the time of arrival of the destruction front in a given area, the voltage wave from the explosion of the subsequent charge will propagate in a quasi-statically stressed mass. 299 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us g.p. demidyuk, e.g. baranov, u. langefors and white [31, 7, 61, 106] believe that in the case of scv, the stressed state of the destroyed, but not yet separated, medium in the area of action of the first row is also used. s.h. johanson and u. langefors [ 61], based on practical experience, recommend determining the deceleration interval using the formula where k =3.3÷6.6 is an empirical coefficient, the value of which decreases with increasing rock strength. the magnitude of the deceleration interval , determined by the formulas of these authors, is within 20-30 ms when blasting borehole charges. our numerical comparisons of the time of action of the positive phase of stress waves and the deceleration intervals used in practice show that, given the drilling and blasting parameters existing in quarries, the time of action of the positive phase is less than or equal to the applied deceleration intervals, i.e. interaction of stress waves or the use of a quasi-static stress state is possible . however, to determine the conditions that ensure the maximum possible interaction of stress wave energy, it is necessary to carry out further studies of the parameters of stress waves in industrial conditions. at the same time , it is necessary to determine the area of effective use of these factors during czv, depending on the properties of rocks and charge parameters. 2. the action of reflected waves from an additional free surface and the impact of a moving rock mass. usage of these factors is possible at deceleration intervals exceeding the time of formation of an additional free surface. according to this direction, an improvement in the quality of rock mass crushing during kzv charges is achieved due to the formation of additional free surfaces during the explosion of previous charges and due to additional crushing by the collision of moving rock masses. when the subsequent charge explodes during a short-circuit explosion, the stress wave, reaching the newly formed free surface, is reflected from it, transforming into a tension wave. the reflected wave , interfering with the direct wave, contributes to the destruction of the massif. representatives of this direction a.n. khanukaev, m.f. drukovany, f.i. kucheryavyi, yu.v. gaek, n.g. petrov et al. [ 118, 58 , 39, 83, 84] believe that the most effective scheme is the alternate explosion of charges at a deceleration interval that would correspond to the formation of new additional exposed surfaces. they consider the impact of a moving mass of rocks as an additional crushing factor. it should be noted that the efficiency of the reflected wave would increase if a more powerful incident wave were reflected from the free surface. this can be achieved by choosing a deceleration interval based on the condition of maximum interaction of stress waves incident on the free surface. to determine the deceleration interval a.n. khanukaev [118] offers an analytical expression where t 1 is the time it takes for the voltage wave to travel from the charging chamber to the free surface and back; t 2 – time of development of cracks from the exposed surface to the charging chamber; t 3 – time of rock movement at a distance of 0.8-1.0 cm from the pillar. a similar formula for determining the deceleration interval is proposed by f.i. curly and m.f. drukovany [58]. the formula under consideration is not sufficiently theoretically and experimentally substantiated. this especially applies to determining and justifying the time of movement of rock over a specified distance. 300 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ultimately, the authors recommend a deceleration interval for borehole charges of 20-30 ms, and for blasthole charges 15 ms. n.g. petrov proposes to determine the deceleration interval based on the condition of the formation of an additional free surface, according to the formula [84] the formula was established empirically when blasting blasthole charges under certain conditions and therefore has a limited scope of application. n.l. rosinsky, g.m. kitach, n. taichman, hancock [98, 16, 131] and others believe that the improvement in the quality of crushing during kzv is achieved mainly due to the collision of moving rock masses. n.l. rosinsky [ 98] believes that at the moment of explosion of the charges of the second stage, the mass of rock from the action of the explosion of the first stage is in a state of movement at some distance from the newly formed outcrop surfaces. due to the explosion of the first-stage charges, a large number of cracks are formed in the array, which act as additional free surfaces. in this case, the rock mass acquires translational motion and is subjected to the action of an explosion of charges of subsequent decelerations. thus, the interaction of rock masses occurs , which allows for additional crushing and makes it possible to control the movement and displacement of the blasted mass. g.m. kitach [ 47] argued that the impact of the blasted rock masses should occur at the moment of the presence of maximum internal stress in the rock, resulting from the passage of stress waves from the previous explosion. english researchers teichman and hancock [131] believe that the collision of rock occurs when it moves in the opposite direction at the expanding end of the ejecta. the collision of pieces in flight causes their additional crushing . in this case, the deceleration interval is selected taking into account the collision of the maximum number of pieces of blasted rock mass at their highest speeds. it should be noted that the effect of the collision of moving masses in the current period of development of the kzv is considered as a non-main factor, but an additional factor contributing to the crushing of rocks. based on the analysis , we can conclude that none of the areas discussed above separately can fully explain the physical essence of increasing the efficiency of using explosion energy during shortcircuit explosive charges. this is explained by the transience and complexity of processes over time. in addition, the hypotheses put forward are not able to provide a complete physical justification for the picture of the interaction of stress waves during short circuits, and, therefore, it is not surprising that the resulting formulas for determining rational deceleration intervals, in order to use the same factor, do not always give the same values and often differ significantly. the scope of application of the developed methods for increasing the efficiency of using explosion energy to fragment the environment, depending on the properties of rocks and the parameters of the initial impulse, has not been sufficiently studied. not all proposed formulas for determining the deceleration interval take into account the charge parameters, and the influence of explosion schemes on the deceleration interval is not considered at all. considering that the nature of the propagation of stress waves and the process of destruction of rocks by explosion depend on the physical and mechanical properties of rocks and the shape of the initial pulse, the parameters of the charge and its distance from the free surface, it can be assumed that the effectiveness of using factors that cause an increase in crushing depending on the deceleration interval , will determine the quality of crushing. 301 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us using modern advances in the field of recording fast processes, at the present time it seems possible to record the process of development of stress fields and the destruction of media by explosion. this will make it possible to more fully reveal the mechanism of rock destruction by explosion and, on this basis, improve existing and develop new effective methods for controlling explosion energy. as a conclusion , it should be noted that, despite the inconsistency of theoretical views, the range of knowledge of the physical foundations of rock destruction by explosion has expanded significantly. soviet scientists made a particularly large contribution to the development of the theory of rock destruction by explosion. however, it is necessary to persistently 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(2023). using technology in a sports environment. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-07 49. azamat orunbayev. (2023). fitnes va sog’lomlashtirish bo’yicha murabbiylik yo`nalishiga kontseptual yondashuv. research focus international scientific journal, 2(8), 23–28. retrieved from https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/431 50. azamat orunbayev. (2023). pandemiya davrida mobil sog’liqni saqlash va fitnes dasturlari (program). research focus international scientific journal, 2(7), 37–42. retrieved from https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/414 51. azamat orunbayev. (2023). approaches, behavioral characteristics, principles and methods of work of coaches and managers in sports. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-16 52. azamat orunbayev. (2023). globalization and sports industry. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 164–182. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-18 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 investment as a catalyst for economic progress: exploring its impact on growth and development boturov bekzod akmalovich student, samarkand institute of economics and service, republic of uzbekistan , samarkand rafieva zarina khusanova scientific adviser, ass., samarkand institute economy and service, samarkand abstract: in this article we will consider the role of investments in the economy and their impact on various aspects of the country's development. investment is a key driver of economic growth, innovation and job creation. key words: investment, investment activity, methods, gdp, entrepreneurial activity, economic development introduction to the concept of investment and its role in economic progress investments play an important role in economic development and stimulate the growth of the national economy. this process is a catalyst for achieving sustainable economic progress. investment involves putting capital into projects and businesses with the goal of making a profit in the future. in this article we will look at the impact of investment on the growth and development of the economy, as well as their different types and importance for attracting foreign investment. methods this study used both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. quantitative methods included the analysis of statistical data on the volume of investments in various sectors of the economy, the dynamics of gdp growth and employment. qualitative methods included analysis of the impact of investments on innovation, competitiveness and the development of new technologies. link between investment, growth and development investment has a direct link to economic growth and development. when businesses and organizations receive investment, they can expand their operations, create new jobs and increase production. this affects the growth of national income and improves the quality of life of 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us citizens. in addition, investments contribute to the development of infrastructure, science and technology, which ensures long-term progress and competitiveness of the country. types of investments and their impact on economic progress there are several types of investments that have different effects on economic progress. direct investment involves investing capital in businesses and companies, which helps create new jobs and increase production. portfolio investments, on the contrary, are associated with the purchase of stocks and bonds, which contributes to the development of financial markets and attracting foreign investors. importance of foreign direct investment (fdi) foreign direct investment is a key factor for the economic development of countries. they facilitate the transfer of technology, knowledge and experience from abroad, which increases the productivity and competitiveness of local enterprises. fdi also stimulates exports and creates new jobs, which has a positive effect on unemployment and the standard of living of the population. governments of countries actively attract foreign direct investment, providing investors with various benefits and guarantees. study of successful investment strategies in different countries different countries may adopt different strategies to attract investment and stimulate economic growth. for example, singapore successfully attracts investment by providing a reliable legal environment, high-quality infrastructure and attractive tax rates. china, on the other hand, is actively investing in infrastructure and developing its industry to attract foreign investors. research on these strategies may be useful for other countries wishing to increase investment and stimulate economic growth. the role of government in attracting and facilitating investment the government plays an important role in attracting and facilitating investment. it can create special economic zones, provide tax incentives and simplify business registration procedures. in addition, the government must ensure stability and transparency in the legal system so that investors feel protected and confident in investing their funds. governments can also implement reforms to improve the investment climate and remove barriers to investment. impact of investment on job creation and poverty reduction investments have a direct impact on creating new jobs and reducing poverty. when businesses receive investment, they can expand their operations and create new jobs for local people. this helps reduce unemployment and improve the standard of living of the population. in addition, investments contribute to the development of small and medium-sized businesses, which is a key factor for sustainable economic development and poverty alleviation. challenges and obstacles to investment and their impact on economic progress there are various problems and obstacles that can make investing difficult and have a negative impact on economic progress. these include political instability, corruption, poor investor rights and lack of transparency in business processes. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these factors may discourage potential investors and reduce the level of investment in the country. governments must actively address these issues to create an enabling investment environment and ensure sustainable economic growth. strategies to stimulate investment and stimulate economic growth and development governments can use a variety of strategies to stimulate investment and stimulate economic growth. this could include introducing tax and trade reforms, creating special economic zones and providing tax incentives for investors. in addition, governments can actively attract foreign investors and develop support programs for local businesses. it is also important to ensure transparency and stability in the legal system so that investors can feel protected and confident in their investments. conclusion: the importance of investment as a catalyst for economic progress investment plays a key role in economic progress and stimulates the growth and development of the national economy. they help create new jobs, improve the standard of living of the population and develop infrastructure. attracting foreign investment is also an important factor for the economic development of the country. however, there are obstacles and challenges that can make investing difficult. governments must actively combat these problems and implement strategies to stimulate investment and stimulate economic growth and development. used literature : 1. литвинова в. в. инвестиционная привлекательность и инвестиционный климат региона: к вопросу о дефинициях и оценке //финансы: теория и практика. – 2014. – №. 1. – с. 139-152. 2. шарп, у., александер, г. д., & бэйли, д. в. (2001). инвестиции (p. 1028). инфрам. 3. андрианов, а. ю., валдайцев, с. в., воробьев, п. в., воронова, н. с., горбушина, с. г., дарушин, и. а., ... & соколова, с. в. (2014). инвестиции. 4. никонова а. а. инвестиции в инновации в современном мире: особенности и закономерности //синергия. – 2017. – №. 1. – с. 71-82. 5. шарп, уильям, гордон дж александер, and джеффри в. бэйли. инвестиции. инфра-м, 2001. 6. тешабаева, о. н., салимжанова, з. с. к., & пўлатова, о. м. (2021). сфера развития предпринимательской инвестиционной деятельности экономики узбекистана. scientific progress, 2(7), 670-673. 7. муйдинов, м. я. у. (2022). пути совершенствования и регулирования инвестиционного процесса в узбекистане. scientific progress, 3(1), 911-916. 255 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 new construction of the looper mechanism mustafoyev komiljon ilxom o’g’li doctoral student of bukhara engineering technological institute annotation. a device is known that includes a looper rigidly mounted on an oscillating shaft and a stationary spreader that holds a loop of needle thread at certain moments of the loop formation process. the necessary rotational or oscillatory movement of the looper performed along the stitch line predetermines the presence of a looper shaft located in bearings across the stitch line and having elements of kinematic connection with the transmission link, in the form of a gear or rocker arm with a rotational kinematic pair. as a result, when using known methods of forming a single-thread chain stitch (the output link of the corresponding mechanisms, including a looper, a shaft located across the stitch line, with elements of kinematic connection with the transmission link and the stand), relatively large cross-sectional dimensions of the cavity of the hose platform in which the specified output link. this drawback of existing methods and corresponding mechanisms does not allow their use in cases where the cross-sectional dimensions of the hose platform, determined by the technological characteristics of the product being processed, for example, the diameter of the product having a cylindrical shape, should be smaller than those dimensions that can be obtained using known methods and mechanisms. key words: transmission link, corresponding mechanisms, sewing machine, reliability, introduction in another known design, the looper mechanism of a chain stitch sewing machine contains a shaft with a looper located perpendicular to the main shaft of the machine and connected to it by means of a ball connecting rod and a crank mounted on the looper shaft to move the looper across the stitch, and by means of an eccentric, connecting rod and slider mounted on the looper shaft to move the looper along the stitch, while in order to improve the speed characteristics of the machine and increase reliability, the crank is located under the main shaft in the same vertical plane with it, and the attachment points of the crank to the looper shaft are located under the attachment point. the design of the sewing machine looper consists of a crank 2 mounted on the main shaft 1. the connecting rod 3 is connected to the crank 2 by a hinge 4, and the other end of the connecting rod 3 is connected by a hinge 5 to the lever 6 of the right looper 8. the lever 6 is put on an axis 7 installed in the sewing machine body 15 cars. the right looper 8 is screwed to the second arm of the lever 6 with a clamping screw. the third arm of the lever 6, using two links 10, is connected to the lever 9 of the left looper 12. the lever 9 of the left looper 12 is put on the hinge pin 11, fixed in the body 15 of the machine. the left looper 12 is attached to the lever 9 with a tightening screw. the loopers 8 and 256 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 12 have grooves 19 and 20 with holes 13 at both ends. barrel-shaped bushings 17 are installed in the holes 13 by means of rubber shock absorbers 18. in the working console parts of the loopers 8 and 12, removable overhead plates 16 and 14 made of wear-resistant steel are rigidly installed. figure 1. during the formation of stitches, the threads pass through the hole 13 and mix along the grooves 19 and 20. at the same time, due to sudden changes in thread tension, vibrations in thread tension are reduced by damping and deformation of the elastic bushings 18. in addition, due to the vibrations of the sleeve 17, their wear when interacting with the thread is significantly reduced. the recommended design of the looper of a sewing machine allows increasing the reliability of the loopers and ensures the production of high-quality stitches. references 1. mustafoyev, k. (2023). looper mechanism of the sewing machine. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4), 16-18. 2. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). bо‘lаjаk о’qituvchi pedаgоgik mulоqоt usullаrini rivоjlаntirish texnоlоgiyаsining zаmоnаviy mоdellаri vа ulаrni qо‘llаsh metоdlаri. journal of 257 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us universal science research, 1(9), 223–234. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/195 3. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o’quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 4. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 5. ravshanovna, x. s. (2022). bo ‘lajak o ‘qituvchilar va o ‘quvchilar o ‘rtasidagi muloqot jarayoni va unga qo ‘yiladigan talablar. лучший инноватор в области науки, 1(1), 814-819. 6. xalilova, s. (2021). jahon pedagogikasida zamonaviy pedagogik muloqot va milliy pedagogik muloqot uslublariga transformatsiyasi. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/195 https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of commercial banks in the formation of enterprises involving foreign investment. kh.r. abdukarimov 2nd year student of karshi engineering-economics institute abstract this article highlights the importance of improving the economy by attracting foreign investments,also creating an investment environment in the region and factors affecting it, and increasing investment attractiveness. keywordsinvestment, investment environment, investment attractiveness, foreign investment, stock, bond, investment funds, venture funds. introduction nowadays, one of the main conditions for the development of the economy of any country is the attraction of foreign investments into the economy. the need to activate investment processes in the national economy and expand the participation of commercial banks in it is determined by increasing the role of the banking system in ensuring economic stability. participation of banks in increasing the investment potential includes directing bank funds to investment purposes, providing investment loans, participating in share capital, and carrying out operations with securities. the investment activity of commercial banks is further developed through their participation in financial-industrial groups. because, within the framework of financial-industrial groups, banks increase their investment activity based on the development and implementation of promising investment projects, organization of operations related to securities, and directing financial resources to high-income areas. literature review candidate of economics, u. f. dodiev, in his article entitled "ways of development of investment activities of commercial banks" wrote that "banks appear on the market as investors on the one hand, and on the other hand, they are debtors." this situation makes liquidity an important issue for banks, which require proportionate management of assets and liabilities in terms of maturity, size and interest rates. the weight of uzbek banks' investments in real assets is high. bank loans for more than one year are long-term loans, which are given for the purpose of financing the investment costs of the population and economic entities. furthermore, president sh. m. mirziyoev in his works entitled "new uzbekistan strategy" described "efforts to reform the banking system, deepen the capitalization and increase the stability 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the deposit base of banks, strengthen their financial stability and reliability, and further expand crediting of promising investment projects and small business and entrepreneurial entities." "our actions are paying off." methods in order to effectively organize the investment policy of banks and increase their investment activity, it is appropriate to take into account the following: ensure the financial stability of the banking system by improving the quality of the investment portfolio and risk management practices, implementing technological solutions for assessing financial risks; in the implementation of the investment policy, it is necessary to evaluate the factors affecting it and to analyze their impact in depth; it is necessary to implement effective measures aimed at the development of financial relations between commercial banks and industrial enterprises, in particular, to strengthen the participation of banks in the development and implementation of investment projects in enterprises; formation of financial-industrial groups by ensuring the integration of finance and industrial capital; it is necessary to gradually implement the organization of financial-industrial groups with the participation of commercial banks with a high level of capitalization, because this situation makes it possible to increase the level of profitability and reduce risks in investment relations. result therefore, commercial banks are the main financial intermediaries for investment in the economy. formation of enterprises and corporate structures through commercial banks creates favorable conditions for increasing investment activity of banks, effective and stable development of industrial sectors and, most importantly, modernization of existing productions. as a result, through the introduction of new techniques and technologies in the country, it will be possible to develop new high-scientific productions directed to domestic and foreign markets, to create conditions for increasing the competitiveness of national enterprises and their financial stability in world markets. our economic strategy is aimed at attracting large-scale investments into the economy. we will create necessary conditions for investment growth to be at least 25 percent of gdp in 10 years. we will pay attention to the issues of improving the investment environment, increasing the effectiveness of investment policy in sectors and sectors, clarifying large investment projects to be implemented in 2022-2026 at the expense of foreign investments and loans, and expanding publicprivate partnership in the economy.1 creating an investment environment for attracting foreign investments to the economy, increasing the investment attractiveness will allow the country to increase its foreign investment. the role of xiik in the national economy is determined by the following: growth of the gross domestic product created in our country; attracting foreign investments to the national economy; providing the population with employment and new jobs; in the formation of population incomes; in the technical and technological updating of the means of production; introduction of modern management methods and culture; increase in the number of legal and individual tax payers; 1 sh.m. mirziyoev. new uzbekistan strategy. tashkent: "uzbekistan" publishing house, 2021. 134 p. 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in supplementing the income of the state budget; in the production of export-oriented goods replacing imports; in providing services; in saving free currency; increasing the income of free currency to the national economy; increasing the stability of the national currency, the sum. discussion enterprises with foreign investment has been established in all regions of our country, and they have been providing close support in the formation of the socio-economic infrastructure of regions, districts and cities in accordance with the needs of the time. there is a disparity in the distribution of enterprises with foreign investment by region. in some regions, the per capita population is higher than expected, while in some regions, it is very low. we used the method of analysis to determine these imbalances. enterprises with foreign investment is located unevenly by region in our republic. for example, in 2010, approximately 82.4% of the enterprises with foreign investment operating in the republic of tashkent city and tashkent region corresponded to 70.1% by 2021. 17.6% and 29.9% correspond to the remaining twelve regions, respectively. in our opinion, there are a number of objective factors that have influenced the emergence of this situation in the republic, the main of which are the following. including: the large number of consumers who demand the goods, works and services provided by joint ventures in the capital and the high solvency of the population compared to other regions; relatively well-organized financial and social infrastructure in the capital; since the railway, airport and most of the ministries and committees are located in the capital, the facilities created in the registration of joint ventures and the import of raw materials and materials or the export of finished products; relative sufficiency of financing sources for the enterprise to carry out investment activities for the purpose of reproduction, etc. the presence of a stable political and economic environment in our republic, that is, the creation of a favorable investment environment and the effectiveness of the system of receiving foreign capital is a necessary condition for attracting foreign investments. the investment environment is a general criterion for the placement of investment resources and, first of all, ensures the profitability of capital funds. conclusion and suggestions in conclusion, in the context of the transition to the digital economy in uzbekistan and its kashkadarya region, bio and nanotechnologies, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, mechanical engineering and metal processing, microelectronics, fine chemical technologies, informationcommunication and laser-optical technologies, use of renewable energy achievements, new it is appropriate to establish enterprises with foreign investment in areas that lead to the development of industries such as materials production. kashkadarya region has great opportunities and potential for the establishment of industrial cluster enterprises specializing in the production of mineral resources, processing of agricultural products, construction materials, textile products. the use of existing idle production areas, labor and natural resources has the potential to provide high-value, high-quality production capacity for exporting goods and services to foreign markets in modernized, technically and technologically re-equipped enterprises of the region or newly established enterprises with participation of foreign investments. 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. o‘.f.dodiev. “tijorat banklarining investitsiyalarini rivojlantirish yo‘llari”. “iqtisod va moliya” jurnali, 2014 yil 3-son 2. sh.m.mirziyoev. yangi o'zbekiston strategiyasi. toshkent, “o‘zbekiston” nashriyoti, 2021 yil, 171 bet 3. zoyirovna, m. k., & o‘gli, a. h. r. (2022). qashqadaryo viloyati hududida iqtisodiy kapitalni takomillashtirishning kuchli yo‘nalishlari. gospodarka i innovacje., 29 4. muzaffarova, k., & abdukarimov, k. (2022). hududlarda investitsiya muhitini shakllantirishga ta'sir etuvchi omillar. evraziyskiy jurnal sotsialnyx nauk, filosofiii i kultury, 2(5) 5. muzaffarova, k. z. (2022 yil, dekabr). qashqadaryo sanoat korxonalariga xorijiy rivojlanish omillari. xalqaro konferentsiyalarda j. 1, № 18 6. zoyirovna, m. k. (2022). qashqadaryo viloyati iqtisodiyotiga xorijiy investisiyalarni jalb qilish dinamikasi va unga ta’sir etuvchi omillar. gospodarka i innovacje., 29 7. zoyirovna, m. k. (2022). xorijiy investitsiyalar ishtirokidagi korxonalarning viloyat iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirishdagi ahamiyati. gospodarka i innovacje., 29 8. muzaffarova, k. z., & abdukarimov, x. r. (2023). xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb etishda tijorat banklarining faolligini tiklash asoslari. gospodarka va innovacje. 9. muzaffarova, k. z., & eshmurodova, s. u. (2023). iqtisodiyotning rivojlanishida tijorat banklarining investitsion jarayonlari. gospodarka va innovacje. 10. berdiev, a.h., & muzaffarova, k. z. (2023). mamlakat xaridiga xorijiy yalb etilsin. gospodarka va innovacje. 11. узоков, н., хушмурадов, о. х., & бабаева, л. (2014). роль инвестиции в модернизации и развитии предприятий в условиях рыночной экономики. in феномен рыночного хозяйства: от истоков до наших дней (pp. 376-378). 12. oman, x., & alisherovich, t. s. (2022). the role and importance of clusters in the agricultural sector. gospodarka i innowacje., 29, 202-206. 13. хушмурадов, о. (2023). ғаллачиликда бозор механизмларини жорий қилиш эркин рақобат гарови. gospodarka i innowacje., 411-419. 14. хужакулов, х. д., & хушмурадов, о. н. (2023). ўзбекистонда демографик жараёнларнинг ўзига хос хусусиятларининг статистик таҳлили. gospodarka i innowacje., 9-18. 15. хуррамов, а. ф. туробов шерзод алишерович, & мингбоев шухрат мингбой ўғли (2018). уй хўжалигида инновацион фаолиятни ривожлантиришнинг иқтисодий механизми. экономика и финансы (узбекистан),(8), 16-20. 16. хуррамов, а. ф., маматов, а. а., мингбоев, ш. м. ў., & туробов, ш. а. (2018). иқтисодий ресурсларнинг доиравий айланиш моделида уй хўжалигининг тутган ўрни. экономика и финансы (узбекистан), (9), 2-6. 17. fayzullayevich, x. a. (2023). economic security as a necessary condition for the sustainable development of the economic system. gospodarka i innowacje., 185-191. 18. fayzullayevich, x. a. (2023). the level of economic security of kashkadarya region and the methodology of its assessment. gospodarka i innowacje., 420425. 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 19. murodov, j. (2020). мамлакатимизда хизмат кўрсатиш соҳасида олиб борилаётган ижтимоий-иқтисодий ислоҳатлар кўлами. архив научных исследований, (29). 20. муродов, ж. (2022). қишлоқ хўжалигида инновацион жараёнларнинг статистик таҳлили. economics and education, 23(maxsus_son), 576-581. 21. utanov, b., mamatkulov, b., akhmedova, m., murodov, j., & abdiqulova, d. (2021). correlation of the interaction of agricultural production with the volume of dehkanproduction in uzbekistan. ilkogretim online, 20(3), 1706-1717. 22. муродов, ч., & муродова, м. (2014). агрокластер: ташкил этишнинг назарий асослари. экономика и финансы (узбекистан), (2), 19-25. 23. alisherovich, t. s. (2023). improving accounting and its maintenance in banks. gospodarka i innowacje., 31, 15-20. 24. alisherovich, t. s. (2023). entrepreneurship development policy in rural households. gospodarka i innowacje., 37, 128-132. 25. туробов, ш. а. (2023). уй хўжаликлари даромадлари шаклланишининг назарий жиҳатлари. gospodarka i innowacje., 426-431. 26. туробов, ш., & намозов, б. (2023). tijorat banklari faoliyati tahlilini tashkil qilish. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(s/3), 127-133. 27. alisherovich, t. s., & ugli, n. b. b. (2023). internal control in banks. european journal of business startups and open society, 3(3), 34-39. 174 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the importance of international financial relations in the globalization of financial relations shakhzod abduvakhobov samarkand institute of economics and service, samarkand, uzbekistan annotation: the article is devoted to the development of international financial relations in the context of the globalization of financial relations, and in the future, ways to develop mutual relations with international financial organizations and effectively use foreign investments are presented. keywords: international financial relations, foreign investment, balance of payments, international financial organizations. ensuring organic and stable economic growth rates in the national economy and its development depends, among other factors, on the effective functioning of the financial and credit mechanism. it is the effective functioning of the financial and credit mechanism that serves as the basis for the steady growth and competitiveness of the economy. in this sense, rational formation, attraction, redistribution, placement and management of existing financial resources for the increasingly stable development of the economy makes it one of the most relevant and influential issues not only today, but also in the future. international finance includes finance that has come into international circulation and is used in international economic relations, that is, in the relations of residents with the outside world. international finance serves to implement and develop the following operations: firstly, to strengthen economic ties between residents of different countries and their mutual cooperation; secondly, to maintain relations with various institutions (international and regional organizations) of residents of world countries; thirdly, conducting operations of residents of different countries in the international financial markets, etc. international finance is only a part of world finance. world finance includes not only international finance but also domestic finance of world countries. the basic source of international finance is a part of the private and public funds available in the countries of the world. this part is deducted from the national economy and placed in the economy of foreign countries based on various goals and conditions, or given to international organizations, or else it goes to the international financial markets [1]. international finance is covered by domestic finance, that is, finance belonging to residents. at the same time, international finance is aimed at meeting the needs of these residents with other residents based on national legislation and is carried out in national currency. serves for increased interaction. http://www/ 175 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us internal finance is a part of national finance, and national finance includes, in addition to internal finance, the economic relations of the residents of this country with the outside world. this relationship is reflected in the balance of payments and accounts [2]. the annual balance of payments shows how the country's foreign economic relations were formed during the past year: payments/revenues for export/import of goods, services, including income/payments for capital (interest, dividends, profits); short-term and long-term capital income/loss; shows changes in official reserves. a negative balance of current payments means that a country is a net importer of capital, while a positive balance means a net exporter of capital. the current account shows the country's position in terms of international investments: it represents its demand (assets) to other countries and its obligations (liabilities) to foreign creditors and investors. international financing has credit and non-credit forms. international credit instruments include instruments that are given for a certain period and are supposed to be returned to the creditor on time in full and with interest. debt obligations are included in the non-credit form of international financing. this form of external indebtedness represents a debt obligation that is fully amortized within an agreed period, paid in the form of amortization and interest. as a result of the activities carried out in the years of independence in the republic of uzbekistan, solid legal foundations were created for the formation of an open economy and the liberalization of foreign economic relations. in particular, the laws "on foreign economic activity", "on guarantees of foreign investors' activity", "on free economic zones", decrees of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, decisions of the cabinet of ministers and other regulatory legal documents on foreign economic relations and international financial relations. regulates, determines the procedure for attracting and encouraging foreign investments. in particular, the main principles and procedures for the implementation of foreign economic relations are defined in the law "on foreign economic activities" [3]. in accordance with the generally recognized norms of international law, the rights, interests and property of the participants of foreign economic relations are protected regardless of the forms of ownership.. the economic reforms implemented in our country serve to increase the efficiency of international financial relations, as well as the competitiveness of our national economy. in the macroeconomic level of globalization in the world economy, countries strive for economic activity of integrated associations, remove trade and investment barriers, and establish free trade areas. in addition, the process of globalization includes economic, legal, political, and information technology interactions for conducting business between countries. in order to widely attract financial resources from the global investment market to our country, it is necessary to receive a high-level sovereign credit rating from the world's leading international rating agencies, deepen market reforms, liberalize the economy, and develop local production [4]. development of mutual relations of our country with international financial organizations and effective use of foreign investments are in the perspective: attraction of new, modern techniques and technologies to the economy of the republic, and their introduction into production allows to quickly get rid of old techniques that produce low-quality products that cannot meet the customer's demand for several years; creation of new workplaces and providing employment to the unemployed part of the population, at the same time, it allows to introduce the advanced management experience of the foreign countries, thereby increasing labor productivity; in exchange for the production and export of high-quality products that can compete in the http://www/ 176 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us world market, it ensures more inflow of high-value currencies into the country. comprehensive development of mutual relations between our republic and international financial organizations will be the basis for the future economic and social development of our country and further increase of its place in the integration of the world economic system. the activities of international financial organizations help to achieve the stability of the world economy and ensure the continuity of relations in the field of currency and finance. first of all, the need for this is explained by the increase in the scale of mutual relations between countries, as well as their changing nature. the effectiveness of the activities of international financial organizations depends to a certain extent on the interaction with the governments and state organizations of the member countries. therefore, the investment activities of international financial organizations often require close cooperation with state organizations that carry out risk management and insurance for large international projects. references 1. lesta, r. d., & ahrorov, z. o. (2023, may). boosting stock returns in coal mining: key strategies revealed. in international conference on intellectuals’ global responsibility (icigr 2022) (pp. 600610). atlantis press. 2. ахроров, з. о., ханова, н., & хусанова, д. ш. (2018). проблемы финансовой поддержки безубыточного функционирования хозяйствующих субъектов. in направления повышения стратегической конкурентоспособности аграрного сектора экономики (pp. 122-126). 3. law no. 285-xp of the republic of uzbekistan "on foreign economic activity". june 14, 1998. 4. атаниязов ж., алимардонов э. халқаро молия муносабатлари. дарслик. – т.: 2014. – 340-б. 5. ahrorov, z. (2020). налоговое стимулирование инновационных предприятий сферы промышленности. архив научных исследований, 34. http://www/ 147 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methods of organizing classes for working with paper and cardboard in technology classes kurbanova shoira narzullayevna a teacher at bukhsu abstract: this article discusses the methodology for organizing classes in the section on working with paper and cardboard at technology lessons. the technique of working with paper and cardboard at school has its own characteristics in the correct selection of tools and materials. keywords: educational activity, labour activity , practical activity, motivation, intellectual skills. introduction most technology lessons in elementary grades are devoted to working with paper and cardboard. paper and cardboard in themselves are pantry fantasies and imagination games. and if you combine it with manual dexterity, then everything can be revived, as if given a second life. the main educational tasks of each lesson and labor processes, when performing these tasks, are solved, provided for in the preliminary distribution of program material. however, when preparing for a particular lesson, very often clarification is required, and sometimes a change in the material outlined by the plan. paper and cardboard are the most common and more accessible materials in processing. in the process of working with them, students get an idea about their production, types, properties, use in everyday life and technology, about the professions of people associated with the production of paper and cardboard and their processing. the formation of students' practical skills in processing these materials is carried out in the process of manufacturing products. from preschooland children know the techniques for cutting paper with scissors, connecting parts with glue. work at the beginning of the study of the topic, when children get acquainted with new materials for them, master new instruments, learn new techniques, and conduct frontal work. the teacher sets specific tasks for the students, certain labor tasks. he explains the purpose of the work performed, talks about the purpose of the manufactured item, about the requirements that the finished product must meet, about the equipment, that students will use when completing the assignment. paper and cardboard are the most common and most affordable materials for processing. in the process of working with them, students get an idea about their production, types, properties, use in everyday life and technology, about the professions of people associated with the production of paper and cardboard and their processing. main part. the formation of students' practical skills in processing these materials is carried out in the process of manufacturing products. from the preschool period, children are familiar with the techniques of cutting paper with scissors, connecting parts with glue. in elementary school, students expand their knowledge and master the skills of marking parts from paper and cardboard by bending according to a pattern, using measuring tools, techniques for cutting 148 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cardboard with a knife, various ways of designing products with appliqué, coloring, using other types of materials. paper and cardboard materials, when working with which the foundations are laidgraphic literacy. students get a general idea of a technical drawing, sketch, drawing, learn to understand the simplest drawings (sketches) and perform markup on them. children early begin to perceive the environment, but in order for them to appreciate what they see, to distinguish really beautiful things from variegation and diversity, this must be taught, and the sooner the better. the work on developing a child's artistic taste begins in the family and continues at school in technology lessons. sensory education enables children, when performing applications, to compare figures large and small, wide and narrow, long and short, dark and light. children determine that the figures are located high, low, in the center, left, right. the teacher should not only teach younger students certain methods of work, his main task is to develop their ability to be creative, arouse interest in work, instill skills in a culture of work, comradely mutual aid: 1) develops the ability to work with hands, accustoms to precise finger movements under the control of consciousness; 2) develops spatial imagination teaches to read the drawings, according to which the figures are folded and to represent products in volume according to them; 3) introduces the basic geometric concepts; 4) improves the ability to follow oral instructions; 5) develops confidence in their strengths and abilities; helps to develop drawing skills; 6) stimulates the development of memory; 7) teacht concentration; 8) develops creative abilities. many guys become authors of their own inventions; 9) stimulates the creation of game situations; 10) expands communication skills; 11) allows you to feel personal involvement in a new international cultural phenomenon. at labor lessons in the process of performing practical work, children must acquire the necessary labor skills, as well as gain knowledge about the properties of materials. after the introductory conversations, children should understand well the purpose of the lesson, the practical tasks facing them. the task of the introductory briefing is not only to explain to children the techniques for making any product, but to prepare them for the conscious assimilation of educational material, for understanding the techniques being studied and applying them in practical activities. therefore, when preparing for a lesson, when planning its conduct, it is necessary to carefully consider and outline the content and wording of instructions when instructing., the course of the briefing itself. it is necessary to give them the opportunity to hold it in their hands, examine it in detail, feel the material by touch, in other words, the perception of the object should be versatile (visual, tactile, motor). the model demonstrated by the teacher should be clearly visible from any place in the classroom. therefore, it is often made large. similarly, when demonstrating techniques for manufacturing parts of a product, samples of these parts are made on an enlarged scale. the demonstration of the manufacturing process of one or another object of work is carried out differently depending on a number of factors: on age characteristics, on the degree of preparedness of children, on the complexity of the product, on the time allotted for work. demonstration of processing techniques is accompanied by an explanation, while questions and instructions should force students to find the correct solution to practical problems themselves. the teacher is required to provide a clear and precise presentation of the verbal explanation of practical techniques ,correct pronunciation of technical terms with mandatory writing them on the board. it is extremely useful to intensify the activity of students to teach them to use their measuring and computing skills in labor lessons to solve constructive problems. one of the main indicators of a high work culture is the ability to work accurately and accurately. therefore, when instructing students before starting work, it is recommended to show not only the methods of processing the material, but about and ways to check the performance of work with a certain degree of accuracy, corresponding to the level of mathematical knowledge of students. the performance of the work by the teacher himself, although it requires a significant investment of time, is desirable, making a sample helps to solve a number of methodological issues, the teacher gets the opportunity to foresee various mistakes that children can make in the process of manufacturing a particular product, determine the time required to complete each operation . product, made by the hands of the teacher, is used in the classroom as a visual aid. there are 149 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us many types of paper and cardboard that students get acquainted with in technology lessons and outside of school hours. getting acquainted with the tools, children learn to use and apply their knowledge and skills in practice. teachers in the primary grades are largely responsible for the spiritual, mental, moral, aesthetic development of students, without which the activity of a person is unthinkable, the need for which is so acutein the era of modern socio-economic and cultural transformations. making products from paper and cardboard requires dexterous actions from the child, gradually the hand acquires confidence, accuracy, and the fingers become flexible, this is very important.manual labor contributes to the development of sensorimotor skills consistency in the work of the eye and hand, improvement of coordination of movements, flexibility, accuracy in performing actions. work with paper and cardboard pays great attention to the mental development of students, to the development of their thinking and attention. during such work, conditions are created for the development of not only the planning function of speech, but also speech regulation of behavior. work on the manufacture of paper and cardboard products contributes to the development of personality students and character development. making a toy requires some willpower. gradually, children develop such qualities as purposefulness, perseverance, the ability to bring the work started to the end. the emergence of an artistic image and its further expression in the language of any kind of art is a complex and multifaceted process. i would like to draw the teacher's attention to the fact that a very important role here is played by the students' deep knowledge of the depicted object, the phenomenon or events. therefore, it is recommended in every possible way to stimulate the comprehensive acquaintance of children with the object of the image. in the textbook, this is also given considerable attention. it offers some of the characteristics of the object, familiarity with which will help create a more voluminous and complete image of the idea or expand the boundaries of creative search. the teacher can help the process of creating an image of the idea in many ways: -encourage children to collect additional information about the object; -bind-an object with a topic being studied at the same time in another subject; analyze the intended purpose of the craft: what is its meaning, benefit, to whom it is intended, how, in connection with this, it should be framed. sometimes it is necessary to focus not on the object, but on the mode of action, i.e. increase students' interest in learning new technology. here are some ways to solve this problem: connect the studied technique with some russian folk craft or traditional art of another country. link way by actions with other types of fine arts, to acquaint children with the masterpieces of world artistic culture. to present the craft in its historical development from ancient times to the present, up to this particular lesson. to interest children in visual novelty, unexpected effects and opportunities that the new technique brings. the combination of the proposed techniques helps to make the lessons varied, positive motivation sustainable, and actions – more meaningful. labor training of students in technology for working with paper and cardboard will be effective if: the teacher will be proficient in the modern theory and practice of labor education for primary school students. a good material base has been created for the process of labor training. work will be considered as a means of developing the personality of students the formation of students' practical skills in processing these materials is carried out in the process of manufacturing products. from the preschool period, children are familiar with the techniques of cutting paper with scissors, connecting parts with glue. in elementary school, students expand their knowledge and master the skills of marking paper and cardboard parts by bending according to a pattern, using measuring tools, techniques for cutting cardboard with a knife, various ways of designing products with appliqué, coloring, using other types of materials. paper and cardboard are materials, when working with which the foundations of graphic literacy are laid. students get a general idea of a technical drawing, sketch, drawing, learn to understand the simplest drawings (sketches) and perform markup on them. children early begin to perceive the environment, but in order for them to appreciate what they see, to distinguish really beautiful from variegation and diversity, this must be taught, and the sooner the better. development worka child's artistic taste begins in the family and continues at school in technology lessons. sensory education enables children, when performing applications, to compare figures large and small, wide and narrow, long and short, dark and light. develops the ability to work with hands, 150 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us accustoms to precise finger movements under the control of consciousness. children determine that the figures are located high, low, in the center, left, right. stimulates the creation of game situations, teaches concentration attention. conclusion. labor training in the primary grades aims to form in the child the ability to independently navigate in any work. to do this, the teacher needs to remember the peculiarities of the student's activity in the labor lesson, which includes intellectual and motor components as equivalent. the relevance of this problem is especially significant in the activities of primary school teachers, who are largely responsible for the spiritual, mental, moral, aesthetic development of students. references: 1. qurbonova s. n., abdullayeva f. tarbiya darslarida interfaol metodlardan foydalanish //scientific progress. 2021. vol. 2. no. 6. s.1030-1035. 2. mukhamadovna t. m., djamshitovna k. m., narzullayevna q. s. art as a significant factor of forming world outlook of students //middle european scientificbulletin.–2021.–t.11. 3. narzullaevna k. s., nilufar t. methodology for conducting technology lessons on working with paper and cardboard // academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal.– 2021. – vol. 11. – no. 1. s. 588-596. 4. samadovna r. z., narzullayevna k. s., ergashevna s. g. technology for the development of logical thinking in students in primary school // journal of critical reviews. 2020. t. 7. no. 5. s. 485-491. 5. kurbanova, s. (2021). barkamol avlodni shakillanishida ta`lim jarayonini o‘rni va unda zamonaviy o‘qitish texnologiyalaridan foydalanish yo‘llari. center for scientific publications (buxdu.uz), 8(8). 6. qurbonova sh.n. ta’lim jarayonida zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiya turlarining qo‘llanishi // “pedagogik mahorat” maxsus son. –t., 2020. -102 bet. 7. narzullaevna, k. s. (2021). the role of educational process in the formation of a harmoniously developed generation and methods of using modern teaching technologies. 8. qurbonova shoira narzullayevna . (2023). texnologiya fanini o'qitishning didaktik tamoyillari va ularning mohiyati.ustozlar uchun , 16(1), 327– 331. 9. kurbonova, s. n., nabiyeva maftunabonu, n. g., & yuldashova kumush, i. g. (2022). using the heritage of thinkers to interest students in the profession. international journal of trend in scientific research and development, 10-12. 10. kurbanova shoira, n. (2022). innovative activity of teacher in primary class. international journal of trend in scientific research and development, 13-15. 11. narzullaevna, k. s., & nilufar, t. (2021). pedagogical technology is an integral system of the educational process. european scholar journal, 2(4), 63-67. 12. qurbonova shoira narzullayevna. (2023). texnologiya fanini o’qitishning didaktik tamoyillari va ularning mohiyati. ustozlar uchun, 16(1), 327– 331. retrieved from http://pedagoglar.uz/index.php/01/article/view/3565 13. ярашов м. ta’lim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalarning oʻrni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 151 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. ярашов м. boshlangʻich sinf matematika ta’limni raqamli texnologiyalar orqali ijodiy tashkil etish jarayoni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 15. yarashov m. boshlangʻich ta’lim jarayoniga raqamli texnologiyalarning tadbiq etish metodikasi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 16. yarashov m. boshlang’ich ta’limda xalqaro baholash tizimi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 17. – №. 17. 17. yarashov m. boshlang ‘ich ta’limning dars jarayonlariga raqamli texnologiyalarni tadbiq etish vositalari //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 15. – №. 15. 18. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "tools of using digital technologies in primary educational courses." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 119-123. 19. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "effectiveness of using digital technologies in educational system." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 124-128. 20. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 21. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 22. ganiyeva, u. a. (2019). problems and prospects of development of investment activity of banks. экономика и бизнес: теория и практика, (1), 48-50. 23. khamraev, a. r. (2019). modeling teacher's activity in designing students’ creative activities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 24. ҳамроев, а. р. (2022). бошланғич синф она тили таълимида ўқувчиларнинг ижодий фаолиятини лойиҳалаштириш. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 294-305. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 peculiarities of legal bases of state civil service khulkar rajabova* chief inspector of the personnel administration department of the branch of the agency for development of civil service under the president of the republic of uzbekistan in khorezm region * corresponding author abstract the article considers the legal foundations of state civil service, its features, the organization of state civil service, including the legal status of state civil servants, the most important issue, which should be regulated by the relevant normative legal acts, in the scientific observation of the problematic sides of this issue, that is, various issues related to labor legislation, as well as opinions and views on its improvement, have been analyzed by the author from the scientific-theoretical point of view. keywordspublic service, state civil service, labor discipline, official duties, service, isciplinary penalty. introduction in the modern world, one of the most important tasks of any state is the implementation of important rational policy, the formation of an effective system of state power as a whole. this, in turn, requires further development of the state civil service, creation of an open, competitive and high-level civil service aimed at effective activities to ensure the competence of state bodies. on this basis, the state civil service should become an important link in the practical implementation of state policy in the socio-economic, cultural and educational spheres. after the republic of uzbekistan gained state independence, it became necessary to establish a state civil service aimed at the formation and development of a sovereign democratic state governed by the rule of law. in this case, the main task was to train highly qualified personnel and to provide the civil service with up-to-date knowledge and qualified staff. the adoption in the country of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the concept of administrative reforms in the republic of uzbekistan" no. pf-5185 dated 8 september 2017 is aimed at the formation of an effective system of professional public services as an important direction of reforming the system of public administration. in accordance with this decree, the organisation of public service is defined, including the legal status, 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us classification of civil servants; the importance of regulating such important issues as transparent mechanisms of recruitment to military service (on a competitive basis), formation of a personnel reserve, maintenance of service, ensuring compliance with ethics and morality was emphasised. at the same time, it should be noted that in the modern conditions of globalisation, the main place is given to the civil service in solving complex tasks facing the state, especially in achieving the goals set out in the constitution of the country. many norms and principles of the constitution are priority principles for the organisation of the civil service. in particular, under article 114 of the constitution, the cabinet of ministers exercises executive power. also, the cabinet of ministers carries out its activities within the framework of the main areas of activity of the executive power determined by the president of the republic of uzbekistan. of course, these tasks are performed by civil servants of the state, who contribute en masse to the establishment and development of a democratic state governed by the rule of law and occupy an important role in the life of the state and society. in turn, the issue of further enhancing the role of the state civil service is now one of the pressing issues of our time. at present, in market conditions, timely and effective solution of relevant tasks of the state civil service, their professional skills, especially timely and effective solution of public administration tasks, ability to provide quality public services, are undoubtedly an important factor in maintaining social stability in society, developing the economy, as well as protecting human rights it is well known that the model law "on the fundamentals of public service"1, adopted at the eleventh plenary session of the council of ministers of the republic of belarus. adopted at the eleventh plenary session of the interparliamentary assembly of the commonwealth of independent states on 15 june 1998, has its own specificity. since this model law establishes the legal basis for the organisation of state civil service, formed in accordance with the constitution and national laws of the cis member states, as well as legal regulation of public relations of citizens associated with the creation of organisational, legal, socio-economic conditions for the exercise of their rights to public service. at the same time, it should be emphasised that the state of the state civil service shapes the perceptions of the country's population towards the state that is being evaluated. therefore, it is very important how the state civil service is formed in each state. today, the state civil service of the state is developing at a new stage of significant reforms and development. it is important that the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan of 3 october 2019 "on measures for radical improvement of personnel policy and the system of state civil service of the republic of uzbekistan" no. pf-5843 is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the state civil service of the state, meeting the needs of state bodies and organisations for qualified personnel, as well as part of this decree, it is important that the approval of the programme of priority measures for radical improvement of personnel policy and the system of state civil a noteworthy aspect is that the concept of state civil service is clearly defined within the law. in particular, in accordance with the state civil service act, state civil service is a type of civil service, which is a professional paid activity of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan to ensure the exercise of the powers of state bodies in positions of state civil service a citizen of uzbekistan will also have the legal status of civil servant from the moment of appointment to a civil service post. in essence, the civil service of the state is the professional 1 https: // iacis.ru/baza_dokumentov/modelnie_zakonodatelnie_akti_i_rekomendatcii_mpa_ sng/ modelnie_kodeksi_i_zakon i/420 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (vocational) activity of civil servants of the state, which is also legally regulated by constitutional, administrative, financial, labour and other branches of law. moreover, the adoption of this law served the formation of a new institution in our country, which is extremely complex, and its purpose is to regulate relations in the sphere of state civil service. in this case, the state register of state civil service positions will consist of groups and categories of state civil service positions, which are unified and classified in accordance with qualification requirements, depending on the level of the state body, i.e. national, republican, territorial and district levels, and as qualification levels of state civil service positions. the state register of state civil service posts is approved by the president of the republic of uzbekistan and maintained by a specially authorised state body. an essential aspect is that the state register of state civil service posts, as well as amendments and additions to it, is published on the official website of the specially authorised state body. thus, the state civil service is an important element of the system of state administration. there is a lot of debate among legal scholars about in which area of law the state civil service is more regulated as a legal relationship. as a reason, it is worth noting that there are norms of both mass and labour law on this matter. thus, while some experts argue that the civil service is regulated by administrative (public) law, some experts argue that this issue is permissible for it to be regulated by labour law2. other scientists suggest studying public service from the point of view of theoretical structure and, also, from the point of view of legislative (normative) practice of such relations related to service. for example, the scientist y.n. starilov believes that in the broad theoretical understanding of public service it means the fulfilment by state bodies of the employee-specific management function and practical activities of all individuals who receive wages from the state budget and occupy permanent or temporary positions in the apparatus of state bodies3. that is, from the legislative point of view, public service is a professional activity, which consists in ensuring the fulfilment by public bodies of the powers of civil servants and persons holding public office. in this regard, it should be noted that public service refers to the activities of service sector employees who carry out activities provided for in official instructions and other documents defining their career powers, official duties and responsibilities, and, moreover, faithfully perform their official duties and comply with the rules of etiquette established by the state body the procedure for working with a civil servant this is not only an ordinary employee holding a certain public position, but also a person, a person who acts on behalf of the state, on its behalf and in its interests, receives appropriate remuneration from the state budget for his work, a person of the state image, material, political, spiritual and moral self-expression and a defender of state interests4. it is also important that the determination of the belonging of a certain system of legal norms to a certain area of law should be based on appropriate criteria. in general, there is an opinion that the legislation on state civil service should be studied in a separate branch of law, while it is necessary to study the legislation on state civil service as a branch of constitutional, administrative and labour 2 hayitov h.s. davlat fukarolik hizmati ҳukukukiy asoslarini takomillashtirish masalalalari // izhtimoi-humanitarian fanlarning dolzarb muammolari. 2020. № 1(1). b.138-148. https://doi.org/10.47390/a1342112020n16 3 starilov, y.n. administrative law, part 2, book 1/y.n. starilov. voronezh. 2001. с. 225. 4 said-gazieva n.sh. theoretical and practical problems of reforming the civil service in uzbekistan: diss. ...dr. legal.sciences. 2010. – p. 260. said-gazieva n.sh. ўzbekistonda dalat hizmatini isloҳ kilishning nazarii va amaliyu muammolari: jurid. fan. doc. ... diss. 2010. -б. 260. // said-gazieva n.sh. theoretical and practical problems of reforming the civil service in uzbekistan: diss. ...dr. legal.sciences. 2010. p. 260. 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us law. it is in this regard that sh. ismailov believes that "the labour code of the republic of uzbekistan and other labour legislation apply to the regulation of labour of civil servants. consequently, only administrative legislation does not apply to the regulation of the labour of civil servants. another important reason for this is that administrative legislation is not able to cover all regulated labour relations"5. therefore, continuous improvement of legislation in the field of state civil service in the current period is a requirement of time. moreover, since discipline refers to professional aspects of civil servants, certainly, the task of strict compliance with the established official discipline should remain one of the main tasks of a modern civil servant. this, in turn, creates prerequisites for the conscientious fulfilment by the civil servant of his official duties, compliance with the rules of etiquette established by the state body, the order of work with information related to the service, as well as other rules related to the conduct of public service in the state. there is no doubt that a healthy environment will determine the state civil service, further improve the quality of public services and lay a solid foundation for the sustainable development of this system. also the method of modernisation of the state civil service of the state currently requires an innovative approach, which is why it is important to ensure the participation of the scientific community in solving the problems of optimisation and reform of the civil service. literature: 1.the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan / 30.04.2023 2. rosenfeld v.g., novozhilov a.a. problems of improving the legislation on legal regulation of the state (municipal) service, state (municipal) employees // bereginya.777.sova. 2009. №2 (2). 3. khaitov h.s. issues of improving the normative-legal base of the state civil service // actual problems of socio-humanitarian sciences. 2020. № 1(1). с.138-148. https://doi.org/10.47390/a1342112020n16 4.starilov, y.n. administrative law, part 2, book 1/y.n. starilov. voronezh. 2001. с. 225. 5. said-gazieva n.sh. theoretical and practical problems of reforming the civil service in uzbekistan: diss. ...dr. legal.sciences. 2010. p. 260. 6.ismoilov sh. features of legal regulation of labour of civil servants // materials of the republican scientific-practical conference "prospects for the development of public service in uzbekistan". tashkent: "adad plus", 2020. p. 34-36. 5 ismoilov sh. features of legal regulation of labor of civil servants // materials of the republican scientific-practical conference “prospects for the development of public service in uzbekistan”. – tashkent: “adad plus”, 2020. – p. 34–36. 329 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the initial exercise of teaching methodology to gymnastics sayfiev by hikmatullo xayrullayevich hikmatullosaefiyev@gmail.com osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (osio international university) annotation: : gimnatika exercises, jump, balance to maintain, twist, shake the bottle, without the product, the parts with, direction and to relax navbatlashtirish with, the same with along the base in front of the exercise of their into gets and gavin, the hands, leg muscle-the world will strengthen. they not only power and joints mobility , you will develop not, the muscles in subtle sensations, movement of the koordinatsiya up, on qaddi body shape, difficult conditions in a balance and keep, so help willgan exercise will ketmaketlik and them about the concepts given. keywords: gymnastics, burulish, leg tip, review, jump, walk, purjina, changing step, running, umbalaoq increased. gimnatika exercise conduct in dance specific elements and combination of any kind running and jumping on the type of use with itself and a specific feature it has. involved in this exercise fulfill the demands stand light action make to take to their body freely possess do they can. gimnastikada sameg'ullanuvchilarga exercise the right to do teach to their own originality understand and his other sports from the type of any difference there is that you know you should. his main features of the dynamic and integrity. they blood circulation and substances metabolism to improvethe movement apparatus, the heart -blood-vascular system of functional imkomyatlarini increase, work the ability to increase help will. gimnastikada exercise in complexity as the physical downloads on too easy me'yorlashtirilgan. physical yukla-man following the mastering with regulated in can be: 1) in the complex of exercises , the number of 2) every a of exercise repetitions , the number of 3) the action, the pace of 4) action of amplituda 5) exercises between the rest of taking the duration 6) buyumlaming weight, size , and so on.k. gimnatika exercise teaching pedagogy; actively and onglilik; tizimlilik and steadily; ko'rsatmalilik (accuracy), simplicity, consistency of the principles in accordance with out carried. towards exercise on the initial influencevur the appearance of be to coach it the name of right to say and possible if slower pace, carefully the technical details to focus show should. you exercise difficult if it is, it show before auxiliary exercises complete must. initial training during the period gimnatika with to deal sessions in week 4 times of the day and the second half will be held to a goal it is. training the structure of the rule made: preparatory part, the main part and the final part is it is. training of the first part , walking, running exercises, difficult the game, the task is given. the second part of children akrabatik exercise and sports equipment to work, you will be the product and the products with of exercise shall perform, h'arakatli the game is held. the http://www/ 330 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us final part of the breath , adjust , and the muscles relax that commercial from exercise are used. work of the air , who share in the hall to conduct the necessary. clothing is comfortable, light, movement when it comes to (stretch and soft cloth, a) be a should. sport repository engaged in age and height to fit your be should. training for artistic gymnastics-a rope or a rubber to arg'amchi, wooden or plastic authority, ebonit or a wooden tayoqcha to thin a thread using is secure, width 3-4 cm. and the length is 3 meters which is the atlas strip, sport gymnastics turnik, bruyus, mining, burusya, batumi and again many equipment to able be should. in the hall a few gymnastics wall installation and the child's beli as to come at the height of the wall from 15-20 cm. in the distance reyka secure , please. you this is possible if, the base with exercise to do chair support hold held to be. training products with fulfilled of exercise gradually-slowly, for the child to saflan and re saflan to, walking, running and other movements of knowledge, skills and skills to take looking to add should. the same reason for training with certificates to achieve easy it will be. at the beginning the children waiting for with the items you get and abandoning, them manually correct to hold, transfer roll and others to teach need. children are the product of the exercise when doing certain a pace and rhythm that they do, the same with along the action repeated in given the pace kept remain very important. harakatli the game and other conduct in the injury to avoid to take measures on warning important: running and jumping at the time of children between the distance to keep, landing fb solids from clean. .walking, running, jumping and dancing in steps of exercise to the model list. walking and running exercise task of hand and foot movement in good koordinatsiya with light, easy act work out, in classes to children light a step with, the foot at the tip of, the heel, the leg three cho'qqayib, loud steps with me to walk me to teach you need. then these actions, various hand condition with to teach recommended are. for example: hands ahead of, chip, below, above, and, in the shoulder, the head is on the back, the chest, in front of, behind and * .h k. action mastering during tasks is a complex emergency children scan rulaccounted for at the beginning of every 8 account, then while every 4 account will replace. for example: 1-8light step with a walk, hands , and; 1-8foot three-in walk, hands ahead; 1-8foot three yarimcho'qqayib walk, hands above; 1-8in the heel to walk, hands to the head behind. scan type, and his hands the condition of the coaches involved preparation depending on their discretion with change can. walk contrast contrary, running without base phase has and dramatically pushing with is made. running while gavin's free position, hands whose exact position and the feet on put: leg three from the force of transition position follow qiljsh required is. children in training the following running from the type of benefits justified to be: slow and fast, in place and running, within is running, the circle is, the serpent trail is, the parts around, hand ushlashib, the pair is. the teacher's task is complicated stand going with your knees high lift running (in place and forward may move), each side of the spread you specified to place a" saflash, pair-pair is, three life , and so forth with exercise will. jump to teach your leg muscles , which stretched after depsinib to during the rapid reduction which at the time of the initial yarimcho'qqayishga importance you give should. depsinib to sharp, short, the feet quickly write with, special attention be should. the flight during the body on, the feet of the tip extends and laptop bukilmas i am, on be should. landing at the time of power lower gently on the leg at the tip of landing after foot all of the joints had buk position the foot into plaques will fall. continuous jump fulfilling landing phase is short be should. the form on the most simple jump review standing in place of two legs, forward, back , and the chip he moved, to the right and to the left by 90° by turned to jump. then yarimcho'qqayib and cho'qqayib jump. studying next the stage, standing in a place and in action to irg'ib (podskok) is. that's in addition to the initial preparation shug'ullanuvilarga your legs kerib, this with along the feet of one forward, one back, to jump, to teach you can. a foot when he jumped the second leg back, bend or forward, chip, the transmission is to be completed can, but to jump 4 times, repeat from than be should. more complex jump arg'amchi in or gymnastics stick-from a response to the movement, http://www/ 331 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gymnastics sikamenkasidan of the jump right, left, forward and back, jump, up, different in height mo'ljalga touch jump: knees or feet to plaques items pinch out to jump (in a place and he moved), this with along to a height of jump out and it jump down to is. then forward step throw up, a foot, sharply forward bend with fulfilled irg'ib to jump to teach recommended are. thus, above the knee bruised leg forward free production to the importance you give should. the number and boldir among the right corner formed to be needed. foot plaques uncomfortable getting to jump to the simple walk, tall steps with walking, running with navbatlashtirish should. exercise moderation of children's individual reflect the real opportunities in accordance be should. dance action-thekids most favorite and emotional effort of the activities is one. them on qaddi the body, chiroyh to walk the formation, movement of koordinatsiya and the ritmika, durability and quickpower quality development of the help you will. small ages of children for basic dance movements: juftlama step types, galop and polka, vals step scoreis justified. juftlama step forward, back and chip bajariiislii can. d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead of, methodology'ls and. 1right foot step to remove, the same leg standand the left leg behind the leg of three; 2-left foot juftlashtirish and d.h. methodical instructions, step when you remove gavin burilmaydi. foot at the end of the standing leg and your knee to the outside is turned, right qaddi the body to follow and make. juftlama step to strengthen to the following dance of exercise recommended are. d. h. — two life hand ushlashib stand tothe left side of the center towards, empty hands andiii at the feet of the condition, the right foot ahead of, 1-4-forward two juftlama step; juftlama step movement ( at the end of the left leg iii condition juftlashtirish): 9-12 left foot forward juftlama step;. 13-16to the left two juftlama step movement ( at the end of the right foot to d.h.ha juftlashtirish). variable (peremenniy) step two steps from up composed: juftlama step and ahead standing on the feet step. next changing the step the other leg is made. d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead of, 1 2-right foot forward juftlama step; 3right foot forward a step, left foot three; 4-left leg forward leg three. then so himself, and the other leg with complete. changing the step back scan , with also complete can. these steps doing foot three and the head of the movement with along get that go to remember to keep you need. changing the step of consolidation for individual and pair if fulfilled simple and variable step from a combination of formed consisting of dance steps recommend to can. galop step forward, back , and the chip is made. galop his own dynamic and intensity with xarakterliki is. it chip two feet to depsinib with continue , which will the legs of the movement. flight on the phase of one foot second boosting is added. the landing of the second leg at the end, your knees bend is made. methodological guidelines. galop until you had every time a leg is made. gavin forward egilmaydi, on qaddi the body is stored inthe head slightly raised. flight phase the leg tip is stretched, the foot on. galop step in the consolidation for approximately following dance exercise, given you can: d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead, hands and. 1-8-right foot forward galop step, then the left foot; 1-4left turn and right galop 4 step; 5-6right juftlama step; 7-to the left foot at the end of the turn; 8 iii the feet of the condition, the left foot ahead of. then the exercise with other leg is made. polka step this light jump with fulfilled changing step. kicliik young children just ahead polka step follows fulfilling to teach , you need: d. h. iii feet of the condition, the right foot ahead, hands and. "i" left in the leg small to irg'ib, the right leg ahead-bottom; 1right foot galop; 2-right leg a step jump, left leg ahead of the bottom. so himself, the other in the leg. methodological guidelines. polka until light, elegant, head chip legs with one side to turn with along is observed. forward to irg'ib out that leg from the knee and the leg tip of good stretching, be should. irg'ib to music takt with performs. polka step in the development then it galop, the earth tepinish, turn the work with adding a skip you can. http://www/ 332 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us vals until one variable in step , and the feet have threea two step up i find.5-6 year old children for vals until it had forward and chip implementation recommended is. study of the teeth at the beginning hands and, then hands a flat move is added. forward vals until you had will be complete: d..hill the leg of the condition, the right foot ahead, hands and. 1-right foot forward a step yarimcho'qqayish, left leg ahead of the bottom; 2-3-left leg at the tip of two steps. so himself, the other in the leg. chip vals step of the leg on the end to stand out begins, hands and. 1right foot chip a step yarimcho'qqayishleft leg at the knee when you bend, the legs of three to'piqqa out go the right leg behind you; 2-left foot forward is a step the right foot at the tip; 3-right foot, left foot, on juftlashtirib foot at the tip of the stand. methodological guidelines. vals until a gentle, steady, slow pace in is carried out. them on qaddi the body to keep, the head to turn the movement with together complete should. vals step improvement in feed stand, turn, slightly to the chip down, light running with complete can. the above quotes dance moves from in addition to children's modern "to len-side to", "veselie utyata", "lambada" dance of the elements also successful was able to spend learning can be. children themselves move the tool that tasawur to make the opportunity of giving lessons to improvizatsiya elements also add to the target according. the base in front of the exercises, a list of the base in front of exercise face with, the side or the back with without is made. the base in front of the away side stand mode hand of plaques in reyka free is, hands tirsakdan bruised, back straight, shoulders kerilganhome, raised. in the aspect, side, side by stood when the force close toe'lgan methodology'l of plaques approximately beldan or toe'lgan height in gymnastics wall reyka in empty stands, gavin slightly ahead, the forearm and the elbow was down. in the force back, with stand , gymnastics wall on qaddi the body , which kept the case stick are, hands chip-the bottom, the strip over i am holding the position. the base in front of the exercise complete foot and gavin muscles mustahkamlashishiga, physical quality of the development, on qaddi the body, the formation of help will. that in addition to children, the force of the hold , standing in exercises, perform easier. the base in front of the fulfilled of exercises is a sample: 1) d. h. the leg of the tip and the heel of the pair, the force in the face with a stand. 1-2-foot three stand 2) d. h. -so , himself. 1-2-foot three at the stand; 3-4-your knees bend yarimcho'qqayish; 5-6-foot three stand; 7-8-d.h. that's in addition to the 56 year old children base in front of the training of choreography elements also add in you can: i ii case yarimcho'qqayish and cho'qqayib to complete, the leg at the tip and the heel stand, 45 in all the links to pick up and h.k. this workout all the action of the school of the formation, the koordinatsiya improvement, rhythm action, the development of help will. training in children with exercise prujinasimon trying, "wave", turning and balance to maintain use to the purpose , according. this exercise mastering in the process of physical quality and koordinatsiya skills is to improvemovement skills in the form. prujinasimon trying a time bo'g'imlarni bend then be written with characterized and he hands, feet and whole body is made. this effort much of the imitation to the character (clicking, to push, to lift up, to draw influencevur the) having or partner's methodology'l resistance to the back, to the wall or to the seat rely on when his body weight with is made. hands with prujinasimon action for a time at the turn-by-turn and a time at different yo'nilishda be done can. prujinasimon action to teach d.. h-hands to start most of the best. all bo'g'imlarni a time to bend, kaft getting kicked (elbow to gavin closehgan, kaft bruised and out facing) and a thousand others at write and h.k. whom hand finds doing so in bend home and yelka slightly forward leans, when writing , while to'g'irlanadi. whom hand finds doing so by turn prujinasimon movement to each other, looking the pair is, hands ahead, your fingers with to hold the stand with teach can. doing so whom hand finds resistance with http://www/ 333 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turn-by-turn bend and writing carry out stood, children prujinasimon action of fulfillment from the beginning of the transfer you need the position it got so close to it makes. most murakkabi different direction for a time at prujinasimon trying is. thus, children's hands for a time, bend in various directions, the design will write. for example: a hand chip, do not duplicate other up and h.k. feet with prujinasimon action dynamic power influences the development of the resurrection, in the joints mobility to increase, jump on to depsinib and light landing to achieve help will. learn to start , you should that the most simple form it -on the spot stand two feet prujinasimon action: above the knee is bukmasdan of the leg on the end stand and your legs into plaques completely fall; foot plaques in standing knee it bend to write; then the body weight of one foot from the second boosting prujinasimon transfer, in place, to stand and to walk, to learn from the heel of the foot to three variable step with is completed. small age of children with holistic prujinali move as quyidagilanii complete recommended it: 1-4continuous action with hand finds doing so whom to bend, gavin and foot cho'qqayib to position fall; 5-6-a flat to'g'irlanib d.h.to return. "the waves". to'lqinsimon action of all the joints in the series and continuous movement by characterized. this plasticity show that to himself, typical exercise it is. them on complete koordinatsiya ability, joint mobility and "muscle of intuition"'s development associated with young children to'lqinsimon action hand and gavin with is made. music accompaniment with spend the lyrics, traditional in character, 3a size, slow and the average temp in music choice should be. hands with to'lqinsimon action of good follows you learn , you should: d.h. the main stand. 1 action yelkadan starting the elbow slightly bend, in doing so finds hands whom the forearm and of kaft behind left the act with the chip to pick up (it yelka from horizontal comes, the remaining members of the girth line with the bottom located); 2the elbow slightly bend hand finds doing so whom the forearm and the kaft behind the rest of the movement with down start. children to'lqinsimon to move teaching her first one hand, then turn with right and left hand with the perform should. especially, "the wave"to the two manually a time and turn-by-turn complete difficult it is. methodological guidelines. the action show and the show to be possible , as much clear and talking be should. hands with "the wave" when doing shoulders finds doing so whom ko'tarilmasligi and wrists to the chip not down can look at all the importance you give should. the movement is gentle, a flat be to the action of the sequence the correctness observe to and the tiers quickly bend not write should. turn work. this dynamic exercise of a special group is, it's on to complete a balance to keep to know related. that's in addition to to turn successful implementation beginning on turn also related. head movement at the beginning of gavin's burilishidah a while behind, remain, then, to him, reached out should. going in-ed to turn on mastering for high foot end on a good stand to take, gavin on, flat position, hold the stand to take should. long, turn to complete vestibulyar hardware disgusted he 's, at the beginning of the following preparatory exercises of performance to the purpose it is: 1) two life hand ushlashib stand, to convert to is made. 2) the floor chalqancha lay, hands above, the floor to the left and right 360°to dumalash of performance (gavin, feet and his hands stretching the position of the importance to give). 3) different temp in the head, turn and convert. then the small age of children to two feet in 180° and 360°. turn moves will teach you. learn to the most light (easy) work turn small and a quick step with the knee of the leg on the end of the body , the weight of it from the feet, this boosting held fulfilled hatlab turning. thus, your knees bukmasdan, the back flat to hold, feet and gavin's muscles tense, in place from fixed, qaddi the body straight and keep your hands to chip or and will be. chalishtirma step with turn , as follows , made: completely foot plaques in standing position, with a leg chalishtirib forward (back) leg three to put. leg three to stand 180° or 360° by turn. turn at the end of the foot kaffiga fall. hands and or chip. methodological guidelines. to turn fulfilling carefully janilay and space-the space for you to get the need. turn the most at the beginning of the body and of his hand fixed the condition received is and http://www/ 334 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is the action of the end until i kept are. whom hand finds doing so in advance, that has weakened the body to relax out come and ultimately the recession of loss-ladi. to become teaching initial period during this exercise, the norms of greater importance to give you need because, they more the time to complete the balance of the center and foot plaques to bad effects shows. the balance to keep this is basically turg'isnlik skills that justified the development requires , which the condition is fulfilled on feet, erect and stand types is one. balance to maintain exercise the main xara-we havethe sweat of the qualities of proper gavin, pull the abdomen, a certain position of the hand hold to be standing. balance to maintain at technical muscle strength on got distribution. get and ularhing that's a big order put in to get an important role has (strain and to bo'shasha level). this is the reason for the balance to maintain the function of improving the back and the whole gavin muscles tonusini much , which is, true it is-the body in the formation of help that special exercises are important in the role earned is. balance to maintain the function of the form preparatory exercises as different situations in 8 account to hold stand, feet in plaques, the leg of three, the back with gymnastics in the seat, walking, gymnastics seat ensiz on the side walk, gymnastics placedig'ida side to side with juftlama qadamlab walk, the base in front of a foot at three stood chip down, 2-3 umbaloq increased after then side by the stand and position to maintain exercise use you can. above listed exercises master then the balance to keep exercise to fulfill will be held. 1) d. h. the main stand. 1-2-leg at the end to slow up, hands yondan yoysimon up; 3-6-foot three standing balance to maintain; 7-8-foot plaques to slow down, hands yondan yoysimon down. 2)a foot in gymnastics wall to the face withthe side or the back, with stand, with the second leg 23 in reyka , and each with the same hand , the condition with the balance hold stand 3)d. h. the main stand. 1-2-the right leg on the standand left leg ahead of bruised (left leg to the tip of the right leg to his knee touched is), hands above; 3-4-balance to hold , stand; 5-6-feet d.h.to start; 7-8-the rest get. then the exercise with other leg is complete. 4)d. h. so , himself. 1-2-the right leg back to 45, hands chip, gavin vertical, of the breast from the part slightly to kerishib; 3-4-balance to hold , stand; 5-6-feet d.h.to start; 7-8-the rest get. exercise with other leg and repeat. 5) d. h. so , himself. 1-2-right leg back and bend the right hand with the foot tip to hold yourleft hand ahead of; 3-6-balance to hold , stand; 7-8-feet d.hj to start; the exercise with other leg and repeat. methodological ko 'rsatma. balance mode in the foot on, the foot, the tip of stretching, back and leg muscles to the end of the tension is located. the balance to keep on carry to the children of the total weight of the center base area of the border holding stand to teach should. you balance turg'unligi he lost, then his hands with, empty legs, gavin , and your head, overall body weight is the center of the base on briefly located providing auxiliary movements with restore , you can. balance quality improve to various efforts and erect stand eyes closed keeping, certain condition to hold stand function with different games to conduct recommended are. used literature: 1. сайфиев, х., & саидова, м. 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(2023). content-importance and principles of physical education classes. modern science and research, 2(9), 192-199. http://www/ https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24104 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24325 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-08 337 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 38. ayubovna, s. m., & komiljonova, k. i. (2022). features of application of sports games in preschool children. international journal of culture and modernity, 16, 17-23 39. saidova, m. (2023). the concept of physical qualities. modern science and research, 2(10), 251-254. 40. khairullayevich, s. h. development of gymnastics in uzbekistan and attention to gymnastics. international scientific-educational electronic magazine" obrazovanie i nauka, 21(12), 204-210. 41. sayfiyev, h., & saidova, m. (2023). effects of gymnastics on fundamental motor skills (fms), postural (balance) control, and self-perception during gymnastics training. modern science and research, 2(9), 204-210. 42. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og ‘ishgan xulqining ko ‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko ‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 43. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g’oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 44. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 45. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 46. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 47. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 48. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 49. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. http://www/ 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methodology of memory development in the process of working on the passive and active vocabulary of children with undeveloped speech oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja azimjon o‘g‘li teacher of the special pedagogical department of the kokand state pedagogical institute named after mukimi abdulazizova shaxnoza muhammadsoli qizi kokan state pedagogical institute, 3rd year student of special pedagogy abstract: in this article, the methodology of memory development in the process of working on the passive and active vocabulary of children with underdeveloped speech, the state of mnestic processes in order to search for more effective ways and methods of correcting speech and nonspeech functions in preschool children whose speech is not fully developed directed learning is given. keywords: memory, incomplete development of speech, visual perception, gnosis, speech and non-speech sounds, image-imagination, plot-role thinking. memory is an activity of mental cognition, the essence of which is to remember, store and recall information, including the image-imagination that is formed from the genetic and acquired experience of a person. studying the characteristics of the memory of children whose speech is not fully developed shows that it is qualitatively unique. in the psychological and pedagogical literature, the memory mechanisms of normally developed adults and children and their peculiarities, the issues related to the methods of improving memory activity are covered in sufficient detail. however, a small number of special studies aimed at analyzing the memory characteristics of children with incompletely developed speech and its developmental peculiarities do not meet the needs of the correctional-pedagogical process. it is known that underdevelopment of speech is one of the most common speech defects among children of preschool and junior school age today. despite the different nature of the defects, these children have typical characteristics that indicate a systemic disorder of speech activity. incomplete speech activity has a negative effect on the formation of sensory, intellectual (t.s. sinyakova, o.n. usanova, 1982) (including mnestic activity) and affective-volitional sphere (n.n. traugott). the systematic nature of this defect causes specific peculiarities of thinking. the development of verbal and logical thinking is left behind. without special educational support, children learn analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization operations with difficulty. it is typical for children whose speech is not fully developed to lag behind the development of the sphere of movement. in the scientific research of n.s. zhukova, r.ye.levina, ye.m.mastyukova, t.b.filicheva, m.ye.khvatsev and others, the specifics of the mnestic process of children whose speech is not 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fully developed have been determined, and they are related to different aspects of speech development, mental and neurological status. levels vary. relatively preserved meaning in logical memory, changes in the verbal memory system are observed, and the productivity of memory is affected. according to the authors, children memorize complex instructions, elements, sequence of tasks. the lower activity of recall observed in many children can be combined with limited opportunities for the development of cognitive activity. also, children whose speech is not fully developed feel difficulties in performing movement tasks according to space-time parameters, break the sequence of movement elements, leave out its components, which is due to the violation of movement memory, its sequential organization, and insufficient successive processes. indicates. scientists who have studied alalia's speech defect show the peculiarities of the manifestation of this defect in different areas of the child's mental activity (vk. vorobyeva, b.m. grinshpun, g. gutsman, r.ye. levina, a. libmann, v.k. orfinskaya, n.n. traugott, m.ye. khvatsev, s.n. shakhovskaya, etc.). g.s. gumennaya, y.f. garkusha, v.i. lubovsky confirm the existence of uniqueness in the formation of memory and other higher mental functions in children whose speech is not fully developed. e.m. mastyukova conducted the study of higher subcortical functions, short-term memory for verbal and visual stimuli, long-term memory materials for the study of the main parameters indicate a violation of mnestic processes in children with underdeveloped speech. ye. m. mastyukova found that the expression of verbal memory disorders is directly related to the level and character of speech underdevelopment. a special study of auditory, verbal and visual memory in dysgraphic students of primary school age revealed the presence of defects in various parameters of memory, as well as its qualitative uniqueness in boys and girls (v. bugiotopoulou). one of the urgent problems of researching children whose speech is not fully developed at preschool age is further improvement of logarithmic methods for diagnosing and correcting this defect from the point of view of a systematic approach based on modern ideas about the genesis, structure and activity of higher mental processes. in order to search for more effective ways and methods of correction of speech and non-speech functions in preschool children whose speech is not fully developed, it is inevitable to study the state of mnestic processes in a goal-oriented manner. researchers dealing with the problems of researching children with developmental disabilities (g.i.zharenkova, k.s.lebedinsky, r.ye.levina, v.i.lubovsky, a.r.luria, i.f.markovskaya, ye.m.mastyukova, l.g. smirnova, o.n.usanova, etc. ) emphasize the following: 1. qualitative examination of children with developmental disabilities requires logarithmic examination of all mental processes and all forms of activity of the child, not only one or another individual process. 2. the examination does not end with noting the difficulties identified during the formation of skills and acquiring knowledge and skills in a child on a logarithmic basis, but it allows making a differentiated diagnosis by means of music in determining the mechanism and causes of these difficulties and defects. it is possible to develop a logarithmic program for the correction of a speech defect, as well as taking into account other higher mental processes that are broken and preserved, only if the above-mentioned requirements are fulfilled. in this case, the defect elimination system and logarithmic methods are not the same (l.s. svetkova). the methodology of examination of children whose speech is not fully developed implies the analysis of logarithmic studies of mental, medical-physiological, neuropsychological defects present in the child. each aspect contributes to the overall appearance of the defect in understanding its origin and structure. 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in rhythmic classes, children get to know music, dance, and sing and master various movements. rhythmic training includes: hand movements: running general development exercises (with and without objects) performed under the guidance of a teacher, dance, musical-rhythmic and movement games. the rhythm program includes 8 sections. theoretical information. theoretical information is selected in such a way that the internal laws and complexity of the studied theoretical material are observed in the education of all ages. this ensures a successful learning process and keeps children interested in music. special rhythmic exercises. this is a simple type of methodological methods. this includes hand movement exercises, clapping exercises, and memorizing proverbs and poems. such exercises develop not only the sense of speed, but also the breath. special exercises are determined by the level of complexity. exercises related to movement and music. every exercise in this section is based on music. in the process of improving various actions, the teacher educates children in technical skills for performing exercises. among them, the most important ones are: starting to move when the music starts, adding the necessary expression to the movement, and stopping the movement when the music ends. 1. development of a complex of diagnostic and logarithmic methods for studying the memory process in children whose speech is not fully developed. 2. development of criteria for qualitative analysis of research results. 3. to carry out a critical research and to carry out a quantitative-qualitative analysis of its results. a diagnostic and logarithmic method program consisting of three stages was developed to achieve the goal: collection and analysis of anamnestic data, verification of logarithmic exercises, comparative research of auditory speech memory of children in the experimental group and the control group in logarithmic exercises. list of used literature: 1. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "yuqori sinf o’quvchilarini oilaviy hayotga tayyorlash jarayonini tashkil etish tamoyillari." science promotion 1.2 (2023): 18-25. 2. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and muxammadjonov shohruhbek shuxratbek o’g’li. "inklyuziv ta’limning huquqiy-me’yoriy asoslari." science promotion 1.1 (2023): 50-57. 3. oppoqxo’jayev, xojixuja, and qunduzabibi yusupova. "maxsus pedagogika fanlarini o ‘qitishda innovatsion texnologiyalarga asoslangan amaliy mashg ‘ulotlarini loyihalash." development and innovations in science 2.5 (2023): 25-31. 4. oppoqxo‘jayev, xojixuja, and ozoda samayeva. "inklyuziv ta'limga jalb qilingan o'quvchilarda tayanch kompetentsiyalarini shakllantirish usullari." молодые ученые 1.2 (2023): 99-102. 5. oppoqxo‘jayev, xojixuja, and nozima yakubova. "methods used in forming national etiquette skills in primary class students of special schools." молодые ученые 1.2 (2023): 103-107. 6. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive educational structure as a social phenomenon." (2023). 7. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "the effectiveness and driving forces of the application of pedagogical methods in the process of inclusive education." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.3 (2023): 558-562. 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and yigitaliyeva sarvinoz. "ways to involve children in need of special help in inclusive education." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.3 (2023): 519-523. 9. oppakhho'jayev, son of khojikhuja azimjon. "technologies for developing inclusive readiness of families based on a competent approach." asian journal of multidimensional research issn: 2278-4853. 10. ogli, oppokkhojayev khojikhuja azimjon. "methods for the formation of inclusive culture in schools." confrencea 3.03 (2023): 133-137. 11. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and yigitaliyeva sarvinoz. "inklyuziv ta’lim samaradorligini oshirishda oila va maktab hamkorligini kuchaytirish ijtimoiy-pedagogik muammo sifatida." conference zone. 2022. 12. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive education system progress of the process." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 199-206. 13. turgunovna, yuldoshova dilbar, and oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja azimjon o‘g. "pedagogical mechanism of preparing future teachers for professional competence formation." onomázein 62 (2023): december (2023): 2186-2191. 14. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "nutqning normal va nuqsonli rivojlanishida kuzatiladigan nutqiy funktsiyalarning tahlili." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 109-116. 15. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "bolalardagi nutqiy rivojlanishning buzilishlari va nutqning toliq rivojlanmaganligi." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 102-108. 16. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "nutqi to’liq rivojlanmagan bolalar bilan ishlashda logopedik ritmikaning ahamiyati." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 169-175. 17. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda diqqatining turlari va xususiyatlari." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 162-168. 18. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "pedagogical technologies of preparing future teachers for the formation of selfdevelopment competence in students." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.11 (2023): 369-373. 19. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "formation of self-development competencies in students of future teachers." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.11 (2023): 323-327. 20. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive education system progress of the process." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 199-206. 21. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "essential characteristics of education and psychological competence and formation of future logic therapists." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal (giirj) (2023). 22. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "stages of development of teacher professional competence." novateur publications journalnx-a multidisciplinary peer reviewedjournal (2023). 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 23. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "methods of pedagogical-psychological correction of future logic therapists with special school children." american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) 1.10 (2023): 37-40. 24. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "kognitiv jarayonlarning rivojlanish xususiyatlari." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 53-60. 25. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "eshitishida nuqsoni bo ‘lgan bolalarning ruhiy rivojlanishi qonuniyatlari." conference 12.12 (2023): 61-69. 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 transmission and treatment of covid-19 disease in young children tleumuratova gulayim orazbaevnau, tajibaeva fatima kidirbaevna, ruzimbaeva zulfiya arzuovna, kalillaeva altin ayapbergenovna, utemuratova uralxan sultamuratovna public health in the name of khujayli abu ali ibn sina technical school teachers of special subjects annotation: this article is about how to deal with coronavirus like a child. and what should be paid attention to in the prevention, treatment and treatment of the disease. keywords: prevention, disease symptoms, treatment. your enemy when it comes to coronavirus in children is fear. yes, your enemy, not your child. because the child's psyche is arranged in such a way that he is not afraid to get sick. i have never heard of any of my patients, whether children or teenagers, being afraid of getting sick. in this matter, it is necessary to take an example from them. according to official data, children and adolescents get sick less often than adults. so far, children make up 1-5% of the total number of people infected with coronavirus worldwide. also, in 90 percent of cases, coronavirus in children and adolescents is asymptomatic or mild, like sars (acute respiratory viral infection). in addition, it should be noted that only a few deaths among children have been reported worldwide during the entire pandemic. moms and grandparents, please stop panicking that my child will get the coronavirus. prevention: regarding coronavirus, the issue of prevention in children is the same as in adults. when taking only vitamin d3, the dosage may vary depending on age. in particular:  for children from 1 to 5 years old 1500 iu per day;  for children from 6 to 13 years old 2500 iu per day;  for persons over 14 years of age 5000 iu per day. for children, the same rules apply as for adults, in other matters of prevention use personal protective equipment (mask, gloves), avoid visiting crowded places.  symptoms of the disease: in most cases, coronavirus in children occurs as a mild form of sars sore throat, cough, runny nose and sneezing. in a more severe course of the disease an increase in body temperature to 37.5-39 degrees, weakness and headache. in children, coronavirus rarely occurs in the gastrointestinal form, with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. care: in children, the disease can be treated at home only if it is mild. if the disease is moderate or severe, it is necessary to hospitalize the child. call a doctor at home. he should check if the 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us child has acute tonsillitis in the throat or pneumonia in the lungs. if these diagnoses are not confirmed by a doctor, start treatment. gargle with a solution of furocilin 3 times a day. if the age of the child does not allow gargling, you can treat the throat with various antiseptic sprays (such sprays can be easily found in a pharmacy). if a child has both a dry and a wet cough, one should not rush to give different syrups, especially if the child is under 5 years old. drinking plenty of water will help in this situation. because there are no different dyes and flavoring substances in the water. also, the humidity temperature in the room should be 20-22 degrees, which is very important for the treatment of cough. under these conditions, sputum is well washed and removed from the lungs more easily. if the cough lasts more than 5 days and intensifies, it is necessary to use a drug with the active ingredient ambroxol. this expectorant is available in the form of a syrup for children under 12 years of age, and in the form of tablets for children over 12 years of age. do not try to bring down the fever if the child does not have a fibrillar spasm, if the body temperature is below 3838.2 degrees. if it exceeds this level, you can give "paracetamol" or "ibuprofen" (children's solution, adult in the form of tablets). if the fever persists for more than 5 days and does not subside, a ct scan of the lungs should be done to look for pneumonia. but pneumonia is rare in children. if pneumonia is detected on ct (regardless of severity), the child should be hospitalized. if there is no pneumonia, the antibiotic "amoxiclav" can be given for 5 days, depending on the age and weight of the child. when coronavirus passes through the gastrointestinal tract: if your child has abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, you should immediately consult a doctor. there are no recommendations for home treatment of this form of infection. because children dehydrate faster than adults. vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration. according to the expert, the symptoms of covid-19 in children are almost the same as with ordinary acute respiratory infections. 80 percent of children infected with coronavirus have a fever, 40-50 percent have cough, weakness, loss of appetite, muscle pain, nausea, indigestion. in such a situation, concomitant diseases of the child are taken into account when entering the hospital. “if the child has immunodeficiency, congenital heart, liver, kidney, lung, chronic diseases, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy, hospitalization of the child is recommended,” feruzasobirova said. according to the pediatrician, in 80% of children infected with coronavirus, the disease proceeds in mild to moderate severity. “although it has been found that this process is easier in children than in adults, parents who are worried about the health of their child rush to the hospital if he has a fever. however, in these cases, most sick children can be treated and cared for at home. when a child falls ill, the first thing to do is to contact a family doctor and get the necessary recommendations from him. in this case, it is necessary to contact a pediatrician without using unnecessary and incorrect procedures based on information from non-specialists or on social networks. based on the protocol for the treatment of children infected with coronavirus, the doctor assesses the degree of the child's condition: mild, moderate, moderate and severe. if the body temperature of a child infected with coronavirus is not higher than 38 degrees, if he leads an active lifestyle and runs, his condition is assessed as mild and moderate. women with suspected or confirmed covid-19 may choose to breastfeed. in doing so, they are advised to:  frequent hand washing with soap or use of an alcohol-based hand rub (especially before touching a child);  wearing a medical mask before any contact with the child, including when breastfeeding;  cover your face with a disposable tissue when you sneeze or cough. throw the used tissue in the trash immediately and wash your hands again;  regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces touched by the mother; 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  it is important to change medical masks every two hours and then dispose of them in a waste bin. the front of the face mask must not be touched or reused. mothers with symptoms of covid-19 are advised to wear a medical mask, but should continue to breastfeed even if this is not possible. in this case, mothers should follow other rules aimed at preventing infections, such as washing hands, disinfecting surfaces, covering the mouth and nose with a disposable tissue when sneezing or coughing. it is advisable for young mothers to use a medical mask (not fabric) if possible. if a mother is unable to breastfeed her baby due to covid-19 or other conditions, a safe, convenient and acceptable method of providing breast milk should be used. in this case, it is possible to express breast milk and give it to the baby through a bottle with a nipple or use donor breast milk. if this is not possible, another woman who is breastfeeding the baby can be involved, or quality assured artificial nutritional supplements can be used. the position of the newborn on the mother's chest normalizes the child's body temperature and increases its vitality. also, the skin-to-skin contact method makes it easier for the mother to breastfeed. it should be noted that the benefits of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding are much higher than the risk of contracting the coronavirus. as soon as the mother feels better, she can resume breastfeeding. references 1. gapparov, a. (2023). diachronic analysis of socio-political vocabulary. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 3), 140147. 2. gapparov, a. (2023). diachronic analysis of socio-political vocabulary. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 3), 140147. 3. shamsikamar, a., & ziyodullayevna, m. b. (2022). interiors of historic hospitals. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(5), 227-229. 4. shamsikamar, a. (2021). historical architectural rules when designing buildings. journal of architectural design, 1, 6-9. 5. karshiboyevich, g. a. (2023). on the social position of socio-political vocabulary in a journalistic text. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(04), 23-31. 6. ziyadullayevna, a. s. (2023). historical sources about the city of afrosyoob. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 2(6), 36-38. 319 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 root of conflict between iran and usa sadullayeva kamolakhon fayzulla qizi master’s degree student of the faculty of international law university of world economy and diplomacy abstract: this article provides an overview of the concept of conflict between united states of america and iran the conflict between iran and the usa is rooted in a combination of political, ideological, and geopolitical factors. these two countries have had strained relations for several decades, with various incidents and disputes contributing to the ongoing conflict. there are ideological differences between the two countries. iran is an islamic republic with a revolutionary ideology, while the usa is a secular democracy. these ideological differences, along with differing geopolitical interests, have further fueled the conflict. it is important to note that the conflict between iran and the usa is complex issue with multiple dimensions and regional implications. keywords: conflict, usa, iran, relations, international law, economic influence, united nation. introduction the conflict between the usa and iran has been a complex and multifaceted issue with a long history. it has involved various incidents, including military confrontations, economic sanctions, and diplomatic disputes. u.s.-iran relations have been mostly adversarial since the 1979 islamic revolution in iran. u.s. officials and official reports consistently identify iran’s support for militant armed factions in the middle east region a significant threat to u.s. interests and allies. attempting to constrain iran’s nuclear program took precedence in u.s. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. the united states also has sought to thwart iran’s purchase of new conventional weaponry and development of ballistic missiles[1].one significant event in the conflict was the usa’s withdrawal from the joint comprehensive plan of action (jcpoa) in 2018. the jcpoa was a nuclear agreement between iran and several world powers, including the usa. the usa’s withdrawal led to the reimposition of economic sanctions on iran, which had a significant impact on its economy[2]. there have also been instances of military tensions between the two countries. for example, in january 2020, the usa conducted a targeted airstrike that killed iranian general qasem soleimani, leading to a further escalation of tensions. the conflict has not been limited to direct confrontations between the usa and iran. it has also involved proxy wars and regional rivalries, with both countries supporting opposing factions in conflicts in the middle east, such as in syria, iraq, and yemen. efforts have been made by various parties to de-escalate the tensions and find diplomatic solutions. however, achieving a comprehensive resolution has proven challenging due to the complex nature of the conflict and the differing interests of the involved parties. mehodology.international law provides a framework for addressing conflicts and promoting peaceful resolution. the united nations (un) plays a significant role in this regard, as it serves 320 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a forum for states to discuss and negotiate disputes. the un charter emphasizes the peaceful settlement of conflicts and prohibits the threat or use of force, except in cases of self-defense or when authorized by the un security council.international law recognizes different mechanisms for resolving conflicts, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. these mechanisms aim to facilitate dialogue, promote compromise, and ultimately reach a mutually acceptable solution. international courts and tribunals, such as the international court of justice (icj), provide a forum for states to present their arguments and seek legal remedies.it is important to note that the application and enforcement of international law in conflicts can be complex and challenging. the consent of the parties involved, the political will to comply with legal obligations, and the availability of enforcement mechanisms all play a role in determining the effectiveness of international law in resolving conflicts.[3]one of the key factors contributing to the conflict is the fundamental differences in political ideologies and interests held by the usa and iran. the usa is a democratic nation with a capitalist economic system, while iran is an islamic republic with a theocratic government. these ideological differences, along with competing regional and global interests, have often led to clashes and disagreements between the two countries. resolving the conflict between iran and the usa requires a multifaceted approach that involves diplomatic efforts, negotiations, and international cooperation. here are some methods that have been used or proposed to address the conflict: ➢ diplomatic dialogue: engaging in direct diplomatic talks between the two countries can help foster understanding, address grievances, and find common ground. this can be done through bilateral negotiations or facilitated by third-party mediators. ➢ multilateral diplomacy: involving other countries or international organizations in the negotiation process can provide a broader perspective and increase the chances of reaching a mutually acceptable solution. examples include the involvement of the united nations, european union, or regional organizations like the gulf cooperation council. ➢ confidence-building measures: implementing confidence-building measures can help reduce tensions and build trust between iran and the usa. this can include measures such as the exchange of prisoners, cultural exchanges, or joint initiatives in areas of common interest. ➢ reinstating or renegotiating agreements: reinstating or renegotiating agreements, such as the joint comprehensive plan of action (jcpoa), can provide a framework for addressing specific issues and managing the conflict. this requires willingness from both sides to engage in good faith negotiations. however, resolving the conflict between iran and the usa is a complex and long-standing issue, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. the success of any method depends on the willingness of both parties to engage in meaningful dialogue and compromise[4]. analysis and result. the conflict between the usa and iran has had various consequences and outcomes. it is important to note that the situation is complex and evolving, and the long-term effects are still unfolding. however, i can provide an overview of some key results and impacts: 1. economic sanctions: the usa has imposed extensive economic sanctions on iran, targeting its oil exports, banking sector, and other industries. these sanctions have had a significant impact on iran’s economy, leading to a decline in oil revenues, currency devaluation, and increased inflation. 2. regional instability: the conflict has contributed to regional instability, particularly in the middle east. proxy wars and conflicts in countries like syria, iraq, and yemen have been influenced by the rivalry between iran and the usa, exacerbating existing tensions and leading to humanitarian crises. 3. nuclear deal: the usa’s withdrawal from the iran nuclear deal in 2018 had significant implications. iran has gradually reduced its compliance with the deal’s restrictions on its 321 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nuclear program in response to the sanctions. this has raised concerns about the potential for iran to develop nuclear weapons and has strained diplomatic efforts to address the issue. 4. military confrontations: there have been instances of direct military confrontations between the usa and iran, such as the killing of iranian general qasem soleimani by a us drone strike in 2020. these incidents have heightened tensions and raised the risk of further escalation. 5. diplomatic efforts: despite the conflicts and tensions, there have been occasional diplomatic efforts to de-escalate and find diplomatic solutions. these include negotiations, talks, and international mediation efforts. however, a comprehensive resolution to the conflict has not yet been achieved. conclusion. it is important to note that the conflict between iran and the usa is not limited to these factors alone. it is a complex issue with multiple dimensions and regional implications. efforts have been made to address the conflict through diplomatic channels, but a comprehensive resolution has yet to be achieved. a worsening conflict with iran would have significant economic, political, and security implications for the united states. should the united states and iran engage in military conflict, iran could attempt to block the strait of hormuz, through which 30 percent of the world’s oil flows, which would raise oil prices globally. moreover, the united states risks isolating itself from already beleaguered allies: in june 2019, nato refused to commit to working with the united states to secure freedom of navigation in the strait of hormuz. a u.s.-iran confrontation could trigger an escalation of proxy warfare in countries like syria and yemen or an increase in iranian missile strikes targeting the seventy thousand u.s. troops in the middle east[5]. references 1. u.s.-iran conflict and implications for u.s. policy 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joint_comprehensive_plan_of_action 3. settlement of disputes in international law ipleaders 4. aqsh-eron munosabatlarini shakllantirgan voqealarga nazar (amerikaovozi.com) 5. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-andiran 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 02, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх providing a healthy competition environment between organizational structure components in improving marketing service efficiency boyjigitov sanjarbek komiljon ugli samarkand institute of economics and service, assistant of the department of marketing abstract: in this article, scientific-practical suggestions and recommendations have been developed for improving the effectiveness of marketing service in industrial enterprises, ensuring a healthy competitive environment among the organizational structures, and improving the activities of the marketing service department. in addition, scientific research was conducted to ensure a competitive environment between departments within the organizational structure of enterprises and the marketing service department. keywords: marketing service, industrial enterprises, healthy competitive environment, marketing service department. developing the activity of industrial enterprises in the country's economy in a healthy competitive environment is the main task of industry experts. in the elimination of these tasks, the organizational structure of industrial enterprises and the close connection of the activities of its departments, the perfect functioning of the internal environment of the enterprise is considered desirable. according to the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 15, 2021 "on the introduction of market principles that ensure free competition in the production and sale of grain" no. as well as creating equal conditions for other business entities engaged in grain processing activities in the regions, covering the expenses of the commercial representative for the purchase, storage, natural reduction, increase, transportation and renewal of the state reserve of wheat, grain prices in the domestic market in order to ensure its stability, tasks such as the release of purchased wheat to the stock market by the state fund for agricultural support, and the procedure for compensating the positive and negative differences obtained from the sale of wheat in order to maintain prices defined [1]. based on this decision, comprehensive measures are taken among the components of the organizational structure of the enterprise to ensure a healthy competitive environment in the field, further develop market opportunities, improve the activities of the enterprise's marketing, export and internal sales departments, determine and evaluate the effectiveness of marketing services, and increase the effectiveness of marketing services. development and setting of events is one of the important tasks. reforming the grain, flour and bread supply system based on market mechanisms, selling local flour by entrepreneurs who primarily produce moldy bread and retail flour in the field, especially in the remote areas of the republic to create an opportunity for them to participate in stock 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us exchanges and to ensure their involvement in these trades, as well as to sell grain raw materials in a healthy competitive environment, and to improve the internal environment of enterprises. improving the activities of the marketing, export and internal sales department in the performance of the above tasks, ensuring the full transition of the enterprise's activities to market mechanisms by analyzing the marketing environment and evaluating the effectiveness of the marketing service, analyzing the marketing environment in the activities of grain and grain processing enterprises revealing the specific features of making is one of the important factors. marketing environment is understood as a set of subjects and forces that have a direct impact on the establishment of good cooperative relations between the company's marketing service employees and the maintenance of these relations. the marketing environment consists of a set of forces and factors that directly affect the market situation in general and enterprise activity in particular, including other subjects of the market [2]. during the effective use of the marketing environment, it is necessary to determine the full transfer of the activities of enterprises to market mechanisms. because the environment is constantly changing, that is, it can have a negative or positive effect, the need to systematically study it, observe individual processes and their interaction is a very important activity in the process of marketing research. is lib. ignoring even an insignificant change in the environment or weakening control can have very serious consequences in the work of the firm and other subjects of the market. therefore, it is assumed that the marketers of the enterprise monitor the changes taking place within the framework of the environment separately and responsibly. compared to others, they should follow new trends and find favorable opportunities, because they have at their disposal special marketing instruments, that is, marketing research [4]. the main task of the state is to achieve the efficiency of the use of resources, as well as the efficiency of state administration. for this, it is necessary to create a healthy competitive environment. the task of forming a competitive environment and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy is of particular importance to the regulatory functions of the state. state regulation of the formation of a healthy competitive environment, creating the necessary organizational, legal and economic conditions for the development of competition in the republic's markets, preventing attempts to monopolize markets, improving anti-monopoly regulatory mechanisms that meet the requirements of the market economy, as well as includes measures to protect consumer rights. companies that find internal competition more difficult to manage than external competition often face negative financial consequences. how can a company take advantage of internal competition? here are six principles of maintaining healthy domestic competition that will help businesses increase their competitiveness in the foreign market, without diminishing it. 1. gathering employees with a common goal. people need a common goal to engage in healthy competition within an organization. at nasa, for example, employees' strong belief that their work contributes to higher goals balances an internal culture focused on competition and performance. every year for nearly a decade, nasa has ranked first in employee satisfaction among major federal agencies. 2. development of networks of contacts and partnerships. when people see each other primarily (or only) as rivals, competition becomes zero and inevitably leads to hostility. but when employees are connected by a sense of belonging, when they perceive each other as colleagues with common, sometimes conflicting needs and goals, toxic competition is less likely to arise. interdependence between individuals and groups within an organization makes competition benevolent rather than existential or situational. 3. maintaining competitive flexibility. strong competition between business units or technical teams is a valuable tool for driving innovation and an excellent insurance policy. but if rival 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us peers are unwilling to share information or ideas with other teams to avoid giving them an advantage, competition will only prevent the innovation it is supposed to encourage. regular replacement of heads of enterprise divisions and mixing of employees keeps the competition dynamic and does not allow it to become a constant competition. 4. balance competition with rewards for cooperation. attempts to minimize competition within a company can potentially lead to complacency and reduce top performance, which in turn reduces competitiveness in the external market. but the more competition there is, the more efforts are needed to develop cooperation in border areas. 5. celebrating the "losses" and their contributions. in sports, winning and losing usually comes down to who plays better (although refereeing can have a significant impact on the outcome of a contest). but in other arenas, competition is more chaotic: victory or defeat often depends on external factors. 6. the pursuit of stability. the more competition is motivated by the pursuit of excellence, the more effective it is. if the primary goal is to defeat the opponents, then defeat is indeed a bitter pill to swallow, and dissatisfaction is a likely outcome. but if the ultimate goal is to achieve superior results or achieve a worthy goal, we can appreciate the great achievements of our internal competitors even when we fail. by seeing our competitors not only as competitors, but as partners who greatly contribute to our productivity and growth, we begin to value them, not resent them. in the process of full transition of the enterprise to the market mechanisms, ensuring the organic connection of the internal and external elements of the enterprise through the supply of labor resources and marketing environment in the enterprise increases the capabilities of today's market elements [5]. the agreement of the employees of each department to transfer their rights to the management is a transition from the market mechanism to another the mechanism of redistribution of resources specific to the company. this means that employees have an opinion that they will perform actions based on the instructions of the coordinator, and not based on the voluntary balance of supply and demand. but at the same time, it is necessary to evaluate the possibilities of saving costs in relation to the market mechanism of the firm. in conclusion, it can be said that improving the activities of the departments of the enterprise based on a healthy competitive environment, especially the effective use of marketing tools, will bring more benefits for the enterprise, the enterprise will have a wider understanding of the demands and needs of the enterprise's customers, and the enterprise should use internal marketing when evaluating its capabilities. and the use of elements of the external environment determines whether the enterprise can increase the volume of production. based on the results of the above research, the following proposals and recommendations were developed:  re-development of the department's regulations in the event of improvement of the activity of the marketing department based on the general nature of the organizational structure;  swot analysis of factors of the internal environment of the enterprise in increasing the efficiency of marketing service and implementation of its results in the enterprise;  development of the "marketing code of ethics" in the improvement of the marketing department;  development and implementation of the kpi system to create a healthy competitive environment among the organizational structure. 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati 1. decision pq-10 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 15, 2021 "on the introduction of market principles that ensure free competition in the production and sale of grain" 2. ergashxodjaeva sh.j., qosimova m.s., yusupov m.a. marketing. darslik.-t.: iqtisodiyot, 2018. – 315 b. 3. soliyev a., buzrukxonov s. marketing. bozorshunoslik. darslik. -t.: iqtisod-moliya, 2010.424 b. 4. маркетинг: учеб. пособие / ю.ю.суслова, е.в.щербенко, о.с.веремеенко, о.г.алёшина. красноярск : сиб. федер. ун-т, 2018. 380 с. 5. щегорцов в.а., таран в.а., шойгу и.а., щегорцев м.в. основы маркетинга: учебник для вузов. м.: дело, 2016.414 с. 618 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 hemodynamic features of ihd in overweight patients kristina samvelovna pulatova samarkand state medical university shivam jagdish panjriwala samarkand state medical university bhuvnesh chhabra samarkand state medical university abstract: excessive body weight in both men and women adversely affects each and every organ system and most affected is the cardiovascular system. it is associated with atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. as well as increased lipolysis forming plaque and emboli (can be septic also). problems are exacerbated by other co morbidities like hypertension, diabetes, calcification of the vessels. ihd will undoubtedly lead to acute coronary syndrome. keywords: ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hs-crp, obesity, heart rate, hypertension. introduction macro and microcirculation of heart can be described as the large epicardial coronary arteries (>400 μm), small arteries (<400 μm), arterioles (100 μm) and capillaries (<10 μm). epicardial vessels have the major function of transport, while the microcirculation of heart has the function of maintaining blood pressure, vasomotion of arterial segments in response to stimuli (pressure and metabolites) for regulation and at the same time is the main cause for resistance to flow. we have different determinants of o2 demand and o2 supply: table 1: oxygen demand and supply determinants. determinants of o2 demand determinants of o2 supply systolic blood pressure coronary artery resistance/ diameter heart rate heart rate myocardial contractility perfusion pressure myocardial wall stress it is evident from this that heart rate is a determinant of both o2 demand and as well as supply. ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease precedes the acute coronary syndrome, i.e. acs which can be further sub classified into acs with st elevation seen on electrocardiogram (ste-acs/ stemi) and acs without any st elevation visible on electrocardiogram (nsteacs). so, to simply state it is adequate to state that ischemic heart disease is improper perfusion of myocardial tissue which can be due to following different causes:  plaque formation  emboli  spasm (prinzmetal angina) 619 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  vasculitis (takayasu in adults and kawasaki in children). let’s mention the risk factors for plaque formation: ≥70% plaques in vessels are usually considered significant. 1. cigarette smoking. 2. hyperlipidemia i. high ldl cholesterol (small sense ldl/ oxidized ldl) ii. low hdl levels. iii. highly sensitive crp (hs-crp) iv. lipoprotein (a) v. lipoprotein phospholipase a2 (lp-pla2) there are no methods to measure small dense ldl and oxidized ldl, therefor single most important parameter is highly sensitive crp levels to assess the hyperlipidemia. crp levels:  <1mg/dl: most advisable  1-3mg/dl: slightly high.  >3mg/dl: very high. statins work minimally on small dense ldl. 3. hypertension: 1) alters the architecture of vessels, 2) endothelial dysfunction in vessels. 3) lvh, high oxygen demand. 4. diabetes: 1) associated with centripetal obesity and insulin resistance. 2) changes receptors from α to β3( increases lipolysis)  family history  calcification in vessels.  lifestyles. smoking: most crucial yet preventable risk factor for ihd. indications for statins:  ldl cholesterol >190 mg/dl (target <100)  dm in patient with age 4075 years (moderate statin10 to 20 mg of rosuvastatin).  clinical atherosclerosis. 620 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us purpose of the study: the following study is performed to analyze the hemodynamic features of ihd in patients with excessive weight and notice the prevalence of atherosclerosis in fast moving world with less time for maintaining physical health. methods and materials: the study involved young men and women with an average age of 35-45 years. a total of 68 people (32 men and 36 women) suffering from suspected ihd and obesity of different degrees were examined. the examination was carried out by questionnaire (mief in men). subjective and objective investigation of patients followed by angiography was performed. the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease was made on the basis of american heart association guidelines. msct with contrast was performed and patients with ≥ 70% plaque in vessels were with ihd. but with less of blockages were kept under observation for the risk of plaque which is far more dangerous than the plaque. patients firstly underwent normal including, height, weight, chest and bmi (body mass index) to the formula. bmi= weight (kg) height (m2) it is the ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters) squared. who developed a classification of overweight and obesity based on bmi? (see table 2 for data). table 2: classification bmi (kg/m2) severe underweight <16 underweight 16-18,49 normal 18,5-24,99 overweight (obesity) 25-29,99 obesity stage i 30-34,99 obesity stage ii 35-39,99 obesity stage iii >40 obesity il-6 tnf-α crp no vasodilation vascular damage 621 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results: in our study, ischemic heart disease established by ct angiography. 54% of patients (36) are at risk of developing acute coronary syndrome, out of which 20 are men and 16 are women. it was interesting to note that out of these 36 patients, 10 patients were suffering from obesity class i (bmi= 30-34.99), 12 patients were suffering from obesity class ii (bmi= 35-39.99) and 14 were obese class iii (bmi >40). noticeable observation was that all these patients were having sedentary lifestyle and all were on statins to reduce their cholesterol levels. on a positive note, 47 patients (70%) started improving their lifestyles and followed dietary recommendations and came to visit their cardiologists on regular basis and other specialists endocrinologists, dieticians and physiotherapists. discussion: having excessive weight is a highly unhealthy and negative phenomenon, but the fact is that many people have a hereditary tendency to gain excess weight, and they themselves are not to blame for it. moreover modern fast moving life, the lifestyle of work and the fast food itself already contribute to obesity. with numerous issues on body and normal physiological functioning of body it certainly has a pronounced effect on cardiovascular system. it affects the healthy coronaries and leads to formation of plaque and emboli. on further degradation of the vessels, acute coronary syndrome develops. obesity is the leading cause of co morbidity as hypertension which itself causes ihd. conclusion: from the clinical aspects and based on the results of our study, we can recommend patients with ihd and at least degree 1 obesity not to neglect consultations with cardiologist and follow the diet recommendations:  salt intake <6g/ day.  protein intake: 15% (1g/kg/day). crp is localized in atherosclerotiic but not in normal intima attenuates no production in the arterial endothelium induces pai-1 expression triggers oxidation of ldl cholesterol mediates ldl uptake by macrophagepromotes endothelial dysfunction induces complement activation induces production of tissue factor in monocytes supports monocyte recruitement into arterial wall induces production of cell aadhesion molecules 622 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  dietary cholesterol: <200mg/ day.  soluble fiber: >10-25g/ day.  saturated fat: <7%. references: 1. agababyan i.r., pulatova k.s., rofeev m.s. metabolic syndrome as one of the main factors of arterial hypertension development. // achievement of science and education. 2019. № 10 (51). с. 54-58. 2. пулатова к. с. аблятифов а. б. анализ результатов экг и эхокг у больных артериальной гипертонией в зависимости от степени избыточной массы тела //european journal of interdisciplinary research and development. – 2023. – т. 16. – с. 14-18. 3. kristina samvelovna pulatova, timur mukhitdinovich pulatov, mukhammad olimovich esankulov the specific features of arterial hypertension in owerweight patients with psoriasis // academic research in educational sciences. 2021. №2. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-specific-features-of-arterialhypertensionin-owerweight-patients-with-psoriasis 4. abdulloyeva, m. ., pulatova, k. ., &mirzaev, r.. (2023). ortiqcha vazn va arterial gipertoniya bilan og’rigan yoshlarda yuzaga keladigan jinsiy zaiflik. евразийский журнал медицинских и естественных наук, 3(4 part 2), 91–94.извлечено от https://in-academy.uz/index.php/ejmns/article/view/13515 206 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 sociological analysis of the effect of armed robbery on business activities in lafia metropolis, nasarawa state, nigeria imam i. hassan (ph.d) associate professor, department of sociology federal university of lafia, nasarawa state, nigeria imamhassan405@gmail.com isiaka.hassan@socsci.fulalafia.edu.ng annotation: the study examined the multi-faceted effects of armed robbery on business activities in the lafia metropolis of nasarawa state, nigeria. the main objectives are to find out the causes of armed robbery, to identify the effect of armed robbery on business activities, the economic impact of armed robbery on the individual employee, the business owners, the social consequences on community dynamics, and to explore the measures put in place to control the menace of armed robbery in the society, through a comprehensive sociological analysis. social control theory and strain theory of crime were adopted for the study. the study adopted a descriptive method. based on the findings of the study, unemployment, lack of education, government policies on businesses, and peer influence are the major causes of armed robbery in the lafia metropolis. the study revealed that armed robbery activities have a significant effect on business activities, the social life of the people, and psychological trauma for both the employers and employees in the lafia metropolis. the study recommends that parents should be encouraged to monitor their children to avoid bad influences, which will reduce crime; strict and quick response to crime scenes by law enforcement agencies will reduce armed robbery; adequate punishment for offenders regardless of their social or economic status will reduce armed robbery, creation of job opportunity and youth empowerment programmed will reduce armed robbery in lafia lga. keywords: armed robbery, metropolis employer, employee introduction crime is often viewed as a social phenomenon influenced by various factors; it is solely an individual choice but can be shaped by society. crime is a social phenomenon bedevilling various countries across the globe in varying degrees as it affects policies and development. studies of crossnational variation in common crime have a long history. criminologists have studied geographical variations in recorded crime rates throughout the nineteenth century. a dominant theme in this early literature was the association of crime with poverty, urbanisation, and social disorganisation (smith, 2017). in recent years, many european countries like romania, france, and others have faced a series of effects on the social environment induced by the economic crisis, significantly impacting the perception of moral and social values. european union (eu) statistics define six crime categories for http://www/ mailto:imamhassan405@gmail.com mailto:isiaka.hassan@socsci.fulalafia.edu.ng 207 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reflecting the diversity of policy and legal systems within the eu: homicide, violent crime, robbery, domestic burglary, motor vehicle theft, and drug trafficking. a relevant example is considering the way of reporting economic and non-economic crime. fougère, kramarz, and pouget (2003), by using a regional-level data set for the 95 departments of metropolitan france, examine the effects of unemployment on property crime and violent crime in france for the period 1990 to 2000 and verify that, in the cross-section dimension, crime and unemployment are positively associated. in a study in the united states of america, gümüș (2004) uses data from 75 large us cities from 1989–1991 to examine the determinants of crime in urban areas empirically. the obtained results, using an ordinary least squares (ols) regression technique, indicate that the unemployment rate, police expenditure, income level, population, and primarily black communities are significant determinants of crime in urban areas. the second socioeconomic problem of recent times is unemployment. a recent study in south africa by traxler and burhop (2010) confirms the strong posit ive effect of poverty on property crime and a substantial negative impact of poverty on violent crime by using panel data methodology for prussia from 1882 to 1910 and the rye price as a proxy for poverty. moreover, by using binary choice models, the study revealed that there was a negative effect of poverty on crime, using as crime indicators assault, robbery, rape, murder, and abduction in south africa. nigeria has witnessed an increasing number of security challenges and developments that constitute threats to the maintenance of public safety as well as socioeconomic development. these security concerns are diverse and complex, ranging from political disagreements to criminal activities and ethnic intolerance with alarming dimensions and consequences on the socioeconomic activities among the citizens. various forms of criminal activities ravage the country ranging from kidnapping, burglary, armed robbery, and rape, among others. like many other crimes in nigeria, armed robbery has not been given the desired attention by successive governments (nwokedi, 2011). for decades now, law-abiding nigerians have continuously suffered at the hands of armed bandits. however, the malicious impact of persistent armed robbery on national security and development constitutes serious challenges. statement of the problem armed robbery is a global phenomenon, as no country is immune to it. however, the level of occurrence differs from one country to the other. in nigeria, amidst the harsh realities of poverty, hunger, starvation, and joblessness, nigerian youth have also been subjected to out-of-control armed robbery cases. unfortunately, the government seems to have no strategy to fight back. today, armed robbery is not only one of the biggest threats in nigeria but also a social scourge, which is bad news in the ears of prospective foreign investors (enah, 2015) over the years, the crime rate in nigeria has risen to an alarming height. cases of armed robbery occurrence, pickpockets, and shoplifting have increased due to increased levels of poverty among the populace. the crime rate in any country is directly tied to the country's poverty level. no doubt, the rate of unemployment in nigeria has become high as thousands of graduates leave school without any hope of getting a decent job. while social services are unavailable to those without jobs, millions of nigerians watch helplessly as corrupt leaders loot the nation's treasury with reckless abandon (sam, 2018) according to sam (2018), most people think of robberies as those committed against banks or at late-night retail establishments like fuel stations or shopping malls where a gun is used to force the cashier to hand over the money. however, most robberies occur on the street, directly against a person. when someone uses force or fear against you to steal your car, it is called carjacking, and this is quite common in major cities such as lagos, ibadan, port-harcourt, kano, and jos, among others. the 1999 constitution makes provisions for the rights of citizens. the inability of the government to provide a http://www/ 208 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us secure and safe environment for lives, properties, and the conduct of business and economic activities has led to resentment and disaffection among business investors. this has resulted in communal clashes and religious violence, and crime in different parts of the country that has destroyed lives and properties disrupted businesses and economic activities, and retarded economic growth and development in nigeria. no business investors, whether local or foreign, will be motivated to invest in an unsafe and insecure environment. in a globalised world, investors are looking for high returns on their investments and a safe environment for their investments. thus, the alarming level of insecurity in nigeria has made the economy unattractive to foreign investors and has slowed down the level of business activities, and this has impacted negatively on economic growth and development (umar, 2017). the nigeria insecurity situation has halted business operations during periods of violence and caused the outright closure of many enterprises, especially in the areas or zones where incidences of insecurity are rife and are a daily occurrence, to protect the lives of operators and business property. generally, without peace and security, it is extremely difficult for businesses to survive. ordinary citizens having small and medium-scale businesses cannot open shops for business transactions. insecurity everywhere is a risk factor that business owners and managers dread and wish to avoid by relocating their businesses elsewhere. in the case of nigeria, there is also evidence of some businessmen and manufacturing companies having to relocate, particularly from some parts of the north on insecurity issues such as armed robbery, abductions, kidnapping, and ethnic crises in recent times, to other peaceful parts of the country (nwagbosa 2012). the city of lafia has, in recent years, witnessed an alarming surge in armed robbery incidents. these criminal acts have left an indelible mark on the city's business activities, affecting entrepreneurs, employees, and the larger community. this work aims to dissect the sociological underpinnings of these effects and shed light on their consequences. conceptual clarification for decades, conceptual issues relating to crime were on the front burner in security discourse. different scholars have made several attempts to redefine the concept of crime from a state-centric perspective to a broader view that places a premium on individuals (nwanegbo & odigbo, 2013). this idea is further supported by the argument of lawrence (2001), who noted that crime is any infraction of the basic principles of law and the norms of civilised behaviour, which is punishable by the state. all over the world, no society is immune from this thorny social problem, but what differs is the frequency and magnitude of the situation and the response or mechanisms to address it (emeh, 2012). moreover, crime is viewed as a conduct, behaviour or act that violates the criminal law or formal or written laws or formal or written laws of a state for which a punishment is prescribed (schmallenger, 2004; territo, halstaed & bromley, 2004; adler, mullier, & lanfer, 2001). further explanation of crime is found in the work of nwoku (2012); crime is any illegal act for which the government can punish someone. it is an activity that is against the law and is punishable by the state. it implies a serious offence punishable by the law of the state. ekpenyoung (2009) conceived crimes as an action or instance of negligence deemed injurious to the state's public welfare, morals, or interests, which is legally prohibited. for him, crime means activities detrimental to the public welfare. maxwell (2002) submitted that crime is a wrongdoing classified by the state or congress as a felony or misdemeanour. maxwell argues that crime is an offence against a public law. it is an offence which is punishable by the states. according to him, crime is defined and punished by statutes and common law. most common law offences are well known and as precisely ascertained as those which ought to be punished; the vital and preserving principle has been adopted that all moral acts that tend to the prejudice of the community are punishable by courts of justice (adekiwale 2013). http://www/ 209 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us armed robbery the problem of armed robbery is fast growing, cutting across cultures and social classes, with many lives and properties (victims) destroyed. thus, otu and elechi (2015) acknowledged that in a bid to address the continuous rise in armed robbery incidences in nigeria, many criminologists have become relentless in searching for plausible explanations for this type of criminal behaviour. it is frequently linked to individual traits or wide socioeconomic variables such as deprecation in unemployment or joblessness, low income, or outright poverty as family destabilisation. all societies, whether developed or developing, are currently facing escalated rates of armed robbery victimisation. in 2005, the united states federal bureau of investigation (fbi) recorded about 420 000 armed robberies, a rate greater than 140% per 100,000 population (siegel, 2008). also in 2011, the fbi reported further that in the united states, over $30 million was stolen, and about 100 people were killed or injured in 5,000 armed robberies of financial organisations (mainly banks), while 447,403 robbery cases were reported to the police, resulting in a rate of "one per minute" (oputeh, 2015). in nigeria, the situation of things is no different. the country is also facing heinous offending behaviour of different typologies, among which is soaring rates of armed robbery victimisation. studies and evidential data reveal that armed robbery is among the top three most serious crimes in nigeria. for instance, the nigeria police annual report (npar) indicated that 2,704 armed robbery offences were reported in 2005, 2 863 in 2006, 2,327 in 2007, and 2,340 in 2008 (npar, 2006, 2007 & 2008). the national bureau of statistics report (nbsr) in 2008 revealed that of the 36 states of the federation, kano, ogun, oyo, delta, and cross river states were the worst affected with grave armed robbery statistics of armed robbery victimisation in the country as presented by the centre for law enforcement education in nigeria (cleen) shows that the trend has been that of a steady rise from 11% in 2010 to 17% in 2012 (cleen, 2012). the understanding from the previous is that robbery or armed robbery is a global problem with many victims. indeed, as out and elechi (2015) stressed, the crime of armed robbery is on the increase, affecting all classes of people who may have directly or indirectly experienced victimisation in the process. causes of armed robbery there is no single cause of crime; instead, there is a concatenation of causes, which often overlap and interlock (macdonald 1975; brantingham &brantingham, 1984). a large and growing body of literature has investigated the causes of crime as revolving around cultural and socioeconomic variables (bonger, 1916; merton, 1938; shaw & mckay, 1942; sutherland, 1947; cohen, 1955; miller, 1958; becker, 1963; cloward & ohlin, 1960; hirschi, 1969; quinney, 1970; chambliss & seidman, 1971; akers, 1985; cornish & clerk, 1986; felson, 1987; sampson & laub, 1992). concerning the causes of robbery, conklin (1972) suggests a list of variables such as poverty, relative deprivation, increased drug use, increased desire for easy money, unemployment, inflation, and absolute deprivation. the drive that motivates people to commit crime may be diverse and difficult to prove, but some criminologists tend to differentiate between "instrumental" and "expensive" motives (miethe & drass, 1999). instrumental motives reflect some future goal or end, including money, revenge, status enhancement, control, and domination. expressive motives are aligned with spontaneous and impulsive acts performed out of rage or anger and with little thought about the consequence (miethe &drass, 1999). specifically, gabor et al. (1987) identify two motives for armed robbery: principal and secondary. principal motives include monetary gain and the ease with which it may be obtained. secondary motives are the thrills and the craving for new experiences, feelings of power generated by the possession of guns by robbers, and the challenge through which adolescents can prove themselves to http://www/ 210 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us their peers. in sum, gabor and his colleagues try to highlight that robbery is motivated by the inordinate desire to acquire money and lavish it in pleasurable activities and showing-offs. therefore, an armed robber may have a principal or secondary motive to commit the offence. when the two motives are geared toward committing a particular robbery, one will likely take precedence over the other. money, a major motive for robbery, is both a push and pull factor and a means to an end. when faced with a desperate need for cash, offenders will likely resort to armed robbery, knowing that no other legal or illegal activity provides a quick and easy way out of pressing financial problems (wright & decker, 1997). in nigeria, money is taken as the measure of all things, and above all, the phrase "the end justifies the means" becomes a generally accepted norm. it did not matter anymore how it was acquired, whether through armed robbery, bribery, forgery, or other criminal means (rotimi, 1984). the emphasis on money has overtly discouraged many young people from acquiring a basic education. it has also destroyed the belief that honest hard work is more rewarding. the correlation between robbery and cash reflects a commitment to a criminal lifestyle where the pursuit of illicit action generates an ongoing need for "fast cash" that realistically can only be satisfied through more crime (wright et al., 2006). thus, robbery is understood as how people with limited means obtain what the "commercial culture" persuades everyone to get (katz, 1988). opportunity theorists assume that for crime to occur, there must be a suitable target, a motivated offender, and the absence of a capable guardian (cohen & lauritsen, 1990; laurisen et al., 1991). crimes such as robbery rely on the opportunity created in places where offenders converge with vulnerable victims and low surveillance (desroches, 2002). there are two types of opportunity theory;" selection ", which focuses on the decision offenders make in choosing situations of crime, and" theories of victimisation," which focus on the characteristics and activities of persons that contribute to their victimisation (birkbeck & lafree, 1993: 123-4). from the above, robbery opportunity may partly depend on the offenders' ingenuity and the weak security measures surrounding their victims. the decision to rob is a crucial moment for any armed robbery. it marks the offence's terminus and quo (points of departure). at a certain point, the offender decides to rob: as with any other social activity, this decision does not occur in a vacuum. it is a part of general human existence, mediated by prevailing situational and subcultural conditions (jocobs and wright, 1999). this decision is governed by the offender's resolve to have more money than he presently has or can acquire through legitimate means (conklin, 1972; morrison and o'donnell, 1998). it suggests that legitimate employment as a viable option to earn cash is a strategy that is deemed untenable. the reason is that offenders' need for money is usually urgent and pressing, and effort and wages are separated in space and time. hence, it is likely that robbers will not wait for the necessary week or month to elapse. another reason is that the jobs open to robbers tend to be unskilled. since they are generally poorly educated, which implies poor wages (jacobs and wright, 1999). when youths are out of school, they have restricted job skills and employment or earning prospects and are likely to commit a disproportionate number of offences (fagan and freeman, 1999; short, 1997). effect of armed robbery on business activities the impact of armed robbery on victims and business activities is usually severe and long-term. victims of armed robbery might be gravely injured and their belongings nastily damaged by their assailants. the hardship experiences victims encounter include various losses, injuries/wounds, and deprivations. the immediate, direct, or primary victims of armed robbery and vicarious victims (people living in a victim's household, community, or their relatives and friends) sometimes suffer the same or similar fate. directly or indirectly, they suffer numerous pains ranging from economic, social, psychological/emotional, medical, and monetary to death, resulting from armed robbery. siegel (2008) noted that, as the cost of goods (and services) obtained through crimes were added to productivity http://www/ 211 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us losses caused by injury and pain as well as emotional trauma, the cost of victimisation was projected to be hundreds of billions of dollars. besides, fear of re-victimisation and its associated trauma are serious psychological problems experienced by crime victims and even their relatives. according to the same scholars, namely rountree (1998) and acierno, rheingold, resnick, and kilpatrick (2004), many crime victims, the elderly in particular, poor as well as minority group members, develop constant and paralysing fear of being victimised again. they continue to be fearful even long after their injuries have healed. additionally, individuals who escaped the assaults could develop fears, as well as become timid and careful, after hearing of another person's victimisation. the most obvious effect of armed robbery on victims and business activities, although trailing behind death, is "defensive injuries." these are severe injuries sustained by victims at the time of the attack, which occur in their attempt to escape or disarm their victimisers. defensive injuries are spontaneously sustained since victims struggle to subdue offenders or grasp their weapons. also, it can be inflicted by any offender on account of premeditation, that is, intentionally imposed to lessen the likelihood of victims resisting or escaping. the nature and extent of defensive wounds are essential, determined by the kind of weapons, the force for assault, and the level of resistance put up by the victim. according to gunn (2009) and brown and muscari (2010), defensive injuries are frequently seen on the hands, as well as forearms, which victims raise to defend the head and face or ward off an occur when victims try to protect themselves while lying down. injuries on the assailant feet and legs may also be a result of victims attempting to kick at the assault. however, such injuries may also be found on feet and legs, and in nigeria, as in other countries of the world, defensive wounds are commonplace. arguably, victims of armed robbery may suffer additional victimisation in the hands of institutions detailed and authorised by the law and custom to assure public safety, victims' rights, and return justice when the fundamental rights of the people are contravened. in nigeria, as tenable in most parts of the world, victims are further victimised by agents in the criminal justice system. the nigerian police and court systems, in particular, contribute to the burdens of armed robbery victims, as evident in their systemic selective policing and adjudication. corroborating this view, alemike and chukwuma (2000) affirmed that the poor are more liable to endure disproportionally for violating the same law than the rich. the consciousness of this situation in nigeria is vital, especially when there is a disparity between "the rich and the poor" in police treatment patterns. ordu and nnam (2017) maintained that selective policing (and its resultant victimisation) is common in nigeria. the police often conspire with organised criminals (i.e., disgruntled political leaders or highly placed public office holders) to exploit citizens and undermine their plight at will. economic impact of armed robbery armed robbery in lafia metropolis has a substantial and far-reaching economic impact that affects businesses, entrepreneurs, and the local economy. this section delves into the various facets of this economic impact, highlighting the financial losses incurred by businesses and the subsequent repercussions for the local economy. financial losses and business closure: armed robberies result in immediate financial losses for businesses. the perpetrators often steal cash, merchandise, and valuables, leaving business owners to cope with the financial burden of the losses. these losses can sometimes be so severe that businesses are forced to close down. this is http://www/ 212 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us particularly detrimental for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) that may lack the resources to recover from such losses (smith, 2020). armed robberies also increase operational costs as businesses invest in security measures such as alarms, surveillance systems, and security personnel to protect their assets. these additional costs can strain the financial resources of businesses, making it difficult for them to invest in growth and development (jones, 2018). reduced investment and economic growth: the prevalence of armed robbery in lafia metropolis has a chilling effect on potential investors. the heightened security risks and uncertainty surrounding the safety of their investments discourage individuals and organisations from injecting capital into the local economy. this reduced investment limits economic growth and development opportunities in the region. furthermore, the negative economic image created by armed robbery can lead to disinvestment, where existing businesses may scale down operations or seek more secure locations. this exodus of established businesses can further slow economic growth in lafia metropolis (jones, 2018). in summary, the economic impact of armed robbery in lafia metropolis is significant and multifaceted. it encompasses immediate financial losses for businesses, sometimes leading to closures and higher operational costs for security measures. the fear and insecurity created by armed robberies also deter potential investors and lead to disinvestment by existing businesses, ultimately hindering economic growth in the region (smith, 2020; jones, 2018). understanding these economic consequences is essential for policymakers, law enforcement, and community stakeholders to develop effective strategies to mitigate the impact of armed robbery on the local economy. the social consequences on community dynamics: armed robbery has significant social consequences on the dynamics of communities within lafia metropolis. these consequences can vary, influencing community solidarity, trust, and residents' sense of safety and belonging. community solidarity: one possible outcome of the threat posed by armed robbery is strengthening community solidarity. residents of lafia, faced with a common threat, may come together to support one another in their shared goal of improving safety. they may form neighbourhood watch groups, collaborate on security measures, and develop tighter-knit communities. this sense of solidarity can foster a shared commitment to tackling the issue of armed robbery and can have positive social effects, such as improved safety and a greater sense of belonging (green, 2017). trust and mistrust: the social consequences of armed robbery also impact the level of trust within communities. some residents may develop heightened trust in one another, knowing they can rely on their neighbours for support and protection. however, in contrast, the constant threat of armed robbery may erode trust http://www/ 213 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in local institutions, including the police, leading to greater reliance on community-based solutions and self-policing (black, 2016). this shift can result in a complex social landscape where trust dynamics within the community evolve in response to the crime. local policing and vigilantism: in response to the challenges posed by armed robbery, some communities in lafia metropolis may resort to local policing and vigilantism. when residents perceive law enforcement as inadequate or ineffective, they may take matters into their own hands. this can lead to the forming of community watch groups, vigilantism, or other informal mechanisms for maintaining security (johnson, 2018). the social consequences of armed robbery on community dynamics in lafia metropolis are multi-faceted. while some communities may strengthen their bonds and solidarity, others may experience a decline in trust in formal institutions. additionally, local policing and vigilantism can emerge as alternative methods of maintaining security, further influencing social dynamics. understanding these consequences is vital for policymakers and community leaders in addressing the sociological impact of armed robbery on the residents of lafia metropolis (green, 2017; black, 2016; johnson, 2018). the psychological toll on business owners and employees: armed robbery in lafia metropolis exacts a heavy psychological toll on both business owners and their employees. the pervasive threat of violent crime and the trauma associated with being a victim has enduring consequences that affect the mental health, well-being, and daily lives of individuals involved in the business community. psychological trauma: one of the most immediate and enduring effects of armed robbery on business owners and employees is the psychological trauma they experience. the sudden intrusion of armed criminals, often accompanied by violence or the threat of violence, can leave survivors with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd), including flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety. this trauma affects their professional lives and permeates their personal lives (brown, 2019). fear and anxiety: the constant fear and anxiety associated with the potential for armed robbery create a toxic work environment. employees may live in heightened alertness, impacting their ability to concentrate and perform their job effectively. business owners often bear the responsibility of ensuring the safety of their employees, adding to their stress and anxiety levels (white, 2021). economic worries: the economic repercussions of armed robbery incidents compound the psychological toll. business owners may be burdened with financial worries about their losses, while employees may fear job insecurity as businesses struggle to recover. this financial stress can lead to depression and other mental health challenges among those affected (brown, 2019). http://www/ 214 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us impacts on work performance: the psychological effects of armed robbery also have a direct impact on work performance. employees who are dealing with trauma and anxiety may find it difficult to concentrate, leading to reduced productivity and job dissatisfaction. business owners grappling with the aftermath of an armed robbery may struggle to manage their enterprises effectively (white, 2021). coping mechanisms: while some individuals may develop effective coping mechanisms to deal with the psychological toll, many others may not. seeking professional help, such as counselling or therapy, is crucial to support those affected. in the absence of such support, individuals may resort to unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance abuse, further exacerbating their mental health challenges. in conclusion, the psychological toll of armed robbery on business owners and employees in lafia metropolis is profound. it manifests in the form of psychological trauma, fear, anxiety, and economic worries. these effects affect individuals' mental health, work performance, and overall wellbeing. recognising the psychological consequences of armed robbery is essential, as it highlights the importance of providing mental health support and counselling services to those affected and taking measures to enhance security to prevent such incidents (brown, 2019; white, 2021) strategies to curtail armed robbery the war on armed robbery victimisation and providing support for victims of armed robbery are the main responsibility of the entire society. government, non-governmental organisations, religious, law enforcement agencies, families, courts, rehabilitation homes, social workers, caregivers, educational institutions, and human rights advocates are deeply involved in the war. these agencies ' main concerns are safeguarding victims' right to assistance and support. siegel (2008) asserted that many crime victim programs recommend victims to particular services to assist them in recuperating from their ordeal. generally, clients are referred to a local network of public and private social service agencies, which give emergency and long-term help with transportation, medical care, shelter, food and clothes. siegel added that a large number of crime victim programmes give crisis intervention for victims who feel secluded and vulnerable as well as require immediate services. many victim intervention professionals carry out counselling in offices, while the rest visit crime casualties at home, the scene of crime, hospital and others./ one reliable strategy for combating armed robbery victimisation is through target hardening, which garofalo (1987) described as a technique of controlling criminal activities, (including armed robbery victimisation) by fortifying areas that could be seen as targets in order to increase that risks that will be encountered by offenders (victimisers). this anti-victimisation measure is mostly needed in socially disorganised and high-risk neighbourhoods where offending and victimisation are uncontrolled. the idea of target hardening is to make it extra difficult for crimes (or victimisations) to occur (giddens, 2006). target hardening is a powerful anti-robbery strategy emphasising installing modern burglar alarms, closed circuit television (cctv), crime mapping technology (cmp), automobile steering locks, and vehicle tracking devices. in addition, with the restorative justice system in place, the social harm individuals or the community experience threatened security and properties lost are significantly restored (nnam, 2016). other scholars believe that restorative justice is praised, appreciated and recommended for facilitators or mediators in society due to its strengths in reconciling victims with their criminals to the position they were in before the attack, and this reconciliation is community-based and non-custodian (braithwaite, 19998, 2002; levrant, cullen, fulton, & wozniak, 1999). restorative justice is yet to be http://www/ 215 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us officially incorporated into the criminal justice system, but it is utilised in the informal setting in mending fences between victims and their offenders and reuniting them with the community. because of its encompassing advantage in solving victimisation problems in both ancient and modern societies, the position of zehr (2002 when he suggested a universal adoption and application of restorative justice measures for effective prevention and control of criminal victimisation, becomes particularly relevant. even though restorative justice is frequently not easy to define as it includes various programmes and practices, zehr (2002) added that this phenomenon requires society to address victims' damages and needs, hold criminals answerable to correct those damages, as well as engage victims, offenders and communities in the healing procedure. victim impact statements (vis) are another robust intervention for protecting victims of armed robbery. this programme provides social support and judicial pleasure to crime victims and relations as vicarious casualties. the concept of vis offers a chance, in addition to an uninhabited setting, for crime victims to state their awful experiences, as well as a habitual terrible ordeal in the hands of their attackers through legal proceedings. theoretical framework social control theory hirsch is arguably the most quoted control theorist. as agnew (1991) points out, hirschi's control theory is one of the dominant criminological theories, which has amassed much empirical support since its development. as social control theory researchers have argued, the theory is capable of explaining crime and delinquency, including armed robbery (krohn et al., 1983; kempf, 1993; tittle, 1995; evans et al., 1997; longshore et al., 2005), hence its use in this study to armed robbery committed by some youths in lafia. the theory hinges on four cardinal principles, social bonds, which control criminal behaviour. they include attachment (usually to one's family or school), commitment (to the wider society), involvement (in conventional activities) and belief (in the rules of society) (hirschi, 2002, [1969]). according to hirschi, to violate a norm is to act contrary to the wishes and expectations of other individuals. supposing that a person does not care about the wishes and expectations of other individuals, that is, he is not sensitive to their view, then he is, to that degree, not bound by their norms, so he has the freedom to deviate. therefore, accounting for deviant behaviours based on attachment does not beg the question since the extent to which a person is attached to others can be measured independently of his or her deviant behaviours (hirschi, 2002, [1969]: 19). yet, hirschi believes that when there is a bond of attachment between youths and their family or school, that is when the "continuing intimacy of interaction" (lilly et al, 2007: 104) with parents and teachers is firm, crime is likely not to be committed. thus, the absence of control can make a person delinquent (hirschi, 2002, [1969]). in other words, crime and violent behaviours occur when social control is weakened as traditional bonds of family, kin, and ethnic groups are unable to human conduct, and as social relations become impersonal and anonymous (clinard and abbott, 1973; lodhi and tilly, 1973; krahn et al., 1986). however, when people are attached to others, say, for example, in a family setting, they locate their "conscience" in that bond and may not deviate or commit a crime, more so if they are committed to any activity that occupies them, they develop a "common sense" which reminds them that to commit a crime would mean to lose out completely. "commitment", as hirsch maintains, is "the rational component of conformity". the idea that the person invests time, energy, and himself in a certain line of activity, such as education, building up a business enterprise, or acquiring a reputation for virtue, may distract him from getting involved in crime because of the risk of losing the investment he has tried to make in conventional behaviours. in other words, commitment to society occurs when a person's http://www/ 216 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "self-interest has been invested in a given set of activates" (lilly et al., 2007); that is, his commitment overrides any other situation that could make him deviate from the conventional norm. hirschi stresses that the idea of "commitment" is such that the interests of some people in society will be at risk if they get involved in crime. therefore, as a person becomes committed to a conventional line of activity, he is committed to conform to the norms guiding that activity. it is arguable that when some nigerian youth are committed to either education or work, they may not readily succumb to the lure of crime because that would put at risk all they have acquired over time. on the contrary, those not committed to their studies or work may get involved in crime. hirschi maintains that many people owe their virtuous living to a lack of opportunity to do the opposite. that is to say, youths can be diverted from crime if they involve their time and energy in conventional activities (lilly et al., 2007) such as recreational and sporting facilities. hirschi argues that when a person is engrossed in conventional activities, the chances of thinking about crime and acting it out become remote because they are tied to a series of appointments, deadlines, specific working hours, etc. hirschi (2002, [1969]:255) uses "belief" to refer to the "existence of a common value system within the society or group of whose norms are being violated". it further suggests the approbation of certain values and norms of society (lilly et al., 2007) or, rather, societal beliefs protect you from peer associations that would support criminal behaviours (link, 2008). simply put, belief in the "rule of law" could make people less likely to commit crimes. viewed differently, peers involved in illegal acts follow alternative beliefs (link, 2008). they are, as it were, opposed to the objective belief of the larger society, and so find it difficult to conform to the rules and regulations governing such society. on this theory, if most nigerian youths adhere to conventional beliefs, they are less at risk of getting involved in armed robbery. critics argue that hirschi intended to employ a sociological definition, but his thought seems to have been overshadowed by a psychological one. in short, the bond he intended was much less internalised (see lilly et al., 1995, 2007; welch, 1998). these social bonds seem to apply to individual circumstances and environments. anomie-strain theory to explain the crime of armed robbery in nigeria, this study employs merton's classic anomiestrain theory, otherwise called anomie or strain theory. this anomie tradition emerged after the industrial revolution and was taken up again after the great depression of the 1930s. the differences between the anomie theories of durkheim and merton vividly reflect the different social settings of these scholars (bernburg, 2002): one american and the other european. anomie tradition refers to a rich body of empirical research and theorising in which the concept of anomie plays a major role (passa, 2000: 91). merton's anomie theory has been recognised as one of the most influential crimes to be developed in the twentieth century (messner rosenfeld, 2001: 12: bjerregarrd cochran, 2008: 31). his theory is based on three premises or proposition. first, the disjunction between aspirations and the opportunity to realise those aspirations produces strain toward deviance. second, due to the pervasive influence of success ideology in american society, lower-class people, like the upper classes, tend to hold high aspirations for success. however, unlike the higher classes, they suffer from the socially structured lack of opportunity for realising their aspiration. that is, lower-class individuals appear to experience a greater aspiration-opportunity disjunction than do higher-class people. therefore, a lowerclass person is likely to be pushed toward deviance. according to merton, anomie theory centres on the acute pressure created by the discrepancy between culturally induced goals and socially structured opportunity. the responses to these pressures with the consequent strain upon individuals subject to them may involve frustration and non-rational or irrational behaviours" (1968a: 232). http://www/ 217 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us merton's (1938) anomie theory emphasises deviant behaviour as something generic without limiting it to criminal or delinquent behaviour alone. in this case, any behaviour that does not conform to the objected norms of a given society amounts to deviance. merton developed five adaptive modes of strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion (1968). "conformity must be to both cultural goals and institutional means. it appears to be the response mode among people who are seriously stressed. "innovation" accepts the cultural goals but rejects the institutional means to achieve the goals. as merton insists, the greatest pressure towards deviation is exerted upon the lower strata. innovation is the most probable adaptation that leads to crime or delinquency (menard, 1995). for instance, armed robbers fall within this group. "ritualism" refuses the cultural goals while accepting the institutional means. this is normally associated with those of the upper classes (menard, 1995), such as bureaucrats, but it is arguable if they are deviant (dotherty, 2003). retreatism" emphasises rejecting cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve them. examples are drug addicts, drunkards, vagrant, and vagabonds, who are regarded as lower individuals. rebellion" is different from the others and represents a transitional response, which seeks to institutionalise new measure oriented toward revamped cultural goals shared by the members of the society. it thus involves efforts to change the status quo rather than to perform accommodative actions within this structure and introduces additional problems with which we are not currently concerned. examples include protesters, rebels and revolutionaries. therefore, robbery is more likely to occur when youths who are economically deprived and unemployed believe the system is faulty (baron & hartnagel. 1998). it will not be out of place to suggest that nigerian socioeconomic structures as a whole are "because of endemic corruption, the unbridled quest for money, poverty, unemployment, and so on; hence armed robbery becomes an "innovation "and perhaps, an alternative option for some nigerian youths. recommendations addressing the sociological impact of armed robbery on business activities in lafia metropolis requires a multi-faceted approach that involves government authorities, law enforcement agencies, local communities, and businesses. the following recommendations are intended to mitigate the negative effects and enhance resilience in the face of armed robbery incidents: 1. strengthen law enforcement: improving the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in lafia is critical. this includes increased police presence in high-risk areas, better training for officers to handle armed robbery cases, and crime prevention and investigation technology. 2. community engagement: encourage active community involvement in crime prevention and reporting. this can be achieved through community policing initiatives, neighbourhood watch programs, and fostering trust between residents and law enforcement agencies. 3. economic support for businesses: implement financial support programs and low-interest loans for businesses affected by armed robbery to aid in their recovery and fortification against future incidents. 4. public awareness campaigns: launch public awareness campaigns to educate residents and business owners on security measures and personal safety. this includes guiding security infrastructure, such as alarms, surveillance, and safe practices. http://www/ 218 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. support for victims: establish support systems for victims of armed robbery, both business owners and their employees. this includes counselling services to address the psychological trauma and practical assistance to recover financial losses. 6. economic diversification: encourage economic diversification in lafia metropolis to reduce the dependence on a single industry or sector, making the region more resilient to economic shocks caused by armed robbery incidents. 7. investment promotion: create a conducive environment for investment by addressing security concerns. this includes improving the perception of safety for potential investors and providing incentives for business growth. conclusion: in conclusion, the sociological analysis of the effect of armed robbery on business activities in lafia metropolis demonstrates the complex interplay between crime, community dynamics, and economic sustainability. armed robbery has significant economic, psychological, and social consequences that affect the city's residents and businesses. while the impact is indeed substantial, it is not insurmountable. by implementing the recommendations outlined above, lafia metropolis can work towards mitigating the effects of armed robbery and fostering resilience. it requires a collaborative effort from government authorities, law enforcement agencies, businesses, and the local community. while there is no single solution to this complex issue, a combination of measures, including improved security, economic support, and community engagement, can contribute to a safer and more economically sustainable lafia metropolis in the face of armed robbery challenges. in the future, further research and continuous efforts in these areas will be necessary to ensure that lafia metropolis can thrive and its residents can enjoy a safe and prosperous environment despite the challenges posed by armed robbery. references 1. abdu, h. & umar, l. 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(2009). issues in crime prevention and control in nigeria. kaduna: baraka press http://www/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bokohara 120 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 gender equality in tertiary institutions: importance and barriers niyi jacob ogunode ogunodejacob@gmail.com faculty of education, educational management, federal university, wukari, nigeria. sani kasimu sanikasimu@fuwukari.edu.ng department of public administration, faculty of management, federal university of wukari. zik tusayi zik@fuwukari.edu.ng department of public administration, faculty of management, federal university of wukari. abstract this paper discussed the concept of gender equality and the concept of tertiary education. specifically, the paper looked at the significance of gender equality in tertiary institutions. secondary data were used employed for the paper. the secondary data were sorted from print and online publications. this paper concluded that gender equality will lead to; the development of teaching programmes, research programmes; community services programmes, improvement in the national and international ranking of tertiary institutions, manpower development and provision of good leadership and governance in the tertiary institutions. the paper also pointed out that poor implementation of gender policy, early marriage, socio-economic status of parents, traditional beliefs, patriarchal practice and poor access to educational opportunities are barriers to gender equality in nigerian tertiary institutions. based on these pointed problems, the paper suggested the following; implementation of gender policies, seminars, conferences and workshops must be conducted to enlighten tertiary institutions and students about the importance of gender equality in an academic environment. tertiary institutions managers should ensure to maintain and implement an inclusive and diverse environment that is respectful and assign roles and responsibilities for both men and women. keywordsgender equality, tertiary education, development, women introduction tertiary education is an organized educational institution that is structured to focus on teaching, researching and promotion of community service. isife & nneka (2016), note that tertiary institutions play a vital role not only in shaping the future by educating the professionals of tomorrow but also creating research-based sustainability efforts and providing outreach and 121 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us service to communities and nations. historically, higher education has served the twin purpose of research and teaching. in its knowledge production function, higher education institutions have been the centres of innovation and creators of new knowledge in diverse fields of human activity. the knowledge production function is based on academic rigour and the intellectual apparatus within higher education institutions. over decades, such an intellectual apparatus has contributed to the establishment of orthodoxy around the meaning and epistemology of knowledge. this orthodoxy has been associated with the privileging of intellectual activity within higher education institutions over any such activity in society itself. ogunode (2020) defined tertiary education as the post-secondary school education designed for the production of manpower. higher education is an education that awards certificates after the completion of the programme. tertiary education is education that deals with teaching programmes, research programmes and community service programmes. higher education is the peak of educational institutions and it is an organized educational system that is meant to support the social, economic and political development of the country (ogunode, 2020). federal republic of nigeria's national policy on education (2013), observed tertiary education is an education given after post basic education in institutions such as universities and interuniversity centres such as the nigeria french language village, nigeria arabic language village, national institute of nigerian languages, institutions such as innovation enterprise institutions (ieis), and colleges of education, monotechnics, polytechnics, and other specialized institutions such as colleges of agriculture, schools of health and technology and the national teachers' institutes (nti). adeyemi (2001), defined higher education as a system which embraces much of the country's research capacity and reproduces the majority of the skilled professionals that are required in the labour market. gender equality in tertiary institutions is a sign of positive development. by nature and population, women should be fully represented in all aspects of the tertiary institution structure. nigeria's development record and its demographic composition suggest a need for the active involvement of women in teaching, researching and provision of community service in tertiary institutions. there is a clear indication that women form the majority in nigeria. women's participation in tertiary institutions programmes will help in the transformation of the institutions and the nation entirely. women should be equally represented in the activities, programmes and leadership of tertiary institutions. oluyemi (n.d), noted that under international standards, both men and women should have equal rights and opportunities in everything worldwide, most especially to participate fully in all aspects and at all levels of academic activities and processes within the academic environment. globally, women constitute over half of the world’s population and contribute in vital ways to societal development generally. in most societies, women assume some key roles, which are: mother, producer, home manager, community organizer, sociocultural and political activist. of these many roles mentioned, the last has been engendered by the women's movement. in developed countries, women have maximum opportunities to participate in teaching, researching and leadership in academic institutions and their participation has led to the development of the institutions. it is imperative to discuss the importance of gender equality. concept of gender equality before considering the concept of gender equality, is very important to give a brief definition of the concept of gender. according to usaid (2010), gender encompasses the economic, political, and socio-cultural attributes, constraints, and opportunities associated with being male or female. as a social construct, gender varies across cultures and over time, gender roles should not be 122 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us assumed but should be investigated. this is because, as gender varies, the roles also vary, depending on the society. equality is relational, it is an open political concept filled with various interpretations and meanings. the term gender according to unfpa (2005) refers to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female. in most societies, being a man or a woman is not simply a matter of different biological and physical characteristics. men and women face different expectations about how they should dress, behave or work. relations between men and women, whether in the family, the workplace or the public sphere, also reflect an understanding of the talents, characteristics and behaviour appropriate to women and men. gender thus differs from sex in that it is social and cultural rather than biological. gender attributes and characteristics, encompassing, inter alia, the roles that men and women play and the expectations placed upon them, vary widely among societies and change over time. gender equality according to amadi, (2017), is a condition in which males and females have equal opportunity to access societal resources. equality between the genders can be derived by politically empowering men and women in the democratic process (amadi, 2017). wikipedia (2023) defined gender equality as the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviours, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender. from the above, gender equality can be defined as a state of equal gender power relations, disempowerment, poverty, and lack of adequate access to political and socio-economic opportunities between men and women. gender equality is a social system that ensures a balance allocation of opportunities for both males and females in any socio-economic and political engagement. gender equality is an act to ensure equal rights to quality education, health, and employment for all men and women in a given society. gender equality is aimed to ensure that girls and boys, women and men, access, complete and are equally empowered through quality education. gender equality is the position that ensures that the social need, interests, and priorities of both women and men and girls and boys are taken into consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups and that all human beings are free to develop their abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes. gender equality is aimed to eliminate inequalities of rights between men and women, promoting a culture of equity and dealing with the different types of violence and discrimination. empowerment and equality in tertiary institutions is a central element for building and consolidating the development of teaching, researching and provision of community service. nigeria's tertiary institutions cannot be an exception in gender-inclusive programmes. the quality of governance improves in various tertiary institutions with more women participating in decision making. gender according to oluyem, (undated) is a socially determined quality linked to women and men. this influences how roles are assigned in each society. gender equality requires equal enjoyment by women and men of socially-valued goods, opportunities, resources and rewards. where gender inequality exists, it is generally women who are excluded or disadvantaged concerning decision-making and access to economic and social resources. in nigeria, the nigerian national gender policy was adopted officially in 2006, by the federal executive council. this course of action was taken with the intent and purpose of solving the problem of women's disempowerment, feminine poverty, gender inequality, and underdevelopment in the country. the goal of the national gender policy (ngp), is to eradicate poverty, achieve equality of the gender, and encourage inclusiveness in the process of 123 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us governance and development. nigeria has been recording low participation of women in both elective and appointive positions this is a growing concern to many nigerians. however, concerted efforts have been made by government and non-governmental organizations to increase the level of participation of women in politics, education, and health in line, with the declaration made at the fourth world conference on women in beijing, which advocated 30% affirmative action. however, in nigeria, the extant national gender policy (ngp) recommended 35% affirmative action instead and sought a more inclusive representation of women with at least 35% of both elective political and appointive public service positions respectively (oluyemi, n.d). importance of gender equality in tertiary institutions gender equality in tertiary institutions will lead to; the development of teaching programmes, research programmes; community services programmes, improvement in a national and international ranking of tertiary institutions, manpower development and provision of good leadership and governance. development of teaching programme gender equality in tertiary institutions will lead to the development of teaching programmes in tertiary institutions. when women are given more representation in higher institutions, it will help to develop the teaching programme in the institutions. the teaching programme is one of the cardinal programmes in the tertiary institutions. the teaching programme is one of the crucial indicators used for measuring tertiary institutions' performance (ogunode, & ndayebom, 2022). teaching programme entails the act of impacting organized instruction to the students to make the students more useful to their communities. teaching programmes in nigerian tertiary institutions required more hands. equal representation of men and women in the various institutions will help to solve the problem of shortage of teaching staff as mentioned (nuc, 2021; ogunode, 2020). when women are given more opportunities in the tertiary institutions there will be more women in the teaching profession in the tertiary institutions. inequality against women in tertiary institutions is a constraint to the progress of academic institutions because it limits the opportunities of one-half of its population. when women are constrained from reaching their full potential in the areas of teaching programmes, that potential is lost to the institutions and the country at large. gender equality in tertiary institutions will increase teaching capacity. gender equality will enhance and promote development in teaching methodology through increased research by women academics. gender equality in higher education is important for empowering women in academics. gender equality in tertiary institutions has a positive impact on the macroeconomic and financial stability of women academic in the social. gender equality in tertiary can stimulate teaching development by increasing the number of educated and skilled women in the academic environment. academi. college (undated) found out that most females love teaching and they are into the profession mostly by choice. females are expressive hence they show them like and dislikes easily. the most appreciable characteristic of a female is that they are multitasking. they can handle the class, teach, pay attention to each one and empathize with the students. development of research equal representation of men and women in tertiary institutions will also develop the research capacity of the tertiary institutions. the research programme is the second most ranked programme of the tertiary institutions. research according to ogunode (2022) is a systematic investigation of a pressing problem to find a solution for the betterment of society. research is carried out by all levels of academics in tertiary institutions (ogunode, jegede, adah, audu, & 124 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ajape, 2020). academia is saddled with the responsibilities of carrying out research and sharing the findings within and outside the country. more opportunities for women in tertiary institutions will guarantee the development of research in the institutions. research has shown that many women in the academic world have excelled in groundbreaking cut-edge research that has made remarkable influence at both national and international levels. increment in the number of women in academic in tertiary institutions will enhance increment in research output. opportunities for more women academics in tertiary institutions will increase women researchers in the academic environment. gender equality in academics will increase research income and research development in tertiary institutions. it leads to more secure, resilient societies that allow all people, especially women and men, to reach their full potential in the research world. gender equality ensures protection for women in a research environment and encouraged them to pursue courses and vocations in which they are under-represented, including those in which they are under-represented. gender equality increases the lifetime earnings of women researchers considerably. the pace of national growth is increasing through gender equality in tertiary institutions because both men and women have the medium to exploit their potential fully. the number of women in research will increase. a study concluded that female academics made contributions that are more significant to research and that the nigerian university system needs to develop strategies to enhance female research output. community services development gender equality in tertiary institutions will help to improve the provision of community service. community service is the third cardinal programme of tertiary institutions. as observed by ogunode, audu, & olatunde-aiyedun, (2022) community service programme is the third cardinal programme of tertiary institutions. a community service programme is an organized and planned service programme of higher institutions for the benefit and betterment of their host community. community service programmes of higher institutions are community-inclined services initiated by the institutions to develop the communities. community services of higher institutions are services provided by institutions to benefit the community people. community service provision by the academia of tertiary institutions has helped to foster development in rural areas and cities. gender equality in tertiary institutions will help to increase the provision of community service because women are naturally passionate about the social development of the communities. research has shown that more women are involved in community services and the provision of social services in their respective communities than men. in modern tertiary institutions, women especially have a vital role to play in the development of community service. this is so because women constitute half of the population in any institution. they are homemakers and or the heart of the family, they promote social, cultural and fundamental values of a society and permanent change is often best achieved through them. full community development is not possible without their understanding, cooperation and effective participation (adaralegbe, (2006). gender equality in tertiary institutions will help to increase the number of community service providers in which women in the past and present are playing significant roles. gender equality will ensure the equitable distribution of research on community issues and pressing challenges. gender equality will lead to an increment in knowledge transfer among the communities and society at large because one woman is empowered, and many are also empowered. women have a means of passing information that will reach many places. dahle (undated) noted that social work, on the other hand, is a female professional project, where women constitute a vast majority of the professionals. manpower development https://ephemerajournal.org/authors/rannveig-dahle 125 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gender equality in the distribution of men and women in tertiary institutions will guarantee the development of manpower. the tertiary institutions are saddled with the responsibility of producing different categories of skilled and professional men and women in the country to aid socio-economic and technological development. women are good teachers and mentors. women are capable of teaching and teaching with a passion that will aid the production of quality graduates. research showed that women are good teachers than men because women show more care, love and affection than men teachers. gender equality produces social gains and economic gains. educated women attract more women to the academic environment. gender equality will increase the number of academics in tertiary institutions and this will help to solve the problem of shortage of academic staff and increase the quality of tertiary education. gender equality in tertiary institutions will help to provide an academic environment without discrimination and will help to create a positive image of the institutions. gender equality will help to draw more women into the academic environment. this will lead to more educated women. peter (2019) noted that educated women involve in more productive economic activities and contribute their quota to nation-building. the economic advancement and empowerment of women has enabled them to achieve their personal and family goal such as participation in partisan politics and educating their children. they will be in a better position to check early marriage on the part of their daughters, malnutrition, mental instability, indiscipline, adolescent delinquency, secret cult, arm robbery and other social ills plaguing the country (hauwa, 2005). brown (1991), noted that the acquisition of formal and non–formal types of mathematics, science and technology education will enable women to contribute to national development, be independent, have improved relationships with their husbands and in dealing with many problems confronting their families. provision of good leadership good leadership and governance will be guaranteed in various tertiary institutions when gender equality is fully in place in the institutions. ogunode (2022) opined that higher institutions are designed to operate with academic leaders who oversee all the activities in the institutions. the leaders in higher institutions are called academic leaders. they are appointed and elected to manage and direct the affairs of the institutions. using the university as a model. the internal managers and administrators of the universities include; vice chancellors, deans, directors, and heads of departments. they are saddled with the responsibility of managing and directing the affairs of the system. women are found to be good at leadership than men. gender equality in tertiary institutions will guarantee women in academic in top academic leadership positions. this will provide opportunities for women to make policies and come up with programmes that will help to protect other women in an academic environment. gender equality in tertiary institutions will help to ensure the equitable distribution of academic leaders in different leadership positions. when women are well represented in the various tertiary institutions and are well appointed into various leadership position there is possibilities for good governance and provision of quality leadership. there is also the possibility of defending other women and girls that are under intimidation and sexual harassment. gender equality will create an academic environment that other institutions will emulate. a study conducted by eagly revealed that women make better leaders because women tend to be more transformational leaders — meaning that they seek to develop others and listen more effectively, in addition to generally thinking more outside the box than their male counterparts. world economic forum’s(undated), noted that the top skills needed to be successful as a leader of tomorrow are emotional intelligence (eq), empathy, listening skills, coaching and mentoring, and innovation/creativity. research has also shown us that women https://www.kornferry.com/about-us/press/new-research-shows-women-are-better-at-using-soft-skills-crucial-for-effective-leadership#:~:text=women%20are%2045%25%20more%20likely,the%20competency%20consistently%20than%20men. 126 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tend to be better at using these skills (i.e., ―soft skills) than men (training, 2020). also, scientific studies have consistently shown that on most of the key traits that make leaders more effective, women tend to outperform men. for example, humility, self-awareness, self-control, moral sensitivity, social skills, emotional intelligence, kindness, and a pro-social and moral orientation are all more likely to be found in women than men. improvement in national and international ranking of tertiary institutions equal gender representation in tertiary institutions will help to improve the ranking of tertiary institutions and present such institutions as gender sensitive. when women are properly represented in the various tertiary institutions it will create a balance of institutions that will promote development in policies, governance and development. barriers to gender equality in tertiary institutions many factors have prevented gender equality in tertiary institutions in nigeria. some of the factors; poor implementation of gender policy, early marriage, socio-economic status of parents, traditional beliefs, patriarchal practice and poor access to educational opportunities. poor implementation of gender policy poor implementation of various gender policies in nigerian educational institutions especially the tertiary institutions has accounted for poor representation in every aspect of the tertiary institutions in nigeria. edinoh, odili, & nwafor (2023) acknowledged poor implementation of gender policy on admission, recruitment and in the selection of academic leaders has resulted in gender imbalance in most tertiary institutions specifically, ogunode & salman, (2022) observed that poor implementation of gender policy on recruitment is responsible for more males among the staff of the universities in nigerian than the females and the poor implementation of gender policy on the appointment of universities manager and administrators gave males the upper hands in the occupation of leadership positions of the universities than the female folks (ogunode & salman, 2022). ogunode & ahmed (2021) noted that one of the important reasons why women have not received adequate benefits from years of planning and development is their inadequate representation can be linked to the non-implementation of the gender acts and policies in nigeria. most gender policies designed and formulated to ensure gender equality in recruitment are poorly implemented in higher institutions. federal ministry of women affairs and social development (2006); james (2014) and deji (2016) concluded that the poor implementation of the child rights act which was passed at the federal level in 2003 has accounted for gender inequality in the schools. early marriage the early marriage practices in nigeria have led to few girls getting admission into tertiary institutions and this has also led to few manpower development of female folks. this problem has reduced the number of women employed in tertiary institutions across the country. early marriage has limited many women's opportunities in the labour market. empirical evidence shows gender disparity in enrolment, retention and completion at all levelsprimary, secondary, and tertiary (dada, ogunode, & ajayi, 2022; ogunode ahmed, & yahaya 2021). for example, in 15 northern states of nigeria, the disparity in favour of boys is quite high. in the south-east, where boys drop out and engage in income-generating activities to supplement household income the disparity is in the favour of girls. in 2008, 28% of young women aged 15-19 years surveyed for the dhs were currently married, compared to 1% of young men. among these young women, 12% were married by 15 years of age and 26% were already in a polygamous union with one or more co-wives (npc, 2009). among girls surveyed in six northern states in 2008, 43% cited early marriage as a major obstacle that would prevent them from continuing https://trainingindustry.com/glossary/soft-skills/ 127 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us their schooling and 32% cited pregnancy (actionaid, 2011). early marriage practice in nigeria has served as a barrier to gender equality in tertiary institutions. socio-economic status of parents the economic status of many nigerian parents has resulted in gender inequality in various tertiary institutions. many nigerians cannot afford to sponsor their wards to tertiary institutions because of the high cost involved. ogunode, lawan & yusuf (2021), noted that the economic status of many nigerian parents has accounted for the gender imbalance in some nigerian universities. with over 60% of nigerians (almost 100 million people) living in poverty, on less than us$1 per day, girls are often sent to work in markets or hawk wares on the street (ogunode, et al 2022). unicef (2005), discovered that many children do not attend schools in nigeria because their labour is needed to either help at home or to bring additional income into the family. many parents cannot afford the costs of sending their children to school such as uniforms and textbooks. for others, the distance to the nearest school is also a major hindrance, cultural bias; most parents do not send their children, especially girls to school and prefer to send them to qur'an school rather than formal schools. even when children get enrolled in school, they do not finish the primary cycle. the reason for this low completion rate includes child labour, economic hardship and early marriage for girls. also, lawal & muhammed (2014) found out that the socio-economic status of parents, parental occupation and early marriage, and academic factors are the courses of the gender gap in science and technology education. traditional beliefs the traditional beliefs in nigeria have a relationship with the gender imbalance in some nigerian tertiary institutions. hassan (2011), did a study on gender inequality in industrial and technical education in nigeria; parents' perspective in the 21st century, the study revealed that traditional beliefs and parental educational background are the causes of the gender gap in science and technology courses in nigeria ogunode, et al (2022) and ikwuegbu, (2022) maintained that in a typical nigerian traditional society irrespective of tribe or ethnicity, gender places one on the strata of life. one is valued according to his or her gender. male genders are generally more appreciated than females and are accorded more rights and privileges regarding house chores, opportunities in the family, inheritance, more social recognitions, privileged social and religious recognitions and roles etc. this translates so strongly into the regular life of nigerian society. traditional beliefs as served as barriers to gender equality in many tertiary institutions because most of the traditional practices prevent the girl child from education. patriarchal practice patriarchal practice in the university community in nigeria has contributed to the low representation of women in universities. this patriarchal practice has also influenced admission enrolment and other related activities in the university system (ogunode, et al 2022). national gender policy federal republic of nigeria (2006) posited that in africa including nigeria, the culture of patriarchy, while not exclusive to these areas has been allowed to infringe very seriously on the human rights of women, socialization of children and development practice through policy. such norms have increased incidences of violence against women, early marriage, negative traditional practices such as widowhood practices, female genital mutilations, negative sexual behaviour of men against their spouses and so on. aina (1998) pointed out that culture is a strong explanatory variable in understanding the predominant gender ideology within nigerian society. nigeria is a highly patriarchal society, where men dominate all spheres of women's lives. poor access to educational opportunities 128 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ogunode, et al (2022) noted that the poor access to education for women folks in nigeria has contributed to gender imbalance in the university system in nigeria. ibrahim & akudolu (2010); aina, (2012); ogunode ezema, & ayoko (2022), maintained that poor access to education and scholarship facilities in various professions is in favour of males than females. aina noted that these restrictions affected women's access to education and professions, which also limits their capacity to compete effectively with their male counterparts in the labour market for lucrative and more fulfilling jobs. unicef (2005), found out that many girls do not attend schools in nigeria because their labour is needed to either help at home or to bring additional income into the family. many parents cannot afford the costs of sending their female children to school such as the cost of uniforms and textbooks. for others, the long distance to the nearest school is also a major hindrance. the religious bias of most parents makes them not send their children, especially girls to school and prefer to send them to qur'an schools to obtain islamic education rather than formal schools. conclusion and recommendations this paper discussed the concept of gender equality and the concept of tertiary. specifically, the paper looked at the significance of gender equality in tertiary institutions. this paper concluded that gender equality will lead to; the development of teaching programmes, research programmes; community services programmes, improvement in national and international ranking of tertiary institutions, manpower development and provision of good leadership and governance. the paper also pointed out that poor implementation of gender policy, early marriage, socio-economic status of parents, traditional beliefs, patriarchal practice and poor access to educational opportunities are barriers to gender equality in nigerian tertiary institutions. based on these problems, the paper suggested the following; 1. tertiary institutions managers should ensure full implementation of gender policies on admission, recruitment and appointment of academic leaders, 2. national universities commission should organize seminars, conferences and workshops for managers of tertiary institutions on the need to accord priority gender equality policy implementation in their respective institutions; 3. tertiary institutions managers should ensure to maintain and implement an inclusive and diverse environment that respects and assign roles and responsibilities for both men and women. references 1. academic. college (undated) https://academy.collegebol.com/blog/details/women-teachersbetter-than-male-counterparts/80 2. actionaid (2011) transforming education for girls in nigeria and tanzania: a cross-country analysis of baseline research. actionaid: london. 3. actionaid (2012).transforming education for girls in nigeria: endline research summary report. actionaid: london. 4. actionaid (2013). stop violence against girls in school: success stories. actionaid: london. 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(n.d) monitoring participation of women in politics in nigeria. national bureau of statistics (nbs, abuja, nigeria) 41. training (2020) diversity-equality and inclusion/women. https://trainingindustry.com/articles/diversity-equity-and-inclusion/women-may-makebetter-leaders-than-men-science-shows-feminine-leadership-qualities-that-drive-success 42. unfpa (2005) frequentl asked questions about gender equality. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions-about-gender-equality 43. zenger, j & folkman j. (2012) are women better leaders than men?. https://hbr.org/2012/03/a-study-in-leadership-women-do https://hbr.org/search?term=jack%20zenger%20and%20joseph%20folkman 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх the importance of marketing in agricultural enterprises nurimbetov ravshan ibragimovich, khodjaeva shodiyabonu abitjanovna abstract the article discusses the main functions of enterprise marketing and the possibility of creating competitive products for business, issues of modernizing enterprise management and marketing know-how, as well as ownership of marketing elements. keywords: marketing, strategic management, global market, price policy, agriculture, knowhow, competitiveness of goods. 1. introduction agricultural marketing manifests itself in a wide variety of forms of management whose activities are aimed not only at the organization of the final agricultural, but also at the sale of the final product, i.e. in this case, agricultural. the employee (farmer, peasant) is a manager, wholesaler, procurer, carrier, supplier of his products. as a person producing these goods, we had to sell our goods on the local market at a ridiculous price, in our time with most farmers i.e. there is no agricultural sector for the private sector, equipment, machinery for transportation, therefore there is no access to foreign markets. to achieve high profitability of product promotion on the market, one should take actions with marketing approaches. achieve high results, low unemployment; to achieve the goals should be joining several private sectors thereby creating a collective farm. currently, as a rule, in one rural local area there is only one collective enterprise, but it is necessary that there be a lot of them that will create healthy competition, and other qualities follow from this. 2. the main part agro-marketing differs from industrial, commercial, banking and other types of marketing. this is determined by the characteristics of agriculture: the dependence of the results on natural conditions, the role and importance of the product, the diversity of ownership, the mismatch of the working period and the production period, the seasonality of production and production of products, the variety of organizational forms of management and their dialectics, foreign economic relations, and the participation of state bodies in the development of agribusiness and its industries. natural and economic processes in agribusiness are integrated and form special conditions for the production and organization of marketing. the first feature the agro-marketing service deals with essential commodities, therefore, it is necessary in a timely manner, in the right amount and assortment, taking into account the age, gender, national traditions, health status of consumers to satisfy their needs and interests. the 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us goods are usually perishable; therefore, prompt delivery, appropriate packaging, service and aesthetic maintenance are required. the second feature is the mismatch of the working period and the production period. for example, crop production is received once or twice a year, and the working period lasts a whole year. in this regard, marketing specialists should be able to predict the dialectic of consumer demand, have a good knowledge of the tendency to satisfy it, market conditions, etc., because the effectiveness of agro-marketing depends on this. in addition, a feature of agricultural production, such as seasonality, affects the forms and methods of agro-marketing and makes them different from the forms and methods of industrial marketing. the third feature the production of agricultural products is interconnected and determined by the main means and subject of production land, its quality and intensity of use. there is also a close relationship between land use and the development of livestock industries. all this determines the volume, assortment and quality of products gives agro-marketing a certain specificity in the process of its organization and conduct. the fourth feature is the variety of forms of ownership in the agricultural sector on land, the means of production, the goods being sold. this determines multifaceted competition, which is controlled only by consumer demand and its satisfaction. hence the variety of strategies and tactics, the desire to improve the forms and methods of agro-marketing, adapting them to the needs and interests of consumers. the situation is further complicated by the fact that russia receives a lot of food products from abroad, so domestic marketing support must successfully compete with foreign firms. the fifth feature is a higher susceptibility, adaptability, self-organization and self-management of the agromarketing system compared to other types of marketing, which is explained by the characteristics of consumer demand, intense competition in the agricultural market due to the identity of goods, the need to quickly adapt the marketing system to state and other policy decisions due to the variety of competitive legal forms. the sixth feature is a lower level of science and the art of marketing in the agricultural sector compared to other areas, since the science of agro-marketing has not yet been formed and, therefore, there are no scientifically sound recommendations for its implementation. however, recently the situation has begun to change for the better. for example, three or four years ago, agricultural educational institutions began to prepare agro-marketing specialists.... for effective activities in the agricultural market, it is necessary to know the functions of agricultural marketing in order to make scientifically sound and optimal decisions. all marketing functions in the agro-industrial complex should be classified according to two criteria: content and subject of influence. the former can be called general, and the latter specific. the general functions of marketing are management, organization, planning, forecasting and goal-setting, analysis, evaluation, accounting and control, and specific ones are market research, consumer and consumer research, environmental analysis, implementation of product policy, infrastructure support, maintenance of product life cycle ; pricing and pricing policy, product distribution and marketing, demand generation and sales promotion, commercial activities, foreign economic marketing activities, accounting and financial activities, marketing management. in the process of marketing activities, general and specific functions are interconnected. in the implementation of any specific function, general functions are performed. and now we’ll take a closer look at the general functions of agricultural marketing. management is a type of activity to maintain the marketing system in a given direction or to transfer to a new one. it is operational in nature, and therefore includes operational coordination and regulation. 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the organization is designed to create the integrity, unity, orderliness of the marketing service. all separate marketing systems, combined, create an optimally organized whole. so, the integrity of the economic, organizational, technical and other subsystems should be maintained, and at the same time, specialization, cooperation, rhythm, synchronism and continuity of marketing action should be ensured. planning defines the target program; its proportions and the availability of necessary funds. with its help, the systematic production of management and marketing is carried out. an integral part of this function is forecasting, programming, design. especially widely used modeling; various models of marketing procedures are drawn up. in the planning process should be provided scientific, systematic, unity of planning. forecasting and goal-setting provide a forecast based on the use of economic and mathematical methods, an indepth study of reality and its dialectics (market research, customer needs, and consumer interests). the forecast in marketing and business activities is of great importance, because many behavioral aspects of consumers are difficult, and sometimes impossible to plan. but if such forecasting is completed, then a target program, or a tree of marketing activity goals, is developed. analysis is the collection, processing, systematization and study of information, identifying deviations from given programs and determining their causes, understanding the possibilities and ways to eliminate these deviations, summarizing analytical materials on marketing, presenting them to managers and specialists, studying and establishing ways to improve quality and the effectiveness of marketing in the current environment. the assessment summarizes the performance of the previous functions and allows you to determine whether the direction of marketing activity was chosen correctly. accounting and control is an ongoing function. it is necessary to control the actual marketing process, the activities of managers and specialists. control should be comprehensive, ongoing, timely and effective. in agricultural and agro-industrial formations, marketing activities can be effective provided that all employees of the management apparatus are engaged in it, and all workers in the production sector contribute to it. in cattlebreeding enterprises, for example, a functional marketing impact is carried out by both the head of the enterprise and the head of the farm. together with employees of the marketing service and livestock specialists, it is carried out by economists, technologists, etc. at the same time as specialists in the management apparatus, marketing functions are also carried out by workers in the manufacturing sector: they produce products of the required quality, the established assortment, and create conditions for modern satisfaction of consumer demand. from the point of view of the agricultural enterprise, the marketing environment can be considered as a combination of internal and external environments, the former being manageable, and the latter can only be discussed with great reservation. the main tool for the impact of the head of the enterprise and his marketing service on the environment, including the target market, is a marketing mix. and here we are talking primarily about the innovative activities of the agricultural enterprise and the planning of production and product assortment, the formation of a pricing policy, the construction of a marketing communications system that includes advertising, public relations, sales promotion and personal sales. marketing at an agricultural enterprise is only part of the management system (directing, shaping, but part). if all other functions (production management, personnel, new product development, etc.) are not carried out, then marketing is useless. the income of the enterprise, which is provided by the use of marketing, of course, presupposes its normal profitability; the 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us revenue for the products sold should cover all costs and give a certain profit for its further development and to satisfy a variety of other needs: from paying taxes to creating special funds. otherwise, agro-marketing is ineffective. well-functioning enterprises have clear and simple structures, but any organization can turn into an unmanaged one, consisting of conflicting units. therefore, managers should beware of both the inflexibility of structures and their complexity. good managers give their wards enough autonomy so that they can most fully reveal their talent. but autonomy will not lead to anarchy if it is combined with sufficient control. an agricultural enterprise should collect agro-marketing information in order to objectively assess the situation in the external marketing environment, analyze its own activities, reduce financial risk, find the most profitable markets, determine the attitude of consumers, coordinate the work of its departments, gain a competitive advantage, etc. in addition to the large volume, agro-marketing information is diverse and complex. making the right decisions depends on the choice of the necessary or useful information, on the qualitative level of its analysis. ultimately, all this requires the development of a special marketing information system. experts define it as a single complex of interacting and interconnected elements, and not as a combination of a mass of static, independent from each other, actions and operations to collect and process information. the subsystem of agro-marketing research is designed to determine the range of data required by the marketing manager of an agricultural enterprise when making appropriate management decisions, their collection, analysis and report on the results. the process of agro-marketing research is a series of sequential actions that can be combined in several stages: determining the problem (range of questions) and forming research objectives, preliminary analysis of the available information, selection of information sources, formation of an agro-marketing research plan, data collection, reanalysis, presentation report on the results. determining the research problem is one of its most critical stages. foggy, vague wording may cause studies to fail to solve their tasks or to collect unnecessary and expensive information. a clear definition of the problem directs the performers to the collection and analysis of exactly the information that is necessary for making an effective management decision. the main types of research objectives are:  search collection of preliminary information and the development of a hypothesis;  descriptive a description of certain phenomena;  experimental testing a certain hypothesis, for example: a 10% reduction in the price of goods should increase the sale of goods by 7%. in the process of collecting information, marketing specialists can use various methods, including observation, interviewing, experiment, survey, etc. the final stage of agro-marketing research is the presentation of a report on the results and the development of recommendations for managers. as a rule, it is submitted in writing. in this case, it is advisable to avoid highly professional terms or, if necessary, define the terminology. the report should be short and contain the main conclusions regarding the problem under study. based on the above findings, recommendations are made by the agro-marketing manager on the appropriateness of making certain managerial decisions. sometimes variants of forecasts of the development of the studied phenomena are given. in determining the scope of activities of an agricultural enterprise, an indication of the type of needs being met with the help of its products, as well as its clientele markets, is more preferable than the definition of the main groups of goods produced by the enterprise or the technologies 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us used. the concept of corporate culture includes a single system of values, norms and rules of activity, which should guide all employees of the enterprise. this system includes the following elements:  a clear focus on long-term prospects;  significant characteristics of the internal working environment (issues of subordination in the relationship of managers and subordinates, official relationships between them, requirements for the appearance of employees, etc.);  the degree of centralization and decentralization of the management system, the importance of a creative approach to work;  the level of informal contacts between employees;  the use of candidates for their employees to fill vacancies for managerial positions; all the goals of the agricultural enterprise must be realistic and achievable. setting unrealistic goals leads to the failure of the entire management system, this is fraught with catastrophic consequences. in addition, they should be ranked in importance, time-oriented (long-term, medium-term, short-term) and clearly formulated. after the mission of the enterprise is determined and its goals are set, managers must offer the main ways to achieve them. the choice of these paths depends on numerous factors that exist both in the enterprise itself and outside it. in the course of studying the external environment for enterprise managers, it is important to analyze what factors most affect the success of its activities. at the same time, the influence of factors both microenvironments (suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, clientele markets, contact audiences) and macroenvironments (economic, political, scientific, technical, demographic, climatic and cultural factors) is studied. particularly close attention is paid to the analysis of the dangers and opportunities for the agricultural enterprise. so, as a danger to the agricultural enterprise serving the tourism business, a decrease in the influx of tourists due to increased political tension in the area or the outbreak of an epidemic may be considered. the danger may be a decision of the government of the country to increase the tax on income of agricultural enterprises, as well as entering a powerful competitor on the client market of the enterprise. examples of opportunities for an enterprise include a decision to hold a major international event in the country (olympic games, a representative international festival, etc.), remove previously existing tax restrictions, and leave the market or bankruptcy of a major competitor. the temporary aspect in the formation of agro-marketing strategy is implemented in decisionmaking regarding the beginning of its active implementation. the management of the agricultural enterprise, having conducted a situational analysis, should clearly know how favorable the situation in the external environment is for the start of the planned actions. if it does not fully correspond to the developed plans (for example, due to the forecasted further economic recession), then it is necessary to find out when the opportunity comes. in addition, it is necessary to determine the sequence and timing of the main agro-marketing events. agricultural goods are in demand on the market today; the entire grocery market consists of agricultural goods, and is the basis for food products. 3. conclusion the development of agro-marketing in our republic will lead to an increase in employment, an increase in agricultural production, consumer goods, and overall socio-economic growth in the republic and russia. 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this industry is not very developed in our country, a professional approach is needed for the industry to grow, but it is impossible to attract highly qualified specialists to agriculture, which negatively affects the development itself. among the factors limiting the development of the industry, from the point of view of the producers surveyed, the most important are the deterioration of the material and technical base, high prices for material and technical resources and agricultural products, inefficient state support, lack of own financial resources, and high taxes. difficulties in obtaining and especially repaying loans, lack of funds for the purchase of animal feed, fuel, seeds, force farmers to look for other activities. as a result, only two-thirds of peasant farms are actually engaged in agricultural production, most of them at the level of self-sufficiency. first of all, on the shoulders of local authorities lies the task of supporting, cultivating respect for work in general and for peasant labor in particular. of course, the efforts of the regional and local authorities did not raise the village. we need joint, coordinated activities at all levels and all branches of government, a policy based on the support of domestic producers, a program of expert measures to support and develop the agro-industrial complex. in conclusion, i would like to say that there is a lot of work of specialists in this industry for the development of the economy as a whole, it is necessary to develop all types of industries with a professional approach. references 1. “marketing”. principles and technology of marketing in a free market system: textbook for universities / edited by n.d. eriashvili m.: banks and exchanges. uniti. 1998. p. 255. 2. kotler f. fundamentals of marketing. – m., 1996. translation from english “rostinter”, p. 704. 3. bagiev g.l., moiseeva n.k., nikiforova s.v. international marketing. textbook for high schools. – m.: peter, 2012. 4. baklachenko ga. the concept of economic management of the agro-industrial complex // aic: economics, management, no. 6, 2014. 5. volgin a.p., matirko v.p., modin a.a. personnel management in a market economy: the experience of germany. – m.: business, 2013. 6. woodcock m., francis d. emancipated manager: practice for the leader. per. from english m.: business, 2011. 7. dean y. pricing policies for new products. jr. harward business review. novemberdecember, 2014. 8. drucker p.p. managing in turbulent times. new york, harper row, 2011. 9. features and role of agr-marketing in agribusiness ri nurimbetov, sakhodjaeva trans asian journal of marketing & management research 10 (4), 121-125 10. mashal, s. (2022, february). the concept of energy security and the factors affecting it. in archive of conferences (pp. 89-93). 134 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 practice and theory of application of law in arbitration: problems and solutions umidjon nematov student of the tashkent state university of law email nematovumidjon497@gmail.com abstract in this article, applicable law in international arbitration, the theoretical opinions of some scientists about it, the similarities and differences of these theories, the possibilities of the parties to choose applicable law, its application in practice, the problems of online arbitrations and sports arbitrations, as well as, the problems that arise in the application and choice of law and the solutions found based on the relevant international laws and arbitration practice are analyzed. keywordsapplicable law, delegalization, lex fori, lex arbitri, arbitrability, sport arbitration, online arbitration, choice of law introduction theory and practice of application of law arbitration tribunals developed from many years and now their importance is increasing because of commercial relationship among countries. but there is some practice and underlying theories for application of law in arbitration process and law governing arbitrability. sometimes, these situations cause some problems in arbitration process for finding solutions for dispute between parties. however, some solutions for those were found by scientists and now are being used. theories about arbitration process and application of law explain arbitrators and disputants what they choose applicable law and place of arbitration. i start with delocalization, by becoming more independent of national legal systems, arbitration is acquiring some new qualities – it is getting delocalized, meaning that it is floating on the surface of legal systems of different countries, not attaching itself to any, and serving primarily the interests of international trade.1 delocalization allows parties to become more independent of the local and national legal systems, by disregarding the procedural legal protections offered by national laws. the concept of delocalization stemmed from the autonomist theory, primarily meaning that the international commercial arbitration process is not attached to any jurisdiction.2 by this theory, independence of arbitration is provided. as a result of this, arbitration tribunal can conduct litigation process without 1 knežević, g. – međunarodna trgovačka arbitraža, belgrade, 1999, pp. 62-64. 2 dejan janicijevic, ‘delocalization in international commercial arbitration’ (2005) 3(1) law and politics, p 63. mailto:nematovumidjon497@gmail.com 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us interruption of national and local courts. but these types of courts should supply international arbitrations with legal protection during the process. delocalization has its foundations in party economy where both the parties are allowed to decide what procedural laws will guide the arbitration. delocalization is also the need of the hour as new forms of arbitration such as e-arbitration are coming to the fore. it is very important for parties to decide the procedural law guiding the arbitration process. at the root of arbitration is privacy and freedom of choice. local and national courts should not be allowed to intervene, except for the purpose of giving effect to the arbitral award.3 both parties can choose what procedural law is applicable during the process and they do this freely and privately. it is referred to as stateless, floating, or a-national arbitration. it is based on a theory that international arbitration should not be fettered by the local law of the place where the arbitration occurs. parties frequently choose a seat of arbitration in a country where neither party’s business interests are located. in addition, the seat may be chosen simply because it is convenient to both parties.4 in some theories and scientists’ research, it is provided that delocalized arbitration is detached from the procedural rules of the place of arbitration, the procedural rules of any specific national law, the substantive law of the place of arbitration, the national substantive law of any specific jurisdiction. the detachment depends on written contractual terms, rules of agreed arbitration, general principles of commercial obligations applicable to transactions, and applicable procedural and substantive approaches common to legal systems to which the transaction is connected.5 it imposes a duty on arbitral tribunal referring to the law to be applied, which can be both national and nonnational.6 if disputants agree on certain (delocalized) substantive law to be applied, the failure of arbitral tribunal to render an award based on such delocalized law is illegal action. the most significant feature of delocalization is the detachment from the procedural rules of arbitration. the second most important feature is the detachment from substantive law of the place of arbitration, and lastly detachment from national substantive and procedural law of any specific jurisdiction.7 so we can say that delocalized arbitration rely on the agreement between both parties and contractual terms written by them. delocalization critics believe that international commercial arbitration will be placed in vacuum if there is no procedural law applied to it.8 according to this, in the international arbitration local and national laws, as well as, laws of the seat of arbitration have to be allowed to be applicable. the counterargument to delocalization is that every arbitration takes place in a specific territory, and must conform to the laws – at a minimum to the mandatory laws – of that territory. moreover, there may be times when the assistance of the court is needed during the arbitral process, for example, to appoint arbitrators, for emergency relief, for preserving evidence, or for enforcing 3 ceil, c. (2018). theory of delocalization in international commercial arbitration. available at ssrn 3521053. 4 moses. 5 boyd, s. – "arbitrator not to he bound by law" clauses, 6 arb. int'l (1990), p. 122; 6 law and politics vol. 3, no1, 2005, pp. 63 71 7 ceil, c. (2018). theory of delocalization in international commercial arbitration. available at ssrn 3521053. 8 andrew tweeddale and keren tweeddale, arbitration of commercial disputes international and english law and practice (oxford: oxford university press, 2007). 136 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us arbitral orders.9 it follows that national courts have an important role for some activities of arbitration tribunals, which can be seen in the above-mentioned types of assistance. so we can say that court involvement in arbitration statutes comes in many forms during the process and some duties and necessary works are rarely dealt with. for example, orders for protecting and taking evidence, or otherwise protecting the integrity of the arbitration are very helpful. this type of intervention is generally unobjectionable and appropriate in circumstances where the tribunal cannot (rather than has refused to) take the measures sought, and the intervention has the agreement of the tribunal.10 traditionally, court assistance in arbitration referred to the support courts provided to arbitrators in the process of taking evidence, notably with the respect to witness who fail to voluntarily appear before the arbitral tribunal.11 by doing this, national and local courts help the arbitral tribunal and arbitration process to proof some elements, as well as, this make arbitration process faster. there is some contrasts between national courts and international tribunal’s process. firstly, arbitral tribunal must be constituted for the specific dispute before they can exercise any judicial function12. secondly, there is no arbitrator “on duty” at all times in the same way judges are and to whom a party in the need of urgent relief can turn. 13 according to uncitral model law and new york convention, local and national courts help arbitration to enforce and recognize award based on arbitration decision without any intervention and restriction. based on the information mentioned above, arbitration law is binding and applicable for disputants. this applicable law aid arbitral tribunal and parties whole arbitration process and to make a decision for determining arbitral award. besides, sometimes this law chosen by parties is applicable and enforceable for national and local courts. according to different theories and rules, parties choose the applicable law for their dispute and it helps them to determine the number of arbitrators, place of arbitration, procedural actions, as well as, recognition and enforcement arbitral award by national courts. moreover, in this developed epoch, importance of online arbitration is becoming increased and arbitration practice prefer to this form of process because of having many qualities for parties and other participants. increasingly, as more business is conducted electronically, there is more interest in also conducting arbitrations electronically. with online dispute resolution (odr), it is indeed difficult to say where the “seat” of the arbitration is found.14 in this form of arbitration process hearings might be conducted “by electronic communication tools such as video link, telephone, online email or computer communication, but this form of process depends on parties and arbitral tribunal. in most cases, if the arbitration process is conducted in this form, hong kong special administrative region is determined as the seat of arbitration. 9 moses 10 lew, j. d. (2009). does national court involvement undermine the international arbitration processes?. american university international law review, 24(3), 3. 11 schaefer, j. k. (2015). court assistance in arbitration-some observations on the critical stand-by function of the courts. pepp. l. rev., 43, 521. 12 cf.2 larry e. edmission, domke on commercial arbitration., 24-1, 24-4 (3d ed. 2015). 13 schaefer, j. k. (2015). court assistance in arbitration-some observations on the critical stand-by function of the courts. pepp. l. rev., 43, 521. 14 moses 137 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition to this form of arbitration, sport arbitration has a key role in the world. to address arbitral problems related to sport, parties mat choose the code of sports-related arbitration providing lausanne, switzerland as a seat of arbitration, even though hearing might be taken place elsewhere. at the olympic games, for example, the hearings are held at the site of the games, but the “seat” is nonetheless lausanne.15 in both sports arbitrations and in some online arbitrations, the seat of the arbitration is a fiction, at least as a place where the hearings occur.16 for both types of arbitration, law chosen by parties become applicable. if they do not choose the law, the law of the seat of the arbitration remains an important source of the law governing an arbitration for them. but tribunal sometimes has difficulties because of different approaches to arbitrability, that is, they face some questions must decide whether to apply the law of the seat, the law chosen by the parties, the law of the enforcing jurisdiction, or another law. most tribunals in this instance will apply the law of the place of arbitration.17 if parties cannot agree to choose the national law of one of them, and they do not want to choose general principles of law, another option is to choose a national law of a neutral country, that is, a country with no particular relationship to any party. in most jurisdictions, the strong concept of party autonomy will permit parties to choose an unrelated national law.18 problems and solutions related to applicable law in practice above, we mentioned the theoretical and practical cases of delegalization. in this part of the article, we will deal with the difficulties in applying degilization in practice and how to find a solution to them. the concern is that the local peculiarities of a law and a court system, which might impede the effectiveness of the arbitration proceedings, should not be imposed on an international arbitration just because the proceedings happen to be located in the jurisdiction. a matter of particular concern is that the local court might find a way to vacate the arbitral award under its local law when a party moves to set aside the award, possibly rendering the process a waste of the parties’ time and resources.19 it follows that if local courts interrupt with the arbitration process and try to vacate the award it has decided, it will reduce its effectiveness and lead to a waste of time and necessary resources. so local and national courts have not to disrupt their arbitral activity and help to enforce arbitral awards. when an arbitrator has to decide which law to apply for the solution of the dispute, he may find a contractual clause providing an express choice of law: "the validity, construction and performance of this contract shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the law of. . . " or similar provisions. 20 there are two choices of application of law those are national and non – national ones. 15 gabrielle kaufmann-kohler, arbitration and the games or the first experience of the olympic division of the court of arbitration for sport, 12–2 mealey’s int’l arbitration report (feb. 1997). 16 moses 17 moses 18 mo zhang, party autonomy and beyond: an international perspective of contractual choice of law, 20 emory int’l l. rev. 511 (2006). 19 moses 20 croff, c. (1982). the applicable law in an international commercial arbitration: is it still a conflict of laws 138 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if parties choose application of national law, there are some problems, which arbitrators have to deal with. first, it might be argued that all private international law systems accept without limitation the doctrine of party autonomy. second, it can be maintained that even though there are some differences among countries in recognizing the parties' freedom to choose the applicable law, those differences are not relevant because parties to international contracts do not push their choice beyond a standard common to all private international law systems. as will be demonstrated, both assumptions are incorrect and therefore the above-mentioned issue is worthy of discussion.21 parties are entitled to agree what is to be the proper law of their contract.22 civil codes of many countries recognize as well the choice of law by the parties except from the few countries that have not explicitly provided for party autonomy in their codes. if i take as an example the civil code of uzbekistan, it is provided that the contract is governed by the law of the country chosen by agreement of the parties, unless otherwise provided by law.23 i opine that giving a power to choose their applicable law is true because both parties have equal right to find good solution for their problems which serves to their interest. since a casual observer would conclude that in fact all private international law systems accept the principle of party autonomy, some authors drew the conclusion that an arbitrator must apply the law chosen by the parties without checking if any conflict of laws rule limits that freedom. but not all countries permit unlimited freedom to the parties to determine the law applicable to their contractual relation. but, the english private international law rule does recognize the party autonomy principle with certain qualifications. 24 therefore, some countries allow freedom for parties to choose the law applicable to their case and some countries do not recognize this freedom. as a result, the parties face problems in choosing the law to be applied in resolving this issue in arbitration. in addition to this, unnecessary complications in the choice of law and the seat of arbitration can greatly increase the time and cost of the arbitration process. so arbitration courts and some national private law have to give a right for disputants to recognize their freedom by choosing their applicable law. to avoiding some unnecessary complication, arbitrations should use digital tools and platforms which create opportunities for significant efficiencies and cost savings. moreover, another area to focus on is ensuring that every aspect of international arbitration has a client mindset. this means that the parties – essentially our clients – are driving the service requirements.25 to find solution for this problem, arbitrators have to identify their clients’ wish in each case, improve ability to find good solution and respond to their needs. this way might give disputants more control over the way in which the settling of their dispute unfolds. most states also want to exercise a supervisory function to ensure that the private system of dispute resolution in their territory is not being used to defraud, and is not tainted by corruption. when a party moves to set aside an award, the state where the arbitration takes place can exercise this problem?. the international lawyer, 613-645. 21 croff, c. (1982). the applicable law in an international commercial arbitration: is it still a conflict of laws problem?. the international lawyer, 613-645. 22 whitworth street estates (manchester) ltd. v. james miller and partners ltd. [19701 a.c. 583, 603 per lord reid. 23 civil code of uzbekistan 24 croff, c. (1982). the applicable law in an international commercial arbitration: is it still a conflict of laws problem?. the international lawyer, 613-645. 25 https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/02/13/6-ways-to-overcome-the-challenges-facing-internationalarbitration/; https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/02/13/6-ways-to-overcome-the-challenges-facing-international-arbitration/ https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/02/13/6-ways-to-overcome-the-challenges-facing-international-arbitration/ 139 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us supervisory function.26 as mentioned above, another situation that interfere with a fair conclusion of the arbitration process is the presence of corruption, where one of the parties may pay a bribe to settle the case in his favor. as a result, the principles of impartiality and fairness of arbitration activities are violated. corruption is inherently difficult to prove and the inability of arbitral tribunals to compel the production of evidence compounds this problem. a number of tribunals have simply avoided the difficult task of ruling on corruption allegations through jurisdictional manoeuvres.27 in addition, in practice, there is also the problem of the validity of the arbitration agreement, which is valid if it complies with any law, otherwise it is invalid. validity problems the arbitration agreement shall be valid if it complies with the requirements of the law chosen by the parties, or the law governing the object of the dispute, and, in particular, the law applicable to the principal contract, or with swiss law28. thus, when an arbitration takes place in switzerland, if the arbitration agreement is valid under either the law chosen to govern it, or the substantive law governing the contract, or the law of the forum, it would be found valid by a court or tribunal. in this modern period, online arbitration is one of the most used types. we may see some problems in this type. regarding jurisdiction problems, it should be emphasized that jurisdiction of a court refers to the power of a national court concerning cross – border commercial disputes, which allows a national court to exercise its jurisdiction over the parties, either individuals or companies.29 in e – commerce transaction, particularly in b2b transactions, the issue of jurisdiction may amount to serious problems, which accordingly may lead to “multiple jurisdictions” and to forum shopping problems due to the fact that a contract is concluded online.30 but this issue can be decided based on different possibilities. as such, a court that may have jurisdiction in the case of e – commerce transaction is a court that is at the place where the business resides, or otherwise, a court that is found at the place where a companies server is located or where a company is registered.31 at the earliest stage, sauser-hall at the 1957 meeting of the institute of international law suggested a preliminary solution to the issue. even though he maintained that arbitration has a mixed nature, its source being contractual but its effect jurisdictional, he emphasized that parties do not have unlimited freedom on the choice of the applicable law but must submit to the conflict of laws system of the lex fori. a decade later mann stated the same orientation. on the assumption that "every arbitration is necessarily subject to the law of a given state," he expressed the view that nobody has been able to "point to any provision or legal principle which would permit individuals to act outside the confines of a system of municipal law." from this premise he then analyzes the specific issue at hand. 26 moses 27 rose, c. (2014). questioning the role of international arbitration in the fight against corruption. journal of international arbitration, 31(2). 28 swiss private international law act provides in art. 177(1) 29 amro, i. a. s. (2019). online arbitration in theory and in practice: a comparative study of cross-border commercial transactions in common law and civil law countries. cambridge scholars publishing; 30 stelios, kousoulis., “regulating electronic commerce”, revue hellenique de droit international, volume 55, 2002, at p. 359. 31 amro, i. a. s. (2019). online arbitration in theory and in practice: a comparative study of cross-border commercial transactions in common law and civil law countries. cambridge scholars publishing. 140 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us even the party autonomy principle as well as arbitration as a whole, must rely on and derive its existence from a national law system. every right, power or duty of a person has its root in the law of a nation. in arbitration this national law system is the lex fori itself: the law of the country of the arbitral tribunal. a clause in an international contract providing that "the contract is governed by the law chosen by the parties," is acceptable only if there is a rule of conflict of laws that gives to the parties this freedom. mann takes a strict position: he does not recognize the choice of the applicable law by the parties as such. the arbitrator must analyze the party autonomy theory under the conflict of laws rule of the lex fori and he can also disregard the choice of the parties if they did not select the national law with which the contract has its closest connection.32 if the parties have not chosen a seat, that choice will generally be made by the institution in an institutional arbitration. the london court of international arbitration (lcia) rules provide that absent party agreement, the seat will be london, unless the court decides otherwise after hearing from the parties. 33 the international centre for dispute resolution (icdr) rules state that the administrator decides, but can be overruled by the arbitral tribunal within 60 days after it is constituted.34 although an arbitrator’s award usually cannot be reversed for a mistake of law, it can be challenged if it is against the public policy of a jurisdiction, or if the arbitrator has acted in a way that exceeds her powers.35 it follows that if the arbitrator's decision is against the state's interest, this decision can be challenged. 32 croff, c. (1982). the applicable law in an international commercial arbitration: is it still a conflict of laws problem?. the international lawyer, 613-645. 33 lcia rules of arbitration, art. 16.1. 34 icdr rules, art. 13(1). 35 moses 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of the textile industry in increasing the export potential of the economy of uzbekistan musayeva shaira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan rajabova karomatoy davronovna student, samarkand institute of economic and services, samarkand, uzbekistan jo'rakulova shokhsanam tajiddin qizi student, samarkand institute of economic and services, samarkand, uzbekistan abstract: in this article, increasing the share of the textile industry in the economy, increasing the volume and quality of textile products produced in the country, further improving the standardization and certification system in the textile industry,the implementation of the cluster model of textile industry development was considered. keywords: economy, industry, production, innovation, modernization, certification, cluster model. modernization and diversification of the leading branches of industry, introduction of modern technologies of processing of raw materials and semi-finished products, targeted support of productions highly competitive in the world market, helped to increase the share of processing industry in production. if in 2021, the share of the processing industry in the total volume of industrial production was 73.8%, then by 2022 it will increase to 80.3%. in the total volume of industrial production, the volume of production of products with high added value increased in the following sectors: food, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and other sectors. only in 2022, compared to the previous year, the growth of the production volume in the processing industry 6.4%, including the production of basic pharmaceutical products and preparations 40.3%, chemical products, rubber and plastic products 34.4%, other non-ferrous mineral products 20.9%, food products, beverages, tobacco products 10.8%, textile products, clothing, leather products 9.0% formed table 1. production of industrial products by types of economic activity(in percent) 2015 year 2022 year growth rate in 2022 compared to 2015, in percent total 100.0 100.0 156.1 including: mining and open pit operations 15.0 9.6 121.0 processing industry 73.8 80.3 166.6 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of which: production of textile products, clothing and leather products 14.4 16.7 168.8 electricity, gas, steam supply and air conditioning 10.7 9.4 125.2 water supply, sewage system, waste collection and disposal 0.5 0.7 165.9 as can be seen from the table above. light industry, including the textile industry, is gaining an important place in the industrial sectors of our country. at the same time, the importance of textile products in the export structure of our country is increasing. in 2022the group of other goods has a certain place in the export structure of uzbekistan with a share of 35.7%, and the volume of textile products included in this group is 1133.2 mln. was usd and increased by 22.8% compared to the same period last year. the president of our country pays great attention to the development of the textile industry. in the last year, several decrees and decisions on the further development of this industry were announced: modernization and diversification of the textile and sewing-knitting industry is the most important condition for expanding the volume and types of ready-made competitive products that are in high demand in foreign markets, increasing the efficiency and profitability of growing and processing raw cotton. taking this into account, practical measures aimed at ensuring further development of this sector are being consistently implemented in our country. today, a textile network with high production potential has been formed in the republic, where about 7,000 enterprises are operating. cotton fiber production capacity of 1.4 million tons has been created, of which about 60% is used to meet the needs of local textile enterprises. first of all, the existence of systemic problems related to the establishment of the production of finished products, the organization of network management, the distribution of resources and production capacities, and the lack of high qualification of personnel lead to the low profitability of the cultivation of raw cotton and its processing, the production and export of finished products. due to the fact that it is not at the levelis coming decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures for the rapid development of the textile and sewing-knitting industry" defines the first complex of measures to solve existing problems, as well as to expand the production of high-quality textile products and promote them to world markets. gave with this document, the following important directions of further reform of the textile industry were defined, in particular:  increasing the share of the textile industry in the economy, increasing the volume and quality of textile products produced in the country;  a fundamental revision of the management system of the textile industry;  further improvement of the standardization and certification system in the field of textile industry;  wide introduction of advanced information and communication technologies to the network;  implementation of the cluster model of textile industry development;  ensuring the balance of the distribution of raw material resources and the location of the network enterprises being established in the interrelationship with the development of logistics and engineering infrastructure; 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  wide implementation of advanced innovation technologies, know-how, design developments in the production process, localization of production of modern samples of fittings and accessories;  radical improvement of the system of personnel training, retraining and advanced training for the textile industry. it should be noted that this decree is an important step in the practical implementation of the concept of administrative reforms in the republic of uzbekistan approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5185 dated september 8, 2017, which provides for further reduction of administrative influence on economic sectors and expansion of market mechanisms of management. in particular, with the decree, the textile and sewing-knitting industry in the republic of uzbekistan, which consists of more than 20 measures to improve the management and personnel training system, modernize the technological process and infrastructure of production, textile industry, activate foreign economic activity, introduce international standards to the textile industry rapid development "roadmap" approved. jsc "uzbekengilsanoat" is actively attracting investments, ensuring stable growth of production and export volume. the share of semi-finished textile products in the total volume of export was equal to 14.4%. in 2022, the export volume was 1090 million dollars. in 2017-2022, the volume of export of light industrial products is 660 mln. 1090 million dollars. dollar, or in other words, the export volume increased by 1.6 times. if we analyze the export structure of the product, we can see that the share of cotton kalava yarn in the total export of light industrial products is decreasing, and the share of yarn yarn and readymade knitted and crocheted goods is increasing (table 2). table 2. export structure of jsc "uzbekengilsanoat" in 2021-2022 export of light industrial products, % cotton thread ready-made knitwear threading silk products other products 2016 year 44.2 16.8 4.4 1.0 10.6 2017 year 35.4 18.7 6.9 3.1 15.9 until today, local textile enterprises had to buy cotton fibers from the monopoly supplier at export prices "uzpakhtasanoatexport" jsc. this procedure reduced the profitability and competitiveness of textile production. according to the experiment initiated by the president of the republic of uzbekistan, enterprises of the textile industry will finance the main expenses of farms for the cultivation of cotton raw materials by giving an advance of at least 60% of the contracted value. in this case, the cotton raw materials supplied to the enterprises are used only for further deep processing and production of ready competitive products. today, a textile industry with a huge production potential has been formed in the republic, and nearly 7,000 enterprises are effectively operating in its system. also, capacities for the production of 1.4 million tons of cotton fiber have been created, and about 60 percent of this raw material is used to meet the needs of textile enterprises of our country. if only 436 organizations were part of jsc "uzbekengilsanoat" before, now all enterprises and organizations of the textile industry can become members of "uztoqiliksanoat" association. this provides a number of advantages for local manufacturers. in particular, enterprises that are members of the "uztogamichiliksanoat" association are exempted from paying customs fees for imported cotton, artificial and synthetic fibers, wool, raw materials and other materials necessary for the production of textile products that are not produced in the republic (except for fees for processing documents at the customs office). in addition, the association "uztogamiliksanoat" has been given the right to file a claim in the interests of its members, to file complaints about 59 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the decisions of state bodies and other organizations, actions (inaction) of officials during the court process without paying the state duty. it should be noted that in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5285 of december 14, 2017, measures are being taken to fundamentally improve the personnel training system. an inventory of existing needs in narrow specialties will be conducted at network enterprises, and a database of authors of the tashkent textile and light industry institute and network vocational colleges will be created. in cooperation with this higher education institution, we will supply specialists in spinning, knitting, sewing, painting and decoration for the network, as well as prepare experienced technicians working in corporate management enterprises (personnel management, state and public administration). it is planned to organize term (external and evening) courses. in particular, this year, 34 investment projects aimed at modernization of existing enterprises, technical and technological re-equipment and creation of new capacities were implemented. the total cost of these projects is 356.9 million. is equal to 151.7 million dollars, export potential. made up the dollar. at the same time, the export indicators of the industry were also discussed at the press conference. 1.16 billion in 2022. it was noted that the dollar product is expected to be exported. products produced in our country are delivered to more than 50 countries of the world. the share of products with high added value was more than 40 percent. if at the beginning of 2022 there were 293 exporting enterprises in our country, by the end of the year their total number reached 350. meanwhile, the efforts of 64 trading houses operating in different countries of the world serve to further increase the export performance of the industry. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the strategy for innovative development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2019 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tashkent institute of finance abstract: in an era marked by rapid globalization and technological advancements, higher education institutions (heis) are compelled to innovate their marketing strategies to remain relevant and competitive. uzbekistan, with its unique blend of historical richness and modern aspirations, faces distinct challenges in this domain. this article delves into the transformative pathways that heis in uzbekistan can embark upon to navigate the intricacies of modern educational marketing. by synthesizing contemporary research, challenges, and potential solutions, this comprehensive exploration offers a roadmap for uzbekistani heis to not only enhance their domestic appeal but also to position themselves as coveted choices for international students. keywords: modern marketing approaches, global educational landscape, institutional branding, digital engagement, curriculum alignment, international collaborations. introduction in the rapidly evolving landscape of global education, higher education institutions (heis) are confronted with the imperative of not only delivering quality education but also effectively marketing their unique offerings. the challenge is further intensified by the proliferation of educational choices available to students, both locally and internationally. for countries like uzbekistan, situated at the crossroads of various cultures and civilizations, the task becomes even more intricate. the nation's rich historical and cultural legacy, combined with its aspirations for modernization and global integration, presents both opportunities and challenges for its heis. the global higher education market has witnessed significant shifts in the past two decades. these changes are driven by various factors, including technological advancements, changing student demographics, evolving industry expectations, and geopolitical dynamics. in such a context, traditional marketing strategies may no longer suffice. heis need to adopt a more holistic, data-driven, and student-centric approach to remain competitive and relevant. furthermore, the digital revolution has transformed the way institutions interact with their potential students. the rise of online platforms, social media, and virtual tours has made it possible for students to explore educational opportunities beyond their immediate geographical confines. this digital transformation, while offering numerous opportunities for outreach and engagement, also demands heis to be more agile, innovative, and responsive to the changing preferences and needs of the digital-native generation. 129 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us for uzbekistan, these global trends have specific implications. as the country seeks to modernize its educational infrastructure and align its curricula with international standards, its heis must also navigate the complexities of marketing in a digital age. balancing the rich traditions of the silk road with the demands of a globalized world requires a nuanced understanding of both local realities and global best practices. this article aims to delve deep into these challenges and explore transformative strategies that can empower uzbekistani heis to redefine their marketing approaches, ensuring they not only attract but also nurture and retain the best talents, both locally and from across the globe. drawing from contemporary research and insights, we will embark on a journey to understand the current landscape, challenges, and potential pathways for the evolution of marketing strategies for higher education institutions in uzbekistan. literature review the realm of higher education marketing has witnessed significant transformations over the past decade. various scholars and researchers have delved into the intricacies of marketing strategies, especially in the context of competitive educational services. this section reviews some of the pivotal works from 2010 to 2020 that have contributed to our understanding of this domain. sydorenko et al. (2020) explored the marketing of educational services, emphasizing the need for continuous professional development of educators. the study highlighted the importance of feedback mechanisms, including questionnaires and polls, to assess and enhance the effectiveness of training programs. the authors underscored the significance of modern teaching methods and techniques to cater to the evolving needs of educators in a dynamic environment. khilukha et al. (2020) conducted a comprehensive study on marketing technologies in higher education, focusing on identifying the needs of consumers in lifelong learning. the research emphasized the role of internet marketing technologies, particularly content marketing, in understanding and catering to the requirements of consumers. the authors concluded that a deep understanding of consumer needs is pivotal for the success of lifelong learning programs. pyankova et al. (2020) analyzed the tools and strategies for promoting educational services, considering the increasing spatial integration of universities. the study emphasized the role of online communication, including the use of official university websites and social media platforms. the authors highlighted the strategic importance of positioning university brands effectively in the market to attract and retain students. faiqoh (2020) discussed the marketing strategies essential for improving the image of educational institutions, especially in the context of islamic educational institutions. the research underscored the need to redefine marketing terms, moving away from mere commercialization to prioritizing quality education and excellent service delivery. the study emphasized the importance of innovation, competition, and expansion in the realm of educational marketing. these studies collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape of higher education marketing. they underscore the significance of adopting innovative strategies, understanding consumer needs, leveraging digital platforms, and ensuring continuous professional development to remain competitive and relevant in the global educational arena. analysis and results the higher education sector in uzbekistan, like many countries, is undergoing significant transformation. amidst the backdrop of competitive educational services, institutions are grappling with the need to redefine their marketing strategies to remain relevant and appealing. this section delves into the shortcomings faced by uzbekistani heis and proposes solutions to address them. 130 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us shortcomings: 1. limited digital presence: many uzbekistani heis have yet to fully embrace the digital revolution. their online presence, in terms of interactive websites, social media engagement, and online course offerings, remains limited compared to global standards. 2. traditional marketing approaches: reliance on traditional marketing methods, such as print media and local events, may not effectively capture the attention of the tech-savvy younger generation, both domestically and internationally. 3. global branding and recognition: while uzbekistan boasts a rich educational heritage, its institutions often lack the global branding and recognition that counterparts in other countries enjoy. 4. alignment with global standards: there's a perceived gap between the curricula offered by uzbekistani institutions and the evolving demands of the global job market. 5. language barriers: english, being the lingua franca of global academia and business, is not always the medium of instruction in many institutions, potentially limiting their appeal to international students. solutions: 1. embrace digital transformation: institutions should invest in revamping their digital platforms, offering virtual tours, interactive webinars, and online courses. engaging with students via social media and other online platforms can also enhance their reach and appeal. 2. collaborate internationally: forming partnerships with renowned global institutions can elevate the status of uzbekistani heis. such collaborations can lead to student exchange programs, joint research initiatives, and shared curricula. 3. tailored marketing campaigns: understanding the unique selling points of each institution and tailoring marketing campaigns to highlight these can set them apart in a competitive market. for instance, emphasizing uzbekistan's rich cultural heritage can be a draw for international students. 4. curriculum overhaul: engaging with industry experts and global educational consultants to align curricula with global standards can ensure that graduates are job-ready, not just locally but also internationally. 5. language programs: offering intensive english language programs can attract a wider student base. additionally, introducing courses in english can make the institution more appealing to international students. in conclusion, while challenges persist, the potential for uzbekistan heis to redefine their marketing strategies and position themselves as leaders in the global educational landscape is immense. with a strategic approach that addresses existing shortcomings and leverages the country's unique strengths, uzbekistan's higher education sector can achieve unparalleled success. conclusion the landscape of higher education in uzbekistan stands at a pivotal juncture. as the world becomes increasingly interconnected and the demand for quality education surges, the challenges and opportunities for uzbekistani heis become more pronounced. the essence of these challenges doesn't just lie in attracting students but in offering an educational experience that is globally competitive, culturally enriching, and future-ready. uzbekistan, with its rich tapestry of history, culture, and tradition, has the potential to offer an educational experience that is both unique and globally relevant. however, to harness this potential, institutions must be willing to evolve, adapt, and innovate. the digital age demands 131 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us agility, foresight, and a willingness to embrace change. by integrating modern marketing strategies with the core values and strengths of the uzbek educational system, institutions can create a compelling narrative that resonates with both local and international students. furthermore, collaborations and partnerships will play a crucial role in shaping the future of higher education in uzbekistan. by forging ties with global institutions, adopting best practices, and fostering an environment of research and innovation, uzbekistani heis can position themselves at the forefront of global education. in essence, the journey ahead for uzbekistan's higher education sector is filled with promise and potential. with the right strategies, a clear vision, and a commitment to excellence, the country can not only redefine its educational landscape but also leave an indelible mark on the global academic community. the future beckons, and it is up to uzbekistan's educational leaders to steer the ship towards uncharted horizons of success and recognition. references: 1. sydorenko, v., koval, v., poplavska, z., chaplay, i., & petrushenko, m. (2020). marketing of educational services: the necessity of teachers' continuous professional development. journal of competitiveness. 2. khilukha, o., koval, v., antonov, v., & poplavska, z. (2020). marketing technologies in higher education: identifying the needs of consumers in lifelong learning. international journal of higher education. 3. pyankova, s., koval, v., & duginets, g. (2020). tools and strategies for promoting educational services in the context of increasing spatial integration of universities. journal of advanced research in dynamical and control systems. 4. faiqoh, e. (2020). education marketing strategies in improving the image of education institutions: a case study of islamic educational institutions. journal of islamic marketing. 235 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers ikromova sitora akbarovna assistant of asian international university annotation: in this article, in the course of our research, the study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers, the relevance of their opinions and considerations is scientifically substantiated. keywords: psychological protection, "i-image", " defence mechanisms ", psychoanalysis. many studies require us to define the psychological defense mechanisms of the individual as follows. psychological protection is an unconscious mental process aimed at protecting a person from negative experiences. now we will find the laws of formation of psychological protection mechanisms in individuals and the answers to the above questions on this basis. r.plutchik considers the mechanism of psychological protection as the emotional-emotional mitigation of conflicting and anxious situations that arise as a result of the realistic perception of an objective situation by a person, as well as reducing mental tension. at this point, two conflicting ideas come into play. in the first case, the psychological defense mechanism prevents a person from developing himself and rebuilding himself , because in order to protect his "i-image" from danger, a person is given to calmness, encourages him to adapt to external conditions and situations; and in the second case, a person tries to overcome internal and external obstacles, conflicts, and eliminate them . in this place , he agrees to experience a state of strong emotional tension in order to develop his "self-image" , works on his problem, and looks for a solution to the problem. mechanisms called "psychological protection" and "protective mechanisms of the psyche" form and develop in the psyche of a person from early childhood to the end of his life. these mechanisms protect a person's mind from various negative emotional experiences and perceptions, thoughts that he considers inappropriate for him. in fact, the idea here is about the characteristics and qualities acquired by the individual in various adaptation processes. after z. freud introduced the terms "psychological protection" and "defense mechanisms" to science, these studies were interpreted, transformed and modernized with greater intensity and interest. it can also be seen in the researches of different eras of psychoanalytic trends and psychotherapists, as well as in the researches of other psychological trends existential psychology, humanitarian psychology, gestalt psychology and others. "protection" and "fighting" special mechanisms of the psyche help him get rid of unpleasant feelings and memories. it keeps them out of the mind, that is, it keeps anxiety and stress at bay and makes unconscious compensations. http://www/ 236 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in russian psychology, the phenomenology of defense mechanisms has not been the subject of general analysis for a long time. the main reason for this is the liquidation of psychoanalysis, which caused great controversy in the late 1920s and early 1930s. the logic of the development of the russian school of psychology, in a certain sense, theories that intersect with the theories of psychological protection appeared. such theories include dbuznadze [ uznadze d.b, experimental elementary psychology. 1949, m., 1966. -s. 248, 289-292. ] the theory of ustanovka and vnmyasishev's [ myasishchev v.n, psychoterapevticheskaya entsiklopediya pod. ed. b.d. karvasarskogo . izd. 2-e, dop. i pererab.. spb. : peter, 2000,-.394 p. ] can include relational theory. first, psychological protection was studied in a scattered way in russian psychology . modern researchers put ideological factors in the first reason for the lack of acceptance of psychoanalysis. glilin stated that "freud's disbelief in a society ruled by social pessimism is the possibility of shaping people's behavior, re-educating people." this position contradicts the requirements of the modern world, in which the decisive task of managing society and people is not only required, but vitally necessary. a defense mechanism is any process by which a source of danger or anxiety can be distorted, denied, or avoided. defense mechanisms also help regulate our idealized self-image and facilitate selfacceptance. sigmund freud was one of the first to identify many types of defenses and hypothesize that these mechanisms operate unconsciously. researcher yu.g. according to noskov, conquering people's minds through information means depriving them of their beliefs. based on this, it can be said that the need for information security in teenagers in relation to destructive information is, first of all, man and society, man and state, individual and his security, nation and national values, traditions, customs, historical and cultural heritage, generations. is caused by the presence of destructive and aggressive ideologies that influence. in addition, we all know that if information security is not observed and its effective measures are not taken, destructive ideas are likely to have a negative effect on the minds and behavior of young people. according to the conclusions of the researcher vn pankratov on the issue, the increasingly developing technologies of spiritual influence through information in a fast-paced information society have an impact on the formation of individual and society's thinking in one way or another. the extent to which public opinion is formed, the level of political consciousness and legal knowledge, and the spiritual and educational level play a big role in this. the way to progress is to select from the dense information market only the information that serves the national interest and helps its development. information security is, first of all, protection from destructive information that directly affects the human psyche and deprives it of its beliefs and beliefs. based on this, it can be said that the need for information security, first of all, arises from the presence of destructive information that directly affects the minds of young people. according to iv yavchunovskaya, the information society is a concept that describes a qualitative system that is being formed at the current stage of the development of human society and is based on the rational use of information and information technologies in all spheres of social life. the famous political scientist, philosopher and scientist p. buchanan writes in his journalistic work "the destruction of the west": "...information is a special weapon of the media in the intercultural conflict, the best way to win the minds and hearts of young people. and became a reliable tool. therefore, it is natural that destructive information is the basis of the destruction of humanity. so, together with the useful aspects of information, its negative aspects explain its destructiveness . in our opinion, it is appropriate to use the method of historicity and logic in the scientific classification of destructive information. in particular, if the targets of influence, that is, the object of http://www/ 237 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us destruction, are taken as the basis for dividing such ideas and ideologies into classes, it is appropriate to distinguish the following groups: 1. ideas that threaten society and individual psyche (immorality, egocentrism, cosmopolitanism, ludomania, etc.). 2. ideas directed against racial, religious, ethnic, national equality and people's right to live freely (racism, chauvinism, aggressive nationalism, pan-islamism, pan-arabism, etc.); 3. ideas directed against the social, territorial, spiritual integrity of the state or nation (separatism, class struggle, localism, fanaticism, etc.); 4. ideas and ideologies directed against the sovereignty, freedom and right to live freely (nonaggressive invasion, aggression, colonialism, authoritarianism, neo-colonialism, terrorism, religious extremism, etc.); the above classification, although not perfect, allows us to group destructive, evil ideologies and ideas on a certain basis. so, summarizing these scientific considerations, the essence, structure, types, functions and principles of the psychological apparatus of a person are explained in detail in the ideas put forward by foreign psychologists. this knowledge gives us the opportunity to study the psychological factors of the formation of stable ideological immunity in adolescents. conclusion. the conducted theoretical-scientific analyzes showed the current scarcity and unsystematization of the works devoted to the theoretical research of the problems within the subject, in particular, the socio-psychological factors of the formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers, and at the same time, the relevance of the following scientific conclusions. brought 1. the study of theoretical and scientific sources aimed at studying the sociopsychological factors of the formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in adolescents as a social psychological problem, to determine the components of the concept of destructive information and ideological immunity, and to protect adolescents from the influence of various destructive information in more detail allows for scientific observations. this opportunity contributes to revitalizing the work of forming ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. 2. the analysis of the studied scientific literature showed the inevitability of empirically studying its psychological factors in the formation of ideological immunity to destructive information, which is important today and its prevention. for this, first of all, it is necessary to study the relationship between the destructive information and the components of the ideological immune system and the psychological characteristics of the adolescent. at the same time, every indicator that is researched and published in the scientific press serves to reveal the perspectives of the science of social psychology. references 1. мясищев в.н, психотерапевтическая энциклопедия. под. ред.б.д. карвасарского. изд. 2-е, доп. и перераб. спб.: питер, 2000,-.394 с. 2. узнадзе д.б, экспериментальные основы психологии установки. 1949, м., 1966. -с. 248, 289292. 3. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og‘ishgan xulqining ko‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528532. http://www/ 238 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 5. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 6. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 7. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 8. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o’rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 9. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo ‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o ‘rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 10. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320-322. 11. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 12. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 82-86. 13. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g’oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 14. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 15. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 16. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 17. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 18. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 19. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 20. sayfiyev, h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchov usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 307-315. 21. sayfiyev, h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasi orqali yosh bolalarning harakat ko ‘nikmasi rivojlantirish pedagogik muammo sifatida. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 300-306. 22. xayrulloyevich, s. h. (2023). sport gimnastika mashg'ulotlarida asosiy harakat qobilyat (fms), postural (muvozanat) nazorat va o'zini o'zi idrok etishga sport gimnastikasining ta'siri. 23. saidova, m., & sayfiyev, h. (2023). content-importance and principles of physical education classes. modern science and research, 2(9), 192-199. http://www/ 239 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 24. saidova, m. a. (2023). sport va falsafaning aloqasi. salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 288-293. 25. saidova, m. (2023). the concept of physical qualities. modern science and research, 2(10), 251-254. 26. saidova , m. a. (2023). bo‘sh vaqtda qiladigan sportning stress va salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 294–299. retrieved from http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/3974 27. khairullayevich, s. h. development of gymnastics in uzbekistan and attention to gymnastics. international scientific-educational electronic magazine" obrazovanie i nauka, 21. 28. ayubovna, s. m., & xayrullayevich, s. h. (2023). yosh bollalarda sport sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchovlar nazariyasi va tashkiliy– metodik asoslarini tadqiq etishning maqsadi, vazifalari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(22), 108-118. 29. ayubovna, s. m., & komiljonova, k. i. (2022). features of application of sports games in preschool children. international journal of culture and modernity, 16, 17-23. http://www/ 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 characteristics of occasional words o. y. tokhtasinova phd, associate professor of the kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: in this article, the study of occasional words in russian and uzbek linguistics, the specific characteristics of occasional words: dependence on speech (text), creativity, perception of the correctness or incorrectness of occasional words, the relationship between an occasional word and the linguistic norm, the one-time use of occasional words, occasional expressiveness of words, non-obligatory nomination, synchronic and diachronic confusion of occasional words are described. keywords: occasionalism, occasional word, occasionalism of oral speech, artistic occasionalisms, peculiarity of speech, one-time use, non-acceptance, emergence on the basis of word formation, abnormality, expressiveness, nominativeness, synchro-diachronic mixture, peculiarity of individuality. occasional words are created by speakers or creators in order to express their thoughts and goals in a unique and clear way, to show all aspects of a person, thing, object, event they are describing, and to vividly express their attitude, that is, their feelings, and is used. occasionalisms are created when the possibilities of the language in describing the object of the image do not satisfy the speaker. studying the processes of formation and development of the lexical structure of the language has its own history. in the works devoted to this issue, attention is paid to occasional words. in russian linguistics, the study of occasional words from neologisms began in the 50s of the 20th century. in russian linguistics, n.i. feldman was the first to use the term occasional. he interprets occasional words as linguistic units that arise on the basis of productive types of word formation and have a specific meaning of a certain text [1]. er. khanpira's dissertation devoted to the study of occasionalisms characteristic of v. v. mayakovsky's work was the first monographic work [2]. a. mamatov studied occasional words in uzbek linguistics from the point of view of their relation to the literary norm. he also distinguishes speech specificity as one of the main features of occasional words and emphasizes that one of the main conditions in their creation is to give speech variety. the researcher shows seven signs of uzbek occasional words. they are: 1) relevance to speech; 2) abnormality, 3) single use; 4) creation by speakers or writers; 5) expressiveness; 6) following the rules of word formation; 7) historical-modern adaptation [3]. the researcher does not take into account the nominative sign. in our opinion, this sign is characteristic of occasional words, because they are the names of existing things objects, events and actions. for example, qumzor, yozloq, gʻoʻzapoyahokim, futbolgoh, qishboy, xoʻpchi, hazilvon. s. mominov compares neologisms and occasionalisms and shows their characteristic features. he mentions the following as important features of occasionalisms: 1) attitude of occasionalisms 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to the vocabulary layer; 2) characteristic of an individual (occasional meaning); 3) a single-use speech unit, often with an emotional-expressive color; 4) serve for a specific artistic speech situation; 5) to be motivated [4]. it can be seen from the mentioned signs that the motivation of occasionalisms has not been distinguished by other researchers. s. mominov based his work on this fifth sign. s. toshaliyeva in her candidate's dissertation on the topic "occasional word formation in uzbek" shows the following characteristics of occasional words: occasionalisms: 1) speech phenomenon; related to text and speech situation; 2) abnormal-irregular; 3) intended for onetime use; 4) personal-creative production related to word creativity; 5) related to word formation and word usage; 6) manufacturing process, manufacturing method, reason for use; 7) the usual and unusual relations related to morpheme division and composition are clearly understood; 8) use and creation require a certain environment (microtext); 9) related to certain linguistic-conscious perceptions and transformations; 10) appears as a method of speech (naming) and text creation [5]. other researchers did not elaborate on the characteristics of occasionalisms. they mainly noted the place and role of occasionalisms in the issue of the skill of using words of a certain artist. we briefly list the characteristics of occasionalisms: 1) synchro-diachronic mixing; 2) the presence of the author; 3) novelty measure; 4) whether or not the language is part of the dictionary. these signs are the signs that distinguish neologisms from occasionalisms. when approached from such a point of view, the most important feature of occasionalisms is their relationship to time, that is, in principle, they do not become obsolete, they remain a constantly new word. occasional words are used on the basis of equal rights with other words (common words considered as a linguistic unit) in the course of their speech, but they differ from them only by their unique characteristics. they are as follows: 1. dependence on speech (text). this sign is the most important sign of casual words. in a certain speech situation, there are such speech units that are more necessary than ordinary language units in terms of content and emotionality, they are created in the text to which they belong, are used in this text and live with it. it is not necessary for such words to be accepted into the language vocabulary and become common. the units included in the vocabulary of a particular language are stable words, and their dependence on the text is relative. because stable words can be used repeatedly in speech alone, in phrases, one-word sentences and similar forms. and the dependence of occasional words on the text is absolutely necessary in most cases, and they cannot live separately, outside the text. the lexical meaning of an occasional word taken outside of the text (for example, uvadaband, kuzytirmak, damkash, sezim, nursiramak, rangdosh) has a probabilistic character and is clarified by the text, which gives the occasional word the opportunity to be used alongside stable words in speech. thus, while the stable word depends on the text, it itself predetermines and shapes it. in other words, a stable word is an active factor that creatively shapes the text. an occasional word does not have the characteristics of creating a text by itself. for example: we are a spiritual organization "ranjkom", that is, it is our job to hurt others. (a. oripov) the word ranjkom in this text is meaningless and completely unintelligible without reference to a much larger text of stable words. 2. creativity. the creativity of occasional words is contrasted with the stagnation of stable (usual) words. the persistence of stable words means that they can be restored in memory, that is, they are readily available in the dictionary and functionally can be used again (repeatedly). 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to its form and importance, stable words belong to the vocabulary of the language, and they are used in speech based on certain skills and qualifications. in this, their form and meaning in the language is remembered. the use of occasional words is not about remembering a ready-made form or meaning, but about creating a new word. each use of such words is its new occurrence. an occasional word must be essentially a made-up word because it is the result of at least two relatively free combinations of morphemes. an occasional word is not always created, it is the result of a speech need, an emergent demand. therefore, such words are rarely found in speech and are not found in the language of any artist. because creating such words requires a certain ingenuity and skill from the writer. 3. the relationship between an occasional word and a linguistic norm. the formation of occasional words is a violation of the lexical-semantic norms of the language to one degree or another. occasional words do not have the same relation to the norm. some occasional words are created on the basis of existing word formation rules in the language: har nechuk, shoirman ─ you're my soulmate, i'm a wedding partner at your wedding, i'm a living shoulder-to-shoulder. i say, thinking about your young life, my blood, bitgum, i have your unfinished story. (a. oripov) in this passage, the occasionalism of the bridegroom does not differ from the words "blood brother", "brother", "brother-in-law" in terms of word formation. but despite this, it differs from these words, firstly, in its one-time use, and secondly, in its creation by the author. this word is a unit of speech that is not standardized in dictionaries and grammars, like the basic elements of a language. even though the occasional words azalistan, changistan, balchigistan, ruzzor, khukurizor were created based on existing productive word formation patterns, the rule of word formation is violated in them. because the suffix -zor is understood from the base ". "makes", and "istan" "..is a noun denoting the name of a people (nation) or added to some other word, meaning the country where this people (nation) lives or a place where there is a lot of what the creator means" [6]. but the following examples show a violation of this norm: o, oʻzbekiston, asal sandigʻim mening, asalistonim mening. (o.matjon) yozda changistonu qishda balchigʻiston koʻchamen. (e. vohidov) hech kim sezmay qoladi bir kun arshga yetganim, bu shovqinzor oralab dodlab oʻtib ketganim. (h.xudoyberdiyeva) ... olamning shikoyatlari oquvchi sovuq simlar ulangan telefon hamda qoʻngʻiroqzor xona... (n.norqobul) according to the language criterion, the affixes -zor and -istan are added to the words denoting living, growing things, but in the above examples, they make a new word from the words denoting a completely inanimate thing and figuratively express their abundance. however, many of these things are represented by analytical forms. compare: there is a lot of honey in uzbekistan asaliston uzbekistan, dusty street dusty street, muddy street balkhistan street, noisy (world) noisy (world), a room where bells are always heard like a bell-ringing room. it can be seen from the comparison that although the norm of word formation is violated in such occasionalisms, the reader or listener likes them. the reason is that in such use, first of all, the need to strive for conciseness is satisfied, and on the other hand, beautiful figurative expressions are created. in modern uzbek, there are a number of suffixes that form personal nouns, whose productivity has decreased. for example, the suffixes -khor, -kash, -furush are originally elements of the persian-tajik languages, and nowadays they almost do not form new words. however, with their participation, a certain author created words such as air-eater, foreigner, sharfurush, mansabfurush, balokash. it is not normal to make such a word. that's why they seem unnatural. but this is a reasonable inadequacy, a mistake, and it was subordinated to a certain goal. examples: deylik, los-anjeles shahri ustiga qora qanot yoydi motorlar dudi. tokio, london, nyu.. qurum bosgach, koʻk ─ havoxoʻr bir kalxat, ofat hudhudi! (o.matjon) ...uzoq boʻldi bu 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gʻurbatkash umrim. koʻrdim goh sheʼrfurush, goho sur mansabfurush. (e.vohidov) it can be seen from the examples that the occasional words are embedded in the above text and cannot be replaced by another word. in this sense, the relationship of occasional words with the language norm is shown from another side. 4. perception of correctness or incorrectness of occasional words. it is known that the perception of spelling, orthographic, grammatical and stylistic errors is not the same as the perception that occasionalisms are correct or incorrect. the impression of incorrectness of occasional words seems to fade away due to their most important functional qualities their "predetermined" affectivity, their specific semantics. occasional words as a created unit testify to the speaker's (author's) specific speech skills and thereby remove the listener's doubts about the speech capabilities of the creator of the occasional word. the informality of occasional words is "justified" by its functional expediency and imagery. even some mistakes, if not the result of illiteracy, serve as a visual tool to show a certain character. thus, as long as the violation of the criterion becomes a purposefully organized representational tool, it is not perceived as a mistake. 5. the one-time use of occasional words is one of their important features. occasionalisms are used only once in a speech, they give a distinctive color to speech situations, show accuracy and creativity in expression, originality of the language, require the mobilization of the existing possibilities of the language in research. occasional words in linguistics “individual soʻzlar”, “muallifning yangi soʻzlari”, “individualmuallif neologizmlari”, “uslubiy neologizmlar” or “individual-uslubiy neologizmlar”, “matniy neologizmlar”, “bir martalik neologizmlar”, “shoir neologizmlari” yoki “poetik neologizmlar” such names are related to this feature [7]. one-time neologisms can be highlighted among these names that show the specific characteristics of occasional words. this name indicates the functionally disposable nature of occasional words. each polysemous word realizes (activates) only one of its meanings during speech. the property of the text as a piece of speech is revealed and the dependence of the word on the text is expressed. but the context dependence of an occasional word is much stronger than the context dependence of a stable word, which can perform a speech task only once with the text in which it is used. an occasional word is used only once in a certain text with the meaning it expresses, and does not express the same meaning the second time. neologisms are characterized by the fact that they quickly enter the national lexicon, easily adapt to different texts, and soon they are recorded in dictionaries as full-fledged words and are used repeatedly. occasionalism lives only in the text it is created [8] and is distinguished by its onetimeness. 6. the influence of occasional words. there are two types of word influence: word influence in relation to text and intrinsic influence. for example, when it comes to the character of a person, it can be called a golden person. the word gold sounds impressive in this text. now let's take the correct meaning of this word: gold ring. it has only informativeness, not impressive power. intrinsic effectiveness does not depend on the text, but is inherent in the essence of the word. if nominativeness is the primary function for stable words, imperative affectiveness is the characteristic feature for occasional words. not all stable words are expressive. most of them have a neutral meaning and form non-expressive units of the language. 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the influence of occasional words is intrinsic. although they are text-dependent, they are effective in their own right because of their special internal word-formation, the occasional word is only semantically related to the text, and its effectiveness does not derive from the text. different occasionalisms have different degrees of occasionality and effectiveness. the less formal and semantic violations of the rules of word formation in the language in the formation of an occasional word, the less occasionality and impact this word has, and vice versa. occasional words are more expressive than nominative. as a means of expressiveness, they enhance the impact of the speech and give it a color of unrepeatable originality. for example:yulduzlar, men sizga boqqanda xumor, qalbimda yer ishqi boʻladi toʻliq. yulduzlar, bilmaysiz mening xalqimni, bundayin zahmatkash yer yuzida kam. yelda tinim bordir, unda yoʻq tinim, shunday ishparastdir u munisginam. (a.oripov) the word ishparast, which the poet used as a paronym for the word ishqparast, effectively expresses the industriousness of the uzbek people. 7. optional nomination. this feature is one of the characteristics of occasional words. concepts about the world of existence are expressed in the lexical meanings of words. a stable word is a historically sealed unit of language that reflects a grain of existence. this can be explained with some simplified examples. in annotated dictionaries, the text of the dictionary articles explaining the meaning of a certain word describes the "piece of reality" reinforced by this word with general literary language tools. for example, in the "annotated dictionary of the uzbek language" 1. a child who is sucking, not separated from the breast. 2. mobile having no experience of life: raw, caveman..." by reading the inscriptions, we can learn the lexical meanings of the word baby from them. this is the nominative obligation of a stable word, which is historically strengthened in the socio-speech experience of people. occasional words do not have nominative obligation. the noun characteristic of it can be expressed by other stable words. for example, the meaning of the occasional word monkey can be understood by means of stable words in the expression "monkey-like". how many times have linguists shown the connection of synchrony with diachrony. it is impossible to separate synchrony and diachrony from each other, to oppose each other. occasional words are both synchronic and diachronic. therefore, synchronically, as well as the systematic relationship of stable words to each other, occasional words interact with them in terms of word formation, semantic, grammatical and other relations, and therefore are created from morphemes that are present in speech, that is, in the process of communication itself, and are understood by speakers of the language. in other words, functionally occasional words do not "stretch" across a diachronic cross-section, unlike a stable word that is remembered as that particular word over different periods of historical life. occasional words are diachronic in that they are not recalled a second time in speech and again in memory. due to this, in the factor of appearance of such words, other speech phenomena are added to the chain of periodic regularity of long-lasting events. thus, the act of emergence of an occasional word (diachronic moment) and its act together with stable words (synchronic moment) are simultaneous, one moment. synchronous-diachronic confusion is characteristic only of occasional words and is alien to stable words. because in stable terms, the synchronic and diachronic aspects of their life are relatively independent and independent. reference: 1. фелдман н.и. окказионалные слова и лексикография // вопросы языкознания. ─ 1957. ─ № 4 . –с. 66. 2. ханпира эр. окказионалное словообразование в.в. маяковского ( отыменные глаголы и причастия): автореф. дис. .. канд. филол. наук. -м.: 1956. 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. маматов а. ҳозирги замон ўзбек адабий тилида лексик ва фразеологик норма муаммолари: филол. фанлари д-ри … дис. — т.: 1991. – 203-207 б. 4. мўминов с.м. окказионал нутқий номинацияда мотивациянинг роли: филол. фанлари номзоди ... дис — тошкент: 1990. – 82 б. 5. с.тошалиева. ўзбек тилида окказионал сўз ясалиши: филол. фанлари номзоди …дис. тошкент: 1998. – 45-46 б. 6. турсунов у., мухторов ж., раҳматуллаев ш. ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. – тошкент: ўзбекистон, 1992. – 210 б 7. лопатин в.в. рождение слова // неологизмы и окказионалное словообразование. – м.: наука, 1973. –с.64. 8. аржанов а. закон ест закон // журналист. ─ 1968. ─ №3 ─с. 30 9. б.чориев. ғафур ғулом шеъриятининг тили. –тошкент: фан, 1990. – 96 б. 10. jo'rayeva, ramziya. "turk va o'zbek maqollarida" hayvon"| semali leksemalar." scienceweb academic papers collection (2023). 11. sharipovna, m. m. (2023). about the genesis of the plot of the story" oguznoma". gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 123-127. 12. nasirov maxsutali-o‘g‘li, muslimjon, and malikaxon meliqo‘ziyeva. "radioaloqa terminlarining derivatsion xususiyatlari." proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 13. maxsutali o’gli, nasirov muslimjon. "badiiy disskursda kognitiv metaforalarning ishlatilishi." proceedings of international educators conference. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 14. tukhtasinova, o., rahmatullayeva, d., karimova, s., & mamajonova, m. (2023). characteristics of occasional words. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 111-119. 15. tukhtasinova, o. (2021). okkazional words dependence on speech (text). academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(3), 1761-1763. 16. ergashova, m., & toshpulatov, b. t. (2023). transfer of the meaning and their reference to presupposition. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 556-559. 17. ergashova, m. (2023). localization relationship expression through prepositions. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 560-563. 18. mahmudova, n. (2022). the issue of creating an explanatory dictionary of telephone communication network terms and regulating terms. ijssir, vol. 11, no. 9. 19. mahmudova, n. t., & tadjiyev, x. x. (2023). thematic groups of telecommunication terms in the uzbek language. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 564-569. 20. rahimova, m., & nazirova, m. (2023). erkin vohidov ijodida antonimalar. conferencea, 85-88. 21. rahimova, m. (2023). oʻzbek tilida leksik nomemalar. scientific journal of the fergana state university, (1), 164-164. 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 neural networks in cybersecurity davronov farhodjon shuxrat o‘g‘li (university of public security of the republic of uzbekistan) farhoddavronov98@gmail.com abstract deep learning is a part of machine learning based on neural networks. nowadays, everyone has heard about neural networks, and maybe not everyone knows what it is and what it does, but the name itself is familiar to everyone. introduction many devices that exist now have a neural network inside them that solves a particular task of the system. in fact, if you look deeper, this is a rather complex structure, resembling a collection of neurons in the human brain. their very idea made many people take up this industry in order to get outstanding results. therefore, by 2021, neural networks are being used in various areas of our lives. cybersecurity is no exception. cybersecurity is a complete set of all methods responsible for protecting networks and software. with the implementation of iot, cybersecurity is becoming more important than ever. computer networks are vulnerable to many threats. moreover, the system needs to be protected not only from external threats, but also needs to be protected from internal ones, such as unauthorized use of authorized access. the main task that we face is the detection of suspicious users before they can fully commit an attack on the system. tasks solved by the neural network the range of tasks solved by neural networks is quite large, but here are the main tasks that are most relevant at the moment. an important feature of the neural network is that it is able to identify various dependencies, can find elements that were not previously in the network, and study the patterns of deliberate attacks. the main classification, based on the above: • intrusion detection; • identifying certain information in the learning process, and using it to create an improved network; • fraud and malware detection; • risk assessment and analysis of system behavior. in addition, i would like to list the areas of application in applied tasks: application in firewalls and threat detection. the first subtask is that the neural network analyzes traffic and tries to predict a possible intrusion. here, the advantage of a neural network is that it can learn independently without relying on the data embedded in it. the second subproblem is that the network has already created an image of normal behavior in the network, and now any deviation from this image will be considered an anomaly. some attacks are easy to predict, as they were known to us in advance. nevertheless, scammers create attacks that mailto:farhoddavronov98@gmail.com 136 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us occur purposefully on new weaknesses in our system. such an attack has no predecessors, and can harm our system before we have time to neutralize it. the use of artificial neural networks for intrusion detection is quite an interesting and innovative topic at the moment. this is due to the fact that neural networks have flexibility, which gives them the ability to learn in real time, which increases the likelihood of correct triggering when detecting attacks. types of attacks consider the basic classification of attacks. 1. dos attack, which is carried out in order to bring the system to failure. a huge amount of traffic is generated, due to which the server is rebooted, and then it is blocked. 2. r2l – obtaining access of an unknown user to a computer from a remote system. 3. probe – port scanning, which leads to obtaining confidential information. 4. u2r – obtaining superuser benefits by a registered user. 5. man-in-the-middle – eavesdropping on a conversation or actively participating, changing the content of your messages, presenting yourself as a person or system with whom you think you are talking. 6. session hijacking (cookie hijacking) – using a valid computer session to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer system. for the first four types of attacks, an extensive study of threat detection using neural networks was conducted in the article "artificial neural network for cybersecurity: a comprehensive review". the review article considered the results of models for classifying attacks on datasets with network connection data, such as kdd cup 99, nsl-kdd, alexa, osint, etc. the best results were shown by the lstm, cnn-based architecture, bilstm and autoencoder models. therefore, this article proves the concept of successful use of neural networks for threat detection with sufficiently high accur. 137 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us autoencoder cnn in addition to the dos-type attack, such attacks as man-in-the-middle and session hijackin were considered in the article "attacks recognition using recurrent neural network". as the name suggests, recurrent neural networks cope with detecting these attacks by processing the database of users connected to the network as a time series of events. the structure of the work is shown in the picture below. recurrent neural network 138 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us structure of network traffic analysis using rnn let's move on to a more detailed consideration of dos, or rather a subcategory of this attack, namely ddos. ddos attacks, neural networks are coming to the rescue! ddos attacks are becoming very popular today. experts identify several reasons for this. firstly, because of the hatred of organizations. for example, the famous attack on the fbi when they decided to go against hackers. secondly, for the sake of entertainment. many novice attackers create them to see how much they will harm the system. thirdly, blackmail and extortion, or other motivation for using this type of attack. identifying this type of attack is quite a difficult task from the point of view of the algorithm, because there are no common signs for all that will indicate that network requests really belong to real users, and not attackers. the main difference from dos is that this attack is carried out simultaneously from a large number of ip addresses. such a set of computers is called a "botnet". in turn , they themselves also have several subgroups: attacks • at the protocol level (exploits the vulnerability of the network protocol stack synflood), • at the application level (leads to application inactivity), • with bandwidth saturation (there is a bombardment of requests to take up the entire bandwidth, one of the most dangerous attacks, since 100% denial of service can occur). in 2009, an article was published telling about the creation of a "fuzzy" neural network that fought attacks like syn flood. the essence of such a classifier was that, according to the input data, it could determine the degree of confidence in the attack. this neural network was a multi-layered structure with direct propagation, which allows it to adapt to a specific situation. the network itself was a collection of neurons calculating the values of the fuzzy conjunction function, disjunctions, neurons calculating the membership of fuzzy sets and calculating the output of the classifier itself. 139 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us “fuzzy” neural network classifier in 2014, another interesting work was published, which talked about the use of a multilayer perceptron with two hidden layers. the peculiarity of this work was that they used one rather nontrivial optimization method (the particle swarm method). this method displays the behavior of, for example, bees. the application of this method does not require knowledge of the gradient of the optimized function. this method helped to achieve better results and reduce the number of system reactions to false threats. multilayer perceptron architecture the other side of the coin of using neural networks is the problem of hacking neural networks themselves. when trying to hack the neural network itself, it is enough to correctly select its parameters that most strongly affect the output of the network, thus it becomes possible to change the operation of any neural network (for example, a video camera in a zoo will see a gibbon instead of a beautiful panda). additional modifications are finetune with special loss functions based on the normalization of real data or dynamic changes in the weights of the neural network during operation. 140 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these are several examples of the use of neural networks in the fight against attacks, the number of which will only grow in the future. conclusion: in this article, the main provisions of cybersecurity were considered, such as problem statements, types of actual attacks, and methods of fighting with the help of neural networks. undoubtedly, neural networks are an innovative solution to cybersecurity problems. they can be used to analyze threats, prevent and predict attacks, and accelerate the internal processes of the system. and i, in turn, hope that this article was useful to many users who wanted to dive into the topic of innovative cybersecurity methods. list of literature: [1] taleb, nassim nicholas (2007), the black swan: the impact of the highly improbable, random house, isbn 978-1400063512. [2] флориан трамер, фан чжан, ари juels, майкл к. рейтер, томас ristenpart,кража моделей машинного обучения с помощью api прогнозирования [3] ян гудфеллоу, николас papernot, сэнди хуан, ян дуан, питер аббел и джек кларк:атакуя машинное обучение с состязательные примеры [4] сатья наделла:партнерство будущего [5] claburn, thomas:google troll-destroying ai не может справиться с опечаткой [6] марко баррено, блейн нельсон, энтони д. джозеф, j.d. тайгар:безопасность машинного обучения [7] wolchover, натали:этот пионер искусственного интеллекта имеет несколько проблем [8] конн, ариэль:как мы выравниваем искусственный интеллект с человеческими ценностями? [9] смит, брэд:необходимость срочных коллективных действий, чтобы держать людей в безопасности в интернете: уроки кибератаки на прошлой неделе [10] николас карлини, пратьуш мишра, тавиш вайдья, юаней чжан, мика шерр, клей шилдс, дэвид вагнер, венчао чжоу:скрытые голосовые команды [11] фернанда виегас, мартин уоттенберг, даниэль смилков, джеймс векслер, джимбо уилсон, никхил торат, чарльз николсон, google research:big picture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/special:booksources/978-1400063512 https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.02943 https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.02943 https://blog.openai.com/adversarial-example-research/ https://blog.openai.com/adversarial-example-research/ https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/06/microsoft_ceo_satya_nadella_humans_and_a_i_can_work_together_to_solve_society.html https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/02/google_trollspotting_ai_trips_over_typos/ https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~adj/publications/paper-files/secml-mlj2010.pdf https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~adj/publications/paper-files/secml-mlj2010.pdf https://www.wired.com/2015/05/artificial-intelligence-pioneer-concerns/ https://futureoflife.org/2017/02/03/align-artificial-intelligence-with-human-values/ https://futureoflife.org/2017/02/03/align-artificial-intelligence-with-human-values/ https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2017/05/14/need-urgent-collective-action-keep-people-safe-online-lessons-last-weeks-cyberattack/ https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2017/05/14/need-urgent-collective-action-keep-people-safe-online-lessons-last-weeks-cyberattack/ https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/carlini https://research.google.com/bigpicture/ 419-423 certain issues regarding the causes 419 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 certain issues regarding the causes and conditions of crimes axmedova muqaddasxon tursunovna public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan professor of the department of civil and legal sciences, doctor of legal sciences axmedovamuqaddasxon81@gmail.com abstract: the article talks about the causes and conditions of offenses and highlights the consequences of committing them by minors, women and other citizens. it was also emphasized that young people should spend their free time productively, and involve them in various activities aimed at increasing their legal awareness and culture. key words: delinquency, crime, minors, women, rights and freedoms, alcoholism, drugs, legal awareness, legal culture, education. in recent years, in our country, there has been a special effort to strengthen the responsibility of the bodies and institutions responsible for the proper upbringing of minors, to prevent them from committing offenses and crimes, to strengthen the legal basis for protecting the rights and interests of minors, and to prevent the lack of control and offenses among minors. attention is paid. determining the causes of crimes and the conditions that enable them, their elimination is one of the urgent problems facing law enforcement agencies and the general public. the rights and freedoms of people and citizens are violated as a result of violations and crimes in our society. consequently, positive results have been achieved in some regions and regions as a result of the large-scale work being carried out in this regard in our republic. but it still requires us to fight against them regularly. in fact, when we study the causes of crimes, we are sure that in most cases they are young people, minors with a gap in their education, women who have faced economic difficulties, and in addition, children of families with high financial support. the president of the republic of uzbekistan, sh.m. mirziyoev, gave instructions on the development of a "road map" containing special measures for the prevention of offenses and crimes in the regions, based on the specific characteristics of each region. among these measures, we can see the following: биринчидан, ҳуқуқбузарликлар профилактикаси самарадорлигини, шу including the introduction of specific evaluation criteria that take into account the dynamics of offenses, their repetition, social opinion, citizens' satisfaction with the results of preventive works, and the level of cooperation with the population; secondly, to ensure that in the development and implementation of inter-departmental programs on the prevention of offenses, addressability, industry specialization, territorial and other specific features are taken into account; 420 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thirdly, to conduct comprehensive scientific and practical research on the problems of crime prevention, to introduce modern methods of preventive work; fourthly, to develop a system of measures to provide legal, social, psychological, medical, pedagogical and other assistance to victims of crimes and persons with antisocial behavior, who are inclined to commit or have committed crimes; fifth, improvement of the mechanisms of involvement of citizens and public organizations in crime prevention, including by encouraging them financially and otherwise. when it comes to the issue of preventing, fighting against, and identifying the causes of crimes and crimes, the development of the concepts of "safe zone" and "safe city" put forward by our president is a clear proof of our opinion. from the essence of this concept, we can say one thing for sure that preserving peace and healthy environment not only in each region, but also in families should be the main task of each of us in our daily activities. from time immemorial, we all know that the family is a sacred place in our country, and the children growing up in it are the future of the society and the state. the uzbek people have always distinguished themselves from other peoples by their goodness, goodness and human qualities. it is known from the sources that since long centuries, the total thinkers of mankind have been engaged in studying and eliminating the causes of violations in society. the jurists of central asia and ancient greece tried to explain the social factors affecting the perpetrator of each crime. for example, abu nasr al-farabi in his work "the city of virtuous people" emphasized that a human child is not born a criminal, on the contrary, the motives leading to the violation of the rights arise in him as a result of negative vices in the society. according to the greek philosopher euclid: "a wise legislator will take the necessary measures to prevent crime rather than be forced to impose punishment for it."1 article 3 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on prevention of crimes" states that "crime is a culpable illegal act for which administrative or criminal liability is provided." crime is not a person's way of thinking, but his actions and behavior. such behavior is manifested in the form of illegal action or inaction. the socially dangerous intention of the offender is expressed only in his behavior. the german philosopher hegel in his "philosophy of law" put forward the idea that people should answer for their actions, not for their beliefs and intentions2 2018 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. in order to ensure the implementation of the december 24 decision pq-4075 "on additional measures to increase the effectiveness of public safety" and the "roadmap" approved by this decision, a number of recommendations were developed. there are different theoretical perspectives in a number of literatures regarding the causes and conditions that lead to delinquency. knowing the law of the interdependence of cause and effect, and the fact that it is inextricably linked with the circumstances, makes it possible to analyze the crime in depth from a scientific and theoretical point of view. because it is natural for a certain condition to exist in the origin of the cause. therefore, the cause and the condition cannot be considered separately from each other. the reason for the crime is a person's desire to satisfy his interests, dreams, feelings in an illegal way. the causes and conditions of the crime are the reality that causes negative situations and criminal consequences in the life of the state belonging to a certain socio-economic formation. 1 criminology. textbook. t.: academy, 2007 2 гегел г. философия права –м 1990. 141, 144, 145, 192 421 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main conditions of violations in the current conditions of uzbekistan are as follows: 1. difficulties and conflicts in the transition to market relations 2. inadequate legal consciousness of citizens, level of culture and lack of desire to consciously fulfill the framework of the law 3. alcoholism and drug addiction are the factors that lead to the destruction of the genetic fund of the people. 4. imperfect legislation. one of the important tasks of any legal system is to prevent actions that harm a person or society as a whole. 5. that the activity of law enforcement bodies is not effective enough3. there are two situations in which violations occur: 1. pre-formed social mental states; 2. circumstances affecting the occurrence of crime and causing criminal consequences and leading to an increase in crime rates4. it is well known to all of us that in the history of each state, based on the interests of society and society members, reforms were implemented in specific social, economic, political and cultural directions. each of these reforms has its own goals and benefits. in any case, ensuring that all reforms reach their final goal requires relying on scientific and technical achievements. when analyzing the causes and conditions of rights related to economic reforms, we should take into account the following three situations: first, to analyze the causes of social conflicts; secondly, to determine the quantity indicators of offenses and conditions causing criminogenic situations; thirdly, taking into account the main characteristics of the subjects of crime. when studying the causes and conditions of juvenile delinquency, the factors that lead to delinquency can be conditionally divided into three groups, i.e. factors in the socio-economic sphere, moral-spiritual factors, factors in the organizational-management sphere. agreeing with the opinion of professor m. rustambaev, we can divide the causes and conditions of juvenile delinquency into the following groups: • distribution of videos promoting popular culture; • propagation of all kinds of quarrels and fights in public places through the internet; • material shortage; • breakdown of parents' marriage, invalidity of parents, separation of parents; • improper upbringing of children: neglect, rudeness, rudeness, discrimination, abuse and exploitation; • the child's opinion is not taken into account by the parents5. one of the main reasons for the commission of offenses by minors is the fact that there is a disregard for moral and legal values in their nature, and the strong desire to achieve the material resources necessary for entertainment. today, it is appropriate to talk about some women who are committing various offenses and crimes without rationally using the freedom of women and the wide conditions created for them. analysis 3 saidov a., tajikhonov u. theory of state and law: two volumes. volume 2. theory of law. t.: academy, 2001. b. 301. 4 criminology. textbook. t.: academy, 2007. – б.78. 5 d.j. suyunova, m.a. usmonova "territory method of prevention of crimes committed by minors" / educational methodological manual, t: 2019 b-17 422 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of current socio-economic processes shows that the main reasons for women's crime are related to: 1. their active participation in social production; 2. weakening of social control at various levels of society; 3. disturbances and contradictions between people in society are cases of mutual hostility; 4. the increase of alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, theft and robbery, which are contrary to the way of life of the society. the increased participation of women in the division of labor leads them to become the main breadwinners of the family, therefore, sometimes women engaged in commercial work provide financial support for the family even if they have husbands. as president sh.m. mirziyoev noted, "attention to women and girls should always be at the center of all our efforts, it should become the duty of all of us. focusing on the family is actually focusing on ourselves."6 in addition, the president of the republic of uzbekistan, sh.m. mirziyoev, in his speech entitled "constitution and the rule of law are the most important criteria of a legal democratic state and civil society", delivered on the occasion of the 27th anniversary of the adoption of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan: "the committee of women and girls and its regional departments are completely it was a new step in this way that it was newly established, they were given additional powers and opportunities, and the necessary conditions were created for their full activity. in 2019, based on article 46 of our constitution, the laws "on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men" and "on protection of women from oppression and violence" were adopted. i think that parliament and public control are necessary for the consistent implementation of these laws. in the future, protection of motherhood and childhood, solving social problems of women became the focus of attention of our state. later, many of our women are promoted to responsible leadership positions in state and community management, economy, finance-banking, education, tax compliance, culture and other fields. 7 offenses committed in domestic life are characterized by their own reasons and conditions. it can be seen that such crimes are mainly caused by people addicted to alcohol and drugs. it is known that a person's propensity to alcoholism causes vices such as lack of civilization, limitation of spiritual qualities, and extremely shallow needs. relatedly, some individuals' lack of material drives them to find alcohol and drink with a group of individuals, naturally, many of these situations eventually lead to fights and crime. ensuring the stability of the population, activating the involvement of women and young people in socially useful activities, meaningfully organizing the free time of minors, increasing the income of families, and establishing honest and comfortable living conditions serve as a factor in preventing crimes. at this point, the military personnel of the national guard of the republic of uzbekistan are also conducting a number of practical activities in order to prevent, fight against, and identify the causes of violations and crimes against public order in our country. in particular, it should be noted that 6 commentary on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to fundamentally improve activities in the field of supporting women and strengthening the family institution". people's word 2018. february 3. 7 ўзбекистон республикаси президенти ш.м.мирзиёев ўзбекистон республикаси конституцияси қабул қилинганининг 27 йиллиги муносабати билан сўзлаган “конституция ва қонун устуворлиги – ҳуқуқий демократик давлат ва фуқаролик жамиятининг энг муҳим мезонидир” номли маърузаси. халқ сўзи, 9 декабрь. 423 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us professors and cadets working at the university of public safety were specially involved in this task. as future military personnel, our main task is to carry out work aimed at early prevention of violations and crimes, to explain to the population the supremacy of the law and to live by the law, to treat it with respect, by explaining that it is the duty of every person, thereby increasing the legal consciousness of the population and it consists of doing things like serving the culture. conclusion in conclusion, it should be said that we should make our contribution to the public explanation of the causes and consequences of crimes and the continuous promotion of the activities within the framework of the family-neighborhood-school concept. for this, firstly, we should actively participate in the activities of attracting the unemployed part of the population to work; secondly, to express our attitude to the conditions created for the youth of our republic to acquire a profession and to support their active position; thirdly, it is appropriate to prepare a series of programs and broadcasts about talented young people and exemplary families who have achieved success and are contributing to the development of our country through the mass media and present them to our people. references 1. the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev's speech on the occasion of the 27th anniversary of the adoption of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan entitled "constitution and the rule of law are the most important criteria of a legal democratic state and civil society". people's word, december 9. 2. axmedova, m. (2023). о ‘zbekistonda nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlari va kasaba uyushmalari faoliyatining о ‘ziga xos jihatlari. development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences, 2(3), 113-116. 3. ахмедова, м. (2023). особенности деятельности негосударственных некоммерческих организаций и профсоюзов в узбекистане. реформы в сфере подготовки юридических кадров в узбекистане: анализ результатов и перспективные задачи, 1(1), 101-106. 4. d.j. suyunova, m.a. usmonova "territory method of prevention of crimes committed by minors" / educational methodological manual, t: 2019 b-17 5. eshmuhammad kadirov "issues of youth crime prevention" nishon noshir. t:2017 b-26 6. commentary on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to fundamentally improve activities in the field of supporting women and strengthening the family institution". people's word 2018. february 3 132 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of bureaucracy in administrative management normuratov aktam tulaboy ugli teacher of the department of administrative and financial law toshkent state university of law abstract: in this article, the history of the origin of bureaucratism, the rational management system, the failure of public administration, red tape, heavy procedures, administrative obstacles, the peculiarity of the rational bureaucracy system. also, scientific researches and conclusions of foreign and our country's scientists on the role of administrative bureaucracy in resolving disputes arising in state administration were analyzed and studied. keywords: bureaucracy, administrative barriers, red tape, rational bureaucracy system, bureaucratic mentality, bureaucratic rituals. when we talk about bureaucracy, it is related to the employees of the administrative apparatus of any social organization officials, officials who have gained enormous power over other people. the peculiarity of the bureaucratic form of management is a certain set of procedures, thanks to which the official is the only person on whom the success or failure of solving a particular problem depends. such exclusive power separates the official from ordinary citizens, elevates him above society and creates a special aura of "bureaucratic mentality" 1 . the term "bureaucracy" entered scientific circulation thanks to the german sociologist, economist, historian max weber, the author of the most complete and comprehensive sociological study of the phenomenon of bureaucracy. weber proposed the following principles for the bureaucratic concept of organizational structure:  hierarchical structure of the organization;  hierarchy of orders based on legal force;  the subordinate's obedience to the superior and responsibility not only for his own actions, but also for the actions of subordinates;  specialization and division of labor according to functions;  a clear system of procedures and rules that ensure the uniformity of the implementation of production processes;  a system of promotion and tenure based on skills and experience and measured by standards;  orient the communication system to written rules both inside and outside the organization 2 . 1 попович а.с. от бюрократизации управления до бюрократизации мысли / а.с. попович, з.а.попович. – м.: ленанд, 2014. – 392 с. 2 вебер м. социализм. речь, произнесенная в вене перед австрийскими офицерами с целью их общей ориентации (июнь 1918) // вебер м. политические работы (1895–1919) : пер. с нем. м., 2003. с. 300–342. 133 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us weber used the term "bureaucracy" to denote a rational organization whose recommendations and rules are the basis for efficient, scientifically organized work. he considered bureaucracy as its own ideal image, the most effective means of managing socio-economic systems and individual structural units. according to weber, the strict formalization of bureaucratic relations, the clarity of the distribution of role functions, and the personal interest of bureaucrats in achieving organizational goals lead to timely and competent decisions based on carefully selected and verified information 3 . however, later they began to distinguish between bureaucracy in a positive sense a system of rational management, and bureaucracy in a negative sense an irrational system of management in which instructions, orders, assignments and other formal attributes of power are ends in themselves. the complexity of society, its management processes, and the development of the economy lead to an increase in the influence of the bureaucratic system. the larger the structure to be managed, the greater the number of managers required and the greater the number of agreed upon rules under which it operates. moreover, the main negative factor that makes the bureaucratic system complex, rude, and full of corruption is, as always, the human factor. thus, it is certain that a new bureaucracy will emerge from bureaucracy, one thing leading to another. there are three main problems that arise from the existence of bureaucracy. it is the selfsufficiency of a system of alienation, bureaucracy, and inertia. added to this, of course, is the problem of corruption, which is already strongly associated with public office in people's minds, although this is not always the case. the problem of alienating the management system from the person is a stereotypical approach that treats the person as another impersonal standard without taking into account his individual needs. it's easier to take a long-tested guideline and follow it than to try to get to the bottom of the problem 4 . bureaucrats who tend to accumulate past experience, follow traditions, and resist innovation, get used to a certain system of doing business that has been established for years, and it will be very difficult to reorganize in new directions. the desire to preserve the established order in the institution at any cost, complexity, detail, and the passage of many examples make the bureaucratic system so volatile that it is difficult to respond to rapid changes in society, especially at the current stage of human development. there is even a special term to describe this situation "bureaucratic rituals". the need to control every step, to fill out a huge number of reporting documents, makes bureaucrats out of experts. bureaucracy permeates professional fields and the quality of service industries suffers 5 . the role and importance of the bureaucratization of state administration and bureaucracy as a socio-political phenomenon, a separate culture that is a parasite on human civilization, despite many scientific and journalistic publications on this topic, it is still not possible to fully understand the true nature of this topic. its harmful effects on public life, public consciousness, social system stability, and national security are still not sufficiently evaluated. at the same time, in the context of the process of modernization of the state administration system announced by the authorities, the issues related to highlighting the characteristics of the internal bureaucracy require special attention. 3 weber m. theory of social and economic organization. n.y., 1947. р. 223-338. 4 ленин в. и. государство и революция // ленин в. и. полн. собр. соч. м., 1981. т. 33. с. 1–120. 5 найшуль в. высшая и последняя стадия социализма // погружение в трясину: (анатомия застоя) / сост. и общ. ред. т. а. ноткиной. м., 1991. с. 40–60. 134 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the current state of public administration structures is such that the size of the administrative apparatus and, accordingly, the public sector's expenses for it exceed the norms of financing from the budget within the share. this situation requires implementation of systemic reforms in order to optimize the activity of the bureaucracy. historically, it developed within the framework of statehood, and from the 14th century, internal bureaucracy neglecting the essence of work for the sake of formality began to be associated with red tape. therefore, in order to understand the problem of bureaucracy, it is necessary to distinguish two semantically close, but still different concepts: bureaucracy as a social group that manages the state on a daily basis, and bureaucracy as a way of working of some managers 6 . at the current stage of development in western democracies, the so-called realistic concept of bureaucracy dominates. as a rule, the essence of the evolution of the modern western view of bureaucracy is to supplement the weberian model with the possibility of changing the bureaucracy through personnel rotation. the concept of "bureaucracy" is usually used in the context of the inability of a bureaucratic organization to function effectively. bureaucratism, in contrast to rational bureaucracy, is theoretically evaluated as a negative phenomenon 7 . one of the common features of modern bureaucrats and their predecessors is that they do not fit the requirements of bureaucracy in the classical weberian sense. the modern domestic bureaucracy is often represented by people from the old soviet nomenclature. this is evidence of the so-called personal succession the selection of successors to positions in the state apparatus based on the personal choice of the previous leader, rather than personnel competition. e. gaidar said that in the process of property distribution, first of all, the nomenclature (and its "subsidiaries" are called komsomol business) got rich. we can conclude from this that as a result of the transition from a totalitarian system to a democratic political system, a unique social network of individual bureaucrats who not only successfully survived political changes, but also strengthened their political power due to these changes, and the economic situation in society was formed. the increasing politicization of the bureaucracy became possible due to the action of a number of factors. this is primarily the political weakness of modern politicians. we identify several main reasons for the degradation of the modern political elite. one of them is the complete dependence of politicians on political technologists and speech writers. their lack of political thinking and political intuition turns modern politicians into shiny artificial mannequins who declare what is "necessary" in a "necessary" situation. in his time, v. churchill saw the difference between a politician and a statesman in that a politician is directed to the next elections, and a statesman is directed to the next generations. orientation to political technologies keeps statesmen away from politics. the desire to create an ideal image, but not directed and supported by real work, the fear of making a wrong step and not liking the voters, the inability to take responsibility for the situation in the country all this makes politics, its strategic decision-making impossible 8 . it is well known that low wages do not guarantee a decent standard of living for officials and are a strong argument for their low motivation to work and the main condition for the spread of corruption, which can replace wages in such conditions. however, an increase in the salaries of officials is not positively correlated with a decrease in bureaucratic and corrupt behavior by them. the weak link between high wages and honesty is that this relationship is based on the assumption that officials become corrupt due to financial hardship. but the fact that the most 6 румянцева е. о коррупции, бюрократизме и предпринимательстве // проблемы теории и практики управления. 2016. 7 гречко п.к. бюрократия: опыт осмысления // вестник российского университета дружбы народов. серия: философия. 2016. 8 russell e.j. bureaucracy within the emergency services in command of guardians // executive servant leadership for the community of responders. cham: springer international publishing, 2017. 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us notorious cases of fraud and bribery involve well-off or even financially independent people proves him wrong. in order to avoid bureaucracy, it is necessary to introduce a mechanism that assumes responsibility for the results of certain decisions. moreover, such responsibility should be personal, which should minimize the negative consequences of dishonest civil servants. the development and implementation of effective and efficient accountability mechanisms is a cornerstone in combating the bureaucratic manifestations of officials. the problems of bureaucracy should be viewed from the perspective of the balance of trust in civil servants, which encourages the establishment of certain restrictions on the activities of officials through clear instructions, census and public control, and regular inspections of the work of officials. the implementation of the rule of law means the use of formalized rules that provide accountability, transparency and accountability for the decision made. moreover, in a country with developed democratic institutions, the legitimacy of power depends on compliance with these rules. at the same time, the bureaucracy not only leads to abuse, but also lowers the legitimacy of the authority through the inappropriate behavior of the officials as the exclusion of the persons who have gained the state powers from the interests of the society. the development of the country directly depends on the effectiveness of the fight against bureaucracy, which is the opposite of reforms and modernization of the country 9 . the results obtained during the study of bureaucracy as an anomaly in public administration are the basis for concluding that there is no generally accepted definition of the concept of "bureaucracy" in the scientific literature on public administration issues. this phenomenon is mainly related to failures in public administration, red tape, heavy procedures, administrative obstacles, indolence, in fact, when officials make certain decisions for malicious reasons, they do not adequately respond to the appeals and needs of citizens. studying the foreign experience and practice of combating bureaucratic manifestations and evaluating the possibilities of introducing its acceptable elements into the national state management system is a promising direction of further research. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati rahbariy adabiyotlar: 1. худокормов а.г. экономические корни бюрократизма. м., 1988; 2. см.: масловский м.в. теория бюрократии макса вебера и современная политическая социология. н. новгород, 1997. 3. курашвили б. п. борьба с бюрократизмом. — м., 1988. с. 4; 4. румянцева е. о коррупции, бюрократизме и предпринимательстве // проблемы теории и практики управления. 2016. 5. попович а.с. от бюрократизации управления до бюрократизации мысли / а.с. попович, з.а.попович. – м.: ленанд, 2014.; 6. prima a.n. byurokratiya va byurokratiya: umumiy va maxsus // to'g'ri. jamiyat. davlat: talabalarning ilmiy ishlari to'plami va aspirantlar. sankt-peterburg: sankt-peterburg instituti nashriyoti ta'lim federal davlat byudjetining (filiali). oliy ta'lim muassasalari "umumrossiya davlati adliya universiteti (rossiya adliya vazirligi rpa)”, 2018 yil / 184 p. 7. ляшенко к.в., дудник т.а. проблемы бюрократии и пути их преодоления в российской федерации // экономика и социум. 2016.; 9 volkova a.i. byurokratiya kak bolezn’ organizacii [bureaucracy as a disease organization] // intellektual’nyj i nauchnyj potencial xxi veka: sb. st. mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. / otv. red. a.a. sukiasyan. m., 2016. s. 164166. 87-89 individual neologism creation method 87 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 individual neologism creation method m. ergashova phd, associate professor of the kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: in this article, the uzbek language is a whole consisting of the relationship of interrelated and mutually demanding elements, and the ideas about the way of creating individual neologisms are highlighted. keywords: linguistic field, individual neologisms, occasional words, analysis of a work of art. in world linguistics, from the second half of the 20th century, the first scientific-theoretical views about the unique role and importance of the field of linguopoetics in the analysis of artistic works were developed, and in the process of researching problems related to this field developed together with directions such as linguopoetics, pragmalinguistics and linguostylistics. elucidation of the practical aspects of the ongoing theoretical research is considered the basis of modern research. because of this, the research of the linguopoetic aspects of the language of the artistic work is of great importance. because modern works of art as an artistic interpretation of social changes are not only linguistics, but also an invaluable resource for other disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, cognition, hermeneutics, and gender studies. the passage of time, the gradual change of time and era, radical changes in all areas of society, scientific and technical achievements, social relations, continuous cultural and spiritual changes in people's lives, new concepts and words. causes it to appear. new words a layer of neologisms, creating a new word, using one of the lexical meanings of the word in a new sense, or words borrowed from abroad. ets rich at his expense. in particular, it is observed that individual neologisms, in other words occasionalisms, perform a nominative function and are also used in fiction for a specific methodological purpose. "great impact and image neologisms of individual speech with power" [3] are new words discovered by the creator and serve to enrich the artistic work with a new spirit and a new spirit. every writer and poet has his own language, style, poeticism and individualism. as it is, new words created on the basis of these features, i.e. contextual[4] occasionalisms, occupy an important place in the language of artistic works. occasionalisms, along with giving emotionality and expressive spirit to the language of any artistic work, are also a worthy contribution of the creator to the treasure of literary language. "the principle of enriching words and phrases with various additional meanings is characteristic of the meaning-content structure of the work of art" [2]. new words discovered in works of art depend on the high skill of the creator. opening the new meaning of the word, expanding the scope of its expressiveness and coloring requires strong skill, knowledge and talent from the creator. the development of society, the changes in objective existence and nature, the enrichment of people's imagination and understanding of them, the development of scientific, spiritual and cultural thinking of humanity are among the main factors that create the need for new words, new terms and expressions. new words appear in the language to meet this need. a new word, that is, the novelty of a word, is defined in relation to the state of literary language development in a certain period. a new word seems unnatural to the first person who encounters 88 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it, especially to the older generation who is familiar with the lexical norms of the old language. this situation is called lexical idiosyncrasy in linguistics and is expressed in works of art. creators sometimes create individual speech neologisms themselves. neologisms of individual speech are words created by individual writers, individuals. such words are also called occasional words. the fact that new words have stylistic coloring indicates the wide range of possibilities of neologisms. we can find such individual speech neologisms in epics created during independence: nofur moved away. he was left alone, a unique sharp feeling in his eyes... the lexeme "feeling" differs from other lexemes with the sign of abstraction, and this creator uses strong exaggeration to create a new meaning, a neologism. with the ground, the characteristics of a certain edged tool (for example, a knife) are transferred to the feeling (abstract noun) and through this, the inner feelings, sufferings, and experiences of the hero are fully conveyed to the reader. trying to deliver. here, a. oripov discovered a new lexeme "tildosh" that rhymes with the word "religious" rather than rhyming with the word "religious". in fact, such a word does not correspond to the lexical norms of the uzbek language and is not used. so, in order to clearly express his opinion, the creator uses the suffix -dosh to create a new. our native language, which has a history of three thousand years, has received many abbreviations from the russian language as well as from other languages. many words expressing concepts related to the system entered our vocabulary during the shura colonial period. on the basis of this abbreviation of the russian language, the creator invented a new word "ranzhkom" by shortening (abbreviating) the words "committee" (committee). this neologism serves to reveal the negative characteristics of the heroes of the epic. we can also mention the satirical feature of the lexeme "ranjkom" here. that is, the will of the people. abundant treasure invincible army[1]. in this expression, the creator skillfully discovers using syntactic units we come across individual neologisms. in this case, new syntactic units such as the fruit of risk and the will serve to express the attitude of the main hero of the epic to the state, his thoughts about the state, and his attitude towards it. here are new syntactic units created to reflect amir temur's views on the inadmissibility of risktaking in this field, the importance of the unity and strong will of the people in public administration, i.e. expressed in occasionalisms. aydin hojieva also has a unique individual speech in his epics we meet neologisms. this iskandarpechon is like a flower in a hairband, a lover with a bad heart. the hijran sword will suddenly be safe,[5] occasional words mainly serve to enhance meaning. the use of the human verb "to put a sword" in the syntactic unit of hijran khilih solar in relation to hijran (abstract noun) means that the pain of separation has torn the heart of the lover (person, lover). is appropriately used as a reference. in this case, the poetess's discovery of a new, intact meaning of the language unit present in our speech can be the basis for presenting the syntactic unit "hijron kilich solar" as the occasionalism of an individual author. from our analysis above, it can be seen that neologisms have a special place in the epics created during the period of independence, adding musicality, pleasantness, and melody to the epics.dedication can also be an important factor in enhancing meaning and creating imagery. neologisms are mainly creative with the acquisition of individuality shows his unique skills. list of references: 1. abdulla oripov. selected works. the second volume. t., 2001, p. 389. 2. vinogradov v.v. issledovaniya po poetikei stylistike. izd. "nauka" leningradskoe otdelenie, 1972. -280s. 89 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. shomaksudov a., rasulov i. stylistics of the uzbek language. t., teacher, 1983. p.34. . shansky n.m. modern russian language. part 1. moscow. 2081.-s.61. 4 3. hozhiyeva o. niceness. t. 2008. -b.134. 4. nasirov maxsutali-o‘g‘li, muslimjon, and malikaxon meliqo‘ziyeva. "radioaloqa terminlarining derivatsion xususiyatlari." proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 5. maxsutali o’gli, nasirov muslimjon. "badiiy disskursda kognitiv metaforalarning ishlatilishi." proceedings of international educators conference. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 6. tukhtasinova, o., rahmatullayeva, d., karimova, s., & mamajonova, m. (2023). characteristics of occasional words. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 111-119. 7. tukhtasinova, o. (2021). okkazional words dependence on speech (text). academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(3), 1761-1763. 8. мамажонова, муножатхон нажмиддиновна. "квантитативлик ҳамда лисоний категориялар." results of national scientific research international journal 2.4 (2023): 253-259. 9. ahmedova, h., & mamadjanova, m. (2023). yusuf khas hadjib about speech and speakers. open access repository, 9(3), 157-161. 10. ahmedova, h., & mamadjanova, m. (2023). views of ahmad yugnaki's on speech culture. open access repository, 9(3), 191-194. 11. ahmedova, h. t. (2023). ona tili imkoniyatlari asosida o’quvchilar nutqini tarbiyalash haqida. results of national scientific research international journal, 2(4), 279-282. 12. ergashova, m., & toshpulatov, b. t. (2023). transfer of the meaning and their reference to presupposition. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 556-559. 13. ergashova, m. (2023). localization relationship expression through prepositions. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 560-563. 14. mahmudova, n. (2022). the issue of creating an explanatory dictionary of telephone communication network terms and regulating terms. ijssir, vol. 11, no. 9. 15. mahmudova, n. t., & tadjiyev, x. x. (2023). thematic groups of telecommunication terms in the uzbek language. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 564-569. 16. rahimova, m., & nazirova, m. (2023). erkin vohidov ijodida antonimalar. conferencea, 85-88. 17. rahimova, m. (2023). oʻzbek tilida leksik nomemalar. scientific journal of the fergana state university, (1), 164-164. 18. raxmatullayeva, d. (2023). o'zbek tilidagi" ilm-ma'rifat" semali lug'aviy birliklar paradigmasi. scienceweb academic papers collection. 19. shukhratovna, r. d., & mushtariybonu, r. (2022). research issues of lexical units in the uzbek language. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 1847-1851. 369-372 boshlang’ich sinflarda ,,tarbiya’’ fanini o’qitishning 369 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 boshlang’ich sinflarda ,,tarbiya’’ fanini o’qitishning metodik asoslari hojiyeva nasiba bahodirovna osiyo xalqaro universiteti abstract: ushbu maqolada boshlang’ich sinflarda tarbiya fanini o’qitishda o’qituvchilaming darslarda pedagogik texnologiya, boshlang„ ich sinflarda interfaol metodlar va ta'limiy o„ yinlardan, zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalanish o„quvchilarni mustaqil fikrlashga, ijodiy izlanish va mantiqiy fikrlash doiralarini kengaytirish bilan birga ularni darslarda o„rganganlarini hayot bilan bog„lashga, qiziqishlarini oshirishga yordam beradigan fikrlar bayon qilingan. keywords: texnikaviy, axborotli, audiovizualli faol fuqarolik pozitsiyasi, mas’uliyat, majburiyat, huquqiy ong va madaniyat, teran dunyoqarash, sog’lom e’tiqodlilik, ma’rifatparvarlik, bag’rikenglik, ma'naviy, g’oyaviy, nafosat tarbiyasi. tarbiya fani o’zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining tashabbusi bilan umumiy o’rta ta’lim muassasalarida 2020-2021-o’quv yilidan boshlab joriy qilindi. ushbu fan uzluksiz ma’naviy tarbiya konsepsiyasining bir qismi sifatida o„quvchilarda “milliy tiklanishdan milliy yuksalish sari g’oyasini singdirish, ularni ijtimoiy muvaffaqiyatli hayotga tayyorlash, faol fuqarolik pozitsiyasi, mas’uliyat, majburiyat, huquqiy ong va madaniyat, teran dunyoqarash, sog’lom e’tiqodlilik, ma’rifatparvarlik, bag’rikenglik kabi fazilatlarni shakllantirishni maqsad qilib qo’ygan. fan va darslik konsepsiyasini yaratishda yaponiya, singapur, angliya, baa, xitoy, koreya, rossiya, germaniya kabi xorijiy davlatlarning tajribasidan foydalanildi. ta„lim jarayoni nihoyatda murakkab jarayon bo„lganligi uchun ta„lim samaradorligi pedagog va o’quvchi faolliligiga, ta’lim vositalarining mavjudligiga, ta’lim jarayonining tashkiliy, ilmiy, metodik mukammalligiga bog’liq. ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonini ilg’or vositalari, metodlar, texnik vositalar, usullariga tayanib takomillashtirish tizimi hisoblanadi. bu tizim o„qituvchi tomonidan yaratiladi, ta„lim-tarbiya bosqichlarini o’zaro bog’lashga xizmat qiladi. uning mazmuni va vazifalarini, maqsadini oldindan belgilash, ta’lim-tarbiyaning shakllari va vositalarini tayyorlash, o’quvchida shakllantirish ko’zda tutilgan ma’naviy sifatlarni o’zlshtirishga yo’naltirilgan darslarni rejalashtirish kabilarni o’z ichiga oladi. bugungi kunda fan-texnikaning rivojlanishi bilan inson faoliyati nihoyatda kengayib, yangi texnologiyalar kirib kelmoqda. sifat o’zgarishlari shundan dalolat beradiki, endilikda yangi metodikalarni talab etadigan va ta’lim jarayonining ajralmas qismiga aylanib borayotgan, unga o’zining ma’lum xususiyatlarini joriy etadigan yangi texnikaviy, axborotli, audiovizualli, vositalar ham mavjud bo’lib, ular zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalarni aniq voqelikka aylantirdi. ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonining unumdorligini oshiradi, o„quvchilarni mustaqil fikrlash jarayonini shakllantiradi, o’quvchilarda bilimga ishtiyoq va qiziqishni oshiradi, bilimlarni mustahkam 370 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us o’zlashtirish, ulardan amaliyotda erkin foydalanish ko„nikma va malakalarini shakllantiradi. an’anaviy o’qitish tizimi, aytish mumkinki, yozma va og’zaki so’zlarga tayanib ish ko’rishi tufayli axborotli o„qitish sifatida tafsiflanadi, chunki o’qituvchi faoliyati birgina o„quv jarayonining tashkilotchisi sifatida emas, balki nufuzli bilimlar manbaiga aylanib borayotganligini ta’kidlagan holda baholanmoqda. o’zbek xalqining yosh avlodni hayotga tayyorlashda ko’p asrlar davomida qo’llagan usul va vositalari, tadbir shakllari, o’ziga xos urf-odatlari va an'analari, ta'lim-tarbiya haqidagi g’oyalari va hayotiy tajribasi mavjud. bu meros o„tmishda ko„plab alloma-yu donishmandlar etishib chiqishiga asos bo„lgan. hozirgi kunda bu merosdan ijodiy foydalanish katta ahamiyatga ega. ajdodlarimiz bilim o’rgatuvchi ustoz faoliyatiga katta ahamiyat berganlar. bu pedagogik faoliyatga bo’lgan asosiy talablardan biri edi. sharq uyg„onish davrining buyuk mutafakkiri abu nasr forobiy aqlli, dono va o’tkir fikrlaydigan kishilar to’grisida shunday deydi: «aqlli deb shunday kishiga aytiladiki, ular fazilatli, o„tkir mulohazali, foydali ishlarga berilgan, zarur narsalarni kashf va ixtiro etishda zo„r istidodga ega; yomon ishlardan o’zini chetda olib yuradilar. bunday kishilarni oqil deydilar». uning fikricha, «ta'lim so’z va o’rgatish bilangina bo’ladi. tarbiya esa amaliy ish va tajriba bilan o’rganishdir, ya'ni shu xalq, shu millatning amaliy malakalaridan iborat bo’lgan ishharakatga, kasb-hunarga berilgan bo„lishidir. agar ular ish, kasb-hunarga berilgan bo’lsalar, kasbhunarga qiziqsalar, shu qiziqish ularni butunlay kasb-hunarga jalb etsa, demak, ular kasb hunarning chinakam oshig’i bo’ladilar» tarbiya jarayoni o’zaro bog’liq ikki faoliyatni o’qituvchi va o’quvchi faoliyatini o’z ichiga oladi. tarbiya jarayonida o’quvchining ongi shakllana boradi, his-tuyg’ulari va turli qobiliyatlari rivojlanadi, g’oyaviy, axloqiy, irodaviy, estetik xislatlari shakllanadi, tabiatga, jamiyatga ilmiy qarashlar tizimi tarkib topadi, jismoniy kuch-quvvatlari mustahkamlanadi. tarbiya jarayonida o’quvchida jamiyatning shaxsga qo’yadigan axloqiy talablariga muvofiq keladigan xulqiy malaka va odatlar hosil qilinadi. bunga erishish uchun o’quvchining ongiga (ta’lim jarayonida), hissiyotiga (darsda va turli sinfdan tashqari ishlarda), irodasiga (faoliyatni uyushtirish, xulqni idora qilish jarayonida) tizimli va muntazam ta’sir etib boriladi.tarbiyalash jarayonida bulardan birortasi (ongi, hissiyoti, irodasi) e’tibordan chetta qolsa, maqsadga erishish qiyinlashadi. biror bir maqsadga qaratilgan tarbiya jarayonining mohiyati va vazifalari tarbiyachi tomonidan rejalashtiriladi va tartibga solinadi. a. o’quvchining qaysi xislatini shakllantirish yoki yo’qotish maqsadida rejalashtiriladi. b. shu hislatlarni tarbiyalash yoki yo’qotish uchun xizmat qiluvchi manbalar izlab topiladi. c. belgilangan maqsad uchun xizmat qiladigan nazariy va amaliy manbalarni qaysisini va qayerda ishlatish rejalashtiriladi. bunday rejaga solinib olib borilgan tarbiya mohiyatini ta’lim tarbiya tizimi jamiyat va insonlarning intellektual va jismoniy faoliyati tashkil qiladi. boshlang'ich sinflarda kooperativ ta'limning quyidagi metotlaridan samarali foydalanish mumkin: vay-fay (wi-fi(jimlikni saqlash ishorasi )). 1. o’qituvchi qo’lini ko’taradi va wi-fi deb aytadi. 2. o’qituvchiga diqqat qarating (ishni to’xtating gaplashmang). 3. o’qituvchining ishorasini ovoz chiqarmasdan takrorlang. 371 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ilmiy adabiyotlarda ta'limning maqsadi imkoniyatlaridan to’g’ri, aniq, o’rinli foydalanish ko’nikma va malakalarini hosil qilish, mantiqiy-ijodiy tafakkurni rivojlantirish, kommunikativ savodxonlikni oshirish, milliy g’oyani singdirish, sharqona tarbiyani shakllantirish, shaxsni ma'naviy boyitishdan iboratligi ta'kidlangan. ta'limiy maqsad asosida o„quvchilarda mustaqil fikrlash, og„zaki va yozma savodxonlikni oshirish, mantiqiy tafakkurni rivojlantirish orqali ularning muloqot madaniyati takomillashtiriladi. tarbiyaviy maqsad asosida esa ma'naviy, g„oyaviy, nafosat tarbiyasi beriladi. til o’rganish jarayonida xalqning madaniy-axloqiy qadriyatlariga yaqinlashtirish imkoni paydo bo„ladi. ma'lumki, ta'limda ilg„or pedagogik va yangi axborotlar texnologiyalarini tatbiq etish o„quv mashg„ulotlarining samaradorligini oshiribgina qolmay, ilm-fan yutuqlarini amaliyotda qo„llash orqali mustaqil va mantiqiy fikrlaydigan, har tomonlama barkamol yuksak ma'naviyatli shaxsni tarbiyalashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. references 1. shavkat mirziyoyev. buyuk kelajagimizni mard va olijanob xalqimiz bilan birga quramiz. 2. shavkat mirziyoyev. qonun ustuvorligi va inson manfaatlarini ta'minlash 3. forobiy. «fozil odamlar shahri». t.: abdulla qodiriy nomidagi xalq merosi. nashriyoti, 1993. . 184-185-b. 4. forobiy. «fozil odamlar shahri». t.: abdulla qodiriy nomidagi xalq merosi. nashriyoti, 1993. 182-b. 5. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 6. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 7. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 8. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida boshlang ‘ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o ‘qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 9. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 10. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 11. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 12. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 13. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 14. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 372 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. tursunova, z. (2023). using innovative and interactive methods in native language and reading literacy classes. modern science and research, 2(10), 777-779. 16. лукмонова, с. (2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o ‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 animal world in legends, jokes and stories khoji nasreddina afandi babayeva shoira baymuradovna associate professor, bukhara state university annotation: in this article described aspect the south folklore which gives description from the mankind. and in this article said that about parallels animals and mankind. as we know nasreddin afandi was a joke man, silliman, clear thinkable, person with sharp or quick wits, jokeless and of course was honest and respectable person. keywords: folklores, legend, epos, narration, fable, poem, anecdote, interpretation. animals are frequent guests of folklore works. they are widely used in fables, poems, tales, legends, especially in fairy tales for children. for them, there is a special type of fairy tale about animals, where animals act as full-fledged heroes. in works about khoja nasreddin, animals often act as secondary characters (except for the donkey). despite this, in jokes and stories, animals appear as heroes with their inherent dexterity. for example, in the story “the extraordinary hare” the hero is a faithful servant who follows all the instructions of the master, i.e. in this case, he warns kh. nasreddin that the kaziy will come to stay with them, so that the dastarkhan will be ready before that.....  ride straight home without stopping on the road, and tell the hostess to prepare the manti and set the kazy to cook. yes, let him also go down to the basement and take out two jugs of musallas from under the straw, and then put the melons and watermelons in the irrigation ditch so that they cool. and you yourself will begin to peel the carrots for pilaf, and you can eat the peel.” if we list works about khoja nasreddin in which animals are involved, then there are not so many of them (“fish and bulls”, “where did the cat go”, “bird from a jug”, “excellent cow”, “afandi sells a rooster in a dream”, “ how a dog can become angry”, “offended little bunny”, “angry dog”, “what afandi‟s horse laughed at”, “smart wolves”, “parrot and goose”, “afandi buys a horse” and others). the above list does not include the image of a donkey, nasreddin afandi‟s constant companion, interlocutor and friend. it is impossible and impossible to compare the image of a donkey with any other animal (at least in the works and anecdotes and legends about our sage and joker. let‟s name some of them: “donkey-trader”, “edification for a donkey”, “the load of two donkeys”, “nasreddin afandi and the donkey”, “nasreddin afandi‟s new donkey”, “nasty donkey”, “how allah divided the donkey”, “who is more stubborn?”, “donkey in the position of qazi”, “donkey rector of the mosque”, “tailless donkey”, “a donkey is a simpleton”, “how afandi caught up with a donkey”, “a friend of a donkey”, “how to teach a donkey to read and write” and others. to confirm the above, we present to your attention an analysis of some works from the treasury of khoja nasreddin. the anecdote “the load of two donkeys” is dedicated to resourcefulness and skill, as they say, “….he doesn‟t go to great lengths for words,” that is, it is appropriate to 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us use the ambiguous expression “this is the load of two donkeys,” which also has the main, allegorical meaning: one day the padishah and the crown prince invited nasreddin afandi to go hunting with them. all the noble hunters rode on good horses, only afandi trudged on foot. the day was hot. the padishah and his son took off their heavy gold-woven robes and put them on afandi's shoulders.  how are you, afandi? – the padishah joked. – isn‟t it true that you carry the full load of a donkey on your shoulders? nasreddin afandi replied: “no, great padishah, this is the load of two donkeys!” the same play on polysemantic words surrounds the short story “how allah divided the donkey,” where the word head is used to mean stupid (donkey‟s head). the safety meaning for khoja nasreddin is “head, leader” nasreddin afandi had pain and swelling in one of his ears. when he came to the kazii on some business, he greeted him with the words:  ah, afandi, welcome! what's wrong with your ear? did you take it from a donkey? “yours, it‟s true,” afandi answered him. “when allah divided the donkey, its head went to you and its ears to me.” they say that there is no creature in the world more stubborn than a donkey, but the case of nasreddin afandi proves the opposite, that is, a donkey is nothing compared to people, as evidenced by the story “who is more stubborn?” the problem is that neither afandi nor his wife wanted to feed the donkey. “then they agreed: whoever breaks the silence and speaks first will feed the donkey. night has come. afandi sat wrapped in a blanket and was silent. thieves climbed into the yard through the fence and began to untie the donkey. afandi was silent. the thieves calmly took away the donkey, but afandi remained silent.” there is a saying in the uzbek language: “burgaga achchik kilib kurpa kuidirmok” (getting angry at a flea, burn the blanket). so who is more stubborn? this is already a rhetorical question. many anecdotes about khoja nasreddin have several versions of their presentation. despite this, the main plot remains the same, which includes the legend of afandi's donkey "the tailless ass". their differences lie in the beginning, that is, in one version it is said that “one day nasreddin afandi decided to sell his donkey at the bukhara cattle market. the road to the market passed through thorny thickets, and so that the donkey‟s tail would not get dirty, he cut it off and put it in the khurjun.” the text of this version suggests that khoja nasreddin lived somewhere near bukhara and the place of his incidents was a cattle market. and, in the second one these details are missing. compare: “nasreddin afandi decided to sell his donkey. he cleaned him thoroughly and took him to the market. the road was dirty, and afandi, so that the donkey‟s tail would not get dirty, cut it off and put it in the khurjun.” the value of these two anecdotes lies in the fact that one statement, used at the conclusion of the text, turned into a stable combination (phraseological unit) “dumi khurzhunda”. this expression is used when someone, trying to do good, spoils it. friendly words, “do a disservice.” there are many stories, fairy tales, legends, parables, fables, stories and fables about the cheerful, carefree, resourceful and fearless, naive sage khoja nasreddin afandi. of the above genres of folklore, fables occupy a special place. although the fables about nasreddin afandi differ in appearance, composition and characters from the usual traditional fables of aesop and krylov, in essence they are the same. they can also highlight instructive morality and ridicule of 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us vices. interpreting the moral of the fable by i.a. krylov‟s “the wolf and the lamb” we can say: “the simpleton khoja nasreddin is an example for you... nasreddin afandi lost his donkey. the neighbors then told him:  i heard that your donkey in such and such a city was appointed kaziy!  this cannot be! – afandi was surprised. my donkey is a simpleton. he is not capable of deceiving people and accepting bribes.” the moral of the story is that simple, kind, honest people are not capable of deceiving and receiving bribes. in many tales and fables about afandi, the donkey acts as a “lifesaver.” everything that he cannot express, he conveys in the name of a donkey, that is, the donkey speaks for him the vices and shortcomings of the kazi and other rulers, as discussed in the fable: “the donkey‟s friend” nasreddin afandi arrived on a donkey to the city cathedral. seeing afandi, he exclaimed:  you both came to me!  afandi replied:  yes, my donkey pestered me: take me to one of my friends! so i decided to bring him to you...... in many stories about khoja nasreddin afandi we come across the image of a cow, among which “excellent cow” stands out. the main thing here is not that afandi wanted to sell the cow, but about the skill of the brokers (businessmen who help sell cattle at the market). there are several versions of this story. these are “excellent cow” and “how an old man sold a cow” by s. mikhalkov. they differ only in vocabulary, word play and the ability to use expression like modern commercials, promising. an example of this is the broker‟s speech: “what a great cow!” who needs a great cow? look at the udders, look at the horns! she‟s a quiet cow, but she gives enough milk to feed an entire neighborhood!.....” in fact, she gave little milk, and besides, she turned out to be aggressive, butting and kicking. knowing these whims of a cow, khoja nasreddin, inspired by the broker‟s praise, says: “how come i didn‟t know these qualities of my cow? – afandi thought. – where can i find a second one? i won‟t sell!” he ran to the broker and, tearing the rope out of his hands, took the cow home. the vocabulary of the second story is even more beautiful. compare: the old man looked at his cow:  why am i, burenka, selling you?  i won‟t sell my cow to anyone  you need such a beast yourself. the fable “the imam‟s cow” has an educational meaning, where we are talking about pockets of vices generated by elders, often parents, who take advantage of their positions. apparently, this is why khoja nasreddin says to his wife: “beat the owner of the cow, then his cow will no longer go into someone else‟s field!” here is the text of the tiny fable: “the imam‟s cow wandered into nasreddin afandi‟s field. his wife chased after her with a stick in her hands, but at that moment the imam himself came running. then afandi shouted to his wife: “beat the owner of the cow, then his cow won‟t go into someone else‟s field again!” 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us we must give credit to khoja nasreddin, who turns into a simple person, especially one who does not understand simple things, how he justifies his theft. in this case, the cows of adam's time: “nasreddin afandi, who had bought vegetables for the winter, needed a hole, and he began to dig it in the corner of his yard. with a ketmen he dug a hole into the neighbor's barn. looking into it, afandi suddenly saw many cows.  o allah! said afandi, what do i see! what a joy! he ran to his wife shouting:  wife! you are owed!  for what? asked the wife.  dug to a cave that is still full of live cows left over from the time of adam! let's go, i'll show you! – afandi answered her. the study of folklore works of the people about the great sage khoja nasreddin afandi shows that these creations of oral folk art have not yet been studied and researched at the proper level. we think, no, we are sure that the younger generation of scientists will certainly take up this area of scientific work. references: 1. «необычайные приключения насреддина афанди» государственное издательство художественной литературы узсср 1959 год. 2. «анекдоты о насреддине афанди» ташкент изд. «юлдуз» 1983 год 3. «анекдоты о ходже насреддине» харьков изд. «фолио» 2009 год 4. «насреддин афанди – шутник и острослов востока» интернет. википедия. 5. shoira, b. (2024). этнокультурная составляющая этнопедагогической направленности дошкольного образования. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 45(45). 6. shoira, b. (2023). с.н.иванов – как поэт-переводчик восточной поэзии. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 28(28) 7. shoira, b. (2024). pirls – один из современных направлений развития грамотности и речи школьника. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 45(45). 8. фазылова, н. с., & бабаева, ш. б. (2021). методика работы над словарем на уроках русского языка в младших классах. scientific progress, 2(6), 1052-1058. 9. узакова, а. б., рохатова, з. и., & бабаева, ш. б. (2021). развитие активной русской речи учащихся начальных классов узбекских школ. 10. алимова, а. н., & бабаева, ш. б. (2021). социальная реальность современного обучения с использованием информационных технологий. in наука, образование, общество: актуальные вопросы, достижения и инновации (pp. 134-136). 11. бабаева, ш. б. (2022). моделирование в педагогических исследованиях синтаксических понятий родного (русского) языка. scientific impulse, 1(5), 617-623. 12. shoira, b. (2023). моделирование в педагогических исследованиях синтаксических понятий родного (русского) языка. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 29(29). 13. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 14. ярашов, м. д., & хамдамова, х. (2022). методика работы над речью учащихся в начальных классах. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 138-143. 15. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 16. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang „ich sinflarda ta‟lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 17. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o‟rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 18. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 19. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 20. yunus, y., & yarashov, m. (2023). effectiveness of experimental work aimed at forming general labor skills in students based on gender equality and differences. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 420, p. 06011). edp sciences. 126 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 numerical methods in mathematics and informatics: bridging theory and computation turganbaeva ramiza tolibaevna, qa’llibekov u’mitbek o’serbay uli, abatbaev rasulbek nietbay uli, mnajatdinov atabek rafatdin uli a student of the faculty of mathematics of ksu abstract: numerical methods play a pivotal role in the fields of mathematics and informatics by providing powerful tools for solving complex mathematical problems that are often intractable through analytical methods alone. this article explores the fundamental concepts, applications, and advancements in numerical methods, highlighting their significance in both theoretical research and practical computational tasks. we delve into various numerical techniques, their underlying principles, and their applications across different branches of mathematics and informatics. keywords: numerical methods, mathematics, informatics, root finding, optimization, numerical integration, numerical differentiation, differential equations, linear algebra, machine learning, simulation, modeling. numerical methods encompass a wide range of techniques used to approximate solutions to mathematical problems, where analytical solutions may be elusive or computationally expensive. these methods bridge the gap between mathematical theory and computational implementation, enabling researchers and practitioners to tackle problems that arise in diverse fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and computer science. numerical methods for root finding, such as the newton-raphson method and the bisection method, play a crucial role in finding solutions to equations that cannot be solved explicitly. optimization techniques like gradient descent and simulated annealing are fundamental tools for finding optimal solutions in a wide range of applications. numerical integration techniques, including the trapezoidal rule and simpson's rule, enable the approximation of definite integrals. these methods are essential for computing areas, volumes, and probabilities in various mathematical and scientific contexts. similarly, numerical differentiation methods help estimate derivatives of functions, which are vital in fields like physics and engineering. [1.82] numerical methods offer robust solutions to ordinary and partial differential equations. techniques like euler's method and the finite difference method provide approximations to differential equations that describe real-world phenomena, from fluid dynamics to population growth. in linear algebra, numerical methods are indispensable for solving large systems of linear equations and eigenvalue problems. methods like gaussian elimination and iterative techniques such as the jacobi method and gauss-seidel method underpin simulations and modeling in engineering and physics. numerical methods are at the core of machine learning algorithms, facilitating the optimization of model parameters through techniques like stochastic 127 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gradient descent. these methods enable the training of complex models that underpin modern applications such as image recognition and natural language processing. numerical simulations play a critical role in informatics, allowing researchers to model and study complex systems that cannot be easily analyzed analytically. monte carlo simulations, finite element analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations are just a few examples of how numerical methods drive advancements in informatics. advancements in high-performance computing have revolutionized numerical methods, enabling the solution of even more complex problems with unprecedented accuracy and speed. parallel computing, distributed computing, and gpu acceleration have significantly expanded the scope of numerical simulations and computations. the integration of machine learning techniques with traditional numerical methods has led to the development of hybrid approaches. neural networks and deep learning are being used to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of numerical methods, particularly in solving partial differential equations and optimization problems. [2.96] numerical methods form the backbone of mathematical and informatics research, providing the means to solve intricate problems and drive innovation across various domains. as computational power and techniques continue to evolve, numerical methods will remain an essential tool for advancing both theoretical understanding and practical applications in mathematics and informatics. by embracing the synergy between theory and computation, researchers and practitioners can unlock new avenues for discovery and problem-solving. while numerical methods have proven to be invaluable, they are not without their challenges. some numerical algorithms may exhibit convergence issues, numerical instability, or sensitivity to initial conditions. these challenges underscore the importance of careful analysis, validation, and selection of appropriate methods for specific problems. accurate assessment of errors and uncertainties associated with numerical approximations is crucial for ensuring the reliability of results. methods such as error propagation analysis, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty quantification play a pivotal role in understanding the limitations of numerical solutions and making informed decisions based on them.[3.21] many real-world problems involve multiple scales and physical phenomena, presenting computational challenges that demand sophisticated numerical techniques. hybrid methods that combine different numerical approaches, adaptive mesh refinement, and domain decomposition are being explored to tackle these multi-scale and multi-physics problems effectively. numerical methods are the unsung heroes of modern mathematics and informatics, enabling us to unlock insights from complex mathematical problems and harness the power of computation to address real-world challenges. from simulating the behavior of subatomic particles to training deep neural networks, numerical methods are the driving force behind countless scientific and technological advancements. as we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible in both theoretical research and practical applications, the role of numerical methods will only become more pronounced. by embracing these methods, we embark on a journey of discovery, innovation, and progress that has the potential to reshape the future of mathematics, informatics, and beyond. references: 1. press, w. h., teukolsky, s. a., vetterling, w. t., & flannery, b. p. (2007). numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing (3rd ed.). cambridge university press. 2. burden, r. l., & faires, j. d. (2016). numerical analysis (10th ed.). cengage learning. 3. quarteroni, a., sacco, r., & saleri, f. (2007). numerical mathematics (2nd ed.). springer. 148-153 money laundering concept and international 148 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 money laundering: concept and international organizations aimed at preventing this crime umurzoqov mexroj umar o`g`li ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of uzbekistan university of world economy and diplomacy, graduate student of the faculty of international law abstract: the role of international legal standards in the legalization (money laundering) of income from criminal activity, the main features of this type of crime and the scope of amaï cases aimed at its prevention are threatened. as we know, legalization of income from criminal activity is a type of secondary crime, and we can not imagine this type of crime without offshore ways. in this course of study, various approaches to the definition of the concept of legalization of proceeds from crime analyzed. the collaboration between governments, financial institutions, and international organizations in combating illegal financial activities is explored, emphasizing the escalating significance of stringent controls. keywords: money laundering, international legal standards, criminal activity, offshore ways, information technology (it), cryptocurrencies, basel aml index, global ml/tf risk level, united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc), financial action task force (fatf), predicate crime, europol, interpol, financial intelligence units (fius), egmont group, terrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, corruption, intellectual property infringement, whitecollar crime, predicate crimes, offshore crime, foreign experience. introduction: nowadays, we live in enhanced world of it, and it`s challenging to imagine any type of crime not connected with or facilitated by it. what percentage of money laundering occurs via cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, cirus foundation, terra classic and so on? an insignificant fraction? it is extremely difficult to assess, given that the development of cryptocurrencies also contributes sufficiently to growth of this type of crime. efforts to combat the legalization of income from criminal activities are crucial in the global financial landscape. governments, financial institutions and international organizations are cooperating in the fight against illegal financial activities. true, most people have a clear idea about this type of crime, but these expectations are much higher than we think. the 12th public edition of the basel aml index reveals that the average global ml/tf risk level increased from 5.25 in 2022 to 5.31 in 2023, where 10 is the maximum risk1. money laundering is a global issue which affects economies across the world. it is estimated that up to 5% of global gdp is laundered each year, amounting to $2 trillion. according to a report by the united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc), the bulk of this money, ranging between $200 billion and $500 1basel aml index 2023: action on money laundering more urgent than ever. https://baselgovernance.org/news/basel-aml-index-2023-action-money-laundering-more-urgentever 149 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us billion, is generated from drug-related activities and is circulated through various channels looking for good "laundromats"2. what does it mean money laundering, there many types of references and glossary. first and foremost, it is well known that oxford is defined as follows, that is money laundering processing money acquired illegally (as by theft, drug dealing, etc.) so that it appears to have come from a legitimate source. this may be achieved in various ways, notably by paying the illegal cash into a foreign bank and transferring its equivalent to a bank with a good name in a hard-currency area. another common practice is so-called smurfing. owing largely to the threat from international terrorism, controls on money laundering have become increasingly stringent3. when we look at the official website of the united states government, we can see that following definition: with few exceptions, criminals are motivated by one thing-profit. greed drives the criminal, and the end result is that illegally-gained money must be introduced into the nation's legitimate financial systems. money laundering involves disguising financial assets so they can be used without detection of the illegal activity that produced them. through money laundering, the criminal transforms the monetary proceeds derived from criminal activity into funds with an apparently legal source. this process has devastating social consequences. for one thing, money laundering provides the fuel for drug dealers, terrorists, arms dealers, and other criminals to operate and expand their criminal enterprises. we know that criminals manipulate financial systems in the united states and abroad to further a wide range of illicit activities. left unchecked, money laundering can erode the integrity of our nation's financial institutions4. however, this type of crime is considered difficult to imagine without the fatf organization and it considers that type of crime is predicate crime. first of all, it is recommended to dwell on the concept of legalization of income from criminal activities brought by the fatf organization: "money laundering" is the act by which the proceeds of crime are made to appear legitimate5. from the above terms we can say that, firstly, this type of crime based on secondary crime (such as such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling) and we can not imagine this type of crime without offshore ways. the manipulation of financial systems by criminals poses a threat to the integrity of national and international financial institutions. if left unchecked, money laundering can erode the integrity of a nation's financial infrastructure. the global community recognizes the need for strict controls to counteract this pervasive issue. another interesting point is that persons who commit this crime in most cases have a high iq and operate in state organizations. as we said from definitions, the money laundering has negative effects on economic development. not only money laundering constitutes a serious threat to national economies, but 2 money laundering the world's thirdlargest business with 3-5% of total gdp which accounts to up to 4 trillion usd annually. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/money-launderingworlds-third-largest-business-3-5-pawel-kuskowski 3 oxford reference. money laundering. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100053931 4 an official website of the united states government. glossary. what is money laundering? https://fincen.gov/what-money-laundering 5 the international aml/cft standards. https://apgml.org/aboutus/page.aspx?p=acbf69ba-a694-4db0-b1be-f27172dde9fc 150 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also respective governments. the infiltration and sometimes saturation of dirty money into legitimate financial sectors and nations accounts can threaten economic and political stability. several international organizations play pivotal roles in preventing and combating money laundering. first of all, financial action task force (fatf) is a basic tool which protect to corruption and money laundering in the global landscape. the fatf is a global intergovernmental organization that sets international standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. it conducts assessments of countries' anti-money laundering and counterterrorist financing systems(aml/cft). the financial action task force (on money laundering) (fatf), also known by its french name, groupe d'action financière (gafi), is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the initiative of the g7 to develop policies to combat money laundering and to maintain certain interest6. as david chaikin said that the fatf is the key international organisation that establishes global standards governing money laundering. although the fatf 40 recommendations (r) of money laundering are not legally binding, they have had a powerful influence on national laws, with more than 170 countries agreeing to comply with the fatf r by establishing aml laws and systems7. another international legal organisation is considered united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc). the united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc; french: office des nations unies contre la drogue et le crime) is a united nations office that was established in 1997 as the office for drug control and crime prevention by combining the united nations international drug control program (undcp) and the crime prevention and criminal justice division in the united nations office at vienna, adopting the current name in 2002. the agency's focus is the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs, crime prevention and criminal justice, international terrorism, and political corruption. it is a member of the united nations development group. in 2016–17, it had an estimated biannual budget of us$700 million8. this organisation focuses on assisting member states in the implementation of effective measures to combat money laundering and related offenses. third, international monetary fund (imf) is established on december 27, 1945 and is a major financial agency of the united nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in washington, d.c. it is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability. its stated mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world9. 6 the fatf in the global financial architecture: challenges and implications. international, transnational & comparative law journal. social science research network (ssrn). accessed 4 april 2019. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3362167 7 to cite this document: david chaikin, (2008),"commercial corruption and money laundering: a preliminary analysis", journal of financial crime, vol. 15 iss 3 pp. 269 – 281. p 11; permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13590790810882865 8 from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. united nations office on drugs and crime. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_nations_office_on_drugs_and_crime 9 from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. international monetary fund. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/international_monetary_fund#cite_note-imf-at-a-glance-10 151 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these institutions collaborate with countries to enhance their legal and regulatory frameworks to combat money laundering and promote financial stability. our next organization is not a universal organization like the fatf organization, but rather regional and it is called europol. it, the european union agency for law enforcement cooperation, coordinates efforts among eu member states to combat various forms of organized crime, including money laundering. established in 1998, it is based in the hague, netherlands, and serves as the central hub for coordinating criminal intelligence and supporting the eu's member states in their efforts to combat various forms of serious and organized crime, as well as money laundering10. the latter organization is considered interpol, the organization today known as interpol was founded on 7 september 1923 at the close of a five-day 1923 international police congress in vienna as the international criminal police commission (icpc)11. at first, it is natural for all of us to wonder whether this organization also fights against money laundering. yes, this organization also fights anti money laundering (aml), this organization announced on its official website that it will fight this crime and the main task of this organization is to investigate various types of crimes. interpol facilitates international police cooperation and supports member countries in addressing transnational crimes, including money laundering. david sweet o.c. as he wrote in his " interpol dvi best-practice standards--an overview" scientific work that through the combined efforts of police, support staff, elected committees and working group members that comprise police officers and scientific consultants, interpol has moved international collaboration and cooperation to solve crimes and investigate criminal activities to a new, modern level. the use of technology in investigation, surveillance and intelligence gathering has provided successful prosecutions of offenders and resolved countless outstanding cases, legalization is one of them12. however, interpol provides investigative support, expertise and training to law enforcement worldwide, focusing on three major areas of transnational crime: terrorism, cybercrime and organized crime. its broad mandate covers virtually every kind of crime, including crimes against humanity, child pornography, drug trafficking and production, political corruption, intellectual property infringement, as well as white-collar crime13. financial intelligence units, also known as (fius) is also the basic organisation in the world. the concept of the fius started to gain traction in the early 1990s, as the need for an authority to receive, evaluate, and share financial information related to financial crime became apparent. today, many countries have established their own fiu, each with its own unique responsibilities and functions. many countries have established fius to gather, analyze, and disseminate financial intelligence to combat money laundering and related offenses. financial crime is a growing concern for governments and financial institutions worldwide, as we mentioned above with millions of dollars being laundered each year through various illegal activities. to address this issue, countries have implemented anti-money laundering (aml) regulations and regular risk assessments that businesses must comply with. one of the key measures taken by many countries 10 from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. europol. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/europol; 11 mathieu deflem, policing world society: historical foundations of international police cooperation (oxford university press, 2004) p. 125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interpol#cite_note-5. 12 interpol dvi best-practice standards--an overview. david sweet o.c.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20303223/ 13 sweet o.c., david (september 2010). "interpol dvi best-practice standards—an overview". forensic science international. 201 (1–3): 18–21. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.031. pmid 20303223. proquest 1034458337. 152 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is the establishment of a financial intelligence unit (fiu). its main responsibilities include gathering, analyzing and sharing data about questionable financial activity and transactions. in addition, the fiu's primary goals are as follows: to recognize monetary exchanges and acts those are connected to illegal activities including money laundering, tax evasion, and corruption. to document suspicious activity, compile suspicious transaction reports (strs), and offer analysis of the data gathered. to ascertain and comprehend the sources of financing for criminal and terrorist groups as well as their operational strategies. exchanging economic and financial information with other nations via intergovernmental networks like the egmont group in order to improve international collaboration in the fight against financial crimes. the last organization is that the basel committee initially named the committee on banking regulations and supervisory practices was established by the central bank governors of the group of ten countries at the end of 1974 in the aftermath of serious disturbances in international currency and banking markets (notably the failure of bankhaus herstatt in west germany). the committee, headquartered at the bank for international settlements in basel, was established to enhance financial stability by improving the quality of banking supervision worldwide, and to serve as a forum for regular cooperation between its member countries on banking supervisory matters. the committee's first meeting took place in february 1975, and meetings have been held regularly three or four times a year since. since its inception, the basel committee has expanded its membership from the g10 to 45 institutions from 28 jurisdictions. starting with the basel concordat, first issued in 1975 and revised several times since, the committee has established a series of international standards for bank regulation, most notably its landmark publications of the accords on capital adequacy which are commonly known as basel i, basel ii and, most recently, basel iii14. this committee develops global standards for banking supervision, including measures to address money laundering risks within the banking sector. taking into account all of the above, in the ever-evolving panorama of global finance, the fight against the legalization of income from criminal activities stands as a paramount challenge. the staggering estimated from 2% to 5% of the world's gdp is laundered annually accentuates the critical need for proactive measures. recognizing the deleterious effects of money laundering on economic development and political stability, the international community has entrusted key organizations such as the financial action task force (fatf), the united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc), and the international monetary fund (imf) with the responsibility of setting and enforcing robust standards. while significant progress has been made in establishing an international framework, challenges remain in implementation, technology integration, and addressing emerging threats. continuous research and collaboration which we mentioned above are essential to adapt aml efforts to the ever-evolving financial landscape. we should remember that the prevention method mentioned in the recommendations of many international organizations, especially the fatf organization, is to strengthen knc, cdd and international cooperation to prevent this type of crime. also, based on the above indicators, it is considered to strengthen the it level of the representatives of the field fighting this type of crime 14 history of the basel committee. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm 153 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. basel aml index 2023: action on money laundering more urgent than ever. https://baselgovernance.org/news/basel-aml-index-2023-action-money-laundering-moreurgent-ever 2. money laundering the world's thirdlargest business with 3-5% of total gdp which accounts to up to 4 trillion usd annually. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/moneylaundering-worlds-third-largest-business-3-5-pawel-kuskowski 3. oxford reference. money laundering. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100053931 4. an official website of the united states government. glossary. what is money laundering? https://fincen.gov/what-money-laundering 5. the international aml/cft standards. https://apgml.org/aboutus/page.aspx?p=acbf69ba-a694-4db0-b1be-f27172dde9fc 6. the fatf in the global financial architecture: challenges and implications. international, transnational & comparative law journal. social science research network (ssrn). accessed 4 april 2019. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3362167 7. to cite this document: david chaikin, (2008),"commercial corruption and money laundering: a preliminary analysis", journal of financial crime, vol. 15 iss 3 pp. 269 – 281. p 11; permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13590790810882865 8. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. united nations office on drugs and crime. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_nations_office_on_drugs_and_crime 9. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. international monetary fund. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/international_monetary_fund#cite_note-imf-at-a-glance-10 10. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. europol. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/europol; 11. mathieu deflem, policing world society: historical foundations of international police cooperation (oxford university press, 2004) p. 125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interpol#cite_note-5. 12. interpol dvi best-practice standards--an overview. david sweet o.c.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20303223/ 13. sweet o.c., david (september 2010). "interpol dvi best-practice standards—an overview". forensic science international. 201 (1–3): 18–21. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.031. pmid 20303223. proquest 1034458337. 14. history of the basel committee. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm 42 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 labor management methods azamjonov ulug‘bek usmonjon o‘g‘li senior teacher of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan abdullayev qodir rustam o‘g‘li, axmadov doniyor davlat o‘g‘li cadet of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: the concept of labor management, features, functions, social nature and types of labor management are mentioned in this article. in addition, the types and methods of labor management are explained. levels of labor management are highlighted. the republic of uzbekistan has been a member of the international labor organization since 1992, and until today, 14 conventions of this organization have been ratified. keywords: labor management, objective necessity of labor management, socio-labor field, labor management tasks, labor management functions, labor management process, types of labor management, intermediate types of labor management, directive methods of labor management, indirect methods. labor management is one of the types of management relations. the objective necessity of labor management arose during the development of joint labor and its cooperation. it became clear that the purpose, content and functions of management change with the development of productive forces and labor itself, and are primarily determined by the social structure of labor specific to each type of production. direct labor activity, its organization, conditions and results, labor force restoration, social labor relations are the objects of labor management. we consider it expedient to make a comparative analysis of these categories in terms of both the content and the theoretical basis in terms of research goals and objectives. 1 labor, as a component (factor) of production, interests the production organizer and production manager equally with other factors capital, land, main means of production, raw materials, semi-finished products, and so on. but labor differs significantly from other factors of production: it has civil rights and freedoms, ideas about one's own interests and justice, the right to unite for self-defense in relation to the employer, and so on. a hired worker sells his labor capacity, undertakes to work under the conditions established by law or mentioned in the contract. in the labor market, in production, and after work, a person remains whole. it is necessary to take into account this in management practice. it is necessary to manage not the combination of the labor factor with other factors, but the whole set of interactions of living people with society and each other, which arise due to labor relations. 1 usmonjon o‟g, a. u. b., & nodirjonovich, s. s. (2021). the economic mechanisms and implementation of small business and private entrepreneurship. academicia globe: inderscience research, 2(05), 427-431. 43 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the framework of processes and relations closely connected with labor creates social-labor relations. in the implementation of socio-economic processes and relations, if priority is given to the implementation of labor-related conditions (organization, payment, discipline, labor ethics, formation of labor teams), such a field can be called a social labor field. when a person experiences these feelings, he evaluates other people's behavior or mental characteristics and his own behavior based on a certain morality, that is, a set of social morals and norms. 2 the field of social work also consists of a set of concrete social problems that shape, sustain and change the social status of employees, and it is necessary to manage it. the tasks of labor management include, first of all, increasing the efficiency and quality of work, ensuring the balance and proportionality of economic development, reducing socio-economic differences in labor, creating conditions for all-round development of a person, increasing their role in the development and management of labor teams. . labor management functions are actions performed against management objects to achieve set goals and tasks, through which the labor management mechanism is activated. the process of labor management can be implemented only if there is a real system that solves management tasks. this system can be viewed from two sides. on the one hand, it is a set of management relations in the field of labor. in this case, the labor management system will have the functions of managing employees, managing the organizational provision of labor activities, managing labor productivity and quality, managing interest in work and encouraging work, and managing social labor relations. on the other hand, the special services that make up the labor management system, the labor and salary department, the labor organization department, the personnel department, and the personnel management service are links of the institutional form of labor management. social nature and types of labor management labor has always been a social process by its nature. and any social work requires specific organization and order. someone sets goals for employees, distributes tasks, monitors their performance, motivates people to work in any case, should coordinate their actions. the nature of labor management, its methods and tools cannot remain constant. ultimately, they are determined by the level of development of production itself and its social form. in western literature, the development stages of labor management are connected with the works of f. taylor, e. mayo, r. likert and others. some researchers propose to distinguish between artisanal, technocratic and innovative types of labor management, which correspond to industrialized and scientific-technical options before the industrialization of economic growth. division into such periods has serious grounds. team mood-a complex of emotions that arise in team members in relation to this or that phenomenon, team mood has a huge power of influence, which is the motive for the behavior and activity of military personnel. while some types of team mood (passion, confidence in success, high spirits) are factors in its success, others (bad mood, distrust of one's own strength, boredom, sadness and dissatisfaction), on the contrary, reduce the capabilities of the team. 3 craftsmanship consisted of a simple form of labor management. disrupting the scope of the workshop structure, the manufactory combined previously independent professions and directly introduced the division of labor into the production process. with this, on the one hand, there was a need to hierarchically limit the workers themselves, and on the other hand, to subordinate 2 baxodir o„g, g. i. f., & abdullo o„g„li, m. i. (2022). socio-psychological characteristics of personality emotion. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 112. 3 said o„g„li, s. s., & abdurasul o„g„li, r. s. (2022). psychological view of the military community. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 5-12. 44 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the previously independent worker to a single team and discipline. in those conditions, the tasks of labor management consisted of organizing the labor, supporting the wage system and work order, monitoring and controlling the performers. with the transition to machine production, there were qualitative changes in the forms of generalization of labor. technocratic management of labor was formed. it is based on the principles of greater division of labor and specialization of employees, separation of managerial labor from organizing executive labor, targeting of strict forms of economic coercion. in the course of evolution, this type has undergone great changes under the influence of technical progress, advances in the system of labor relations, state policy, and the research of scientists and production organizers. at first, the employees were engaged only in the issues of recruitment of services, and since the 20s, in the issues of organization and accounting of labor, motivation of employees and improvement of their qualifications. in the enterprises of the leading firms, the activities on rational use of labor, analysis of work methods and ways with determination of their appropriate combination, control of working hours, labor consumption, and application of the wage system are more and more widely implemented. these innovations allowed entrepreneurs to speed up their work. the works of f. taylor, g. emerson, f. gilbert and others were the theoretical basis of this activity. there are a number of effective ways to manage conflict situations. they can be divided into the following large group. 4 f.taylor developed such methods according to which each type of work, timing for each operation and careful study of the worker's movements are determined by the single, most reasonable way to perform the given work. all errors, useless actions have been eliminated, the most perfect ones have been selected. according to the famous french physicist le chatelier, it consisted of mathematics applied to the organization of work in industry. economic coercion was used against highly productive labor:  a separate system of employee wages (increased tariff rates and evaluations for those who fulfill and exceed the norm; for those who do not a reduction of rates by 20-30%, fines);  creation of conditions that help the fulfillment and improvement of tasks to a greater extent: providing detailed guidance, planning work to the smallest detail, providing special tools, accounting and control. average labor productivity in enterprises using f.taylor's system has doubled in three years. in the first thirty years, this system was widespread enough that companies in almost all highly developed countries used it. f.taylor developed the success of the production of his system in conditions that primarily depend on the employee himself and his physical strength. in the first situation, the psychological properties of the subject's behavior appear as the initial and final conditions of the explanation, and in the second external and operational conditions. in the first situation, we talk about motives, needs, goals, wishes, interests, etc., and in the second about incentives arising from the situation. sometimes all factors that determine human behavior from the inside are called personality dispositions. accordingly, dispositional and situational motivations are spoken of as internal and external analogs of behavior determination. that is why the desired action of a person is considered as twofold: dispositional and situational determination. 5 4 dilmurod o„g„li, q. b., & usmon o„g„li, m. r. (2022). conflict and stress management. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 1(3), 10-15. 5 diyorbek o„tkir o„g, a. (2022). personal activity and motivation. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 13-22. 45 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the types of labor management can be determined from the criteria of the description of management in society, that is, ultimately, from the description of the social system. labor management in a sustainable developing society will have the same description as production management and management of the whole society. the guarantee of the social stability and stability of the government is in this conformity. the authority in society that determines the description of governance can be democratic or dictatorial. the democratic type of government means the full value civil subject of the majority, and the autocratic type means the appropriation of the rights of the subject by the minority. the absolute type of labor management is total dictatorship. its opposite is the democratic management of labor, its necessary and distinguishing feature is the full development of true multi-subjectivity and its free implementation (in the space of democratically adopted law). in addition to the latest specific types of labor management, there are also intermediate types. an intermediate type of labor management is considered authoritarian, self-directed. the principle methods of exerting managerial influence on the participants of social labor processes are called methods of labor management. work processes are managed in three main ways: 1) the method of the manager influencing the managed and the process managed through them based on direct instructions; 2) the manager's way of influencing the subordinates and the process managed through them through indirect interests; 3) the method of self-management in which the participants of the process make their own decisions and execute them. naturally, there is a connection between the type of labor management and the methods of labor management. it is not expressed in the fact that the dictatorial type of management uses only directive methods, the democratic type uses only indirect methods, and so on. different methods are used for each type of controller. only their ratio and mass combination are different in different types of management and power. examples of directive methods of labor management are any restrictive norms contained in labor laws. the minimum amount of remuneration for labor is determined by law for the duration of the working day, working week, working year, the sum of the duration of non-working work, standards of working conditions, and others. indirect methods allow the worker to choose from different options, to work a little faster or a little slower, to work with more or less frustration, to learn or not to learn best practices, and so on. examples of forms of labor management include:  state forms of labor management;  contractual forms of labor management. state forms of labor management. the state as a subject of labor management appears in the form of legislative, executive and judicial authorities. according to these forms, the managerial influence of the state in the field of social work is resolved through laws, presidential decrees and orders, and government decisions. since there is no special labor court in the republic of uzbekistan, constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal court cases are used in the field of labor management. some types of psychotherapy can help a person learn what defense mechanisms they are using, how effective they are, and how to use less primitive and more effective mechanisms in the future. 6 6 furqat o„g„li, m. t. (2022). the mechanism of psychological protection in a person. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 13-19. 46 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the recognition of the principles and treaties recognized by the norms of international law in the country and giving them the status of a component of the legal system is widely implemented. through this, the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen in the field of social work received the greatest legal protection. labor management involves coordinating legal norms with concrete problems and stages of their solution, clarifying them to the extent necessary and necessary. contractual forms of labor management. a contractual form of labor management occurs when management decisions on social and labor issues are made on the basis of joint actions and agreements of several equal subjects. currently, several types of contractual forms are used in the republic of uzbekistan. we will quote the following from them:  the general agreement between trade unions, employers' associations and the government of the republic of uzbekistan;  sectoral (inter-sectoral) tariff, professional tariff agreements between trade union associations, employers' associations and the ministry of employment and labor relations;  collective agreements between representatives of labor unions (employees) and enterprise administration (employers);  individual labor contracts (contracts) between employees and employers. enterprise administration or local administration, on the one hand, joint or coordinated (agreed) actions of different organizations of workers should be considered as one of the types of labor management contract. such forms are always present in enterprises where trade unions are active. there is a specific basis for the division of group members with "conflict-of-regulation relations" related to the hierarchy within an unregulated group. these are, for example, the time spent in a group, age, gender, place of residence before entering a social organization, etc. in this case, the object of ―relations contrary to the charter” is a person who does not accept the existing hierarchy or does not achieve informal status in the group, allowing him to take an equal position with the rest of the group. 7 contractual forms of labor management can be considered a form of social partnership only in certain cases, that is, in cases where workers and employers have equal power, not labor and capital rights. innovative labor management technology has come to the fore in today's economy. and yet his system is still based on the rationalization of production. it is still widely used today by businesses with repetitive operations. followers of f. taylor in the usa and other countries improved and developed this system. made corrections in some places. they moved from the study of individual production operations to the study of the entire production process and its regulation methods. f. tevlor's closest assistant, g. gant, develops a special schedule, in which each worker could see the results of his salary for any time. the table also shows the progress of the departments and tasks of the production programs temporary relations between them are shown. according to many, this schedule caused a revolution in labor management at that time. it is the basis of operational planning of the production process within the enterprise, as well as the network tables developed later. f. gilbreth, a contemporary of f. taylor, is the inventor of timing. r. wolf, the manager of one 7 olimjon o„g„li, o. o., & shuxrat o„g„li, z. i. (2022). the main features and signs of “relations contrary to the charter”(on the example of russian experience). web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 17-21. 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the american companies, introduced a number of new financial incentives to increase labor productivity and involved workers in solving some management issues. sociologist m. follett dealt with the problem of conflicts in the enterprise and management style. harvard university professor g. münsterberg emphasized that labor productivity depends on psychological factors. he is considered the author of the first test and the first systematic essay on engineering psychology, he introduced a scientific approach to career choice. along with engineers and other production specialists, psychologists were engaged in researching the problem of accident and injury prevention and the effect of surrounding physical conditions lighting, heating, ventilation, etc. on labor productivity. their ideas began to develop in modern science, which is called ergonomics in europe, and social engineering in the usa. strict stratification within the group is associated with the conditions for the existence of closed communities: firstly, the group is faced with the need to solve most of the problems that arise with its resources, and secondly, the group is deprived of the opportunity to redirect. negative emotional stress accumulated from the outside. 8 the principles of "scientific organization of labor" formed in the works of these scientists were the founders of technocratic management of labor for many years. primarily focusing this leadership on the individual employee; introducing a normative approach to labor organization and promotion; organizing work process planning and control; selection and training of employees; are rules on the introduction of division of labor into management activities and the separation of specialized personnel units. technocratic management is highly developed in g.ford plants. thanks to the careful organization of continuous conveyor production, centralization of management and scientific approach to labor, g. ford and his followers in other companies achieved a significant decrease in production costs and an increase in production. at that time, fordism was integrated with the most prestigious technical-economic and social aspects of the technocratic management of labor. in the 1930s and 1940s, the recommendations of industrial psychologists and sociologists such as e. mayo, f. roethlisberger attracted the attention of entrepreneurs. with their help, they tried to improve the services of corporations, motivate employees to increase productivity, improve the social environment in enterprises, and mitigate conflicts between workers and management. at that time, socio-psychological methods did not change the foundations of technocratic management of labor, only its form was different. during this period, the influence of the state on the use of hired labor in western countries increased. one of the main directions is the establishment of general principles of employment and labor relations in the industry. the state regulated the activities of enterprises in the field of labor with the help of legal restrictions. for example, in the 1930s, in the usa, laws were adopted that set the standards of social security, the minimum wage, overtime pay, technical safety and labor protection in a number of industries. these are just a few advantages of the digital economy. the development of the digital economy has a positive effect on our daily life, provides many additional opportunities for the average user, and can also ensure the growth and development of the market. 9 the integrated system of labor management, which forms the basis of technocratic principles and meets the requirements of industrial type of economic development, was created in industrialized countries at the level of large companies in the early 50s. in the 1950s and 1960s, the role of scientific and technical factors increased and technical modernization of production took place. but during this period, not enough attention was paid to 8 ravshanjon o„g, j. r. m., & rustam o„g„li, s. u. (2022). socio-psychological reasons for the origin of “relations contrary to the charter”. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 22-28. 9 usmonjon o„g, a. u. b., & obidjon o„g„li, a. o. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230235. 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the restructuring of labor management. the main action of the management in the field of personnel policy is concentrated around numerous standards and regulatory materials within the firm that regulate the organization of work and payment for it, and the legal provision of labor relations in corporations. at the same time, in the conditions of the acceleration of itt, the technocratic leadership of the workforce was shown to be incompatible with the needs of production. it is reflected in increased alienation of employees, significant decrease in job satisfaction, high dissatisfaction of employees. the negative trends were felt first of all by the corporations that strategically planned the acceleration of itt. the countermeasures taken by them are experiments related to the implementation of methods of "enrichment of work", "expansion of work tasks", "replacement of jobs" intended for individual employees in the field of labor organization and promotion in production. upon completion of the search work, the author analyzed selective publications that touch upon both the problems of conceptualizing the digital economy as a complex socio-economic phenomenon and its differences from other concepts and categories, and applied aspects of the digital economy, including the introduction of appropriate technologies. 10 for example, according to the "labor enrichment" program, employees are given additional powers to make decisions and issues of current activities; strict control measures will be eliminated and self-control of workers will be strengthened, responsibility for the work being performed will increase; different and more complex tasks are introduced that increase interest in work; good "feedback" is provided for each employee with his management; necessary organizational changes are applied. but greater changes in labor management were required. corporations, in fact, are faced with the need to revise the principles of labor management. first of all, it concerned the employee, the reward system and his participation in the management of the corporation. d. mcgregor, a well-known follower of e. mayo, proved in the book "the human side of the enterprise" (1960) that the authoritarian order in production is obsolete. according to him, there are two theories, two different views of man, the employee: "theory x", according to which man is lazy by nature, he should be threatened with bribes, punishments and deprivations, and "theory y" ” people like engaging work, they want independence, participation in decisionmaking, they are happy to show initiative, make discoveries, they need forms of respect, goodwill, and approval. in the light of all these trends, the concepts of "digital economy" and "knowledge economy" are becoming inseparable. science and the new knowledge it produces are the central core on which almost all aspects of the modern economy are "strung", based on the scientific and technological paradigm general principles and standards of development based on innovative sources of growth associated primarily with the use of breakthrough results of fundamental and applied research. this paradigm includes the widespread use of the most modern methods and technologies for research and development, including on a digital basis. 11 it follows from this that it is necessary to abandon petty guardianship, create conditions for the manifestation of creative aspirations and independence, and apply "personal relations" to production. according to d. mcgregor, "theory x" is outdated, managers should take "theory y" as their weapon "human relations" will justify itself. in advanced corporations, the management is rebuilding the work order, taking into account these recommendations and feeling the negative consequences of strict autocratic management of labor, and the "short work week", which envisages the floor independence of the executive in determining the time limits of his work, "previously implements such innovations as "shifted 10 абдуллаева, м. (2020). теоретические аспекты определения, развития цифровой экономики и еѐ зарождение в республике узбекистан. in library, 20(3), 21-27. 11 абдуллаева, м. (2020). дистанционное обучение: мировая практика, достижения, риски, перспективы. in library, 20(4), 231-235. 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us work schedule" and other forms; managers are moving away from graded tariff schedules and increasing the dependence of remuneration on the final results of the work and the company's activity as a whole, implementing "profit-sharing" forms. among the terminological predilections that have developed in science, despite all the imagery of concepts: hidden, underground, informal, illegal economy, the term “shadow economy” still remains popular, which is one of the most significant and relevant topics of our time. 12 the economic excitement of the 70s and 80s and the subsequent transition to a new technological method of production had a strong impact on the process of labor management evolution. in these conditions, the logic of production development has placed on the agenda the issue of deeper restructuring of labor management based on innovative principles. firms cannot take leading positions without dramatically increasing technological and organizational flexibility. but within the framework of the traditional structure of employment, the technocratic organization and promotion of labor, it is impossible to have such adapted production. in front of the management, first of all, the problem is put to the highly qualified workforce, which is agile, mobile, able to make decisions, involved in achieving the general goals of the company. levels of labor management is the level of distribution of powers in solving social labor issues. in this respect, the management of labor is exactly the same as the management of other processes of social and economic life. the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan defines the principles of distribution of powers by levels of management. three levels of labor management are distinguished: international, state and enterprise level. international level of labor management. international labor management is carried out by the international labor organization (ilo). in 1919, it was intended to help establish and maintain social peace and resolve acute socio-economic issues in a gradual and peaceful way. 45 countries took part in the organization of the ilo, currently it has 170 countries, where 98% of the world's population lives. representatives of the government and labor and business organizations from each participating country are included in the ilo. the republic of uzbekistan has been a member of the international labor organization since 1992 and has ratified 14 conventions of this organization to date: 1. convention on forced labor 13.07.1992; 2. convention on the forty-hour work week 13.07.1992; 3. convention on payment for holidays 13.07.1992; 4. convention on freedom of association and protection of the right to organize trade unions 17.06.1948; 5. convention on freedom of association 13.07.1992; 6. convention on equal pay for work performed 13.07.1992; 7. convention on protection of motherhood 13.07.1992; 8. convention on the elimination of forced labor 15.12.1997; 9. convention on discrimination 13.07.1992; 10. convention on employment policy 13.07.1992; 11. convention on workers' representatives 15.12.1997; 12. convention on collective agreements 15.12.1997; 13. convention on minimum age for employment 03.2008; 12 абдуллаева, м. (2021). теневая экономика, еѐ влияние на экономическую систему. in library, 21(4), 86-101. 50 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. convention on prohibition of the worst forms of child labor and taking immediate measures 03.2008. the ilo unites governments, entrepreneurs and workers as equals to develop measures to protect and improve working conditions, ensure full employment and raise living standards, and encourage cooperation between entrepreneurs and workers. composition of the international labor organization: international labor conference; administrative board; international labor bureau; tripartite committees; consisting of regional and special conferences. headquarters in geneva. he was awarded the nobel prize for his work in the promotion of peace (1969). the international labor organization is one of the oldest and largest international organizations. its activities are determined by the ilo charter, which the participating countries must comply with. the goal of the iom is to help achieve material well-being and to ensure the spiritual development of people, regardless of race, religion and gender, and to create the conditions that allow this. in order to achieve this goal, the ilo sets itself the main tasks. the directions of work of the ilo are the development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations for conducting policies in the field of labor and employment, conducting technical cooperation, conducting research on social and labor problems and their print the results. the international labor conference (ilc) is the supreme body of the ilo. it is held once a year and lasts four days. the average number of participants is 2000 people. at the conference, the main directions of work of the ilo will be developed, the problems of the social labor situation of workers in the world of work will be discussed, and decisions will be made regarding conventions and recommendations, as well as specific issues. the administrative council is the executive body of the ilo. it coordinates its activities by holding sessions, which are held three times a year. the council consists of 56 members, including representatives of the government, workers and entrepreneurs. there are 28 representatives of the governments of the member countries of the ilo, 10 of them are permanent. they are elected by experts from among the representatives of the most industrialized countries. the remaining 18 people are re-elected every three years according to regional quotas to ensure equal representation of different countries. the council includes 14 representatives of workers and entrepreneurs from each group. the chairman of the administrative council is elected annually after the conference on the principle of rotation, taking into account the regional affiliation. the council has a 12-member expert group to monitor the implementation of conventions and recommendations. the international labor office (ilo) is the permanent secretariat of the ilo. the central office of the international monetary fund is located in geneva, and the international monetary fund has 40 departments in different countries where it implements its projects. the general director, who is elected by the administrative council for a five-year term, heads the ieo. the composition of the international labor office and its management is permanent, many employees have an open-ended contract. being a permanent body, ieo actually performs the role of a world research and social information center on social work issues. ieo has two institutes: the international institute of labor research and the international center for vocational and technical training. the ministry of innovative development was created, the main the directions of which are: the introduction of innovations in state and public construction; in the sector of the economy; agriculture; social development; system of environmental protection and nature management; initiation, coordination and stimulation introduction of advanced technologies. 13 13 абдуллаева, м. (2021). роль государства в управлении инновационными процессами: международная практика, опыт республики узбекистан. in library, 21(1), 14–17. 51 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regardless of the scale of labor management at the enterprise level and the field of activity, labor management is carried out in every enterprise. in this regard, the difference between enterprises is only the level of significance of management, the completeness of its content, the setting of goals for the achievement of the final results of the activity of this enterprise, and the definition of management objects and functions. the purpose of labor management in the enterprise is to use employees, live and materialized labor as rationally and efficiently as possible, and to pay for labor and spend money on material incentives for labor, together with compliance with the constitutional rights and duties of citizens. organization of labor management in the enterprise depends on objective and subjective factors. the scale of the enterprise, the manufactured product, the complexity of the technological process, the characteristics and type of production, the qualifications of the managers, etc. are included in the objective factors, and the approach of the leaders to labor problems is included in the subjective factors. until recently, management of labor organization in most enterprises of the republic was mainly concentrated in four departments: personnel department, labor organization department, labor and salary department, and technical safety and labor protection department. these services were created differently. they differed from each other in their structure, assigned functions, subordination and number of people. foreign enterprises often have a single human resource management service, which is subordinate to one of the vice presidents of the company. such a service includes various departments, such as recruitment and labor relations, payroll, employee training, etc. labor management at the state level. each country has its own system of state bodies for labor management. the name and structure of these bodies may change from time to time. but any civilized state is concerned with issues of labor, employment and social policy, in particular, working conditions, job and employee classification, inter-class ratios in the budgetary sphere, employment management, relations between employers and employees. develops regulatory documents on the organization of mutual relations. conclusion in conclusion, it is worth saying that labor management is the management of the social and labor sphere, that is, the sphere in which the socio-economic process and relations regarding labor are a priority (regarding the social and production conditions of labor, its implementation, organization, pay payment, discipline, labor ethics, formation and operation of labor teams, etc.). the purpose of labor management in the enterprise is to use employees, live and materialized labor as rationally and efficiently as possible, and to pay for labor and spend money on material incentives for labor, together with compliance with the constitutional rights and duties of citizens. organization of labor management in the enterprise depends on objective and subjective factors. the scale of the enterprise, the manufactured product, the complexity of the technological process, the characteristics and type of production, the qualifications of the managers, etc. are included in the objective factors, and the approach of the leaders to labor problems is included in the subjective factors. innovative labor management is more compatible with the scientific and technical type of economic growth. this management is aimed at ensuring high productivity and quality of work, increasing the creative and organizational activity of employees, using "human resources" skillfully and appropriately, and ensuring the necessary loyalty of the company's workers. innovative labor management is designed for skilled labor, high-quality workforce. the management carries out a differentiated policy of labor resources. 52 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature 1. usmonjon o‟g, a. u. b., & nodirjonovich, s. s. (2021). the economic mechanisms and implementation of small business and private entrepreneurship. academicia globe: inderscience research, 2(05), 427-431. 2. baxodir o„g, g. i. f., & abdullo o„g„li, m. i. (2022). socio-psychological characteristics of personality emotion. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 1-12. 3. usmonjon o„g, a. u. b., & obidjon o„g„li, a. o. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230-235. 4. said o„g„li, s. s., & abdurasul o„g„li, r. s. (2022). psychological view of the military community. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 5-12. 5. абдуллаева, м. (2020). теоретические аспекты определения, развития цифровой экономики и еѐ зарождение в республике узбекистан. in library, 20(3), 21-27. 6. dilmurod o„g„li, q. b., & usmon o„g„li, m. r. (2022). conflict and stress management. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 1(3), 10-15. 7. абдуллаева, м. (2020). дистанционное обучение: мировая практика, достижения, риски, перспективы. in library, 20(4), 231-235. 8. furqat o„g„li, m. t. (2022). the mechanism of psychological protection in a person. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 13-19. 9. абдуллаева, м. (2021). теневая экономика, еѐ влияние на экономическую систему. in library, 21(4), 86-101. 10. diyorbek o„tkir o„g, a. (2022). personal activity and motivation. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 13-22. 11. абдуллаева, м. (2022). introduction of digital technologies into educational processes: theory and practice. in library, 22(1), 133-141. 12. olimjon o„g„li, o. o., & shuxrat o„g„li, z. i. (2022). the main features and signs of “relations contrary to the charter”(on the example of russian experience). web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 17-21. 13. абдуллаева, м. (2020). инновационная экономика республики узбекистан: достижения, проблемы. in library, 20(1), 12–15.4. 14. ravshanjon o„g, j. r. m., & rustam o„g„li, s. u. (2022). socio-psychological reasons for the origin of “relations contrary to the charter”. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 22-28. 15. абдуллаева, м. (2021). роль государства в управлении инновационными процессами: международная практика, опыт республики узбекистан. in library, 21(1), 14–17. 16. oyniso, a. (2023). scientific interpretation of the problem of negotiation in the works of eastern scientists. world of science: journal on modern research methodologies, 2(3), 138148. 17. oyniso, a. (2023). the views of eastern scholars regarding entering into negotiations. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 2(5), 151-156. 18. www.library.ru http://www.library.ru/ 255 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 modern commerce terms semantic functions bekzod qahramonovich akramov french teacher, independent researcher, chair of french philology, bukhara state university, uzbekistan muhidov amirshoh sherzod o`g`li young researcher, student of bukhara state university, uzbekistan abstract: this article is dedicated to the study of terminology at the international level, in addition to providing detailed information about the linguistic field to the scientific community, it describes the evolution of commercial terminology, the progress made to date and was aimed at exploring problematic debates. an important aspect of commercial terminology is that the evolution of terminologies often reflects their origins and traditional expressions. business terminology refers to a complex set of terms and phrases needed to understand common practices in various areas of business operations and trade. sales professionals need a deep understanding of specialized terminology to succeed in their field. the article covers the history and evolution of commercial terminology in science as a field of international economics and linguistics based on research by leading linguists and the national and cultural characteristics of the terms. keywords: term, terminology, term system, trade, commerce, international trade, electronic commerce, incoterms, commercial expressions, globalization. introduction various areas of research in linguistics. in the process of analyzing scientific works related to terminology, one can see that the content of some dissertations expresses the issue of dividing terms into thematic groups, and in some of them this issue is considered in a monographic plan. r. safarova note “the system of lexicology is the stage of development of the word thematic and lexical-semantic into groups, combining the meaning of the structural parts, separate training with is characterized”. [1] methods. terminological systems are researched by dedicated candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, almost as a whole, researching an object of a thematic group or a separate chapter as or something a chapter in the composition of a special study. after all, for sure, the field of terminology when checking the terms of the thematic group determines the important task with read that 's all in accordance with this on the field of dedicated research in most of them the terms of the thematic group given. o. akhmedov candidacy in his dissertation uzbek in the language of tax and customs, the following semantic-thematic conditions are highlighted in groups: 1) tax and customs system (sc) items names expressive conditions; 2) obligations ch names of objects that need to collect expressive conditions; 3) practice sb in the process of functionality of expressive conditions; 256 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4) the system in practice happened to be illegal behavior as a result of the conditions applied. based on the traditional view of commercial terminology. this article is devoted to the study of thematic industry terms. it was considered appropriate to analyze by dividing into groups. commerce, the limitless scope of use of terms creates a number of problems when grouping them. nevertheless, the terms of this field belong to one thematic group based on the commonality of the components of their structural structure and the most active integral semantics in the semantic structure and to different thematic groups based on the most active differential schemes.[2] results. it is known that each as a field of conditions to use the volume of the point of view from the point of view and representing in concepts a generality based on one row thematic into groups we will unite. in our opinion, to the terminology devoted to study, the field of conditions is integral and, according to semantics, the differential of functions based on thematic into groups, divided without classification, to use the volume of the border, a more precise designation makes it possible. this approach was based on the banking-financial structural and semantic features of terms, the use of volume based on large and small thematic in groups of separate criteria for work output: 1. criteria forming affiliation: the form had to be in common, that is, within the structure there is a common component; there were conditions for one thematic to be combined into a group; 2. semantic affiliation criterion: the form did not have something in common, that is, in the structure the same component is not involved, the semantic content of the terms is common symbols based on one thematic group to combine. because the conditions are one in a group, uniting the components of the term, clearly in terms of expression and obvious, apparently worth. also, the conditions of the family tree information also rely on this criterion.[3] there are no conditions for dealers and brokers formed to have in common, which is why, because they are based on the second criterion, they are grouped into: dealer financial resources intermediary in trade; client at the expense and its purpose on, as well as one’s own initiative with one’s own at the expense of the transaction, the performer, the transaction quantity and resources to sell and buy from the exchange rate difference fell from the profit of the reward, the true recipient is the person. broker (broker, commission agent) – financial resources in trade an intermediary (broker); the client to the task in accordance with and at his expense bought and sold to deal done increases. the client has drawn up an agreement on the basis of what you bought and sold, a known one percent in the amount of the reward takes. as you can see, these conditions in the name were never as similarity available, but they were available in semantics and each of them was available for the common financial resources in the trade, the intermediary of the semantic is there. this is the one that, above the terms of finance, the system is thematic into a group of belonging, and mutual synonymy ensures. so the conditions that they are used in accordance with are not limited. this feature of them in semantics is one how much the group belongs to was the semantics of existence as a result of coming out. [4] for example: deflation is expensive. documents to sell currency in order to strengthen, bank interest rates to increase and other ways with an artificial excess money supply in circulation, respectively, to partially receive back. 257 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion. this is the semantic analysis of the term who, if yes, then it was contained the majority of the active semantic is in circulation excess money supply artificial accordingly partially back receive. rule in accordance with this term of deflation sema finance system thematic to the group affiliation provides. however, again one important aspect in the semantic structure of the term valuable documents to sell currency to put strengthen semantic is available, this is the term precious documents thematic group with, bank interest rate increases semantic while its banking thematic group with kinship provides. moreover, this is how the terms existence, precious documents, banking like thematic groups, in fact, financial activity is the fact that this thematic groups finance system in the group is relatively less the matter is that with explained. above for the analysis, drawn in conditions of deflation , while this group belongs to the level of the dominant semantic, providing being brought up, therefore this case, more precisely, the example was this state separately received terms grouping justify the service does in dictionaries alphabet so that given conditions grouping process is known one formula work output requirement sufficient from this comes out, the following formula connection will be: such a general component in the formula, one from the word consists of will, the other number of components is insignificant: foreign exchange market, currency conversion, exchange rate, currency transaction, currency position, currency system, currency transfer ... this is the terms in the structure of the general was the currency component this term they all have a sign of the whole, this word in semantics is expressible international in the ledgers used the currency of the country. this is a component participation doer all terms of precious documents in the group affiliation provides. [5] as a result, the first criterion based on the thematic in the group in the separation of terms composition leader position possession no matter what in the group the merger of the term was contained to the semantics the dependence will be known. according to the second criterion, the classification of the formula is numerically more and colorful: 1. uav (general main semantic), xqs (private additional semantic). in this case, from the conditions of one general semantic and one how many private additions of symbols, a semantic affiliation criterion based on one thematic into a group of unifying terms will be available, a very small part based on this formula is added. 2. uav (general main semantic), uqs (general additional semantic): auditor securities paper emissions financial situation check according to specialist; auction – valuable documents or who bought the goods, the way to organize the sale needs to be done. precious documents thematic to the group regarding the wider considered finance system to the group belonging to the evidence gives abdullaeva a.a. in his dissertation, as already noted, the terms of too many words are one category, as is known one thematic per group concerned with being with one in accordance with another thematic group, even the terminological system of the unit and the general consumption of words with semantic relations (synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy). within a unit, the symbols of their other unit with to the relationship introduction provides and seeing released examples analysis through too this proof let's see can. for example, the terms contained a security, the meaning of the term auditor in the content expressed the financial situation to check in accordance with the specialist directly precious documents for activity to take the value it is worth during the auction until someone increased the path from the sale of precious documents to too made to increase possible means. however, everyone both terms of precious documents in the group belong to the meaning of this term not to be exactly precious papers, this type meaning does not mean c explained. so, this expensive documents in the group belongs to be the most important to require the term of precious paper this is the type value means. 258 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this is it strictly the border of this thematic group of conditions the number is less the quantity as a result of the group is relatively small to be ensures. separately, a note when performing the transition well thematically the group contained terms, use the scale, industry in the areas of activity, the conditions meant the concepts are general or is confidentiality different from each other. the opinion is carried out by the finance system, banking, expensive documents, taxes system, accounting, insurance like the thematic group between rank and relation of communication is available and it is also individually the attention of the owner is a problem. this like classification is not only a science for linguistics, but a field of specialist’s activity for is too important.[6] the work developed criteria based on the commerce and finance system of terms “commercial conditions”, “finance”. system conditions", "banking conditions", "expensive documents conditions", "tax system conditions", "account or conditions", "insurance such as " conditions". thematic groups 1. includes trade and trade intermediation, participation or assistance in the sale of goods and services, entrepreneurial activity in a broad sense, as well as any commercial activity aimed at making a profit. 2. bank financing terminology system is a large thematic one of the groups, finance is a system. for him, the formed affiliation criterion in accordance with the composition of the finance component participation has reached the conditions, and the semantic affiliation criterion in accordance with expanded in the explanation finance functions perform directed activity content available was conditions included. 3. bank work conditions are the following thematic this is a group. for him, the formed affiliation criterion in accordance with the banking component participation reached the conditions, and the semantic affiliation criterion in accordance with the expanded in the explanation in the banks made to be increased transactions, bankers activity content available was the conditions included. 4. dear documents thematic group conditions one by one formed belonging criterion in accordance with classify basis be word currency as a common component note do can semantic belonging criterion in accordance with expanded in explanation money, jewel paper contents available was conditions included 5. s empty system terms commerce and finance terminology system again one thematic of the groups is one tax system in itself territorial budget of associations and no budget funds from items tax and meetings charge task performer, one integrity organize doer one sexual elements general it will go away . this is a group of conditions too higher a certain formed generality and semantic generality of principles based directly or as dominant in its structure or semantics tax semantic participation to achieve. this is necessary strictly to the border in accordance with the divided. 6. account conditions too commerce and finance system from groups one today a day all organization and in institutions financial account books made that increases the account or t (some activities of the accounting, financial planning department in organizations shows. this is the thematic group too above the group conditions subject to legality hopes divided. 7. insurance conditions too commerce and finance terminological layer to him the very special thematic of the groups is one insurance too financial relations at the basis made to increase therefore to him the thematic group as we parted. in addition, this is the division again, one important national basis in our legislation is created by legal documents. classification based on acceptance is currently being done.[7] 259 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion commerce conditions too words like in communication active application, visualization due to general literature language from the warehouse takes place. but from the words of another, from the point of view of the semantics of the subject area, the specificity will be available. therefore, their application is linguistic from the point of view of study, analysis, arrangement, scientific and practical important to have. references: 1. begmatov e. hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tilining leksik qatlamlari. –t.: fan, 1982. 2. hamidulla d. “o’zbek terminologiyasi”. toshkent: yoshlar nashriyot uyi, 2019. 3. qahramonovich, akramov bekzod. "features of tourism terminology in french language." oliy va o „rta maxsus ta‟lim vazirligi farg „ona davlat universiteti (2022): 96. 4. akramov b.q. (2020). osobennosti terminologii turizma vo fransuzkom yazike. http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/download/1616/1057 5. ostonovich o.b., qahramonovich b.a. (2023). étude de l’évolution dans la terminosystème du commerce. international bulletin of engineering and technology. 3(4), 204–208. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7882376 6. akramov, bekzod. "features of tourism terminology in french language." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 3.3 (2021). 7. akramov b.q. (2022). the business terminology such as special terms. educational research in universal sciences, 1(7), 352–360. http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/896 8. marie-claude l’homme, la terminologie. principes et techniques, presses de l’université de montréal, 2004, 278 p. (isbn 978-2-7606-1949-4). 9. qahramonovich, akramov bekzod. "structural-semantic and linguo-cultural features of commercial terminology." international journal of language learning and applied linguistics 2.3 (2023): 103-107. 10. akramov b.q. (2022). features of tourism terminology in french language. http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/download/1615/1054 11. qahramonovich b.a. (2023). structural-semantic and linguo-cultural features of commercial terminology. https://interpublishing.com/index.php/ijllal/article/view/1271/1095 12. akramov b. (2023). study of evolution in the terminosystem of commerce. canadian conference. innovative research in modern education, 1(3). http://aidlix.com/index.php/ca/article/view/841 13. ikromova, lola. "tilshunoslikda freym tushunchasining ifodalanishiga doir ilmiy-nazariy qarashlar." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 3.3 (2021). 14. boltayevna, ikromova lola, n. z. nabiyevna, and muhabbat ixtiyorovna. "the similarities and differences of proverbs with other genres." international journal of psychosocial rehabilitation 24.06 (2020). http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/download/1616/1057 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7882376 http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/896 http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/download/1615/1054 https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijllal/article/view/1271/1095 https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijllal/article/view/1271/1095 http://aidlix.com/index.php/ca/article/view/841 140 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 regulation of finance and financial stability and its significant aspects kurbanov ravshan ulmasovich rayimov maruf abdurashidovich samarkand state architecture and construction university abstract: the article covers the important points about regulation of finance and financial stability in the world economy and its basic aspects. moreover, special factors that influence economy are noted. keywords: social domain, economy functions, efficient financial system, asymmetric, credit ceilings, credit ceilings, banking sector, deposit insurance. introduction an economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. in general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources. a given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. these factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. in other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. the preceding discussion has shown that stability is an essential attribute of an efficient financial system. after many episodes of turmoil in financial markets in both developing and developed countries, there now appears to exist a consensus on the need for prudential regulations in order to attain stability. the theory of finance suggests that because information is imperfect and asymmetric (the borrower knows more about his investment than the lender) and contracts are incomplete (lenders cannot control all aspects of the borrower's behaviour), banks implement their own quantity rationing by imposing credit ceilings, and restrict deposit and loan rates in order to avoid excessive risk-taking. since higher interest rates tend to reduce the average quality of loans through adverse selection (lending to high-risk borrowers willing to pay high interest rates) and moral hazard (inducing "good" borrowers to invest in riskier projects), the expected rate of return net of default will decline once the loan rate has reached a certain level. this implies that even in the absence of prudential regulations, there will be limits to price competition and risk-taking in the banking sector. however, self-restraint cannot always be relied on to prevent financial instability, particularly in developing countries. banks tend to engage in speculative financing and excessive risk-taking provided that failure does not have serious consequences for their shareholders and managers. this happens when they can easily acquire deposit insurance, enjoy implicit or explicit guarantees for bail-out and have easy access to the lender-of-last resort facility, and when sanctions and penalties for failing bank managers are inadequate. this is often the case in 141 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us developing countries where governments are often all too ready to rescue banks in trouble. the moral hazard that results is made worse by the existence of deposit insurance schemes designed to give protection to depositors and attract funds into banks. banks often have to pay very little for the insurance coverage while having all the incentives to raise deposit rates to mobilize funds to invest in highreturn, high-risk, and often speculative projects. furthermore, in developing countries large non-finandal corporations are often able to exert strong influence over banks, causing bank lending to be concentrated on a small number of firms, at the cost of increasing their own vulnerability. corporate distress borrowing and ponzi financing tend to be much more common in developing countries, and these become particularly visible and problematic during episodes of financial .liberalization. the intense competition that banks in many developing countries face from unregulated financial markets can also lead to higher interest rates and greater risk-taking. evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that a judicious combination of effective prudential and protective regulations is necessary to prevent financial instability. in many developing countries, however, regulations restricting excessive risk-taking and/or covering such risks are absent. in some countries government restrictions on lending to a single firm and the acquisition of real estate or shares in non-financial corporations are strict but not implemented. legal provisions against bad assets are either absent or ignored, and capital requirements are inadequate, non-existent or unimplemented. there is widespread noncompliance even with legal reserve requirements, not always because they are especially high, but because the monetary authorities are unable to impose sufficient penalties. however, prudential regulations, while necessary, may not always be sufficient to prevent financial instability. with the freeing of deposit rates, considerable competition can build up between the newly deregulated and unregulated financial sectors, giving rise to sharp increases in deposit rates, thereby raising the loan rates and deteriorating the quality of bank assets as high-yield, high-risk lending replaces safer but lower-yielding portfolios. it is not always possible to check this process through prudential regulations on the asset side of banks' balance sheets. pressures can develop to allow banks to enter into new lines of business in order to restore their profitability and viability in the face of higher deposit cost. such pressures will often find favour with the liberalist view underlying interest rate deregulation, and hence result in the relaxation of constraints on types of bank lending and investment. the experience of the united states in the 1980s illustrates how easily such a process can develop. as the fed moved away from targeting interest rates to monetarism in order to reduce inflation and the regulation q ceilings on deposit rates were lifted, banks with long-term portfolios with fixed interest rates (particularly mutual savings banks and savings and loan associations, s&ls) experienced serious difficulties. considerable pressure developed for the introduction of legislation to attract deposits to these institutions (e.g. raising deposit insurance limits) and to allow them to invest in high-yield, highrisk assets. thus, these institutions, and subsequently commercial banks, increasingly financed consumer and credit card loans, high-yield non-investment grade (junk) bonds, leverage buy-outs, real estate acquisition, and development and construction loans. a large amount of debt was accumulated by households and firms while banks acquired high-risk assets. this process ended with the collapse of the s&ls with an estimated cost of about $200 billion, and was replaced by the debt-deflation process already mentioned. stricter capital adequacy requirements of the type recently introduced by bis (unctad, 1992, part two, annex i) could have helped to slow down this process but would probably not have prevented it. as there was simultaneously a speculative bubble in the stock-market, banks would have had no difficulty in raising capital on very favourable terms to cover their high-risk investment, but would have remained exposed to risks on both sides of their balance sheets. indeed, this is exactly what happened in japan where banks can account as capital almost half of accrued but unrealized capital gains on equities and use them to offset potential loan losses. as the stock-market was rising rapidly in the 1980s, banks counted on these gains instead of setting aside reserves against potential losses on high-risk, propertyrelated lending. the subsequent decline in stock prices, together with the fall in property prices, thus created difficulties for banks from both sides of their balance sheets. there are also other 142 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us instances of boom and bust where rapid expansion of some banks through high-risk, high-return lending increased their stock prices sharply and allowed them to raise capital at costs lower than the prudent banks. "in such cases neither public scrutiny of bank balance sheets, nor capital ratios would have prevented the propagation of the crisis". in short, competition among financial institutions can easily result in escalation of interest rates and/or excessive risk-taking either because prudential capital requirements become ineffective or pressures build up to relax controls over bank asset portfolios. such risks are greater in developing countries. this, together with the fact that stability of interest rates and asset prices is essential for an efficient financial system, constitutes a strong case in favour of controlling interest rates as well as bank lending. an effective way of doing this is to impose statutory ceilings on deposit and/or loan rates. such ceilings were widely used in industrial countries until recent years. in japan, for instance, interest rate regulations played a crucial role as a "policy-based framework established throughout the high growth period" (kato et al., 1993, p. 122), and have not yet been abolished totally. again, the recent legislation in the united states regarding the depository institutions (the federal deposit insurance corporation improvement act of 1991, jones and king, 1992) stipulates mandatory restrictions on deposit interest rates for undercapitalized banks in the context of capitalbased policy of prompt corrective action. since undercapitalization is widespread among banks in developing countries, the scope for the application of such restrictions must be much greater. regulation of short-term interest rates through intervention in interbank markets is also essential for attaining greater financial stability and preventing frequent bank failures, particularly when there is considerable maturity mismatching between banks' assets and liabilities. under such conditions, large swings in interest rates can create serious dilemmas for banks. if banks respond to an unexpected increase in market interest rates by raising deposit rates, their profits can be sharply reduced and their solvency threatened. if they do not, or if they are prevented from doing so by deposit ceilings, they may suffer a considerable deposit drain. banks can respond to increased swings in short-term rates with variable-rate loans or by shortening the maturities of their assets, as they have indeed done in many countries, but when done on a laige enough scale this simply transfers the interest rate risk onto the borrower and replaces it with greater credit risk. it should be kept in mind that control over interest rates through ceilings and intervention does not eliminate the need for certain types of prudential regulations to reduce financial fragility, i.e. vulnerability to default in the corporate and household sectors (minsky, 1982, 1986; davis, 1993). this is particularly true in developing countries where the level of economic activity is much more variable. when activity is buoyant, banks tend to lend increasingly against assets which carry considerable capital risk, including not only illiquid assets such as property but also securities; they also expand consumer credits and invest directly in securities and property. but when the expansion comes to an end and incomes and asset prices start to fall, the quality of bank assets can deteriorate rapidly, and even set off a debt-deflation process and credit crunch. reducing the fragility of the financial system thus calls for prudential regulations designed to prevent excessive investment and lending with considerable capital risk arising from their susceptibility to changes in the pace of economic activity. in conclusion, it should be noted that efficiency of the financial system crucially depends on the way it is organized, because that influences the nature and the degree of risk, uncertainty and instability. on the other hand, the experience of industrial countries shows that there is no single way of organizing finance. consequently, an important issue in financial reform in developing (and eastern european) countries is what types of financial institutions and markets need to be promoted. references: 1. james, paul; with magee, liam; scerri, andy; steger, manfred b. (2015). urban sustainability in theory and practice: circles of sustainability. london 2. yilmaz akyüz giinther held. finance and the real economy. united nations university/world institute for development economics research. i.s.b.n.: 956 7363 02 143 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us – 1 3. komilova mukammal shavkatovna abdixoliqov jamshid abdixalilovich. "use of marketing strategy as a factor of increasing the competitiveness of construction enterprises." international journal of advanced research in education, technology and management 2.3 (2023). 4. komilova, m. sh. "o’zbekistonda investitsiya salohiyatini oshirish yo’llari." евразийский журнал академических исследований 2.3 (2022): 575-584. 5. 9. sh, komilova m. "raqamli iqtisodiyotning tizimli rivojlanishida boshqaruv uslublarining o’rni." journal of marketing, business and management 1.5 (2022): 53-57. 6. жуманов, ш. н., м. ш. комилова, and а. х. ташимов. "“маркетинг” фанини ўқитишдаги инновациялар ва илғор педагогик технологияларининг aҳамияти." экономика и социум 4-1 (107) (2023): 586-589. 7. komilova, mukammal shavkatovna, and jamshid abdikhalilovich abdikholikov. "the role of employees in ensuring the labor potential of enterprises." academic research in educational sciences 3.11 (2022): 481-484. 8. shavkatovna, komilova mukammal, and shernazarov temurbek tulkinovich. "improvement of activities of housing and utilities in the republic of uzbekistan." world bulletin of management and law 22 (2023): 2527. 9. shavkatovna, komilova mukammal, and abdixoliqov jamshid abdixalilovich. "the role of employees in ensuring the labor potential of enterprises." ijtimoiy fanlarda innovasiya onlayn ilmiy jurnali 2.12 (2022): 135-137. 10. musakulovna, rakhmonova feruza, komilova mukammal shavkatovna, and shernazarov temurbek tulkinovich. "use of marketing concepts in the activity of organizations in the conditions of forming an innovative economy." world economics and finance bulletin 17 (2022): 55-56. 552 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 on the system of tax obligations of enterprises and measures for effective management of their tax opportunities abdusherozov abdullo baxtiyorovich tashkent financial institute «taxes and taxation» specialty teacher аннотация: in the article, at the current stage of economic liberalization and modernization in the republic of uzbekistan, the system of tax obligations of enterprises and measures for effective management of their tax opportunities, as well as their specific features, are scientifically justified. enter currently, in the republic of uzbekistan, ensuring the free activity of business entities and healthy competition, radically reducing the interference of state bodies in their activities, increasing the effectiveness of preventive measures to ensure compliance with tax legislation, and creating a favorable investment environment are important priority tasks for the development of the economy. in order to summarize the first results of the modernization of the tax system in our country, which started in 2018, these aspects showed the need for a deep study of the system of tax obligations of enterprises and measures for effective management of their tax opportunities. within the framework of the policy of the new tax concept in the conditions of economic modernization and liberalization, taking into account the future tasks of the socio-economic development of the country, systematically researching the impact of taxes on the financial and economic activities of enterprises and focusing on "establishing an electronic settlement system based on the digital economy" "opening a wide path to entrepreneurial activity based on free competition", the importance of creating an improved mechanism by coordinating and harmonizing the ratio of "state fiscal goals and the mechanism of effective implementation of tax levers", which is an important basis of financial support for social and economic development, has increased the importance of research in this field. there was a need to strengthen. in order to ensure competition in the economy defined in the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026, to create equal conditions for business entities, to accelerate the full transition to market relations, to increase the competitiveness of the national economy, to sharply increase the volume of private investments, and to further strengthen the confidence of business circles, providing tax and customs benefits measures to improve the regulation of delivery were determined [1]. analysis and results one of the main problems of the theory of taxation is to determine the optimal tax burden for taxpayers. economic agents who are interested in obtaining maximum profit through the rational use 553 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of financial resources of enterprises begin to try to reduce the tax burden as much as possible in their tax obligations. there are mainly two ways: reducing tax obligations due to structural efficiency in economic activity and reducing the tax burden by transferring the tax burden to other economic agents. initially, these issues were reflected in the scientific works of economists a. marshall, p. samuelson, a. pigou. american economist a. laffer in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century determined that tax revenue is related to the tax rate. this correlation effect determined that if the tax rate is up to 50%, the tax revenue will increase, and if it is higher than 50%, the tax revenue will fall to the state budget. among scientists, this relationship is called the laffer curve[2]. it is known that the state, in addition to regulating economic processes through taxes, also has the necessary financial resources to perform its functions. the basis of the state's policy in this direction was the introduction of taxes, creation of parameters of the state budget through tax forecasting, increasing the level of tax flexibility, and improving tax administration. also, corporate tax management is ensured by choosing taxation procedures by corporate structures, adapting to benefits and preferences, assessing the impact of contracts on tax consequences [3]. the tax code and other legal documents do not define the meaning of the concept of "tax factors of effective management of the financial resources of the enterprise" and the procedure for organizing and perfecting the tax budget in the enterprise is not defined. one of the important ways to positively influence the formation of the financial foundations of socio-economic development is to strengthen the positive impact and reduce the negative impact of taxes as an important task of regulating the activities of the enterprise through taxes. any enterprise has the right to use effective methods and ways of accounting for business operations and business operations in accordance with the law in order to reduce its tax obligations to the budget as much as possible (fig. 1). property or economic activity (object of taxation) tax and reporting period tax benefits tax rates tax base constitution of the republic of uzbekistan tax law (tax кодекси) taxation unit taxpayer tax calculation procedure tax declaration procedure tax payment procedure and period tax liability (duty to pay taxes and fees) tax liability 554 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. tax liability formation model this aspect of figure 1 is noteworthy, although the existence of the tax liability of the enterprise is objectively valid within the framework of the current legislation, it still does not allow to assess the scope of the tax liability and the possibilities for its execution. tax planning is manifested at the micro level in the form of a financial plan for fulfilling the tax obligations imposed on them by enterprises, that is, tax payers tax planning. most economist-scientists mistakenly interpret the nature of tax forecasting and planning processes as synonymous categories. some economists[4] interpret the process of tax planning as a component of financial planning aimed at minimizing tax expenses and maximizing the financial result of the enterprise within the framework of tax legislation. here, tax minimization means full use of existing privileges, timely implementation of tax obligations, and reduction of costs due to not paying excessive fines, with a thorough analysis of changes in existing legislation. therefore, in the process of tax planning, it is necessary to minimize costs, to avoid paying taxes, and to evade taxes or different concepts and processes such as underpaying taxes. some literature[5] interprets the tax planning process as a budgeting process in enterprises, while some economists consider the tax budgeting process as a comparative analysis of the income saved due to proper tax planning and the costs associated with the tax planning process. also, in the mentioned literature, as methods of implementation within the enterprise, the formation of the tax policy of the enterprise, the analysis of the economic and legal activity of the enterprise, the replacement of economic relations, the distribution of relations, the delay of tax payments, the direct reduction of tax objects and similar methods are mentioned. however, without completely denying the importance of approaches related to the organizational stages of the tax planning process in enterprises, we would like to present our own scientific approach to its organization and implementation. we explain this through the "special model of tax compliance in enterprises" proposed below. the essence of this model is that it reflects the complex results of the processes related to tax obligations in the enterprise in a mutual sequence. in our opinion, one of the goals can be taken as a basis, such as determining the ability of the enterprise to pay taxes and compulsory payments, analyzing the relationship between the enterprise's tax liability and cash funds, evaluating the factors affecting the fulfillment of the enterprise's tax obligations, or developing ways to minimize the payment of taxes and compulsory payments by the enterprise. it is necessary to improve the principles of taxation in accordance with the new requirements of tax practice, which includes ways to increase the level of compliance with tax discipline in tax collection or increase the share of taxes paid voluntarily by taxpayers, because in the hierarchy of tax relations, it is necessary to ensure the proportionality of the mutual interests of its participants. is done through the balance of mutual interests is achieved as a result of compliance with the basic principles and additional principles that take into account the role of the state in the economy, the characteristics of modern tax bases, and the transaction costs of taxation. in order to increase the level of discretionary payment of taxes, the principles of strengthening tax discipline in the practice of corporate tax planning in order to justify the new content of strengthening tax discipline of enterprises allow for the effectiveness of forecasting tax revenues, the unwavering compliance of tax payers with the rules of their obligation to pay taxes, and increase the collection of taxes. corporate finance management in the republic of uzbekistan and the system of corporate tax management, which is its component, and in the context of the modernization of the tax system, a systematic approach to the scientific research of the execution of tax obligations of the 555 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us enterprise requires studying it at the same time as a set of relations at three levels: at the international level (international standards of the system of the execution of tax obligations of the enterprise, financial taking into account the requirements of international reporting standards and international tax agreements), at the national level (organization of the calculation and analysis of the execution of tax obligations based on national standards, its industry characteristics and the requirements of current tax legislation), at the enterprise level (developing the strategy and tactics of the enterprise's own tax accounting policy) (fig. 2). timely and correct payment of taxes and mandatory payments by legal entities depends, first of all, on the extent to which they maintain tax accounting, which is an important link of tax management. in the correct organization and maintenance of the tax account, the main tasks of the account are determined. the main tasks of tax accounting are:  timely and correct calculation of taxes and mandatory payments by legal entities;  ensuring timely payment of calculated taxes and mandatory payments to the state budget and state target funds;  wide use of tax and compulsory payment benefits. internatioal standrds of the system of execution of corporate tax obligations, international tax agreements figure 2. an improved mechanism for effective management of corporate tax opportunities [6]. summary. 1. new requirements for the modernization of the enterprise's tax obligations enforcement system adaptation of the tax obligations enforcement system to international standards, development of national standards in accordance with the requirements of the market economy. 2. enterprise tax management is a system of activities aimed at calculating, paying, analyzing, preparing and sending reports, and effectively managing these processes, taking into account 556 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tax obligations, their legal and regulatory bases, the system of tax payments, benefits and incentives. 3. the accounting policy of the enterprise is a set of documents with legal force that represents the application of generally accepted regulatory documents, principles and methods in the organization of accounting by the economic entity in accordance with its characteristics[7]. 4. the transformation of the state tax service bodies into a service-oriented office by creating a new image as a business partner and consultant of taxpayers, and the unconditional fulfillment of the purpose of "tax service a reliable partner of honest taxpayers" by each employee is defined as the most important direction. references: 1. roadmap for the implementation of the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 20222026 in 2022 www.lex.uz 2. laffer, arthur b., and jean p. seymour. "the economics of the tax revolt: a reader." (1981). 3. elmirzaev s.e. improving tax relations in corporate finance management. doctor of economics (dsc) dissertation abstract. tashkent 2017. 4. kirov a.v. vliyanie nalogovogo planirovaniya na obespechenie finansovoy ustoychivo¬sti predpriyatiya.finansy i biznes, (2009), #3, p.152-153; lepa r.n., dzyuba b.p. informatsionnoe obespechenie operatsionno nalogovogo plani-rovaniya na predpriyatiyax. nalogi i finansovoe pravo, (2012), no. 3, p. 208. 5. barulin. e. a. medical management. textbook. "finance and statistics", 2015. 78-86 p.; popova, l.v. prognozirovanie i planirovanie v nalogooblozhenii: ucheb.posobie dlya vuzov/ l.v. popova, n.g. varaksa, m.v. vasileva. orel: orelgtu, 2017. – 264 p. 6. zaripov kh. b. ways to assess the impact of taxes on the financial and economic activity of enterprises. doctor of philosophy thesis on economics. date: 2020 7. djamalov kh.n., abdullayev a.b, (2021). development of the methodology of accounting expertise of tax obligations. the american journal of management and economics innovations, 3(05), 151-163. 166 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 constitutional legal basis of the media qudratillayev jaxongir zokirjon o‘g‘li lecturer at tashkent state law university, j.qudratillayev@tsul.uz abstract: this article is devoted to the legal analysis of the legal consequences of unjustified interference with journalistic activities. the article shows that until this period, the law regulating social relations related to unjustified interference in journalistic activities has not been adopted . it is justified that this social relationship cannot be regulated through the analogy of law and law. at the end of the article, it was agreed that the protection of the journalist should be ensured in a special order, and only then, in practice, it is possible to achieve the realization of the freedom of opinion and expression by representatives of mass media, which is necessary for the development of civil society. it was concluded that this freedom is guaranteed to every person, but his practical realization in journalistic activities shows the level of freedom of thought and expression of the whole society. the role of mass media in the life of society is high. we can see this in the allocation of a separate chapter for mass media in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, which has supreme legal power. this chapter consists of only one article, article 81 . this shows that the constitution was adopted based on the principle of aiming for the future goal and development. that is , the constitution should not only aim to regulate existing social relations, it should also define future tasks and include social relations that may arise in the future. that need to be regulated regarding mass media emerge and increase as society develops. in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, relations with mass media are formalized as a separate chapter. mass media and its activities are one of the main factors determining the development of society. it is also the most influential institution in society . the human mind is influenced by mass media. freedom of thought and speech through it; freedom to seek, receive, disseminate or think and express information. therefore, the mass media are related to the rights and freedoms of the individual, which are strengthened by the constitution, and also help in their implementation. we look at the tasks of the media, they are:  formulating separate relevant opinions;  providing information about the happenings;  ensuring pluralism, freedom of speech and thought;  represents the interests of various agencies and political institutions;  protects the rights and freedoms of citizens; 167 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  contributes to the deepening of democratic processes. 1 the constitution stipulates that the mass media shall operate on the basis of the law, and these are: "on publishing activities", "on copyright and related rights", "on guarantees and freedom of information on", "on protection of journalism" and "on mass media", as well as "on information", "on advertising", laws "on protection of state secrets" and other laws. the freedom of mass media is primarily related to the freedom of their employees, that is, journalists. it is inappropriate to talk about the freedom of the mass media without ensuring the freedom of journalistic activities. the law "on protection of journalistic activities" regulates relations related to the activities of journalists. according to article 81 of the constitution, mass media are responsible for the correctness of the information provided by them in the prescribed manner, or in the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on mass media" and they operate in accordance with the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, this law and other legal documents. mass media use the right to search, receive and distribute information and are responsible for the correctness and veracity of the information they publish in accordance with the law." that is, every journalist who distributes information is responsible for the correctness and impartiality of the information he/she disseminates. the code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan defines administrative responsibility for information that includes "defamation", "insult", "distribution of information causing moral or material harm to citizens". in the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, "defamation", "insulting", "promoting war", "inciting national, racial, ethnic or religious enmity", "dissemination of information threatening the constitutional system", criminal liability is established for information intended to "disclose state secrets". obligations of mass media workers are clearly defined, and issues of responsibility are clarified. however, as the law prohibits unjustified interference with media or journalist activities (laws on protection of journalism and mass media), the issue of liability remains open, i.e. , not regulated by a separate sanction. in january 2020, the issue of amendments and additions to the code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan was discussed on the official website for the discussion of draft normative legal documents of the republic of uzbekistan. in particular, according to the expected change: article 197 5 of the code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan stipulated responsibility for interference and obstruction of journalistic activities. that is, interfering with and obstructing journalistic activities, forcing a journalist to distribute or refuse to distribute information, unjustifiably denying accreditation or improperly canceling accreditation, violating a journalist's right to request and receive necessary information, it was envisaged that the journalist's materials and necessary technical means would be sanctioned. but it remained as a project and was not reflected in the legislation. is it impossible to prosecute under general law for unjustified interference with media or journalistic activities ? is the analogy between law and law untenable? is it necessary to define as a separate responsibility and impose a penalty with a sanction? of journalists at the international and national level. 1 constitutional law: textbook. second edition, completed and reprinted. tashkent: legal literature publishing, 2020. -187 pages. 168 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if this protection is not provided, the activities of the factors that contribute to the development of civil society, such as media coverage of conflicts, the role of the media, or journalistic inquiry, will naturally decline. unconditional provision of the constitution and the rule of law and the principles of legality is an important guarantee of the protection of human rights and freedoms. 2 according to article 15 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan , the supremacy of the constitution and laws is unconditionally recognized in the republic of uzbekistan. according to article 16 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan , not a single law or other normative legal document may contradict the norms and rules of the constitution. the supremacy of the constitution is that laws and regulations cannot prevail over the constitution. that is, it is understood that no law or their norms will contradict the constitution. every document to be adopted should ensure the implementation of the constitution and its norms not change. this is established as a constitutional provision, which applies to all the norms contained in the constitution, and is also reflected in the interrelationship of the constitution, laws and by-laws. therefore, the supremacy of the constitution means that the norms and rules of the constitution must be higher than any other laws and regulations. according to article 67 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, mass media are free and work in accordance with the law. they are responsible for the correctness of the information. social relations related to mass media should be regulated on the basis of the constitutional provisions of articles 15-16 of the constitution. article 81 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan stipulates that "mass media are responsible for the correctness of information in accordance with the established procedure." articles 15-16 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan establish the supremacy of the constitution as a constitutional rule. therefore, mass media are inevitably responsible for the correctness of the information they disseminate. specific cases are not specified in our general dictionary or referred to by laws and regulations. see that the principle of the supremacy of the constitution in articles 15-16 of the constitution is being violated in the law "on protection of journalism" . article 15 of the law "on protection of journalism" deals with the issue of journalist's responsibility , including the second part of the law, in which cases the journalist is not responsible. shall not be responsible for disseminating untrue materials in mass media in the following cases :  if this information is obtained from official messages, normative legal documents or information from official statistical reports or through press services of news agencies or state authorities and management bodies, as well as from their official websites;  if this information is contained in the author's performances broadcast without prior recording, or if there is a verbatim reproduction of the performances (shorthand, audio-, video-recording). first of all, the law "on protection of journalism" was not adopted based on the principle of the priority of the constitution. because the laws and regulations should not contradict the constitution, but on the contrary, they are adopted on the basis of the constitution and for its implementation. 2 mirziyoyev sh. the approval of our people is the highest evaluation given to our activities. t.: " uzbekistan", 2018, volume 2, page 39. 169 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it would be appropriate if the first part of article 81 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan is interpreted as follows : " mass media are free and work in accordance with the law." they are responsible for the correctness of the information. except for the cases stipulated by the law." in this case, we refer to the law, the law "on the protection of journalism" or other normative legal documents related to the activities of mass media by the concept of "except for the cases provided for by the law" and, of course, the constitution. we are considered to have not violated the principle of priority . why exactly are we proposing to amend the constitution? "on protection of journalism" in the old version was interpreted as follows: "a journalist is responsible for the truthfulness of the news and materials he prepares and distributes in accordance with the procedure established by law. shall not be responsible for the dissemination of the information stated in the official reports . and freedoms of journalists are guaranteed by the new law . because the journalist is held accountable for a situation beyond his control, i.e., when the journalist uses information in the mass media from official reports, normative legal documents, or from official statistical reports, or from information agencies or state authorities. through press services, as well as information obtained from their official websites, or if it is contained in the author's performances broadcast without prior recording, or if there is a verbatim reproduction of the performances (stenography, audio-, video recording) and this ma if the information does not correspond to the truth, if the journalist is held responsible for it, it certainly does not correspond to the principle of social justice stipulated in the constitution. in conclusion, we can say that: the first part of article 81 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan is interpreted as follows: " the mass media are free and work in accordance with the law." they are responsible for the correctness of the information. except for the cases stipulated by the law." by means of the concept "cases stipulated by the law are excluded" we refer to the law or other normative legal documents related to the activity of mass media . the principle of constitutional primacy is also ensured. list of used literature (regulatory legal documents): 1. konstitutsiyaviy huquq: darslik. to„ldirilgan va qayta nashr qilingan ikkinchi nashr. – toshkent: yuridik adabiyotlar publish, 2020. -400 bet; 2. mirziyoyev sh. xalqimizning roziligi bizning faoliyatimizga berilgan eng oliy bahodir. t.: ”o„zbekiston”, 2018, 2-tom; 3. o„zbekiston respublikasi konstitutsiyasi; 4. o„zbekiston respublikasining ma„muriy javobgarlik to„g„risidagi kodeksi; 5. o„zbekiston respublikasining jinoyat kodeksi; 6. “noshirlik faoliyati to„g„risida”gi qonun; 7. “mualliflik huquqi va turdosh huquqlar to„g„risida”gi qonun; 8. “axborot olish kafolatlari va erkinligi to„g„risida”gi qonun; 9. “jurnalistlik faoliyatini himoya qilish to„g„risida”gi qonun; 10. “ommaviy axborot vositalari to„g„risida”gi qonun; 11. “axborotlashtirish to„g„risida”gi qonun; 12. “reklama to„g„risida”gi qonun; 13. “davlat sirlarini saqlash to„g„risida”gi qonun; 170 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. jakhongir b. criminal liability of minors in some developed countries and implementation of advanced experience in this field to national legislation //tsul legal report. – 2021. – с. 134. 15. threats to judicial independence: reflections on the us experience b kosimov tsul legal report international electronic scientific …, 2020 16. jakhongir, k. (2023). legal guarantees of the use of the internet by individuals. world bulletin of management and law, 18, 33-37. 17. jaxongir, q. (2022). internetdan foydalanish huquqining konstitutsiyaviy huquqiy asoslari. siyosatshunoslik, huquq va xalqaro munosabatlar jurnali, 1(7), 26-30. jaxongir, q., & zokirjon, o. g. l. (2022). 18. mahalliy ijro hokimiyat organlari boshqaruv tizimini isloh etish masalalari. ta’lim fidoyilari, 13, 51-54. 19. hoshim ug„li, m. f. (2023, may). prospects of introduction of privacy protection system in virtual space. in e conference zone (pp. 27-31) 20. fakhriddin, m. (2023). stages of development of the constitutional guarantees of the right to privacy in uzbekistan. world bulletin of management and law, 19, 67-72. 21. fakhriddin, m. (2023). legal mechanisms for ensuring privacy in the use of artificial intelligence. world bulletin of management and law, 25, 9-13. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=7246047847749694066&btni=1&hl=ru 94-98 expression of the concept man in the semantics 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 expression of the concept "man" in the semantics of morphological forms (functional aspect) umidjоn yigitаliyеv associate professor of kokand state pedagogical institute (uzbekistan) shahrukhbek umidjanov, xonzodabegim solijon-zoda students at kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: in this article, on the materialas of the uzbek language, the functional use of some grammatical forms is studied in the associative-grammatical aspect. keywords: grammatical form, functional usage, associative aspect, grammatical aspect, categories of cases, initial case, accusative case. there are a number of grammatical-categorical forms in the morphology of the uzbek language, and we drew attention to the associative-grammatically functional application of some formants of the concordative category in this scientific information. in fact, in uzbek and turkic languages, the meaning of whole and part, gang and part is understood in some forms of agreement. but the application of the form of an exit agreement in place of a receipt does not always give an understanding of the meaning of a part from a whole, a part from a gang. the main meaning of the exit agreement is to indicate the exit point , that is, to indicate from one subject the separation of its fragment from the second or from the same subject the place of the beginning of the action. other meanings of the form of the exit agreement (suffix-dan(from)) are related to this basic meaning. and the main meaning of the form of the adverb agreement is to indicate that two subjects are combined, one affects the other, as the opposite of the grammatical-categorical form of the exodus. the application of the adverb of the adverb of the adverb of the adverb of the adverb in place of the form of the coming agreement is to mean the conjunction of the subject with the subject, but this conjunction is related to the fact that by separating a medium (lens), it is vaqe. if this combination is not expressed, the form of the exit agreement in place of the receipt cannot be used by the tasker. the form of the exit agreement, which is applied in place of the receipt form, has the following characteristics: 1. it means that the action perceived from the transitive verb passed (influenced) to a part of it, before it became full of the whole (or gang). in this case, the object in the grammatical form of the output is a component of the same gang or whole, its share, but the effect of separation will be general in relation to this whole. for example: uydа o‘tirib, g‘ishtdаn, tоshdаn tillа 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us qilаdigаn хоtin kimgа yoqmаydi? (а.qаhhоr). chоydаn quy! (а.qаhhоr). tаnchа ustidа yotgаn pаpirоsdаn оlib... lаmpаdаn tutаtdi (оybеk). 2. the work-action, understood from the transitive verb, passes into some independent fragments of the gang (whole), affects. in these cases, we are talking about that isolated quantity part. for example: bоlаlаrgа hаr хil аdаbiyotlаrdаn o‘qitish kеrаk (а.qаhhоr); ...sаdа rаyhоngа qo‘l urib iskаdi, so‘ngrа shохidаn sindirаyotgаn edi. ...(а.qаhhоr). 3. it is understood from the transitive verb the meaning that the exact role of the action-action effect is a part of the whole. in parallel, the fourth meaning of the coming out in the current turkic languages is expressed, that is, the means of action (person or weapon u.y.) the meaning is understood: pеshоnаsidаn (o‘pdi), оyog‘idаn (yarаlаndi) (from the forehead (kissed), from the leg (wounded)), it is about this whole that goes, through the fragmentary influence of the action, the reality that happened in the whole is emphasized. for example: mirshab took the hand of a traveler ...like a girl slowly stroking her forehead (oybek). in the examples presented, the exit agreement represented an object that took the action under itself, but the action affected only part of it. 4. the action understood from the transitive verb is the effect of the action on the part through the part, on the whole due to that part, is expressed. for example: yo‘lchi юgurib bоrdi. оtning jilоvidаn tоrtdi, аrаvаkаsh g‘ildirаkdаn turtdi (оybеk). (the traveler ran. pulled from the horse's reins, like a stroller pushed from the wheel (oybek)). in this example, the piece wheel, the push relay is part of the wheel, and the whole is the cart itself. 5.the action perceived from the transitive verb is expressed through the part to the whole and, thanks to the whole, its effect on the carrier. for example: yormаt yo‘lchining еng uchidаn tоrtib siltаdi (оybеk).(yormat shudders from the very end of the traveler (oybek)). 6. the transitive verb is administered by-i and-on grammatical forms from (about, on(to‘g‘risidа, хususidа)) to the facilitator of the function. in this case, it is remembered that the sentence goes above the total or certain fragment of the object that has taken its form -dan, and the controlling verb to speak and will be its synonyms (speech verbs u.y.). for example: bоyvаchchа... o‘tirishlаrdаn, ...ziyofаtlаrdаn so‘zlаdi(оybеk); o‘z qilmishingizdаn gаpiring (а.qаhhоr). (spoiled... from the sit-ups,...he spoke of the feasts( oybek); and speak of your deeds) (a. qahhor) with support about the forms of receipt and exit agreement, the tasking devices are seriously different from the above types. in this case, when an object is used in the form of a revenue agreement, it is expressed as a whole, and in the form of an output, in the meaning of a certain part from the totality, from the general, (not from the whole, not from the gang), and when a supporter applies, it is understood that speech belongs to the for example, spoke of shortcomings (what are the shortcomings, what they consist of), spoke of shortcomings (part of what are the shortcomings), talked about shortcomings (all the shortcomings and the fact that the process of these shortcomings is the object of speech): оdаm ̶ pеshоnа ̶ pеshоnаning qismi. it seems that each of these forms acts as a necessary grammatical-semantic tool for satisfying individual methodological-coloring needs, accurately and fluently expressing mutually subtle differences in reality in speech. when a transitive verb controls two words at once, denoting an object and a certain amount of it, depending on what the speaker wants to say, one of this object can be applied in the form of an inflection and the other in the form of an exit agreement, or both in the form of an exit agreement. for example: spoke much more than what they saw in the war (a.qahhor); as he told what he saw in the war. 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in such speech devices, the relationship of equality with the alternation of the order and conic forms of fragments (objects) is also reflected . for example: a wolf ate two of my sheep every day (the story“crooked and straight”) like. that's the saying ...when a wolf applies the manner in which he ate two of my sheep every day, attention will be directed not to the object, but to its quantity. if a word denoting a quantity refers to a pronoun or a slang category, an abstract denotes a quantity, and an emphasis is placed on that word, attention is drawn. but it is not felt that it is in the form of a receipt agreement, which can only be logically authenticated. for example: raise more leaders from women to work (from the newspaper). if the sentence does not contain a designation pronoun, the concept of quantity changes with the exchange of the subject and the form of concord in the word denoting its quantity: ate two sheep (a few sheep), ate two of the sheep (only two sheep). this variation of the concept of quantity depends on the quantity of the subject. when the subject is more than one and the word denoting quantity is applied in the form of an exit agreement, the meaning of the individual effect of the action of the subjects on the objects, the meaning of the passage is realized (we drank half a portion of lagman), and when the object is in the form of an exit when the subject is one, a repetition of the action or the exact amount of the subject can also be expressed, with the alternation of the conciliatory forms in the word denoting the subject and quantity: the traveler drank two spoons from the moshgir (oybek) + drank the moshgirda(uzbek meal) from two spoons (the meaning of drinking in several dishes or in one when the subject is one, the concept of a species can also be expressed, with the use of the word denoting quantity in the form of an exit agreement. for example: i got two kilos of sugar i got two kilos of sugar like. according to the structure of the sentence, when the subject is more than one object with the exchange of the form of proceeds and exits in the fragments, in addition to the meanings of equality and togetherness, such a meaning can be expressed as the fact that the end of the subject does not end. for example: we took 95 tea from two kilos (the tea is over), 95 we took two kilos of tea ( it is not clear if the tea is over). these features in the interchangeability of both forms of conjugation have also been noted in other turkic languages. such constructions, which are narrated in a lively language, are also often found in written literary language and are employed in order to distinguish subtle differences of meaning. when certain transitive verbs (such as understand, perceive, understand, learn) control an object in the forms of the inflection and exit agreement, the meanings of part from the whole, part from the gang are not understood, but when the inflection form is applied, the listener is expressed as figuratively embracing (knowing) reality, and in the form of the exit the word used in the form of a receipt in one of the comparable devices is used in the form of an exit agreement in the other. the verb requires another word in the form of an adverb agreement. that is why in such cases the grammatical indicators from-ni and-do not apply to the task: i recognized your voice from your voice (you), i knew you came from you knew you came (i knew something) like. i read the book from the beginning i read the beginning of the book (i read the head part) so in examples like. in the present language, the verb to forgive in an associative way, when it controls words such as debt, sin, its internal function changes. the forgiveness and the forgiveness are not safe, but historically the end is from the core. examples such as forgiving water and forgiving water have the meaning of leaving the object behind, separating from it, moving away. in examples such as forgiveness of sin and forgiveness of sin, as well as in examples such as leaving behind, moving away, leaving away (there is a meaning from the object, that is, there is a meaning to overcome sin). it is not so difficult to realize that the sin of forgiveness occurred by analogy. 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the combination to forgive water, the meaning of commonality is stronger, that is, the action takes place inside the water, the side of which is directed is unknown, but in the expression forgive water, the meaning of “movement along a certain direction (line) in the form of a straight line” is reflected. the evolutionary change in the level of semantic-functional content of the verb to forgive, development, firstly, reflects in it the process of moving towards abstraction, and secondly, the property of managing the object has also changed, while the meaning of separation, distancing is preserved. the associative realities of such colloquial derivatives are visible not only in the current sources of the uzbek language , but also in historical written works. for example: cake you made a mistake, i forgave. in this example, kechurmak led two objects, objects changed their places, a sin (yazuq) comes in the form of an infallible agreement, a sinner comes in the form of an exit agreement, which, from the point of view of the current language, is outside this rule. thus, in examples such as to forgive water, to forgive water, the meanings of “to separate”, “to move away” are much more weakened, so it must be that the word to forgive only gives that meaning when it is used in the present language together with the verb to pass, to pass water like to pass water. there are meanings such as “to agree”, “to give consent”, “to reconcile” in grammatically shaped derivatives such as to forgive sin. this meaning is also characteristic of such verbs as (right, debt) to forgive property. as you can see, in the examples presented there are no concepts of whole and lump. in cases where two transitive verbs take part in the construction of a sentence and control two objects, the concept of the amount of person and subjects changes with the exchange of forms of the inflection and exit agreement, which we considered above. units formed by one transitive and one non-transitive verb can functionally control both the forms of the inflow and the exit agreement, just as they can control the same object in the form of both an inflow and a departure agreement (a picture carved into a stone is like a picture carved into a stone). the task of such a chogda-ni bilan-dan approaches each other: the river-passed through the river. exceed the wall to go over the wall, break the window to come out breaking through the window to come out. to press the carpet to come from the carpet in examples such as whole and part, not the concepts of gang and part, but of the speaker (person's u.y.) is reflected in the fact that attention is paid to the method of movement at the moment of speech (blocking the road) or instead (blocking the road). the reason for such an application is the fact that the verb unit (not even a compound verb, not two independent verbs in full meaning)is one transitive and one nontransitive. references: 1. https://www.woconf.com/index.php/arims/article/view/33 2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7215024 3. http://innovatus.es/index.php/ejine/article/view/651 4. https://kitobxon.com/kitob/qissasi-rabguziy 5. yigitaliyev u. grammatik shakllar paradigmasi va unda “shaxs” lingvistik zarrasining ifodalanishi. qo‘qon dpi. ilmiy xabarlar. ̶ qo‘qon, 2022. 2-son. –b. 104-107. 6. акрамов, ш. (2021). иккинчи даражали бўлакларнинг валентлик аспектидаги талқини: шукуржон акрамов қўқон давлат педагогика институти доценти. in научно-практическая конференция. 7. tokhtasinovich, a. s., & abdujalilovna, x. s. (2022). impulse and its relationship to the content of the sentence. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 1852-1859. 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. sobirovich, m. i. (2023). about problems of word categorization. gospodarka i innowacje., 33, 286-289. 9. мадраҳимов, и. с. (2023, may). ахборот технологиялари тизими таснифи. in international congress on models and methods in modern investigations (pp. 81-85). 10. xasanov, a. a. (2023). research on linguistic units that implement the national conceptosphere in uzbek linguistics. gospodarka i innowacje., 35, 465-469. 11. hasanov, a. "nazar eshonqul ijodida kinoyaning badiiyuslubiy xususiyatlari." science and innovation 2.special issue 5 (2023): 209-211. 12. yigitаliyеv, u., & umidjanov, s. (2023). the role of the concept" man" in the functional-semantic and associative-verb expression of the forms of the category of cases. jett, 14(5), 18-22. 13. yigitaliyev, u. (2023). linguistic system and the role of component analysis in its research. open access repository, 9(3), 146-149. 14. naimakhan, a., & odinakhan, r. (2022). the skill in using graduation of erkin azam. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 15081510. 15. g’aniyevna, t. s. (2023). lingvopoetic nature of phraseologies. open access repository, 9(3), 176-181. 16. khasanov, a. a., akramov, s. t., & tojiboeva, m. r. (2023). linguistic units that implement the national conceptosphere. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 120126. 460 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 acrobat exercise and sports gimnastika sessions through the power of development method sayfiev hikmatullo xayrullayevich hikmatullosaefiyev@gmail.com osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (asia international university) annotatsiya: this article gimnastik exercise through the body power development and this with in conjunction akrabatik occupation of the occurrence bearing action ketmaketlik the show be on wide coverage is given. key words: sports gymnastics, to tirmashib, rope, balance, gymnastics skamenkasi, gymnastics wall, bench, wood, rope. gymnastics training in the process gymnastics wall and the bench around tirmashib out, from the fence increased jump, the rope tirmashib out will be implied. this exercise is of practical importance has if, smart interaction, power, courage, strength-enhancing, action in the compatibility of the development, gymnastics wall and the bench to tirmashib out while the body on the formation help will. teachers tirmashib to exercise somewhat high in snaryad the implementation into account taking, mashq'ulotning clear up was to achieve. must be. snaryad to approach and from them get away, exercise and, especially, qaddi-body formation effects which the exercise of the execution of both the beginning and the end , the very clarity with understand and viewable should be. tirmashib to exercise children for very difficult accountlwere those of. this is from the teacher constantly, relatively simple exercises to more complex exercises later to go requires is. in this exercise, power, agility, efficiency, durability, dovyuraklik, determination of development, assist in, in space mo’ljalka to take it teaches, vestibulyar hardware function improves. tirmashib the exercise of conduct for children available gimnastik the wall of the range and gimnastik bench number depending on the groups will be. each of a group of a number convoy is tizib and a wall or countertop in the face stands. dastiabki times exercise groups on is carried out. the first group exercise performs, the rest , while the observed is. later, that children have the skills and the necessary certificates to achieve so’ng teacher of exercise that can flow in the form of certain ranges saved without holds. for example, the first child of the bench to the middle reaches , the second child of the workout begin and so on. tirmashib to teach to gymnastics wall, bench, wooden, rope, ladder, horse, bum, pligi and the other from snaryad are used. gymnastics wall tirmashib out. 1. specified balandlikkacha free without up tirmashib out and down the dream work. 2. every a reyka to turn with two feet put out go up, down and not look. 461 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. every reyka to a foot put, down despite up tirmashib out. 4. your legs and to each other , close , put, down despite up tirmashib out and fall. 5. to the right and to the left free tirmashib (foot 3-4in reyka) walk. 6. the right foot and right hand, left foot and left hand with a xii action to, the right and the left chip tirmashib ytlrish. 7. up and down a xii in the method of tirmashib out and fall. this action awal left (right) hand and the left (right) from the feet and then right (left) hand and right (left) from the feet begins. 8. yitto kary and down each xil the method of bilan to tirmashib, earlier the right methodology'l and left leg action not bosha, then left hand and the right feet will take 9. the same 7 8points like, but the legs each have a reyka to put or one-and two reyka in the meantime leaving pressed. 10. optional method in the diagonal in the direction tirmashib out 11. entrusted methods with diagonal direction tirmashib out, tiny and intersection steps with tirmashib walk. 12. gymnastics wall tirmashib walking, 25° to the angle under o'mata the bench to switch and it through fall. 13. gymnastics wall across tirmashib to walk gymnastics bench around tirmashib of various of the methods with add. 14. gymnastics wall side, the side with tirmashib walk. 15. the back with gymnastics wall tirmashib yubrowsing. 16. become tirmashib walk. gymnastics bench tinnashib walk. 1. floor standing gimnastik bench tirmashib walk: knee on crawled, forward and back, the bench from the edge of the hand with hold to walk. 2. the same i-point, but a 10-15° angle under the put on a bench tirmashib walk. 3. the same 2in points as, however, the hands and feet of various xii unit made tirmashib walk. 462 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. gimnastik bench from gimnastik wall tirmashib transition and fall. 5. the same the same the same, but the 30° angle under installed the bench across tirmashib walk. 6. same the way only the legs of different tests: bruised, arranged in the case, of the leg at the end, the whole foot to plaques pressing tirmashib walk. 7. tirmashib of the same types, only to tilt tirmashib walk. the rope to be the oldest and largestrmashi, he 's out children tirmashib out 3 xii the method through better mastered , they can: the initial condition arranged at hand hanging stand. lthe method afeet forward leans , and the rope, knees and feet of the mound with the surrounded is, hands a little buking is; 2the method a at the time of feet arranged, hands buking was and the body up is pulled (hands to get caught not put you should). 3-the method the rope the foot with holding stood, hands with them one by one after another yuqoriroqda the hold. tirmashib out o 'in rgatish from each other 15-20 cm at a distance of situated chain (tugunli) of the rope , use the recommended is. education consistent: the foot node tirab rope hang stand. 2. toss out standing on the rope to hang stand (chayqalgan the scale of 25 % up to). 3. on the rope to hang stand with your legs shift. 4. on the rope to hang stand qo'ljarni shift. 5. hang stand legs chest pull. 6. tugunli rope tirmashib out. 7. feet of the mound with the rope cross to hold. 8. 1-5workout node without the rope in complete. rope the feet with to hold initially in a chair, uloqda (kozyol), horseback (mining) sitting in the position to learn can. ready for a workout: the floor (on a mat) to sit and hands with rope osilish and whom hand finds doing so when he moved, lay osilish position switch. 2. same is the situation stand in osilish to switch. 3. bed hanging position, the floor, the foot with the right (left) step remove. 4. bed hanging in the position to couple a hands, sometimes the second hand you put send. balance to maintain exercises balance to maintain exercise are narrowing the base landing on a body to hold stand and mobility exercises consists. they're the movement and the ratio of development, attention, himself, to keep, the persistence, the persistence to nurturing, in the space next to get to will help. balance to maintain your workout for a good body in the formation of the importance of great. thin and clear action the muscles feeling you will develop. simple balance to maintain their exercise without equipment perform , you can: foot to raise the foot at the tip of the stand, one on foot to stand, set (drawing) a line on a walk, unstable initial cases and others. balance to maintain exercise 463 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us performance for gymnastics bench, gymnastic wood and bum from used. you balance to maintain exercise high links(bum, wood)and carried out if, in the exercise of conduct during security to ensure (carpets put, the earth soften; of the coach and partner of the help) should be. the text knew only that i the place is not, but of snaryad there on the edge , which is to a habitat. mutual help of two parallel located in snaryad a time exercise doing children from the hands to keep a way with, as well as, exercises, and individual in a way fulfilling who is a student, his friend from the hand of i)hose stand the way with is shown. oddiydan complicated looking to go the principles to follow to this earth, especially, is necessary. education consistent: 1. each xil stand review and this stand include hand and gavin movement: heel juftlab, of the leg at the end, a oyoqiarni oldinma-then (lengthwise) put stand. 2. methodologyl's every xii dastiabki tests, during, second feet, gavin move of explaining a foot stand. 3. beigilangan (drawn) line across a walk (in the ground or floor). 4. gymnastics bench hands various cases keep, explaining the move, the ball with, plaques me aone hit (to the bench despite) walk. 5. the floor lying on the wood in the hand of each xii in cases keep, move, explain and walk. 6. the floor lying on the wood in a large ball with, plaques are also in harmony hit walk. 7. height 50 cm up to the wood in the hand of the various cases keep, hands explaining the move, the ball with, the kaft kaft to hit yulish. 8. in the wood a foot in standing second leg ahead of, chip, back signals (picture). 9. in the wood side, the side with ytlrish, a foot in dwell, second leg ahead of, chip, back transfer. 10. gymnastics bench in reyka , and the wood from the place the stand (away with the side with the standing position). 11. gimnastik bench reyka in the wood in a walk .. 12. in wood, gimnastik bench reyka the side the side with during various cases, keep, move, explain ytlrish. 13. the wood in the ball throwing and hold walk (picture). 14. wooden column 25-30 cm at the height of the pull from the rope take a walk. 15 wood in the ball throwing and hold to take and from the rope xatlab walk (picture). 16. wood on to'idirma the ball from passing the walk. 17. in wood on raised foot under chapak accompaniment and your legs bend walk (picture). 18. wood angle put gymnastics bench through out, walk. 19. gymnastics on the bench, in the wood and gymnastics bench on reyka back turned, and back walk. 20. in the wood dwell and a knee, stand to take a walk. 21. in wood, gymnastics bench reyka the things with (wood, bush, argamchi with) walk. 22. in the wood tiny and xii every steps with forward, back, chip walk. 23. in the wood stop and sit , walk, hands on and hands without the help of stand. 24. in wood, gymnastics on the bench for a quick walk, just that leg at the end complete. 25. place stand, gymnastic bench of the device, in the wood, two feet with a jump. 26. gymnastics bench of reyka around the leg at the end ahead, chip, back walk. 27. gymnastics bench reyka in every xii assignments (hands, feet movement, the ball throw and ilish) with a walk. children to particular balance to maintain exercise in teaching complex the compound workout to bajartirib iozim. such exercise, walk, turn, the leg on the end stand, knee stand, hands, feet movements , and others include. 464 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us balance to maintain mashqjarini the following with compounding can be: of his hand, initial incidence change: the hands, gay, legs movement; additional objects (ball, tayoqcha, arg'amchiq, ring) add; action methods (in the heel, the leg of three, tiny and every xii step) change, additional assignments (to hatlab, from the bottom, jump, throw, iii); the base of the landing the narrows; the base of the landing to balandlatib (80 cm up to). summary conclusion in the place that to tell the transition needless tosports with an early age to deal with a person not only physical maturity in reaching but also spiritual, mental and spiritual aspects in the development proud of a big importance has. gymnastics sport type with a deal of girls early yoshdanoq physical quality improvements, health positive effects display with a number , they are also of the body and gavin structure on the formation of an important role to have. also, every way in healthy adults who have reached the girls in the future healthy generation identities find leading role is. that healthy mother healthy child built will be. today's the day to come and in the country the family health strengthening great attention given are: family, health , strengthen, motherhood and childhood protection to make, mothers and children, the quality of medical service use , expand, them specialized and high technology based medical assistance, rendering the action of strategic their expression find that no accident that it is not. gymnastics with a regular deal , while the girls are healthy to be with a number in our country a healthy child into the world is coming to ground creates. healthy to be for also physical education and sports with regular basis deal must. used literature. 1. hikmatullo xayrullayevich. 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(2023). sport gimnastikasi orqali yosh bolalarning harakat ko‘nikmasi rivojlantirish pedagogik muammo sifatida. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 300–306. retrieved from 52. xayrulloyevich, s. h. (2023). sport gimnastika mashg'ulotlarida asosiy harakat qobilyat (fms), postural (muvozanat) nazorat va o'zini o'zi idrok etishga sport gimnastikasining ta'siri. 623 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the purpose of the criminal procedure and its importance for determining the method of criminal procedure activity buronov shahboz ruzikul o‘g‘li 2nd cycle student of the law faculty of samarkand state university abstract: in this article, the author finds out that comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity in the science of criminal proceedings are given a special status the status of either a basic cognitive principle or a method. without setting ourselves the task of separating the concepts of principle and method at this stage, we will only note that in both the first and second cases the most important and exceptional importance of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity is emphasized. and it is these categories in their unity that can lead us to the cognitive goal of the criminal process. it is they, in our opinion, that act as the very method of the criminal process, which nothing in the activity itself should interfere with and which should become the basis for the formation of the criminal procedural law and changes to it. key words: criminal process, comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the criminal process, special status, objectives of the criminal process, goals of the criminal process, the meaning of the criminal process. introduction the criminal process by its nature is a cognitive activity. this conclusion can be made due to the core provision of evidence in criminal proceedings, which is the essence, the basis of criminal procedural activity [1]. meanwhile, “any activity is “methodological,” that is, it is always carried out using certain methods” [2]. this means, like any activity organized in a certain way, the criminal process must have its own method. in criminal procedural science, the question of method in this aspect has not been raised. however, today, when changes in the criminal procedural law have acquired features of regularity and are not always systemic, it seems extremely important to understand what is the method of the criminal process and what is its significance for all criminal procedural activities. after all, a correct understanding of the method contributes to a correct understanding of the entire process and its organization. having learned that there is a method and what it is in the criminal process, we will be able to trace the conditionality of the existing form of the process, the principles of the process, and also find in the process what interferes with its method and makes the activity ineffective. this is an attempt to find methodological flaws in the construction of today's criminal process, starting from the foundation, and not relying on often dubious practical experience, which only leads to patching holes, but not to eliminating the cause of inefficiency. in finding and understanding the method of criminal proceedings, another category can help us the goal. any method of any activity is determined by the purpose of this very activity. such a connection was identified even during the birth of modern philosophy. in particular, 624 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us francis bacon [3] and then rene descartes [4] wrote about the conditionality of any method by purpose. later, in a generalized form, a description of the connection between method and goal can be found in hegel. the great philosopher's method is knowledge. knowledge of how to act in order to comprehend the truth, the goal. this is correctly written about in the following fragment: “since the goal is finite, it further has a finite content; thus, it is not something absolute or completely reasonable in itself and for itself. the means is the external middle term of the inference, which is the fulfillment of the goal; in the latter, therefore, the rational within it appears, as one that preserves itself in this external other and precisely through this externality. insofar as the means are something higher than the final goals of external expediency; the plow is more honorable than those immediate pleasures that are prepared by it and serve as goals. the tool is preserved, while immediate pleasures come and are forgotten. in his tools, man has power over external nature, while in his goals he is rather subordinate” [5]. in criminal procedural science, the need to understand the purpose and method of the criminal process in order to build it in practice was also pointed out. the famous austrian proceduralist j. glaser wrote: “the structure adopted by the legal process depends on the theory of the process, based on the study of its goal and the means to achieve it” [6]. this emphasizes the special need to determine the goal of the process and to understand the connection between the goal and the means for constructing or understanding the entire legal process. quoting yu. glaser, n. n. polyansky added: “clarification of the purpose of the criminal process is a task of outstanding theoretical and practical interest. therefore, the question of the purpose of the criminal process should be considered as the first and main question of the emerging general theory of the criminal process” [7]. however, before denoting anything, it is worth making a reservation that we will be interested precisely in the cognitive goal of the criminal process, or more precisely, in the goal of proof, which, due to the core position of the proof itself, is the goal of the entire process. at the same time, we do not agree with the conclusion of r. a. khashimov that the use of the phrase “goals of the criminal process” would be incorrect. according to the author, we can only talk about “goals in criminal proceedings” [8]. the main argument in favor of this conclusion is as follows: “the goal cannot be inherent in any systems and processes; the goal is inherent only in conscious human activity” [9]. we have already indicated above that the criminal process in its cognitive aspect is nothing more than a cognitive, conscious (in principle there can be no other activity) activity. perhaps the author considers the criminal process more broadly, as a social phenomenon, etc., but its core, its essence is precisely its activity-based nature, due to which we consider it more than acceptable to talk specifically about the goals of the criminal process. of course, the criminal process is multi-purpose in nature, the number of goals of the criminal process is determined by scientists in different ways, but beyond the scope of our article are all the goals that are set for the criminal process outside of its cognitive characteristics, i.e. goals not related to proof. moreover, the question of the goals of the criminal process, not related to proof, is resolved by the authors differently, depending on what the vision of the criminal process of a particular scientist is based on. the question of the cognitive purpose of the criminal process was resolved simply for quite a long time. the purpose of evidence in criminal proceedings was (and is still considered by many) truth. the term “truth” itself in indicating the purpose of the criminal process was used by one of the first by ya. i. barshev in a work published in 1841. [10] the term “truth” was also used as an indication of the purpose of the criminal process [11] . nowadays it can be argued that specifying truth as a goal in criminal proceedings is the most common in domestic science [12]. it is inappropriate to challenge the designation of truth as the goal of the criminal process, the goal of proof within the framework of this article. moreover, at present there are works in which this work has been carried out, and most importantly, in these works there are arguments that seem convincing to us and have not yet been adequately refuted by anyone. 625 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, a. s. barabash, after a serious scientific analysis and generalization of views on truth as the goal of the process, writes: “... the concept of truth in the cognitive process is vague and can hardly organize cognitive activity” [13]. indeed, the goal must be specific. only then will it be able to fulfill its organizing function in activity. the concept of truth in philosophy is not defined, and the understanding of truth as the correspondence of knowledge to reality immediately gives rise to a lot of questions: what is knowledge about; what kind of reality, if the crime happened in the past, etc. any author’s content of the term “truth” raises at least questions about the validity of it, since initially this is a philosophical category. well, the author’s definition of the concept “truth” again leaves questions about the specificity of the goal in any case, it must be deciphered for the subject of the activity, so that he understands what is hidden behind the truth and how to strive for it. refusal to understand truth as the goal of the criminal process, according to a. s. barabash, entails the following consequences: 1) the dispute about whether truth is the goal or principle of the criminal process is eliminated; 2) the basis for disagreement about the content of the truth established in the process disappears [14]. in other words, there is space to search for a real, concrete goal, rather than an abstract definition of it. we have already raised the question above: what should be the knowledge that supporters of truth as the goal of proof propose to consider true? what is the content of this knowledge? the answer is obvious. the legislator himself determines what knowledge should be obtained. he does this in art. 73 of the criminal procedure law, listing the circumstances to be proven. the latter, in turn, are based on criminal law, the norms of which act as a kind of program for the work of the subject of proof and fill the circumstances of art. 73 specific content. thus, the cognitive purpose of the criminal process is to establish the circumstances to be proven. we find confirmation that they should be considered as goals in art. 85 of the code of criminal procedure, which deals with the process of proof and emphasizes that it (proof) is carried out in order to establish the circumstances provided for in art. 73 of this code. in this case, the circumstances are established when there is mutual correspondence of information about each other and their practical verification, which is carried out within the framework of experimental actions. within the framework of such a dialogue, we obtain knowledge when we compare our existing assumptions, versions built on the basis of the initially received information, with reality, obtaining new evidence that transforms assumptions into confidence [15]. it is interesting that in some works in which truth acts as the goal of proof, revealing the content, the authors, one way or another, talk about establishing the circumstances to be proven. thus, g.v. starodubova writes that part of the truth is a sufficient set of information about the circumstances [16]. g.a. pechnikov also points out that the truth is established through a comprehensive, complete and objective study of the circumstances [17]. so, at the center of criminal procedural activity is the goal of establishing the circumstances to be proven. list of circumstances art. 73 indicates that information must be obtained about both the guilt and innocence of the person and the circumstances associated with one or the other. this, in turn, indicates that the subject of proof has the goal of establishing all the circumstances that have legal significance for qualifying the act, if its criminal nature is established, and determining the punishment, if it should be assigned accordingly. contents of art. 73 is determined by the provisions of the criminal code. it contains everything that is needed to ensure that the acquired knowledge is correlated with the norms of the criminal code, if there has been a crime. and the purpose of the criminal process is to gain knowledge about what happened in the past in order to be able to qualify the act. in the event that the acquired knowledge does not allow the past event to be classified as a crime, the criminal case is terminated or an acquittal is rendered. what general method should the criminal process have in order to guarantee the fulfillment of the designated purpose? we have reason to believe that the method of criminal proceedings is the comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the study. only 626 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us comprehensive and objective knowledge can lead us to the cognitive goal of the criminal process discussed above. comprehensiveness and objectivity in their unity are the basis of dialectics in philosophy. it is indicated that it is these principles that should be decisive in relation to all other principles, because in their removed form they contain them in their content [18]. different philosophers build different systems of principles of dialectical logic. but no matter how many of them there are 4 or 20 all of them are in one way or another based on objectivity and comprehensiveness. for example, the principle of the subject’s activity in cognition is highlighted separately. but you can’t explore comprehensively without being active. the requirement for activity naturally follows from the requirement for comprehensiveness. the same “absorption” can be seen in relation to other principles and provisions of dialectics. it should also be noted here that in philosophy completeness is part of comprehensiveness [19]. for criminal procedural science and reality, the comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the study also have a special status. the most common understanding of this provision is as a principle of criminal proceedings. this tradition arose after the normative extension of this provision to all subjects of proof in the code of criminal procedure of the rsfsr of 1960. however, the current code of criminal procedure of the russian federation no longer contained this provision at the time of adoption. the question of what the comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the study now means hung in the air and required resolution, since the designated terms had not disappeared from the law. an indication of them can be found in art. 152 and 154 of the code of criminal procedure of the russian federation. true, in the first case only completeness and objectivity are mentioned, and in the second comprehensiveness and objectivity. in addition, objectivity in conjunction with impartiality is separately mentioned (part 6 of article 340 of the code of criminal procedure of the russian federation). such a chaotic mention may indicate that the legislator cannot hide from these provisions in our process, even if there is an intention to actually remove them from the domestic criminal process. the problem is that the normative consolidation of the principle of criminal procedure is its obligatory feature. in fact, deriving a principle from the norms of law in criminal proceedings is unacceptable. on this occasion, in one of the works of a. s. barabash, it is correctly noted that in criminal proceedings there is a particular importance of normative consolidation of principles. it is due to the possibility of intrusion of state bodies into the personal lives of citizens during the investigation and consideration of criminal cases, and in some cases the restriction of constitutional rights can be very significant. deriving the content of the principle by interpreting the norms can lead to the fact that, taking care of their own uniquely understood interests, representatives of state bodies will give such an interpretation and apply it in such a way that there will be no trace left of the guarantees of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens [20]. nevertheless, the lack of direct normative support for the comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the study does not prevent modern science from drawing an unambiguous conclusion that this triad is nothing more than the principle of criminal proceedings [21]. and even those who meekly accept the position of the legislator, who excluded comprehensiveness from the system of principles, write that to investigate comprehensively, completely and objectively is the direct responsibility of the subject of proof, despite the absence of direct instructions in the law [22]. we can only agree that the requirement of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity has not disappeared from the domestic criminal process. it is traditional for russia in this area, as we found out above, and today it exists at least in the form of a principle of criminal procedure in the minds of individual scientists and law enforcement officers. however, firstly, comprehensiveness still does not have normative support, but is nevertheless perceived as a principle. secondly, is this a simple principle of the criminal process, 627 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us or is there something special in it that allows it not to be fixed, but to organize the process of investigating a criminal case? the special status of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity has been emphasized ever since these terms received formalization and were filled with more or less clear content. and there was a serious philosophical basis for this. let me remind you that we indicated that it is objectivity and comprehensiveness that are the basis of the dialectical method of cognitive activity. thus, in the collective work “the theory of evidence in soviet criminal procedure” it is indicated that there are two principles that cover the institutions and norms of all procedural law: a) the principle of legality, b) the principle of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the study of the circumstances of a criminal case. their content and significance are revealed in other, more specific principles of the criminal process [23].23 and if we take into account that the authors understand legality here as a general legal principle, then the first among procedural principles is comprehensiveness and others like it. with reference to the works of m.a. cheltsov and other scientists, the authors state that this principle is expressed in all institutions of the law of evidence [24]. y. p. garmaev also points out: “among the norms excluded from the current criminal procedural legislation by the newly adopted code of criminal procedure of the russian federation, there is one that was perceived by many generations of judges, prosecutors, investigators and interrogators not just as a principle, but rather as the basis of the foundations of criminal proceedings.” [25]. in s.k. pitertsev we find the following on this matter: “it turned out that not only the most important, but also the only principle that determines the cognitive nature of all legal proceedings as a whole and aimed at ensuring proper high-quality knowledge of the circumstances of the crime both in pre-trial and judicial proceedings has been lost. its (legal proceedings) stages” [26]. a. s. akhmadulin points out that comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity in the hierarchy of procedural concepts should occupy a priority position [27]. and there are many such examples of giving comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity a special status in criminal proceedings. for the most part, this is done intuitively, without demonstrating sufficient argumentation. however, given the place of comprehensiveness and objectivity in philosophy, this intuitiveness is easy to explain. in science, although not fully expressed, there is still an understanding of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity as a method of criminal proceedings. thus, v.s. burdanova considers this triad both as a goal of proof and as a research method. at the same time, when deciphering comprehensiveness as a goal of proof, the author points out that this means establishing all the circumstances to be proven, and the essence of the comprehensiveness method reduces to the mandatory fulfillment of a number of requirements [28]. at the same time, on the first aspect, we have only terminological disagreements with the indicated author. in terms of content, our interpretation of the goal outlined above practically coincides with the one given above. the second aspect is exactly what we pointed out comprehensiveness is given the status of a method in criminal procedural science. v. t. tomin in one of his works writes about comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity: “i also believe that there is no such principle in the domestic process... according to my calculations, the analyzed general position is a means... a means of implementing the principle of objective truth” [29 ]. we find the clearest understanding of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity as a method in n. g. stoiko. he talks about the investigative, or “scientific” method, the essence of which lies precisely in the provisions under consideration. “the scientific method is a method of comprehensive, complete and objective examination of the circumstances of a criminal case in order to discover the truth. it requires each state body participating in the criminal process not to adhere to any one pre-established position, but to put forward and check all possible versions of both an accusatory and exculpatory nature, identifying every circumstance necessary to protect the legitimate interests of both the accused, and the victims. as a result, all versions must be excluded except one (when a system of evidence has been formed in which each piece of 628 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us evidence is necessary, and all together are sufficient to formulate reliable answers to all questions posed for resolution before the court)” [30]. and further, regarding the lack of indication of comprehensiveness in the modern code of criminal procedure of the russian federation, the author writes that he does not officially indicate the need to use the investigative method. however, the method itself actually follows from a number of articles of the code of criminal procedure of the russian federation. the author, conducting a comparative study, points to the consolidation of the same method in the criminal procedural laws of france and germany [31]. so, in procedural science, individual scientists assign a special place to comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity in the system of principles. for them, this is the most important and perhaps the only principle that determines the cognitive side of the process. this is not just a principle, it is something that covers all other principles and is the basis of all rules of criminal procedure law in terms of evidence. for others, comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity are nothing more than a method of criminal procedural activity. we pretended to find out how the cognitive purpose of the criminal process can help us in determining its method. the only cognitive goal that we have highlighted is the establishment of circumstances to be proven and obtaining reliable knowledge about them. it is possible to achieve this goal only if we rely on general epistemological laws to which knowledge in the criminal process is subject in the same way as scientific knowledge. the basis of modern scientific knowledge is dialectics, the essence of which in turn expresses comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity. we found out that comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity in the science of criminal proceedings are given a special status the status of either a basic cognitive principle or a method. without setting ourselves the task of separating the concepts of principle and method at this stage, we will only note that in both the first and second cases the most important and exceptional importance of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity is emphasized. and it is these categories in their unity that can lead us to the cognitive goal of the criminal process. it is they, in our opinion, that act as the very method of the criminal process, which nothing in the activity itself should interfere with and which should become the basis for the formation of the criminal procedural law and changes to it. references 1. on the “core” position of evidence in criminal proceedings, see, for example: elkind p. s. goals and means of achieving them in soviet criminal procedural law. l., 1976. p. 33; melikyan m.n. on the specifics of proof during the preliminary verification of information about crimes // state and law. 1998. no. 10. p. 76–82; and etc. 2. tchaikovsky a.v. method as a means of cognition of being / byt i yego pojecie. rzeszow, 2003. p. 180. 3. bacon f. works: in 2 vols. t. 1. m., 1970. p. 218. 4. descartes r. works: in 2 vols. t. 1. m., 1989. p. 91. 5. hegel g. v. f. science of logic. t. ii. m., 1939. p. 205. 6. quote. by: polyansky n.n. the purpose of the criminal process. yaroslavl, 1919. p. 3. 7. ibid. s. 3. 8. khashimov r. a. category “goal” in criminal proceedings: dis. ...cand. legal sci. chelyabinsk, 2006. p. 15. 9. ibid. 10. barshev ya. i. foundations of criminal proceedings with application to russian criminal proceedings. st. petersburg, 1841. p. 52; and etc. 11. ibid. p. 41, etc. 12. khashimov r. a. category “goal” in criminal proceedings: dis. ...cand. legal sci. p. 116. 629 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. barabash a. s. public beginning of the russian criminal process: dis. ... doctor of law. sci. krasnoyarsk, 2006. p. 182. 14. ibid. p. 185. 15. ibid. p. 183. 16. starodubova g.v. methods and management of the process of establishing truth in criminal proceedings: author's abstract. dis cand. legal sci. voronezh, 2008. p. 10. 17. pechnikov a.g. dialectical problems of truth in criminal proceedings: doctor's thesis in law. sci. volgograd, 2005. p. 24. 18. sheptulin a.p. dialectical method of knowledge. m., 1983. p. 98. 19. kumpf f., orudzhev z. m. dialectical logic. basic principles and problems. m., 1979. pp. 118–119. 20. barabash a. s. public beginning of the russian criminal process: dis. ... doctor of law. sci. p. 52. 21. garmaev yu. p. the problem of ensuring the comprehensiveness and completeness of the investigation under the new criminal procedure code // atp “consultantplus”; shafer s. a. evidence and proof in criminal cases: problems of theory and legal regulation. m., 2009; enikeev z. d. problems of criminal prosecution in modern russia // fifty years of the department of criminal procedure of the ural state law academy (slu): materials of the international. scientific-practical conf., ekaterinburg, january 27–28. 2005: at 2 hours. ekaterinburg, 2005. part 1. p. 282; solntseva n. the invisible principle in criminal proceedings // legality. 2003. no. 5. p. 38; akhmadullin a. s. problems of ensuring comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the preliminary investigation in the light of the code of criminal procedure of the russian federation: dis. ...cand. legal sci. m., 2005. p. 37. 22. revenko n.i. ensuring that the investigator ensures the comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the investigation of the circumstances of the case during criminal prosecution: cand. thesis. legal sci. omsk, 2006. p. 10. 23. theory of evidence in soviet criminal proceedings / rep. ed. n.v. zhogin. m., 1973. pp. 327–328. 24. ibid. p. 29. 25. garmaev yu. p. the problem of ensuring the comprehensiveness and completeness of the investigation under the new criminal procedure code. 26. pitertsev s.k. a new look at the role of the categories of comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity in the management of crime investigations // jurisprudence. 2002. no. 3. p. 172–178. 27. akhmadullin a. s. problems of ensuring comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity of the preliminary investigation in the light of the code of criminal procedure of the russian federation. p. 38. 28. burdanova v. s. search for truth in criminal proceedings. st. petersburg, 2003. p. 26. 29. tomin v. t. criminal process: current problems of theory and practice. m., 2009. p. 287. 30. stoiko n. g. criminal procedure of western states and russia: a comparative theoretical and legal study of the anglo-american and romano-german legal systems. st. petersburg, 2006. pp. 101–103. 31. ibid. p. 103. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of international audit organizations in the transition to international standards in uzbekistan turumova dildora abdumannonovna teacher of the "economics and management" department of jizzakh polytechnic institute asrorov habibullo g'anijon o'g'li student of jizzakh polytechnic institute abstract: this article is written about the activities of auditing organizations in uzbekistan and the role of international auditing standards in this regard. the articles, rights and obligations of organizations, application of international standards and several other legal decisions are mentioned in the article of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on auditing activity". keywords: standards, international standards of auditing, national standards of auditing, internal standards of auditing organizations, international federation of accountants and auditors. description of auditing professional standards in the united states, auditors are governed by standards issued by the american institute of certified public accountants (aicpa), the public accounting oversight board (pcaob), and the international auditing and professional standards board (iaasb). the auditing standards published by these various organizations are aimed at a common goal and serve to perform audits in a quality manner. on the basis of auditing standards, auditors evaluate the internal control of the client's financial statements within the framework of a complex audit, using it as a program for drawing up and presenting an audit conclusion on financial statements. auditing standards apply not only to audits of companies, but also to all entities, regardless of their organizational legal structure and form of ownership. for example, us llcs are subject to the securities and exchange commission (sec) and are audited in accordance with pcaob auditing standards. organizations without llcs must be audited based on generally accepted auditing standards established by the aicpa. in addition, the most important thing about the legal address is to clarify which public joint-stock companies (if any) the auditor conducts on the basis of the standards developed by pcaob or aicpa or iaasb. in 2004, the aicpa's auditing standards board (asb) began a redesign of the standards to make them clearer. the aicpa's standards update project is designed to make the standards easier to read, understand, and apply. as part of the project, the asb worked concurrently with the international standards on auditing (isas). asb has compiled its standards into one easy-tounderstand format. the following sections are provided for each standard: the preamble to the standard explains its purpose and scope. a goal is determined from the requirements of the subject. definitions of relative clauses in standards 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us clarifying the requirements for achieving the objective of the auditor's standard. requirements are expressed using the words "the auditor shall" or the auditor shall perform. the appendix and other explanatory material contain relevant resources and future guidance for applying the requirements of the standard. in 2012, the asb published its standardized auditing standard (sas no. 122). these outstanding standards have been applied to financial statements for periods after december 15, 2012. the purpose of the iaasb is to provide high quality auditing services by integrating international and domestic auditing and professional standards, based on professional services and other related standards, thereby strengthening and strengthening the quality of auditing in practice around the world, thereby enhancing the credibility of the global auditing and professional profession. is strengthening. the iaasb requires that standards be understandable, clear and consistent. accordingly, in 2004, the iaasb began a program to improve the accuracy of its international standards. the iaasb's standards update project was completed in 2009, and as of 2013, the iaasb's specification standards are a combination of 36 international standards and international standard 1 for quality control. the international standards contain information presented in the following separate sections, which are very similar to the format of the aicpa's standards: the introduction contains information on the purpose, scope and subject matter of international standards, in addition to auditors' responsibilities and others. purpose contains a clear statement of the auditor's purpose. definitions of applicable sentences are included. requirements are provided for each objective. requirements are expressed using the words "the auditor shall perform". the appendix and other explanatory material contain relevant resources and future guidance for applying the requirements of the standard. established in 2002, the pcaob publishes auditing standards that us public companies follow. in 2013, the pcaob published sixteen auditing standards. in addition, the pcaob issued standards to replace the aicpa on april 16, 2003 (the pcaob referred to as interim standards). thus, the pcaob required the pcaob standard for stock companies to replace the aicpa standards. standards issued by the aicpa after april 16, 2003 are not part of the pcaob's interim standards. there is considerable overlap between auditing standards. all standards have uniform principles for planning and conducting audit work and what the results should be. composition of auditing standards during 1999-2012, the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan developed 21 national standards of audit activities. national standards of audit activity in use no. and name of the standard own. date and no. approved by r. mv №3"audit planning" /14. 10. 1999/ №54 №4"getting to know the client's activity (business)"/20.07.1999. / №57 №5"quality control of the auditor's work"/04. 08. 1999 / №62 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us №6"audit documentation" /04. 08. 1999/ №61 №9"significance and audit risk"/04. 08. 1999 / №63 №10"other information in the financial report"/09. 09. 1999/ №75 №11"conducting an audit in the conditions of computer processing of data" /09. 09. 1999 / №76 №12"assessment of accounting and internal control system in the course of audits"/26.12. 2006 / №108 №13"analytical operations"04. 08. 1999 №64 №14"auditing selection"/27. 07. 1999/ №59 №16"use of expert work"/27. 07. 1999 / №60 №24"behavior of the audit organization when the distortion of the financial report is determined"/31. 05. 2001/ №49 №25"checking compliance with regulatory legal documents during audit"/27.01.2003/ №14 №31"getting to know the activity (business) of the economic entity"*30. 05. 2001 №48 № 50"audit evidence"/03. 04. 2002/ №48 №55"stages of obtaining audit evidence on transactions between related parties"/27.01.2003./ №15 №56 -"events after preparation of financial statements"/9.04.2003/ №54 №60 -"using the results of another auditor's work"/27.01.2003/№16 № 70" auditor's report and auditor's conclusion on financial statements"/14. 02. 2001 / №20 № 80 "auditor's report on the results of the examination of a special issue"/27.01.2003/№13 №90"professional services of auditing organizations"/february 14/ 2001 №19 the list of international auditing standards is as follows:  login  introduction to standards for quality control, auditing, review, other assurance and related services  glossary of terms  international standards of quality control (isqc)  200-299 general principles and obligations  200, "general objectives of the independent auditor and conducting the audit in accordance with the international standards of auditing" audit international includes:  international standards of auditing;  international standards of quality control;  international standards of analytical tests;  international standards of trust assignments;  international standards of related services. in order to ensure the implementation of the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to improve the auditor certification system" dated august 4, 2021 pd-5210 concluding an agreement with the federation of accountants; 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us translation of the text of international auditing standards into the national language; discussion of international audit standards with auditors, experts and other users of these standards, representatives of the scientific community; the procedure for consideration by the commission of the conformity of the text of the international standards of auditing in the state language with the text of the international standards of auditing in english; to make a decision on the introduction of international audit standards in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan; concluding an agreement with the international federation of accountants to recognize international standards of audit activity; translation of the text of international auditing standards into the national language; discussion of international audit standards with auditors, experts and other users of these standards, representatives of the scientific community; the procedure for consideration by the commission of the conformity of the text of international auditing standards in the state language with the english text of international auditing standards is established. by november 1, 2022, measures to create an educational platform for free training on international standards of auditing will be considered, and costs related to the creation of an educational platform for free training on international standards of auditing will be paid in accordance with the established procedure. it was implemented at the expense of funds allocated to the ministry of finance, and accountants in organizations were retrained. according to the regulations, the procedure for introducing the international auditing standards for use in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan is as follows: the decision to introduce international audit standards in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan is made by the ministry of finance. the decision of the ministry of finance on the implementation of international standards of auditing in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan shall be adopted after the confirmation of the compliance with the translation process by the fsa. recognition of international audit standards for use in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan is formalized by order of the minister of finance of the republic of uzbekistan. in accordance with the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures for the further development of auditing activities in the republic of uzbekistan" dated september 19, 2018 no. because it is determined to be implemented based on the order of the minister of finance of the republic of uzbekistan on the recognition of international audit standards for use in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan, state registration in the ministry of justice is not required. the order of the minister of finance of the republic of uzbekistan on the recognition of international standards of auditing for use in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan and the texts of international standards of auditing are posted on the official website of the ministry of finance. if a difference is found between the text of the international audit standards in the state language and its text in english, interested parties can contact the chamber of auditors of uzbekistan to clarify the text in the state language. the chamber of auditors of uzbekistan sends it to the commission for revision in order to clarify the text of the international auditing standards in the state language. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us after the confirmation of this difference, the commission will issue a conclusion to the ministry of finance in order to provide an appropriate explanation of the text of the international auditing standards in the state language. the order of the ministry of finance to coordinate the activities of audit organizations in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan has been approved. in conclusion, it can be said that conducting audit activities based on decisions and laws will improve the country's politics and the economic system of enterprises and organizations. we think that regular organization of courses is appropriate. in this sense, it would be expedient if all auditing organizations conduct their work on the basis of ias. references: 1. турумова, д. (2022). банк назоратида ички ва ташқи аудит ўтказишнинг аҳамияти. science and education, 3(12), 1013-1022. 2. турумова, д. (2022). банк кредитлари аудитини такомиллаштириш масалалари. science and education, 3(10), 640-645. 3. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). ways of developing the internal audit service in business entities. journal of education, ethics and value, 2(8), 37-40. 4. turumova, d. a., & oʻgʻli tolibboyev, q. g. (2023). auditorlik faoliyatida tanlab tekshirishning mohiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 2(6), 234-240. 5. turumova, d. a. (2023). o ‘zbekistonda ichki nazorat tizimi–auditorlik tekshiruvi jarayonining asosiy elementi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(4), 608-612. 6. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvida muhimlik darajasi. scientific aspects and trends in the field of scientific research, 2(14), 60-62. 7. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditing moliyaviy bozor uchun zarurligi. innovation in the modern education system, 3(34), 290-294. 8. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvini rejalashtirish. innovative developments and research in education, 2(22), 243-248. 9. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). importance and role of internal audit in enterprises. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 6-9. 10. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). development and useful aspects of auditing activity in uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 15-18. 11. abdumannonovna, t. d., & abdurasul, a. d. (2024). formation of state finance and audit activity in the early periods in uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 34-37. 12. abdumannonovna, t. d., & sherzod, k. s. (2024). significance and role of international auditing standards. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 57-60. 13. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). fraud detection in an audit. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 136-140. 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik dalillarining auditorlik tekshiruvida dolzarbligi. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 469-473). 15. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvini rejalashtirishning afzalligi. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 474-478). 16. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvida ekspert ishlaridan foydalanishning muhim jihatlari. in " onlineconferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 483-487). 17. axmedova, y. s. (2024). investitsiya loyihalari samaradorligini baholashning mazmuni va mohiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 3(2), 521-524. 18. axmedova, y. s., & qizi mamadiyorova, f. s. (2024). xodimlarni motivatsiyalashning psixologik asoslari. educational research in universal sciences, 3(1), 611-614. 19. ахмедова, ю. с. (2023). инвестициялар-иқтисодиётни модернизациялашнинг бош омили. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(1), 226-229. 20. yaxyayevna, r. b. (2023). the role of the neighborhood in preparing young people for family life. american journal of science and learning for development, 2(3), 37-40. 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 organizational power management azamjonov ulug‘bek usmonjon o‘g‘li senior teacher of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan ramazonov isfandiyor ikrom o‘g‘li cadet of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan saydumarov xurshidbek saydakbar o‘g‘li cadet of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan sharofiddinov o‘lmasjon sayfiddin o‘g‘li cadet of public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan abstract this article describes the content and features of organizational power management in detail. the production capacity of the organization and its reserves are mentioned. factors and analysis of the use of opportunities by the organization are carried out. keywordsorganization, powerful, competitiveness, efficiency, assessment, strategy, extensive, intensive. introduction organization (here under the organization is enterprise, firm, concern, company, joint-stock company and business other units are understood) management is based on the analysis of its material and financial indicators . but this approach does not reveal other important aspects of the organization's activity. in the 1990s, american scientists r. kaplan and d. norton studied the performance evaluation system of 12 large companies, which also takes into account non-monetary indicators of economic activity, and created the concept of a coordinated system of indicators. we consider it expedient to make a comparative analysis of these categories in terms of both the content and the theoreticalbasis in terms of research goals and objectives.1 power of the organization is the ability of the organization to produce the most products or process raw materials in the conditions of full use of advanced technology, production and labor organization from machine tools and production areas. 1 usmonjon o’g, a. u. b., & nodirjonovich, s. s. (2021). the economic mechanisms and implementation of small business and private entrepreneurship. academicia globe: inderscience research, 2(05), 427-431. 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us factors determining the power of the organization: • product quality; • organizational image; • competitiveness; • high status in communication with partners; • the level of provision of innovative technology and equipment. when a person experiences these feelings, he evaluates other people's behavior or mental characteristics and his own behavior based on a certain morality, that is, a set of social morals and norms.2 production capacity is the maximum that can be produced in a company with available resources. the production capacity may change, for example, when the machine undergoes maintenance, the capacity is reduced. this is related to workforce planning. for example, production capacity can be increased by adding more production shifts . it is necessary to take into account seasonal changes or unforeseen circumstances that are required for this . for example: should have more opportunities to make easter eggs in november and december when sending products to stores after christmas . as the days get warmer, in relation to the cold, ice cream production organizations need to increase capacity quickly. the capacity of the organization is defined in the units in which the product is calculated. the capacity of the organization is also expressed as a percentage in the base or plan period. the strength of the organization is found in its leading manufacturing facilities. team mood-a complex of emotions that arise in team members in relation to this or that phenomenon, team mood has a huge power of influence, which is the motive for the behavior and activity of military personnel. while some types of team mood (passion, confidence in success, high spirits) are factors in its success, others (bad mood, distrust of one's own strength, boredom, sadness and dissatisfaction), on the contrary, reduce the capabilities of the team.3 ways to ensure efficient, full use of production capacity are as follows: • timely updating of basic funds; eliminating or reducing the causes of interruptions and stagnation in the production process ; • applying useful, advanced forms and methods of production organization and, due to this, carrying out the procedure for processing labor items continuously and simultaneously in all workplaces; • accurate division of labor by workplaces; • ensuring full use of the working time fund of workshops. • ensuring the full use of technological processes at the same rate. heads of organizations are advised to follow a fundamentally different approach to defining the goals of implementing a quality management system ( qms ) . this approach is based on three simple rules, namely: 1. what processes and/or tasks in your organization are "bottlenecks", sensitive aspects of your organization and require radical restructuring and improvement . 2. restructuring is a process of innovation, strengthen it with appropriate personnel, provide additional resources, streamline the process and automate as much as possible. 2 baxodir o‘g, g. i. f., & abdullo o‘g‘li, m. i. (2022). socio-psychological characteristics of personality emotion. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 1-12. 3 said o‘g‘li, s. s., & abdurasul o‘g‘li, r. s. (2022). psychological view of the military community. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 5-12. 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us manage this process in accordance with the requirements of iso 9000 and iso 9001 series standards 4. organizational power management features the success of any entrepreneurial activity is more it is correct to manage the employees of the organization, which is a structural element of management in foreign business depending on the chosen strategy. choosing a strategy in turn is one depends on several factors: what is the capacity of the organization; how high is the level of competitiveness of the organization's potential; what is its market share and is it the leader, competitor or laggard; what goals the organization has set for itself to strengthen the leadership, to enter the ranks of the leaders, to strengthen " in the middle " or to overcome the crisis escape the organization chooses one or another strategy of the market situation according to the set goals. in this case, the organization's capacity management technology includes the following stages: assessment of the structure of dynamics and effectiveness of using the organization's potential and its share in the market; assessment of the competitiveness of the organization's potential; analysis of organizational capacity reserves and losses; on increasing the competitiveness of the organization's potential choosing strategy and tactics; carrying out activities to increase the competitiveness of the organization's potential based on the selected strategy and tactics. the economic potential of the organization is defined by four main characteristics. first feature . the economic potential of the organization is determined by its real capabilities in one or another field of economic activity. the second feature . the potential of any organization depends more on its existing resources and reserves (economic, social) that have not been used in production. the third feature . personal and foreign experience convinces us that having resources is necessary for success in any business, but it is still not enough. the fourth feature . the level and results of the implementation of the organization's potential (the volume of products and income) are determined by the chosen form of entrepreneurship and the corresponding organizational structure of the organization. the following methods are used to assess the competitiveness of an organization's potential in foreign business. indicator method. it is based on a system of indicators, with the help of which an assessment of the competitiveness of a firm, company, corporation, other organization and the potential of the national economy as a whole is given. in foreign business, an indicator is understood as a set of definitions that allow to describe this or that researched object in a structured form, and based on them, to select recommendations for increasing the performance (effectiveness) of its operation. each indicator, in turn, is divided into a number of indicators that reflect the state of individual elements of the object being studied. in other words, the system of indicators is a kind of "gradusnik", "barometer" that allows to determine the condition and "health" of one or another organization, region, country. there are a number of effective ways to manage conflict situations. they can be divided into the following large group.5 4iso is an abbreviation of the english name (international organization for standardization). international organization for standardization) . iso 9000 and iso 9001 quality management system series standards . 5 dilmurod o‘g‘li, q. b., & usmon o‘g‘li, m. r. (2022). conflict and stress management. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 1(3), 10https://www.iso.org/home.html https://www.iso.org/home.html 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the international organization "european forum on management issues" (center in geneva) uses a system of indicators consisting of more than 340 indicators and more than 100 economist-expert assessments. this analysis is grouped into 10 key factors: dynamics of the economy (economic potential); production capacity of the industry; market dynamics; personal capital; the reputation of the state; supply of raw materials; focus on the foreign market; innovative potential; social stability; corporate strategy. each of these 10 factors consists of 20-40 individual indicators. these indicators include everything from the talent of the manager to direct investment in production, spending on scientific research, taxation, public debt, quality of products, cost of labor, from production to leisure planning. a difficult task is to select the most important indicators for evaluating each of the 10 factors. matrix method. it is based on the idea of considering the competitive process in relation to their dynamics. the product life curve is the methodological basis of this method. in the mid-70s, the marketing firm "boston consulting group" developed a matrix method for evaluating the competitiveness of various products based on its fairly simple cases, which is now used in researching the competitiveness of various organizations and industries. some types of psychotherapy can help a person learn what defense mechanisms they are using, how effective they are, and how to use less primitive and more effective mechanisms in the future.6 includes a matrix built on the basis of two k indicators. these are: vertical and horizontal. vertically, the growth rate of the market capacity on a straight line scale is shown. horizontally the logarithmic market share of an entrepreneur or organization. all companies, corporations, firms and other business units are placed in this matrix according to their parameters and market conditions. those with the largest market share are considered more competitive. using the matrix method, a manager and an entrepreneur can assess not only the level of competitiveness of their organization, but also the potential of their competitors and develop a strategy for their behavior in the market. the matrix method is widely used in american consulting firms, and this practice will be a reliable tool for our entrepreneurs to assess the competitiveness of the organization's power. in the first situation, the psychological properties of the subject's behavior appear as the initial and final conditions of the explanation, and in the second external and operational conditions. in the first situation, we talk about motives, needs, goals, wishes, interests, etc., and in the second about incentives arising from the situation. sometimes all factors that determine human behavior from the inside are called personality dispositions. accordingly, dispositional and situational motivations are spoken of as internal and external analogs of behavior determination. that is why the desired action of a person is considered as twofold: dispositional and situational determination.7 the type of power of the organization is determined in the competition in the markets. the success of its implementation depends more on the art of managers, their knowledge, experience and professional skills. in the complex environment of business, such self-assessment is not enough. but it is useful to look at the causes of success and failure through the eyes of independent experts, 15. 6 furqat o‘g‘li, m. t. (2022). the mechanism of psychological protection in a person. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 13-19. 7 diyorbek o‘tkir o‘g, a. (2022). personal activity and motivation. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 13-22. 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consultants and competitors, and use specially developed standards, that is, assessments of the competitiveness of various organizations, industries, etc., taken as benchmarks. in this case, selfassessment of achievements is clarified, corrections are made and the organization is adapted to the real situation in the market system. as the ancients say, the word lies in the beginning of the world. what is the basis of a successful business? from defining business strategy (long-term goals), that is, legal, economic, social, environmental and other standards in the form of laws, moral standards, consumer attitudes, national traditions, etc. adopted and strengthened in society. it begins with the appropriate selection of resources (employees, materials, etc.) that allow for greater profit taking into account, and tactics are developed based on it. the strategy of a successful business can be summarized as follows: e bft = д nt + д po + д pb + д pf p ht p a or p prim condition max that e bft > e bnt , if e bft e bnt , then business: either in general or for the organization, or will only be effective for society. e bft * and e bi * designations are the actual and standard level of business efficiency in time "t", respectively : д nr and r n t – collective income and resources of the organization within the respective time t; д po the income that remains at the disposal of the organization after paying taxes and voluntary payments to social funds; д pb – revenues of the organization transferred to the republican and local budgets; d pf income of the organization transferred to social funds in the form of discretionary allocations; r a resources advanced by the organization (all available resources of the organization in the value assessment, including reserved workplaces, raw materials, excess reserves of materials, uninstalled equipment, insurance and risk funds); r prim – resources used by the organization (advanced resources minus unused resources, i.e. reserved workplaces, raw materials, excess reserves of materials, uninstalled equipment, insurance and risk funds); this formula reflects a successful business from the perspective of society as a whole. because it aims to compete with tax budget revenues and active participation in the formation of social funds, as well as an active balance of income and expenses. organizations implementing such a strategy not only have competitive potential, but also increase the economic power of the state. in the west, they are the pride of the countries where they grew up, and their managers are the most famous and wellknown people. there is a specific basis for the division of group members with "conflict-of-regulation relations" related to the hierarchy within an unregulated group. these are, for example, the time spent in a group, age, gender, place of residence before entering a social organization, etc. in this case, the object of ―relations contrary to the charter” is a person who does not accept the existing hierarchy or does not achieve informal status in the group, allowing him to take an equal position with the rest of the group.8 organizational competitiveness potential standards are divided into economic and social. they are usually carefully selected, they can be quite a lot or relatively few. it depends on the scope of the research being conducted. our minimum is determined by five indicators that allow us to assess the 8 olimjon o‘g‘li, o. o., & shuxrat o‘g‘li, z. i. (2022). the main features and signs of “relations contrary to the charter”(on the example of russian experience). web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 17-21. 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic competitiveness of the organization's potential. namely: efficiency of use of material and informational resources, economic breadth, time, technologies, level of income. based on these indicators, it is possible to choose one or another method of assessing the economic competitiveness of the organization's potential. inadequate production capacity leads to poor performance, excess work-in-process inventory, and frustration among production workers. this can lead to lower customer satisfaction and lower profitability. on the other hand, excess capacity can fill the organization with unnecessary costs. capacity planning helps optimize the use of resources. production capacity is calculated based on the sum of the production capacity of the production lines available in the organization in the main production. if the main production consists of the same specialized workshops, then it is determined by the sum of production capacities. the production capacity of each shop is determined by adding the capacity of its production lines: the production capacity of the production line is determined as follows. m l = n tex f m (1); here: n tech leading machine performance technical standard; f m work and work fund. if several types of products are produced on one assembly line (conveyor) , then the technical standard of productivity of this assembly line is determined by the following formula: tnn а lt nntnt c n /...// 100 2211 ..  +++ = (2); here : _ s the coefficient that takes into account the loss of time during the transition from one type to another or from one assortment to another in the production of products ; 1 ... n – specific weight of each type of product in the total volume, % n t1 , n t n special type of product performance norm. factors affecting the labor force . _ factors affecting the production capacity of the organization , workshops and sections include the following : a) availability of fixed assets and the number of leading machines. b) standards of technical and physical performance of equipment use . c) maximum equipment working time fund. the accepted classification , equipment downtime can be caused by the following reasons : 1. unscheduled repair of technological equipment . 2. breaks in the technological process. 3. deficiencies of an organizational nature. production and quantity for organizations of seasonal industrial networks, the maximum duration of the season is taken into account: g ) depending on the product range ; d) production technology . of the use of the production force. the manufacturer, in turn, comprehensively characterizes the use of equipment . these include the coefficient of extensive, intensive, integral and shift utilization of equipment. strict stratification within the group is associated with the conditions for the existence of closed communities: firstly, the 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us group is faced with the need to solve most of the problems that arise with its resources, and secondly, the group is deprived of the opportunity to redirect. negative emotional stress accumulated from the outside.9 coefficient of extensive use of equipment ( k eks ) to determine the actual number of working hours spent ( t f ) scheduled, mode and calendar ( t prk . ) it is determined by dividing funds and q into q . it can be expressed by the formula in the q house. ... krp f eks т т к = (3); coefficient of intensive use of equipment (k int ) and q t unit of the actual equipment productivity (p f ) to the performance technical norm (p n ) established for this type of equipment is determined by the ratio : n f п п к =int (4); the integral coefficient of use of equipment is the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use. this is expressed by the following formula: k integral = k ex  k int (5); operating mode of equipment specified in organizations, coefficient of shifts ( k cm ) characterized by it can be determined using the following formula : ( ) prrr т к f sm +− = 21 (6); here: t f the actual working time of the production equipment (the machine is in a shift), which does not take into account the time worked outside of working hours. r 1 is the number of reserve equipment installed according to directives . r 2 – number of equipment under repair (by name). r the number of installed production equipment. p is the number of jobs in the reporting period when using production capacity, its reserves are determined as follows: r = m – v (7); m manufacturing power _ _ v volume of manufactured products . _ the integral coefficient from the equipment is determined as follows. м v к =integral (8); the use of the leading machine is carried out in 2 directions. 1. extensive (and use by q t) 2. intensive ( using productivity in units and q t) the maximum size of intensive use is expressed by the technical norm of productivity of units . ( ) tex amal ensiv n v к =int (9); n tex is the technical productivity of ji h oz 9 ravshanjon o‘g, j. r. m., & rustam o‘g‘li, s. u. (2022). socio-psychological reasons for the origin of “relations contrary to the charter”. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 22-28. 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us v (practice) a product developed in practice . the coefficient of extensive use of equipment is determined as follows. ( ) maks amalreja eks f f к , = (10); f (plan, action) work and q ti fund (in plan and action) . f max is the maximum work and fund q ti . intensive reserve: r int = n tex v fact . extensive reserve: r ex = f max f plan action . the factors that determine the labor force are : 1. the number of leading machines is the number of continuous production lines. 2. leading machine performance specifications for all types of products . 3. the leading ji h is the maximum work and q ti fund. 4. product range . _ _ yearly work what 's up program in justification yearly o ' average work release power is taken and q in the house formula or q ali it is known : 1212 21 .. пмnм мм chk bkur  −  += (11). where : m ur – average power ; m kb capacity at the beginning of the planned year; m k activated power, input power; m ch – output power; n 1 the number of months in which the commissioned capacity was not used during the planned period; n 2 is the number of months of unused output power during the planned period. these are just a few advantages of the digital economy. the development of the digital economy has a positive effect on our daily life, provides many additional opportunities for the average user, and can also ensure the growth and development of the market.10 production facilities in every organization work under the influence of extensive and intensive factors. the final results of all work depend on how effectively they are used. production capacity becomes more efficient when the amount of unused equipment is reduced or when equipment that was not previously installed and used is brought into operation. this allows to significantly increase production growth and reduce labor losses of workers. however, extensive development has certain limits and it will be inefficient to achieve it. the intensive path of development has more opportunities. with intensive use, production capacity is increased by increasing the level of use of equipment over a period of time. to achieve this growth, existing machines and mechanisms are being modernized. at the same time, the most optimal mode was selected for their work. optimization of technological processes allows to increase the number of products, leaving the fixed assets and the number of workers unchanged. the release of the production unit is carried out with low material costs. it is necessary to distinguish between the planned production capacity of the organization and the project capacity of the organization. planned production capacity . in contrast, the production capacity of the project is calculated based on a certain volume of the organization's production program, and the required values are the composition of the organization, the technological process of product production according to this program, the structure 10 usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., & obidjon o‘g‘li, a. o. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230-235. 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the equipment park, its quantitative and qualitative composition, size of production areas, nature and dimensions of buildings and structures, energy and means of transport, etc. the production capacity of the organization is not constant, it changes over time, so it is calculated for a specific calendar date. as a rule, capacities are calculated on january 1 of the planning year and on january 1 of the year following the planning period. as of january 1 of the target year, the production capacity is the input capacity ; capacity of the organization as of january 1 following the planned year production capacity. an average annual capacity figure is also calculated, which is used for comparison with the plan and production report. upon completion of the search work, the author analyzed selective publications that touch upon both the problems of conceptualizing the digital economy as a complex socio-economic phenomenon and its differences from other concepts and categories, and applied aspects of the digital economy, including the introduction of appropriate technologies.11 in the most general form, the following formulas are used to calculate production capacity: m p = p × f, (1); m p = f / t, (2); where m p is the production capacity of the organization; p is the productivity of the equipment per unit of time expressed in pieces of product (parts); f the actual (working) fund of the equipment's working time, time units; t is the labor intensity of the set of products (parts) produced on the equipment, standard hour, man-day. reminder! the first formula is used when the productivity of the equipment is known, which is expressed in the number of products (parts) produced per unit of time. but in organizations with a large range of products, such information is usually not available for the entire fleet of technological equipment, so the second formula is used. in such cases, use information on the labor intensity of product production. production and average annual capacities are calculated as follows: m p = m iq + m ykq m yiq , (3); m yqo = m iq + (m iq × n 1 /12) (m iq × n 2 /12), (4); where m p is the production capacity of the organization; m iq the working (input) capacity of the organization (workshop, section); m ykq input power during the year; m yiq power produced during the year; m yqo average annual production capacity; n 1 the number of full months from the moment of commissioning of the newly launched capacities to the end of the period; n 2 is the number of complete months of absence of retiring objects from the moment of retirement to the end of the period. let's consider the procedure for calculating production capacity on the example of a metal cutting department. example 1. there are 2 laser complexes. it is planned to buy another one like the existing ones in july next year. 11 абдуллаева, м. (2020). теоретические аспекты определения, развития цифровой экономики и её зарождение в республике узбекистан. in library, 20(3), 21-27. 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us production (cutting) of one set takes 30 minutes of laser complex operation. thus, for 1 hour, at the beginning of the period, the site produces 4 parts, and at the end of the period 6 sets. let's assume that the actual (working) fund of the working time of the equipment is 7300 hours. let's determine: input production capacity (formula 1); 7300 × 4 = 29,200 sets; production capacity (formula 3); 29,200 + 7,300 × 2 = 43,800 sets; average annual production capacity (formula 4); 29,200 + 14,600 × 5/12 = 35,283.33 sets. with methodological rules calculated in accordance with the production capacity , common for organizations of all sectors, and concretized in industrial methodologies. some organizations still use this technique. we adapt the main methodological rules for the market situation from these documents: production capacity is calculated for the entire range of products produced by the organization. for non-core products, the production capacity is calculated only when specialized capacities are available, otherwise the capacity of these products is counted among other products. production capacity is calculated in units of planned production. in the light of all these trends, the concepts of "digital economy" and "knowledge economy" are becoming inseparable. science and the new knowledge it produces are the central core on which almost all aspects of the modern economy are "strung", based on the scientific and technological paradigm general principles and standards of development based on innovative sources of growth associated primarily with the use of breakthrough results of fundamental and applied research. this paradigm includes the widespread use of the most modern methods and technologies for research and development, including on a digital basis.12 the production capacity of the organization is determined depending on the capacity of the leading divisions (workshops, sections, divisions), taking into account existing cooperation and measures to eliminate obstacles. for information: the department where the main technological operations for product production are performed, where most of the equipment's working time is spent, and where a significant part of the main production funds of this organization is concentrated, is the leading department. . an increase in the volume of production at the expense of measures to increase production efficiency aimed at the utilization of planned production capacities is not considered an increase in production capacity. the following factors are taken into account when determining the production capacity (see figure). the following information is used to calculate the production capacity: according to the quantitative composition and technical level of the equipment; organization's work order. power calculations are performed for all production equipment attached to workshops. for reference. production equipment includes equipment that directly implements the technological process of production of goods in the organization. 12 абдуллаева, м. (2020). дистанционное обучение: мировая практика, достижения, риски, перспективы. in library, 20(4), 231-235. 28 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the calculation takes into account equipment that is operational and inactive due to failure, repair, modernization, lack of loading and other reasons. when calculating capacities, equipment is divided into groups according to the structural production units of the organization, and in them on the basis of interchangeability, that is, if possible, performing the same technological operations. in production lines where operations are strictly assigned to specific machines and equipment is not interchangeable, it is grouped in the sequence of technological operations. unique equipment stands out in a separate group. the area is a factor that determines the size of the production capacity for the workshops of a number of organizations (for example, machine-building, wood-building, light industry, etc.). in such cases, production areas are taken into account in the calculation of capacity, that is, where the technological process of product production is carried out, occupied by: ▪ production equipment; ▪ workplaces (including desks, assembly stands, etc.); ▪ backlogs at workplaces (forms, parts, units); ▪ passages between equipment and workplaces (except main roads). auxiliary areas are not taken into account when determining power, including: ▪ tool and repair shops; ▪ warehouses and warehouses; ▪ buildings of the technical control department; ▪ other auxiliary buildings; ▪ fire and main streets. the dimensions of the areas are based on the data of the production and technical passport of the organization, and in the absence of passport data according to the results of measurements (along the internal perimeter of the building or along the axes of the columns, taking into account the protruding parts of the building). the operating procedure of the organization directly affects the amount of production capacity and is determined based on the specific conditions of production. the concept of "working order" includes the number of shifts, the length of the working day and the length of the working week. depending on which time losses are taken into account when determining the power, there is a difference calendar (nominal) , mode and time fund of use of actual (working) main funds. the calendar time fund is equal to the number of calendar days in the planning period multiplied by 24 hours, that is, for a non-leap year 8760 hours (365) × 24). the time fund is determined by the production mode and is equal to the number of working days in the planned period multiplied by the number of hours in work shifts. in a five-day working week, the mode fund is determined based on the adopted production mode, with mandatory observance of the total duration of the working week established by law. among the terminological predilections that have developed in science, despite all the imagery of concepts: hidden, underground, informal, illegal economy, the term “shadow economy” still remains popular, which is one of the most significant and relevant topics of our time.13 the effective (working) fund of time is equal to the mode of reducing the time of planned preventive maintenance, in which the operation of the equipment should not exceed the established standards. 13 абдуллаева, м. (2021). теневая экономика, её влияние на экономическую систему. in library, 21(4), 86-101. 29 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when calculating the production capacity, it should be taken as the maximum possible effective (working) fund for the life of the equipment (use of production areas). in this case: the annual fund for the use of equipment for production and sections with a continuous production process is taken based on the duration of the shifts established in three shifts (or four shifts if the organization works in four shifts) and hours. planned preventive maintenance, reduction of time spent on rest and holidays, as well as reduction of working hours on holidays. for organizations whose leading shops work in two shifts (or less than two shifts), the working time fund is calculated based on the two-shift work mode; for reference. a continuous process involves the production of products in which the interruption of production at any time of the technological process does not lead to the loss of products or raw materials, and the technological process can be limited by the duration of the work shift. working day. for production and continuous production sites, the annual fund for equipment use (use of space) is received based on the number of calendar days per year and 24 working hours per day, excluding repair and technological downtime. of the equipment, if these parking spaces are not included in the norms of its use; for information ; a continuous production process is defined as such a technological process of product production, which is continuous, and the interruption of the production process is associated with a long period of downtime, which leads to the loss of raw materials and equipment damage, or other associated with large economic losses. for unique and restrictive equipment, the current time fund is accepted based on the three-shift work regime; if workshops, sections and workplaces are equipped with equipment that does not require scheduled maintenance during working hours, the actual (working) fund of equipment operation (use of production areas) of these units is considered equal to the regime fund. several indicators are calculated to evaluate the utilization of production capacities, among which the most universal is capital productivity. return on assets (f o ) is one of the most important indicators describing the economic efficiency of production facilities and the organization's activity in general. it is defined as the ratio of gross (market) production to the average annual value of fixed assets: f o = c product / s basic f; (5); where c is the cost of finished goods for a certain period; c is the average annual cost of fixed assets. reminder! a comparison of the planned and actual capital productivity values by the level of the organization's capacities shows how far the capital productivity lags behind the planned or, on the contrary, exceeds it, compared to the average annual capacity. the ministry of innovative development was created, the main the directions of which are: the introduction of innovations in state and public construction; in the sector of the economy; agriculture; social development; system of environmental protection and nature management; initiation, coordination and stimulation introduction of advanced technologies.14 14 абдуллаева, м. (2021). роль государства в управлении инновационными процессами: международная практика, опыт республики узбекистан. in library, 21(1), 14–17. 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the value of the capital productivity reserve (rf) is determined in percent by the following formula: r f = ((f p f m ) × 100) / f p ; (6); where f p is the return on assets under the plan; f m – capital efficiency by power level. example 2. let's take the initial data from example 1. let's say that the price of 1 laser complex is 15 million soums, and the price of one manufactured set is 500 soums. planned capital productivity 0.5 soums. for 1 soum. basic production funds. let's calculate the return on assets by the level of production capacity. first, we determine the cost of the sets produced with the average annual capacity: 35,283.33 × 500 = 17,641,665 soums or 17,642 million soums. the average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated according to the following formula: f = c n + (c vf × n 1 /12) (f × n 2 /12), (7). here, f is the average annual cost of fixed assets; c n the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period; c vf the value of newly introduced fixed assets; with a choice, f is the value of the fixed assets withdrawn; n 1 – the number of months of full operation of the newly introduced fixed assets from the date of commissioning to the end of the period; n 2 is the number of months of complete absence of fixed assets from the time of retirement to the end of the period. for our example: f (formula 7) = 2 × 15 million + 5/12 × 15 million = 36.25 million soums; capital productivity at the level of production capacity (formula 5) = 17.642 / 36.25 = 0.487. thus, the value of the capital productivity reserve (formula 6) is equal to: ((0.5 0.487) × 100) / 0.5 = 2.6%, that is, in the example under consideration, the average annual capacity of the organization is 2.6% less than the plan. conclusion in conclusion the calculation of the production capacity of an industrial organization depends on the characteristics of the organization, and there are general approaches to the calculation of capacity. there are several types of production capacity of the organization: planned and project capacity; production, production and average annual production capacity; the main factors affecting production capacity are the quantitative composition of equipment and is the technical level and operating mode of the organization. the efficiency of the use of production capacity can be calculated using an indicator such as capital productivity. the main directions for improving the use of the production force are as follows : maintaining the technical condition of the installed and working technological equipment at a certain level . improving the organization of labor and production at the workplace . training of workers. increasing the number of manufactured products. reducing production costs . _ _ increasing the coefficient of shift work of workers. increase productivity . performing all types of repairs in a high quality and timely manner. 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature 1. usmonjon o’g, a. u. b., & nodirjonovich, s. s. (2021). the economic mechanisms and implementation of small business and private entrepreneurship. academicia globe: inderscience research, 2(05), 427-431. 2. baxodir o‘g, g. i. f., & abdullo o‘g‘li, m. i. (2022). socio-psychological characteristics of personality emotion. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 1-12. 3. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., & obidjon o‘g‘li, a. o. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230-235. 4. said o‘g‘li, s. s., & abdurasul o‘g‘li, r. s. (2022). psychological view of the military community. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 5-12. 5. абдуллаева, м. (2020). теоретические аспекты определения, развития цифровой экономики и её зарождение в республике узбекистан. in library, 20(3), 21-27. 6. dilmurod o‘g‘li, q. b., & usmon o‘g‘li, m. r. (2022). conflict and stress management. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 1(3), 10-15. 7. абдуллаева, м. (2020). дистанционное обучение: мировая практика, достижения, риски, перспективы. in library, 20(4), 231-235. 8. furqat o‘g‘li, m. t. (2022). the mechanism of psychological protection in a person. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 1(3), 13-19. 9. абдуллаева, м. (2021). теневая экономика, её влияние на экономическую систему. in library, 21(4), 86-101. 10. diyorbek o‘tkir o‘g, a. (2022). personal activity and motivation. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 1(2), 13-22. 11. абдуллаева, м. (2022). introduction of digital technologies into educational processes: theory and practice. in library, 22(1), 133-141. 12. olimjon o‘g‘li, o. o., & shuxrat o‘g‘li, z. i. (2022). the main features and signs of “relations contrary to the charter”(on the example of russian experience). web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 17-21. 13. абдуллаева, м. (2020). инновационная экономика республики узбекистан: достижения, проблемы. in library, 20(1), 12–15.4. 14. ravshanjon o‘g, j. r. m., & rustam o‘g‘li, s. u. (2022). socio-psychological reasons for the origin of “relations contrary to the charter”. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(5), 22-28. 15. абдуллаева, м. (2021). роль государства в управлении инновационными процессами: международная практика, опыт республики узбекистан. in library, 21(1), 14– 17. 16. oyniso, a. (2023). scientific interpretation of the problem of negotiation in the works of eastern scientists. world of science: journal on modern research methodologies, 2(3), 138148. 17. oyniso, a. (2023). the views of eastern scholars regarding entering into negotiations. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 2(5), 151-156. 18. www.library.ru http://www.library.ru/ 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 19. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., raxmatullo o‘g, t. x. n., hakimovich, h. p., & jahongir o‘g‘li, f. j. (2023). provision of information to management. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(7), 152-166. 20. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., bahodir o‘g‘li, s. s., abdeshukurovich, a. a., & maxammadaliyevich, m. a. (2023). management culture and leadership styles. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(7), 167-183. 21. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., oybek ulug‘bek o‘g, i., avazbek o‘ktam o‘g, i., & umidjon o‘g, j. u. b. (2023). organizations and their management. american journal of science on integration and human development (2993-2750), 1(5), 41-53. 22. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., zafarovich, b. m., bahodir o‘g, g. o. j., & ravkat o‘g‘li, b. d. (2023). management technology. american journal of science on integration and human development (2993-2750), 1(5), 29-40. 23. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., jahongirjon bo‘ston o‘g, s., qaxramon o‘g‘li, m. a., & madaminovich, m. m. (2023). conflict and stress management in management. american journal of science on integration and human development (2993-2750), 1(5), 65-78. 397-401 the social media in marketing 397 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the social media in marketing i. m. sirojiddinova andijan machine-building institute, head of the department of humanities, candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor s. t. solijonova 1-st year master degree student at “andijan machine building institute” abstract: social media in marketing refers to the strategic use of social networking platforms as powerful tools for promoting and enhancing a brand’s visibility, engagement, and overall marketing objectives. this article is about the advantages of utilizing social media in marketing. keywords: social media, social networks, mass media, media space, linear communication, network communication, network interaction, network community. smm (social media marketing) is a modern method of advertising goods and services, using social platforms and other media channels as a market. today this is a rapidly developing direction in the market, but it has managed to prove its productivity. smm helps to introduce consumers to a brand, advertise and promote their products/services, directly contact the target audience, identify their needs and receive feedback. social platforms make the task of pr managers much easier, allowing them to quickly respond to customer dissatisfaction, showing people the human face of the company. in addition, they allow them to disseminate information about interesting events taking place in the company, thereby allowing the audience not only to get acquainted with the brand, but also to observe the activities of the company. [1,2,3,4] social media marketing stands out as the most accessible means to connect with a broad audience. presently, an impressive 3.8 billion individuals, equivalent to half the global population, actively engage in social media. furthermore, this figure is consistently on the rise, witnessing a 9.2% growth in users since 2019, with its widespread usage and remarkable versatility, social media emerges as one of the most potent and cost-effective channels for marketing your business in the contemporary landscape. below, we outline some of the specific advantages of leveraging social media for marketing purposes: ø infuse a human touch into your business: social media provides a platform for transforming your business into an engaged participant within your market. through your profile, posts, and interactions with users, you cultivate an approachable persona that resonates with your audience, fostering familiarity, connection, and ultimately, trust. ø generate website traffic: through the link in your profile, blog post shares in your content, and strategically placed ads, social media emerges as a primary channel for boosting traffic to your website. this traffic provides valuable opportunities to convert visitors into customers. additionally, social signals serve as an indirect factor contributing to seo. ø drive lead generation and customer acquisition: social media platforms offer direct avenues for lead generation and conversions. features such as instagram/facebook shops, direct 398 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us messaging, call-to-action buttons on profiles, and appointment booking capabilities empower businesses to seamlessly attract and convert leads into customers. ø elevate brand awareness: the visual-centric nature of social media platforms provides a powerful avenue for constructing and disseminating your visual identity to expansive audiences, thereby enhancing brand awareness. a strengthened brand presence contributes to improved outcomes across all your other marketing campaigns. ø foster relationships: these platforms create opportunities for both direct and indirect communication with your followers, enabling you to network, receive feedback, facilitate discussions, and establish direct connections with individuals. in support of the aforementioned benefits, let's delve into compelling social media marketing statistics that underscore its formidable impact: ø the average us adult spends 2.25 hours on social media every day. ø over 70% of people who have a positive experience with a business on social media will recommend that business to their networks. ø facebook users click on 12 facebook ads on average every month. ø 81% of people use instagram to research products and services. ø nearly 80% of twitter users feel more positive about a business when they get a response to their tweet. ø 4 out of 5 people on linkedin drive business decisions. ø 46% of tiktok users engage in the app without any other distractions. while numerous individuals have transitioned to alternative social media platforms, facebook remains a formidable player with a substantial 2.85 billion active monthly users, as reported by statista. when considering the entire facebook family of social media platforms, encompassing instagram, whatsapp, and messenger, this figure expands to an impressive 3.51 billion monthly users. looking ahead, projections indicate that the global count of social media users is anticipated to reach 3.96 billion by 2022. notably, as of 2021, a significant 82% of the united states population boasts a social networking profile. these statistics underscore the imperative for brands to strategically invest in social media marketing. social media serves as a dynamic channel where consumers freely express their sentiments about a brand’s products and services. it provides an invaluable platform to connect with customers on their terms, in a space where they feel at ease and regularly spend their time. according to a global web index report covering january to march of 2020, consumers spent an average of 2 hours and 22 minutes daily on social networks and associated messaging apps. significantly, the report highlighted that up to 50% of social media users leverage these platforms for researching products and services. joe sinkwitz, ceo of intellifluence, said that social media has finally realized the potential that has been promised since the first social networks debuted. there are now rich communities of individuals that self-segment into audiences, with analytics attributed to various actions. at intellifluence we dog food everything we do, so a significant portion of our traffic comes from having our own community of influencers share their experiences on facebook in order to engage that audience, on twitter to expand reach, on linkedin to appeal to professionals, and so much more. [5,6,7] a plethora of widely-used social media platforms, such as facebook, instagram, twitter, tiktok, wechat, tumblr, linkedin, snapchat, pinterest, twitch, and vk, provide diverse avenues for engagement. additionally, platforms like reddit and youtube, while not traditional social networks, remain crucial for social media marketers. brands must grasp a fundamental 399 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us concept: each social media platform is unique, necessitating tailored content creation. what resonates on one platform may not suit another, highlighting the importance of strategic adaptation for effective brand communication. furthermore, social media marketing encompasses various facets worthy of exploration. influencer marketing stands out as a key element within this domain, constituting one prong, while another significant aspect involves paid social strategies. in some cases they can work interchangeably; for instance, a brand could commission an influencer piece on facebook and then if that influencer exists in facebook's creator system, the brand could amplify the post as a boosted ad unit. the third prong of social media marketing is direct promotion via social channels through a brand’s social media presence. for instance, wendy's does an incredible job on twitter engaging with their audience via their own account…sometimes they'll amplify the work of influencers as well and will utilize paid ads, but their focus is on delivering snark. [8,9,10] hyper-connectivity through social media has changed the way people feel about family, friends and peers, as well as their thoughts on what is ‘trending’ and current. [3] the pandemic precipitated a notable surge in social media usage, as individuals sought refuge in secure online communities during widespread lockdowns, school closures, and business shutdowns. with an increased amount of time spent online, people underwent a shift in their perspectives on recreation, business, and work. brands recognized the potential to leverage social media platforms to broaden their access to information, engage with key target audiences, and enhance interest, ultimately converting leads into sales. with the evolution of discourse on social media, people are seeking more authentic, transparent and informative exchanges” said raad. social media marketing doesn’t have to be difficult or complicated, but it must be genuine. “people are seeking more authentic internet exchanges, and this means, they're looking for brands with genuine personas that can add value to their interaction experience”. [11,12,13] similar to other mediums, the content shared by brands on social platforms must align consistently with the brand’s voice and values. social media provides a unique space for brands to showcase personality and character. incorporating humor and lighthearted, enjoyable content allows customers to connect with the human side of a brand. while customers acknowledge that brands are profit-driven entities, they prefer not to be inundated with constant sales pitches or advertising gimmicks. overuse of social media for promotional purposes, rather than fostering brand loyalty, may lead to customer disengagement. social media marketing can be as simple as a pre-scheduled content with a certain attainable/measurable business objective, e.g. to increase reach, brand awareness, convert users to sales, drive more traffic to websites. social media marketing can also be as in-depth as creating a full campaign, with and without advertising, focusing on several different themes and components at a time, to engage with users in, and measure those metrics of success as to how well they were engaged. [14,15,16] effective social media marketing campaigns incorporate social listening as a crucial component for assessment. social listening involves actively monitoring social media platforms for mentions of a brand, its competitors, products, services, or relevant keywords. this proactive approach not only provides the brand with insights into customer sentiments and perceptions but also serves as a means to discover potential pain points in the customer journey, offering valuable feedback on how customers perceive and interact with the brand. before embarking on social media marketing campaigns, brands should first articulate clear goals and subsequently identify the most effective strategies to achieve those objectives on the most suitable social media platforms. kelvin chan, cmo at training.com.au, highlights the common mistake of brands attempting to market across all social media platforms instead of 400 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us concentrating on those that align most effectively with their target customers or specific segments. many brands make the mistake of trying to tackle all the social media giants at once, but it's best to focus on one or two. that way, you can focus on driving engagement from audiences on that platform. the same person behaves differently on facebook and instagram. a growing number of individuals choose social media platforms as their preferred channel for cultivating and fortifying connections with friends, family, coworkers, and even brands. brands that share content aligned with their values, maintaining consistency while allowing their character and personality to shine, discover that social media platforms serve as exceptionally effective marketing channels. recognizing that various social media platforms appeal to customers for distinct reasons, brands must judiciously select the most fitting platforms based on their specific customer segments and overarching goals reference 1. deckers e., falls d. marketing in social media. just about the main thing. m.: mann, ivanov and ferber, 2012. 2. joe sinkwitz and dave snyder the ultimate guide to using influencer marketing, 2018. 3. matt and liz raad digital investors -2023 4. kelvin chan interactions between chinese herbal medicinal products and orthodox drugs. 5. mahammadovna, s. i. (2021). needs and factors for developing professional and creative abilities of students of higher educational institutions. annals of the romanian society for cell biology, 25(6), 2200-2209 6. mаhammadovna, s. i. (2023). features of cluster design in modern paradigms of education. telematique, 22(01), 348-355. 7. сирожиддинова и. методика смешанной отборки при комплексном проектировании профессиональной подготовки будущих инженеров //общество и инновации. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 7/s. – с. 87-92. 8. sirojiddinova i. m. scientific and technological progress, problems and solutions in the application of artificial intelligence //american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769). – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 9. – с. 49-53. 9. sirojiddinova i. m. immersion of students in an uncomfortable environment as a method of activating the learning process //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 11. – с. 4-5. 10. сирожиддинова и. м. в комплексном проектировании профессиональной подготовки инженеров метод случайной выборки //o'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 16. – с. 521-523. 11. sirojiddinova i. technological character of the educational process when designing pedagogical objects //solution of social problems in management and economy. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 130-132. 12. maxammadovna s. i. in comprehensive design of professional training of engineers random sample method //o ‘zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali. – 2023. 13. mаhammadovna s. i. improving the professional training of future engineers based on the cluster approach //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 3. – с. 45-47. 14. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2015). engineering students have succeeded in creating a technology cluster. pedagogy & psychology. theory and practice, 22.. 401 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. makhammadovna s. i. efficiency of development of professional and creative abilities of students //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2020. – т. 70. – №. 11. – с. 1292-1296.14. mahammadovna s. i. development of a methodological system of training based on the cluster approach //archive of conferences. – 2022. – с. 3033. 16. sirojiddinova i. the importance of the cluster approach to the creation of a motivational and methodological teaching system //вестник ошского государственного педагогического университета имени а. мырсабекова. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 146-150. 17. maxammadovna s. i. pedagogical opportunities for the development of professional and creative abilities in students //international journal for innovative enginering and management researc. – 2021. 18. sirojiddinova i. m. pedagogik ob’yektlarni kompleks loyihalashtirish texnologiyasi //academic research in educational sciences. – 2023. – т. 4. – №. tma conference. – с. 298-302. 19. сирожиддинова, и. м. (2022). таълим жараёнини мониторинг тадқиқ қилиш учун ташхис материалларини ишлаб чиқиш. results of national scientific research international journal, 1(6), 33-38. 20. сироджиддинова и. ta’lim jarayonida innovasion texnologiyalar //цифровизация современного образования: проблема и решение. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 57-60. 21. maxammadovna, s. i. (2022). klaster texnologiyasi asosida bolajak muhandislarni kasbiy tayyorgarligini takomillashtirish. муғаллим ҳəм үзликсиз билимлендириў. илмийметодикалық журнал. 22. maxammadovna s. i. o'zbekistonda inson huquqlarini ta'minlash: ijtimoiy xizmatlar agentligi misolida //central asian journal of social sciences and history. – 2023. 23. zakirovich, n. i., & mahammadovna, s. i. (2023). levels of development of human abilities. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 1(7), 341-344. 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 rajasthan politics and women empowerment jitendra choudhary assistant professor, political science, government college, kareda, bhilwara, rajasthan, india abstract: in many lowand middle-income democracies, the entrenchment of the economic elite in politics may undermine government effectiveness by limiting the accountability of elected officials. researchers evaluated a voter information campaign and exploited the random assignment of reservations for women in village councils to measure the impact of information and reduced incumbent advantage on village council elections. both interventions increased the number of candidates and drove the worst performers out of the race, though in the case of the voter campaign they had short-term costs in terms of officials‘ performance post-election. the effectiveness of democratic governance relies on high quality citizens entering politics and the electorate holding their representatives accountable. in many lowand middle-income democracies, the entrenchment of the economic elite in politics may undermine this process. incumbents may be reelected despite bad performance due to voters‘ lack of information. additionally, citizens may be reluctant to seek elected office due to the costs associated with entering an election. a growing body of evidence points to the importance of entry costs in affecting candidate selection and of voter awareness for candidate selection.1 however, less is known about how voter information and entry costs influence incumbents‘ decisions to re-run and for new-comers to seek office. there is also little evidence about whether reducing incumbency advantages can improve the quality of governance and government effectiveness. keywords: rajasthan, politics, women, empowerment, government, village, councils, election, officials. introduction village councils or gram panchayat (gp) are the lowest tier of elected representation in india. they are responsible for the provision of village infrastructure and identifying welfare recipients. in addition, gp administer the mahatma gandhi rural employment guarantee act (mgnrega), the government‘s flagship anti-poverty program, which guarantees 100 days of work per year to rural households at the state-regulated minimum wage. the gp registers potential beneficiaries, plans and executes public works, and ensures wages are paid on time. in rajasthan, each council represents an average of 3,000 people across multiple villages. the gp makes decisions by majority vote, with each member elected to represent an individual ward. the head councilor (sarpanch) is elected at-large by a direct vote of the gp electorate. while the sarpanch does not have veto power, she is the only full-time member of the council and has significant power over final council decisions. since 1993, each indian state is constitutionally required to reserve one third of sarpanch seats for women. in rajasthan, gp to be reserved for women are randomly selected before each election. this evaluation focuses on the group of gp in which sarpanch seats were not reserved for women in the 2010 election. in gp where sarpanch 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us seats were reserved for women in previous elections, the removal of reservations weakens the incumbency advantage because female incumbents often face social and family pressure to not re-run for office. in turn this lowers the costs of entry for other potential candidates. researchers conducted a randomized evaluation to test the impact of a voter information campaign and reservations for women in the previous electoral cycle on candidate entry, election results, and post-election performance in village council elections in rajasthan. at the time of the study, two previous election cycles included reservations for women. for the 2010 election, the government randomly assigned half of the gp in the state to be reserved for women regardless of whether they had been reserved in the past. researchers used this random assignment to analyze the impact of previous reservations in the gp that were not reserved in the 2010 election.[1,2,3] the second intervention was a voter information campaign. prayatn sanstha, a local ngo, ran the campaign between one and 20 days before the elections using publicly available data on mgnrega implementation. prayatn used calendar posters and theatrical performances to provide information on the roles of village council leaders and leaders‘ past performance implementing mgnrega. election districts were randomly assigned to receive either a ―general‖ or ―gender‖ information campaign. the general campaign emphasized that citizens should vote based on elected officials‘ job performance, rather than voting based on caste or gender. in addition to the components from the general campaign, the gender campaign emphasized that both genders could run in unreserved councils, and that women council heads typically performed as well as men. in total, prayatn distributed 130,000 informational calendars and performed 472 shows with an average attendance of 32 percent of the adult population of each village. using administrative sources and household surveys, researchers collected data on election results, measures of the number and quality of candidates entering each race, the likelihood of incumbents running, and post-election performance as measured by employment generated through mgnrega. researchers found that both reservation for women in the previous electoral cycle and the voter awareness campaign increased the number of candidates and decreased the probability that an incumbent ran and won an election. they found some evidence that newly elected leaders in constituencies with the general information campaign performed worse in terms of employment generated under mgnrega in the short-term.[5,7,8] candidate entry: both the information campaign and previous reservations for women led to an increase in the number of candidates. an average of seven candidates entered each election where the seat had not been previously reserved for women. one additional candidate ran in gp which either had been reserved or exposed to the information campaign. past reservations for women had a greater effect on the probability of women running—a 48 percent increase— whereas the information campaign increased participation from lower castes and tribal candidates. when seats were no longer reserved, male family members often replaced female incumbents as gp candidates. election outcome and accountability: both interventions decreased the probability that incumbents ran and won elections. furthermore, they pushed the worst performing incumbents out of the race, and among those who chose to run, it reduced low performing incumbents‘ probability of winning. incumbents who performed one standard deviation below mean performance in implementing mgnrega were 22 percent less likely to run for reelection in villages with the information campaign, and 34 percent less likely to run in previously reserved villages. the best performing incumbents, however, were as likely to run and win as in comparison villages. in previously reserved villages which received the information campaign, the probability of running increases by 26 percentage points, from a base of 54 percent, for the best performing candidates and their family members. 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us post-election performance: in non-reserved councils, the general campaign led to a lower performance implementing mgnrega and had no statistically significant impact in villages with previously reserved councils. these results indicated some short-run costs of broadening the political base through the information campaign. sarpanch from lower castes may be disadvantaged at first in dealing with the whole village and the administration to organize mgnrega work. one should keep in mind however that our analysis only measures the shortrun impacts on a single program. broadening the candidate pool could lead to a process of learning and selection which could lead to better outcomes in the long-run.[9,10,11] discussion women’s empowerment in rajasthan rajasthan, a state in india, has made significant progress towards women‘s empowerment in recent years. the state government has implemented several programme aimed at educating gender equality and empowerment women‘s. in this blog, we will explore some of the initiatives undertaken by the rajasthan government to empower women and the impact they have had. women’s education in rajasthan the rajasthan government has taken significant steps to improve girls‘ education in the state. several government initiatives have been initiated to enhance or improve or enrich girls‘ enrollment and retention rates in schools. these programs include the ‗padho pardesh‘ scheme, which provides financial assistance to girls from economically weaker sections to pursue higher education abroad, and the ‗kasturba gandhi balika vidyalaya‘ scheme, which provides free education to girls from marginalized communities. as a result of these initiatives, the literacy rate among women in rajasthan has increased from 43.85% in 2001 to 56.97% in 2011, according to the census of india. healthcare in rajasthan the rajasthan government has also launched several initiatives aimed at improving women‘s health outcomes. the ‗mamta‘ scheme provides financial assistance to pregnant and lactating women to access healthcare services. the ‗janani suraksha yojana‘ provides free delivery and postnatal care services to pregnant women from marginalized communities. as a result of these initiatives, the maternal mortality rate in rajasthan has decreased from 318 per 100,000 live births in 2014-16 to 244 per 100,000 live births in 2017-19, as per sample registration system. rajasthan government initiatives for women’s empowerment the rajasthan government has launched several initiatives aimed at promoting women‘s empowerment. the rscw i.e., rajasthan state commission for women was established to protect and promote women‘s rights. the ‗bhamashah swasthya bima yojana‘ provides health insurance to families, with the female head of the household as the primary beneficiary. the ‗annapurna rasoi yojana‘ provides subsidized meals to women and children from marginalized communities.[12,13,15] as a result of these initiatives, women‘s participation in decision-making processes at the village level has increased significantly. based on research conducted by the national council of applied economic research, the proportion of women participating in village meetings in rajasthan increased from 19.3% in 2005 to 46.6% in 2013. women’s employment in rajasthan the rajasthan government has launched several initiatives aimed at promoting women‘s employment. the ‗mukhya mantri kaushal anudaan yojana‘ provides financial assistance to 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us women to acquire skills and start their businesses. the ‗sakhi mandals scheme provides training and support to women to start their enterprises. as a result of these initiatives, the labor force participation rate among women in rajasthan has increased from 19.3% in 2004-05 to 24.9% in 2017-18, according to the national sample survey. the rajasthan government has implemented several initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality and women‘s empowerment. these initiatives have had a significant impact on women‘s lives in the state, particularly in terms of education, healthcare, participation in decision-making processes, and employment. however, there is still a long way to go in achieving gender equality and women‘s empowerment in rajasthan. the government needs to continue its efforts to address the various challenges that women face in the state, including gender-based violence, discrimination, and social norms that restrict women‘s freedom and agency. with sustained efforts, rajasthan can become a shining example of women‘s empowerment and gender equality in india.[17,18,19] women‘s empowerment is essential for promoting gender equality, economic development, and social development. achieving women‘s empowerment demands a collaborative endeavor from the government, civil society, and private entities. providing women with access to education, healthcare, and economic resources, and promoting their participation in decision-making processes are some of the ways in which women‘s empowerment can be achieved. challenging cultural and social norms that discriminate against women is also crucial for promoting gender equality and women‘s empowerment. results the schemes and programmes implemented by the ministry of women and child development for empowerment of women in the country including the state of rajasthan during the last three years are as under: 1. poshan abhiyaan 2. anganwadi services scheme 3. pradhan mantri matru vandana yojana (pmmvy) 4. beti bachao beti padhao (bbbp) scheme 5. one stop centre (osc) and universalisation of women helpline 6. child protection services scheme 7. scheme for adolescent girls (sag) 8. swadhar greh scheme 9. ujjawala scheme 10. working women hostel in addition to above, the government of india has taken various steps to ensure empowerment of women through their social, educational, economic and political uplifting through various schematic interventions. while the schemes implemented by the government like pradhan mantri awas yojana (urban & rural), the national social assistance programme (nsap) ensure that the women are socially sound, the initiatives like samagra shiksha, scheme of national overseas scholarship, kasturba gandhi balika vidyalaya, babu jagjivan ram chhatrawas yojna, swacch vidyalaya mission, etc. promote girl's education especially for vulnerable sections of society and have adequate facilities in place to fulfill their special requirements.[20,21,22] 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us further, the national education policy (nep), 2020 prioritises gender equity and envisions ensuring equitable access to quality education to all students, with a special emphasis on socially and economically disadvantaged groups (sedgs). in order to enhance the employability of female workers, the government is providing training to them through a network of women industrial training institutes, national vocational training institutes and regional vocational training institutes. to ensure economic independence of women through skill development and vocational training, the government has also introduced skill india mission. the national skill development policy focuses on inclusive skill development, with the objective of increased women participation for better economic productivity. pradhan mantri kaushal vikas kendras lay emphasis on creating additional infrastructure both for training and apprenticeship for women; flexible training delivery mechanisms, flexible afternoon batches on local need-based training to accommodate women; and ensuring safe and gender sensitive training environment, employment of women trainers, equity in remuneration, and complaint redressal mechanism. there are schemes like pradhan mantri mudra yojana and stand up india, prime minister‘s employment generation programme (pmegp), for helping the women to set up their own enterprise. under the swacch vidyalaya mission, it was ensured that all schools have at least one functional toilet for girls. pradhan mantri ujjwala yojna (pmuy) aims to safeguard the health of women by providing them with clean cooking fuel and also from drudgery of collecting firewood. further, in order to encourage employment of women, a number of enabling provisions have been incorporated in the recently enacted labour codes viz. the code on wages, 2019, the industrial relations code, 2020, the occupational safety, health and working conditions code, 2020 and the code on social security, 2020 for creating congenial work environment for women workers. stand up india scheme promotes entrepreneurship amongst women. the mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee act, 2005 (mgnrega) mandates that at least one third of the jobs generated under the scheme (mgnregs) should be given to women. the data in respect of these schemes are maintained by the respective ministries/ departments.[23,25,27] the government of india has also decided to implement the umbrella scheme for safety, security and empowerment of women as an integrated women empowerment program under the name ‗mission shakti‘, for addressing the issues of women on a life-cycle continuum basis and for making them equal partners in nation-building through convergence at different levels of governance and a participative approach. the schemes implemented by the ministry are monitored at central/ state/ district level in all states and uts, including in rajasthan. further, third party evaluation of the schemes is undertaken for scheme appraisal and guidelines are revised from time to time for ensuring effective implementation of the schemes. under anganwadi services scheme, a robust ict enabled platform named poshan tracker has been designed to capture real-time data on implementation and monitoring of anganwadi services across the country. the poshan tracker management application provides a 360 degree view of the activities of the anganwadi centre (awc), service deliveries of anganwadi workers (awws) and complete beneficiary management. similarly, pmmvy is monitored through a centralized web based software named pmmvy-common application software (pmmvy-cas). conclusions mmba [mahila mandal barmer agor] is working towards changing social, economical and political status of women in rajasthan, where status of women is going down tragically. in some part of western rajasthan cases of killing of infant girls have come up. according to census 2001 in all the districts of jodhpur region, the gender ratio is very low, indicating indicating 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tragically low status of women. the educational level of women is very low and in case of dalit women it is much lower. violence against women is very common in the area since time immemorial and it is going up recently. women have no liberty to take the decisions and no rights over home resources.[28,29] mmba believes that there is strong need to work intensively on women issue to bring about positive social change. owing to male dominant system and social environment, violence against women sometimes takes the social sanction. dalit women are in more problem. in this rather dismal scenario, mmba has taken several initiatives for empowering women: livelihood project 1. shepherd development project through wool 2. embroidery work through self help groups 3. barmer printing work 4. embroidery products a. cotton on silk thread embroidery with mirror b. gudadi work bed covers c. old patch work d. organdy cut work bed covers e. suti aari work bed covers formation and capacity building of women self help groups with the objective of exploring collective strength, increasing social and economical level and increasing participation in development activities, 360 shgs with a membership of 3,966 women have been formed. meetings were organized with these groups every month on specific dates. women were briefed about the importance of shgs and savings. apart of savings village level issues were discussed such as nrega, mid-day meal, common distribution pattern, women health and girl child education and also tried to draft the strategy towards working collectively on the issues. leadership skill development trainings for leaders of formed shgs have been organised with the objective of social and economical development, development of occupational resources, development of awareness regarding laws, generate organisation strength and access to resources. most of the shgs have been provided training in income generation activities. these include 1,000 artisans of embroidery and applique. a mechanism is in place for monitoring of shgs. advocacy against women exploitation family, community and state are responsible for all visible and invisible forms of violence against women such as domestic violence, sexual exploitation, rape, dowry, murder, prostitution or infant girl killing. to eradicate violence against women the government has taken several legal steps, but the suffering of women continues. many cases of violence against women come to the organisation and attempt is being made to solve them with the support of local organisations. advocacy on food safety and right to work mmba is making efforts to enable the deserving people to avail proper benefits of the government schemes such as mid-day meal, anganwadi centers and nrega. for this fairs and https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/shepherd-development-project-through-wool/event/shepherd https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/embroidery-work-through-self-help-group/event/embroidery https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/barmer-printing-work/event/barmer https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/cotton-on-silk-thread-embroidery-with-mirror/event/cotton https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/gudadi-work-bed-covers/event/gudadi https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/old-patch-work/event/old https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/organdy-cut-work-bed-covers/event/organdy https://mmbarajasthan.org.in/suti-aari-work-bed-covers/event/suti 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us workshops are regularly organised. people are being helped to get their job cards prepared under nrega and also in actually getting work under the scheme. marwar jagrook manch mmba has promoted marwar jagrook manch at district and block level to advocate the problems and issues of women. active women of village level shgs and women sarpanches/panches (ward members) are member of this manch. this manch discusses issues related women and holds protests through rallies, dharna, etc., to address the issues. in the recent years, the manch has carried out advocacy on nrega (national rural employment guarantee act), bpl (below poverty line) issues, social security scheme, food security, common education system, violence against women, water supply, etc. events like international womens' day are celebrated on a massive scale every year to instill solidarity among women and highlight concerns of women on the issues like domestic violence, social exploitation, infant girl killing, etc.[28,29] references 1. the global gender gap report 2012, world economic forum, switzerland, page 16 2. government of india. 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"reserved seats in south asia: a regional perspective". women in parliament: beyond numbers. {{cite web}}: missing or empty |url= (help) 18. prs legislative research. "women's reservation bill [the constitution (108th amendment) bill, 2008]". prsindia.org. retrieved 22 march 2014. 19. raman, vasanthi. "the implementation of quotas for women: the indian experience" (pdf). centre for women's development studies. international institute for democracy and electoral assistance. 20. ministry of panchayati raj. "women reservation in panchayats". press information bureau, government of india. retrieved 22 march 2014. 21. kaul, shashi; shradha sahni (2009). "study on the participation of women in panchayati raj institution". studies on home and community science. 3 (1): 29– 38. doi:10.1080/09737189.2009.11885273. s2cid 39386599. 22. deininger, klaus; hari k. nagarajan (2011). "can political reservations empower women and affect economic outcomes? evidence from rural india" (pdf). national council of applied economic research. 4. 23. a b chattopadhyay, raghabendra; duflo, esther (2004). "women as policymakers: evidence from an india-wide randomized policy experiment". econometrica. 72 (5): 1409– 1443. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00539.x. hdl:1721.1/39126. 24. sadan, nirvachan. "list of political parties and election symbols-regarding" (pdf). electionl commission of india. retrieved 24 march 2014. 25. a b c basu, amrita. "women, political parties and social movements in south asia" (pdf). united nations research institute for social development. retrieved 24 march 2014. 26. a b ballington, julie; et al. (february 2012). "empowering women for stronger political parties: a guidebook to promote women's political participation" (pdf). united national development programme. national democratic institute for international affairs. retrieved 24 march 2014. 27. a b goetz, anne marie (2009). governing women: women's political effectiveness in contexts of democratization and governance reform. new york: routledge. pp. chapter 5. 28. raman, nachammai (11 december 2007). "in india, a party for women only". the christian science monitor. retrieved 24 march 2014. 29. bhalotra, sonia; irm clots-figueras; lakshmi iyer (november 6, 2013). "path-breakers: how does women's political participation respond to electoral success?". harvard business school. bgie unit working paper no. 14-035. ssrn 2350805. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/women%27s_political_participation_in_india#cite_ref-shirin_17-0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/women%27s_political_participation_in_india#cite_ref-shirin_17-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/template:cite_web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/help:cs1_errors#cite_web_url http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/womens-reservation-bill-the-constitution-108th-amendment-bill-2008-45/ http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/womens-reservation-bill-the-constitution-108th-amendment-bill-2008-45/ http://www.quotaproject.org/cs/cs_india.pdf http://www.quotaproject.org/cs/cs_india.pdf http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=74501 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1080%2f09737189.2009.11885273 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s2cid_(identifier) 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of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 importance and characteristics of administrative documents saidazimov yusuf tashkent state university of law, lecturer of the department administrative and financial law abstract: this article analyzes the specific features of the administrative document. the characteristics of the administrative document, its entry into force, types, and other aspects different from other documents are analyzed. in this article, we will talk about the importance and uniqueness of the administrative document. as usual, when talking about the importance and uniqueness of an administrative document, we cover this topic using the information provided in scientific sources. any form of administrative document has the nature of legality, that is, they are adopted by competent state bodies based on the constitution and laws and for the purpose of their implementation. administrative documents, different from other documents, have the following characteristics. 1) administrative documents are the expression of the will of the legal authority of the subjects of state power, that is, state bodies or enterprises and institutions that are considered subjects of administrative law. these documents are one of the important means of implementing the goals and functions set by the state for state bodies, and are the main form of execution and issuing of orders. administrative documents are legally binding documents adopted by subjects of state power in the course of daily and direct management of economic, socio-cultural, administrative and political spheres of the country. 2) administrative documents may be accepted by the executive authority or other competent administrative body of the state. 3) administrative documents have the nature of imperativeness and obligation to the addressee (that is, to which person) and the relevant will of one party (the subject of administrative law) is expressed in them; 4) administrative documents have the character of establishing and regulating rules of conduct, a certain procedure; 5) administrative documents serve as a legal basis for the creation, change and annulment of administrative-legal relations. therefore, administrative documents are documents issued by an authorized body with legal force, and are a document of unilateral expression of rights by the relevant subject of administrative law (executive authority body, enterprise and institution administration, official). they are documents that have the form specified in the legislation and are aimed at establishing administrative-legal norms and establishing, changing and canceling administrative-legal relations in order to ensure the implementation of tasks and functions in the sphere of the state assigned to administrative bodies. 209 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us administrative documents are a form of written documents prepared and accepted based on the rules established by the above bodies for the implementation of the tasks and functions of the administrative bodies of the state. these administrative documents are essentially the result of the planned and intended actions of the state administrative bodies. an administrative document is accepted by an authorized administrative body (state body, official) within the scope of competence. administrative document is accepted unilaterally, that is, by a special body or official who participates in public legal relations 1 . subjects to whom an administrative document is addressed cannot influence the action of the subject expressing the will of the state. at the same time, the persons or organizations to whom the administrative document is directed may try to determine its validity and legality (for example, by considering the case in court). an administrative document may be considered in a judicial or administrative procedure and found to be contrary to the law 2 . an administrative document expresses the will of an administrative body authorized by the state, and the powers of the state body are expressed in it. the manifestation of an administrative document is explained by the interests of the state and society, and it is aimed at regulating specific relations, establishing universally binding rules, as well as resolving conflicts that arise in the process of management. administrative document defines mandatory rules of behavior (behavior) in a specific field, legal norms or regulates specific public relations. defines the scope of exemplary behavior of the subjects in a specific area of the state. it creates a legal basis for the creation, change or annulment of administrative-legal relations or serves as a legal fact in the direct creation, change or annulment of such relations. the legality of administrative documents, i.e., their compliance with the law or legality, is one of the important signs. administrative document is a type of legally significant document used in the course of the activities of the administrative bodies (officials) of the state, and does not imply the expression of the unilateral will of the authorities and has legal significance, a reference, summary, report, inspection document, inventory, inspection it is shown through the documents. it should be taken into account that the administrative document will have a special form and a special procedure for acceptance (approval). usually, they are accepted in written form, following the established process, i.e. the procedure of project preparation, agreement, discussion, examination, approval, registration and announcement. administrative documents are usually accepted in written form. but the administrative document can be in oral form. for example, an administrative document in oral form can be used in management relations in the military sphere or in service relations between a leader and an employee directly subordinate to him. an administrative document is not limited only to the field of management. social relations (for example, financial, labor, environmental) that are the subject of other branches of law are also regulated through an administrative document. the administrative document resolves many issues in order to further clarify legal documents. another main feature of administrative documents is their legal significance, that is: first of all an administrative document appears as legal facts, serves as a factual basis for the creation, change or annulment of legal relations, for giving a new color to the legal status of legal subjects (for example, an appointment order in german law creates the legal status of a civil servant brings 3 ); 1 wilfried erbguth, annette guckelberger: allgemeines verwaltungsrecht mit verwaltungsprozessund staatshaftungsrecht. 10. auflage. nomos, baden-baden 2020, isbn 978-3-8487-6097-8, § 13 rn. 7. 2 dörte herrmann: aus dem leben eines verwaltungsakts. in: zeitschrift für das juristische studium 2011, s. 25 3 annette guckelberger: anhörungsfehler bei verwaltungsakten. in: juristische schulung 2011, s. 210 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us secondly, an administrative document establishes, changes and cancels legal norms, uniformly regulates relations involving a wide range of individuals, determines the management procedure, the possibility of applying administrative coercive measures, normative or individual documents of management regulate the behavior of one or another subject -regulates the character, by giving him rights or by imposing specific obligations, or by establishing both; thirdly, the administrative document appears as evidence in a certain legal process (for example, in the consideration of civil, administrative or criminal cases by the courts); fourthly, the administrative document serves in the implementation of one or other actions, as well as in the implementation of other legal documents or in the implementation of the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities. for example, the decision on the state registration of a legal entity enables this person to participate in various civil-legal or administrative-legal relations; fifth administrative document legal instruments, including; timely implementation of state policy in the field of administrative law, carrying out administrative reforms, achieving goals in state administration, implementing the functioning of executive authorities, officials, state and local employees; appears as a means of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. the characteristics of the administrative document determine its essence and legal nature, as well as the main directions of its impact on social relations. in addition, it has a number of functions, just as administrative documents have their own characteristics. functions of an administrative document it has an effect on the regulation of public relations, ensures the achievement of the set goal and fulfillment of tasks in public legal relations. when adopting an administrative document, the norms established in it affect the state administration itself. depending on the nature of such influence, the following functions of administrative documents can be indicated: first, the function of providing public interests. norms of administrative law are established, first of all, in order to express, protect and ensure public interests. administrative documents, as the main form of management, are aimed at realizing the interests of the whole society, its social groups, the state and citizens. when adopting an administrative document, executive authorities rely primarily on the interests of citizens, society and the state. in other words, the management process (the process of adoption and execution of management documents) is initiated in order to ensure public interests; secondly, the function of material and legal regulation. the administrative document establishes specific relationships based on legislation and gives individual (single) subjects the opportunity to choose specific opportunities and rules of behavior based on the situation. an administrative document serves to achieve a certain result by implementing or supporting specific norms of legal documents; thirdly, management-procedural function. the set of procedural actions related to the adoption of administrative documents is the preparation, adoption, state registration, and publication of administrative documents and, in particular, regulatory legal documents, organizing the process of receiving administrative documents. and the procedure for its implementation is clearly established; fourth, the playback function. this function of administrative documents ensures the activity of state administration by establishing management actions and the procedure for their implementation; fifth, the administrative-procedural function (in the sense of judicial review of illegal actions and decisions). when talking about this function, first of all, the function of protection is meant, that is, the theory of modern administrative law assumes that any administrative document that 211 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us violates rights and legal interests can be reviewed in court. where there is an opportunity to accept an administrative document, it must be possible to review this document in court. the administrative document fulfills this function and creates the ground for administrative justice (administrative trial), which is considered an important legal tool for eliminating deficiencies in the creation of administrative law. the requirements for administrative documents are also unique. the main condition of administrative documents is their compliance with the legal content of legal documents and the requirements for their adoption. based on these requirements, the administrative document must be adopted in accordance with the law. the following are the requirements for administrative documents. 1) the administrative document must not contradict the constitution and laws; 2) taking into account the division of activity and powers among subjects of state bodies; 3) taking into account administrative documents issued by higher state bodies; 4) acceptance of administrative documents by the relevant state body (official); 5) it must be legally based, that is, it must clearly indicate the basis of the purpose of adopting an administrative document and the legal consequences arising from them; 6) that it cannot limit or violate the competence and operational independence of subordinate bodies in the system of administrative bodies; 7) that administrative bodies cannot limit or violate the rights and legal interests of citizens and non-governmental organizations established by legislation in all spheres of interaction; 8) administrative documents must be adopted in accordance with the established rules (processes) and there are other similar requirements. administrative documents must be accepted taking into account the documents of higher executive authorities. the main requirement for administrative documents is their compliance with state policy. administrative documents should implement state policy, economy, socio-cultural construction, expansion of foreign political and economic relations with foreign countries, and strengthening of the state's defense capabilities in the daily life of the state and society. based on the principle of legality, administrative documents must meet the following requirements: a) must be accepted within the competence given to him by the authorized body; b) not only should not contradict legal documents, but also should not harm the rights and legal interests of the state, its bodies, public associations and citizens; c) must be accepted in a prescribed manner, and in some cases, in a form established by law or a higher authority; d) must be adopted to solve the relevant issue stipulated by the law or other normative document. the above cases are information about the specific features of administrative documents written on the basis of our scientific sources and their importance. now, it would be appropriate if we focus on the information given in the scientific sources of foreign countries about the specific features and importance of administrative documents. for this purpose, on pages 38-39 of the book "ejegodnik publichnogo prava administrativnqy akt" the uniqueness and importance of the administrative document is discussed 4 . according to him, the distinctive features of the documents are as follows:  individuality; 4 ежегодник публичного права 2016: aдминистративный акт. – m .: инфотропик медиа. 2015 – с. 38-39. 212 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  the fact that it has an external effect, that is, it does not have an interdepartmental nature;  brings legal consequences, that is, it is said to cause consequences such as changing, terminating and limiting the rights and obligations of the applicant. this book goes into the definition of each of the given symbols. to make a general conclusion, an administrative document should always have an individually defined feature. this characteristic distinguishes an administrative document from a legal norm, which is also one of the forms of public administration activity in the field of public law, aimed at regulating a single case, but aimed at an unknown part of individuals, and therefore an abstract type of regulation (for example: banning demonstrations, road signs installation). these examples use an abstract sentence because they do not say which person is being addressed. if we are talking about the regulation of a specific situation, the addressee is a certain person or an individually identified person, by issuing an administrative document, as a rule, the administrative body requires a certain person to perform some action, allows or prohibits. an administrative document is a document that establishes the rights and obligations of citizens and legal subjects that are not included in the scope of inter-departmental relations. that is, as a result of the departmental measures taken, it creates a legal consequence that determines, changes or cancels the rights and obligations of the applicant. the direct effect symbol serves to separate the net internal effect. for example, an official always remains a part of public administration, regardless of whether his status is affected or changed by any administrative action. a document defining an obligation to an individual includes a requirement to fulfill an obligation in a narrow sense. an administrative document constituting a right gives the addressee a legal status that did not exist before the administrative document was issued (for example, a permit, license, etc.). a distinctive feature of an administrative document that forms a right is that the desired action enters into force immediately after its announcement and does not require mandatory execution. administrative documents resolving disputed legal relations are inevitably aimed at achieving a legal result, or rather, resolving a disputed issue in such a way that it can no longer be the subject of a dispute. at the same time, the main focus is not on the facts or circumstances arising from several factual circumstances of the case, but on the resolution of conflicting legal relations. this type of administrative document does not require execution and will not need it. because the legal consequences come with the issuance of the administrative document whenever it is issued. regulatory administrative documents grant rights to individuals or create other conditions that improve their legal status. of course, it is not for nothing that the administrative document occupies a special place in administrative law. if the administrative document is against the law, the addressee who has been harmed by its legal consequences upon the issuance of the administrative document may apply to the court to protect his rights. but the role of the administrative body in the informal activities cannot be ignored. because in the era of globalization, the tasks of public administration are becoming more complicated. existing legal forms are not sufficient for this. the content of the administrative document can be expanded or limited by additional rules. additional rules are an indispensable tool in the practice of state administration, aimed at embodying the special features of administrative documents. for example, the validity of an administrative document may depend on a certain period or condition. in addition, as an additional rule, additional obligations may be imposed on the content of the administrative document. references: 1. barxar s.m., xazanov s.d. formi i metodi deyatelnosti gosudarstvennoy adminstratsii [forms and methods of activity of the state administration]. yekaternburg, 1997, p. 7. 2. xamedov i.a., xvan l.b., tsay i.m. ko’rsatilgan asar [shown work]. pp. 296-300. 213 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. yusupov, s. b. (2021). covid-19 pandemiyasi davrida davlat budjeti ustidan parlament nazoratini amalga oshirishning tashkiliyhuquqiy asoslari. yurisprudensiya, 2(1). 4. to improve the administration of justice by prescribing fair administrative procedure. administrative procedure act. public law. 404-79th congress. chapter 324-2d session, p. 7. 5. zoilboev j. administrative reforms of education system in uzbekistan. jurnal pravovix issledovaniy – journal of legal studies, 2021, special iss., no. 1. 6. zoilboev j. a new procedure for resolving investment disputes in a judicial order. international scientific and current research conferences, 2021, no. 1 (1), pp. 209-213. 7. zoilboev, j., & cyman, d. (2022). consumer protection: on the example of uzbekistan and the european union. international journal of research in commerce, it, engineering and social sciences issn: 2349-7793 impact factor: 6.876, 16(01), 1-8. 8. j. nematov. improvement of administrative procedures in the republic of uzbekistan: administrative and legal framework: comparative-legal analysis: textbook-t .;2015.p.86. 9. kozimbek goziev. (2021). democratization of state power and governance is an important condition for the principle of separation of powers. international scientific and current research conferences, 1(01), 124–132. retrieved from https://orientalpublication.com/index.php/iscrc/article/view/166 10. saidazimov yusuf (2020). teoreticheskiy i pravovoy analiz administrativnix dokumentov. review of law sciences, 3 (spetsvipusk), 19-24. doi: 10.24412/2181-919x-2020-3-19-24 https://orientalpublication.com/index.php/iscrc/article/view/166 195 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 improving the system of issuing surrogacy permits and its legal framework babajanova dinara islamovna phd in law, tashkent state university of law abstract: for humanity, the issue of family and especially childbirth is considered sacred at any time and in any space. there is also a specific history of surrogacy, one of the methods considered as a solution to the problem of infertility in the current developed period. the author develops his own author's definition in this regard, with a comparative analysis of the experience of the united states and france in this matter, as well as various definitions of surrogacy. keywords: infertility, family, reproductive health, assisted reproductive technologies, surrogacy, genetic (biological) parent. speaking about the family, any uzbek first of all thinks about the child. it is difficult to imagine an uzbek family and household without the cheerful laughter of children. in addition to the greatness bestowed by the creator on the child, it is also a kind of bond that ensures the strength of the family. according to the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted by universal suffrage at the referendum of the republic of uzbekistan held on april 30, 2023 and entered into force on may 1 of this year, the family is the main branch of society and is protected by society and the state. marriage is based on the traditional family values of the people of uzbekistan, voluntary consent and equal rights of those entering into marriage. the state creates social, economic, legal and other conditions for the full development of the family [1]. with the lack of the opportunity to have children and, thus, to continue the race, that is, with the problem of infertility, people faced in ancient times. the idea of surrogate motherhood appeared as a manifestation of the solution to this problem. early references to the first surrogate motherhood in the history of mankind are contained in the christian bible. he was told that the wife of the prophet abraham could not get pregnant, so her maid hagar acted as a surrogate mother. in the course of subsequent historical progress, the use of slaves and servants as surrogate mothers played an important role in solving problems related to infertility [2]. to this end, a number of articles of our constitution, which are being updated, speak about the family, motherhood, childhood. within the framework of the updated chapter "family, children and youth", the constitution strengthens the family as the main link of society and the fact that it is protected by society and the state, that marriage is based on the traditional family values of the people of uzbekistan, voluntary consent and equal rights of married people, which the state creates in social, economic, legal article 78 of the draft also establishes that motherhood, fatherhood and childhood are protected by the state, that the state and society take care of the formation of children and youth loyalty to national and universal values, pride in their country 196 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and the rich cultural heritage of the people, feelings of patriotism and love for the motherland [3]. according to statistics, 932.2 children were born in our country in 2022, and the population in 2022 increased by 753.6 thousand people. according to the statistics agency under the president of the republic of uzbekistan, as of january 1, 2023, the permanent population of our republic. the population is 36,024,946. the republic of uzbekistan ranks third in the cis in terms of permanent population and first in terms of fertility. the republic of uzbekistan ranks 41st among the countries of the world in terms of population [4]. in the next ranking of states by the level of happiness (world happiness report), published on the international day of happiness, that is, on march 20, 2023, our country took 53rd place out of 146 states by the end of 2022 [5]. over the past five years, more than ten normative legal acts related to the protection of the reproductive health of the population have been adopted, among the most important of which is the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the preservation of the reproductive health of citizens", adopted on march 11, 2019. according to this law, the reproductive health of citizens is the state of a person's health physically, mentally and socially, a state that will be associated with the reproductive system, the functions of this system, vital processes that determine his ability to give birth to a child [6]. article 10 of this law defines the use of assisted reproductive technologies among the basic reproductive rights of citizens, and assisted reproductive technologies consist of medical technologies, treatment methods and therapeutic procedures aimed at achieving pregnancy, in which some or all stages of fertilization are carried out outside the woman's body. the procedure for the use of assisted reproductive technologies is regulated by the regulation on the procedure for the use of assisted reproductive technologies, approved by order of the minister of health of the republic of uzbekistan no. 106 dated january 14, 2020 and registered with the ministry of justice no. 3217 dated february 6, 2020 [7]. however, no regulatory document can answer the question of how to behave if the methods mentioned above do not allow a family to have children. in our opinion, in this situation, reproductive technologies that are widely used all over the world, that is, surrogate motherhood, should come to the rescue. there is no official ban or permission for surrogacy in the republic of uzbekistan. in the family code, this concept is mentioned only in one article. in part six of article 207 of this code, it is noted that persons who have been married and have given written consent to the transfer of an embryo to another woman for the purpose of fetal development may be registered as parents of a child only with the consent of a woman who has given written consent to the transfer of an embryo to another woman for the purpose of fetal development. the birth of a child (in this norm, the concept of a blood mother was used in the sense of a surrogate mother. surrogacy is a controversial but widely used reproductive technology. with surrogate motherhood, a woman consciously becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child in advance by prior agreement with the future (biological) parent, after giving birth, she gives it to them on the basis of an agreement, and this deprives her of the right to motherhood and other rights to the child. in the last quarter of the last century, the rapid development of medical technologies has led to the emergence of new methods of infertility treatment. however, surrogacy in the modern sense required the improvement of technologies such as artificial and in vitro fertilization. the first successful experiment on the use of surrogacy was recorded in the united states. in the period from 1976 to 1987, about 600 children were born to surrogate mothers in the united states, while in the period from 1987 to 1992, about 5,000 children were born as a result of the use of such assisted reproductive technology [8]. but, nevertheless, the widespread use of this method 197 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us has caused intense debate, both in the academic environment and among practicing physicians, because of the religious, moral, medical and legal points of view associated with it. when a surrogate mother legally evaluates motherhood, it is a contractual relationship. in world practice, double surrogacy is a common phenomenon. in "traditional surrogacy", the surrogate mother becomes pregnant with the help of her ovary. in turn, with "gestational surrogacy", the fertilized ovary is transplanted to the surrogate mother. in addition, there are manifestations of a surrogate mother, such as altruistic (only expenses are covered, and the goal is to help a childless family) or commercial (the surrogate mother receives remuneration for her services), depending on the funding. in a number of developed countries, only altruistic surrogacy is allowed, while commercial surrogacy is prohibited. what is the experience of foreign countries in the issue of surrogacy? surrogacy is officially allowed in the russian federation a woman who is 20-35 years old can become a surrogate mother, only gestational surrogate mothers are allowed to motherhood and if there are serious reasons (absence of the uterus or part of it, diseases that prevent pregnancy). at the same time, the ban on the use of surrogate mother services by foreign citizens has become an innovation in russian legislation. on december 19, 2022, the family code of the russian federation was supplemented with the requirement of citizenship of biological parents, that is, at least one of them must be a citizen of russia at the time of signing the contract. in ukraine, on the contrary, commercial surrogacy is allowed, but there are some restrictions, in particular, it is necessary that the customer has a family consisting of a woman and a man. in european countries, there are three different approaches related to surrogacy. in countries such as bulgaria, france, germany, italy, switzerland, portugal, croatia, malta, surrogacy is officially prohibited by national legislation. in germany and france, criminal liability has also been established for some issues related to surrogacy [9]. in countries such as austria, belgium, hungary, denmark, spain, cyprus, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, poland, romania, slovakia, slovenia, finland, sweden, czech republic, estonia, surrogacy is not regulated by law, but is allowed in practice. in the netherlands, commercial gestational surrogacy is allowed in accordance with the "in vitro fertilization law", and this process must be carried out in accordance with special rules (guidelines of the dutch society of obstetrics and gynecology) approved by the society of obstetrics and gynecology. in addition, dutch legislation also defines the issue of citizenship of genetic (biological) parents, in particular, that genetic parents can only be citizens of the netherlands [10]. in european countries, such as the uk and greece, surrogacy is allowed at the legislative level. in particular, according to uk law, both traditional and gestational surrogacy is allowed [11]. in this matter, regulated after the fact (experiment), the age of the surrogate mother, aspects related to marital status are not regulated by law. the law on human fertilization and embryology (human fertilization and embryology act), adopted in 2008, also did not reflect issues related to surrogacy at all. but the code of conduct of medical professionals establishes the rules concerning surrogacy [12]. in some foreign countries, due to the requirements of new conditions and new technologies, necessary amendments are being made to legislative acts on reproductive health of the population or they are being adopted repeatedly. in particular, within the framework of the eropa union, transformation in the field of human rights and biomedicine is acceptable, and this document is the initial legal document aimed at protecting a person from abuse associated with the use of new biological and medical methods. at the same time, the issues of the use of artificial insemination methods in europe are also regulated by a number of directives in question, which were developed on the basis of three recommendations of the parliamentary 198 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us assembly of the council of europe in this area, adopted by decisions of the european parliament and the commission on human rights on march 16, 1969. the concept of "surrogate motherhood" is a novelty for national understanding, and the development of its legal definition is important for law enforcement practice. a surrogate mother is a woman who, according to a surrogacy contract, agrees to move an embryo into her womb, develop it as a fetus in her own body, give birth to a child and hand it over to a customer parent. now in practice, when there is a need for surrogacy services, the relations of the parties are regulated by the contract. but the fact that a surrogate mother has a privileged right to take over a born child casts doubt on the validity of such contracts. surrogacy is legally permitted in most states of canada and the united states. the legislation of armenia, georgia, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan also allows surrogacy. in belarus, surrogacy can only be used by women who, for medical reasons, cannot get pregnant on their own. australia and the republic of south africa can provide free assistance only to the biological parents of a surrogate mother. in india, only altruistic surrogacy is allowed, while chinese, nepalese, thai surrogacy is prohibited by law, but citizens of these countries widely use surrogacy services in other foreign countries. in the conditions of uzbekistan, the surrogacy contract itself is considered invalid in accordance with article 116 of the civil code, as an agreement whose purpose is obviously contrary to the grounds of law and order or morality. due to the lack of such services in medical institutions, citizens of our country travel and use surrogacy services to foreign countries where such activities are allowed. however, with cross-border surrogacy, deception on the part of the surrogate mother, the unstable political situation associated with the registration of clients as parents, related to the citizenship of the born child, causes a number of problems associated with the entry of the child into the territory of uzbekistan. in addition, surrogacy services are not cheap. in conclusion, it should be noted that in order to maintain the reproductive health of the population, strengthen the family, and reduce the risk of cross-border surrogacy for citizens of the republic of uzbekistan, it is necessary to legislatively allow surrogacy as existing assisted reproductive technologies. it should also be noted instead of concluding that the consolidation of the legal definition of surrogacy in the legislation, the establishment of the most important requirements and conditions concerning contractual relations with respect to surrogacy, the rights and obligations of the surrogate mother and biological (approximate) parents at the legislative level, serves to prevent most disputes related to surrogacy. references 1. ўзбекистон республикаси конституцияси // https://lex.uz/search/all?act_type=1&lang=3 2. воронцова с.н. о наследственных правах суррогатных детей // бюллетень нотариальной практики. 2009. № 1. с.1. 3. https://meningkonstitutsiyam.uz/uzc. 4. https://stat.uz/uz/. 5. https://happiness-report.s3.amazonaws.com/2023/whr+23.pdf. 6. https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4233891. 7. https://lex.uz/docs/4728682. https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4233891 199 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. kaur r. surrogate motherhood social and legal aspects // shodhganga. url: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/54478. 9. харламов в.с. суррогатное материнство: уголовно-правовой аспект // уголовное законодательство: вчера, сегодня, завтра: материалы ежегод. всерос. науч.-практ. конф. – спб., 2021. – ч. 1. с. 250–251. 10. comparative study on the regime of surrogacy in eu member states / l. burnet [et al.]; the european parliament’s committee on legal affairs. – european union, 2013. p. 302– 303. 11. comparative study on the regime of surrogacy in eu member states / l. burnet [et al.]; the european parliament’s committee on legal affairs. – european union, 2013. p. 348– 349. 12. comparative study on the regime of surrogacy in eu member states / l. burnet [et al.]; the european parliament’s committee on legal affairs. – european union, 2013. p. 58, 60. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/54478 58 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 peculiarities of modern political texts boltayeva nargiza raxmatovna researcher of samarkand state institute of foreign languages, teacher of the department of languages of zarmed university, nargizaboltayeva02@gmail.com abstract: in this article, showing that, it is possible to analyze texts and break through the deliberate clouding of meaning, based on text analysis and is give reliable conclusions. the main goal of this article is to explain how political texts are structured, to show how they can be analyzed and what information can be extracted from them. in the last few decades, the study of political communication has expanded greatly, and this growth has been evident around the world. this article will be basic information about some characteristic features of political texts. keywords: political texts, political linguistics, political science, political problems. introduction more than half a century ago, george orwell wrote in ―politics and the english language‖: ―in our time, political speeches and texts are mainly a defense of what cannot be defended‖, indicated like this. the continuation of british rule in india, the purges and deportations in russia, the atomic bomb dropped on japan can of course be defended, but only by arguments that will seem too crude for most people and that do not coincide with the declared goals of political parties. therefore, political language should consist mostly of euphemisms, questions and vague statements. as before, the goal of many, although not all, political texts are to manipulate, obscure, hide reality behind pretty words and pretty promises. and as before, in a society, at least partly democratic, it is necessary to be interested in politics, try to make a choice, comprehend your preferences, even if you have to choose from two, almost identical, evils. so, we will understand by ―political text‖ such a text that deals with current political problems and which is addressed to the may audience, while by the word ―mass‖ we mean a potentially mass audience. main part: why write political texts? ultimately, to influence the political situation, the alignment of forces, the opinion of society regarding political problems, phenomena, events, figures. we will call political problems directly related to: a) the distribution and redistribution of power, the conquest of political power; b) the political structure of society, the structure of power; c) political management of society. 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is very important for a political analyst to learn to understand and feel what is important, what is not important from a political point of view in current news, in published texts; what will become political news and a political event, and what will not. one must not only understand events from the point of view of political relevance, but also be able to assess the possible reaction of society: how the political audience, its individual parts, will perceive this event, how it can be used in political propaganda, counter-propaganda. a few more considerations about which texts are political. the text becomes political if the main subject of the political process begins to consider it as such: in democratic countries the political audience, in authoritarian countries the government itself or its institutions. in different political systems, texts that are identical in structure and relevance for these systems will be evaluated differently. one of the explanations is that they are not considered political by the speakers themselves, and the audience does not believe that they can somehow affect the authority of the leader, the distribution of political power. the subjects of the political process are: authorities, politicians, parties, and the author of the text, the audience, certain groups or strata of society. any political text is potentially, strategically, aimed at changing or maintaining the current political situation, at redistributing or maintaining the existing balance of power. but in their pure form, texts aimed at the implementation of these strategic objectives are usually associated with election and other political campaigns: marches, protests, strikes. the ideological function of a political text includes several components. firstly, it consists in the fact that the author of the text selects and formulates those problems that he considers necessary to highlight and the solution of which he proposes. this includes a description of the general context of the situation, and a program of action, and polemics with a political opponent. we call this function ideological, because the representation of reality in political speech or text is given in the way the author sees and understands it. and what are the main problems, and what are the best ways to solve these problems, and the situation in which the political struggle unfolds all this depends on how the author of the text sees the surrounding reality. as has long been noted, a politician in his speeches and texts, even if he tries to be absolutely objective and reliable, depicts not so much objective reality, the existence of which is still controversial, but a picture of reality that he saw. political parties in their programs, individual politicians in their speeches, political publicists in their texts offer their vision of the world and ways to solve pressing problems. but the task of a politician, a political publicist, is wider than simply depicting a situation within a certain point of view. he needs, firstly, to convince the audience that it is his point of view that is true, that it is his vision of problems and society that is adequate to reality, and that within the framework of reality understood in this way, it is possible to solve these problems, and to solve them in the best way for the audience. he needs to identify the problems that he puts forward with the problems of the audience, or to ensure that the audience perceives the problems put forward as their own, it is necessary to prove to the audience the relevance of these problems. secondly, he must offer such a picture of the current moment and portray it in such a way that there are common points of contact between the audience's vision of the situation and its presentation. the context of the situation in the presentation of the politician should be at least understandable, or better, close and adequate to the context as understood by the audience. thirdly, he needs to prove that the solution he proposed to the problems relevant to the audience is the best of all possible. that this particular solution is most acceptable to the audience, so that the audience perceives the proposed solution as their own solution. to do this, the author uses various argumentation systems: from logical arguments to recourse to authoritative symbols, from emotional images to rhetorical repetitions, from intonational play to graphic highlights. the correct choice of emphasis (on logical arguments or on authoritative symbols, and on which ones) depends on the skill of the author, on how much he imagines the audience, is convinced that he is right, etc. 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us traditionally, following aristotle, there are three main ways, three sources of argumentation: appeal to reason, to morality, morality (these are appeals ―based on the qualities, reputation, prestige of the speaker‖) and emotional and psychological calls . the well-known american political rhetorician theodore wind explains: ―by logs, aristotle meant arguments of a rational order in relation to a proposed course of action or a position taken. no one can convince others without offering some kind of reason, whether they are real or imaginary reasonable. people want to have an argument for what they believe, what they do, or what they are called to do. the idea of logos should not be confused with formal logic in its philosophical or academic form, and also with a rigid system of premises tested for truth. rhetorical reasoning comes from personal opinions, from public opinions, values, laws, customs, deviations from evidence, and from a variety of other sources. developing his thoughts, reasoning, a political orator who seeks to convince the public has two goals: 1. to present the best possible arguments and arguments in favor of his position; 2. choose from these arguments those that will be most understandable for that part of the audience that the speaker seeks to influence and convince. aristotle meant the character, prestige, authority of the speaker, and the level of audience confidence that the speaker has. "... the way you are speaks so loudly that it's hard to hear what you're actually talking about." listening, reading a speech, the audience always takes into account who is speaking. people remember the opinions of those they consider to be authorities. they respect those who have character, even if they don't agree with them. they trust those who are trusted." however, convincing the audience that the politician is right is not all. a politician does not need a sympathetic but passive audience. if in ancient athens, at the roman forum, persuasion was the main goal of the orator, since the decision was made right there, at the forum, then it is not enough for a modern politician to convince. he needs the listener or reader to leave not only convinced, but also ready for action in the future; for example would vote as it is necessary for a politician. he needs to mobilize the audience in his support, in support of his position. it is necessary to ensure that the reader, listener a member of a potential political audience not only understands that the author of a political text is right, but also supports his position, his party in a conversation with friends, at a polling station, at a demonstration or in a picket. the need for mobilization was often forgotten by russian politicians at the beginning of the economic and political reforms of the 1990s. focusing on a rational educational paradigm and on the politically engaged part of society, many democratic politicians professed the thesis: to convince is what it means to mobilize. and this, of course, is far from the case. and so far in the speeches and texts of many politicians there is no bright mobilization principle. an illustrative exception is vladimir zhirinovsky. in a certain sense, the weakened mobilization function of modern political texts testifies to the deformity of our democracy: it exists outside and without active interaction and mutual interest between the audience and politicians. politicians, at best, conscientiously inform the population about their plans and intentions, leaving mobilization at the mercy of political technologists, and sometimes simply relying on direct administrative pressure. a political career can be measured in terms of how effectively a politician uses this political capital, or, conversely, how much he abuses it. by rhyme, aristotle meant two things: personal emotions that influence people's actions and their ideas, and the psychological characteristics of the various groups that make up the target audience (meaning the characteristics of age, gender, occupation, etc.). from the fact that the main functions of a political text are persuasion and mobilization, for example, the following conclusion follows: a political text must be completely understandable, transparent for the potential audience for which it is intended. rather, it should not contain 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us incomprehensible, difficult to understand and decipher elements. all decorative elements related to the direct word, to the obviously expressed one, such as metaphors or other rhetorical figures, should be easily readable. additional meanings, accents can be arbitrarily sophisticated (for example, propagandizing the ―fight for peace, threatening war to those who ―do not care about peace‖), but they should also be clear to a potential political audience. possible exceptions for example, the vagueness of the text must be compensated by something (for example, increased emotionality), otherwise they significantly reduce the potential of the text as a mobilizing and persuasive factor. in order for a political text to fulfill its functions, the authors use a variety of techniques: rhetorical, stylistic, and argumentation techniques that we still have to work with. conclusion in conclusion we may say that, political text has strategic and tactical functions. any political text is potential, strategic, aimed at changing or maintaining the existing political situation, redistributing or maintaining the existing balance of power. and in cases, some political texts perform tasks of a tactical nature: the tasks of current political life, the struggle: filling in information, drawing a certain line within the party, trying to help certain decisions to be taken or not, specific individuals, affecting certain structures. in developed democratic systems, many printed political texts perform specific tactical tasks, while the role of the press in the political life of countries is also large. but the task of a politician and a political publicist is broader than simply describing the situation within a certain point of view. he must first of all convince the audience that his point of view is true, that his vision of problems and society is adequate to reality, and that it is possible to do so within the framework of reality understood in this way. adabiyotlar ro’yxati: 1. а.п. чудинов. современная политическая коммуникация: учебное пособие / отв. ред. / урал. гос. пед. ун-т. – екатеринбург, 2009. – 292 с. 2. э. в. будаев, м. б. ворошилова, е. в. дзюба, н. а. красильникова. современная политическая лингвистика: учебное пособие; отв. ред. а. п. чудинов; урал. гос. пед. ун-т. – екатеринбург, 2011. – 252 с. 3. чудинов а . п . политическая лингвистика: учеб. пособие/м.: флинта: наука, 2006. — 256 с. 4. алтунян а. г. ―анализ политических текстов‖: учебное пособие. — м.: университетская книга; логос, 2006. — 384 с. 5. аристотель. ―риторика‖ пер. с древне-греч. н.н. платоновой. – москва: издательство аст, 2017. – 352 с 6. 6.b. гофман ― слово оратора‖ : учебное пособие. ленинград 1932, -267 c 7. баранов, а. н. политическая метафорика публицистического текста: возможности лингвистического мониторинга / а. н. баранов // язык массовой информации как объект междисциплинарного исследования. — м. 2001. — с. 134—140. 8. 8.баранов, а. н. словарь русских политических метафор / а. н. баранов, ю. н. караулов. — м: помовский и партнеры, 1994. — 351 с. 9. 9.баранов, а. н. русская политическая метафора. материалы к словарю / а. н. баранов, ю. н. караулов. — м. : ин-т русского языка ан ссср, 1991. — 193 с. 10. будаев, э. в. зарубежная политическая лингвистика: учеб. пособие / э. в. будаев, а. п. чудинов. — м. : флинта, 2006б. — 252 с. 11. водак р. язык. дискурс. политика. волгоград, 1997. 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. dale carnagey (aka dale carnegie) and j. berg esenwein ―the art of public speaking‖, 2005. 13. шейгал е. и. ―семиотика политического дискурса‖ диссертация, волгоград – 2000, 440 с 14. raxmatovna, b. n. (2022). specific features of political speech. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 3(12), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/93u2t 15. гаврилова м. в. политический дискурс как объект лингвистического анализа. – полис. политические исследования. 2004. № 3. с. 127-139 c https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2004.03.13 https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/93u2t 119 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in adolescents ikromova sitora akbarovna assistant professor of asian international university abstract: this article social in networks a destroyer to information positive immunity to form help giving socio-psychological factors learns _ " in teenagers destructive to information relatively ideological immunity formation socio-psychological the term "factors" . of individuals online on platforms harmful from the content himself protection to do ability effect doer social and psychological aspects means _ this it is healthy to understand the factors online behavior and mental prosperity development strategies work exit for very important _ there is books and empirical the evidence analysis to do through this article of people social in networks destructive in forming a relationship to information social and psychological of factors complicated mutually understanding of the effect to give directed. this article is for young people cognitive immunity to form effect doer social and psychological factors learns _ cognitive immunity concept of a person information and ideas to the flow resistance show and critical evaluation ability means , especially fast digital contact during _ multidisciplinary from the approach used without , this article young in individuals cognitive immunity to develop help giving social , cultural and psychological aspects learns _ keywords: social media, immunity, destructive information, socio-psychological factors, cognitive immunity, social factors, psychological aspects, young people, digital communication. introduction: social of networks fast growth of people information consumption to do and they are with mutually attitude revolution did _ social media platforms many advantages offer although they do , especially people _ spiritual and emotional to the well-being negative effect to show possible has been fatal data in the form of risk gives birth such harmful to content positive immunity formation people his negative from the effect protection to do for very important _ positive immunity is _ of a person a destroyer information critical evaluation and to him resistance show ability , this their spiritual health and actions potential effect minimize . this article social media in the context of positive of immunity development effect doer sociopsychological factors to learn strives _ of information too much except loading and digital connection during information to ' background determination and critical evaluation ability very important _ cognitive immunity , own _ _ faith _ _ and thoughts unreasonable or wrong _ _ _ _ from data _ protection to do ability young generation for especially important _ this article modern media landscape present reached difficulties and opportunities account received without, age in individuals cognitive immunity forming social and psychological factors to learn _ directed . literary sources about common information ; literature comment : 1. ideology e. and others _ (2020). " online in the environment a destroyer to information against immunity in formation social of comparison role ". social psychology magazine . this 120 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research social comparison processes of people social in networks a destroyer to information inclination how effect to do learns _ findings that's it shows that up looking social comparison with engaged in persons positive immunity development probability more _ 2. psychological , a. (2018). " online in the environment a destroyer to information against immunity emotional in order put effect ". practical psychology magazine . this in the article a destroyer of information effect in mitigation emotional in order put role seeing will be released . research is about people destructive to information against immunity in raising emotions in order put of strategies importance emphasizes . 3. social n. (2019). " social of support online in teams a destroyer to information against to immunity influence ". social media research . this research a destroyer to information subject to has been persons in the middle positive immunity in raising social support networks role learns _ findings harmful content effect social support in buffering importance emphasizes . 4. cognitive immunity according to last studies critical thinking skills to form and wrong to information resistance to show social and psychological of factors effect emphasized . for example , smith and others by take went studies . (2020) youth in the middle cognitive immunity in formation education and different point of view from looks of use role emphasized . from this except , patel et al the work of singh (2018). cultural and social of norms promotion and biased to information against cognitive stability to develop effect emphasized . 5. from this except , lee et al kim's (2019) work such as psychological studies wrong information evaluation and rejection _ with depends cognitive processes by learning came out and cognitive to immunity contribution at the individual level that adds to factors clarity entered _ this findings young in individuals cognitive immunity in formation social , cultural and psychological of elements complicated mutually effect emphasizes . summary: summary by doing to say as for young people cognitive of immunity development many social and psychological factors effect shows . this effects to understand digital period critical thinking and wrong to information resistance to show in development very important _ cognitive immunity forming social , cultural and psychological aspects each bilaterally by learning came out without , this article in young people critical thinking in development problems and opportunities deeper to understand contribution to add directed . social in networks a destroyer to information ideological immunity to form help giving sociopsychological factors to understand efficient events work exit and online in the environment mental prosperity encourage for very important _ social and psychological of factors complicated mutually effect admit received without , politicians , teachers and spiritual health specialists to people harmful to content against stand up and healthy online behavior development for purposeful strategies work outputs can _ social media in users positive immunity promote to do for to the evidence based on of approaches informed to do for this factors to learn continue carry on very important _ used books 1. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 2. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 3. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 4. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o‟rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 121 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og „ishgan xulqining ko „rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko „rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 6. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g‟oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 7. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 8. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 9. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 10. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o‟yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 11. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 12. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 235-239. 13. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. 14. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 15. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo „nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o „rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 16. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320-322. 17. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 18. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 82-86. 19. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023, november). identifying the positive effects of psychological and social work factors between individuals and departments through spss software. in international scientific research conference (vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 150-153). 20. jalolov, t. s. (2023). teaching the basics of python programming. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(11). 21. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 122 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 22. jalolov, t. s. (2023). pedagogical-psychological foundations of data processing using the spss program. innovative developments and research in education, 2(23), 220-223. 23. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 24. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 25. salomat, g. l. the essence of the content of the concept of digital educational resources and its role in primary education. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2020, volume: 10, issue: 5. 26. лукмонова, с. г. (2020). цифровые образовательные ресурсы в педагогической деятельности. in international scientific review of the problems of philisophy, psychology and pedagogy (pp. 34-39). 27. narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi. (2023). psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 132–134. 28. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 29. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta‟lim tizimida zamonaviy o „quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 30. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o „rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 31. kozimova, n. (2023). use of hadiths as therapy in studying the problems of raising children of parents applying for psychological consultation. modern science and research, 2(9), 61-63. 32. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). методы организации уроков математики в начальных классах с использованием цифровых технологий. miasto przyszłości, 35, 388-390. 33. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). роль математики в современном мире. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 292-292. 34. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2019). роль дидактических игр в умственном развитии учащихся в математике начального класса. in international scientific review of the problems of philisophy, psychology and pedagogy (pp. 102-106). 35. сайфуллаева, н. б., & марданова, ф. я. (2021). научно-методические основы организации самостоятельной работы по высшей математике. проблемы науки, 84. 132 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi teacher of the "pedagogy and psychology" department of asian international university annotation: in this article, the psychological aspects of the manifestation of empathy in adolescents, the content of the concept of empathy and its psychological characteristics, theoretical and practical ideas are put forward. keywords: empathy, sympathy, interpersonal relations, communication, development of empathy, levels of empathy, emotions, individual, adolescent. introduction. empathy (from the greek empatheia empathy) understanding the emotional state, getting into the experience of another person. the term "empathy" was introduced by e. titchener, who summarized the ideas of sympathy developed in philosophical traditions with the theories of empathy of e. clifford and t. lipps. differentiation of emotional empathy based on mechanisms of projection and imitation of motor and affective reactions of another person; cognitive empathy based on mental processes (comparison, analogy, etc.) and predicative empathy, manifested as the ability of a person to predict the affective reactions of another person in certain situations.1 special forms of empathy the subject's experience of the same emotional states experienced by another person through identification with him, and empathy are distinguished as experiencing one's own emotional state in relation to the feelings of another person. an important feature that distinguishes empathic processes from other types of understanding (identification, role-taking, decentering, etc.) is the weak development of the reflective side. empathy is more easily achieved when the subjects' behaviors and emotional responses are similar. concept to come output and to him added meaning about in detail information " from the heart written in sympathy ". very important : with this together , of empathy important feature to emphasize very important ( by the way , freud by note done ). empathy lack of a person from humanity deprived makes the world with us never how connection didn't happen separately to objects turns2. in the family of the child identity bring up and in development of empathy place: empathy development, moral standards appropriation children and adults between, first in line, their parents with communication of doing to himself special features because of the child to others relatively appear to be direction is based on development psychology in the field a. beck and v. stern empathy and his in children manifestation to be to learn basis put. empathy problem of the child of personality formation, behavior of forms development and social adaptation with depends without seeing will be released. later a. vallon (1967) this the problem of the child emotional field development point of view in terms of to himself attraction did and it's a child's adults and to children's feelings emotional sensitivity evolution set gave. so, mental of development with the child emotional from lower forms of reaction high moral reaction to the forms 1 n. islamova , d. abdullayeva " social psychology ” study manual , tashkent 2015 21. nishanova zt " development psychology " textbook . http://www/ 133 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us passes. in children , especially in adolescents empathy , altruism movement with together will come another's emotional to the situation the most sensitive has been person help to give ready and to aggression the most less inclined will be compassion and altruistic behavior their parents to them moral standards explaining giving and to them hard measures did not see to the children is typical . empathy development is optional active moral motives, another in favor of motivations formation process. empathy using the child another of people experiences the world with they know each other value about thought is formed, another of people to the well-being has been need develops and is strengthened. with the help of empathy, the child gets acquainted with the world of other people's experiences, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe value of another is formed, the need for the well-being of other people develops and strengthens. disagreements in the interpretation of empathy as a cognitive and emotional phenomenon, the process of understanding and empathy, both sides of the mind because of its connection with both of these processes affect the inner world of a person not only different methods of understanding are calculated, but also have different structure and function in behavior. the author of empathy two type divides: together to grieve, that is subject another that the subject is feeling feel the emotions get, and pity, that is another person feeling about to grieve and others. empathy another of a person inside what what is happening about that he cares; the surroundings how evaluate right imagination do it ability to receive based on. exactly empathy thanks to the book by reading or watching a movie standing, different to situations down the rest human feeling we feel things. for example: war under barbed wire on the line crawling going spy concern and salvation; blow of the hit player joy; from the exam very didn't get of the student almighty and depressed to fall take will come that's why for man he or this circumstance other people by how acceptance to be done how good imagination do it empathy so much high will be useful. man's empathic abilities vital experience increase with increased keeps going. a lot thing saw and a lot thing from the beginning spent old people, that or to this situation down the rest people what he feels, little one to the student relatively better they understand. empathy development is this another of a person in favor of solution divisor directly affect doer moral motive and of motivations formation . empathy using small of the child another people experiences to the world come in to go process appear will be and of others values about concept surface will come as a result others calmness to think such as feature develops . empathy development , moral standards appropriation based on of the child to those around you relatively forming approach lies. your child mental development and his of personality structure with empathy moral development to the source becomes. parents with emotional contact disorder, emotional in terms of acceptance not to be done and empathic to understand of the child to the psyche hard injury delivers children development of the child of personality formation negative effect does. empathy mutually in relationships, communication appear will be and is formed. empathy ability of a teenager interpersonal communication big place holding friendship for is the basis . empathy self in turn, g. craig as written, social to the conclusion is based on, “because you adolescence to the period about one series foreign in studies emotional sign preserved the rest without, adolescence period empathic of experiences adolescence and adulthood to his age of the transition effect described. "if childhood and adolescence during man his parents with empathic to understand have if , then adulthood at the age of to the environment empathic relationship negative experiences cause does not issue and on the contrary : some people whole lifetime during own to his parents relatively hate will spend empathic of experiences of transfer effect from that proof gives empathy to the object relatively manifestation from being then , man before indifferent in relation has been another spread to objects as well can. references: 1. nishanova z.t “rivojlanish psixologiyasi” darslik. 2. z.t. nishanova, n.g. kamilova, d.u. abdullayeva, m.x. xolnazarova “pedagogik psixologiya” t:. 2018 o‘zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va 16-son ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali 20.02.2023 3. n. islomova, d. abdullayeva “ijtimoiy psixologiya” o’quv qo’llanma, toshke kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining http://www/ 134 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 4. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 5. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida o’quvchi–yoshlarni zamonaviy kasblarga yo’naltirish va kasb–hunar tanlashning ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. pedagog, 6(5), 739-741. 6. kozimova, n. a., & ulug’ova, s. m. (2023). zamonaviy psixologik konsultatsiya, uning turlari va unga murojaat qilish sabablari. scientific impulse, 1(6), 1679-1682.nt – 2015. 7. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o’rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 8. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og ‘ishgan xulqining ko ‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko ‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 9. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g’oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 10. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 11. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 12. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 13. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 14. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 15. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 16. oktam’s, s. m. (2023). "methods and tools of speech development of small group children in preschool education organization". american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 104–108. 17. o‘ktam qizi buxoro, s. m. (2022). bolaning nutqini rivojlantiruvchi o ‘yinlar. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 484-486. http://www/ 509 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of public relations in shaping tourism destinations: strategies for positive perception khudayberdiyeva mukhlisa abduganiyevna teacher of the chair of uzbek language and literature of samarkand state institute of foreign languages yusupov zohid giyosiddinovich inspector of important cases of the tourism safety department of samarkand region internal affairs abstract: this study examines the pivotal role of public relations (pr) in shaping tourism destinations, offering tailored recommendations for developed, developing, and less developed countries. emphasizing distinctions in economic classifications, the research advocates sustaining sophisticated storytelling and digital engagement for developed nations, prioritizing community involvement and sustainable practices for developing countries, and leveraging authentic narratives in targeted campaigns for less developed countries. the findings aim to inform strategic pr deployment, fostering positive perceptions and sustainable growth in the global tourism landscape. keywords: public relations, tourism destinations, storytelling, digital engagement, community involvement, sustainable practices, economic classifications. introduction in the contemporary landscape of globalized tourism, the significance of public relations (pr) in shaping the perception of destinations has assumed heightened relevance. as destinations increasingly vie for attention and competitiveness in an oversaturated market, the strategic management of their image becomes pivotal. this academic exploration endeavors to scrutinize the nuanced interplay between pr practices and the construction of destination identities, with a particular emphasis on strategies designed to cultivate positive perceptions. the interface between pr and destination branding represents a critical nexus in the tourism discourse, transcending traditional marketing paradigms. as destinations endeavor to distinguish themselves in a crowded marketplace, the role of effective communication strategies, narrative construction, and community engagement becomes paramount. this inquiry, grounded in scholarly literature and empirical analyses, seeks to contribute to the scholarly understanding of how pr methodologies can be strategically deployed to influence and mold the perceptions of potential visitors. in pursuit of academic rigor, this investigation adopts a comprehensive approach, drawing upon theoretical frameworks from the fields of public relations, tourism studies, and destination management. through the synthesis of existing literature, critical examination of case studies, and the formulation of contextually relevant recommendations, this academic endeavor aims to 510 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us elucidate the multifaceted nature of pr's role in steering the trajectory of tourism destinations toward positive and sustainable perceptions. literature review in the evolving landscape of destination management and tourism, the role of public relations (pr) in shaping the perception of tourism destinations has garnered considerable scholarly attention. public relations, within the tourism context, is fundamentally concerned with the strategic communication efforts employed to create and maintain favorable images of destinations. scholars such as gartner (1993) have posited that destination image significantly influences tourists' decision-making processes. the conceptualization of destination image involves both cognitive and affective dimensions, encompassing not only factual knowledge about a destination but also the emotional responses it evokes (crompton, 1979). effective storytelling emerges as a pivotal component in shaping destination perceptions. baloglu and mccleary (1999) assert that narratives and the creation of destination stories play a crucial role in crafting a positive image. the power of storytelling lies in its ability to evoke emotions, connect with the audience, and create a memorable impression of the destination (stepchenkova & li, 2012). furthermore, destination branding, a concept closely aligned with pr practices, has been extensively explored in the literature. pike (2008) contends that successful destination branding involves the creation of a unique and differentiated identity that resonates with the target audience. an effective destination brand is characterized by authenticity, relevance, and a clear value proposition (hankinson, 2004). analysis and results during our research, we present a comprehensive analysis of the role of public relations (pr) in shaping tourism destinations, examining key strategies and outcomes. we also undertake a comparative analysis across developed, developing, and less developed countries to elucidate variances in pr practices and their impact on destination perception. table 1. comparative analysis of pr strategies in developed, developing, and less developed countries pr strategies developed countries developing countries less developed countries storytelling high impact moderate impact varied impact social media usage extensive presence growing presence limited presence stakeholder engagement collaborative varied participation limited involvement source: developed by the author developed countries exhibit a higher impact of storytelling in shaping destination perceptions, often leveraging sophisticated narratives. social media usage is extensive, allowing for broad audience engagement. in contrast, less developed countries face challenges in adopting similar strategies due to resource constraints. however, developing countries show a growing presence in digital platforms, albeit with varied success. stakeholder engagement is more collaborative in developed nations, reinforcing the importance of community involvement in pr strategies. 511 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 2. destination image formation and perception across economic classes image formation components developed countries developing countries less developed countries cultural authenticity emphasized moderate emphasis striving for authenticity infrastructure well-established developing limited sustainable practices integral consideration emerging awareness limited implementation source: developed by the author developed countries often emphasize cultural authenticity in their image formation, leveraging well-established infrastructure. developing countries are in the process of emphasizing these components, striving for authenticity amid evolving infrastructure. less developed countries face challenges in implementing sustainable practices, indicating potential areas for growth in destination management strategies. table 3: impact of pr on tourist decision-making across economic classes pr impact factors developed countries developing countries less developed countries influence on choices high impact moderate impact varied impact authenticity appeal emphasized growing importance emerging significance social media influence significant increasing influence limited impact source: developed by the author pr in developed countries has a high impact on tourist choices, emphasizing authenticity and wielding significant influence through social media. developing countries are experiencing growing importance, particularly in authenticity appeal and increasing social media influence. less developed countries show varied impacts, emphasizing the need for targeted pr interventions to enhance appeal and influence. the analysis reveals distinctive patterns in pr strategies and outcomes across different economic classifications. these insights underscore the nuanced nature of destination management and provide a foundation for tailored recommendations and strategies to enhance the positive perception of tourism destinations. recommendations building upon the analysis, the following recommendations are offered to inform the strategic deployment of public relations (pr) in shaping tourism destinations. recognizing the variations across economic classifications, these recommendations aim to provide tailored guidance for developing countries. 1. cultivate authentic storytelling:  develop compelling narratives that showcase the cultural richness and authenticity of the destination.  prioritize local stories and experiences to resonate with a global audience seeking genuine and unique travel encounters. 2. expand digital presence:  invest in digital platforms to increase visibility and engage with diverse audiences.  leverage emerging social media trends to connect with tech-savvy travelers and foster a sense of community. 3. empower local communities: 512 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  strengthen partnerships with local communities, involving them in pr campaigns and highlighting their contributions to tourism.  provide training and resources to enhance the digital literacy of local stakeholders for active participation in online promotion. 4. prioritize sustainable practices:  integrate sustainable tourism practices into destination management, balancing growth with environmental and cultural conservation.  communicate commitment to sustainability through pr initiatives, aligning with the preferences of responsible travelers. 5. strategic campaigns for unique selling points:  design targeted pr campaigns that emphasize the destination's unique selling points and emerging attractions.  showcase cultural heritage, natural wonders, and authentic experiences to position the destination as an evolving and desirable choice. these recommendations are tailored to empower developing countries in optimizing their public relations strategies, fostering positive perceptions, and positioning themselves as attractive and responsible tourism destinations. conclusion in conclusion, this comprehensive examination underscores the multifaceted nature of public relations in shaping tourism destinations, recognizing the diverse landscape across developed, developing, and less developed countries. the recommendations presented herein are tailored to address the unique challenges and opportunities associated with each economic classification. as destinations navigate the complexities of a globalized tourism industry, the strategic implementation of these recommendations can contribute to the cultivation of positive perceptions, sustainable growth, and the enduring appeal of tourism destinations on the world stage. in fostering a symbiotic relationship between pr practices and destination management, the potential for transformative and equitable development within the tourism sector becomes increasingly tangible. 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of the effectiveness of using physical activity in the sustainable development of preschool children khakimova n. s, ph.d associate professor of the department preschool education bukhara state university, doctor philosophy in educational sciences, bukhara, uzbekistan annotation: this article provides information on ways to effectively organize education physical classes in preschool educational institutions through correction and optimization of motor activity. recommendations on the use of methods of national games are given. keywords: activity, game, physical exercise, methodology, physical culture, complex exercises, stability. in the republic of uzbekistan, special attention is paid to strengthening the material and technical base of preschool educational organizations, providing qualified teaching staff, radically increasing the level of preparation of children for school education, introducing modern educational programs and technologies into the educational process, creating conditions for comprehensive intellectual, moral, aesthetic and physical development of children. [1]. in particular, according to the head of our state, “...we pay special attention to attention and practical care for youth and children, educating them in physical and spiritual perfection. by developing children from an early age, we lay a solid foundation for their full realization in the future. in the end, there is no doubt that the investment spent on achieving this noble goal will return a hundredfold tomorrow”[2].consequently, the main goal of the modern system of education of preschool children is to educate and prepare the younger generation for schooling as a physically healthy, mentally mature, spiritually rich, comprehensively developed person. in general, as you know, the principles of the educational process of preschool educational institutions are as follows:  taking into account the rights of the child, specific developmental characteristics and potential;  the relationship of all types of developmental areas in the educational process;  maintaining and strengthening the child‟s health, including his needs;  satisfaction of movement needs;  support for the child‟s creative abilities;  learning and development through play;  creating a favorable environment for the development and social adaptation of the child;  providing a safe environment for the child;  cooperation between preschool educational institutions and families, mahallas (local government bodies) and schools; 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  increasing the value of national cultural traditions and respect for the culture of other peoples;  taking into account the cultural characteristics of other peoples. supporting child development in preschool educational institutions is a team effort [3]. one of the important indicators that determine children‟s preparation for school is their level of physical development. these regulatory indicators today are determined on the basis of the basic “first step” program and state requirements implemented in uzbekistan. according to the program, children need to know the name of the game and be able to perform basic movements within the limits of their age, including walking, running, jumping, throwing and crawling, overcoming obstacles, national and outdoor games. this is a guarantee that children will grow up physically developed. [3]. it should be noted that the question of whether classes in industrial educational institutions are organized correctly remains open. the goal is to consider ways to increase the interest and organize training of students in preschool educational organizations in the process of educational upbringing. in the senior group of kindergarten, physical education classes are held three times a week for 30 minutes in the morning. all three classes are held on the site. the structure of a physical education lesson consists of the generally accepted introductory (4-6 min), main (18-20 min) and final parts (3-4 min). the first part of the lesson offers exercises for walking, running, alignment, changing lanes, and simple game tasks. the teacher should attach particular importance to alternating walking and running exercises. if we do not organize classes properly, their monotony will tire children, reduce the quality of exercises, and can also lead to undesirable consequences (impaired body posture, flat feet, etc.). during physical education classes, collaboration between the group and the teacher and music director becomes important. when checking the physical fitness of children and organizing classes, the requirements of cleanliness, hygiene and safety precautions are strictly observed. classes take place outdoors, as well as in a specially equipped hall. the main goal of physical education during preschool education is the formation in children of various skills and abilities, the development of such physical qualities as strength, vigor, the implementation of dexterity, and ingenuity. regular physical activity has a positive effect on the growth and development of children, increasing their creative potential. there are various ways of exercise to ensure that children regularly complete the basic content of physical education. these are the basic movements (walking, running, jumping, throwing, hooking, crawling, sliding); general developmental exercises for the legs and body (with and without the use of various objects) dance exercises, alignment and restructuring, outdoor games, mastering the important characteristics of various sports games, sports exercises, roller skating, cycling, swimming, walking, etc. [4] it is extremely important to raise children in the spirit of the greatest traditions of our people. the uzbek people, like other peoples, have their own ancient traditional games. they have been formed over centuries and have survived to this day. among modern outdoor games, the program includes precisely these uzbek folk national games. however, the program also recommends special exercises that develop motor skills, correctly shape the figure and prevent flat feet. proper planning and implementation of physical education work is incredibly important for its effective implementation. a combination of a variety of activities throughout the day with physical exercise and outdoor games will help ensure that your child moves properly. before the start of classes, the teacher prepares large and small physical equipment and places it in a certain place. in accordance with the instructions of the teacher, children independently take a flag, stick, cube, etc., and at the end of the exercise they place them in place. the teacher involves children in moving and rearranging large equipment from one place to another. at this stage, it is also necessary to take into account that excessive load on preschoolers is harmful and can lead to undesirable consequences. when drawing up an agenda for physical development, preschool 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us educational institutions adhere to a differentiated approach to the organization of nutrition, hardening, physical exercise and games. at the same time, taking into account the specific age characteristics of children, the teacher is guided by the requirements of the physical education program in preschool educational institutions for physical development.[5] educational tasks are solved by developing the child‟s spiritual and moral qualities in the process of classes, learning some elements, knowledge and terms related to the field of physical culture and sports, developing the skills of correct movements and physical qualities. physical exercises are carried out in autumn, winter, spring, indoors and outdoors. in summer, all 5 classes are held outdoors on the sports ground. indoor and outdoor exercises are interconnected: they provide a comprehensive solution to all health and educational problems. the conditions for conducting classes determine some of their specifics. health-improving and hygienic activities indoors, carried out in compliance with hygienic conditions, ensure the correctness, beauty and precision of movements. they can be carried out with the right objects and to the accompaniment of music. learning the basic types of movement is considered decisive. exercises are selected in accordance with the requirements of the educational program in kindergarten." for the purpose of harmonious physical development of children, approximately the same number of exercises for each type of movement is selected throughout the year. in each training session, three main types of movements are given. by complicating and variatizing them, comparison is repeated in a certain sequence for a short period of time. in this case, not only the task of performing the movements together is important, but also the task of teaching each type of exercise at different stages: at the stages of training, repetition and consolidation of exercises. in the first week of each month, it is necessary to learn the exercises with children for balance, repeat jumping exercises and consolidate throwing exercises; in the second week, jumping exercises are used for training, throwing exercises and balance exercises are repeated and consolidated; in the third week, throwing exercises are unlearned, bending and balance exercises are repeated; in the fourth week they learn to climb, practice maintaining balance and practice jumping.[6] the priority goal of physical education of children during preschool education is the formation in children of various skills and abilities, the development of such qualities as strength, vigor, the implementation of dexterity, and intelligence. regular physical activity has a positive effect on the growth and development of children, increasing their creative potential. thus, the objectives of physical education of preschoolers are determined by the following: to strengthen and temper health; strengthen physically; to cultivate the creative qualities of the individual from the moral side; create conditions for children to activate correctly directed movements; form important life forms of movement such as walking, running, jumping, crawling, crawling, throwing, hooking, swimming, cycling, developing leg, arm, trunk, head, alignment and alignment; expand and deepen game actions, develop physical qualities: strength, speed, agility, flexibility, endurance, intelligence, will, endurance and skill; influence the correct formation of the child‟s figure and contribute to the prevention of flat feet; provide an adequate understanding and knowledge of the benefits of physical exercise and games, basic hygiene requirements and rules; cultivate interest in active movements. regular physical activity has a positive effect on the growth and development of children, increasing their creative potential. during classes, it is necessary to accustom children to easy walking, using movements of the arms and legs in accordance with the exercise, without dragging the leg, without bending the head, climbing stairs, catching the ball with the palms, and also using various techniques to correctly master the starting position when throwing the ball, to develop cycling skills, be able to walk in formation, teach how to navigate in space and maintain balance, which without a doubt and ultimately has a positive effect on the physical and mental development of a preschooler, mobilizing his internal resources, ensuring balanced growth. to summarize, we can say that in society, the work of creating a healthy lifestyle, raising a healthy generation in society is becoming important, in particular, in connection with the 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us decisions taken by the government, paying attention to preschool educational institutions regarding the proper organization and implementation of the physical development of preschool children. the conditions that are created for young people create the basis for the formation of a physically strong and mentally healthy young generation. in addition, we can safely emphasize that the correct organization of physical education classesinfluence the child through interaction with mental activity, therefore, phenomena occurring in the environment and in the body can only be known as a result of motor activity. these can be ideas about time, space, duration of movements, tempo, speed, rhythm, as well as the capabilities of one‟s own body. sports activities have an impact on the development of attention (mastery of complex coordination physical exercises requires concentration on the movements being performed, the motor sensations that arise and the situations accompanying the movements), observation, resourcefulness and quickness of thought and thinking..[7] references: 1. hakimova n. formation of social-legal competences of students in primary class education lessons //science and innovation. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. b2. – с. 138-140. 2. hakimova n. boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilari hayotida ijtimoiyhuquqiy me'yorlarning o'rni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 25. – №. 25. 3. адизова д. г., хакимова н. с. методы духовно-нравственного воспитания учащихся на уроках математики //экономика и социум. – 2022. – №. 6-2 (97). – с. 293-296. 4. suphonovna h. n. formation of social-legal competences of students in primary class education lessons //science and innovation international scientific. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 2. 5. hakimova n. s., uralova h. m., ravshanova s. r. boshlang „ich sinf matematika darslari orqali o „quvchilarning axborotlar bilan ishlash kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish //golden brain. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 185-188. 6. hakimova n. s., avezova s. m. bоshlаng „iсh sinf tаrbiyа dаrslаridа o „quvсhilаrdа ijtimоiy vа huquqiy kоmpеtеnsiyаlаrni shаkllаntirishdа ijоdiy-tа‟limiy o „yinlаrdаn fоydаlаnish //educational research in universal sciences. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 95-99. 7. hakimova n. s., avezova s. m. tаrbiyа darslaridа o „quvсhilаrdа ijtimоiy vа huquqiy kоmpеtеnsiyаlаrni shаkllаntirishning o „zigа хоs аhаmiyаti //educational research in universal sciences. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 91-94. 8. супхоновна, хакимова наргиза. «преемственность формирования социальноправовых компетенций учащихся на уроках начального образования». 9. hakimova n. madaniyatshunoslik yondashuvi asosida bo „lajak o „qituvchilarni boshlang „ich sinf o „quvchilarining ijtimoiy va huquqiy kompetensiyasini shakllantirishga tayyorlash //science and innovation. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. special issue 9. – с. 207-210. 10. hakimova n., dilova n. formation of social competences of elementary school students in extracurricular activities //e3s web of conferences. – edp sciences, 2023. – т. 420. – с. 10020. 11. хакимова н. с., курбанова м. методы формирования чувства уважения к социально-правовым нормам у учащихся во время уроков //scientific impulse. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 1500-1508. 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. supxonovna h. n. boshlangich sinf tarbiya darslarida o'quvchilarning ijtimoiy kompetentsiyalari //scientific impulse. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 1509-1513. 13. supkhonovna h. n. educational content based on competency approach in primary class education lessons //international journal of formal education. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 11. – с. 58-72. 14. хакимова н. с., курбанова м. методы формирования чувства уважения к социально-правовым нормам у учащихся во время уроков //scientific impulse. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 1500-1508. 15. supxonovna h. n. boshlangich sinf tarbiya darslarida o'quvchilarning ijtimoiy kompetentsiyalari //scientific impulse. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 1509-1513. 16. хакимова н.с. преемственность формирования социально-правовых компетенций учащихся на уроках начального образования //среднеевропейский научный бюллетень. 17. хакимова н.с. значение национального образования в образовательном процессе //среднеевропейский научный бюллетень. 18. hakimova n. s. bоshlаng „iсh sinf tаrbiyа darslaridа kоmpеtеnsiyаviy yоndаshuvgа аsоslаngаn tа‟limning pеdаgоgikpsiхоlоgik аsоslаri //analysis of world scientific views international scientific journal. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 8. – с. 151-158. 19. хакимова н. с. особое значение формирования социальноправовых компетенций у студентов на образовательных уроках //научный фокус. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 2. – с. 1142-1147. 20. хакимова н. с. использование творческо-образовательных игр в формировании социально-правовых компетенций у учащихся на уроках начального класса //научный фокус. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 2. – с. 1205-1211. 21. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o‟rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 22. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 23. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 24. yunus, y., & yarashov, m. (2023). effectiveness of experimental work aimed at forming general labor skills in students based on gender equality and differences. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 420, p. 06011). edp sciences. 338 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 physical education and sports training are an integral part of a healthy lifestyle saidova mahbuba ayubovna mahubasaidova@gmail.com osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (osio international university) annotation:” movement is so important that with its influence it can replace any factors, but not all the healing factors of the world can compensate for movement, " wrote torquato tasso, a famous italian poet. the concept of a healthy lifestyle deeply covers the maturation of human behavior and physical maturation, and all aspects of this life. the main content of a person's self-knowledge is highlighted, such as compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules and requirements, being complimentary to those around him, being able to control his own psychic states, eating right, physical education and sports, giving up harmful habits. keywords: healthy living tarsi, muscles, normosthenic, hypersthenic, asstenic, running time in the formation of a healthy lifestyle, it is important not to give in to the agenda, rational nutrition, personal hygiene, mental and physical labor hygiene, harmful habits (tobacco smoking, flirting, alcohol consumption, addiction and hakozo). each of the muscles in the human body is a kind of support for the heart: when the muscles contract, the blood in the small blood vessels (capillaries)in them passes into the large venous blood vessels and is poured into the heart. this means that movement first has a positive effect on the movement of blood in the heart and vessels; secondly, as a result of the regular movement (contraction and relaxation) of the body muscles and heart muscle, their fibers become larger and the force of contraction increases. therefore, the famous scientist of france pomork expressed the opinion that" movement builds a human body, " walking is the simplest and most accessible means of movement activity for everyone. at the beginning, the distance in one day is 1.5-2 km, after a month – 2.5-4 km, it is possible to gradually reach 10-12 km. the walking speed is initially 70-80 steps per minute, gradually reaching 100-110 steps. this corresponds to a speed of 5-6 km / h. self-control is necessary in walking exercise. to do this, the speed of the vein is determined as soon as you stop walking. to do this, the stroke of the vein is multiplied by 4, counting 15 seconds. if there are more than 120 holes per minute and do not slow down to 70-80 times after 10 minutes of rest, then the distance and walking speed will be known to weigh on the heart. so the next day, the distance should be reduced and the walking speed should be slowed down. in a walking exercise, the heel of the shoe should not be higher than 3 cm. a thick duck should be placed inside the shoes. practicing running exercise is recommended only to a healthy person on the advice of a doctor. the first days are running 20-30-50 meters after walking 50-100 meters, then running the same distance http://www/ mailto:mahubasaidova@gmail.com 339 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us again after walking 20-30-50 meters again. over the course of two weeks, the walking distance is gradually reduced and the running distance is extended. after two to three weeks, running training can be practiced without interruption if the person feels better. the running time at the beginning of the exercise is 10, 15, 20 minutes, the running speed is 120 steps per minute, in the following days it is brought to 160-180 steps. running technique. when running, it is necessary to keep the torso upright, keep the head upright, look forward 10-15 meters, keep the torso upright, arms bent to form an angle of 90º in the elbow joint, paws free, written. when stepping while running, first the front part of the palm of the foot and then the heel part are placed on the floor. running time. after sleep, when running in the morning, a person is refreshed and adapts to today's rhythm of work. a person who does the morning badantarbia exercise in moderation is better to do the running exercise before dinner or 1-2 hours after a meal. it should be noted that the number of stroke after a run should not exceed 140 times per minute. also, after the run is stopped and 10 minutes of rest, the stroke should slow down to 90 times per minute. if the stroke is faster than 140 times when the run stops, it does not slow down to 90 after 10 minutes of rest, then the day before, the distance and speed of the run will have to be slightly reduced. during running, it is necessary to breathe only through the nose. breathing may be through the nose and mouth. signs such as increased breathing during running, shortness of breath, weakness of the leg muscles, progressive contraction of the step, sweating indicate fatigue and dictate that the run is stopped. a person who is interested in activating movement can deal with those who are comfortable with the exercises themselves.for example, walking, running, cycling can also be engaged in “health groups”on the advice of specialists. health is an invaluable wealth of every person, society, country. official world health organization documents state that while a person's health is assumed to be 100 percent, 20 percent depends on offspring, 20 percent on external environmental conditions, 10 percent on medicine, and finally 50 percent on lifestyle. so, the main part of health depends on the lifestyle of each person. movement activity accounts for the bulk of a healthy lifestyle. torquato tasso, the world-renowned italian poet, wrote: “locomotion is able to compensate for any healing factors by its effects, but cannot replace the positive effects of locomotor activity even when all the healing factors known in the world are added together”. in fact, in the course of millions of years of evolution, the organism of our ancestors has adapted to hard physical work, tireless movement. only in the result of a complete mobilization of muscle strength in the fight against predators, against the impotent influence of nature, did our ancestors manage to protect themselves and remain as a species. the biological evolution of man will end about a hundred thousand years ago. however, during this time, the anatomical structure of the human body has practically not changed. therefore, the human organism, as it was a hundred thousand years ago, is now prone to constant physical labor, tireless movement, and is demanding. due to the development of science and technology, the improvement of social living conditions, in the activities of people of the current era, the volume of physical labor in the process of marriage has sharply decreased. it's no secret that nowadays most men do not crack wood, do not chop yant, do not worm the roof of the house every autumn, do not dry out the snow on the roof in winter. our urban women do not transport water and do not wash laundry in their hands, do not bake bread by burning yantak or acorns. hiking has also declined dramatically. the fact that the reduced role of the volume of physical labor should be filled with an increase in the activity of movement, that is, with physical culture and sports training, has already been proven by scientists. despite the fact that many recommendations have been created about this, most people are losing their http://www/ 340 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us health, preferring to move little. it should be noted that an athlete, even an olympic champion, should regularly engage in general physical training. because, in each type of sport, more attention is paid to the performance of specific standard training. for the body, however, physical exertion is required in every possible way. in the opinion of the famous gerantologist scientist, academician alexander bogomolets, “an important factor in rational living is movement activity. all tissues of the body – organs need to be regularly actively trained. due to lack of movement, tissue-organ regeneration, rejuvenation are disrupted, and the aging – aging process is accelerated”. another manifestation of violations of the rules of a healthy lifestyle, in addition to low mobility of adults, is that as soon as the baby comes home from the maternity hospital, he is diaperted to the point where he cannot move with several layers of fabrics, laid in a crib and tied for several hours. according to the world health organization, the number of diseases that occur in a person is more than ten thousand. almost all of these use curative physical activities. separation of student-students into health groups in a physical education class. students of schools, colleges, lyceums and higher education institutions are divided into 3 health groups at the beginning of each school year, subject to medical supervision and attending a physical education lesson: the first main health group healthy children and adolescents, whose physical development is in moderation. they complete all classes on the curriculum of physical education, take tests and exams; the second preparatory health group children and adolescents with weak physical development, some kind of chronic disease. they attend a physical education class with a core group. but, they are exempted from high-speed training that requires great effort. they also provide relief from the testing and examination of this subject. they remain under the supervision of an academic doctor. they are given occasional wellness activities. after physical development and health recovery, they can be transferred to the first basic health group, according to the conclusion of the medical examination for the next academic year; used literature: 1. ayubovna, s. m., & xayrullayevich, s. h. (2023). yosh bollalarda sport sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchovlar nazariyasi va tashkiliy– metodik asoslarini tadqiq etishning maqsadi, vazifalari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(22), 108-118. 2. saidova, m. a. (2023). sport va falsafaning aloqasi. salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 288-293. 3. saidova, m. a. (2023). bo ‘sh vaqtda qiladigan sportning stress va salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 294-299. 4. ayubovna, s. m. (2023). jismoniy tarbiya darslarining mazmuni-ahamiyati va tamoyillari. 5. saidova mahbuba ayubovna. (2023). physiological basics of forming movement skills and teaching sports techniques. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 87–94. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1485 6. сайфиев, х., & саидова, м. (2023). бадминтонисты физический подготовка и ему разработка методы. инновационные исследования в науке, 2(4), 45-54. http://www/ https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1485 341 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. xayrullayevich, s. h., & ayubovna, s. m. (2023). badmintonchilar jismoniy tayyorgarligi va uni rivojlantirish metodikalari. formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences, 2(18), 201208. 8. ayubovna, s. m., & xayrullayevich, s. h. (2023). yosh bollalarda sport sport 9. azamat orunbayev, (2023) nonushtani̇ng mashq bajari̇shga ta'si̇ri̇. international journal of scientific researchers 2(2), 3-6. 10. azamat orunbayev. (2023). using technology in a sports environment. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-07 11. azamat orunbayev. (2023). fitnes va sog’lomlashtirish bo’yicha murabbiylik yo`nalishiga kontseptual yondashuv. research focus international scientific journal, 2(8), 23–28. retrieved from https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/431 12. azamat orunbayev. (2023). pandemiya davrida mobil sog’liqni saqlash va fitnes dasturlari (program). research focus international scientific journal, 2(7), 37– 42. retrieved from https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/414 13. gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchovlar nazariyasi va tashkiliy– metodik asoslarini tadqiq etishning maqsadi, vazifalari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(22), 108-118. 14. sayfiyev, h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchov usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 307-315. 15. sayfiyev, h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasi orqali yosh bolalarning harakat ko ‘nikmasi rivojlantirish pedagogik muammo sifatida. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 300-306. 16. xayrulloyevich, s. h. (2023). sport gimnastika mashg'ulotlarida asosiy harakat qobilyat (fms), postural (muvozanat) nazorat va o'zini o'zi idrok etishga sport gimnastikasining ta'siri. 17. sayfiyev hikmatullo xayrullayevich. (2023). use of acrobatic exercises and their terms in the process of teaching gymnastics. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 80–86. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1483 18. ayubovna, s. m., & xayrullayevich, s. h. (2023). yosh bollalarda sport sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o ‘lchovlar nazariyasi va tashkiliy– metodik asoslarini tadqiq etishning maqsadi, vazifalari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(22), 108-118. 19. saidova, m. a. (2023). sport va falsafaning aloqasi. salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 288-293. 20. saidova, m. a. (2023). bo ‘sh vaqtda qiladigan sportning stress va salomatlikga ta’siri. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 294-299. 21. ayubovna, s. m. (2023). jismoniy tarbiya darslarining mazmuni-ahamiyati va tamoyillari. 22. saidova mahbuba ayubovna. (2023). physiological basics of forming movement skills and teaching sports techniques. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 87–94. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1485 http://www/ https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-07 https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/431 https://refocus.uz/index.php/1/article/view/414 https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajrcs/article/view/1485 342 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 23. yarasheva dilnoza. (2023). methods of organizing non-traditional fitness classes. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-09 24. yarasheva dilnoza ismail qizi. (2023). technical and tactical skills in sports. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(10), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue10-16 25. yarashova, d. (2023). the impact of playing sports in early childhood on social development. modern science and research, 2(10), 230–234. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24325 26. ярашева, д. (2023, april). фитнес как оздоровительная деятельность. in proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 278-283). 27. yarasheva, d. (2022). bolalarda mashq qilishning ahamiyati. pedagogs jurnali, 19(1), 139-142. 28. ярашева, д. (2023). стили организации нетрадиционных оздоровительных занятий. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 19(5), 6-10. 29. yarashova, d. (2023). strength training and strength training in children. modern science and research, 2(9), 211-215. 30. yarasheva dilnoza ismail qizi, (2023) insonlar, sport va falsafa international journal of scientific researchers 2(1), 457-462. 31. yarasheva dilnoza. (2023). focus on aerobic (li) type of motor activity based on fitness programs. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 81–90. 32. sirojev shoxrux. (2023). behavioral characteristics, principles and working methods of coaches. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-08 33. shoxrux, s. (2023). voleybolda otish tezligi tushunchasi va ahamiyati. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 1(11), 913-917. 34. sirojev, s. (2023). the concept and i̇mportance of shooti̇ng speed i̇n volleyball. modern science and research, 2(9), 187-191. 35. sirojev shoxrux fayzullo o’g’li, (2023) yevropa ittifoqi va sport. international journal of scientific researchers 2(2), 7-16. 36. akhrorjon nuriddinov. (2023). a study of the aggressive status of football fans. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue11-10 37. bahodir o‘g‘li, n. a. (2023). yevropa mamlakatlarida yuqori malakali futbolchi va murabbiylarni texnik taktik harakatlarini tadbiq qilish metodikasi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 2(14), 187-189. 38. nuriddinov, a., sayfiyev, h., & sirojev, s. . (2023). why football is the first sport that comes to mind today. modern science and research, 2(9), 200–203. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24104 39. nuriddinov, a. (2023). the role of fair play in physical education. modern science and research, 2(10), 244–250. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/scienceresearch/article/view/24327 http://www/ https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24325 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24104 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 343 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 40. bahodir o'g'li, n. a. (2023). nima uchun futbol bugungi kunda sport deb atalganida birinchi navbatda aqlga keladi. 41. nuriddinov axrorjon bahodir o’g’li, (2023) futbol zo'ravonligi, fanatizm va millatchilik international journal of scientific researchers 2(1), 451-456. 42. saidova, m., & sayfiyev, h. (2023). content-importance and principles of physical education classes. modern science and research, 2(9), 192-199. 43. ayubovna, s. m., & komiljonova, k. i. (2022). features of application of sports games in preschool children. international journal of culture and modernity, 16, 17-23 44. saidova, m. (2023). the concept of physical qualities. modern science and research, 2(10), 251-254. 45. khairullayevich, s. h. development of gymnastics in uzbekistan and attention to gymnastics. international scientific-educational electronic magazine" obrazovanie i nauka, 21(12), 204-210. 46. sayfiyev, h., & saidova, m. (2023). effects of gymnastics on fundamental motor skills (fms), postural (balance) control, and self-perception during gymnastics training. modern science and research, 2(9), 204-210. 47. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 48. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 49. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (29932599), 1(9), 50–54. http://www/ 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 samarkand state university of architecture and construction makhmudova firuza ibraimovna teacher of the "engineering graphics and computer design" department, study and calculation of spatial blocks with a cylindrical coating shell annotatsion: in construction, coatings in the form of solid single-span floorings from spatial blocks with a cylindrical shell are successfully used. the cylindrical shell in the space block has a small rise. therefore, the forces acting in its middle surface are close in value to their projections on the base of the shell. keywords: cylindrical shells, flat, thin-walled spatial, aperture, span, polynomial, eccentricity. in construction, coatings in the form of solid single-span floorings from spatial blocks with a cylindrical shell are successfully used. due to this, it is possible to make blocks of a sloping cylindrical shell from two diaphragms of a segmental outline and with a very short one. such blocks with the kzhs brand (short reinforced concrete vault) can be made with nominal dimensions in terms of: 3 m wide and 12 span; 18; 24 m (fig. 1). diaphragms of blocks thickwalled, 40 mm thick in the span, 50 mm on the support areas; variable height, the largest value of which in the middle of the span is 1⁄20 …. 1⁄15 l. diaphragms must be provided with stiffeners, which are placed in increments of 1.5 ...... 1.6 m. the cylindrical shell is also thinwalled, at least 30 mm thick; smooth (without transverse ribs), with haunches near diaphragms. fig. 1. such blocks with the kzhs brand (short reinforced concrete vault) can be made with nominal dimensions in terms of: 3 m wide and 12 span; 18; 24 m 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in cross section, kzhs blocks have a u-shaped shape; take the curvilinear outline of the shell along a square parabola; the supporting sections of the shell will be strengthened (see fig. 1, d, f). arrange protrusions along the upper outline of the diaphragms from the outside. the shape of their cross-section is such that grooves are formed between adjacent blocks of the kzhs, filled with a solution at the installation. the main calculated longitudinal reinforcement of the blocks should be placed in the lower part of the diaphragms, which is thickened according to the design and design conditions. these rebars can be single or paired prestressed rebars made of high strength steel. at the ends (on the supports), the elements of the longitudinal reinforcement should be provided with external anchors resting against the concrete of the diaphragms along their ends. the walls of the diaphragms are reinforced with meshes, their ribs are reinforced with frames. reinforce the cylindrical shell according to the calculation with a single welded mesh, its haunches with an additional bottom mesh. the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement in the entire shell, except for its support part, should be taken not less than: transverse 0.3%, longitudinal 0.2%. it is expedient to produce concrete for kzhs blocks at factories, as fully as possible, with insulation and a roofing roll. in a three-dimensional block with a cylindrical shell, the internal forces and moments under the action of external loads can be determined taking into account the joint deformation of the diaphragms and the shell. this principle should be observed for any type of load: continuous distributed over the shell, or concentrated, applied to the ribs. in a u-shaped block with a cylindrical shell loaded with a load p_0 uniformly distributed over the surface (fig. 2), the diaphragms and the shell work together. at the same time, tangential forces s are formed along the lines of their contacts, developing at the level of the middle surface of the shell. to determine them, the shell is separated from the diaphragms. the contact forces of interaction on the shell and diaphragms have the opposite direction. fig. 2. to determine them, the shell is separated from the diaphragms. the diaphragm is a flat thin-walled beam with a span l_1=2b, of variable height, loaded in its plane with a transverse load p= p_(0)(b_n⁄2) distributed along the span, as well as with unevenly distributed forces s applied to the diaphragm at the level of the middle surface cylindrical shell. the action on the load diaphragm r. in fig. figure 3 shows the geometric and design diagrams of the diaphragm with a transverse linear load p distributed along the span. the bending moments in the diaphragm are determined by the formula =0,5p( ) 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 3. the action on the load diaphragm r. torque value at individual points = 0,5 ; = ; = deflection of the diaphragm, taking into account its variable stiffness. over the span b_((x)), as well as the symmetry of the structure and load, are determined from the dependence = ∬ x + c , where the moment function is calculated from the expression. the reciprocal of the aperture stiffness ⁄ = , variable along the length of the beam. it can be represented as a power polynomial with even exponents: (х) = + + , where constant coefficients take into account the variability of the diaphragm cross section in the span. the above dependences and the characteristic of the stress-strain state of the kzhs blocks are used to calculate the dimensions of the cross-sections of diaphragms, shells, haunches, as well as to calculate their reinforcement in terms of strength, deformability, crack resistance in accordance with the instructions of the regulatory documentation for the design of reinforced concrete structures. literature: 1. kulnazarova z.b. ta’lim jarayonlariga vebinar texnologiyalarini joriy etishning pedagogik imkoniyatlari. uslubiy qo‘llanma – samarqand: samdaqi, 2021. 2. kulnazarov b.b, bekmurodov u.b., kulnazarova z.b. kompyuter grafikasining arxitektura va dizayn sohasidagi talabalar o’quv jarayonidagi tutgan o’rn. me morchilik va qurilish muammolari (ilmiy-texnik jurnal) 2022, №1 (2-қисм). – samarqand: samdaqi, 2022. 3. kulnazarova z.b. (2021). samarqand shahri arxitekturasining istiqboldagi rivojlanish yo‘llari. monografiya. – samarqand: samdaqi, 124. 4. bakhromovna, k. z., & ibraimovna, m. f. (2022). use of modern industrial technologies in architecture. 5. kulnazarova zamira bakhromovna.(2023). european journal of innovation in nonformal education (ejine). innovative process of computer graphic 6. kulnazarov bahram, & kulnazarova zamira bakhromovna.(2023), areas where computer graphics can be used 7. kulnazarova zamira bakhromovna. .(2023), journal of intellectual porperty and human rights positive, changes in the city of samarkand during the years of independence 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). palaces of the timurid period of the middle ages of uzbekistan. journal of engineering, mechanics and modern architecture, 2(2), 24-28. 9. ibraimovna, m. f. (2022). palaces in the historical cities of uzbekistan formation. zien journal of social sciences and humanities, 12, 15-18. 10. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). analytical research work on the palaces of the timurids in the medieval period of uzbekistan. central asian journal of theoretical and applied science, 4(3), 7-10. 11. sabohat, m., &firuza, m. (2022). periods of formation of historical structures of architecture with geometric shapes. journal of architectural design, 4, 21-26. 12. eshatov, i. q., mavlonov, m. d., &mahmudova, f. (2022). analysis of placement of agromomatic levels of commercial services in jizak city structure. journal of architectural design, 5, 6-11. 13. bakhromovna, k. z., & ibraimovna, m. f. (2022). use of modern industrial technologies in architecture. 14. hidirov, m. m., eshatov, i. q., &mahmudova, f. (2021, june). architectural and planning organization of agglomerational trade and service complexes in the uzbekistan. in e-conference globe (pp. 60-64). 15. ibraimovna, m. f. abdusattorovna, m. s. (2023). analytical research work on the palaces of the timurids in the medieval period of uzbekistan. central asian journal of theoretical and applied science, 4(3), 7-10. 16. firuzaibraimovna, m. (2023). scientific and natural study of the architecture of the khiva garden-palaces, development of recommendations for their use for modern tourism purposes. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(3), 10-13. 17. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). analysis of various roofs and roofs. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 2(3), 33-39. 18. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). khiva is an open-air city-museum. journal of engineering, mechanics and modern architecture, 2(4), 36-39. 19. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). history of khiva. journal of engineering, mechanics and modern architecture, 2(4), 8-12. 20. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). experiences of restoring palaces in historical cities of uzbekistan and historical parks around them. journal of engineering, mechanics and modern architecture, 2(3), 41-44. 21. ibraimovna, m. f. (2023). formation of palaces in uzbekistan in the late middle ageskhanate period. journal of engineering, mechanics and modern architecture, 2(3), 33-36. 22. abdirasulovna, m. n. (2023). some questions about structural schemes of buildings. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 2(4), 1-6. 23. shukurullaevich, s. o. (2022). geometric methods used in the construction of architectural forms. journal of architectural design, 4, 12-20. 24. shukurullayevich, s. o. (2021). the intersection of the surface of the engineering building with the surface of the earth. world economics and finance bulletin, 1(1), 17-19. 25. suvonov, o. (2023). some issues of division of spatial shells of coatings into prefabricated structural elements. journal of engineering, mechanics and modern architecture, 2(4), 13-16. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 26. suvonov, o. (2022). kompyuterda loyihalash (autocad dasturi asosida). scienceweb academic papers collection. 27. shukurullaevich, s. o. (2023). facts we know and don't know about the burj khalifa. central asian journal of arts and design, 472-475. 69 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of archives in public libraries in rivers state hilda eno obi (ph.d, cln) department of library and information science, faculty of education, university of port harcourt abstract: this study investigated sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of archives in public libraries in rivers state. two objectives and its corresponding research questions and hypotheses guided this study. the descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. the population of interest in this study was 514 library staff from the rivers state library board and staff from the jubilee library in port harcourt. the sample size of this study was 399 library staff, of which 227 were from the board of the rivers state library and 172 were from the port harcourt branch of the jubilee library. the sample size was calculated by taro yamane's formula, and a two-stage sampling method was employed to select the sample size. stratified and simple random sampling were used in the process. a self-structured instrument titled sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of records questionnaire was employed for data collection. face and content validation was ensured by three experts. the instrument yielded reliability coefficients of 0.81 with the use of cronbach alpha reliability method. mean and standard deviation were used in answering research questions while z-test was used for the inferential statistics. the findings revealed that sustainable practices for environmental management in public libraries in rivers state include using acid-free folders, having large sculptures shielded from elements, and having the archives environment protected from flooding. microforms are not used to shield delicate unpublished documents and artworks are not stored in enclosures made of acrylic plexiglass. it was concluded and recommended that archivists in the libraries should e supported by the government to employ sustainable practices such as microforms, acrylic plexiglass, ultraviolet filtering windows and low-velocity vacuum systems to protect both unpublished and published materials from degradation. keywords: sustainable practices, environmental management, preservation, archives, public libraries. background to the study a sustainable library is one that conserves and uses natural resources wisely. it ensures that the services it provides meet current demand while conserving energy and reducing waste. a sustainable library is also an ethical library that promotes reading and encourages citizens to help conserve resources. the concept of sustainability refers to the ability to maintain a system without destroying it or having it destroyed. hence in relation to environmental management, it is the process of managing the environment, such as air and water quality, so that organizations and establishments such as public libraries can meet their environmental objectives (welford, 70 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2016). it encompasses environmental planning, environmental assessment, environmental protection, and pollution prevention activities. environmental management also deals with issues such as waste disposal, hazardous materials management, and energy conservation. it is important for library organizations to have an effective environmental management system in order to reduce their environmental impact( mathiasson & jochumsen, 2022), comply with regulations, and protect archives from the wider environmental impacts (karioja, 2013). archives are an essential part of a public library’s mission. they provide historical information about a community, its people, and its history. archival collections are often unique and irreplaceable records that provide a window into the past and help inform the present. archives are a valuable source of evidence for research, education, cultural heritage preservation, and community development (obi, 2023). they help to preserve memories, document events, and tell stories. environmental management can influence the preservation of archives in public libraries in multiple ways. temperature and humidity levels are expected to be maintained within specific ranges to ensure that records are not damaged or destroyed by heat or moisture buildup over time. proper ventilation is expected to be provided to prevent mold growth on paper documents (harvey, et al., 2020). additionally, light exposures are expected to be limited to avoid fading or discoloration of documents, photos, and other materials. pest control measures are also expected to be taken to protect archives from insects and other pests that could damage them. when effective environmental management strategies are employed in public libraries, it can have an immense impact on the preservation of archives. proper temperature and humidity levels can extend the life of documents significantly by preventing degradation due to heat or moisture buildup over time. furthermore, ventilation systems can reduce the risk of mold growth that can damage paper documents. additionally, limiting light exposure can prevent fading or discoloration of materials and pest control measures can protect archives from damage caused by insects or other pests. it is important for public libraries to take steps to improve their environmental management practices in order to ensure the preservation of archives (kirby, 2014). it is premised on the foregoing that environmental management becomes vital to the preservation of archives in public libraries, as it helps to ensure that these valuable resources will remain accessible to researchers and patrons for generations to come. through careful planning and implementation of sustainable practices, libraries can ensure that their archives are properly maintained, protected, and preserved for future use. this study therefore sought to ascertain the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of archives in public libraries in rivers state. statement of the problem around the world, resources are being managed more inefficiently, which has led to side effects including climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. as the effects of this crisis are felt by the existence of humans, so are the libraries' public archives affected. it may be beneficial to note that humans are actually more negatively affected by this progression. the history of humanity is being eroded by the exposure of archives in public libraries to this reality; the loss of archival materials is the loss of pertinent historical information that is essential to the continued existence of nations. similar to many countries in the 20th century, archives were not cared for in a sustainable manner. as a result, the motivation for the researcher was to investigate if the government of rivers state is collaborating with librarians and administrators of public libraries in the state to implement sustainable practices in environmental management in the preservation of archives in public libraries in the state. aim and objectives this study was aimed at investigating sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of archives in public libraries in rivers state. specifically, the objectives were to: 71 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. identify the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. 2. ascertain the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. research questions 1. what are the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state? 2. what are the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state? hypotheses the following two (2) hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level. 1. there is no significant difference in the mean scores of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. 2. there is no significant difference in the mean scores of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. conceptual framework the concept of this study is situated on sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of archives in public libraries in rivers state as diagrammatically represented in figure 1 below. conceptual review concept of sustainable practices sustainable practices are an important part of an establishment’s day to day activity and can provide a host of benefits. simply put, sustainable practices are those that are focused on minimizing negative environmental impacts, reducing waste, and providing a better quality of life for living things (rieckmann, 2018). this type of practice can apply to the production of 72 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us goods, the delivery of services, and even how a company or an institution is run. from an environmental standpoint, organizations can benefit from sustainable practices by reducing energy use, decreasing water use, and reducing emissions. this can be accomplished through the use of renewable energy sources (dursun, 2015), investments in energy efficient systems and processes (sorrell, 2015). and improved waste management practices (higgins, 2018). in turn, these activities can help reduce costs and increase profits, as well as provide companies with a competitive advantage over their competitors. the implementation of sustainable practices can also help increase employee morale by providing a better work environment (opara, et al., 2021) as well as giving staff members an opportunity to engage in meaningful work that can help protect the environment (baker, 2015). sustainable practices can also provide economic benefits (ortiz‐de‐mandojana & bansal, 2016). such as increasing a business access to new markets, reducing the cost of doing business, and creating more jobs (doppelt, 2017 benn, et al., 2014). from a social standpoint, sustainable practices can help businesses build relationships with their customers and stakeholders, as well as improving the reputation of the business (evans, et al., 2017). this can be achieved through transparent and honest communication, compliance with laws and regulations, and actively engaging with the local community. overall, sustainable practices can provide organizations and businesses with numerous benefits, both short-term and long-term. by reducing the environmental impact of their operations, organizations and businesses can help to protect the planet, create a better workplace for their employees, and increase their bottom line. sustainable practices and environmental management environmental management, as defined by different authors, is a process of evaluating (yang, et al., 2023) controlling (glicksman, et al., 2023) and updating (graham, 2023) environmental policies, practices, and procedures to prevent, reduce, or eliminate negative environmental impacts (glicksman, et al., 2023; graham, 2023; yang, et al., 2023). it helps organizations to better manage and protect their environment through scientific knowledge and innovation. according to welford (2016) sustainable practices are crucial for promoting environmental management, as they provide the tools and guidance necessary to maintain the ecosystems and preserve natural resources. shaikh et al (2017) added that sustainable practices, such as energy efficiency, water conservation, and green building practices, create an integrated system that encourages continual improvements towards a sustainable future. this was corroborated by ragheb et al (2016) and amaral et al (2015) that the main types of sustainable practices are energy efficiency, water conservation, and green building practices. energy efficiency focuses on reducing energy use and increasing efficiency through more efficient technologies. water conservation looks at ways to reduce water use and increase water savings. green building practices involve using efficient technologies and materials to reduce the environmental impacts of building and construction. in the same vein, paramati et al (2022) observed that energy efficiency not only reduces energy costs, but also helps to reduce environmental pollution. by reducing energy demand, fewer greenhouse gas emissions are released into the atmosphere, subsequently reducing global warming potential. further, utilizing efficient technologies, such as light-emitting diode (led) lightbulbs and insulation, can reduce energy consumption and prolong the life of these technologies (cuce, et al., 2016). also, water conservation actively reduces water consumption and wastewater production, since it leads to more efficient water usage and reuse. as remarked by christian et al (2016), water conservation measures, such as rainwater harvesting, water efficient appliances, and eco-friendly landscaping, help to reduce water consumption and maintain water sources. notably, green building practices is one of the sustainable practices of environmental management in any given place because it strives to reduce the environmental impacts of building and activities being carried out in such building. 73 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished and published materials in the archives of public libraries the role played by public libraries in the archives of information materials is incontrovertible. from rare paper-based documents to artworks and recordings on compact discs (cds), archives of public libraries serve as reliable stores of information for their communities (prytherch, 2016). to ensure that these records are preserved for future reference and use, harvey and mahard (2020) acknowledged that archivists in public libraries are expected to adhere to certain best practices for their preservation. thus, the preservation of both unpublished and published materials in the archives of public libraries is the task of preserving materials that have exceptional value, not easily accessible to the general public and are expected to last as long as the earth remains. this can include but not limited to sketches, journals, textbooks, original manuscripts, recordings, and other works that may have cultural or financial value. archives in public libraries are important in this regard, as they can provide long-term preservation of these materials, ensuring they are available long after their initial creation (kilmarx, et al., 2020). this goes in line with smith-yoshimura et al (2014) that many types of unpublished materials are archived in public libraries. manuscripts, sketches, and recordings are some of the most common, but other items like photographs, artwork, and correspondence can also be found. depending on the age and context of the material, de kosnik s(2021) concurred with ormondparker and sloggett (2012) as well as ross (2012) that items may be archived for historical, legal, educational, or financial purposes. archiving these materials allows them to be safely preserved for future generations, preserving their cultural and financial value. in recent years, scholars have emphasized the importance of sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries has been increasingly highlighted (hodges, 2022; balogun & kalusopa, 2021; yun, et al., 2021). to support long-term preservation and access of these materials, library institutions are expected to actively monitor the environment in their collections. ngulube (as cited in rakemane & mosweu, 2021) corroborated the foregoing by submitting that environmental management is a vital consideration for archival preservation of materials, both published and unpublished. archives of public libraries must practice sustainable environmental management in order to ensure the preservation of materials for current and future generations. henderson (2013) admitted that sustainable practices of environmental management include monitoring and controlling the temperature, humidity, pollutants and light levels within the archives. similarly, prytherch (2016) agreed with clanchy (2012) and garvey (2012) that published materials or items that have been printed, written or composed for public circulation, often have value far beyond their initial publishing date which made them eligible for archives. for example, books on ancient history, long-gone practices or events, or documents on policy-changing decisions may all be valuable resources to researchers. to ensure that these items remain intact and accessible, jaillant (2019) agreed with prytherch that preservation techniques must be employed. these techniques can vary, depending on the type of material being preserved. for example, for paper-based documents, such as magazines and books, preservation strategies can include archival binding, acid-free folders, and photocopying. for digital materials, such as online journals and ebooks, the strategies can include copying, conversion, validation and emulation. madumere (2022) averred that whatever the information material in the archive of public libraries may be, it should be stored in a safe, secure, and dry environment to ensure its longevity. in addition to preservation techniques, kadaifciler (2017) remarked that public libraries should also consider the environment in which archived materials are stored. it is essential that the temperature and humidity in the room remain at optimal levels, as this will help to conserve materials and prevent them from deteriorating. also, pentecost (2015) observed in agreement with mccann (2013) that humidity and temperature should be closely monitored, and the use of appropriate storage materials such as acid-free boxes and folders can help prevent 74 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us further damage and corrosion. dust, ultra violet (uv) light, and pests can also be sources of damage, and thus must be addressed to ensure the integrity of the materials over time. to this end, wilson and vansnick (2017) averred that archivists in public libraries can employ the use of methods such as air-filtration systems and the sealing of collection storage areas. dust must be actively removed—for instance, with the use of a low-velocity vacuum system—to avoid its further accumulation and persistence. faulkner-brown (1999) submitted that the optimal temperature for archival preservation is between 18-21 degrees celsius and the humidity should be kept between 45-55%. more so, it is important to keep pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (vocs), away from the archives by using air filtration, and to limit the exposure of published materials to light via uv blockers on windows and careful location of light sources as reported by cincinelli et al (2016). for the preservation of unpublished materials, such as manuscript collections or research papers, sustainable environmental practices also include properly storing the items. additionally, roberts (2007) remarked that the use of ultravioletfiltering film on windows and other light sources can be helpful in preventing damage from uv radiation to archives. the use of integrated pest management systems is also vital in the preservation of library materials. proper sanitation and storage conditions can help prevent the presence of pests, but in the case of an infestation, the use of pest control measures is essential for safeguarding collection items (sloane & elsworth, 2018). organizations can also assess the need for specialized storage materials, such as microfilm and microfiche, to protect particularly fragile documents. sahoo (2004) contended that the use of appropriate storage materials, dust management measures, uv light filtering, and integrated pest management systems are essential to protecting these materials from damage and deterioration. archivists should use acid-free folders, board and paper, and store paper materials in a cool, dark and dry storage environment, away from dust, insects, rodents and other pests. this is in the same vein with university of washington libraries. (n.d) that the removal of dust and dirt from unpreserved papers should be done through gentle means, such as vacuuming or air purging, as these are less likely to cause damage to the items than using abrasive cleaning materials. theoretical framework robinson’s theory of sustainable practices the theoretical framework in sustainable practices was first propounded by john robinson in 2004. the theory averred that sustainable practices should be treated holistically and that society should not view them in silos (robinson, 2004). according to robinson, we should consider sustainability as a three-dimensional construct, including environmental, economic, and social dimensions. we must recognize that maximizing the gains in any one of these dimensions alone cannot deliver long-term sustainability. robinson also notes that in order to achieve sustainable practices, it is important to consider the entire system – from natural resources, production, and distribution to the final disposal – and the impacts on the environment and society. as such, sustainability requires a systemic approach to understanding how all the components of the system interact. more so, robinson states that the full value of sustainability can only be seen when its benefits extend across generations. to support his theory, robinson cites the research of several authors, such as dai (2010) and ekins (2006), who stress the need for a holistic approach to sustainability and emphasize the three-dimensional framework of economic, environmental and social sustainability. robinson’s theory of sustainability practices is well-supported by the research of these authors and provides a solid foundation for the implementation of sustainable practices. in application to this study, john robinson's theoretical framework on sustainability practices shows that proper environmental management planning with a long-term consideration is key to the life and relevance of unpublished and published materials in public libraries. since the main concept of archives is to have evergreen historical records, be it published or unpublished and in whatsoever format or shape, then robinson’s theory of sustainable practices reiterates that the first step to take in achieving this goal is proper sustainable practices for environmental management. 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodology the descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. the target population of the study comprised 514 library staff drawn from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt. the sample size for this study was 399 library staff comprising 227 staff from rivers state library board and 172 library staff from jubilee library port harcourt representing 44.16% and 33.46% of the population respectively. the sample size was determined using taro yamane sample size determination formula while a two-stage sampling technique of stratified and simple sampling techniques was used to select the sample size. an instrument titled, ‘sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of archives questionnaire (spempaq)” was used for data collection. face and content validation was ensured by three experts. the spempaq consists of twenty (10) items of two (2) sections. this was coded in the four-point likert type scale of: strongly agree (sa), agree (a), disagree (d), and strongly disagree (sd) and weighted as 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. the instrument (spempaq) yielded reliability coefficients of 0.81 with the use of cronbach alpha reliability method. mean and standard deviation was used in answering research questions while z-test was used in testing the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. after the administration of the respective copies of questionnaire to the respondents, 192 of the copies were completely filled and retrieved from rivers state library board staff representing 84.58% return rate while 161 of the copies were completely filled and retrieved from jubilee library port harcourt staff representing 93.61% return rate. results answer to research questions research question 1: what are the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state? table 1: mean and standard deviation scores on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. s/n items rivers state library board staff (n =192) jubilee library port harcourt staff (n =161) mean set remarks sd sd xx 1. acid-free folders are being used to store unpublished paper-based documents in the library’s archive. 2.71 1.65 2.73 1.65 2.72 agreed 2. microforms are being used to protect fragile unpublished documents in the library’s archive. 2.50 1.58 2.48 1.58 2.49 disagreed 3. artworks are stored in enclosures with acrylic plexiglass the library’s archive. 2.44 156 2.48 1.58 2.46 disagreed 4. big sculptures are kept on wooden slabs in the library’s archive. 2.78 1.67 2.63 1.62 2.71 agreed 5 the library’s archive environment is largely shielded from flood. 2.62 1.62 2.56 1.60 2.59 agreed cluster mean 2.61 1.62 2.58 1.61 2.60 agreed results in table 1 showed the weighted mean values for the response of rivers state library board staff and jubilee library port harcourt staff on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. all of the items were agreed by the respondents (xx, > 2.5) except items 2 and 3. 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the items that were agreed on demonstrated sustainable practices in environmental management for the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. however, the items that were disagreed on demonstrated expected sustainable practices in environmental management for the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. as a result, the mean set cluster value of 2.60 for all of the items implies that some forms of environmental management that is sustainable in the preservation of unpublished materials exist in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. research question 2: what are the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state? table 2: mean and standard deviation scores on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. s/n items rivers state library board staff (n =192) jubilee library port harcourt staff (n =161) mean set remarks sd sd xx 6 the library windows to the archive are provided with ultravioletfiltering film to keep published materials safer from ultra violet radiation. 2.45 1.57 2.53 1.59 2.49 disagreed 7 there are janitors to ensure proper sanitation of the library archive environment every day to prevent infestation. 3.04 1.74 2.92 1.71 2.98 agreed 8. all published materials in the library’s archive are stored in a cool and dry environment. 3.04 1.74 3.00 1.73 3.02 agreed 9. dusts are actively removed from published materials in the library’s archive with the use of a lowvelocity vacuum system. 2.13 1.46 2.22 1.49 2.18 disagreed 10 the process of digitizing published materials in the library’s archive is ongoing. 2.65 1.63 2.58 1.61 2.62 agreed cluster mean 2.66 1.63 2.65 1.63 2.66 agreed results in table 2 showed the weighted mean values for the response of rivers state library board staff and jubilee library port harcourt staff on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. all of the items were agreed by the respondents (xx, > 2.5) except for items 6 and 9. the items that were agreed on demonstrated sustainable practices in environmental management for the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. conversely, the items that were disagreed on demonstrated expected sustainable practices in environmental management for the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. as a result, the mean set cluster value of 2.66 for all of the items is indicative of some sustainable practices in environmental management regarding the preservation of published materials in archives in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. test of hypotheses hypothesis 1: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of staff from rivers state 77 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. table 3: z-test analysis on the mean difference between the responses of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. status n x sd df z-cal z-crit value alpha level decision rivers state library board staff 192 2.61 1.62 351 1.98 1. 96 0.05 significant difference jubilee library port harcourt staff 161 2.58 1.61 results in table 3 showed that rivers state library board staff has mean and standard deviation scores of 2.61 and 1.62 while jubilee library port harcourt staff has mean and standard deviation scores of 2.58 and 1.61. with a degree of freedom of 351, the z-calculated value of 1.98 was higher than the critical z-test value of 1.96. therefore, the null hypothesis was not retained. by implication, there was a significant difference between the mean responses of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. hypothesis 2: there is no significant difference in the mean scores of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. table 3: z-test analysis on the mean difference between the responses of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. status n x sd df z-cal z-crit value alpha level decision rivers state library board staff 192 2.66 1.63 351 0.81 1. 96 0.05 no significant difference jubilee library port harcourt staff 161 2.65 1.63 results in table 4 showed that rivers state library board staff has mean and standard deviation scores of 2.66 and 1.63 while jubilee library port harcourt staff has mean and standard deviation scores of 2.65 and 1.63. with a degree of freedom of 351, the z-calculated value of 0.81 was lower than the critical z-test value of 1.96. therefore, the null hypothesis was retained. by implication, there was no significance difference between the mean responses of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state. discussion of findings the findings of this study are discussed under the following subheadings: 78 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state it was found that certain sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of unpublished materials in archives exist in the archives of public libraries in rivers state while a few does not exists. also, there was a significant difference between the mean responses of staff from rivers state library board and staff from jubilee library port harcourt on the sustainable practices. those practices of environmental management that are sustainable in preserving unpublished materials in archives that are located in the archives of public libraries in rivers state include the practice of using acid-free folders to store unpublished paper-based documents in the libraries' archives, having large sculptures in the libraries' archives shielded from the elements by being placed on wooden slabs, and having the libraries' archives environment protected from flooding. unrealistic sustainable practices include the practice of utilizing microforms to shield delicate unpublished documents in the libraries' archives and storing artwork in enclosures made of acrylic plexiglass. this finding supports the finding of epemu et al (2022) that information materials are faced with a number of threats and agents that lead to their deterioration and damage such as biological agents like insects, rats, termites, poor shelving, poor ventilation system of the building, water damage, air pollution, temperature and humidity, dirty and dust. hence, the need to implement sustainable practices such as use of good quality storage tools and proper environment for archives. sustainable practices of environmental management in the preservation of published materials in the archives of public libraries in rivers state it was ascertained that certain practices of environmental management that are sustainable in the preservation of published materials in archives are present in the archives of public libraries in rivers state, while other practices are absent. additionally, there was no significant difference in the responses of staff from board of the rivers state library and the staff from the jubilee library in port harcourt regarding the identified sustainable practices. sustainable practices in environmental management that are employed to preserve published materials in archives that are located in the archives of public libraries in rivers state include having all published materials in the libraries' archives stored in a cool and dry environment, having janitors take care of ensuring that the proper sanitation of the libraries' archives environment is maintained every day in order to prevent infestation, and ongoing digitization of published materials in the libraries' archives. expected sustainable practices that are not employed include making the libraries' windows to the archives ultraviolet-filtering, and actively removing dust from published materials in the archives with the use of a low-velocity vacuum system. the findings of this investigation support those of intellectual reserve, inc. (2016) and pymm (2014) that library archives should be kept in a climate as cool and dry as possible. additionally, the examination affirms pymm's observation that information material such as writeable cds have a life expectancy of up to 200 years if held in archival conditions cool, dry, and away from light. conclusion based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that archives of public libraries in rivers state employ a variety of sustainable practices to protect both unpublished and published materials from degradation and the majority of staff from the two public libraries are familiar with sustainable practices for environmental management in archives’ preservation. though there is a consensus that further action can be taken with devices such as microforms, acrylic plexiglass, ultraviolet filtering windows and low-velocity vacuum systems. recommendations the following recommendations were made based on the findings of the study 1. the rivers state government should provide more support in the areas of facility upgrade to public libraries in the state. 79 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. the chief library officers in the two libraries should collaborate with government agencies that have an interest in environmental sustainability in the preservation of published and unpublished materials in the libraries' archives. 3. the libraries directors should ensure that more efforts are devoted to the process of digitizing all published materials in the libraries’ archives. references 1. amaral, l. p., martins, n., & gouveia, j. b. 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(2021). topic structure and evolution patterns of documentary heritage preservation and conservation research in china. library hi tech, 40(3), 805-827. http://hdl.handle.net/10760/16448 648 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the importance and usage of scientific research methods in pedagogy yusupova nafisa teacher at uzbekistan state world languages university, tashkent city, uzbekistan abstract: this article is based on providing essential information about research methods and ways that can be used in pedagogy. the most essential aim of education is improving the quality of teaching that is completely crucial today. there are many basic and innovative teaching methods that are used in teaching and learning. in pedagogy, there are interactive, innovative and scientific methods that can be conducted by teachers to emphasize on improving students’ foreign language awareness. this paper can be useful to get basic information related to research methods for teaching languages. keywords: research methods, teaching method, pedagogical processes, research, education system. "method" as a scientific concept in the broadest sense is the way to achieve a particular goal, in the narrowest sense in order to know the phenomena and laws of nature and social life indicates a method of solving a task. knowing the objective world, what to learn in theory, who and how to educate. there are issues that are inextricably linked. the science of pedagogy is enriching and updating its essence existing pedagogical phenomena and processes to its goals and objectives learns in appropriate ways. in general, pedagogy in practice, a great wealth of teaching methods and techniques collected. different conditions in choosing them, the science being taught character, age characteristics of children, level of prior preparation etc. are taken into account. the research method of this science is to educate the younger generation, specific to the real processes of knowledge making and teaching a set of internal ways, methods and tools. pedagogy the more correctly the research method of science is chosen, the more education updating and improving the content will increase to the same extent. however, it should be noted that the system of research methods so far in science that is not created, not solved. the available methods are mainly: • method of studying the literature; • observation method; • conversation method; • a way to study children's creativity; • method of analysis of school documents; • experimental, test method; • test method; • method of statistical data analysis; • mathematical and cybernetic methods; • method of sociological research. “the teaching method is theoretical and practical for teachers and students is a way to accomplish the educational tasks of learning.” says professor r.a. mavlonova. she follows the reading methods and sets specific requirements: 1. teacher-recommended way to study the material, dialectical-materialist way of thinking, independent views, volitional should lead to the formation of characteristics and behavior. in view of this requirement, the method should be educational in nature. 649 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. the scientific basis of the reading method must be clear and concise. only then will the teacher know what the issues are through this method and what issues can be addressed can know that it will not. 3. the systematic nature of teaching determines its effectiveness. 4. comprehensibility of the teaching method: the way of teaching is the student to be adopted and applied for the study of the study material and the method should be in accordance with the possibilities of acquiring knowledge should. 5. the need for awareness and activism in teaching is very serious demand. 6. attention to the accuracy and validity of knowledge. 7. correspondence of theoretical and practical phenomena in teaching methods. any kind of method is intended to achieve a goal and so he set some goal, to achieve it how to do it, to help you do it requires knowledge of the means by which it is given. in a word, pedagogical based on teacher and student behavior as a result of the method, students gain knowledge, talents and skills to raise their worldview, thinking and spirituality they achieve. it is based on thinking about behaviors related to education analysis is the only method in pedagogy and didactics. "the great didactics" by jan amos comenius, by k.d. ushinski said that such is the case in the man as a subject of education approach can be seen. everybody should draw attention to the serious conclusions about the educational process based on observations, experiences, facts based on the results of empirical studies. the method of studying the literature is the study of pedagogical literature works of thinkers and enlightened pedagogical scientists, reflecting national and universal values in the process, independent to the economy, ideology and spirituality of uzbekistan literature, works of the president of uzbekistan ia karimov, research textbooks, monographs, pamphlets and articles on the subject, pedagogical and psychological research, dissertations on the research topic studied, generalized, inferred. also, there are many essential research methods in pedagogy that can be related to creating new atmosphere, novelty and new ideas in science. they are: observation methods observation begins with a review of the literature. the observation is organized by the researcher with a goal in mind. monitoring is planned, its program is developed. in this case, the observation speed, number, address, time, status tracking, material recording duration is determined. tracking is divided into two types according to the duration: shortand long-term follow-up. a brief observation is the daily of the object draw definite conclusions from changes in activities. long term based on the purpose, plan and program of the observation, a certain scientific, final conclusion is reached. the final record of the follow-up filming, video recording, television and other techniques tools can be used. proper use of the observation method increases the efficiency of the educational process, new creative begins to work. conversational method is an aspect or event of a research topic that is oral questions with specific individuals in order to learn about is the process of getting information from them. inquiries are subject must have a logically meaningful, orderly, clear expression and the result is determined by composing it, depending on whether it is right or wrong. conversation that is also possible to be interviewed during the method process. reasonable, logical high responses or inaccurate responses are recorded on magnetic tapes and analyzed. pedagogical experiment is the basis of any pedagogical research. scientific hypotheses using pedagogical experiment reliability is checked, between some elements of pedagogical processes and relationship. pedagogical experiment is divided into two types: recorder and formative. note existing in the process of education or upbringing through an experiment problems are identified. it is necessary in a formative experiment data are shaped in students. pedagogical process the process organized by the experimenter himself in order to study more accurately observes. it is involved in the pedagogical process, the trainees create certain conditions of educator activity. pedagogical experimental initial data, specific conditions, and training clearly define the methods or materials to be studied, as well as requires comprehensive consideration of the experimental results. the following are the stages of a pedagogical experiment: conducting an experiment and interpreting the results, planning, experimenting setting goals and objectives, influencing the outcome of the experiment determining the amount of triggers and their level, the necessary observations number, procedure of experiment, verification of the obtained results methods. it is planned to organize and conduct the experiment 650 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us should be carried out in strict accordance with the plan. comment data will be collected and processed at this stage. experiment the following conditions for the transfer to meet the principle of reliability to be followed: 1. accuracy of the number of inspectors and the amount of experiments. 2. reliability of research methods. 3. take into account the statistical significance of the differences. interaction of different methods of pedagogical research allows you to increase efficiency and quality. that's it mathematical methods and computing devices the impact of experimental results on pedagogy also helps. typically, the arithmetic mean, substance, meridian, dispensation, the average of the set of the selected set quadratic deviation, mean value error, characters correction coefficients are calculated. research results applied in practice. the most important thing in a completed study its results are practical. independent uzbekistan new scientific knowledge is being accumulated very rapidly. however, there are difficulties in implementing them in practice discarded. these challenges are all about improving the educational process active use of knowledge as it increases incompatibility between possibilities. however, taking appropriate action to implement them does not preclude going. the implementation process is aimed at improving the pedagogical experience is considered a focused activity. therefore, the introduction high demands are placed on the necessary recommendations. the degree of scientific validity, the accuracy of their content educators with a measure of students' intended effort implies an accurate assessment. implementation is a whole set of activities and informs the pedagogical community about the conclusions drawn to create new teaching and methodological manuals, methodical includes the development of guidance and methodological recommendations. the method of analysis of school documents pedagogical phenomena need to learn thorough school documentation in fact verification. education in school document analysis, the law must be obeyed. in the analysis of school documents, the creative activity and independence of the student, his talent and generalization and implementation of best pedagogical practices will have full value only if specified. also, the total number of students, its growth or a description of the reasons for the decrease, according to the subjects of the students to the level of mastery, to prevent falling out of class, to encourage and attention to the types of sanctions, the material base of the school is given. the method of studying children's creativity is the creativity of schoolchildren. the study and analysis of their various works is pedagogical and one of the effective methods of research. gifted students can be differentiated with their mental abilities, noble moral images, aesthetic tastes, meticulousness by their own curiosity. the subject of pedagogy in-depth knowledge of the sources and factors of children's creativity and their right ways of further development and improvement aimed at showing. the method of analysis and synthesis of statistical data is pedagogical, the required statistics of the study for a specific purpose and systematic study of science, culture in independent uzbekistan, makes a significant contribution to the development of education. in the field of public education, including the constant growth of allocated funds, textbooks and manuals, visual aids, teacher training, school construction, economic contracts and the proceeds are determined statistically. the questionnaire method is a way of asking students what they think obtain the necessary information about the knowledge of the team, to identify their views and opinions and to determine their professional orientation must be specially designed. in the questionnaire are purposeful questions and their answers the origin of pedagogical results is assumed. questionnaire method of mass collection of written answers method. questionnaire production is a complex scientific process. the reliability of the survey results is given in the content of the questionnaires depends on the form of the questions, the number of questionnaires completed. typically, questionnaires are mathematical statistics using computerized application data is designed to allow you to work with techniques. on documents, such an analysis with sufficient accuracy is pedagogical connections and dependencies in the real activities of communities helps to determine. computational mathematics and cybernetics methods are current modern production, requirements and interests of science and technology life-tested techniques, computational mathematics and requires the use of cybernetics in school work and pedagogy does. teaching the educational process of pedagogical-cybernetic form, to itself as a separate form of managing the learning process has a specific feature. so work with the pedagogical process there is a big difference between the automation of extraction processes. film, sound 651 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us engineering, photography, television in pedagogical research techniques such as they are students helps to activate the learning process. for children creates additional incentives. the tools shown each a subject to the age of the children and improves the pedagogical process. sociological research method questionnaire questions are included. from this the goal is to determine students ’attitudes toward the profession, the friendships between students, itself to know the conditions of the higher education institution where he is studying, successes and failures, relationships between young people, religion (especially in mysticism) to identify students' interests level of spiritual qualities, desire to learn, with literature level of security, in improving scientific and professional skills type of classes, amount of stipends, financial support of parents, their education, place of work, place of residence of students, academic the factors influencing the formation of their worldview, their consciousness level process, spiritual qualities, faster to achieve perfection is to identify the negative qualities that need to be eliminated. goals, objectives and implementation of the national program, the new socio-economic conditions of the stages, the demand for education, the level and quality of training system in practice the priority of operational and sustainable development guarantees create a regulatory, logistical and information base that provides such issues form the basis of pedagogical research. today's education system, its goals and objectives, our republic a problem facing education that serves development should be consistent with the solution. it rules the world scientific and technological progress contributes to the socio-economic development of the country the people in managing and determining its future are intellectual shows the importance of information about the potential. a future generation that is fit for the intellectual potential of society upbringing is also an important issue in this regard and finding their solution is active in the "xxi century the intellectual century" requires to achieve promising results such as educating the participant. it is known that the educational process is complex, multifaceted and multifaceted is a state-of-the-art, dynamic system. hence the optimal management of its great scientific potential from researchers to find options and requires. today, teaching methods, techniques and technologies are expanding in line with modern requirements. at the same time a complex that covers various aspects of the educational process the ability of any public education system employee to acquire knowledge will not be enough. in such cases, of course, education information about, database, information bank, information technology, knowledge bank creates a wide range of opportunities. in the future, not only the knowledge bank, but also the education system the knowledge, skills and competencies required are also in line with the requirements of global education should be responsive. therefore, to the public education system a number of tasks have been transformed into the level of public policy. at the same time, the development of effective educational technologies and their application in practice is today’s research our work should be the focus. in doing so, take into account the scientific and theoretical basis of research work. in creating educational technologies, taking into account the following must give: socio-pedagogical bases of planned educational technology determine what it consists of; step-by-step as a process of educational technology determine if there is a hierarchical rigid sequence that can be implemented and determine what their functional structure consists of; the current technology meets today's requirements and the requirements of world education compliance review; if the educational technology in question as a whole system its structure is organizational-functional part systems (elements) study the possibility of expression on; the subject of study of the purpose of educational technology that is, to align with the goals of a particular educational process. educational technology is the teaching of a specific subject consists of scientifically based rules, methods, and techniques reflects the stages of achieving the goal of education and achieving purposeful management of the educational process is a process that allows. especially pedagogical effects in conducting pedagogical research theoretical conclusion in the creation of scientific and methodological developments and both theoretical and practical thinking based on generalizations should be advanced in the researcher. the researcher is scientific in this regard to think, you need to pay attention to: be able to clearly state the purpose of the study; previously performed theoretical or experimental research must have developed a distinction on which to base; 652 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us must have developed a research methodology; be able to identify the stages of research need; additional private in accordance with the developed methodology and plan research should also have the ability to conduct; be able to scientifically and methodologically analyze the obtained results; keep in mind that the expression of conclusions is descriptive. evidence in the history of science in the field of pedagogical research scientific about the logical sequence of scientific research in the example ideas are formed in the researcher. in this case, the scientists he or how they achieved these theoretical or experimental discoveries analysis data plays an important role. what problems what encouraged scientists to engage in research due to the fact that this problem has been solved at the stage of science development, how this research is with the development of technology and economics it is important to disclose the connection. this is their own in turn, in the formation of a dialectical way of thinking in the researcher is a necessary factor. pedagogical research with this in mind developing a system of knowledge in a particular area of conduct. the researcher deducts during their execution draw conclusions about scientific and methodological developments using the method let them get. as you know, in front of every researcher there is a total of humanity the task is to study, assimilate and develop resources. by imagining human perfection and the progress of society without them will not happen. the education system to accomplish this task constantly improving, the younger generation is a science should be deeply armed with the basics. after all, learning and improving research and hard work are human beliefs and shaping his worldview, leading him to spiritual and moral maturity leads. pedagogical research in this area is practical the role of importance is incomparable. therefore, with the scientific and theoretical foundations of pedagogical research, their practical significance is also taken into account. practical significance in assessing the scientific validity of scientific and theoretical developments in this area experimental work to see how much the benefit of the practice will be affected can be seen from the results. based on the analysis of the results obtained, the trainees and providers of this knowledge, with the "national training program" and full implementation of established national referral principles the feasibility is determined. in this case, mainly experimental work the learner based on the characteristics of the implementation from modern information technologies in providing relevant information forms, methods, tools and content of use developed. pedagogical research belongs to the methodology of private teaching when, mainly, the criteria for quantitative comparison of results and their it is advisable to use geometric interpretation. this is mainly due to the quality of the educational technology created quality indicators in the control group are compared with the indicators and they are given quantitative recommendations, on the basis of which methodological recommendations and guidelines will be developed. the pedagogy defined in the next stage of research work in evaluating the results of experimental work on the basis of efficiency criteria in the application of developed educational technology to the goal set as a problem based on the results of the experimental work achievement is diagnosed. this process is also uniquely creative as a process, new pedagogical and information technologies and their efficiency to the development of the direction in which it is engaged in the future to be able to assess the impact of these developments. then improve the relevant area of the research result and development is thus predicted. summary of research work through formed diagnostics and predictions are extracted, generalized, and the achieved goal is determined and from created taking into account the theoretical and practical significance of the research guidelines and instructions for the practical application of developments are prepared. an assessment of the noted practical significance of the research work formalized and their public use when necessary brochures are prepared. in introducing the recorded sequence of research work, in turn, collect initial data from the researcher, from processing to creating training modules or models requires a high level of research work. naturally, this is the learning technology developed with its vitality and pedagogical effectiveness are guaranteed. 653 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. aa abdukodirov. one of the main forms of education of the xxi century // education management, 2006. 64-p. 2. andersen, j. c. (2013). learner satisfaction in online learning: an analysis of the perceived impact of learner-social media and learner–instructor interaction. doctoral dissertation. east tennessee state university, tennessee. p. 123-195. 3. hasanboyev j. and others. pedagogy. tashkent, «fan», 2006. 4. to'raqulov x.a. information systems and technologies in pedagogical research. tashkent, «fan», 2006. 5. narimanova j.y the role of teachers’ cultural awareness in preparing to work with multicultural students. the american journal of social science and education innovations (issn – 2689-100x) published: september 18, 2020. p: 172-181. 6. narimanova j.y. the significance of comprehending cultural diversity through movies in english lessons. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 4, issue 7, july – 2020, pages: 53-58 294-301 fraction in order simple differential equations. in caputo's sense 294 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 fraction in order simple differential equations. in caputo's sense fraction in order differential equations for koshi issue latipova shahnoza salim daughter asia international university general technician department of sciences teacher slatipova543@gmail.com annotation: today's in the day differential equations and mathematics and physics equations directions wide spreading from directions one this fraction in order derivative and fraction are integral equations of order . our life during many fields basically physics , chemistry , biology and etc in the fields processes fraction in order equations with expressing them _ in learning to us fraction in order equations help will give . in life many in processes them manage important importance occupation is enough for example , heat spread in the process something from the border the heat management keywords: fraction in order derivative , caputo , cauchy problem , volterra integral , mittag-leffler function , one sexual fraction in order simple differential equations . in caputo's sense fraction in order differential equations for koshi issue this in the section we mean caputo linear fraction in order differential of eqs sure solutions let's make in this : if when in space defined caputo fraction in order derivative . first we when initial conditions with given koshi the issue seeing let's go : (2.1) (2.2) hypothesis let's do let it be in that case in space (2.1), (2.2) cauchy issue the following to the volterra integral equation equivalent equation will be : (2.2.3) (y)( )с ad xa + 0a > , 1[ , ]( [ ] 1),nc a b n aa g = + 0a > ( y)( ) ( ) ( ) ( ; 1 ; ; ),с ad x y x f x a x b n n na l a l+ = £ £ < < î î  ( ) ( ) , ( ; 0,..., 1).k k ky a b b k n= î = - ( ) [ , ] (0 1, )f x c a bg g g aî £ < £ 1[ , ]nc a b1 1 1 0 ( ) 1 ( )( ) ( ) ! ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x xn j j j a a b y t f ty x x a dt dt j г x t г x ta a l a a = = + + -å ò ò 295 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us we have this integral equation consecutively approach method through the solution we find to this method according to as follows sequence dry we get : (2.4) (2.5) these approximations (2.4) and the following (*) from equality using , in the form of an operator writing we get can : (2.6) by the formula above the counting we can to the above similar also for the following the formula writing we get : from this , this as follows concisely to write can : (2.7) the process continue bringing the following sequence harvest we do : (2.8) m in this sequence to infinity yearning to the limit if we pass (2.3) of the integral equation to the solution we will come (2.9) now this the solution appearance condense for citation in chapter 1 passed (2.11) 1 0 0 ( ) ( ) ! n j j j b y x x a j = = -å 1 0 1 1 ( ) 1 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x m m a a y t f ty x y x dt dt г x t г x ta a l a a -= + + -ò ò ( )m nî ( )a+ 1 1 ( )i ( ) ( ; ( ) 0) ( ) ( ) x a f tf x dt x a a г x t a aa -= > â > -ò ( ) ( )0 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )m my x y x i y x i f xa al -= + + 1( )y x ( ) ( )1 0 0( ) ( ) ( ) ( )y x y x i y x i f xa al= + + = 1 1 1 0 0 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) xk k jn j j k a x ab x t f t dt г k j г a al a a += = = + + +å å ò 2 ( )y x ( ) ( )2 0 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )y x y x i y x i f xa al= + + ( ) ( )2 0 1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )y x y x i y x i f xa al= + + 11 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) xk k j kn k j j k ka x ay x b x t f t dt г k j г k a al l a a + -= = = é ù= + -ê ú+ + ë û å å åò 11 1 0 0 1 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) xk k j kn m m k m j j k ka x ay x b x t f t dt г k j г k a al l a a + -= = = é ù= + -ê ú+ + ë û å å åò 11 1 0 0 1 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) xk k j kn k j j k ka x ay x b x t f t dt г k j г k a al l a a + -¥ ¥ = = = é ù= + -ê ú+ + ë û å å åò , 0 ( ) ( ) k k ze z г ka b a b ¥ = = +å 296 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us mittag-leffler from the function we use necessary in places this function expression if we replace it , the following in appearance to the solution have we will be : (2.10) this function (2.3) of volterra's integral equation the solution will be and therefore , (2.1), ( 2.2) cauchy the solution of the problem represents _ example 2.1. caputo's meaning to us koshi type problem is given be : (2.11) when find the solution . integral equation solve for don't go go away approach method we use (2.12) by the formula above the counting we can and the first approach as from we use to the above similar also for the following the formula writing we get : 1 1 , 1 , 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) xn j j j j a y x b x a e x a x t e x t f t dta a a a a al l + = é ù é ù= + -ë û ë ûå ò ( y)( ) ( ) ( ), ( 0) ( )сd x y x f x y b ba l= + = î 0 1 vaa l< < î ( y)( ) ( ) ( )сi d x i y x i f xa a a al= + ( ) ( 0) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 0) ( ) ( ) y x y i y x i f x y x y i y x i f x a a a a l l + = + = + + + 1( ) ( ) ( )m my x b i y x i f xa al -= + + 1( )y x 0( )y x b= 1 1 0 0 0 ( ) ( ) b ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 (x t) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ); ( 1) x x y b i y x i f x x t bdt i f x г b bxb i f x b i f x г г bxb i f x г a a a a a a a a a a ll a l l a a a a l a -= + + = + + = = + = + + = = + + + + ò 2 ( )y x 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 ( ) ( ) b ( ) (t) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) x x x y b i y x i f x btx t b i f dt i f x г г b bb x t dt x t t dt г г г a a a a a a a a a l l l a a l l a a a = + + = é ù = + + + + =ê ú+ë û = + + + + ò ò ò 297 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us the process continue bringing the following sequence harvest we do : m in this sequence to infinity yearning to the limit if we pass (2.11) of the integral equation to the solution we will come (2.12) now this is the solution of (2.12). appearance condense for citation in chapter 1 passed (2.11) mittag-leffler from the function we use necessary in places this function expression if we replace it , the following in appearance to the solution have we will be : (2.13) example 2. caputo's meaning to us koshi type problem is given be : (2.14) when find the solution . equation (2.14). for those given writing we can , b=3 , =-2 above proven (2.13) to the formula reached let's leave 1 0 2 2 2 2 22 2 0 0 ( ) (t) ( ) ( ) (x t) ( , 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) (2 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ); ( 1) k x x k x t i f dt i f x г b bxb b г г г bx bxi i f x i f x b г г xi i f x i f x b i f x i f x г k a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a l a l l a a a a a a l ll a a ll l a = + + = = + + + é ù+ + = + + +ë û + + é ù+ + = × + +ë û + + ò å 1 0 1 1 1 0 10 ( )( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( 1) ( ) km m k k m k k xk km m k k k xy x b i f x г k xb x t f t dt г k г k a a a a l l a l l a a = = = = = × + = + = × + + å å å åò 1 0 00 ( ) ( ( ) )( ) ( ) ( ) . (2 1) ( ) ixk k k x x ty x b x t f t dt г г i a a al l a a a ¥ ¥ = = = × + + +å åò , 0 ( ) ( ) k k ze z г ka b a b ¥ = = +å 1 ,1 , 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . x y x be x x t e x t f t dta a a a a al l-é ù é ù= + -ë û ë ûò 1 2( y)( ) 2 ( ) 10, ( 0)сd x y x y b b+ = + = î 0 1 vaa l< < î 1 , 2 a = ( ) 10f x = l 298 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 3example _ caputo's meaning to us koshi type problem is given be : (2.11) when find the solution . (2.12) solution in appearance will be example 4 . eq one sexual has been in case ( 2.13) solution as follows will be : (2.14) example 5. this equation the solution the following in appearance will be one sexual has been case for looking after if we solution in appearance will be example 6. this example order high has been case for seeing we go out (2.15) koshi of the issue when the solution (2.16) with the formula is expressed . 1 ,1 , 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1,02 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3, 2 2 2 ( ) 3 ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2( ) ) ( ) 3 ( 2 ) 10 ( ) ( 2( ) ) 3 ( 2 ) 10 ( 2 ). x x y x e x x t e x t f t dt e x x t e x t dt e x x e x a a a a a a = + = = + = = + ò ò ( y)( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( )с ad x y x f x y a b ba l+ = + = î 0 1 vaa l< < î 1 ,( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . x a y x be x a x t e x t f t dta a a a a al l-é ù é ù= + -ë û ë ûò ( y)( ) ( ) 0, ( ) ( )с ad x y x y a b ba l+ = = î ( ) ( )y x be x a a a lé ù= -ë û 1 2( y)( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( )с ad x y x f x y a b bl+ = + = î 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1, 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . x a y x be x a x t e x t f t dtl l -é ù é ù = + -ê ú ê ú ë û ë û ò 1 2( y)( ) ( ) 0, ( ) ( )с ad x y x y a b bl+ = = î 1 2 1 2 ( ) ( )y x be x al é ù = -ê ú ë û ( y)( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) , '( )с ad x y x f x y a b y a da l+ = = = 1 2 , ,va b da l< < î ,2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )y x be x a d x a e x aa a a al lé ù é ù= + +ë û ë û 1 ,( ) ( ) ( ) x a x t e x t f t dta a a a lé ù+ -ë ûò 299 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us if eq one sexual (2.17) koshi of the issue when the solution (2.18) with the formula is expressed . used books list 1. qizi latipova, s. s. 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(2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160164). 468 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 organizing outside the classroom in mother tongue subject zarina nematovna tursunova teacher of asian international university annotation: this article talks about the importance of organizing extracurricular activities in the uzbek language and literature in the spiritual and moral education of students. key words: mother language and literature, group activities, literary reading outside the classroom, innovative methods, literary portrait, literary-artistic night, event environment, working with text. our independent country, which is facing the world, needs specialists who understand their rights, who can prove their opinion, who can talk and convey their words . such a specialty is prepared by the school. each generation faces the task of learning and mastering the knowledge created by mankind. development of society, improvement of life cannot be imagined without it. one way to achieve this is education and formation of knowledge, skills and competence of the young generation. there is great wisdom in the hadith saying, "seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave." searches and aspirations in the chapter of ihn grow a person spiritually and bring him to moral perfection. therefore, in our time, great attention is paid to the public education system as an important source of youth spirituality. and maturity of a young person who is entering an independent life . currently, special attention is being paid to this issue. because the importance and possibilities of the science of the mother tongue in the formation and development of the skills of creative thinking, creative research, the ability to choose the most suitable from many opportunities, and the skills of oral and written speech in young people, as well as in educating them in the spirit of our national values, are immeasurable. especially for our independent republic, at a time when the issue of training an entrepreneur and a creative person is cross-cutting, the teaching of this subject becomes even more important. it should be emphasized that the subject of the mother tongue acts as a threshold for all other subjects. the purpose of the school's mother tongue program was focused on the development of students' speech activity. "the main goal of school mother tongue education" is noted in the concept of mother tongue education, to express in students the internal capabilities of the language, its visual means, the skills of effective and appropriate use in the speech process in various ways and forms. is to create factor problems ". therefore, it is an important task for our education to develop the thinking and speech of students in the classes of the mother tongue, as well as to provide spiritual and moral education through this. the modern educational environment requires constant research from the teacher. it is very difficult to attract the students of the present era to the lesson process with empty words or giving orders. therefore, the teacher should work more on himself , introduce new innovative methods to the lesson and turn the student into an active participant. this should be reflected not only in the course 469 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the lesson, but also in group activities. because the teacher's pedagogic task includes, in addition to teaching, the task of organizing group activities, conducting work outside the classroom and filling the gaps . however , most of the teachers look at the activities outside the classroom superficially and prefer to do it just for the sake of it. circle classes are one of the important activities conducted by the teacher to strengthen the student's interest in science, to strengthen the lesson that is difficult for him to understand and master, and to fill the gaps in the topics. who conducts both classes and group activities and teaches using an innovative method in his subject does not have any problems as a taste. in addition to classroom activities in mother tongue, there are also extracurricular activities. literary and artistic night, bahr-u bayt, bayt-u bayt, ghazalkhan, ruboikhan, navoikhan nights, literary weeks are among them. these works serve to strengthen the interest of students in the subject of native language and literature. organizing the above work, ensuring the participation of students in them is one of the important tasks before the teacher. now, based on the above-mentioned points, we would like to give some recommendations that can help in organizing group and extracurricular work in mother tongue and literature classes. some teachers put forward the idea that "if a student knows the rules of his mother tongue, if he tells them, he will write literately." it is very difficult to agree with this opinion. it is one thing to know the legal rules of the native language, and another to have the skills to use it in practical work . most students have great difficulty with written literacy while acquiring the ability to speak fluently in their mother tongue. in such situations, the knowledge gained in the group training can help in solving the problem . text composition is of great importance in improving written speech and literacy. chunld finds practical confirmation of the knowledge learned in the subject of the native language, the ability to correctly use grammatical additions is demonstrated. therefore, working with more text in circle activities is helpful in improving written communication skills. i. working with the text. creative work on the topic, writing texts. analyzing the content of a word from the text. uzbekistan is my homeland. uzbekistan is a beautiful country where my heart and body are located, where i was born and grew up, and where my navel blood was shed. a blessed place that gives meaning to my life. motherland is the dear soil where our ancestors lived . i am thankful that my motherland is my support like a mountain, because the time will come when we will rest on this dear soil. when writing such a text, students think independently, compose a meaningful sentence, and try to make a correct connection in terms of meaning and grammar, and to express their thoughts correctly. analysis: support-base uzbek verb (the verb buymq is the base-base ) im (modifying suffix, 1st person singular) in such assignments and practical training, based on the correct and meaningful selection of types of work and their effective use, it is intended to strengthen the acquired knowledge of students who are thirsty for knowledge, as well as to develop their mental activity, intelligence, intelligence. . by composing and analyzing the text, students will also strengthen their knowledge of grammar in their mother tongue. (for grades 5-11) ii " differentiate ( ' method. this method is often appropriate to practice in group classes on the topic "agreement adverbs" and "possessive adverbs". handouts are distributed to students, each additional information is provided by the teacher (for grades 5-6). iii " literary portrait" technology. this technology can be used in literary circles, in the process of studying the life and work of a poet or writer . a portrait of shoiming and a poem about his work will be shown to the students. the teacher gave information about the life and work of the artist . 470 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (for 9th graders"literary portrait" technology can help the student to strengthen his literary and artistic knowledge. iv " cluster" method this method can be used to strengthen any grammatical topic. most of the time , it gives good results if we try to practice phonetics. (for grades 2-4) kg sounds in syllables in this method, students develop the ability to distinguish k and g sounds. they also develop detailed knowledge of articulation . as our society progressed in a healthy, rational direction, the importance of the human factor increased. an increase in the human factor leads to an increase in attention to spiritual values in this society. there is no doubt that teaching the mother tongue and literature at school is the type of activity that plays the greatest role in the formation of the moral values of the society. so, by using such methods in the classroom activities and extracurricular activities working with texts, literary portraits, conversation, question-and-answer, organized in the subject of mother tongue and literature, inculcate the ideas of national independence in the minds of students. it can help in determining humanitarian ideas in spiritual and moral education. references 1. mahmudova nigora hikmatovna. 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(2023). parallel programming in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 178–183. 151 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 financial aspects of development of innovative activities in service enterprises aziza tokhirovna akhmedova – acting assistant рrofessor samarkand institute of economics and service. , nurmukhammadova asal shukhratovna student of the institute of economics and service. samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the article describes the need, opportunities and ways to accelerate innovative activity in service sector enterprises. also, specific problems of developing this industry on an innovative basis and measures to eliminate them are justified. keywords: service sector, service enterprises, innovation, innovative activity, acceleration of innovative activity, investment resources, extensive factors, intensive factors. increasing the share of enterprises of the service sector in the economy of our country, fully utilizing the existing opportunities in the field of services, expanding the types of services and improving their quality, and solving the problematic issues that await their solution in terms of resource provision are an important component of the macroeconomic policy implemented today. the current state of the service sector in uzbekistan, the low efficiency of investment resources in it is largely explained by the high role of extensive factors in social production. in his address to the oliy majlis and the people of uzbekistan, the head of our state, shavkat mirzieyov, drew great attention to the fact that the efficiency of social production in the country is not effectively used, including investment resources. 1 therefore, a policy aimed at consistent implementation of the strategy of innovative development of the economy is being implemented in uzbekistan, and serious attention is being paid to the creation of its institutional foundations. innovation is an important element in the effective development of all sectors of the economy, including service industries. innovations in the service sector are the result of innovative activities capable of meeting social needs more effectively. innovation is a continuous process of creating, testing and implementing new ideas. 2 these new ideas are the main factor in bringing this field to new stages of development. innovations are an important factor in increasing the economic efficiency of investment resources and saving investment-oriented expenditures in the conditions of shortage of financial resources. 1 address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis and the people of uzbekistan. december 20, 2022. // https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/5774 2 vlasyuk yu. a. osobennosti innovatsionnoy deyatelnosti servisnyx organizatsiy // https://armgpublishing.com/wp content /uploads/mmi/volume-2-issue-1/mmi2011_1_98_102_0.pdf 152 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us theoretical studies have shown that the issue of innovative development of the service sector is the object of research by p.drucker, k.haksever, l.berry 3 and a number of such scientists. it should be noted that the development and implementation of innovations in the service sector has its own characteristics that differ from the creation and management of innovations in the production sector. first, most innovations in the service sector are not patented, which significantly shortens the life cycle of innovations in this sector. secondly, innovations in the service sector are characterized by high uncertainty of consequences. thirdly, it is very difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of innovative activities. fourth, service innovation requires an integrated approach. today, the task of innovative development of the service sector and all its branches and service components is extremely urgent. it is necessary to find effective ways to solve this very important problem that meet the requirements of the present time. in our opinion, first of all, when determining the composition of problems, we should take into account that the acceleration of innovative development in the field is objectively influenced by the general laws of modern social development. at the moment, there are specific characteristic laws in this area, which have a direct and strong impact on the service industry and its specific sectors, and we found it necessary to highlight the most important of them. firstly, the growing demand of the population and the business sector for new high-tech services of a market and social nature, as well as the improvement of consumer demands for the quality of services for various purposes. this law inevitably creates a different flow of innovation and the need to update different aspects of service activities. secondly, the need to ensure that the pace of development of innovative activities in the service sector is closely related to the pace of innovative development in other sectors. in the conditions of formation of a post-industrial society, the material and technical base of the service sector, the scope of innovative activities in its sectors, and other sectors and sectors of the national economy should develop at a relatively superior pace. thirdly, it is known that innovative activities in the field of services and services develop under the influence of various objective and subjective factors. however, the influence of these factors will have certain differences in the regions of the country. in other words, bringing the innovative environment to the same denominator and equalizing them among the territories of the country is manifested as a special law. 4 the general conclusion from the above is that the extensive factors of providing the necessary investment resources for the rapid development of the service sector in uzbekistan to become one of the leading sectors of the country's national economy are of limited importance. therefore, intensive factors should play the main factor in meeting the needs and demands of the industry for investment resources. economic growth does not take place at the expense of only extensive or only intensive factors. but it is possible to achieve the dominance of one or another group of factors: "in real life, extensive and intensive factors do not exist in their pure state, separately, but in a certain harmony, 3 drucker, p. post-capitalist society / p. drucker // new post-industrial wave in the west: an anthology / ed. v. l. inozemtseva. m.: academia, 1999. haksever k. management and organization in the service sector. theory and practice / haksever k. et al. st. petersburg: petersburg publishing house, 2002. p. 78. “management lessons from mayo clinic inside one of the worlds most admired service organizations” by leonard berry, kent seltman, new york: mcgraw-hill. 2008. 4 mannapov r.g. key components of innovative development of the service sector. // strategy for economic development. no. 11 (248) – 2014. p. 22. 153 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us combined with each other. for this reason, we are talking about priority extensive and priority intensive types of economic growth." the higher the role and share of intensive factors in economic growth, the better. according to our assumptions and calculations, this ratio should be approximately ¼ in favor of intensive factors, that is, 25 percent of economic growth in the service sector should be extensive, and the remaining 75 percent should be realized at the expense of intensive factors. a detailed description of our scientific conclusion is presented in the second chapter of the dissertation research. literature 1. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis and the people of uzbekistan. december 20, 2022. // https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/5774. 2. vlasyuk yu. a. osobennosti innovatsionnoy deyatelnosti servisnyx organizatsiy //https://armgpublishing.com/wpcontent /uploads/mmi/volume-2-issue1/mmi2011_1_98_102_0.pdf 3. drucker, p. post-capitalist society / p. drucker // new post-industrial wave in the west: an anthology / ed. v. l. inozemtseva. m.: academia, 1999. haksever k. management and organization in the service sector. theory and practice / haksever k. et al. st. petersburg: petersburg publishing house, 2002. p. 78. “management lessons from mayo clinic inside one of the worlds most admired service organizations” by leonard berry, kent seltman, new york: mcgraw-hill. 2008. 4. mannapov r.g. key components of innovative development of the service sector. // strategy for economic development. no. 11 (248) – 2014. p. 22. 87 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 functions, methods, management decisions and social factors of educational management alisher khudoynazarovich shadiyev head of the department of economics asia international university, bukhara, uzbekistan e-mail: alisher_shax@mail.ru abstract: the article mainly analyzes the functions, methods, management decisions and social factors of educational management. the objectively observed, recurring interactions of different components and connections in the management process are reflected in forms of educational management. therefore, expressions such as forms of management in education, knowledge, strategic planning and its subject, principles, incentives in education, methods, laws, functions, planning, management, design are expressed with deep information in the article. also, the experience of international countries with developed educational management was studied, and information was provided about its application in our country. keywords: management, knowledge, plan, principle, functions, method, laws, management, planning, designing. introduction. the enhancement of social systems based on new principles, the laws of the market economy, changes in ideological and moral principles, unemployment, material shortages, lack of control over children, and family separation are all areas that receive constant attention because education is the cornerstone of the nation's economic and spiritual development. this attention serves as the basis for the development of policies and initiatives aimed at finding a solution. in this instance, social help is first and foremost needed by the grownups. under these circumstances, there was a need for a social pedagogue—a professional who assists the person in his socialization process and resolves pedagogical challenges pertaining to societal issues. the objectively observed, recurring interactions of different components and occurrences throughout the management process are reflected in the laws of educational management. public and private ones are separated. while private rules are specific to the implementation of certain educational organizations and institutions, general laws are a feature of all management systems. the planned management system of the processes occurring in education is really more effective than the management systems that govern these processes involuntary, which makes the intentional management of education's primary effectiveness justifiable. the broad application of mailto:alisher_shax@mail.ru 88 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us program-targeted approaches, systematic approaches, and analysis at all management levels in today's education is proof of this. among the general characteristics of education management are the separation of activity and the enhancement of cooperative procedures 1 . first and foremost, legitimacy represents the distribution of activity in management, both vertically and horizontally, which is a result of the growth of management, the extension of the range of regulated systems, and the creation of new roles and activities. the coordination of the activity of management subjects, which is reflected in the cooperation of management labor, is the second requirement for establishing a hierarchy of labor 2 . the laws of education management (both general and private) have an objective nature and are implemented in the process of managing people's activities. when formulating the principles of educational management, the laws of management should be fully taken into account 3 . literature review the development and implementation of an effort program are envisioned by the scheduled management of education principle, which is closely connected to project-targeted management. the organization of administration and managerial oversight over the completion of each task and the program as a whole, as well as the normalization of working conditions and their distribution among the performers, are examples of how planning is put into practice. when this approach is put into practice, the plan becomes the basis for organizing the whole management system 4 . a significant number of educators who believe that the lesson in its most conventional form is the sole way to arrange classrooms embrace this "managerial" interpretation as well. the issue is that these educators frequently define the parameters of the educational process and serve as role models for aspiring educators. under this scenario, professional attributes that are no longer in line with the updated notion of the nature of education—which is specifically outlined in the new education standards—are unconditionally preserved 5 . the principles of general theory of management are the foundation of educational management, with particular adaptations made to fit the unique features of the educational domain. the efficacy of management behaviors, problems with the systemic evaluation regarding creative educational processes, competent and social development of the educational procedure participants, issues with the technologicalization of management activities, management influence, normative foundations of management, and learners self-determination are all covered in author article 6 . ya. shepanskiy proposes to distinguish the following elements in the system of social action: the actor; the subject of the action or the person who is acted upon; means or instruments of 1 о.с.виханский, a.и. наумов менежмент: учебник для вузов по эконб. спес. и направл. – трете изде. – m.: гардарика, 2008. –c.214. 2 mirmahmudova, a. (2023). ta‗limni boshqarish usullari va boshqaruv qarorlari. research focus international scientific journal, 2(3), 91-95. 3 m. sharifxo‘jaev., q.abdullaev. menejment. daslik. t.: o‘qituvchi, 2001.-b.43. 4 м.н.певзнер, о. грауманн, п.а.петряков. корпоративная педагогика: уч. пособие / великий новгород: новгу им. ярослава мудрого, 2010.-459 с. 5 сумнительный, к. е. (2015). обеспечение новых результатов образовательного процесса как функция управления образованием. теоретические и прикладные аспекты современной науки, (8-5), 123. 6 ананишнев, в. м. (2014). технологизация управления образованием. системная психология и социология, (4 (12)), 91-105. 89 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us action; method of action or method of using means of action; the reaction of the person acted upon or the result of the action 7 . research methodology in the article mainly used the methods of analysis and synthesis using the scientific works of foreign scientists. the forms of development of educational management, which were mainly emphasized by scientists, were analyzed by bringing their functions into one mechanism. results and discussions every field of management are impacted by the universal principles of educational management. among the general principles of educational management are the following: the fundamental concept of program-targeted management, that makes it possible for the explicit defining of goals for each educational management body and each of its divisions, defines the idea of unambiguous goal orientation. in this situation, the objective should be as specific and attainable as feasible to guarantee that the work is reasonable and to motivate staff to accomplish it. the notion of clear goal direction necessitates both the goals themselves and the calculation of the ratio of these objectives to available resources. this entails concentrating on the weakest link that keeps goals from being achieved in addition to making sure that goals are connected to the essential resources required to fulfill them 8 . the following are the primary management concepts found in educational institution management philosophy and history: 7 shepanski i. basic concepts of sociology. m.: progress. 1969 8 л.в.пергудов, м.х .саидов. менежмент экономика вищего образования. t.: молия, 2001.-b.65. planning discipline hierarchy knowledge encourage clear goal orientation 90 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us democracy and the humanization of educational system management. democratic ideas are prioritized in the educational institution by hiring instructional staff based on selection and contract, holding open conversations about decisions made, introducing information in a comprehensible and open manner for all, regularly reporting the administration's actions to the public, and providing students and educators with the opportunity to voice their opinions about their lives. the basic concept of management based on the value of human beings is to treat each individual with particular regard in the management of the educational system, to trust them, to attain the level of subject-to-subject relationship in pedagogical activities, to protect the rights and interests of the student and teacher, to use their talents and professionally create circumstances for the free expression of skills. uniformity and systematization in management. the leader has a thorough understanding of the educational institution as a full system and its distinctive features since they follow a methodical approach to managing the establishment. one of the system's primary characteristics is its unity, which may be broken down into its constituent elements. the existence of the system's internal framework is shown by the second indication. the system's integration capabilities make up its third feature. since every part of the system has a unique quality, interaction creates a new integrative characteristic for the whole. the fourth indicator is how closely educational institutions are linked to the outside world. since educational establishments must adjust to their surroundings, they must rebuild the educational process and control the outside world in order to accomplish their objectives. in addition to preventing one-sided management, systematization and uniformity in management ensure interaction and communication between the leader and the pedagogical team. logical fusion of decentralized and centralized administration. the demand for administrative leadership will undoubtedly rise to the point where it is more than essential. this condition results in needless labor and time spent by leaders and teachers, as well as a failure to consider the requirements, desires, and wishes of teachers and pupils 9 . the following can be included among the general laws of education management: 9 https://kompy.info/maktab-pedagogik-tizim-sifatida.html?page=8 democratization and humanization of management culture in the management of the educational system systematization and uniformity of management centralization of management https://kompy.info/maktab-pedagogik-tizim-sifatida.html?page=8 91 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the primary effectiveness of the conscious management of education is legitimate, because the planned management system of the processes taking place in it is actually more effective than the management systems that regulate these processes involuntarily. this is evidenced by the widespread use of program-targeted approach, systematic approach and analysis at all levels of management in current education. the fact that the relationship between the controlling and controlled systems, the subject and the object of control is legal means the compliance of the control field with the requirements of the control object. for example, the changes in the development of the economy in the mid-1990s required a certain change in the entire management apparatus in our country, which was reflected in the set of reforms in education and personnel training that began in 1997. as a result, the system of education and its management acquired the principle of sustainable development, meeting the requirements of socio-economic, political changes, scientific and technical development. the division of labor and the strengthening of cooperation processes in management can also be included in the general laws of education management. legitimacy, first of all, reflects the horizontal and vertical division of labor in management, which is due to the development of management, the expansion of the scope of controlled systems, the emergence of new functions and types of activities. secondly, the division of labor requires its coordination, that is, the coordination of the work of management subjects, which is expressed in the cooperation of management labor 10 . conclusion in order to educate the next generation, modernize pedagogical and scientific practices, and incorporate cutting-edge technologies, educational institutions must carefully plan and organize their operations. provide educational requirements for areas and professionals in the higher and secondary particular education system, instructional materials, revisions and enhancements of teaching-methodical information available, and other measures were taken to ensure the effective use of the contemporary material and technical base established in the field of education of the newly growing generation today. 10 babayeva d.r., abdullayeva m.a., jumasheva g. x. (2020) ―maktabgacha ta‘limni boshqarishning ilmiy asoslari‖toshkento‗quv qo‗llanma-52-53.b priority efficiency and conscious plan management the interaction of controlling and controlled systems division of labor in management strengthening cooperation processes 92 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. с.виханский, a.и. наумов менежмент: учебник для вузов по эконб. спес. и направл. – трете изде. – m.: гардарика, 2008. –c.214. 2. шадиев, а. х., & давронов, и. о. (2020). роль развития персонала в повышении эффективности услуг и его влиянии на экономику. вопросы науки и образования, (6 (90)), 1517. 3. mirmahmudova, a. (2023). ta‗limni boshqarish usullari va boshqaruv qarorlari. research focus international scientific journal, 2(3), 91-95. 4. kayumovich, k. o., khudoynazarovich, s. a., shavkatovna, s. s., alimovich, f. e., & supiyevna, b. m. (2020). opportunities of mobile marketing in tourism. journal of critical reviews, 7(12), 94-98. 5. m. sharifxo‘jaev., q.abdullaev. menejment. daslik. t.: o‘qituvchi, 2001.-b.43. 6. olimovich, d. i., & khudoynazarovich, s. a. (2020). the cost-effectiveness of improving the quality of hotel services. academy, (4 (55)), 40-42. 7. м.н.певзнер, о. грауманн, п.а.петряков. корпоративная педагогика: уч. пособие / великий новгород: новгу им. ярослава мудрого, 2010.-459 с. 8. шадиев, а. х. (2020). способы улучшения структуры управления в туризме. вопросы науки и образования, (7 (91)), 29-31. 9. сумнительный, к. е. (2015). обеспечение новых результатов образовательного процесса как функция управления образованием. теоретические и прикладные аспекты современной науки, (8-5), 123. 10. davronov, i. o., & shadiyev, a. k. (2020). the cost-effectiveness of improving the quality of hotel services. academy, (4), 40-42. 11. ананишнев, в. м. (2014). технологизация управления образованием. системная психология и социология, (4 (12)), 91-105. 12. kayumovich, k. o., gulyamovich, d. i., & khudoynazarovich, s. a. (2020). information and information technologies in digital tourism. special issue on financial development perspectives of the life standard in central asia, 32. 13. shepanski i. basic concepts of sociology. m.: progress. 1969 14. шадиев, а. х. (2020). факторы, влияющие на развитие экотуризма. достижения науки и образования, (5 (59)), 31-32. 15. л.в.пергудов, м.х .саидов. менежмент экономика вищего образования. t.: молия, 2001.-b.65. 16. shadiyev, a. (2022). features of evaluating the effectiveness of activities at the bukhara state university. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 17. shadiyev, a. (2022). experience in the development of singapore tourism in uzbekistan. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 23(23). 18. khudoynazarovich, s. a. (2022). features of evaluating the effectiveness of activities at the bukhara state university. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(11), 153-159. 19. babayeva d.r., abdullayeva m.a., jumasheva g. x. (2020) ―maktabgacha ta‘limni boshqarishning ilmiy asoslari‖-toshkento‗quv qo‗llanma-52-53.b 93 a merican journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20. shadiyev, a. (2022). o‗quv ekskursiyasi-turizmni o ‗qitishning innovatsion usuli sifatida. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 13(13). 21. shadiyev, a. k. (2021). development and organization catering service in hospitality. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(5), 381-387. 22. khudoynazarovich, s. a. (2021). an opportunity of internet marketing in tourism sphere. international journal on economics, finance and sustainable development, 3(3), 356361. 23. https://kompy.info/maktab-pedagogik-tizim-sifatida.html?page=8 https://kompy.info/maktab-pedagogik-tizim-sifatida.html?page=8 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 an understanding of the auditor's professional ethics and its importance in the auditor's work turumova dildora abdumannonovna teacher of the "economics and management" department of jizzakh polytechnic institute ashirboyeva munirabonu g'ulom qizi student of jizzakh polytechnic institute abstract: the principles of professional ethics, on the one hand, emphasize the auditor's responsibility to society, and on the other hand, organizing his activities based on these principles protects the auditor from the unpleasantness of the work process and subsequent work. keywords: ethics, morals, decency, values, professional ethics, professional values, code of professional ethics. "professional ethics" (or professional ethics) are laws that ensure the moral character of people's interactions arising from their professional activities. the origin and development of such laws reflect one of the directions of human morality, because they help to create the value of the individual and humanity in interpersonal relations. ethics (derived from the greek language, meaning "custom, image") is a philosophical study of manners and morals. morals i.e. manners (derived from the latin word moralitas generally accepted traditions, meaning unknown rules) good and bad, right and wrong in society ri is a set of views about good and bad, as well as the rules of conduct arising from these views. ethics, in turn, reflects the science of morality. morality is the internal state and structure of a person, which means that he acts based on his own free will and conscience. in most cases, decency is considered a synonym of moral. the rules of professional ethics were first adopted in 1905 by the american association of public accountants. the ethical standards of the auditing profession were formed on the way of its historical development: they were formed on the basis of international principles such as independence, competence (possession of thorough knowledge), honesty, conscientiousness, truthfulness and secrecy (keeping secrets). these principles are expressed in the above-mentioned articles of this project. in the "professional ethics rules" recommended by the european council of experts engaged in auditing in the field of economics and finance and accepted for use by the association of independent auditors of sweden, the following situations that are important for auditor activity are noted: 1. professional walking and standing 2. independence 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. inappropriate actions 4. professional obligations 5. keeping a secret 6. relations with colleagues 7. advertising, order search 8. paying for work the code of professional conduct adopted by the american institute of certified public accountants in 1988 embodied the ethical principles that auditors should follow in the course of their work into 5 rules: 1. independence, correctness, character 2. general and technical standards 3. obligations to the client 4. obligations towards colleagues 5. other obligations and provisions studying the valuable directions of a person not only has a meaning related to knowledge, but also helps to acquire great practical skills. values are:  it is an acceptable state of social relations;  it is a criterion for evaluating events and incidents;  it is the content of goal-oriented activity;  it is the regulator of collective interaction. the concept of professional ethics. professional ethics regulates the moral relations of people in their labor activities. the normal functioning of the society and its development can be realized in the conditions of the creation of various material goods and material values in a continuous process. but its existence and development do not depend only on legal and economic laws. the main place is occupied by the principles of etiquette based on one or another professional activity. professional ethics is a set of moral norms that determine the person's obligation to his profession. professional decency is the universal decency moral principles used in a certain professional activity. specialists of one or another field carry out obligations of the same task in organizations. as a result of this activity, certain rules of etiquette are developed by them. these rules can provide useful help in solving professional tasks, and their knowledge allows to improve the personal aspects of specialists. professional values are formed by professional education and practical activities and reflect the values of organizations and groups, such as universal, national, and personal values. they satisfy the need for consolidation in solving professional tasks, which is one of the most important needs of a professional association. ideality plays a special role in meeting this need. ideal is an example of the main evaluation criterion, reflecting the highest peak of activity. types of professional ethics are such specific types of professional activity that they are directed directly to a person in one way or another in the life and activities of a person in society. 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ethics reflects the versatility of moral norms, reveals various aspects of professional ethical relations. ethical norms related to the profession are the order, pattern, rules of internal regulation of personal aspects based on ethical ideals. economic ethics is a business activity that shows a set of norms that reflect the morals of workers, shows the requirements of a developed society for an entrepreneur's work style, reflects how the relationship and social approach between the participants of business activity should be. business etiquette is a rule of behavior and actions of a businessman in the process of dealing with other people. the code of professional ethics is a codified regulatory document that is mandatory in a systemized form for the implementation of ethical rules governing professional activity, and is accepted by the owners of a certain profession. the code of ethics of representatives of the social sphere was adopted by the interregional association of representatives of social services in 1994 and reflects the norms of ethics in social service. the unique role of the moral and ethical norms of social service workers is that the professional activity of workers is to provide assistance to certain individuals, families and social groups. at the same time, the code of ethics identifies the following specific qualities that should be formed in a social service worker: these are patience, tolerance, orderliness, emotional stability, personal similarity of self-evaluation. a worker in the social sphere must have and develop a sense of personal dignity, commitment to the profession, conscience, respect the feelings of other people and be sincere. it is also desirable to have a pedagogical qualification. compliance of social work ethics norms by social workers protects them from negative consequences during their activities. however, in some cases, the auditor is required to "understand the situation", "make a face", "close the eyes". how to act in such cases is described in the project "code of professional ethics of auditors of uzbekistan". the draft code consists of 18 articles, and it is possible to get an idea of the content of ethical requirements for auditors through these articles: article 1. conscientiousness and objectivity. article 2. resolving ethical conflicts. article 3. professional competence. article 4. confidentiality article 5. tax practice. article 6. international activity article 7. providing information to the public. article 8. independence. article 9. professional competence and obligations related to the use of persons who are not auditors. article 10. contractual and commission payments. article 11. activities inconsistent with auditor practice. article 12. relationship with other auditors. recruitment of new employees. article 13. advertising and offering services. article 14. conflict of interest. 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us article 15. support colleagues. article 16. professional competence. article 17. provision of information. article 18. disciplinary measures. the existence of codes of professional ethics indicates the moral maturity of a society that independently regulates the morals of its members without the help of the state. thus, the reasons for the adoption of ethics codes are as follows  the need for additional regulation of professional ethics;  regulation of collective relations within the civil society by the power of this society.  the ability of some professionals to draw conclusions is too broad. at the end of the article, we can mention that a person engaged in auditing at the level of a specialist must strictly adhere to the principles of professional ethics in order to gain trust in society and instill respect for his profession. specialists of one or another field carry out obligations of the same task in organizations. as a result of this activity, certain rules of etiquette are developed by them. these rules can provide useful help in solving professional tasks, and their knowledge allows to improve the personal aspects of specialists. if the auditor works in accordance with the auditor's code of ethics and norms during his work, there will be no problems and disagreements in his work. list of references used 1. o’zbekiston respublikasi «auditorlik faoliyati to’g’risida»gi qonuni (yangi tahriri). 2021 yil 25 fevral. o’rq-677-son. 2. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2021 yil 4 avgustdagi qarori. «auditorlarni sertifikatlashtirish tizimini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha qo‘shimcha chora-tadbirlar to‘g‘risida»gi pq-5210-son qarori. http://lex.uz 3. турумова, д. (2022). банк назоратида ички ва ташқи аудит ўтказишнинг аҳамияти. science and education, 3(12), 1013-1022. 4. турумова, д. (2022). банк кредитлари аудитини такомиллаштириш масалалари. science and education, 3(10), 640-645. 5. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). ways of developing the internal audit service in business entities. journal of education, ethics and value, 2(8), 37-40. 6. turumova, d. a., & oʻgʻli tolibboyev, q. g. (2023). auditorlik faoliyatida tanlab tekshirishning mohiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 2(6), 234-240. 7. turumova, d. a. (2023). o ‘zbekistonda ichki nazorat tizimi–auditorlik tekshiruvi jarayonining asosiy elementi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(4), 608-612. 8. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvida muhimlik darajasi. scientific aspects and trends in the field of scientific research, 2(14), 60-62. 9. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditing moliyaviy bozor uchun zarurligi. innovation in the modern education system, 3(34), 290-294. 10. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvini rejalashtirish. 11. innovative developments and research in education, 2(22), 243-248. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). importance and role of internal audit in enterprises. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 6-9. 13. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). development and useful aspects of auditing activity in uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 15-18. 14. abdumannonovna, t. d., & abdurasul, a. d. (2024). formation of state finance and audit activity in the early periods in uzbekistan. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 34-37. 15. abdumannonovna, t. d., & sherzod, k. s. (2024). significance and role of international auditing standards. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 57-60. 16. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2024). fraud detection in an audit. journal of education, ethics and value, 3(1), 136-140. 17. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik dalillarining auditorlik tekshiruvida dolzarbligi. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 469-473). 18. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvini rejalashtirishning afzalligi. in " online-conferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 474-478). 19. abdumannonovna, t. d. (2023). auditorlik tekshiruvida ekspert ishlaridan foydalanishning muhim jihatlari. in " onlineconferences" platform (vol. 1, pp. 483-487). 20. yaxyayevna, r. b. (2023). we will not allow ignorance to replace enlightenment. vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences, 2(3), 23-26. 21. yaxyayevna, r. b. (2023). the role of the neighborhood in preparing young people for family life. american journal of science and learning for development, 2(3), 37-40. 65 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 strengthening budgetary control for fiscal stability in uzbekistan shamsitdinova xonzoda tsue student of the faculty of finance and accounting abstract: this article discusses the importance of developing robust budgetary control mechanisms in uzbekistan to ensure fiscal stability and sustainable economic growth. this article explores the current state of budgetary control in uzbekistan, proposes strategies for improvement, and highlights the potential benefits of effective budgetary control for the nation's financial wellbeing. keywords: budgetary control, fiscal stability, public financial management, financial planning, accountability, technological integration. introduction uzbekistan, a country rich in natural resources and economic potential, has been making significant strides in its development journey. however, to maintain sustainable growth and stability, it is crucial for the nation to have a strong budgetary control system. budgetary control is a vital component of public financial management, as it allows the government to efficiently allocate resources, manage expenditure, and achieve its economic objectives. this article explores the current challenges faced by uzbekistan in budgetary control and proposes strategies to enhance the effectiveness of its financial planning and management. literature analysis researchers have found, however, that even when managers have embraced a rhetoric of participation, empowerment, and democracy, they have still been reluctant to share power, grant autonomy, disclose information, or include subordinates in substantive decision making .1 furthermore, argyris (1998) reports that subordinates have been reluctant to participate in decision making when it has led to greater task ambiguity and increased accountability for outcomes. the question of whether budgetary participation has positive consequences such as increased motivation, greater commitment, more job satisfaction, and better performance has received tremendous attention in the accounting literature2 . yet, studies aiming to answer this question have for the most part generated mixed results3 . kerr (2004) argues that the mixed results may be due in part to the assumption that as a method of governance and decision making, participation can be applied to all organizational settings. methods to assess the state of budgetary control in uzbekistan, a comprehensive review of existing literature, official government reports, and expert analyses was conducted. additionally, insights were gathered through interviews with financial experts, policymakers, and representatives from 1 cunningham and hyman, 1999, marsh, 1992. 2 brownell, 1981, brownell and mcinnes, 1986, brownell and hirst, 1986, chenhall and brownell, 1988, murray, 1990, brownell and dunk, 1991, kren, 1992. 3 greenberg and nouri, 1994, murray, 1990. http://www/ 66 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us relevant ministries and agencies. the data collected provides a comprehensive understanding of the current budgetary control mechanisms in the country and serves as a basis for proposing potential solutions. results the analysis of uzbekistan's current budgetary control mechanisms reveals several key challenges: inadequate accountability and transparency: uzbekistan faces challenges in maintaining accountability and transparency in the budgeting process. the lack of clear reporting mechanisms and limited public access to budget information hinder effective oversight and public engagement. weak revenue forecasting: the accuracy of revenue forecasting remains an issue, resulting in difficulties in managing fiscal deficits and potential underutilization of available resources. inefficient expenditure management: suboptimal expenditure management leads to misallocation of funds, hindering the government's ability to prioritize crucial sectors such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. limited technological integration: the limited integration of technology in budgetary control processes hampers efficiency, data accuracy, and real-time monitoring. discussion to address the challenges identified and strengthen budgetary control in uzbekistan, several strategies can be implemented: enhancing transparency and accountability: the government must promote transparency in budget preparation and execution by providing accessible and understandable budget information to the public. establishing an independent oversight body can ensure accountability and the prudent use of public funds. improving revenue forecasting: uzbekistan can improve revenue forecasting by leveraging data analytics and economic modeling techniques. collaborating with experts and international organizations can enhance the accuracy of revenue projections. strengthening expenditure management: implementing a performance-based budgeting system can enhance expenditure efficiency. this approach would tie funding to the achievement of specific outcomes and ensure that resources are allocated to projects that yield tangible results. embracing technology: integrating advanced financial management software and digital tools can streamline budgetary processes, enhance data accuracy, and enable real-time monitoring of expenditures. conclusion developing robust budgetary control mechanisms is paramount for uzbekistan's sustainable economic growth and fiscal stability. by addressing the challenges and implementing the proposed strategies, the government can ensure prudent financial management, effective resource allocation, and accountability, leading to a prosperous future for the nation and its citizens. references: 1.cunningham and hyman, 1999, marsh, 1992. 2.brownell, 1981, brownell and mcinnes, 1986, brownell and hirst, 1986, chenhall and brownell, 1988, murray, 1990, brownell and dunk, 1991, kren, 1992. 3.greenberg and nouri, 1994, murray, 1990. 4.science.direct.com http://www/ 225 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 improvement of professional competence on the basis of modern information technologies in teaching specialized subjects to future elementary school teachers sidikova dilora shavkatovna bukhara state university teacher of the primary education department annotation: this article provides information on improving the professional competence of future primary school teachers in the teaching of specialized subjects on the basis of modern information technologies. keywords: information technology, professional potential, independent education, pedagogical activity, material and technical base, distance education, problem situation, educational resources. today, in the conditions of information and digitization, the role of the teacher is expanding even more. this teacher is connected with the use of modern information technologies and geography teaching methodology in the new pedagogical field. first of all, the teacher needs to design and build educational technology, secondly, to create a didactic information complex of the subject, thirdly, to organize the teacher's relationship with the student at the communicative level, fourthly, to choose adequate forms and methods of managing the student's learning activities, fifthly it is necessary to create and form test tasks to control students and organize self-control of students. based on this, it is desirable for a teacher to have the ability to develop creative assignments to increase his knowledge and professional potential during his career. on the basis of the use of modern information technologies in the higher education system, great opportunities are being created for the development of various forms, forms and methods of education. starting from the 2022-2023 academic year: the form of distance education will be introduced in the state higher education institutions based on their capabilities in the fields of undergraduate education. taking into account the above, it is necessary to have the necessary level of education and the provision of material and technical base in order to organize the educational process in the distance education system. as in the traditional educational process, the main link in achieving high efficiency in the distance education process is the teacher. in general, a specialist and it teacher should have some competence not only in his field, but also in other fields. such competencies can be divided into three groups. 1. pedagogical competence: pedagogical technologies of distance education (methodology and corresponding technologies). 2. psychological competence (opportunities for psychological communication in the virtual sphere, opportunities for virtual communication with young people, characteristics of students of different ages in distance education, etc.). 226 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. information technology competence: ability to communicate on the internet, learn new tools, network services. the formation of the above competencies will help primary school teachers to learn a new field of education and conduct theory and practice at the same time. during the research, we saw that the activities of the distance education teacher can be divided into two groups: creating a distance course and implementing a distance course. in distance education, the main task of the teacher is to manage the independent work of students, setting goals and tasks; organizational activity; impart knowledge, experiences; organization of communication between students; implies the performance of such functions as monitoring the educational process. from this, the educational goals set for distance education are derived. educational goals determine the system of knowledge, skills and competencies that are formed in accordance with the standards and models of distance education. educational goals themselves have a hierarchical structure, and it follows that the main element of distance education is specialist training. thus, educational goals create a system-creating function in pedagogical activity. it is possible to illuminate the content of education based on the socially ordered pedagogical model and methods of implementation of the educational process and forms of organization. when choosing the content of distance education, take into account restrictions on the object (subject) of education, which is located at a great distance or has a separate work schedule, or physiologically does not have the opportunity to receive traditional education, etc. need. educational methods are understood as tools that help students learn course content and achieve their goals. like traditional education, five general didactic methods of education are used for distance education: information-receptive, reproductive, problem situation, heuristic and research methods. they include all pedagogical situations between the teacher and the student. in cases where there is no direct contact between the teacher and the student, that is, when the technical means of distance education are used, the features of the use of educational methods are taken into account in the creation of teaching technologies and their content. educational tools used in information and communication technologies play an important role in the teaching process. in contrast to other forms of education, distance education practically uses all the following means of teaching: books in electronic form; network educational materials; multimedia computer training systems; audio and video educational materials; remote laboratory practical work; trainers; database of information and knowledge with authorized access on the network; electronic libraries with authorized access on the network; didactic materials based on expert teaching systems; didactic materials based on geoinformation systems. in the pedagogical practice of higher education institutions, many forms of education and training have been developed in the form of traditional education: lectures, seminars, laboratory exercises, supervision work, coursework, exams, independent work and that's it. all of them have their place in distance education. the invariable principles and external similarity of the components of traditional and distance education models in education make it possible to change the didactic model of education. according to some authors, these features in the form of traditional education include: a student stands in the center of technology; there will be an invisible competition between students; students play a passive role in training; the essence of education is to impart knowledge. the models of distance education are as follows: the student is at the center of the technology; educational activity is based on cooperation; students play an active role in training; the essence of educational technology is to develop the ability to learn independently. thus, all elements of the pedagogical system change in distance education: 227 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. the basis of the content is not the logic of scientific knowledge, but professional knowledge. 2. the requirements for the methods and forms of education will change, and the role of the teacher will change, that is, the need to prepare teachers to work in the distance education system arises. 3. the type of activity and character between teacher and student changes. the student becomes a complete subject who receives the necessary help from the teacher in the activity of solving professional problems, such as solving educational and professional problems. 4. passes from the associative, statistical model of knowledge to the dynamic structured system of mental activity. the distance education system is developing by summarizing all the good aspects of the traditional education system and the advanced achievements of innovative pedagogical models. it is this generalization that ensures the effectiveness of distance education, which determines its entire development. the didactic principles of distance education are defined, some of them are: the principle of educational development and education, the principle of scientificity and complexity, the principle of systematicity and sequence, the principle of scientific creative activity of students, demonstrativeness and creative outlook. the principle of development, the principle of availability, the principle of creating a positive emotional background, the principle of basic knowledge; the principle of student identity identification; use of various passwords and codes to protect tests from unauthorized access, start testing programs by password; organization and conduct of control activities on the basis of certified regional training centers with authorized access to the internet, use of additional peripheral devices, for example, video camera, individual pin code input devices, etc.); the principle of pedagogical approval; the principle of complex use of multimedia tools; the principle of adaptation of educational material and modularity of educational material, etc. in order to ensure the organization and conduct of distance education at a modern level, the following conditions have been defined: training of elementary school teachers in the field of creating distance education courses using instrumental pedagogical software systems within the framework of the information technology course; stability of working with educational materials in different operating systems; wide scope; a set of application or standardization of educational information display; compatibility of technological systems that allow use in different functional systems; technology for creating new educational materials and processes through the possibility of using one resource in several programs. in distance education, the success of a distance course in many cases depends on the correct organization of the educational material. if the distance course is focused on teaching, then the collection, sorting and placement of materials necessary for the course is organized in most cases on the basis of cooperation between the teacher and the student and is determined by the didactic features of the course component. references: 1. аsqаrоv i. b. bо‘lаjаk kаsb tа’limi о‘qituvchilаridа tаdqiqоtchilik kо‘nikmаlаrini shаkllаntirishning zаmоnаviy mаsаlаlаri // современное образование (uzbеkistаn). 2017. №4. 2. shavkatovna, s. d. (2023). kasbiy kompetentlik negizida aks etuvchi sifatlarining mohiyati. ta’lim va innovatsion tadqiqotlar, 6, 24-26. 3. sidikova, d. s. (2023). characteristics of distance education. the role of science and innovation in the modern world, 2(6), 92-95. 228 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. sidikova, d. s. (2023, july). possibilities of using information technologies in distance education. in international conference of education, research and innovation (vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 45-48). 5. shavkatovna, s. d. (2022). masofaviy ta’lim sharoitida boshlang ‘ich ta’lim yo ‘nalishi talabalarning kasbiy kompetentligini takomillashtirish metodikasi. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 61-62. 6. shavkatovna, s. d. (2022). the role of information technology in distance learning. european journal of modern medicine and practice, 2(4), 112-116. 7. shavkatovna, s. d. (2021). developing students' professional competencies in distance learning. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 2(10), 152-155. 8. sidiqova, d. (2023). talabalarning kasbiy kompetentligi takomillashtirishning ilmiy-metodik asoslari. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 35(35). 9. sidiqova, d. (2021). «методика обучения математике» в условиях дистанционного образования профессиональная компетенция студентов в преподавании науки методологические основы совершенствования. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 3(3). 10. sidiqova, d. (2023). masofaviy ta’lim tushunchasi va uning ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 31(31). 11. sidiqova, d. s. (2021). zamonaviy ta’limda masofaviy o’qitish tizimi. scientific progress, 2(7), 1027-1031. 12. shavkatovna, s. d. (2022). issues of formation of professional competence of students. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(2), 291-294. 13. shavkatovna, s. d. (2021). the importance of distance learning in the teaching of" methods of teaching mathematics". 14. sidikova, s. d. (2021). theoretical and didactic principles of distance learning. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 541-548. 15. shavkatovna, s. d. (2021). oliygohlarda masofaviy ta’limdan foydalanish imkoniyatlari. in научно-практическая конференция. 16. sidiqova, d. (2021). формирование профессиональной компетентности студентов в контексте дистанционного образования. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 6(6). 17. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 18. yunus, y., & yarashov, m. (2023). effectiveness of experimental work aimed at forming general labor skills in students based on gender equality and differences. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 420, p. 06011). edp sciences. 19. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 20. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 21. tog'ayeva, u. (2021). роль проектного обучения в совершенствовании модуля 229 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us методики обучения родному языку. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 22. tog’ayeva, u. s. q. (2021). ona tili o’qitish metodikasi modulini takomillashtirishda loyihaviy ta’limdan foydalanish. scientific progress, 2(7), 1022-1026. 23. tog'ayeva, u. (2021). значение проектного образования в совершенствовании модуля методологии обучения родному языку. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 analysis of financing of innovative activities of agroclusters ochilov ilhom sayitkulovich tsue, independent researcher (doctor of science), associate professor, iso7773@mail.ru abstract this article analyzes the financing of innovative activities of agroclusters, including the creation of a modern organizational structure of the cluster and a system of financial and economic relations, ensuring the use of various resources and technologies, the possibility of attracting qualified personnel, as well as the development of practical proposals and recommendations for financing the activities of agroclusters. keywords: innovative activity, financing analysis, organizational economics, practical analysis, economic efficiency, cotton-textile clusters, government subsidies, efficiency assessment, indicator analysis. introduction one of the goals of our country’s development strategy for 2022-2026 is “to increase gdp per capita by 1.6 times in the next five years and per capita income by 4 thousand us dollars by 2030 by ensuring consistently high economic growth rates countries". sectors of the economy and “create the basis for joining the ranks of “upper-middle-income countries”, double the production volume of the textile industry, increase the income of farmers and farmers by at least 2 times through intensive development of agriculture on a scientific basis, increase the annual growth of agricultural farms at least up to 5%" [1]. based on these goals, a strategy for achieving financial stability in the agroclusters of our country is selected, special attention is paid to organizing the activities of enterprises that are part of the cluster and increasing their efficiency. the economic instability of the development of agroclusters is determined by the use of appropriate methodological approaches and effective practices for their functioning. this includes the creation of a modern organizational structure of the cluster and a system of financial and economic relations, ensuring the use of various resources and technologies, the ability to attract qualified personnel, and others. the sustainable development of agroclusters largely depends on the organization and management of innovation processes, the basis of which is the existing scientific and production potential of the region. the activities of research and production organizations for the production of new technologies, personnel training, information and consulting work constantly improve the efficiency of the agricultural cluster. 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the organization of scientific activity in the cluster itself is usually concentrated in research centers. the center unites around itself educational and scientific institutions, consulting institutions, etc. increasing innovation activity in the cluster can be achieved through a number of activities: allocation of the necessary amount of funds to finance the innovation sector; appropriate economic incentives for workers in the innovation sector for the results of their work; awareness and interest of cluster participants in the implementation of developments in the innovation field. we analyze the financing of innovative activities of agroclusters based on our research conducted in cotton and textile clusters. literary analysis. we see that a number of economists have conducted studies analyzing the financing of innovative activities of agroclusters. in particular, fedorov b.k., bendepetsky g.p., belevtsev a.m., epaneshnikova i.k., rutko d.f. scientists prefer to use an approach based on qualitative and quantitative changes in the relevant indicators of the financial performance of cluster participants [3-6]. based on the research of these scientists, we propose to take into account qualitative and quantitative changes in the performance indicators of regions, industries, the target group of the interregional innovation cluster (business structures, government bodies, public organizations, population) in the financial efficiency of the innovation cluster, we support approaches to the distribution of performance indicators by clusters. research methodology. during the research process, analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach, comparison, categorization, grouping, absolute and relative quantitative methods of statistical and financial analysis were used. analysis and results. many studies and experience show that the sustainable development of agroclusters and the elimination of their risks is based on the development of the modern internal financial and economic environment of the cluster and their external financial support. in our opinion, financing the innovative activities of an agrоcluster should be based on the following principles: complexity the use of scientific knowledge, as well as methods of effective financing of all divisions of the agricultural cluster; consistency rational cooperation of agrоcluster participants in innovative activities, use of various sources of financing; focus on achieving target indicators and searching for effective sources of financing innovative activities; minimizing risks in innovation and investment activities; impartiality and reliability of information about the situation on the market and potential consumers; transparency of financing of agrоcluster participants from various sources, in particular, budget funds, extra-budgetary funds, investment funds, etc. by volumes and directions of financing. alternative sources of financing are leasing, concession, franchising, etc. in addition, local orders are of particular importance, optimizing financial flows and promoting innovation. new financial relations are formed through entrepreneurial structures of internal entrepreneurship, incubation, satellite, small innovative enterprises created by universities and research institutes. the creation and harmonization of the existing financial mechanism, forms and methods of financial relations in a broader sense allows for the distribution and redistribution of finances, the formation of various incomes and funds. 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the financial mechanism is aimed at the effective management of financial relations based on the functions of accounting, planning, financial control and analysis. this significantly increases the efficiency of education in the agrоcluster and distributes profits, income, dividends, interest, etc. one of the goals of managing the financial relations of an agrоcluster is to achieve financial stability and ensure its innovative activity, and in realizing this goal, the management of the agricultural cluster, the subjects of managing the financial relations of the agricultural cluster, are indirect government bodies. bodies, local governments and direct management organizations participate. the objects of management are all types of resources used to achieve the intended goals: financial, material, labor, regulatory, etc. financial sources of financing include own funds (profit, depreciation), borrowed funds (loans, borrowings), borrowed funds (investments , budget funds, etc.). an effective financial mechanism ensures the harmonious development of financial relations between participants in the agrоcluster based on the rational distribution and redistribution of funds as sources of financial activity. as part of the study, we propose the following “road map” as an integral element of the financial mechanism to further improve the efficiency of the cotton-textile cluster of “navbahor textile” llc in the navoi region and improve the financial mechanism: 1. the goal of improving the financial mechanism of this cotton-textile cluster is to support production growth, increase profitability and efficiency of cluster participants. the cotton textile cluster should increase production and sales profitability by 30% by 2025. this significantly strengthens the economic and financial position of the cotton textile cluster; 2. subjects of financial relations of the cluster: increasing the activity of cotton farms, raw material processors, universities, research institutes, non-profit organizations, state and local authorities, etc., which should have a significant impact on the harmonization of financial relations. for this purpose, in management processes it is important to form an effective network or matrix system of innovative interaction between subjects of financial relations. a more efficient chain of enterprises and organizations in production, infrastructure, research, training, etc. makes it possible to realize the advantages of the financial and credit mechanism of relations between participants in the agricultural cluster. 3. in addition to the established basic forms, methods and instruments of the financial mechanism of this cotton-textile cluster, the use of no less effective financial instruments, leasing, investment and venture funds, more intensive reform of the depreciation system of innovative technologies and equipment, etc. 4. to implement investment and innovation projects, an appropriate investment environment created in the agrоcluster is required. currently, local governments in the navoi region, as in other regions, are faced with the problem of a rational relationship between normative and subjective aspects in supporting innovation. this is expressed in support for initiatives to form clusters “from above” simultaneously with the intensification of proactive actions “from below”. the component of the financial mechanism formed by the regional government and local governments currently includes an increase in funding for various innovative projects from the budget, as well as the use of economic methods of government regulation (prices, taxes, subsidies, finance, loans, etc.) in the agro-industrial complex. other sources of financing should consider supporting financial leasing of innovative entrepreneurship, expanding financing opportunities through the use of venture capital, as well as funds from financial and industrial groups, banks, associations, etc. within these areas, it is necessary to increase the volume of insurance for innovative entrepreneurship, create regional innovation support funds, and use venture capital. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. the roadmap for the development of the agrоcluster is aimed at consistently solving the main production problems and increasing the financial efficiency of the complex. over the past three years, cotton yield in this cotton-textile cluster has increased from 24 t/ha to 32 t/ha (+8 t/ha) in 2019-2022. at the same time, $2.7 billion sum will be allocated to this cottontextile cluster from all sources of financing in 2021 to finance the cluster program. in 2021, a state subsidy in the amount of 5.6 billion sum was allocated, and in 2022 – 8.1 billion sum finished with a profit. the program for increasing the production of cotton fiber and increasing the productivity of cotton fiber products for 2025 plans to increase the yield of cotton fiber from 20% to 40-45% of the gross product. to achieve the set goals for the volume and quality of cotton fiber production by 2025, it is necessary to introduce innovative technologies for growing and harvesting cotton, as well as use new varieties of seeds. it is necessary to significantly improve the financial situation of a significant part of agricultural enterprises compared to the current one, which will allow updating the material and technical base through the acquisition of new equipment, a certain amount of mineral fertilizers, crop protection products, and cotton crops. thus, in the cotton-textile cluster of “navbakhor textile” llc in 2019-2022, cotton yield increased from 24 c/ha to 32 c/ha (+8 c/ha), the cluster efficiency indicator was 8.0% in 2022 increased compared to 2019. conclusions and offers. the formation of an effective financial management system for an agrоcluster is aimed, first of all, at the implementation of the developed financial policy. an innovative solution in this direction is the centralization of the most important functions in the financial management service of the agricultural cluster. a unified accounting policy and consolidated financial reporting for all participants make it possible to quickly respond to changes in market indicators, identify the strengths and weaknesses of the financial activities of the agricultural cluster, select the most suitable areas of activity and use them in planning. in the cotton-textile cluster we are analyzing, as a result of the introduction of innovations and modernization of weaving equipment, the production of new products has been mastered: blended yarn, yarn. as a result of further modernization and deep processing of cotton fiber production, it will be possible to increase the production of textile products several times, achieve high profitability and self-sufficiency of the agricultural cluster. in order to improve the financing of innovative activities of agroclusters, it is necessary to implement the following, effectively using the experience of developed foreign countries: • introduction of a mechanism for the appropriate distribution of profit received depending on the contribution of enterprises included in the cluster to finished products; • making proposals for the allocation of preferential loans and subsidies to state support funds; • using a system of indicators reflecting the effectiveness of organizational, economic, financial mechanisms and improving the methodology for analyzing indicators; • use of a comprehensive performance assessment indicator and implementation of the kpi assessment method; • the application of mezzanine financing to the activities of clusters and the creation of an assessment practice based on the indicators of the european memorandum. 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 on "development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026", january 29, 2022. 2. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 12, 2019 no. pq4186 "on measures to further deepen the reform of the textile and knitwear industry and expand its export potential". 3. cafiylin l.n., shagiakhmetova g.i. pazvitie pegionalnoy innovative infpactpyktypy kak pyt v infopmatsionnoe o6shchectvo. innovative deyatelnoct. 2010. no. 10-1. pp. 30–34. 4. kazantsev 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(2023). analytical assurance of clusters and innovative economics. development of agricultural territory: regional aspect. sat. st. po materialam xvii mejdunar. nauch. prakt. conf./otv. za vyp. a.a. adamenko. krasnodar: kubgau. 2023. pp. 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236503006.%20рр.1-9 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 "methods and tools of speech development of small group children in preschool education organization" shukurova madina oktam's daughter, asian international university teacher of the department of pedagogy and psychology abstract: implementation of the methods and methods used in the elimination of speech defects in children of a small group in a preschool educational organization. keywords: psycholinguistic literature, semi-lingualism, social expectation, communicative orientation, social situation, emotional experiences, recreational games, diction, emotional expression, empathy. introduction. threeto five-year-old children still need the affection of adults, their understanding and communication with them. confidence-based communication with adults and the ability to feel his emotional state (joy, pleasure, sadness, calmness, anger, etc.) and to understand the reasons for mood changes develop. a new form of communication with adults communication on interesting topics emerges and develops. at first, he is involved in joint cognitive activities with adults (for example, playing, experimenting with objects and toys, making things from paper and natural materials, etc.), and then, in the fifth year of the child's life in the end, it will have the appearance of a "theoretical" communication on the topics of knowledge that is not related to a specific situation. failure of children's need for communication with an adult person leads to emotional alienation between them. it manifests itself in different ways: some children become silent, sulky, and cry even over the smallest things; others show negativism, aggression. in the fourth year of a child's life, a peer remains for him, first of all, a participant in joint practical activities (drawing, making things, arranging, etc.), a partner in the game. the child addresses the peer with the simplest demands and requests and evaluates the behavior of the peer. five-year-old children have a negative evaluation of their peers asking for something or other and touching the soul. by the age of five, the need for communication with peers and joint games with them, which create a children's society, increases sharply. by the fifth year of a child's life, he begins to understand himself among his peers. communicative skills are developed: the child greets and says goodbye, calls his friend by name, when he is four or five years old, he calls his boss by the name of the role he is playing ("hey, driver, the rope fell under the wheel"). communication with adults and peers allows the child to understand his "i". it is in communication that the formation of the image of "i" takes place. in favorable educational conditions, that is, when adults and peers treat the child with kindness, his need for approval, positive assessment, and recognition is satisfied. negative communication skills lead to aggression, self -doubt, and becoming a human being. the child's self -esteem is usually high. it is natural and appropriate for a small child to overestimate his personality, and this is the protection of the personality if someone negatively evaluates his personal characteristics 105 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ("jealousy") or compares his behavior and activities with some ideal, for example, a peer . is a unique mechanism of doing. with the passage of age , the child develops an appropriate assessment of his own words and actions, as well as his capabilities and achievements in various types of activities. by the age of five, he can evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for the other person and for his own physical and emotional well-being. he said, "if i do something bad to someone, neither he nor i will like it, and we will both be hurt . if i do a good job, both of us will be happy " is understandable. the child begins to develop interests and value orientations, preferences for certain types of activities and behaviors characteristic of boys and girls (for example, when girls play with dolls, girls play with cars, etc.). tasks related to the development of the speech of a three-year-old child: to enable the child to engage in active communication with the means of speech outside of the range of possibilities, to respond to the questions and suggestions of adults, to express his wishes, feelings, and thoughts by taking the initiative to express his opinion. encourage; encourage his interest in the work of his peers, his desire to share his impressions with them, his interest in game actions, his interest in expressing his reaction to the happening event in speech; expand your child's vocabulary about people, plants, food, clothes, furniture, pets, toys, parts of things (shirt sleeves, pockets and collars; car doors and enrich it with names like ildiragi). pay special attention to teaching how to connect the words correctly in the sentence (for example, "he went home" instead of "he went home", "i will go today" instead of "yesterday i will go"); teach children to pronounce vowels and consonants correctly. a child's communication with adults and peers is an important condition for full social development. based on this, it is necessary to educate the child in such qualities as the desire to communicate, to respond to the demands of communication partners , flexibility and politeness in social behavior . adults (parents, pedagogues) should understand that in many cases negative communication experience does not motivate the child to any action, but "distracts" the child from showing himself in the world of human relations, defense mechanisms the human world itself. the "wall" between them can lead to "not seeing" the surrounding world: the child does not answer questions about people, does not "see" people in pictures, does not play with toys depicting people and animals. rude intervention in the world of a child who actively refuses to communicate leads to negative consequences and aggression. at the peak of negative experiences, self-aggression is born. in order for the child to be psychologically comfortable in the family and in the preschool educational institution, to create an emotionally comfortable environment between adults and peers, to enjoy and enjoy interactions with them, the following is necessary: the child should be aware of the different emotional states of adults and peers reveal the world of feelings and experiences; creating conditions for the child to communicate with other children in a trusting manner; development of desire to see and understand happy, sad, calm, emotional state; development of self-control and expression of feelings of anger, fear, anger in a socially acceptable form (not to push, hit another child, not to take the toy from the hand, etc.); to cultivate the ability to use communication methods accepted in society: to greet and greet with an open face, to politely express one's requests and suggestions; expressing gratitude for helping, hosting, holding a toy; to politely respond to a friend's illima; listen to the answer calmly; to express one's displeasure in a tone that does not offend a friend. when pedagogical work is organized correctly , a preschool child will have the following indicators of social development by the age of five: understands human relationships, feels and understands the good and bad relationships of those around him; he notices changes in the emotional state of his parents and peers; expresses attention, sympathy; "i would like!" able to suspend his direct desire for the situation. experiences of empathy (sympathy) and emotional expression (expressing joy, sadness, etc.) become regulators of the child's behavior and communication; children can enter stable play associations, use emotional expressive verbal and non-verbal means to express joy, pleasure, sadness and other situations in communication and joint activities. the development of children's speech between the ages of 3 and 5 should have an emotional tone. in this, exhibitionism, game methods and didactic games should be widely used. 106 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us most of children's speech communication and skills are formed outside of classes. in preschool education, communication of children with adults (pedagogues, medical nurses, teaching assistants, etc.) takes place in various activities. in the process of work economic -household, manual and agricultural work, children's vocabulary is enriched, defined and activated. during the game, the pedagogue forms independent speech activity in them. children's vocabulary and knowledge acquired during training are strengthened and activated. the teacher's participation in the games helps to enrich the vocabulary and cultivate the culture of speech communication. in the process of organizing a construction game, the educator identifies and activates a large group of words that are difficult for children (determining the quality, quantity, size and location of objects in space, etc.). textual, dynamic musical games, dramatization games help to form the expressiveness of the child's speech, practice the correct pace, breathing, and good diction. in the process of many games, children get acquainted with artistic texts, memorize them and begin to use them independently. with the help of didactic games, children's knowledge of the environment is strengthened; vocabulary is strengthened, clarified and activated. didactic games are used to practice speaking skills and skills (composing phrases, changing words, weaving stories, etc.). household activities create great opportunities for the child to communicate with adults. in order for household activity to serve as a means of speech development, the pedagogue should manage it. in the course of properly organized household activities (eating, dressing, gymnastics, travel, etc.), that is, if the pedagogue, especially in small groups, the pedagogue explains in detail the names of household items, their parts, quality, characteristics, purpose of use , if he makes appropriate movements with them and interprets them, asks questions to children, teaches them to use household vocabulary, my child's vocabulary will be enriched. if the pedagogue uses allusions, comparisons, synonyms, folklore (proverbs, proverbs, poems) widely and skillfully in his speech, his speech will be concise and expressive. children's fiction is a powerful tool for all-round development of a child; it has a great impact on the development and enrichment of children's speech. children's books reveal and explain to the child the life of society and nature, the world of human feelings and relationships in poetic images. the artistic word enriches the child's speech, makes it figurative, expressive, and helps to understand the beauty of the resounding mother's speech. in addition to the artistic word, visual arts, festivals and performances are used as an important means of speech development in preschool education. their value is that it creates a positive feeling, which in turn affects the level of language acquisition. the feeling of joy, excitement, excitement, anticipation of something unusual increases the child's receptiveness, enhances the memorization of the material, and affects the expressiveness of children's speech. children ask a lot of questions while looking at pictures and works of art, and are quick to share their impressions with others. children communicate with their pedagogues throughout the day in classes, games, household and labor activities. the possibilities of developing speech environment in pre-school education depend entirely on the quality of the teacher's speech. will be liq. speech education of preschool children consists of three interrelated areas. these are: defining events in the surrounding world (real reality) in words and in words; establishing communication and speech relations with the surrounding people; simple understanding of the language (its sound structure, vocabulary, grammatical structure). the lesson is the main form of education in preschool education, it is mandatory for all children: the content of the program is defined in it, a certain place and time are allocated to it in the agenda. the training is conducted under the guidance of the educator, the educator informs the child about new knowledge, and the knowledge acquired by the child is clarified and strengthened, and the child's practical training is organized. it is desirable to conduct training in connection with groups of children of preschool age. the purpose of training with young children is to develop the child's speech and movement. through training in senior and preparatory groups, children develop skills such as initiative and independence, curiosity for knowledge, active thinking, comparison, generalization, drawing conclusions. children's sense of observation and responsibility is being improved; they are being trained in the ability and 107 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us desire to do mental work. teaching in classes requires mental and physical effort from children, that is, it is related to the active movement of the child, the child strives to achieve a certain result, which requires long-term voluntary attention from the child. is enough. therefore, it is necessary to take into account the child's age and ability when preparing for training. also, it is necessary to think in advance and clearly determine the time of training, the agenda, and the correct replacement of each section of the program. the number of training sessions in each age group , its content and how many minutes each training session lasts for each age group are defined in the "bolajon" base program, taking into account their age characteristics. the development of children's speech between the ages of 3 and 5 should have an emotional tone. it is necessary to use exhibitionism, game methods and didactic games widely. according to the didactic purpose, trainings are divided into the following types: trainings that create new knowledge and skills, trainings that strengthen acquired knowledge, control trainings and collective trainings. references: 1. o‘ktam qizi buxoro, s. m. (2022). bolaning nutqini rivojlantiruvchi o‘yinlar. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 484-486. 2. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 3. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 4. yulduz, s. (2023). maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda ekologik taʼlim berishning oʻziga xosligi. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 21(3), 124-129. 5. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). pedagogning kreativligi bolalar ijodiy rivojlanishining zarur sharti. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 219-220. 6. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). kichik maktab yoshidagi o‘quvchilar bilish faoliyatini rivojlantirishning pedagogik psixologik xususiyatlari. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 158-160. 7. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 8. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 9. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 10. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o’rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 11. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og‘ishgan xulqining ko‘rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko‘rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 12. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 108 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 14. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g’oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 15. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 16. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 17. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 18. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 83 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 problems of managing financial resources of enterprises in uzbekistan khurramov zufar vice rector for financial affairs at the university of business and science llc abstract: this article delves into the critical issue of managing financial resources in enterprises operating in uzbekistan. with a transitional economy, enterprises face a plethora of challenges, including limited access to credit, regulatory complexities, and corruption. by analyzing existing literature and practical instances, the article provides recommendations for improvements that can ameliorate these pressing issues. keywords: financial management, enterprises, transitional economy, access to credit, regulatory environment. introduction managing financial resources efficiently is paramount for the success of any enterprise, irrespective of its size or the sector it operates in. financial management encompasses a range of activities, from planning and budgeting to risk assessment and investment decision-making. these activities can be challenging to navigate in stable economies, but in transitional economies like uzbekistan, they become exceedingly complex. the country is undergoing significant shifts, both in terms of its political structure and economic policies. while the government is making strides to improve the business environment, challenges persist that make financial management for enterprises an uphill task. uzbekistan is a resource-rich country with a growing youth population, and its economic environment is rife with untapped potential. yet, the problems faced by enterprises in financial management often stymie growth and innovation. it's not just about local businesses; these challenges also affect foreign investors and international corporations who see potential in the uzbek market but are hesitant to invest due to financial management constraints. as uzbekistan steadily progresses towards a market-oriented economy, the sustained functionality and stable growth of its various economic sectors become imperative. during the early stages of this transformation, key methodologies were established to set the main directions for economic reforms. president shavkat mirziyoyev addressed these challenges comprehensively in his december 29, 2020, speech to the oliy majlis. he stated, "the primary and most crucial task in building a new uzbekistan is to ensure sustained economic growth. this involves implementing substantial structural changes, modernizing our production capabilities, and integrating digital technologies as fundamental steps towards achieving macroeconomic and financial stability." given this context, it becomes apparent that managing financial resources effectively is a critical aspect of ensuring enterprise stability in uzbekistan. for businesses to operate smoothly and 84 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us align with the national economic goals set by the president, all facets of the production cycle— ranging from accounting and auditing to economic analysis—must function flawlessly. failure in any of these areas could lead to substantial problems in managing the financial resources of enterprises, thus jeopardizing the broader economic reforms the country is striving to achieve. limited access to credit, regulatory complexities, and corruption are among the pressing issues that uzbek enterprises face today. these challenges have multi-faceted impacts: they hinder economic growth, discourage innovation, and deter foreign investment. consequently, an analysis of the problems associated with financial management in uzbek enterprises is not just timely but also crucial for understanding how businesses can thrive in transitional economies. this article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the challenges that businesses face in managing financial resources in uzbekistan. through reviewing existing literature and analyzing real-world scenarios, we aim to identify the most pressing issues and offer actionable recommendations tailored for enterprises operating in this transitional economic landscape. literature review the issue of managing financial resources in developing countries is a topic that has garnered considerable attention from academics, policymakers, and industry experts alike. the challenges faced by enterprises in these regions are often exacerbated by a myriad of factors including but not limited to limited access to credit, unstable regulatory frameworks, and corruption, which have been the focus of several seminal works. a significant body of work has focused on the issue of credit access in developing countries. claessens and tzioumis (2006) performed a comprehensive study that revealed how inefficient financial institutions can lead to restricted credit access for businesses. they highlighted how these inefficiencies stem from a lack of proper regulation and oversight. a more recent paper by ahlin, lin, and maio (2011) further emphasized the role of microfinance in improving credit accessibility but cautioned against the high costs associated with this financial tool. the dynamic and often unstable regulatory environment is another challenge covered extensively in literature. studies such as djankov, mcliesh, and ramalho (2006) provide an international comparison of business regulations, noting the elevated risks and costs in developing countries. such an environment leads to financial mismanagement due to uncertain conditions that make long-term planning difficult. das and teng (1999) argued that inconsistencies in regulation are often a result of rapid policy changes aimed at economic liberalization without proper structures in place. corruption is another factor frequently cited for financial mismanagement in developing economies. svensson (2003) offered empirical evidence to show how corruption negatively impacts enterprise growth and access to resources. a later study by ayyagari, demirgüç-kunt, and maksimovic (2010) found that corruption was one of the most significant obstacles for companies in developing countries, impacting their financial planning and resource allocation. country-specific case studies also contribute valuable insights into this discourse. for example, fowowe (2017) looked at the challenges of managing financial resources in nigerian enterprises and found significant barriers in terms of regulatory inconsistencies and access to credit. such studies underscore the importance of contextualizing financial management issues within the specific economic, political, and cultural milieu of a country. despite the wealth of studies on the financial management challenges in developing countries, there is a noticeable gap in research specifically tailored to transitional economies like uzbekistan. such economies have their unique sets of challenges, which may not be fully encapsulated by existing research focused on more stable developing economies. 85 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis and results managing financial resources in transitional economies like uzbekistan involves a myriad of challenges that are both systemic and particular to the country's specific economic conditions. based on a comprehensive examination of literature and real-world practices, here is an extended analysis and discussion of the significant problems. limited access to credit banking sector constraints. while state-owned banks dominate the financial sector in uzbekistan, the array of services offered by these institutions is often limited. these banks primarily serve the interests of the government, offering limited credit options to private enterprises. moreover, because of a less competitive banking environment, interest rates are usually inflated, discouraging small and medium-sized enterprises from seeking loans. inadequate financial infrastructure. uzbekistan suffers from a lack of financial tools commonly used to judge the creditworthiness of enterprises. insufficient credit rating agencies, coupled with a general mistrust of the private sector, leads to limited funding avenues. unlike developed economies where alternative financing options like venture capital and private equity are prevalent, such mechanisms are virtually non-existent in uzbekistan. regulatory complexities frequent policy changes. one of the most salient challenges is the unpredictable and often volatile regulatory landscape. enterprises must navigate a complex web of regulations, which are frequently modified, sometimes without prior notice. this regulatory volatility disrupts financial planning and creates an environment of uncertainty, increasing the cost of doing business. compliance and reporting. enterprises are often burdened by cumbersome reporting requirements, compliance checks, and audits. these not only consume valuable resources but also make firms more risk-averse, discouraging them from embracing innovation or expansion strategies that could otherwise prove beneficial. corruption and informal payments bribery and extortion. the menace of corruption cannot be understated in the context of uzbekistan. for many enterprises, bribes or 'facilitation payments' have become an unfortunate cost of doing business. these unofficial outlays are often unpredictable and can significantly derail an enterprise's financial planning and resource allocation. distrust and credibility. the existence of corruption creates a corrosive atmosphere of distrust between enterprises and government agencies, affecting both local and foreign investments. this climate is detrimental to financial management as it hampers long-term planning and forces enterprises to maintain large contingency reserves, thus reducing available operational funds. the challenges are multifaceted and interconnected, often having a ripple effect that magnifies their impact. for instance, corruption not only adds to operational costs but also contributes to the perception of an unstable business environment, which further restricts access to credit. similarly, regulatory complexities make it more challenging for enterprises to comply with financial standards, which again affects their creditworthiness. these issues collectively create a hostile environment for effective financial management in uzbek enterprises. the severity of these challenges cannot be overlooked, as they have long-standing implications on the economic development of uzbekistan. while many of these issues are deeply ingrained, we can formulate general factors that affect financial management in enterprises in uzbekistan. 86 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. factors affecting financial management in enterprises in uzbekistan regulatory barriers description complex tax system navigating a complex and sometimes opaque tax system; frequent changes make long-term planning difficult. capital controls restrictions on capital mobility inhibit effective financial planning and international trade. economic factors description inflation and currency fluctuations high inflation and currency fluctuations make budget planning and investment difficult. limited access to credit especially problematic for smes due to high interest rates and stringent requirements. socio-cultural factors description lack of financial literacy particularly low among smes, affecting the quality of financial decision-making. traditional business practices particularly in family-owned businesses, reliance on traditional methods may not align with modern best practices. source: prepared by the author these tables serve as a comprehensive summary, categorizing and describing the multifaceted challenges that enterprises in uzbekistan encounter in managing their financial resources. by breaking down the issues into regulatory, economic, and socio-cultural factors, the tables offer a structured lens through which to view the complex landscape of financial management within the country. this categorized approach aims to facilitate a clearer understanding of the issues at hand, and could serve as a foundation for both academic research and policy planning. recommendations the complexities of managing financial resources in enterprises are magnified in emerging economies, and uzbekistan is no exception. through the course of this paper, we've delved into the regulatory, economic, and socio-cultural barriers that affect financial management within uzbek enterprises. each category of challenges is entangled in a web of systemic issues that require multi-faceted solutions. economic policy reforms 1. simplification of the tax system: to alleviate the challenges posed by a complex tax system, we recommend the government streamline tax regulations and improve transparency. initiatives could include offering web-based tax filing systems, clearly defining tax categories, and providing workshops to explain changes in tax law. a simpler, more transparent tax system would enable enterprises to focus more on their core business activities rather than bureaucratic complexities. 2. easing of capital controls: gradual liberalization of capital controls could improve international trade opportunities and financial planning for enterprises. a phased approach, starting with sectors less prone to capital flight, could be beneficial in the long run for both businesses and the economy. financial education and literacy 1. targeted financial literacy programs: specialized financial literacy courses could be designed for entrepreneurs and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). collaborations between universities, industry associations, and financial institutions could facilitate these educational initiatives. improved financial literacy would enable more effective budgeting, planning, and investment decision-making. 2. webinars and workshops: frequent webinars and workshops on modern financial management techniques and tools could help traditional enterprises transition to 87 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contemporary best practices. these could be particularly beneficial for family-owned businesses still relying on dated financial management methods. access to credit 1. credit facilitation for smes: given the significant role of smes in the uzbek economy, financial institutions should consider implementing more lenient credit terms and lower interest rates for these businesses. government subsidies or tax incentives could be offered to banks willing to lend to smes at reduced interest rates. 2. microfinance and crowdfunding: alternative sources of financing like microfinance and crowdfunding could be promoted and regulated to ensure they offer a reliable avenue for enterprises that struggle with traditional financing options. by implementing these recommendations, we believe that the issues concerning the management of financial resources in uzbek enterprises could be significantly ameliorated. these actions would not only ease the immediate burdens on businesses but also foster a more conducive environment for long-term economic growth and stability in uzbekistan. conclusion managing financial resources in uzbek enterprises is a complex issue that intertwines with the country’s economic, regulatory, and ethical fabric. while challenges like limited access to credit, complex regulations, and corruption significantly impede financial management, there are clear pathways for improvement. implementing these recommendations can serve as a cornerstone for building a robust financial management system in uzbekistan’s transitional economy. references: 1. ahlin, c., lin, j., & maio, m. (2011). where does microfinance flourish? microfinance institution performance in macroeconomic context. journal of development economics, 95(2), 105-120. 2. ayyagari, m., demirgüç-kunt, a., & maksimovic, v. (2010). formal versus informal finance: evidence from china. review of financial studies, 23(8), 3048-3097. 3. claessens, s., & tzioumis, k. (2006). measuring firms’ access to finance. world bank policy research working paper, (3664). 4. das, t. k., & teng, b. s. (1999). cognitive biases and strategic decision processes: an integrative perspective. journal of management studies, 36(6), 757-778. 5. djankov, s., mcliesh, c., & ramalho, r. m. (2006). regulation and growth. economics letters, 92(3), 395-401. 6. fowowe, b. (2017). access to finance and firm performance: evidence from african countries. review of development finance, 7(1), 6-17. 7. svensson, j. (2003). who must pay bribes and how much? evidence from a cross-section of firms. the quarterly journal of economics, 118(1), 207-230. 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 features of settlement operations of foreign economic activity of economic entities misirov а institute of economics and service "аccounting" department annotation: тhe article reveals the classification of computational transactions of foreign economic activity of economic entities in the account of export-import transactions, problem solutions, changes and regulations in the export-import sphere in our country today, and gives conclusions and suggestions within the framework of the topic. keywords: export, import, economy, foreign, trade, investment, subject, bank, commodity-money means, accounting, international, document, letter of credit, incasso, payment assignment, check, swift (swift), contract. calculations on foreign economic activity consist of a system of organization and control of payments on financial applications and obligations arising in the implementation of external activities between states, citizens located on the territory of different countries. the main intermediaries in international settlements are banks, which provide cross-country movement of their clients ' monetary instruments based on correspondent accounts, participants in foreign economic policy. the bulk of international payments are made in non-cash form. the state of settlements on foreign economic activity is influenced in complex by the following factors: 1. the situation in the money and commodity market, 2. the effectiveness of measures for interstate control of the cross-country movement of goods, 3. services and investments, 4. the turinization of inflation rates in individual countries, 5. the condition of the balance of payments, 6. the conditions of foreign trade agreements and international rules. the subject of calculations on foreign economic activity are exporters and banks. they are carried out in accordance with the actions of commodity-money distribution documents and the correspondence related to the registration of payments. banking rules and traditions are also of great importance. 3-3.5 trln in the world currency markets every day. international settlements in the amount of us dollars are made. therefore, 40% is made in us dollars. 90% of total conversion transactions worldwide are carried out in 5 currencies. including: 1. us dollar (usd) – 40%; 2. euro (euro) – 30%; 3. japanese yen (jpy – 15%; 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. england pound (gbp – 8-10%; 5. swiss franc (chf) – 1-2%. computational transactions on foreign economic activity are divided into 2 groups: i. to the fees to be documented: 1. documented letter of credit; 2. all payments made with incasso include. ii. to undocumented fees: 1. payment assignment; 2. cheques; 3. swift (swift). the following four financial – payment terms of the foreign trade agreement can be distinguished: 1. price currency; 2. payment currency; 3. payment condition; 4. accounting form. the terms of payment determine the currency of the payment, the method and the procedure for accounting for the delivered goods, the list of documents to be submitted for payment, measures to unreasonably delay payment or protect against other violations of the terms of payment of the contract. taking into account the above, we can give the following conclusions and suggestions: first of all, it is necessary that all purchase and sale agreements are carried out together with insurance. depending on the terms of the contract, this obligation is imposed on either the seller or the buyer. if this obligation is not specified in the form of the transaction, the party at risk of accidental violation of the commodity at the time of transportation is interested in insuring the commodity. secondly, in the article devoted to insurance issues, the parties to the contract must provide for: what kind of cargo must be insured, what kind of risk must be insured, which of the parties will carry out the insurance, and in whose favor it will be carried out. thirdly, in foreign trade agreements, sugaring will have to mean mainly when transporting goods. obligations of the parties in relation to insurance are established by the basis terms of the contract. to do this, a general agreement (main policy) is drawn up between the insurance company and the economic organization. it reflects the general conditions of insurance. cargo insurance can be carried out in the insurance company on different terms. fourth, the main intermediaries in international settlements are banks, which are participants in foreign economic policy and ensure the cross-country movement of their customers ' monetary instruments on the basis of correspondent accounts, and we also think that settlements on foreign economic activity are permissible to improve the political situation in commercial banks. list of used literature 1. pq-4611 "decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on additional measures to transition to international financial reporting standards. february 24, 2020; 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan “on accounting”, new taxriri. april 13, 2016; 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, dated 07.05.2020 pq-4707"on measures to further support export activity"; 4. president of the republic of uzbekistan on 24.08.2022. decree of pf-198 "on measures to reliably protect the inviolability of property rights, prevent unreasonable interference in property relations, increase the capitalization level of private property; 5. decree of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 46 of 30.01.2020" on measures to further improve the activities of the export-import national insurance company "uzbekinvest"; 6. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, pf-60 of 28.01.2022"on the new uzbekistan strategy for combating diseases", designed in 2022-2026; 7. mirziyoev sh.m. we will build a free and prosperous, democratic state of uzbekistan together. speech at the joint session of the house of commons dedicated to the solemn ceremony of inauguration of the president of the republic of uzbekistan /sh.m. mirziyoev. tashkent: uzbekistan, 2017. 56 b; 8. mirziyoev sh.m. the rule of law and the provision of human interests is a guarantee of the development of the land and the well – being of the people. lecture on the 24th anniversary of the adoption of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. december 7, 2016 / sh.m.mirziyoev. tashkent: "uzbekistan", 2017. – 48 b; 9. baratovna e. z. other comrehensive income, accounting structure and their improvement //thematics journal of economics. – 2021. – т. 7. – №. 2. 10. baratovna e. z. concept and content of other comprehensive income, accounting principles and ways to improve //eurasian journal of academic research. – 2021. – т. 1. – №. 6. – с. 84-89. 11. baratovna e. z. the first application of international financial reporting standards //kresna social science and humanities research. – 2022. – т. 4. – с. 52-54. 12. ветошкина е. ю., эшпулатова з. б. учет договоров с обратной покупкой //учет, анализ и аудит: их возможности и направления эволюции. – 2022. – с. 13-19. 13. эшпулатова зайнаб баратовна 15-сон мҳхснинг тўртинчи қадам модели асосида тушумни тан олишнинг услубий тартиби // jmbm. 2022. №8. 14. baratovna e. z. the first application of international financial reporting standards in the republic of uzbekistan //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 109-111. 15. eshpulatova zaynab (2021) “accounting for recognition of enterprises income (accounts) in accounting with international standards and “financial reporting conceptual fundamentals ”, euro-asia conferences, 3(1), pp. 137–139. 16. эшпўлатова з. б. recognition of income: allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract //экономика и финансы (узбекистан). – 2021. – №. 3. – с. 16-22. 17. эшпўлатова зайнаб баратовна даромадни тан олиш: операция нархини бажарилишларга оид мажбуриятларга тақсимлаш // экономика и финансы (узбекистан). 2021. №3 (139). 18. eshpulatova, z., 2021. accounting of revenue from contracts with customers accordance with international standards. international finance and accounting, 2021(2), p.25. 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 19. eshpulatova z. the digital economy relies on the international standards of the financial report on the income statement //development issues of innovative economy in the agricultural sector. – 2021. – с. 120. 20. eshpulatova, z., 2020. determination of income and profit as an element of financial statements. international finance and accounting, 2020(1), p.20. 21. internet sites 22. http://www. gov.uz. (o’zbekiston respublikasi hukumat portali) 23. http://www.mf.uz(o’zbekiston respublikasi moliya vazirligi). 24. http://www. ziyonet.uz (axborot ta’lim tarmog’i) 25. http://www. lex.uz (o’z. resp. qonun hujjatlari ma’lumotlari milliy bazasi). 112 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 military art in the state of amir timur eshmoʻminova umida ikrom qizi 2nd year student of karshi state university, faculty of history +998882004380 umidaeshmomonova@gmail.com abstract: during his 35-year rule, the master amir temur was ready to fight against the powerful rulers of his time for the peace and tranquility of his country. timur did not stop his enemies during military campaigns and this played a big role in his victories. many historians include alexander the great and amir temur among the three great generals and genghis khans, and among them, they highly value temur's work. this is a correct opinion, because neither alexander nor genghis khan found a worthy opponent in their time. amir temur's opponents were rulers who threatened the whole of europe and russia in their time. there were times when temur was defeated in his time, but he always regained his strength for the peace of his country. key words: timurid state, mud battle, military art, khurasan, kepak khan, ankara, khiva. military art of the timurids is a significant contribution of amir timur and his descendants, especially babur, to the development of world western art. this was recognized by experts and generals. considered a great commander and an innovative military organizer, sahibgiron managed to create a disciplined army, to manage the units of the army wisely during the battle, to quickly send the western forces to the places where the fate of the battle would be decided, to eliminate the existing obstacles and pitfalls with entrepreneurship, and to keep the fighting spirit in the army at a high level. amir temur and the army of the timurids gathered soldiers from the peasants, artisans, farmers, as well as from the herdsmen. in addition to the chief soldiers who formed the basis of the military forces, the infantry also served in the army. sahibqiran was one of the first in the east to introduce a firearm (topra'd) to the army. during the timurid period, other types of this weapon (hammer, farangi, pot, etc.) became widespread. special military units and divisions have been established to conduct combat operations in the mountainous regions. amir temur was the first in the history of world military work to introduce the order of deploying the army into 7 arms on the battlefield, as opposed to the traditional 5 divisions. this news was later adopted by generals such as tokhtamysh and shaibani khan. according to ibn arabshah's testimony, there were units of women in sahibqiran's army, who stood on the same line as men and showed examples of heroism and fortitude. the army of timurids was clearly organized in terms of numbers, its battle order was improved, it was equipped with modern weapons and equipment, the units were distinguished from each other by uniforms, flags and flags. such a distinction came in handy in commanding an army in battle. destroying the enemy's defenses by various methods, attacking the opponent's big cities, besieging castles, fortresses and fortresses for a long time, encircling the enemy's forces as widely as possible, conquering villages, cities, districts, regions one by one, pursuing the enemy until they are completely destroyed. practices such as appointing trusted 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us people to manage surrendered countries brought many victories to amir temur and the timurids. tactically, amir temur's army had its own characteristics. reconnaissance is well organized, the necessary measures and measures are developed for the units to act as required on the battlefield or in the battle line, with special attention being paid to their rapid management during the battle. the supreme commander-in-chief was responsible for the selection of ten, hundred, thousand and district commanders. another great contribution of sahibqiran to the development of military art was the introduction of the qunbul, a cavalry unit formed in order to protect the army's flanks from the enemy's attack during the battle and, in turn, bypass the enemy's forces from the side and attack them from behind. such a new military unit did not exist in the army of such famous generals as alexander, hannibal, genghis khan, louis xiv, frederick the great. shaybani khan's army had such a garment and it was called tolyuma. after the announcement of a special order (tunqol) about the gathering of troops, according to the list prepared by the ruler, the warriors arrived at the gathering place with their army, weapons, food, and fodder. each soldier was given one bow, 30 arrows, one bow, one shield, one extra horse, half a mana weight of rope, one piece of rice, a leather bag, and a pot for lice. every 10 warriors were required to carry one tent, two shovels, one pitchfork, one scythe, one saw, one axe, one ax and 100 nina. all 5 of sarah's warriors are housed in one tent. the eleventh had a separate tent and 5 additional horses. yuzbegi was also given a separate tent and 10 additional horses. in addition to the tent, mingbegi is also equipped with an umbrella. 313 beks headed various divisions and units of the sahibqiran army. the first 100 of them held the positions of tens, the second 100, and the third 100 thousand. divisions districts were headed by amir temur's children, grandsons and famous army chiefs. after a sufficient number of troops were gathered, it was inspected. during the timurid era, it became a regular practice to inspect the army before a campaign or a battle and determine its fighting spirit and condition. ovgarta (hunting), which is recognized as a way of examining the combat condition of the bird, was effectively used. according to historical sources, amir temur's 12,000-strong army entered the battle in this order. the first encounter with the enemy was initiated by a guard engaged in espionage. after that, the advanced units of the right and left wings barangar khiravuli and juvangar khiravuli entered the battle with the main advanced unit manglai. after manglai, the remaining 2 units of barangar and juvangar chapavul and shaghavul moved one after the other. if these forces were not enough to defeat the enemy, the center (arm) (goal) under the leadership of the commander-in-chief (amir ulumaro) launched a decisive attack: vdravul, karavul, manglai (khuravul). division the regiment was divided and obeyed the supreme commander-in-chief. of these units, 12 units consisting of sara fighters are located in the 1st row, and the remaining 28 units are located in the 2nd and 3rd rows. in front of the right side of the forty divisions were the parts of princes, and in front of the left side were the parts of relatives and allies. at the top of the 2nd row, the 6th section is occupied by its predecessor hiravul. juvangar also had the same amount of boluk and hiravul. in front of row 2 barangari and juvangari, there are parts of row 1 in the above order. in front of him, the main advance manglai (or hiravuli buzurg) was moving. 2 divisions of light cavalry were busy protecting the army from a surprise attack and monitoring the movement of enemy forces. babur's army initially operated in the traditional 5 divisions. later, serious changes were made to this battle system, the center (goal) was strengthened. the center was divided into the righthand baraigyar chapavul and the left-hand, and acted as a row in front of the hossa tobin, consisting of the right side and the left side. hossa tobin was in front of the 3rd line of 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us personal guards, formed from the right and left. the hossa tobin made up of selected soldiers was considered to be weaker than the center (gol) and stronger from the height. this military order, which brought many victories to the timurids, underwent many changes during the shaibani, ashtarkhani and central asian khanates (bukhara, khiva, ko'kan). conclusion: the events of the war show that amir temur's campaigns to one country were consecutive with his campaigns to other countries. amir temur marched to azerbaijan several times and succeeded in conquering it in 1387. armenia and georgia were conquered by temur in 1392. timur's march to distant india ends in 1398. the master of the qur'an amir temur's military skill was such that he did not let his enemies breathe freely. in 1400, amir temur's army fought against turkish sultan bayazid i and egyptian sultan faraj. in 1402, amir temur clashed with bayezid on march 2 near ankara and defeated him. amir temur left for china at the end of 1404. the winter of that year will be the worst winter in the history of central asia. the water of the syrdarya was frozen to 1 meter, most of the soldiers had cold ears, noses, and feet. temur also caught a cold and had to stop in o'tror. !on february 18, 405, temur dies in o'tror. references: 1. q. usmanov, m. sodikov, n. oblamurodov, history of uzbekistan: tashkent2002 2.history of the peoples of uzbekistan, tashkent-1992. 3. educational methodological complex, history of uzbekistan, denov-2020 4. babur zahiriddin muhammad, baburnoma, t., 1960; 5.temur tuzuklari [translated from persian by alikhontora soguni and habibullo karomatov], t., 1991; 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 political culture and youth issues sobir parmanov senior lecturer national university of uzbekistan abstract: this article presents a scientific analysis of the situation of the formation of youth political culture, the main factors and problems of its development. keywords: globalization, society, youth, political life, mentality, political consciousness, political culture, political process, political education to study and analyze the political culture of young people and develop appropriate theoretical conclusions: firstly, to identify in their minds and souls the state of relations to political processes in the process of globalization; secondly, theoretically to promote their desire and desire to actively participate in the political reforms carried out in our country; thirdly, to identify problems related to with the development of their political consciousness and political culture and allows them to promote proposals that serve to overcome them. it should be openly admitted that we cannot turn a blind eye to the fact that the vices inherited from totalitarianism have been preserved in the layers of our society. in our national consciousness, the issue of lameness in the issue of synchronization with the epoch is still visible. candidate of political sciences u. mukhamadiev analyzing two aspects inherent in our mentality. firstly, he noted that in our people, there is simultaneously respect for the authorities with a peculiar feeling of "fear; secondly, the psyche of reliance on ―traditions‖ is more prior in relation to political life than reliance on the law‖ [1, 25], he writes. the presence of such psychological barrier has a negative impact on the modernization processes. today, there are signs of an old-fashioned way of life and old-fashioned thinking in different strata of society, the preservation of stagnation. doctor of philosophy a. kadyrov, delving into the root of the issue, expresses his opinion in this way: "the cases of preservation of the remnants of the unitary state system, outdated leadership styles; strengthening of administrative and command (bureaucracy), familiarity, nepotism in the state apparatus; abuse of their position by senior officials; low level of consciousness and culture of citizens, their general level; the desire to finish every case with the help of bribes and extortion; insufficient attention to administrative functions lead to corruption‖ [2,115]. the problem is that such adverse phenomena and negative vices that hinder the development of society undermine the effectiveness and prestige of public policy.today, the topic of political culture and youth issues is becoming more and more relevant. the problem lies in the fact that in the conditions of the development of democratic values, ensuring freedom, citizens' rights, and their material well-being, the intellectual potential of young people increases, not decreases. the awareness of young people about political processes, the presence of certain views and ideas about the goals of the ongoing reforms and the processes of their implementation serves the sustainable development of the country. after all, young people who are aware of information, whose views and imagination are formed, at the cost of great difficulties, achieve the sense that positive changes are taking place in the life of society, and show increased interest in actively participating in processes. 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the reasons for the weak interest of some young people in political life and democratic processes are explained as following; market relations have affected all segments of the population, in particular the political consciousness and political culture of our youth, the desire to satisfy material needs, not spiritual ones, has intensified; there is an interest among young people in going abroad and earning money, whatever it may be; the internet, mobile phone, social networks have captured the minds and hearts of young people. mass culture penetrates into our country mainly through the internet. this circumstance brings a lot of troubles, such as a decrease in morality, respect for national and religious values. it is clear that such ―fashionable‖ elements are distributed through the internet, as young people dress shamelessly, draw pictures on their bodies, pierce their ears and noses and wear ―earrings‖, and girls dress like boys [3]. i must say that even today in uzbekistan, the internet has turned into a huge information space at a new stage in the development of society. it is the most effective and powerful means of forming an information culture of an individual, in which public opinion is reflected en masse and in various approaches, in this sense, the internet is a field for the formation of public opinion among the masses, decision-making and the formation of information culture. the future of our country is in the hands of young people. therefore, article 5 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on state youth policy" also cites as one of the main directions of state youth policy. these rules help to protect young people from actions that lead to violation of their moral foundations, from the ideas of terrorism and religious extremism, separatism, fundamentalism, violence and cruelty. meanwhile, it is also worth noting that all the requirements set out in the above legislation are equally applicable to the dissemination of information on the internet [4]. therefore, social activity of young people and their high scientific and innovative potential play an important role in globalization. in conditions where function democratic institutions, the participation of young people in the management of society is carried out in various directions: a) in labor collectives (regardless of the form of ownership); b) in non-productive spheres; c) in educational institutions; d) in mahallas; e) local self-government bodies; f) in various social groups, political parties or in action; and manifest themselves in the activities of various other non-church institutions existing in society. the formation of the individual takes place where evolution of the information culture at an objective pace against the background of fundamental changes in the socio-economic basis of society, reforms of the political system and public life of the country. on the one hand, objective reality requires scientific, political, economic, cultural information from the mass media system ,which are necessary for the development of society, and on the other hand, it reflects the spiritual image of society, the ideological landscape and the worldview of people, moreover, it becomes the main task of the mass media. in this case, firstly, it is evident that the implementation of an individual's information culture in the dialectical process also has a subjective basis. secondly, the formation and rise of the information culture of the individual occurs in connection with the process of further deepening of democratic reforms and the creation of civic significance in our country. it will be necessary to prevent the alienation of youth political culture from the values and spirituality inherent in our people, and to pay more attention to the role of national spiritual values in the political culture of citizens, especially young people. because in the global information space, young people are forcibly alienated from national and spiritual values, turning them into ―mangroves without a homeland‖ [5, 93]. it should be noted that national and spiritual values are an essential factor in the formation of an individual's information culture. at this stage, the information threats that are increasingly 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us growing at the present time require an analysis of the purpose, nature and objectives of the destructive impact of the individual on the information culture. information threats are aimed at forming a crowd of people deprived of identity through a negative impact on the social consciousness of a person. the youth of uzbekistan participates in the political, social, economic and spiritual life of society associated with the activities of various people, socio-political groups. at the same time, they get the opportunity to see their individual rights in harmony with the rights and freedoms of other people and to be aware of them. "as people participate in the governance of society, a political culture is becoming more and more popular, aimed at fully taking into account the fact that the governance of society is consistent with democratic principles, that it is important that their rights are in a state of consensus, and not contradict the rights of other people," says the doctor of political sciences sciences b.omonov. he also mentioned that this corresponds to the laws of general democratic development. citizens' participation in democratic processes is not a rigid, unchanging situation. it tends to constantly develop and requires patient, satisfaction, enlightenment, when situations of mutual cooperation, agreement and mutual disagreements arise between all citizens‖ [6, 153]. consequently, increasing political activity, increasing the legal culture and legal awareness of our students is a requirement of the time. professor s. otamuratov raises an urgent question about the role of political education in raising political culture. in our opinion, this opinion is considered quite reasonable and logical. because political education proceeds from the needs of the development of political consciousness and political culture in the life of society. professor said: "if they do not develop, the laws that will be adopted will remain only in vain. in this sense, "political education" can be considered as a factor influencing the development of political consciousness and political culture. in the second aspect, at the same time, we can say that it is a form of education that creates a balance of these extremely complex factors in political processes‖ [7,105]. indeed, the professor introduces this concept into scientific circulation for the first time. at the same time, he gives the following definition of the concept: "political education can be understood as the political activity of state institutions, political parties, public organizations aimed at the balanced development of political consciousness and political culture of citizens, the orientation of relations between these institutions and citizens for the common good, a person's awareness of his "ego" as a political being" [7, 106). it leads to conclusion that the role of political education in the development of youth political culture is invaluable. it is no secret that the political consciousness and political culture of some uzbek young people are lagging behind today's ever-growing needs. for example, from our conversations with students studying in educational institutions,such as schools, lyceums, universities, it becomes clear that when some of them were asked the questions such as ― what is state and individual?‖, what is ―democracy and the media?‖, what is it for, how many public organizations or mahallas exist in uzbekistan or how political consciousness and political culture are formed?‖, unfortunately, we witnessed the inability to give an unambiguous answer. we believe that it is necessary for all young people to be aware of the local and foreign policy pursued in the country. in particular, in the context of globalization, when external evil forces are trying to involve young people in political processes in various ways and means, the development of their political consciousness and political culture is a requirement of the time. list of literature: 1. mukhammadiev u. the problem of interaction of political culture and national spirituality in uzbekistan. ink. science. name. dis. abstract. – t.: 2002. – p. 25. 2. kadyrov a. philosophy of politics. – t.: tdyui, 2005. – p. 115. 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. narzullaev o. protection of youth from information attacks and ideological threats on the internet.http://fitrat.uz/protection young people from information attacks and threats on the internet/ 4. article 5 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on state youth policy", https://www . lex.uz/acts/3026246 5. haidarov a. human perfection and national-spiritual values. -t.: editor, 2008. p.93 . 6. omonov b.a. conceptual foundations of modernization of society. – t.: communicator, 2019. p.153 7. otamuratov s. factors of development of youth political culture.—t.: 0'zbekistan, 2015.p.105 88 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 theoretical foundations of the development of social infrastructure alimova munisa yulchievna karshi engineering and economic institute, assistant at the department of innovative economics abstract: this article is dedicated to the theoretical foundations of social infrastructure services that affect the quality and improvement of the standard of living of the population. the article describes the composition of the elements of social infrastructure and their classification. keywords: social infrastructure, standard of living of the population, social sphere, economics of the social sphere. introduction. the development of social infrastructure and thus the improvement of the standard of living of the population throughout the world is considered one of the important directions of the social policy of the state. especially in the process of urbanization, this figure is increasing day by day, and scientists have set themselves the goal of improving the welfare of rural residents. particular attention is paid to the development of social infrastructure and the development of innovative management strategies aimed at increasing economic and social efficiency, improving the system for training qualified and competitive personnel, ensuring the well-being of the population, especially education, healthcare, and personal services. according to international organizations, today in foreign countries about a third of the state budget is spent on the development of the social sphere [1]. at the present stage of development of social infrastructure all over the world, in the usa, japan, south korea, the people's republic of china, european countries, the management structures of social infrastructure sectors, its target areas of development and content are of great importance. systemic reforms are being carried out in the world economy to further improve the organizational and managerial structure of social infrastructure on an innovative basis, to develop mechanisms for the effective organization of educational policy, housing and public services and healthcare for the rural population. in particular, in the republic of uzbekistan, on the basis of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 30, 2022 no. pp-465 “on measures to develop the social and industrial infrastructure of the republic of uzbekistan in 2023-2025”, the implementation of the tasks identified in the development strategy of new uzbekistan, in the regions in particular, guidelines have been developed for the further development of social and industrial infrastructure in microdistricts, as well as for improving the living standards of the population and creating a favorable investment environment for entrepreneurs [2]. in modern conditions, one of the main goals of research work is to study the specific scientific and 89 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodological foundations of the subjects of social infrastructure, determine their main directions, develop strategies for economic development, comprehensive integral assessment, literature analysis.social infrastructures in the world economy and their development are widely covered in the studies of foreign scientists such as j. schumpeter, m. porter, a. reisberg, p. dowling, r. kaplan, d. norton, p. drucker and others. in the works of economists from cis countries n. arbuzova, s. g. vazhenin, a. i. gavrilov, a. g. granberg, a. d. eremenko, n. n. nekrasov, a. g. sinelnikova, y.t. toshenko theoretical and practical problems of the development of social infrastructure . the development of social infrastructure is also covered among economists from uzbekistan gulyamova s., yuldosheva n., shodmonova sh., rasulova a., sharifkhojaeva m., goyibnazarova b., zainutdinova sh., sharipova a., salimova b., mukhitdinova kh., khamraeva s., they conducted a number of studies on theoretical and practical problems related to social infrastructure. directions for the development of social infrastructure have been widely studied in the scientific studies of the above-mentioned foreign and domestic scientists. research methodology. in the research work on the development of social infrastructure, a number of methods were used, including a monographic study, a comparative analysis of foreign experience, the results of a monographic analysis were studied on the basis of economic methods, such as analysis and synthesis, systematic analysis. the content and essence of the directions of socio-economic transformations carried out in the sectors of the economy of the republic of uzbekistan and the provision of social services to the population, based on the laws of the republic of uzbekistan, resolutions of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, are also studied. the article studied the works of the president of the republic of uzbekistan and his decrees and resolutions. analysis and main results. in today's digital economy and fierce competition, big changes are taking place in the field of social services, which is considered one of the most important parts of the economy. in particular, the subjects of the social services market are household services, education, healthcare, physical culture and sports, culture and art, social security, trade and public catering, transport, housing and communal services and other industries, the rapid development of a socially oriented market economy in our republic indicates that it is being formed. the creation of infrastructure is inextricably linked with material production, and its development creates new types of production and activities in the service and integrated industries. an increase in the productivity of social labor in the sphere of social production releases a large amount of resources in society for the provision of services to the population. the creation of infrastructure means the development of productive forces in society, as a result of which the internal economic community of its constituent industries is determined by the fulfillment of certain tasks. figure 1 below shows the structure of social infrastructure and this can be used to find out their importance for improving the standard of living of the population. 90 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure #1. structure of social infrastructure the development of social infrastructure serves to achieve the main goals of the socio-economic development of society: the social equality of society and the comprehensive development of the individual. for this, the tasks of the social infrastructure are defined. considering that social infrastructure includes social-household and social-wwecfef spiritual infrastructure, we understand that it is not easy to manage its development. in this regard, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for the development and management of social infrastructure, especially for the rural population. this is due to complex processes. it is no secret that social infrastructure facilities in the course of their activities not only produce goods, but also provide services. their activities are mainly aimed at improving the living standards of the population, the reproduction of the labor force [3]. indicators for assessing the level of development of the social infrastructure of our region should take into account the main tasks of social policy aimed at improving the quality of life of the population, increasing its well-being and longevity, forming and restoring a healthy, creatively active generation. this means, first of all, meeting the needs of the population in quality housing, raising the level and quality of social infrastructure development, creating a cultural sphere of human life, improving environmental living and working conditions; increase labor productivity; this is reflected in the systematic assessment of such indicators as the creation of guarantees of social protection for all groups of the population, including youth and pensioners [4]. for example, horizontal integration is carried out by social infrastructure entities in order to increase market share and concentration efficiency and deepen specialization, while vertical integration includes the creation of new service structures, the addition of existing ones and similar activities. in the structure of the regional social infrastructure that we are implementing, as mentioned above, we analyze the activities of healthcare, education, housing and communal services, landscaping, employment and many other service entities aimed at improving the living standards of the population. the population is united. according to our analysis, the volume of services provided in the republic of uzbekistan is increasing every year [5]. in the context of regions, the largest share falls on the city of tashkent, tashkent and samarkand regions (table 1). 91 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. the volume of services rendered by regions in uzbekistan, billion soums 1 regions years 2021 compared to 2017 (+,-) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 the republic of uzbekistan 118 811.0 150,889.8 193,697.8 219 978.5 284 165.4 165354.4 karakalpakstan 3611.3 4600.2 5671.8 6520.3 8458.4 4847.1 andijan 6,627.2 8011.5 9,803.8 11413.0 14,636.3 8009.1 bukhara 5421.1 6,631.6 8413.2 9,843.1 12,574.1 7153 jizzah 2530.8 3,283.2 4305.1 5,024.7 6,395.6 3864.8 kashkadarya 5,859.7 7064.1 8,800.9 10,349.5 12,823.8 6964.1 navoiy 3,068.4 3925.6 5,056.2 5,840.5 7459.6 4391.2 namangan 4999.2 6,067.7 7,747.6 8928.6 11,619.5 6620.3 samarkand 8343.2 10,043.5 12,786.8 14,086.1 18,259.0 9915.8 surkhandarya 4485.5 6,079.6 6981.9 8,013.9 10,387.4 5901.9 sirdarya 1603.8 2031.4 2,726.8 3303.0 4,183.1 2579.3 tashkent region 9347.4 11,292.9 14,568.4 16,438.3 21,197.4 11850 fergana 7602.2 9,237.9 11,684.1 13,694.4 17,411.8 9809.6 chorasmus 3645.5 4562.8 5,763.3 6461.2 8325.8 4680.3 tashkent 38,659.9 50,176.2 65,759.2 79,879.3 106,502.8 67842.9 as can be seen from the data of table 1 above, the volume of service provision in the republic of uzbekistan in 2021 amounted to 284,165.4 billion soums, which increased by 165,354.4 billion soums compared to 2017. in particular, in the republic of karakalpakstan in 2021 8458.4 billion soums, 4847.1 billion more than in 2017, in andijan region 14 636.3 billion soums, 8009.1 billion more than in 2017, in bukhara region 12 574.1 billion .soums, 7153 billion soums more than in 2017, 6,395.6 billion soums in jizzakh region, 3864.8 billion soums more than in 2017, 12,823.8 billion soums in kashkadarya region, 6964.1 billion soums more than in 2017 and in the city of tashkent, many services were performed in the amount of 106,502.8 billion soums, 67,842.9 billion soums compared to 2017 [6]. conclusions and offers. the social sphere is a specific system that reflects the priorities of state policy in the areas of education, culture, health care, pensions, housing and communal services, physical culture and sports, household and social protection, guaranteeing the sum of all conditions of human life, material and spiritual benefits. as a result of the production and consumption of these services, the opportunities for the formation of spiritually rich and physically healthy people will expand. however, as a result of the research, we were convinced that the use of services in urban and regional centers is 3-4 times more than in remote villages of the regions, which does not allow raising the standard of living of the population. in our opinion, the development of social infrastructure for the rural population should be a paramount task at the heart of our reforms. despite the ongoing socio-economic reforms in uzbekistan and the implementation of legal and organizational measures, many problems in the development of the market for services in the socio-cultural sphere in the regions are waiting for their solution. we have studied from foreign experience that the position of the economic potential of this sector is much lower in our country than in foreign countries, and we found that there are problems in this sector. the main of these problems are: 1 stat.uz 92 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  the sphere of social services is mainly financed from the state budget and a favorable business environment has not been formed;  lack of a marketing service in the provision of social services to the population;  the cost of buildings and structures, modern equipment necessary for conducting activities is very expensive, which hinders the formation of entrepreneurial activity in the social sphere;  there is a lack of methodological foundations for solving the prospective development of private entrepreneurship in the social sphere, as well as the lack of an effective mechanism for improving property relations. the solution of these problems will open wide opportunities for the development of the social sphere of the economy and the service market of uzbekistan. references. 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 30, 2022 no. pp-465 “on measures to develop the social and industrial infrastructure of the republic of uzbekistan for 2023-2025”. 2. http://mirznanii.com/a/257730/rol-promyshlennosti-v-mirovomkhozyaystve;www.wb.org;https://stud-files.net/ 3. khamraeva s., ochilova n. analysis of factors to increase the efficiency of the use of peasant farms and the land of the field //e3s web of conferences. – edp sciences, 2023. – т. 392. – с. 01048. 4. khamraeva s.n., samieva g.t. izhtimoiy soha iktisodiyoti. – darslik, tashkent, 2022, 465 bet 5. methodological bases for assessing the level of innovative development of agriculture and its service infrastructure activitiessn khamraeva, my alimova journal of contemporary issues in business and …, 2021 6. ochilova, n. a. economic performance of dehkan farms in kashkadarya region. gwalior management academy, 117. 7. samiyeva, gt (2022). the main socio-economic task employment of the population and ways to solve unemployment. "onlineconference" platform, 84–91. retrieved fromhttp://papers.onlineconferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/849 8. samiyeva, gt (2022). the most important aspects of studying the living standards of the population.academic journal of digital economics and stability,volume 16, april 2022, pages 79-83 9. samiyeva, gulnoza tokhirovna, and b.i. xaydarov. "the importance of self-employment and self-reliance in improving the well-being of the population self-employment." journal of marketing and emerging economics 2.5 (2022): 36-41. 10. scientific and theoretical foundations of social infrastructure development 11. sn khamraeva, my alimova journal of marketing and emerging economics, 2022 12. очилова, н. (2023). деҳқон хўжаликлари ва аҳолининг томорқа ерларида маҳсулот етиштириш самарадорлигини ошириш истиқболлари. the innovation economy, 1(02), 53-61. 13. akramovna, o. n. (2021). scientific basis for increasing the efficiency of cultivation of crops on the lands of farms and the population. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(2), 1297-1304. http://mirznanii.com/a/257730/rol-promyshlennosti-v-mirovom-khozyaystve;www.wb.org;https:/stud-files.net/ http://mirznanii.com/a/257730/rol-promyshlennosti-v-mirovom-khozyaystve;www.wb.org;https:/stud-files.net/ https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=6182645434101872342&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=6182645434101872342&btni=1&hl=ru http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/849 http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/849 https://economics.academicjournal.io/index.php/economics/index https://economics.academicjournal.io/index.php/economics/issue/view/17 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=7221574411054080220&btni=1&hl=ru 93 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. ochilova, n. a. economic performance of dehkan farms in kashkadarya region. gwalior management academy, 117. 15. akramovna, o. n. (2021). management of farming and horticultureand their economic efficiency. academic journal of digital economics and stability, 582-586. 16. mirzakulovna, i. m., & safarovich, k. z. (2022). dependence of birth type on live weight and body dimensions in black korakola lambs. periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities, 11, 77-80. 17. bazarova, d., & klichev, z. (2022). maturity characteristics of karakul breed lambs. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture, 1(4), 23-24. 18. khamdamovna, j. s., & klichev, z. (2022). correct organization of driving in karakul subjects. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(5), 6-8. 19. popova, v. v., & safarovich, k. z. (2022). feeding level of ewets in different physiological conditions. international journal on orange technologies, 4(3), 71-74. 20. nabiyev, d., anopchenko, t., cherepovitsyn, a., & ochilov, a. (2023). directions of influence of higher education parameters on economic growth in uzbekistan. the innovation economy, 1(01), 98-108. 386-388 tarbiyaning maqsad va vazifalari 386 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 tarbiyaning maqsad va vazifalari mahmudova nigora hikmatovna osiyo xalqaro universiteti o‘qituvchisi annotatsiya: tarbiya maqsadi va mazmuni metodlarni to‘g‘ri tanlashga imkon beradi. maqsad qanday bo‘lsa, unga erishish metedlari unga muvofiq bo‘lishi zarur. tarbiyaning mazmunini shaxsning shakllanishiga qo‘yiluvchi, ijtimoiy talablar mohiyatidan iborat. unutmaslik kerakki,aynan bitta vazifa turli xil fikrlar bilan to‘ldirilgan bolishi mumkin. shuning uchun metodlarni umuman mazmun bilan emas balki aniq fikr bilan bog‘lash g’oyat muhimdir. tarbiyalanuvchilarning yosh xususiyatlari. tarbiya jarayonida tarbiyalanuvchilorning yosh xususiyatlarini inobataga olish maqsadga muvofiqdir. yosh xususiyatlari muayyan bir yosh davriga xos bo‘lgan anatomik, fiziologik va psixologik xususiyatlaridir. kalit so’zlar: tarbiya, jamiyat, ijtimoiy hayot, maqsad, pedagog, inson kapitali,faoliyat, ta’lim, mas’uliyat, shaxs, maqsad, muhit va munosabat. taribiyaning maqsadi umumiy vazifalari, tor manodagi tarbiya, keng ma'nodagi tarbiya, tarbiya tamoyillari tarbiya usullari, tarbiya vositalari. tarbiya pedagogikadagi asosiy tushunchalardan biri hisoblanadi. jamiyat va pedagogikaning tarixiy rivoji davomida ushbu kategoriyani tushuntirishga turlicha yondashuvlar yuzaga keldi. eng avvalo, keng va tor ma'nodagi tarbiya farqlanadi. keng ma'noda tarbiya: shaxsga jamiyatning tasir etishi, ijtimoiy hodisa sifatida qaraladi. tor ma'nodagi tarbiya, pedagogik jarayon sharoitida ta'lim maqsadini amalga oshirish uchun pedagog va tarbiyalanuvchilarning maxsus tashkil etilgan faoliyati tushuniladi. jamiyat azolarining maqsadga yo‘naltirilgan rivojlanishi hamda ularning qator ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun shart-sharoitlar yaratish jamiyat rivoji uchun zarur bolgan ijtimoiy madaniyatga mos yetarlicha hajmdagi ,,inson kapitali" ni tayyorlash madaniyatlarni kuzatib turish orqali ijtimoiy hayotning barqarorligini taminlash malum jins, yoshi ijtimoiy-kasbiy guruhlarning qiziqishlarini hisobga olgan holda va ijtimoiy munosabatlar doirasida jamiyat a’zolarining harakatini tartibga solish . tarbiya jarayonida tarbiyalanivchilarning yosh xususiyatlarini inobatga olish maqsadga muofiqdir. yosh xususiyatlari muayyan bir yosh davriga hos bulgan anotamik, fiziologik va psixologik xususuyatlardir. masalan; mas’uliyat tuyg’usini boshlangich ta'lim, o’rta ta'lim va o’rta mahsus, kasb-hunar ta'limi muassasalarida ta'lim olayotgan o’quvchilarda ham shakllantirish mumkin. biroq har bir bosqichda maskur sifatni shakillantirish borasida turli metodlar qo’llaniladi. tarbiyaning mazmuni shahsning shakllanishiga qo‘yiluvchi ijtimoiy talablar, mohiyatidan iborat. unutmaslik kerakki, aynan bitta vazifa turli xil fikrlar bilan to‘ldirilgan bo‘lishi mumkin. shuning uchun metodlarni umuman mazmun bilan emas balki aniq fikr bilan boglash g’oyat muhimdir. ta’lim tarbiya jarayonining izchil, uzluksiz, tizimli hamda intilishi aniq ijtimoiy maqsad asosida tashkil etilishi mazkur jarayonda fanlar aro aloqadorlik, shuningdek, dunyoqarashni shakllantirishda samarali sanaluvchi barcha mavjud omillarning, birligiga tayangan holda ish ko‘rish ko‘zlangan maqsadga erishishning kafolatidir. 387 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us o’quvchilar odatda hayot adabiyotlardan olingan aniq misollar bilan boyitilgan hikoyalarini katta qiziqish bilan tinglaydilar. ularga axloq me'yorlari, xalq o‘tmishi, tabiiy boyliklar, qahromonlar hayoti va jasorati shuningdek tarix, adabiyot, san'at haqida hikoya qilib berish mumkin. badiiy adabiyot namunalari shuningdek, ommaviy axborot vositalari radio televidenie, gazeta jurnallar sahifalarida hamda internet matbuotida e'lon qilingan ma'lumotlar ham o’quvchilar uchun qimmatli material bo‘lib xizmat qiladi o‘quvchilar o‘zlariga yaqin kishilarning xulq atvoriga taqlid qiladilar, xulq atvorlar bolalarda yaxshi sifatlarning ba'zan, esa, yomon sifatlarning ham tarkib topishiga ta'sir ko‘rsatadi. shuning uchun o’qtuvchi va ota-onalar har, qanday holatda ham o‘zlarini tuta bilishlari kerak. ular qayerda bo‘lishmasin, atroflarida bolalar borligini his etishlari lozimdir. kattalarning so‘zi bilan yurish turishi va xattiharakatlarida tafovut bo‘lmasligi kerak. tarbiya vaqti qachonki vaqt kam, maqsad esa katta bo‘lsa, "kuchli harakatga keltiradigan" metodlar qo‘llaniladi, qulay sharoitlarda esa, tarbiyaning oddiy metodlaridan foydalaniladi. tarbiyani ,,kuchli harakatga keltiradigan" va ,,oddiy’’ metodlarga bolinishi shart: birinchisi tanbih berish va majbur qilish bilan, ikkinchisi nasihat qilish va doimiy o’rgatish bilan bog’liq. kutiladigan natija. metodni tanlayotganda tarbiyasida muvoffaqqiyatga erishishga nisbatan ishonch bulishi kerak. buning uchun qllanilayotgan metod qanday natijaga olib kelishini oldindan ko‘ra bilish kerak tarbiya jarayonining jamiyat taraqiyatidagi roli nihoyatda beqiyosdir. mutafakkir olim abu nasr farobiy ta'lim tarbiyaning asosiy vazifasi jamiyat talablariga javob bera oladi. shu jamiyat uchun hizmat qiladigan yilik, insonni tarbiya lashdaniborat deb biladi. jamiyat taraqqiyotida muhim o‘rin egallagan insonni tarbiyalash, uni bilim olishga, mehnat qilishga undash va bu hatti harakatini sekin-asta ko‘nikmaga aylantirib borish lozim. insonning mushohada qilishi qobilyatni tarbiyalaydi va aqilni peshlaydi. aql ongni saqlaydi. ong va ma'naviy manbaga aylanadi. shu tarzda asta sekin takomillashib, komillikka erishib boradi. ammo buning uchun tarbiyachi va tarbiyalanuvchilardan uzoq davom etadigan mas'uliyat, sharafli mehnat va qunt, irodani talab etadi. tarbiyaning samarali bo‘lishi ko‘p jihatdan jamiyatdagi ijtimoiy insitutlarning rivojlanishiga bogliq. ma'naviy, va insoniy sifatlarning shakllanishida oiladagi, atrofdagi, jamiyatdagi muhit va munosabat muhim o‘rin egallaydi. bolalarda taqlidchanlik hususiyati mavjudligi tufayli ularni tarbiyalashda ota-onaning ongi, ma'naviyati, bilimi, tarbiyalanganligi muhim ahamiyatga egadir. references 1. ermatov, f., & haydarov, s. (2021). tarix fanini o'qitishda 1870-1914 yillarda angliyaning o'rganilishi. scientific progress, 1 (6). 2. bag‘dodning tanazzulga yuz tutishi. scientific progress, 1 (6). 3. ro'zmetov, j., & haydarov, s. (2021). tarixni o'rganishda sosoniylar davlatining o'rni va ahamiyati. scientific progress, 1 (6). 4. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 5. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 6. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 7. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida boshlang‘ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o ‘qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 8. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. 388 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 9. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 10. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 11. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 12. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 13. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 14. tursunova, z. (2023). using innovative and interactive methods in native language and reading literacy classes. modern science and research, 2(10), 777-779. 15. лукмонова, с. (2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. 144 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the confinement of the knowledge economy: consequences for economic stagnation and inequality turayeva malika khikmatovna djuraeva makhzuna azamovna samarkand state architectural and civil engineering university abstract: in the article basics factors of restriction of the knowledge economy and its reason are described. on the other hand, close connection of economy knowledge and society, the importance of knowledge economy are noted. keywords: confinement, economic stagnation, economic inequality, redressing the sources, redressing the sources, demoralizing, demoralizing. introduction the confinement of the knowledge economy has momentous consequences for the economy and the society. today it has become the single most important cause of both economic stagnation and economic inequality. to overcome this confinement by moving in the direction of an inclusive vanguardism would be to reignite accelerated growth and to begin redressing the sources of extreme inequality in the hierarchical segmentation of the economy. the most advanced practice of production may not be the most efficient in its early manifestations. however, it is the one with the best chance of reaching and the frontier of productivity and staying at it. to acquiesce in its confinement to fringes within each sector of the economy is to deny the vast majority of workers and firms the level of productivity that our technical achievements have already made possible but that our economic and social arrangements have failed to make available to ordinary workers. moreover, the most advanced practice of production is historically the one with the greatest power to inspire imitation and change in the rest of the economy. to allow it to remain the prerogative of a technological and entrepreneurial elite is to deprive the rest of the economy of its greatest potential source of direction and inspiration. it is as if we had decoupled the locomotive from the rest of the train. the effect of this failure is all the more startling and demoralizing if as happens with the knowledge economy the advanced practice has no intrinsic relation to any particular sector and has in fact gained a foothold in many sectors, though always as fringe. one of the most significant and least obvious ways in which confinement contributes to stagnation is by its effect on the vanguard itself, even in those parts of the production system and the labor force in which this vanguardism thrives. if it is true that a practice of production develops and reveals its potential only as it adapts to a broad range of circumstances, then the insular form of the practice will also be likely to be misunderstood even by its own agents and beneficiaries. it will be easily mistaken for its most superficial or accidental characteristics, such as those that marked the hightechnology industries and regions in which it first appeared. unlike mass production before it, it will lack an accepted theory or doctrine endowing it with a canonical form and a widely 145 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us accepted significance. it will be at once fashionable and obscure. the consequences for inequality are no less significant. the insularity of the knowledge economy, and its relative poverty of jobs, deepen the hierarchical segmentation of the economy. an increasing proportion of wealth is produced by a diminishing part of the labor force. what i have labeled hyper-insularity aggravates this tendency. the job structure associated with massproduction industry and its counterpart in services gets broken up into two pieces. the larger piece is composed of lower-wage jobs in services rendered in the domestic market and in conventional manufacturing work carried out in countries that offer the cheapest labor and the lowest taxes. they may offer work in the leftover of declining mass production, remaining viable only at the cost of low returns to labor and a low take. or they may offer work in a variant of mass-production manufacture that has become the sidekick of the mega-firms of the knowledge economy, as they learn how to routinize parts of their production process and assign the commoditized parts of their business to the sidekick firms, often in faraway places. the second piece of the new labor market is the privileged one: the relatively small number of jobs established in the recesses of the genuine and exclusive knowledge economy. in the wake of the continuous decline of mass production and its reduction to leftover or sidekick, there results what has been described as the "hollowing out of the middle of the job structure." progressive taxation and redistributive social entitlements can be effective in moderating inequality generated by the established arrangements of the market economy so long as inequality does not become too extreme. beyond an ill-defined threshold, the structural realities overwhelm the corrective measures. corrective redistribution on either the revenue-raising side of the budget (progressive taxation) or the spending side (redistributive social entitlements and transfers) would need to be become massive to compensate for the vast disparities generated by the chasm between the vanguards and the rearguards of production. long before it reached that point, corrective redistribution would begin to clash with established economic institutions and incentives and to exact a price in foregone economic growth that would be widely regarded as intolerable. it is one thing for progressive taxation -one side of corrective distribution to extend the logic of established arrangements; it is another thing for it to contradict that logic. in this latter, humanizing role, it can make a decisive difference only by going very far toward overturning the market-determined outcomes and disorganizing the economy. no wonder, it is almost never allowed to go that far. it is stopped long before. the more promising route is to organize a different market economy, one that generates less inequality and more widely distributed stakes, instruments, capabilities, and opportunities in the first place. a high tax take will be needed to fund the state that such a reconstruction of the market order requires: a state that is able to invest in people and their capabilities as well as in the physical infra-structure of production, to sponsor the costliest and most radical technological innovations, and to partner, to that end, with emergent or established private enterprise in return for stakes in their future. similar reasoning applies to the other side of corrective redistribution: social entitlements and transfers. they will always be insufficient to compensate for the stark inequalities rooted in chasms between the advanced and backward parts of the production system. their more compelling and effective use is of a different order: they can do a great deal to form people who are unafraid and capable enough to become the agents of a changed economy. in this respect, we would continue in a different different register most important accomplishment of 20th-century social democracy: its massive investment in people and their capabilities, paradoxically financed by the regressive and indirect taxation of consumption. we would do so while overcoming the greatest limitations of historical social democracy: its abandonment of the effort to innovation in the institutional arrangements of the market and of democracy, its lack of a progressive approach to the supply side of the economy, its single-minded emphasis on corrective redistribution rather than on change in the arrangements determining the primary distribution of economic advantage, and its subordination of the ideal of a shared empowerment in both economic and political life to attempt to the humanization of a largely untransformed economic regime. 146 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if our aim is to connect the logic of economic growth with a movement toward inclusion and greater equality of opportunities, capabilities, and stakes, the chief way to reach it is not through after-the-fact correction -the effort to humanize an economic order that we despair of reimagining and reshaping. it is to reimagine and to reshape that order. instead of the fantastical wholesale substitution of the established economic regime by an imaginary, readymade alternative, we need cumulative structural change, undertaken piece by piece and step by step. in such an endeavor, no task is more important than to confront the inequality-aggravating effects of the present confinement of the most advanced practice of production. three propositions summarize and begin to explain the comparative fiscal experience of the richest economies of today with respect to inequality. although these principles are relatively simple and straightforward and supported by what is now long and dense experience across a wide array of different circumstances, they remain largely alien to the discourse of social democracy and social liberalism -the most characteristic projects of governing elites in the north-atlantic countries of the present. the first proposition is that initiatives influencing the institutional arrangements that organize access to economic and education opportunity and capability, and consequently shape the primary distribution of advantage, are what matters most to the future of inequality. they overshadow everything that can be accomplished by way of after-the-fact redistribution through progressive taxation and redistributive entitlements and transfers. today the chief locus of the contest over the anchoring of inequality in economic arrangements is the struggle over the future of the most advanced, knowledge-deep practice of production: whether it is to remain confined to insular vanguards, as the province of an entrepreneurial and technological elite, or to set its mark on the entire economy. summing up all facts above it should be highlighted that in every moment of economic history there is a most advanced practice of production. it may not be, when it first appears and begins to spread, the most efficient practice: the one that achieves the greatest output relative to the inputs required to make it. it is, however, the most promising practice: the one with the greatest potential to stay at the frontier of productivity, having reached it, and to inspire change across the economy. it possesses, in higher measure than rival practices of production, the attributes of fecundity and versatility, assuming varied forms in different settings. the study of the most advanced practice of production is the most rewarding source of insight into the workings of the economy and its possible futures because the most advanced practice is the variant of economic activity that most fully reveals our powers. just as the most advanced practice changes over time, as one most advanced practice succeeds another, so does our conception of what makes a practice more advanced than its predecessors also shift. in the light of the most advanced practice of our time, we change ideas about how economies do and can work. references: 1. roberto mangabeira unger. the knowledge economy. https://www.oecd.org/naec/the-knowledge-economy.pdf 2. komilova mukammal shavkatovna abdixoliqov jamshid abdixalilovich. "use of marketing strategy as a factor of increasing the competitiveness of construction enterprises." international journal of advanced research in education, technology and management 2.3 (2023). 3. komilova, m. sh. "o’zbekistonda investitsiya salohiyatini oshirish yo’llari." евразийский журнал академических исследований 2.3 (2022): 575-584. 4. sh, komilova m. "raqamli iqtisodiyotning tizimli rivojlanishida boshqaruv uslublarining o’rni." journal of marketing, business and management 1.5 (2022): 53-57. 5. жуманов, ш. н., м. ш. комилова, and а. х. ташимов. "“маркетинг” фанини ўқитишдаги инновациялар ва илғор педагогик технологияларининг aҳамияти." экономика и социум 4-1 (107) (2023): 147 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 586-589. 6. komilova, mukammal shavkatovna, and jamshid abdikhalilovich abdikholikov. "the role of employees in ensuring the labor potential of enterprises." academic research in educational sciences 3.11 (2022): 481-484. 7. shavkatovna, komilova mukammal, and shernazarov temurbek tulkinovich. "improvement of activities of housing and utilities in the republic of uzbekistan." world bulletin of management and law 22 (2023): 2527. 8. shavkatovna, komilova mukammal, and abdixoliqov jamshid abdixalilovich. "the role of employees in ensuring the labor potential of enterprises." ijtimoiy fanlarda innovasiya onlayn ilmiy jurnali 2.12 (2022): 135-137. 9. musakulovna, rakhmonova feruza, komilova mukammal shavkatovna, and shernazarov temurbek tulkinovich. "use of marketing concepts in the activity of organizations in the conditions of forming an innovative economy." world economics and finance bulletin 17 (2022): 55-56. 157 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the improvement perspectives of the institute of legislative initiative in republic of uzbekistan khayitjon turdiev, ph.d associate professor of tashkent state university of law abstract: the most basic social relations in society are regulated by laws. the process of creating a law begins with the implementation of a legislative initiative. according to kh.t.odilkoriev, the legislative process is a sum of the actions of the state supreme representative body aimed at creating new laws, making additions and changes to the existing laws, as well as repealing outdated laws in accordance with the procedure established by the constitution, determining relations that need to be regulated by law, includes the preparation of the bill, its discussion and adoption 1 . according to m. najimov and sh. saidullaev, "law-making as a component of law-making is manifested as a complex process carried out on the basis of the supreme legislative authority of the state or a national referendum” 2 . proposals for the adoption of a specific law, as well as for amending or repealing the current law, are constantly submitted to the parliament by the competent bodies defined in the constitution. based on the proposal of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.mirziyoev to reform the institution of the right of legislative initiative at the meeting with the members of the constitutional commission, the institution of "introduction of legislative proposals" was introduced in article 98 of the updated constitution. according to it, not less than one hundred thousand citizens with the right to vote, the senate of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, the human rights representative (ombudsman) of the oliy majlis, and the central election commission were designated as the entities that submit legislative proposals to the legislative chamber. the institution of legislative proposal is a type of legislative initiative, which is the right of authorized entities to propose the main idea or concept of a future law, which will later become a bill in the legislative chamber. there are distinct differences between the right to initiate legislation and the right to introduce legislative proposals. the right of legislative initiative includes a specific draft law that is, the text of the future law, which includes all components (preamble, articles, etc.) and complies with the structural requirements. the right of legislative initiative is the submission of a proposal to the parliament by authorized bodies and persons for the adoption of a draft law and the adoption of an appropriate decision to consider it in the prescribed manner. in accordance with the procedure of the right of legislative 1 odilkoriev h.t. constitution and civil society. t.: sharq, 2002. p.250. 2 najimov m.k., saydullayev sh.a. legislative technique. study guide. revised and completed 2nd edition. t.: tsul, 2009. p. 34. 158 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us initiative, a draft law and documents attached to it are submitted to the legislative chamber by subjects. a legislative proposal is a concept in which only the idea of the future law is expressed, not all procedures. in a legislative proposal, not a draft law, but the basic concept of a future law is proposed by authorized entities. by introducing the institution of introducing legislative proposals and expanding the range of subjects of legislative initiatives, the share of laws in the system of regulatory legal documents will increase, the number of subordinate documents will be reduced, the problems in society and legislation will be solved in time by developing draft laws in a timely manner, and the people will be directly involved in law-making. creates conditions 3 . in a democratic state, law-making is important in expanding the participation of citizens in the management of public affairs. in this regard, article 98 of the updated constitution strengthened the right of at least 100,000 eligible citizens to submit legislative proposals to the legislative chamber in the legislative initiative procedure. in the experience of foreign countries, the right of citizens to initiate legislation is provided for in the constitutions of austria, spain, italy, switzerland and a number of other countries. their general requirement is that the signatures of the appropriate number of voters are collected to introduce the draft law based on the people's initiative. for example, signatures of 50,000 voters in switzerland, hungary, italy, 100,000 in poland, 500,000 in spain must be collected. as it can be seen, this institution is successfully used in the advanced experience of developed democratic countries and is considered a great democratic positive innovation in the national legislation. strengthening the institution of citizens' appeal to parliament with legislative proposals at the constitutional level has a positive effect on the constitutional principle of people's power. expanding the participation of citizens in the management of state affairs leads to the solution of systemic problems by the people as direct law makers through the improvement of legislation. it serves to solve various socio-economic issues related to the constitutional rights of citizens, and most importantly, as the initiator of reforms, people directly participate in making important decisions for the realization of their future, dreams and goals 4 . granting such a right to the human rights representative (ombudsman) of the oliy majlis serves to ensure and protect human rights in law-making. based on the appeals of the citizens, this body submitted 6 draft laws to the legislative chamber based on the right of legislative initiative by the deputies. in 2021, the human rights representative (ombudsman) sent 93 proposals on draft laws to the oliy majlis and the cabinet of ministers. secondly, granting such a right to the senate serves to eliminate legal gaps in the application of laws in the field of socio-economic development of regions. during the work of the senate, more than 40 relevant proposals on current laws have been submitted to the government. the institute of the right of legislative initiative of the upper houses of the parliament exists in countries such as spain, poland, and the czech republic. thirdly, granting the right to propose legislation to the central election commission of the republic of uzbekistan serves to improve the norms related to the election legislation. 3 bell e yosef. the legal supremacy of legislative initiatives in judicial proceedings: the israeli lesson international journal of constitutional law, volume 18, issue 3, october 2020, pages 965–987, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa069 published: 04 december 2020 4 anthony johnstone. the separation of legislative powers in the initiative process. nebraska law review, vol. 101, no. 125, 2022. 38 pages posted: 14 dec 2022. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4287968 159 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us determining the institution of introducing legislative proposals in the constitution serves to express the will of our people and citizens in the form of laws, socio-economic development of regions, to eliminate problems in the field of human rights, and most importantly, to create a system of timely prevention of legislative problems by increasing the number of subjects of the right of legislative initiative. the right of legislative initiative is an activity related to the submission of a proposal to the parliament on the adoption of a draft law, amendment or repeal of the current law by competent bodies and individuals in order to transform the will of the state and society into laws 5 . according to the constitution, the president, the republic of karakalpakstan, deputies of the legislative chamber, the cabinet of ministers, the constitutional court, the supreme court, and the prosecutor general have the right to initiate legislation. in this case, it is important that each subject implements this right based on his activities and powers. therefore, article 98 of the updated constitution stipulates that the constitutional court, the supreme court and the prosecutor general of the republic of uzbekistan have the right to initiate legislation on issues included in their powers. in the activity of the legislative chamber, the number of draft laws introduced by the judicial authorities and the prosecutor general is not high. through this, the above subjects will be able to present drafts of laws only in the scope of their activities. 5 overview of the legislative process. https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process 70 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the adoption of international accounting standards in uzbekistan: a review of progress and challenges shamsitdinova xonzoda tsue student of the faculty of finance and accounting abstract: this article presents a comprehensive analysis of international accounting systems in uzbekistan. the study aims to compare uzbekistan's accounting practices with international standards, identifying similarities, differences, challenges, and potential areas for improvement. by examining the country's accounting regulations, financial reporting practices, and their alignment with global standards, this research sheds light on uzbekistan's progress in adopting internationally accepted accounting principles. keywords: global accounting, ifrs, international taxation, accounting diversity, international accounting education. introduction background the introduction provides an overview of uzbekistan's economic landscape and its relevance in the global business environment. it outlines the importance of accounting standards in facilitating transparency, comparability, and consistency in financial reporting, thereby fostering investor confidence and attracting foreign investment. research objectives this section outlines the specific objectives of the study, including comparing uzbekistan's accounting system with international standards, identifying challenges faced by businesses, and assessing the country's progress towards harmonizing its accounting practices. methods data collection the article details the data collection methods employed, such as conducting interviews with accounting professionals, financial experts, and regulatory authorities. additionally, it may discuss the use of official documents, accounting guidelines, and financial statements from uzbekistan's companies for analysis. comparative analysis framework this subsection introduces the imrad methodology as the basis for the comparative analysis. it explains how each component of the imrad structure will be utilized to present the findings effectively. results regulatory framework and convergence the results section evaluates uzbekistan's accounting regulations, exploring the extent to which they align with international accounting standards (e.g., ifrs international financial reporting standards). this part highlights the areas of convergence and divergence, discussing the implications for investors and businesses operating in the country. financial reporting practices this subsection analyzes the prevalent financial reporting practices in uzbekistan's corporate sector. it examines issues related to disclosure, transparency, and adherence to recognized accounting principles. http://www/ 71 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us challenges and obstacles the article identifies the challenges faced by uzbekistan in adopting and implementing international accounting standards. these challenges could include institutional barriers, lack of technical expertise, and resistance from stakeholders. discussion progress and developments the discussion section critically analyzes uzbekistan's efforts in harmonizing its accounting system with international standards. it highlights any significant progress made and discusses the driving factors behind such advancements. recommendations based on the findings, this section proposes recommendations to enhance uzbekistan's adoption of international accounting standards. suggestions may include policy changes, capacity-building measures, and stakeholder engagement strategies. implications for businesses and investors the article concludes by discussing the implications of the research findings for businesses operating in uzbekistan and foreign investors seeking opportunities in the country. it emphasizes the potential benefits of aligning accounting practices with global standards and the role of transparent financial reporting in fostering economic growth. conclusion the conclusion summarizes the key insights from the research and emphasizes the importance of harmonizing uzbekistan's accounting system with international standards. it calls for collaborative efforts from policymakers, regulatory bodies, businesses, and the accounting community to achieve greater financial transparency and facilitate a conducive investment environment in uzbekistan. references: 1."international accounting" by frederick d.s. choi and gary k. meek. 2. "international financial reporting standards (ifrs): an introduction" by abbas a. mirza and graham holt. 3."harmonization vs. standardization: a detailed review of international accounting concepts" by alexander s. litvinenko and natalia v. kalashnikova. (international journal of accounting and financial reporting, 2019). 4."the adoption of international financial reporting standards in emerging economies: impact on financial statement quality" by paul pacter and mary e. barth. (international journal of accounting, 2019). 5."the globalization of accounting standards" by kees camfferman and stephen a. zeff. (journal of accounting research, 2019). http://www/ 641 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the influence of the development trends of the globalization process on the activity of the world economy ashurova sarvinoz o`ralovna docent, karshi state university abstract: the economic situation of international relations is determined by globalization processes. although the single definition and consequences of this phenomenon cannot be accurately assessed, the prevailing idea is that economic, political and cultural processes spread between states and, on this basis, form a new unity of the world space. keywords: international relations, globalization, economy, market, unemployment, process, investment, concept, conflicts, goods, services, capital, strategy globalization in modern conditions is determined by several factors: the processes of inter-period integration of economic life, that is, the influence of capital, free movement of goods and interaction of national economies. the main participants of this process are multinational companies, international banks and other financial organizations. there are different opinions about the period when the process of globalization began. for example, v. i. according to pantin, this process never ended, but started in ancient times, and the ideas of globalization became widespread only in the 20th century. andrew sherott believes that global history began in the stone age, and e. a. azroyans believes that the "history of global relations" began with the interaction of neighbors. there are also theories that globalization began in the early 19th and early 20th centuries, because that was the time when international trade and investment peaked. robertson believes that the roots of globalization should be sought in the period 1875-1925, since it was during this period that the world was divided into time zones, the gregorian calendar was adopted almost everywhere, and the international telegraphic communication system was created. murphy emphasizes that the beginning of globalization should be connected with the strengthening of the role of international organizations. the existing contradictions during the emergence of this process are aimed at understanding the essence of globalization, its causes and characteristics. if globalization is understood as the unification of humanity, then the beginning of this process should be considered the 20th century. current environmental problems, depletion of natural resources, inter-ethnic problems leading to world terrorism, as well as the availability of nuclear weapons by some countries have meant that people must learn to live together if they are to survive. it should be noted that the term "globalization" appeared in the 20th century. in the english language, the term "globalization" as a current concept began to spread only in the 1960s. in 1998, giddens argued that the word "globalization" was hardly ever used by scholars, saying, "only recently has the term increased in popularity: it used to be almost ubiquitous, but now it is used everywhere." g. terborn suggests that the term "globalization" was coined in the 1990s. according to shahray, the term globalization, which appeared in the mid-90s of the xx century, was interpreted differently than today: "globalization" was understood as "a process of international scale due to investments in financial markets associated with technical progress and regulation." in most regions, a necessary condition for globalization is the absence of hostilities or violent internal conflicts. in addition, developing countries include the wide spread of market economy principles and the conduct of 642 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reasonable tax and monetary policies, the free dissemination of information and the protection of private property. the foundations of today's globalization were created by the united states after world war ii. their strategy consisted of three elements: security, democratization and economic development. relevant institutions were established, such as nato, the german and japanese reconstruction programs, the world trade organization, the international monetary fund, and the world bank. thus, the process of globalization is not a completely new phenomenon, it has historical roots. in the mid1960s, james rosenau expressed the opinion that structural changes are taking place in the historical development of humanity, which can lead to fundamental changes in international relations, as a result of which peoples and societies are interconnected to a very high level. since the late 1970s, the integration of capital and commodity markets has surpassed all previous indicators and continues today. at the same time, the remarkable aspect is not the presence of international business, but its growing size. today, multinational corporations are creating the basis for the international production system. the emergence of the computerized telecommunications system was the final stage that predetermined the processes of global interaction in the markets of goods, finance and services around the world. in recent years, a new model of the world has been taking shape, the most important feature of which is increasing interdependence. historically, the increase in interdependence has had several stages. the internationalization phase includes the expansion of the national external space. for example, the spread of political views that arose in western european civilization throughout the world and supplanted all other political forms. globalization remains a potentially powerful and dynamic factor of economic growth and development, but now the main task of globalization is to ensure that, like a powerful wave, it becomes a source of increased prosperity for the population of the entire world. however, in the context of increasing interdependence in the world economy, slow and unsustainable economic growth, low commodity prices and instability of the international financial system make it difficult for developing countries to reap the potential benefits of globalization. the experience of development policy aimed at increasing the level of openness of international market forces to competition and reducing the role of the state in the last twenty years shows that there is no single "formula" system for everyone. by now, it is recognized that development strategies should be developed based on the accumulated experience of both successful and less successful ones. development strategies should reflect the specific development needs and circumstances of countries. rapid and stable economic growth in the developing countries that are joining the world economy and have made great progress is primarily stimulated by the reorientation of the structure of the existing economy from the goods sector to the production and service sector, which is characterized by a gradual increase in labor productivity. the driving force behind this structural change process is the rapid, efficient and sustainable accumulation of capital within a coherent development strategy. in general, the flow of capital to developing countries plays a positive role as a source of financing the development process, therefore, a large amount of foreign private investment has been placed in some developing countries. however, the volatility of international financial markets and especially short-term private capital flows have a destabilizing effect on many developing countries, especially those that lack the necessary institutional capacity and regulatory mechanisms to mitigate such effects. such instability often complicates the problems of regulation of interest rates and exchange rates and causes financial crises. references 1. квинт в. л. стратегическое управление и экономика на глобальном формирующемся рынке. м. : бизнес атлас, 2012. 2. э.гидденс. ускользающий мир. как глобализация меняет наш мир экономика№92 2004 й 3. э.азроянц глобализация: катастрофа или путь к развитию? новый век. 2002 643 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. жабборов ж.а. маънавий эҳтиёжлар – жамият тараққиётининг мезони // «трансформація суспільних наук: соціально-економічний, лінгвістичний, політичний та it-виміри» ii міжнародна наукова конференція. 22.10.2021. харків, ukr. 40-43 бет. https://doi.org/10.36074/mcnd-22.10.2021 5. жабборов ж.а. ўзбекистонда таълим-тарбия тизимини объектив заруратга мослаштириш бўйича олиб борилаётган давлат сиёсати. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali. (6), 2021 y. 19-28 b. 6. жабборов ж.а. илм-фанда эҳтиёжлар таснифи. збірник наукових праць λόгoς. 2021. https://doi.org/10.36074/logos-29.10.2021.v1.34 7. жабборов ж.а. постмодерн жамият зиддиятларининг маънавий эҳтиёжлар юксалишига таъсири (фалсафий таҳлил). традиційні та інноваційні підходи до наукових досліджень, 149. 8. жабборов ж.а. мамлакатимиз олимларининг илмий тадқиқотларида маънавий эҳтиёжлар муаммосининг талқини // жамият ва инновациялар – общество и инновации – society and innovations special issue – 5 (2021) / issn 2181-1415. impact factor: sjif 2021 = 5.395. б. 484-491. 9. j.j. azimovich. analysis of spiritual needs. academicia: an international multidisciplinary …, 2021. 10. jabborov j.a. ma’navıy ehtıyojlar rıvojlanıshınıng ıjtımoıy-madanıy omılları. innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2021. 30-35 b. 11. жабборов ж.а. эҳтиёжлар тизимида маънавий эҳтиёжлар. актуальные вызовы современной науки. ii международная научная конференция. 2017. с 62-64. 12. жабборов ж.а. ғарб олимларининг илмий тадқиқотларида эҳтиёжлар тизимининг таҳлили. ўзбекистон миллий ахборот агентлиги – ўза илм-фан бўлими (электрон журнал). 2021. б. 316-325. 13. жабборов ж.а. маънавий эҳтиёжлар–жамият тараққиётининг мезони. матеріали конференцій i міжнародна наукова конференція «трансформація суспільних наук: соціально-економічний, лінгвістичний, політичний». украина. 2021. 14. жабборов ж.a. интерпретация проблемы духовных потребностей в научных исследованиях ученых нашей страны. общество и инновации, 2(5/s), 484–491. https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2iss5/s-pp484-491 123 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 mechanism for the use of digital educational resources by future primary school teachers lukmonova salomat gafurovna an assistant at the asian international university abstract: this article discusses the mechanism for using digital educational resources by future primary school teachers. keywords: exsto – electronic communication systems, teaching tools and technologies, “technology”, informatization of society. the development of new technologies has always followed new discoveries in other, sometimes related areas of the development of human thought and the needs of society. learning technologies have always been built on new theories of learning psychology. the second half of the twentieth century was marked by a discovery that had a very strong influence on the development of all aspects of society the emergence of the personal computer and modern means of communication. the word “technology” comes from the greek “ techne ”, which means “art”, “skill”, “skill”. from a certain point of view, all of the above concepts can be interpreted as processes. a process is usually understood as a set of specific actions aimed at achieving a set goal. the technology of material production is understood as a process determined by a set of means and methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials or materials. technology changes the quality or original state of a material. information is one of the most valuable resources of society, along with such natural resources as oil, gas, minerals, etc. consequently , the process of processing information, by analogy with the process of processing material resources, can also be defined as technology. then the following definition is true: information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for processing and transmitting primary information to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. the goal of material production technology is to produce products that satisfy certain needs of a person or a system. the purpose of information technology is the production of information for its subsequent analysis and, based on it, making a decision to perform any action. in modern society, the main technical means of information processing is the personal computer. the introduction of the personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications determined a new stage in the development of information technology, which from that moment on received the names “new” and “computer”. the term “new” emphasizes the radically innovative rather than evolutionary nature of this technology. its implementation significantly changes the content of various types of activities in institutions and organizations. the scope of new information technology also includes communication technologies that ensure the transmission of information by various means, such as telephone, telegraph, television, fax, etc. the definition of “computer” emphasizes that the main technical means of implementing information technology is a computer. there are three basic principles of 124 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us computer information technology: interactive (dialogue) mode of working with a computer; integration with other software products; flexible change of data and assigned tasks. information technology, like any other technology, must meet the following requirements: ensure a high degree of division of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions; include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal; be of a regular nature. let us give several definitions of the concept “information technology”. information technology (it) refers to the processes of accumulation, processing, presentation and use of information using electronic means. they are characterized by the environment in which they are carried out and the components that it contains: technical environment (the type of technology used to solve basic problems); software environment (a set of software tools for implementing ito); subject environment (content of a specific subject area of science, technology, knowledge); methodological environment (instructions, procedures for use, effectiveness assessment, etc.). information technology is a system of procedures for transforming information for the purpose of generating, organizing, processing, distributing and using information. the basis of modern it is: computer processing of information according to given algorithms; storing large amounts of information on computer media; transmission of information over any distance in a limited time. the technological process of material production is implemented using various technical means, which include: equipment, machines, tools, conveyor lines, etc. by analogy, there should also be something similar in information technology. the role of technical means of information production will be hardware, software and mathematical support for this process. with their participation, primary information is processed into information of a new quality. among these tools, we will single out software products and call them software tools. information technology tools are a set of software products, the use of which allows you to achieve the goal set by the user. 13 tools include, for example, all known general-purpose software products: word processor (editor), desktop publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic notebooks, electronic calendars. information technology is closely related to information systems, which are its main environment. at first glance, it may seem that the definitions of information technology and systems given in textbooks are very similar to each other. actually this is not true. information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity on data stored in computers. the main goal of information technology is to obtain the information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions to process primary information. an information system is an environment whose constituent elements are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various types of technical and software communications, etc. the main goal of an information system is to organize the storage and transmission of information. an information system is a human-computer information processing system. it is necessary to understand that mastering it and its further use should boil down to the fact that you first need to master a set of elementary operations, the number of which is limited. from this limited number of elementary operations in different combinations an action is made up, and from the actions, also in different combinations, operations are made up that determine one or another technological stage. the set of technological stages forms a technological process (technology). in the scientific and methodological literature devoted to the problems of informatization of education, one often encounters such synonymous expressions as “new information technologies in teaching”, “modern information technologies in education”, “computer learning technologies”, “computer 14 pedagogical technologies”, “exsto electronic communication systems, means and technologies of education”, etc. this indicates that the terminology in this area of research and the concepts corresponding to it have not yet been established. the introduction of new hardware, software, and communication tools into education gradually led to the displacement of the term “computer education technologies” by the concept of “information technologies of 125 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us education.” information technologies for education (ite) are a set of methods and technical means for collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, and presenting information that expands people‟s knowledge and develops their capabilities to manage technical and social processes. e.i. mashbits and n.f. talyzin consider ito as a certain set of training programs of various types: from the simplest programs that provide knowledge control to training systems based on artificial intelligence. v.f. sholokhovich proposes to define ite from the point of view of its content as a branch of didactics that studies the systematically and consciously organized process of learning and knowledge acquisition, in which the means of informatization of education are used. a substantive analysis of the above definitions shows that currently there are two clearly expressed approaches to defining ito. the first of them proposes to consider it as a didactic process, organized using a set of fundamentally new tools and methods of data processing (teaching methods) introduced into educational systems, representing the purposeful creation, transmission, storage and display of information products (data, knowledge, ideas) with at the lowest cost and in accordance with the patterns of cognitive activities of students. in the second case, we are talking about creating a certain technical learning environment, in which the information technologies used occupy a key place. thus, in the first case we are talking about information technologies for teaching (as a learning process), and in the second case about the use of information technologies in teaching (as the use of information tools in teaching). ite should be understood as an application of it to create new opportunities for the transfer and perception of knowledge, assessing the quality of training and comprehensive personal development. it is possible to talk about a new educational information technology only if : it satisfies the basic principles of pedagogical technology (preliminary design, reproducibility , goal setting , integrity); it solves problems that were not previously solved theoretically or practically in didactics; the means of preparing and transmitting information to the learner is computer and information technology. the functional properties of modern information technologies provide the educational process with many opportunities that can help improve the quality of education. russian and foreign scientists studying the processes of informatization of education offer many assessments of the capabilities of information technologies. let's look at some of them. systematizing the above facts, it is advisable highlight the main areas of use of information technology in secondary schools (figure 1 ): 1. computer and information technology as an object study (computer science course). 2. computer and it as a tool for teaching various disciplines, as a tool to support subject lessons and other types of classes (use of it as part of the basic courses of the general education school program). 3. computer and it as a means of development and education. 4. it as a means of diagnosing various functional systems of the child's body . rice. 1. the main directions of using computers and it in the educational process of a secondary school. 126 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the modern period of development of a civilized society is characterized by the process of informatization. informatization of society is a set of interconnected political, socio-economic, and scientific factors that provide free access to every member of society to any sources of information, except legally secret ones. informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant type of activity in the sphere of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information, carried out on the basis of modern microprocessor and computer technology, as well as based on various means of information exchange. informatization of society provides:  active use of the ever-expanding intellectual potential of society, concentrated in printed fund, and scientific, industrial and other types activities of its members,  integration of information technologies with scientific ones, production, initiating the development of all spheres of social production, intellectualization of labor activity;  high level of information services, accessibility of any member of society to sources of reliable information, visualization of the information presented, the materiality of the data used. one of the priority directions of the process of informatization of modern society is the informatization of education. informatization of education is one of the most important conditions for the successful development of processes of informatization of society. after all, it is in the field of education that those people are trained and educated who not only form the new information environment of society, but who themselves will have to live and work in this new environment. the first steps in the field of informatization of education were made in our country in 1985 year, when an extremely important government decision was made to send several thousand of the first soviet personal computers to the education sector and to introduce a general course in the fundamentals of computer science and computer technology in secondary schools. informatization of education is the process of providing the education sector with the methodology and practice of developing and optimally using information technologies focused on the implementation of psychological and pedagogical goals of training and education. informatization of education is the process of providing the education system with the theory and practice of developing and using new information technologies aimed at realizing the goals of training and education. literature 1. авдеева с. учебные материалы нового поколения в проекте исо светлана авдеева // народное образование. – 2007. – № 9. – с. 187–194. 2. лукмонова, с. (2022). bo„lajak boshlang„ich sinf o„qituvchisining raqamli ta‟lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang‟ich ta‟lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o‟qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. 3. gafurovna, l. s. (2021). boshlang‟ich sinflarda raqamli ta‟lim resurslaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlari. in научно-практическая конференция. 127 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. lukmonova, s. (2020). digital educational resources and its importance in teaching. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). 5. salomat, g. l. the essence of the content of the concept of digital educational resources and its role in primary education. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2020, volume: 10, issue: 5. 6. лукмонова, с. г. 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(2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 26. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 235-239. 27. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 223 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 problems of psychological counseling at school mambetniyazova b. 3rd year student of the department practical psychology, faculty of art history, karakalpak state university named after berdakh scientific supervisor g. a. aldzhanova associate professor, doctor of philosophy (phd) in pedagogical sciences department of pedagogy and psychology karakalpak state university named after berdakh abstract: the article focuses on revealing the essence and specificity of psychological counseling, in general, and the psychological characteristics of counseling work in school, in particular. there is a specific understanding and evidence of psychological differences in counseling teachers, parents and children, as well as the principles that guide the psychologist in his work. key words: psychological counseling, psychological assistance at school, counseling teachers, counseling schoolchildren, counseling parents. psychological counseling is a specially organized conversation between a psychologist and a client (a representative of the school administration, teacher, parent or student) to clarify a particular issue, analyze the problem and develop advice or recommendations for solving or regulating it. in addition to informational purposes, consultations can also implement psychocorrectional and psychotherapeutic goals: neutralizing the client’s painfully tense state, calming, correcting mental development defects in children, etc. consultations are organized with a limited number of people connected by professional and service relationships (administration and teachers , teachers and students), as well as family relationships (parents and children). counseling refers to methods of individual psychological work[1]. the activities of a psychologist-consultant are aimed at achieving humane goals that involve the removal of any restrictions on the client’s intellectual and personal development. the psychologist builds his work on the basis of unconditional respect for the dignity and inviolability of the client’s personality. the psychologist respects fundamental human rights as defined by the universal declaration of human rights [2]. trusting contact between the consultant and the client, based on unconditional respect, empathy, warmth and sincerity of the consultant towards the client, is an integral, and, in the opinion of many professionals, an essential component of psychological counseling and psychotherapy. george and cristiani (1990) identified six main parameters: • emotionality (consultative contact is more emotional than cognitive, it implies the study of 224 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us clients’ experiences); • intensity (since contact represents a sincere relationship and mutual exchange of experiences, it cannot but be intense); • dynamism (when a client changes, the specifics of the contact also change); • confidentiality (the consultant's obligation not to disseminate information about the client promotes trust); • providing support (constant support from the consultant ensures stability of contact, allowing the client to take risks and try to behave in new ways); • integrity[3]. consultative work of a school psychologist is carried out according to the following directions: • consulting and education of teachers; • counseling and education of parents; • counseling of schoolchildren. in turn, counseling can take the form of actual counseling on issues of education and mental development of the child, as well as in the form of educational work with all participants in the pedagogical process at school[4]. advisory activities are the provision of assistance to students, their parents (legal representatives), teaching staff and other participants in the educational process in matters of development, education and training in psychological counseling. despite the specifics of the school psychologist’s advisory work with children of primary school age, their parents and teachers, this area is fundamentally important in the practical activities of the school psychologist. the effectiveness of all his work is largely determined by the extent to which he was able to establish constructive cooperation with teachers, parents and school administration in solving the problems of teaching and educating schoolchildren. in his consulting practice, a school psychologist can implement the principles of counseling from a variety of psychological directions (diagnostic, existential, humanistic, behavioral and other approaches). however, when working with children whose personality and overall psyche are still at the stage of their formation, taking into account age characteristics is an indispensable condition for the advisory work of a psychologist in school. in general, the task of developmental psychological counseling is to monitor the progress of the child’s mental development on the basis of ideas about the normative content and age periodization of this process. this general task today includes the following specific components: • orientation of parents, teachers and other persons involved in upbringing in the age and individual characteristics of the child’s mental development; • timely primary identification of children with various deviations and disorders of mental development and referral to psychological, medical and pedagogical consultations; • prevention of secondary psychological complications in children with weakened somatic or neuropsychic health, recommendations on mental hygiene and psychoprophylaxis (together with pediatric pathopsychologists and doctors); • drawing up (together with educational psychologists or teachers) recommendations for psychological and pedagogical correction of difficulties in school education for teachers, parents and other persons; • drawing up (together with specialists in family psychotherapy) recommendations for raising children in the family; 225 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us • corrective work individually and/or in special groups in consultation with children and parents; • psychological education of the population through lectures and other forms of work. consulting for teachers. in advisory work with teachers, we can highlight a number of principles on which the cooperation of a school psychologist with the teaching staff in solving the problems and professional tasks of the teacher himself is based: • equal interaction between psychologist and teacher; • formation of the teacher’s attitude towards independent problem solving, i.e. removing the setting to a ―ready recipe‖; • consulting participants accept responsibility for joint decisions; • distribution of professional functions between teachers and psychologists. • in organizing psychological counseling for teachers, three areas can be distinguished: • consulting teachers on development and implementation issues. consulting teachers regarding learning, behavior and interpersonal problems of specific students. this is the most common form of advisory work of a school psychologist, helping to solve school problems in close cooperation between the psychologist, teachers and school administration and helping to create the most favorable conditions for the development of the child’s personality and his learning. consultation in this direction can be organized, on the one hand, at the request of the teacher, on the other, at the initiative of a psychologist who can invite the teacher to familiarize himself with this or that information about the child and think about the problem of providing help or support. organization at the request of the teacher is most effective in the form of individual consultations. consulting parents. psychological and pedagogical consultation of parents, as in the situation of trial work with teachers, can be organized, on the one hand, at the request of the parent in connection with the provision of advisory and methodological assistance in organizing effective child-parent interaction; on the other hand, the initiative of the psychologist. one of the functions of advisory work with parents is to inform parents about their child’s school problems. also, the purpose of counseling may be the need for psychological support for parents in case of detection of serious psychological problems of the child or in connection with serious emotional experiences and events in the family. consulting schoolchildren. the main task of the psychologist here is to determine the declared (open) or hidden reasons. in this case, it is necessary not only to analyze the characteristics of adults’ vision of the child’s problems, but also to obtain psychological information about how the child imagines himself, his situation at school and at home, how he emotionally relates to himself and his school and home life. in short, a psychologist needs to see the problem area of a life situation ―through the eyes of a child,‖ and not just ―through the eyes of adults‖ (parents or teachers) [1]. a consultation with a psychologist is aimed, first of all, at providing psychological assistance to the child. in order for such assistance to be adequate, the psychologist must have fairly accurate information about the individual psychological characteristics of the student and what position he takes in the situation, how he relates to himself and the people around him in the family and school. in many cases, by complaining about a child, adults consciously or unconsciously ―mask‖ their own problems. therefore, having received data that the child is generally calm, developed and prosperous, you should pay attention to the problems of adults who seek advice. apparently, a child is only a plausible ―pretext‖ and psychological help is needed more by adults than by children, or by adults and children at the same time. psychological assistance today requires highly qualified specialists, and the effectiveness of 226 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the specialist’s activities is largely determined by how clearly he understands his place in counseling. references: 1. самоукина н. практический психолог в школе: лекции, консультирование, тренинги. интор, — 225 с. 2. немов р.с. психология: учеб. для студ. высш. пед. учеб. заведений: в з-х кн. 3-е изд.– м.: гуманит. изд. центр владос, 2000. – кн.2: психология образования. – 608 с. 3. кочюнас р. основы психологического консультирования. м.: «академический проект», 1999 – 151 с. 4. немов р.с. основы психологического консультирования: учеб. для студ. педвузов. –– м.: гуманит. изд. центр владос, 1999. — 394 с. 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 features of public budgeting and control in australia sholdarov d. a associate professor of tashkent financial institute navruzova guzal olimjon qizi master of tashkent financial institute abstract: the australian accounting standards board and the formation of budgetary control. australian accounting standards board (aasb) for accounting standards for both the private and public sectors is the responsible body. australian accounting standards (aas) are consistent with ifrs and ipsas, except for specific additional requirements applicable in australia. there are currently 54 standards, 17 of which are dual standards for commercial and non-commercial organizations. keywords: australian accounting standards, ifrs, ipsas, financial control, public financial control and auditing. the budget process in australia has undergone profound reform over the past quarter of a century and has been in a state of constant change/reform since the launch of the white paper on budget reform in 1984, which launched the process. the initial reforms were aimed at reducing central access controls and making spending more flexible for ministries and agencies. line items were systematically combined by streamlining current costs; later, centralized control over the workforce was abolished and the budget was the only constraint on staffing levels. there was an additional system of carrying forward unused running costs to the next fiscal year. these formed the main elements of the financial management improvement program. reforms were closely linked to changes in governments and often drew on extensive reviews and high-level commissions, as well as the experience of states and territories. the initial reforms described above were initiated by the labor party after taking office in 1983. labor remained in office until 1996 when a conservative coalition came to power. building largely on previous reforms, the coalition broadened the reform focus to focus more on commercialization and the use of market-type mechanisms. this period coincides with the introduction of a performance-based and performance-based budgeting framework.5 it also saw the passage of the budget integrity act of 1998, which mandated higher levels of budget transparency and accurate disclosure. legislates. most recently, the labor party returned to power in late 2007. the new government has a strong policy platform aimed at increasing openness and transparency in all areas of government. australia is a federation of six states new south wales (sydney), queensland (brisbane), south australia (adelaide), tasmania (hobart), victoria (melbourne) and western australia (perth) and two federal territories. -government australian capital territory (canberra) and northern territory (darwin). most public services are the primary responsibility of states and 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us territories, including education, health, welfare and community services, public order and safety, and infrastructure. except for defence, almost all capital spending is done by states and territories. in short, the activities of the national government appear to be relatively limited. however, the national government is responsible for social transfer payments to individuals based on common national criteria. the national government collects most taxes in australia, including on behalf of the states and territories, and is the main funder of the states and territories. the commonwealth grants commission annually recommends that the national government allocate funds to individual states and territories to achieve fiscal equalisation. under the single presentation framework , all states and territories agree to publish budget data in a standard format to facilitate comparison of each government's budget results and forecasts. national government spending overlaps result in 80% of its annual spending being authorized by "special" (permanent) legislation. there are three important features of organizational budgeting in australia. first, various cabinet committees have a strong role in the budget process. thirdly, ministries of expenditure have a limited role in the budget process compared to their departments . the senior ministerial review (smr) consisted of the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the treasurer and the finance minister. apart from the respective ministers and their senior political advisers, secretaries and senior officials of three central agencies also attended the smr. the prime minister's department and the cabinet of ministers served as the secretariat of the smr. formally, the smr usually met once at the beginning of the budget process. his role was to act as a "fiscal watchdog" and unite senior ministers in that capacity. it defined the strategic direction of the future budget, set the agenda and gave recommendations on the means of achieving the set fiscal goals. in times of fiscal stress, the smr sets overall cost reduction goals. in good times, smr mainly focuses on eliminating many proposals for new initiatives. the expenditure review committee (erc) is a long-standing institutional mechanism within the cabinet that focuses on expenditure restraint and fiscal responsibility. compared to the sbc, its focus is more operational and it meets more often. it consists of seven members: the prime minister, the treasurer, the minister of finance, the assistant treasurer, the deputy prime minister (also minister of education, employment and workplace relations), the minister of commerce, the family and minister of housing affairs . , public services and local population affairs. the composition may change over time . the prime minister usually chairs the first meeting where the overall budget strategy is discussed based on the findings of the smr/sbc. subsequent meetings are usually chaired by the treasurer or the deputy prime minister. the department of finance provides key input to the erc ("greens" see below), with the department of the prime minister and cabinet providing the committee's official secretariat. the three central offices are the department of finance, the department of the treasury (treasury), and the department of the prime minister and cabinet. the department of treasury and finance was a single ministry until 1976 when it was split. commentators generally interpreted the decision as intended to reduce treasury exposure. their split was also linked to the then prime minister's great and growing dissatisfaction with the treasury in terms of economic advice. the treasury department at the time wanted the agencies to take on even greater responsibilities and saw their role at the time as that of an investment bank requiring only the broadest of reviews.6 this is discussed below. the number of analytical budget branches representing expenditure ministries has been reduced from 13 to 4, leaving a gap in the center. in the annual budget formation cycle. the department has lost much of its corporate knowledge of expenditure policy issues, making it difficult for it to exercise an effective budget 'call' function on expenditure ministries and agencies. this situation has changed and over the last few years the department has recovered its capacity, staffing levels 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us have now returned to previous levels (although overall budgets are much larger). the separation allowed the treasury to focus on economic and taxation issues, while the finance department was able to focus on increasing the expenditure side of the budget. treasury focuses on economic and taxation matters. however, it is also related to the cost side. as the finance department divested itself of many of its functions, the treasury began to build its capacity in this area. in this construction, the department of finance is directed to the expenditure part of the budget and is organized along the same lines and performs functions normally associated with the central budget office. he coordinates the preparation of the expenditure part of the budget and controls the accounting and financial basis of the budget. it analyzes government spending and traditionally presents options for redistribution or spending cuts. it provides critical input for cabinet expenditure review committee (erc) deliberations. the department of finance went through a "traumatic" period in the late 1990s and early 2000s. this is a time of major budget reforms. as part of these reforms, the department abandoned many of its traditional functions as it effectively transferred those functions to spending ministries. devolution went beyond forcing budget experts to focus on broader issues of spending policy and efficiency rather than on the details of input—such reforms had begun in the early 1980s. the role of the committees is discussed in detail in section 2.3, which describes each stage central offices. the three central offices are the department of finance, the department of the treasury (treasury), and the department of the prime minister and cabinet. the department of treasury and finance was a single ministry until 1976 when it was split. commentators generally interpreted the decision as intended to reduce treasury exposure. their split was also linked to the then prime minister's great and growing dissatisfaction with the treasury in terms of economic advice. the treasury department at the time wanted the agencies to take on even greater responsibilities and saw their role at the time as that of an investment bank requiring only the broadest of reviews.6 this is discussed below. the number of analytical budget branches representing expenditure ministries has been reduced from 13 to 4, leaving a gap in the center. in the annual budget formation cycle. the department has lost much of its corporate knowledge of expenditure policy issues, making it difficult for it to exercise an effective budget 'call' function on expenditure ministries and agencies . this situation has changed and over the last few years the department has recovered its capacity, staffing levels have now returned to previous levels (although overall budgets are much larger). the separation allowed the treasury to focus on economic and taxation issues, while the finance department was able to focus on increasing the expenditure side of the budget. treasury focuses on economic and taxation matters. however, it is also related to the cost side. as the finance department divested itself of many of its functions, the treasury began to build its capacity in this area. the budget policy group of the treasury is usually set up to shadow each ministry, such as the budget office. it provides a "strategic structural orientation" in which it considers aspects of government spending that contribute to or detract from the structural adjustment needed to improve economic performance. it has been described as a "think tank" on public spending. all budget discussions are structured around ministerial portfolios, each headed by a cabinet minister. there are currently 17 such portfolios. (there were 16 under the previous government.) portfolios can be quite large and cover many organizations, including a major ministry and many agencies of different sizes and shapes (see the discussion in section 4.1 on organizational structure) . . the minister is responsible for all subjects in his portfolio. the treasury is also directly responsible for fiscal relations with the states and territories. intergovernmental fiscal relations are a key and sensitive issue in australia. the department of prime minister and cabinet (pm&c) has a natural role to play in supporting the prime minister as head of government and managing the wider cabinet processes underlying government decisions in this area. as part of the sbc and erc secretariat, he plays a key role in setting the strategic agenda for the budget. the prime minister's office has always 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us had a desk staff structure that oversees each ministry again, much like the budget office is usually set up. the role of this desk is to advise the prime minister on spending and revenue proposals from a whole-of-government perspective, integrating the government's policy objectives, economic and fiscal strategy and portfolio ministers' policy objectives. the limited role of ministries of expenditure in relation to their own departments is very evident in the budget process. all budget discussions are structured around ministerial portfolios, each headed by a cabinet minister. there are currently 17 such portfolios. (there were 16 under the previous government.) portfolios can be quite large and cover many organizations, including a key ministry and many agencies of different sizes and shapes. the minister is responsible for all subjects in his portfolio. however, from a budgeting point of view, portfolios are just a group of unrelated individuals, all of whom report directly to the relevant minister. key portfolio ministries often have a weak coordinating role within a portfolio. indeed, the department of finance maintains direct relationships with each major agency in the portfolio, rather than focusing on a key portfolio ministry that in turn maintains relationships with each relevant agency. . this is an unusual practice. the department of finance specifically focuses on the 50 largest agencies, which are responsible for 99% of all spending; these are known as material agencies. in today's fiscal environment, each major agency is essentially an independent unit on ―autopilot‖ with respect to the budget process through the forward-looking accounting process (see below). an agency's interaction with its own ministry or participation in the sbc/erc process will only see additional proposals for increased funding. as discussed later in this article, agencies have broad discretion to reallocate their resources. australia's system of cabinet committees also promotes shared ministerial responsibilities rather than the 'each minister for their own finance minister' model. fiscal target setting is a two-step process that includes the statutory "principles of sound fiscal management" and the annual "fiscal strategy statement" prepared by the government. this should not be interpreted as a criticism of the greater flexibility given to agencies. australia has been a pioneer in this field and the experience is very positive. the observation made here concerns the interaction between the agencies in each portfolio and their parent ministries. the reports are the economic and fiscal outlook released at the time of the budget, the midyear economic and fiscal outlook released approximately six months after the budget, and the final budget results released three months after the end of the fiscal year. report on generations. in addition, the regulation requires the presentation of pre-election economic and financial prospects within ten days of the election (see paragraph 6). the intergenerational report, designed to assess the long-term sustainability of current government policies, should be produced at least every five years. the first phase of the cycle involves the treasurer and minister of finance presenting to cabinet the process and timetable for the next budget. after the cabinet reviews the submission, the finance department will issue a budget tweet detailing the timeline and operational rules for the upcoming budget-making process. the document is largely technical in nature, setting deadlines for different stages of the budget process and setting thresholds for different treatment of different proposals for example, what will be considered by the cabinet expenditure review committee (ecc) and what will not. will be considered. "minors" process (see clause 13). although the budget cycle is similar from one year to the next, changes may be made after a "post-mortem" evaluation of the previous year's process. the new government has simplified the budget circular. the treasury updates its economic forecasts quarterly, but produces two sets of published forecasts per year – the budget and the mid-year economic and fiscal forecast (miefo). published estimates provide the economic basis for estimating revenue and expenditure items that appear in the budget and meffo. 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these treasury economic forecasts are submitted to the joint economic forecasting group, which consists of the reserve bank (central bank of australia), the australian bureau of statistics, the department of finance and the department of the prime minister, in addition to the treasury. and the cabinet. these groups act as "quality control" for the forecasts. the group includes only officials; ministry offices have nothing to do with it. economic forecasts provide an important input to the treasury's tax revenue projections. treasury forecasts tax revenue in consultation with the australian taxation office and the australian customs service. tax revenue estimates are updated to reflect the latest economic performance and tax collections, as well as updated economic forecasts. in recent years, the treasury has devoted significant resources to improving its revenue forecasting skills, particularly to better understand the relationships between economic forecasts and the various tax bases. for the first time, the 2008/09 budget released data on tax revenue forecast indicators, which attempt to clearly define the relationship between the economy and tax revenue. the australian parliament's role in the budget process is limited by clear constitutional constraints, a strong westminster15 political tradition, strong party discipline in the two major political parties and an electoral system that does not usually see minor parties elected to the lower house. parliament house of representatives. the performance budgeting system (see section 3.3 below) served to further limit the role of parliament. in addition, 80 percent of annual expenses are authorized by "special" (permanent) legislation. in other words, the parliament approves only 20% of the total expenditure during the annual budget approval process. although statutory expenditure estimates are set out in annual budget documents and can be debated within the framework of regular parliamentary scrutiny, their modification would require amendments to existing legislation. thus, another practical obstacle was placed on the role of the parliament in the budget process. the auditor general is responsible for providing audit services to parliament and public sector entities. the auditor general is appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister for a term of ten years. a parliamentary committee must approve or reject any proposed appointment to the post of auditor general. one person cannot be appointed as the chief auditor twice. the auditor-general is the chief executive officer of the australian national audit office (anao) and an independent officer of parliament. the purpose of the anao is to provide parliament with an independent assessment of selected areas of public administration and assurance about public sector financial reporting, management and accountability. it does this primarily by conducting an audit of financial statements and results. the anao does not exercise management functions and does not have an executive role. it audits the financial statements of all businesses controlled by the australian government and assesses where improvements can be made. as part of its role, the anao seeks to identify and publish broad messages and lessons learned through audit activities, generally for the benefit of the public sector. anao better practice guides distribute lessons on specific aspects of administration. the auditor general has full discretion in the performance or exercise of his functions or powers within the limits of the relevant laws. in particular, the auditor general is not subject to anyone's instructions as to whether or not to conduct a particular audit, the method of conducting a particular audit, or the priority given to any particular matter. at the same time, the anao takes a broad consultative approach to its forward-looking audit programme, taking into account parliamentary priorities, taking into account input from the joint public accounts and audit committee (see paragraph 21) and other stakeholders. . the joint public accounts and audit committee is appointed at the beginning of each parliament. it has 16 members: six are appointed by the senate and ten are appointed by the house of representatives. the committee consists of a majority of government members and, by convention, is chaired by a government member. the chairman is always a member of the opposition. 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the committee's mission is to hold the government accountable for the legality, effectiveness, and efficiency of the use of public funds. the committee does this primarily by providing a formal link between the australian national audit office and parliament. the committee is required to consider all reports of the auditor-general to parliament and to report to the house and senate on any matters which the committee should bring to the attention of parliament. advises auditor general of the priorities of the parliamentary audit. in addition, the committee must approve or reject proposals for the appointment of the anao's auditor-general and independent auditor. it also reviews the anao's annual resource requirements and operations. australia has one standard setter covering both the private and public sector, the australian accounting standards board (aasb) . in 2000, the separate public sector accounting standards board and the australian accounting standards board merged. the current council describes previous agreements as "the result of repeated efforts to reach the same conclusions". the basis of the merger was that public sector financial reporting issues would continue to receive due consideration; at the moment, the work program of the council includes a number of public sector issues, but this situation will be discussed. the aasb has a full-time chairman appointed by the government and part-time members appointed by the financial reporting council (frc), which acts as the aasb's independent oversight body. the number of part-time members is determined by the frc from time to time. there are currently twelve members, three of whom are public sector preparers and one is a public auditor general giving the public sector a third of the part-time members. although there is no formal quota system, the target council includes relevant representatives from the public sector, academia, the accounting profession and corporations. the board also includes a representative from the new zealand financial reporting standards board. the aasb has its own technical, research and administrative staff. in promulgating its accounting standards, the aasb had a policy of sector neutrality, meaning that the same standard should apply to both the private sector and the public sector. the aasb relies mainly on (private sector) international financial reporting standards (ifrs) as the basis for its standards and expands and extends the definitions in the form of 'aus paragraphs'21 to apply them in the public sector context (see simpkins, 2006 ). the iasb is currently revising its conceptual framework to focus more on private sector entities, which may increase the difficulty of promulgating ifrs-based standards that also apply to the public sector. the finance department issues finance minister's orders (fmos). these are regulatory documents that detail how all government bodies (except commercial organizations) prepare their annual financial statements . fmos prescribe the use of australian accounting standards (aas). furthermore, fmos have two purposes. first, if the aas allows more than one reporting option, fmos will dictate which option to use to ensure consistency and facilitate consolidation. second, fmos include additional reporting and disclosure requirements that should be reflected in the notes to financial statements to increase accountability and transparency in public financial management. fmos do not apply to aas-based consolidated financial statements (see below). there are cases where the australian national audit office has not accepted the fmo's compliance with the aas. this is related to the depreciation and useful life of heritage and cultural assets. the financial statements of all australian government agencies are audited by the auditorgeneral and published in the relevant agency's annual report. individual agencies are strongly encouraged to publish their annual reports, including financial statements, online, and almost all do. since adopting the accounts, australia has invested heavily in training and recruiting accounting professionals into government. australia uses a decentralized accounting system, where government entities typically have their own internal accounting systems and produce their own financial statements. they provide the necessary information to the finance 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us department to prepare the government's financial statements on a monthly basis. all of this is done in accordance with australian accounting standards. the australian government applies two external standards in its budget and related financial reporting. the first is australian accounting standards (aas), as described above. the second is the government finance statistics (gfs) standards published by the australian bureau of statistics and based on the international monetary fund's government finance statistics manual. the gfs used in australia is aimed at national government only.a although both the aas and the gfs report both cash and accruals, the aas standards are the benchmark for accruals reporting and the gfs standards for cash reporting . 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 improving the budgeting process in enterprises shamsitdinova xonzoda tsue student of the faculty of finance and accounting abstract: budgeting deserves special attention as the most important link between strategic and operational management of all business operations aimed at coordinating economic processes of the enterprise and, as a result, increasing its competitiveness. this article analyzes a number of problems in the budgeting process in enterprises and gives appropriate conclusions on their elimination. keywords: budgeting, planning, approval, execution, control, efficiency. introduction at the current stage, the urgent task before any enterprise is to increase its competitiveness. this is due to the constant tightening of competition in the conditions of limited external resources. such a situation can lead to a lack of opportunities for business development, its entry into new markets, diversification and, ultimately, a decrease in competitiveness. in such conditions, it is necessary to create a self-regulating business system that can adequately and timely respond to the effects. budgeting is the first step in the development of a systematic management system of the economy and helps to optimize financial flows and the most effective distribution of enterprise resources, which can significantly reduce their size and need, reduce costs and increase the competitiveness of the enterprise. the main part the main goal of budgeting is to provide the production and commercial process with the necessary financial resources, both in terms of volume and structure. developing budgets gives quantitative confidence to the firm's chosen prospects. to achieve this main goal, it is necessary to solve the main tasks of budgeting:1 ensure continuous planning; ensuring coordination, cooperation and communication of business units; justification of enterprise expenses; creation of a base for evaluation and control of enterprise plans; compliance with the requirements of legislation and concluded contracts. thus, budgeting is the process of planning the future activities of the enterprise, the results of which are formalized by the budget system. the introduction of budgeting helps to create a consistent and sufficient effective management system. the existence of a budgeting procedure is common for any company in the developed countries of the world, and in the last decade it has been widely 1https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/marketing/product-promotion/budgetary-process-for-advertising-ofproducts-management/8557 http://www/ 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us implemented in leading enterprises of russia. in addition, it is very important that the creation of a budget system requires management and integration of information technology, which ultimately leads to an increase in management efficiency. literature analysis the word budget is derived from the french word "bougett", meaning "leather bag".2. in relation to a separate business entity, "budget" is an accounting method that allows comparison of actual results with planned indicators, as well as an effective decision-making tool, which is most provided by the top managers of the enterprise. reasonable use of the owners' property. according to r. anthony, "a budget is a plan that covers a certain period of time, usually a year, expressed in quantitative, usually monetary indicators." english economists jk shim and jg siegel gave a similar precise definition3, the term "budget" is defined as "the quantitative plan of the enterprise's activities and the implementation of programs, it is related to financial assets, own funds, income and expenses, etc., and the economic indicators of the natural company's activities". according to them, the budget "describes the company's goals in terms of achieving specific financial and operational goals and is a set of financial forecasts or financial plans." budgets are a means of financial planning (forecasting) and control of the activities of the company and its structural units. according to the definition of y. brigham and l. gapensky:4"a budget is a plan detailing the inflows and outflows of funds over a planned period of time." es stoyanova5the enterprise budget is "a quantitative representation of the plan describing the income and expenses for a certain period and the capital that must be attracted to achieve the goals set in the plan." believes that a similar definition is given by blank:6"an operational financial plan, which is usually developed for a period of up to one year, reflecting the costs and receipts of funds for certain areas of economic activity, certain types of operations, certain investment projects" budgeting is a technology of financial planning, accounting and control of business income and expenses, which allows you to analyze predicted financial indicators and manage resources with their help (primarily financial, both for an individual business and for a business). result and discussion preparation of budget:it is generally prepared by the advertising manager in consultation with the marketing manager. the advertising budget made is based on inputs provided by marketing research people. the budget is generally made on an annual basis. primary input would depend upon type of product, new or established one, target market, demographic composition, advertising copy and media selection. 2https://motherhouse.ru/uz/uclugi-zhkh/chto-takoe-byudzhetirovanie-byudzhetirovanie-na-predpriyatii/ 3shim jk, siegel jg cost management methods and cost analysis / jk shim, jg siegel m .: finance, 1996. 344p. 4brigham y., gapensky l. financial management. complete course in 2 volumes / y. brigham, l. gapensky st. petersburg: school of economics, 1997. 1 t.: 497 p., 2 t.: 669 p. 5stoyanova es, stern mg financial management for practitioners: a short professional course / es stoyanova, mg stern m .: perspektiv, 2007. 239 p. 6 blank i. fundamentals of financial management / i. blank m.: nika-center, 2006 632p. http://www/ 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. budgeting stages. source: compiled by the author with the help of several references. presentation and approval of budget:after the budget is made, it is presented to top management for the approval of the budget. execution of the budget:after the budget is approved by the top management, it is executed. various channels and media for budget allocation are considered. the task of preparing advertising messages and acquiring advertising time and space is given to advertising agencies. budget control:after the budget is executed, the results come out. if control of budgets involve comparing the desired advertising objectives and actual advertising objectives the purpose is to know the effectiveness of advertising in-terms of money allocated to advertising if it is found that the allocated budget is on the higher side or on the lower side the appropriate corrective action can be taken. a number of limitations are taken into account when preparing and executing the budget. as an important component of short-term (operational) planning, budgeting should be consistent with the organization's strategy, marketing, and other intentions. a mandatory criterion for its introduction is the use of information technologies. in addition, this system should match the specific characteristics of the company and its field of activity. the key to the company's success is competent organization of its work. simplification, systematization and automation of work processes will significantly increase the competitiveness of the enterprise conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that if the results of the assessment of the accounting documents, account registers and financial reports prepared as a result of the expertise are in accordance with the requirements of laws and other regulatory documents, this indicates the correctness of budgeting and allocation of funds. for this purpose, a number of control doubts will help us. inventory is a work activity carried out to determine the true state of the company's assets and liabilities, to determine their compliance with account information. consulting is a work activity carried out to provide business entities with advice on various knowledge and practical skills that interest them. http://www/ 64 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us professional services are work activities of auditing organizations on the basis of contracts for keeping accounts, restoring them, preparing tax declarations, drawing up business plans, and performing other professional work. thus, based on the above thoughts and considerations, audit and auditing activities can be defined as follows. references: 1. blank i. fundamentals of financial management / i. blank m.: nika-center, 2006 632p. 2. brigham y., gapensky l. financial management. complete course in 2 volumes / y. brigham, l. gapensky st. petersburg: school of economics, 1997. 1 t.: 497 p., 2 t.: 669 p. 3. stoyanova es, stern mg financial management for practitioners: a short professional course / es stoyanova, mg stern m .: perspektiv, 2007. 239 p. 4. shim jk, siegel jg cost management methods and cost analysis / jk shim, jg siegel m .: finance, 1996. 344p. 5.https://motherhouse.ru/uz/uclugi-zhkh/chto-takoe-byudzhetirovanie byudzhetirovanie-napredpriyatii/ 6.https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/marketing/product-promotion/budgetaryprocess-for-advertising-of-products-management/8557 http://www/ https://motherhouse.ru/uz/uclugi-zhkh/chto-takoe-byudzhetirovanie%20byudzhetirovanie-na-predpriyatii/ https://motherhouse.ru/uz/uclugi-zhkh/chto-takoe-byudzhetirovanie%20byudzhetirovanie-na-predpriyatii/ 80 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 on some questions of the formation unified risk classification system in insurance activities baymuratov t.m. candidate of economics, professor e-mail: bay_tur58@mail.ru orcid:0000-0002-1386-4364 abstract the article is devoted to the formation of a unified multitasking system of risk classification, in order to identify and assess them in general. the article argues that the problem of risk, therefore, lies not in the plane of mathematics, but in its formulation in the subject language. the author puts forward a hypothesis that the unity, integrity and structural and functional complexity of the risk transfer system in insurance activities, risk management and riskology require an adequate approach that would ensure the appropriate perception and study of the object, its functioning and development in the future. keywordsuncertainty, measurable uncertainty, non-measurable uncertainty, risk, risk value, risk attribute, risk factor, risk cause, risk minimization, risk neutralization, risk transfer, risk assessment, insured risk, non-insurable risk, types of risks, risk classification, classification of endogenous risks, three-dimensional matrix of classification of endogenous risks, business process. introduction modern realities make it possible to reasonably assert that risk is always present where there is activity, respectively, there is risk, and, conversely, if there is no activity, there is no risk. the uncertainty of the situation, the importance of achieving the set goal, as well as the amount of resources that ensure the implementation of the predicted result are used as parameters characterizing the magnitude of the risk, expressed as a combination of consequences and their probability, the most promising strategy for preventing and neutralizing risks is described. in order to most accurately reveal the category of "risk", it is necessary to define such concepts as "probability" and "uncertainty", since they are the basis of risks. in this context, the concept of probability is fundamental to the theory of probability and allows quantitative comparison of events in terms of their degree of possibility. the probability of mailto:bay_tur58@mail.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1386-4364 81 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an event is a certain number, which is the greater, the more likely the event is. probability is the possibility of obtaining a certain result. obviously, the event that occurs more often is considered more likely. risk is an entity that emerges over time. in some circumstances, the risk is realized to the maximum, in others it remains in vain (fruitlessly, in vain, without result). in other words, this category is optional, often random [1]. thus, first of all, the category of probability is associated with the practical concept of the frequency of an event. “the relative frequency of an event, or frequency, is the ratio of the number of experiences in which this event appeared to the number of all experiments made”1. as a unit of measurement, it is customary to consider the probability of a certain event, i.e. such an event, which, as a result of any experience, a process of activity, must certainly occur. in this case, the probability of a favorable or unfavorable outcome can serve as a measure of the degree of risk. dependence on the volume of initial information, on the one hand, and dependence on the subject, on the other hand, all this leads to the fact that uncertainty is added to the probabilistic situation. uncertainty underlies systemically complex economic phenomena, interaction with which causes the corresponding behavior of both individual economic agents subjects, and economic systems as a whole. in order to distinguish between the terms measurable and non-measurable uncertainty, the categories “risk” can be used to denote measurable uncertainty and “uncertainty” for nonmeasurable uncertainty [2]. in this regard, the risk should be considered as the possibility of an unfavorable outcome under conditions of uncertainty. in this context, risk is a characteristic of uncertainty, since in situations of certainty it is absent due to the availability of information about the possible dangers of the outcome. the word "risk" is usually used very loosely in relation to any type of uncertainty, in terms of the possibility of an unfavorable outcome, and the term "uncertainty" in relation to the possibility of a favorable outcome [2] the use of the term "risk" in insurance activities in connection with cases where the degree of uncertainty or the likelihood of an event occurring can be measured. in this case, such a “... risk is an event, the occurrence of which is not defined in time and space, independent of the will of a person, dangerous and, as a result, creating an incentive for insurance; this is the risk that can be assessed in terms of the probability of an insured event and the amount of possible damage [3]. today, risk is firmly and inextricably accompanies the business activities of subjects, including economic ones, where the onset of a risky event entails both positive and negative results. in this case, a third party of risk opens up.2 its belonging to any activity. it is very difficult to think of an example of a "risk" in business for which the distribution of various possible outcomes could be calculated in advance. a risk is a situation associated with the existence of a certain choice between several supposed (expected) alternatives. for example, in ifrs 173 insurance risk is defined as “…risk, other than financial risk, transferred by the party holding the contract to the party issuing the contract”, i.e. the definition of an insurance contract requires one party to assume significant risk, in this case meaning insurance risk, from the other party. the problem of risk, therefore, lies not in the plane of mathematics, but in its formulation in the subject language. to do this, it is also 1 http://www.itmathrepetitor.ru/uchebnik-po-teorii-veroyatnostejj/. 2 https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e00248a1-f827-4da4-a9f0-7bd7d823ee53. 3 ifrs 17 is applied retrospectively, unless this is not practicable, in which case a modified retrospective or fair value approach is applied. // https://www2.deloitte.com/. 82 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us necessary to represent the real process of risky activity and the behavior of different categories of subjects players under changing circumstances. in other words, risk is the possibility of success or failure, in which case the event is hypothetical (assumed) in nature and is not inevitable. in many scientific developments, risk is characterized as the possibility of realizing an undesirable result of an indefinite magnitude that occurs after some event. in this case, they mean: the risk is possible. the relationship established in this way between the occurrence of risk and the uncertainty of the database (information) makes it possible to reveal the economic nature of the risk, which manifests itself in a combination of the following systemic factors:  the probability of losing part of the resources (in particular, one's own) or the appearance of additional costs;  the possibility of obtaining additional profit as a result of the implementation of a certain business operation;  non-deterministic efficiency of business operations (purposeful processes). the types of risks in decision-making are also divided depending on the various classifications of a number of scientific developments. the concept of risk management tools4, determining the possibility of using similar tools in certain cases requires, as a theoretical justification, more detail on the types and varieties of risks. this task is solved in the course of risk classification: the allocation of classification features and the completion of one or more risk groups, one or another relevant feature. classification is understood as a system of subordinate categories of any field of knowledge or activity of the subject as a whole, used as a means to establish links between these system categories. economists have been dealing with the problem of risks and their classification for a long time, but due to the versatility of this phenomenon, the tasks of defining the definition of “risk” [4] and the formation of a unified risk classification system have been solved only at the level of individual areas. given the above, we can make a preliminary conclusion that the risk is based on the probabilistic nature of the activity and the uncertainty of the situation. further, it should be borne in mind that risk accompanies all processes, regardless of whether they are active or passive. it should be emphasized that the determining moment in the event of a risk is the mandatory presence of systemic factors at the same time, and the absence of at least one of them indicates the absence of risk as such. thus, the classification of risks means the systematization of a set of risks on the basis of some common features and criteria that allow us to combine risk subsets in a broader sense. literature review. a universally acceptable theory, as f. knight wrote, “requires extensive reinterpretation and integration with the general theory, working in terms of equilibrium at full employment, before it can be recognized as reliable or useful” [5]. he believes that “the key to all confusion will be found in the concept of risk or uncertainty and the ambiguities hidden in them” [5]. some researchers believe that risk is the only source of business profit. [6] this argument once again shows that risk is a complex phenomenon with many different and sometimes opposite real foundations [7]. currently, there is no generally accepted classification of risks, however, research on this problem is being carried out quite actively within the framework of research and practical work on the development of risk transfer in insurance activities, risk management and riskology, which 4 https://logistics.ru/risk 83 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is also evidenced by a significant number of dissertations5 and publications in thematic journals published abroad and in uzbekistan. almost every printed publication devoted to risk issues provides one of the options for classifying risks. in most cases, the selected criteria do not allow covering the entire set of risks, however, a number of major risks appear in the economic literature. based on this, attempts to classify the subsets of risks included in these general concepts are quite frequent. there are no well-established criteria that allow unambiguously classifying all risks for a number of reasons: the specifics of the activities of economic entities, various manifestations of risks and their various sources. researchers are still working on the search for optimal criteria. thus, j.m. keynes was one of the first to classify risks (fig. 1). fig.1. classification of risks according to j. m. keynes 6 keynes approached the issue from the perspective of an economic entity, identifying the following main types of risks: entrepreneurial the uncertainty of obtaining the expected income from investing funds, i.e., in his opinion, "... this is the risk of an entrepreneur or borrower arising from doubts about whether he will actually be able to receive the expected income that he expects" [8] ; "lender" the risk of non-repayment of the loan, which includes legal risk (avoidance of repayment of the loan) and credit risk (insufficiency of collateral). “but where there is a system of borrowing and lending money, by which ...” keynes means “... lending against real security or in the good name of the borrower, there is a second kind of risk, which ... we can call the risk of the lender” [8]; changes in the value of the monetary unit the probability of losing funds as a result of a change in the exchange rate of the national currency (market risk). this “... type of risk is one that is associated with a possible change in the value of a monetary standard unit, as a result of which 5 https://www.dissercat.com/content/ 6 compiled by the author, based on the classification of j. m. keynes (source: john maynard keynes general theory of employment, interest and money. // https://socioline.ru/files/5/316/keyns.pdf. risk classification "lender" credit risk, which includes legal risk (avoidance of loan repayment) and credit risk (insufficiency of collateral) changes in the value of the currency – probability of loss of funds as a result of changes in the exchange rate of the national currency (market risk) entrepreneurial – uncertainty of expected income from investment 84 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a monetary loan is to a certain extent a less reliable form of wealth than real property. however, such an opportunity should be wholly or almost wholly reflected in and, therefore, compensated for in the price of real non-expendable property” [8]. at the same time, j. m. keynes notes that these risks are closely intertwined for example, the borrower, participating in a risky project, seeks to get the largest possible difference between the interest on the loan and the rate of return; the creditor, given the high risk, also seeks to maximize the difference between the net rate of interest and his interest rate. as a result, the risks are "superimposed" on each other, which is not always noticed by the subjects of the economy, for example, investors. theoretical achievements and his macroeconomic method were included in the golden fund of economic science. we are most interested in the classification of r. knight d. pretty (fig. 2), where the sign is the management method, put in line with a certain type of risk. however, this sign is not clear due to the fact that the established correspondences are only of primary importance, and in practice, tools specific to another type can be applied to one type of risk, and it is also characteristic that the tools can be combined. fig. 2. classification of risks according to r. knight d. pretty 7  currently, in almost every scientific development on the definitions of risk, there are several options for their classification. in most cases, the selected criteria (features) do not allow covering the entire set of risks, however, a number of the main risk features appear in them.  it should be noted that there are a number of postulates (concepts) for a reasonable risk assessment [9]:  the risk is associated with the assessments (expectations) and decisions of the subject, but at the same time does not exist without regard to them;  risk reflects the decisions by which time is connected, although the future cannot be 7 compiled by the author, based on the classification neil, a. doherty// neil, a. doherty (1985). integrated risk management techniques and strategies for managing corporate risk neil a. doherty/ a. neil. n. y., mcgraw. //http://ppm.yourassets.com.ua/_ld/1/110_doherty_n._-_in.pdf. classification risks danger risks (insured): risk of physical harm; the risk of liability; business process interruption risk. operating (diversifiable); industry sector risks; geographic risks. strategic (non-insurable, nonhedged: reputation risk; the risk of losing investor support; competitive risk. market (hedged): changes in commodity prices; percentage; currency. 85 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us known sufficiently;  risk-free behavior does not exist;  it is necessary to distinguish between risk and its measures.  based on this, it is quite common to attempt to classify the subsets of risks included in these general interpretations. the vast majority of authors who have studied the signs (factors) of risks identify the following risks (fig. 3):  operational (risk associated with deficiencies in systems and procedures for management, support and control, as well as "... the risk of careless or incompetent actions, as a result of which material damage may be caused"8); fig. 3. classification of risks by signs (factors)9  market (such a risk seems to be a derivative of the activity of the economic entity itself [10] and the problems of determining this risk in relation to the activities of economic entities require further research aimed at minimizing losses in their activities, including the study of behavior in the stock market during a slowdown in the economic cycle [11]);  credit (this risk may be associated with the possibility of a regression of production or demand for the products of a particular industry, non-fulfillment of contractual relations for some reason, transformation of types of resources over time and force majeure circumstances). this approach is followed by leading multinational companies, developers of risk analysis, measurement and management systems, as well as specialists in economic sectors. to these basic risks, several more types of them are added, occurring in one sequence or another:  business (the basic beginning of such a risk is a failure of a purely substantive nature in terms of increasing the economic effect of economic activity through the adoption and implementation of a management decision);  liquidity risk (this is the risk of losses due to the inability of a credit institution to ensure the fulfillment of its obligations in full [11]. the same losses should include lost profits associated with the diversion of resources to maintain liquidity).  legal risk (“… as inherent in human activity, objectively existing and within certain limits capable of assessing and volitionally regulating the probability of incurring negative 8 http://dic. academic. ru/dic. nsf/fin_enc/26363. 9 compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, shapkin a. s., shapkin v. a. economic and financial risks. evaluation, management, investment portfolio. 12th edition, revised. moscow: dashkov i k°. 2023. -539 p. and etc. classification of risks by factors operational credit market 86 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consequences by the subjects of legal relations due to the occurrence of adverse events naturally associated with various prerequisites…” [12] factors);  risk associated with regulatory institutions (such a risk can be defined as the probability of an undesirable event occurring, caused by the irrationality of institutions, the imperfection of the institutional environment, in particular, some scientists [13], considering such a risk, have in mind the volatility and irrationality of regulatory policy). as noted earlier, the last four risks do not appear in all scientific developments. thus, the risk associated with the regulatory institutions of the state is most relevant for economic entities, so it is more common in areas related to such activities. today, many scientists have a simplified view of the structure and parameters of risk. in this context, it should be emphasized that, despite the long study of risks, there are currently no generally accepted criteria that allow them to be systematized and classified. nevertheless, the theoretical results of the risk study make it possible to identify common features of risks and present their typology. research methods. the unity, integrity and structural and functional complexity of the risk transfer system in insurance activities, risk management and riskology requires an adequate approach that would ensure the appropriate perception and study of the object, its functioning and development. there are numerous approaches that are characterized by different conceptual models, mathematical tools, starting positions. classifying approaches according to various criteria, they distinguish systemic, conceptual and aspect [14]. with the aspect approach, the choice stops at one facet of the problem. the conceptual approach involves the preliminary development of a set of key provisions that determine the general direction, architectonics and continuity of the study. the systemic approach, however, reflects a higher level of research methodology and requires the maximum possible consideration of all structural (factorial) aspects of problems in their interconnection and integrity, highlighting the priority and essential, determining the links and interaction between the components, characteristics and properties of the elements of the system and subsystems as a whole. results. the specifics of risk classification in developed countries is that these countries have a stable institutional system, as well as developed markets: insurance, currency, etc. most of the works devoted to risk issues are inextricably linked with these institutions, as well as the institutions that regulate them. thus, already at the initial stage, the first division of risks into risks inherent in individual institutions and risks not inherent in them is possible. the problems and methodology of risks inherent in industries and sectors of the economy have been worked out quite thoroughly in developed countries. the most complete classification of risks is reflected in the document "basic provisions for risk management of derivatives" [15]. with respect to derivatives, there are two types of risk assessment [16]: "book" represents the current value, reflecting the fair value of the contract (often zero initially, but subsequently positive or negative depending on the movement of this contract); nominal, depending on the terms of this contract. according to this document, entities face the following types of risks: credit, including repayment risk (the risk that a counterparty participant will not fulfill its obligations in full either on the required date or at any time after this date); market risk (the risk of losses recorded on the balance sheet and for the balance sheet positions due to changes in market prices; this is the risk of changes in the values of market parameters, such as interest rates, exchange rates, stock or commodity prices, the correlation 87 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us between various market parameters and volatility ) of these parameters); loss of liquidity (the risk that the company will not be able to repay its obligations with available capital at a particular moment); operational (risk associated with deficiencies in systems and procedures for management, support and control); legal (the risk that, in accordance with the current legislation, the partner is not obliged to fulfill its obligations under the transaction). each of these risks above includes a significant number of specific risks, for example, operational the risk of fraud, the risk of accidents, the risk of natural disasters; credit the risk of non-repayment of the principal amount of the loan, the risk of the borrower; market interest rate risk, currency risk, etc. there are a large number of classifications depending on the specifics of the activities of economic entities. an analysis of research and practical work on the development of risk transfer in insurance activities and risk management [17], as well as the content of internet resources, allows us to identify the following most established types and groups of risks (fig. 4): organizational risks are the risks associated with errors in the management of the company, its employees; with problems of the internal monitoring and control system, developed regulations and others, i.e. risks associated with the organization of work in the subject; market risks are risks associated with the instability of the economic situation: the risk of financial losses due to changes in market conditions, the risk of a decrease in demand for products, translational currency risk, the risk of loss of liquidity, etc. such a specification of this category allows using it: in a narrower meaning as a limited list of market risks included in prudential capital requirements; in a broader sense to organize a risk management system that is sensitive to market fluctuations caused by a variety of influence factors, the list of which remains open. this gives this concept a certain flexibility when used for the intended purpose); fig.4. classification of the most established types and risk groups 10 10 compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of the classification of risiks by a number of authors, for example, kapustina n.v. theoretical and methodological approaches to risk management: monograph / n.v. kapustin. m.: infra-m, 2016. -140 p.; poskochinova o.g. problems of implementing system solutions in the field of enterprise risk management. // scientific and technical statements of st. petersburg. gpu. economic sciences no. 6–1(185) classification most established species and groups organizational risks market risks technical and production risks legal risks credit risks 88 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us credit risks the risks that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligations on time. for example, these risks exist both for banks (the classic risk of default on a loan), and for entities that have receivables, and organizations operating in the securities market. legal risks these are the risks of losses associated with the fact that the legislation was either not taken into account at all, or changed during the period of the transaction; risks of noncompliance with the laws of different countries; risks of incorrectly drawn up documentation, as a result of which the counterparty is not able to fulfill the terms of the contract, etc.; technical and production risks – risks of damage to the environment (environmental risks); risks of man-caused accidents; risks of malfunctioning of the facility due to design and installation errors, a number of construction risks, etc. this classification most fully covers a variety of risks and, accordingly, will allow the most competent approach to the problem of identifying risk-forming factors and studying them. depending on the area of occurrence, they distinguish (fig. 4): internal risks (these are risks arising within the organization that are controllable and must be eliminated or excluded. the main risk of a subject of this nature is the incompetence of the staff). fig.4. classification of risks depending on the area of occurrence 11  in this context, internal risks are directly caused by the activities of the economic entity or its contact audience and are divided into three types:  production related to the peculiarities of the technological process at a particular enterprise, the level of qualification of employees, the organization of the supply of raw materials and materials and the implementation of transportation;  investment carrying a potential threat of non-receipt of the planned result;  commercial usually caused by improperly conducted marketing research, as a result of 2013. p. 279-286. and etc. 11 compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, panyagina a.e. approaches to understanding and classifying risks. journal "modern economics: problems, trends, prospects", no. 6,2012. //http://www.mivlgu.ru/site_arch/educational _activities/journal_ec/journal_ arch/n6/panyagina.pdf. и др. classification of risks depending on from the area of origin inside risks external risks production commercial investment political legislative regional natural industry macroeconomic 89 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us which the company cannot sell the entire volume of manufactured products, underestimation of competitors in the product market, erroneous pricing policy, etc.  external risks (the factors are: competition, the degree of novelty of the product, changes in consumer preferences (new trends). you can predict their occurrence, prepare for them to minimize the negative ones, but it is impossible to somehow prevent their occurrence)12. and they arise in the external environment of the subject, among these risks are:  political related to the political situation in the country and the activities of public authorities (revolution, military operations, nationalization of private property, confiscation of property, etc.);  legislative changes in existing norms with the release of new laws and regulations, for example, worsening the situation of the company (introduction of new taxes, abolition of tax incentives, increase in tax rates, etc.);  natural associated with possible natural disasters and environmental pollution (floods, fires, earthquakes, etc.);  regional due to the state of individual regions, their legislation, etc.;  sectoral depend on the trends in the development of the industry;  macroeconomic due to the development of economic processes in the country and in the world as a whole. in turn, macroeconomic risks include inflationary (deflationary), currency, interest rate and structural risks. the basis for the following classification of risks is also the nature of the impact on the performance of economic entities. so, the risks can be:  net (meaning the possibility of a loss or a zero result);  speculative (expressed in the probability of getting both a positive and a negative result);  neutral (which do not affect the expected result). it is also generally accepted to classify risks according to the nature (factor) of occurrence, while the following groups are distinguished: political risks, natural (environmental), economic, transport, production. another approach is interesting, which speaks about the risks of financing, in particular project financing, dividing them into risks that pose a threat to the economic efficiency of the project, and credit risks that are associated with the possibility of improper settlement of obligations to repay the loan and interest [18]. there is also another approach to risk classification that is more commonly used. in particular, one of the most famous publications in this field is the yearbook on most countries of the world in seven volumes called "political risk year-book", published by the american firm "international business company usa (publications) inc.", assesses the following risks: , financial transfers, exports, direct investment. moreover, risks (groups of risks) are assessed on a 12-point system (from “a +” the best assessment, to “d-” the worst assessment), and the overall assessment is not displayed. the american firms business enviroment risk intelligence, international reports, and the german firm beri give both individual and aggregate risk, scoring them on a 100-point scale (100 is the best estimate). the following three groups are distinguished:  political risks (including some social ones);  financial risks, which mainly determine the solvency of the country in terms of 12 risk24.ru: http: //www. risk24.ru/vidi. htm. 90 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us providing it and its legal entities with loan capital;  risks of operations, and in particular:  risks for foreign trade activity (foreign trade risks);  risks for production activities (production risks). risk assessment is extremely important for any investor, but especially for those who invest abroad, as they enter an unknown environment, so they should clearly understand the advantages and disadvantages of investment climate assessment systems:  selection of risk factors and their share in any system cannot be completely objective. therefore, it is advisable to compare risk assessments given by different systems;  when analyzing risk factors, it is advisable for an investor to pay special attention to those that he will encounter more often;  all the above systems for assessing business risks are not specific enough and poorly specialized in the industries in which the company intends to invest. it should be noted that the scientific literature most fully and structured presents the risks associated with various types of lending (factoring, financial and credit activities). at the same time, most authors consider only the risks of the creditor. among the risks to which the lender (supplier providing commodity credit) is exposed, the following groups of risks are distinguished: financial, commercial, operational and macroeconomic. given the fact that the risks of the lender are directly related to the well-being of the borrower, when studying investment risks, it is necessary to consider the risks of the borrower as well. depending on who the borrower is an individual as an individual or a commercial organization the composition of risks varies significantly, while the risks to which an individual entrepreneur is exposed include both. let us consider, as an example of classification according to the “cause of risk” feature, the risks of a mortgage loan borrower, i.e. the borrower is an individual. thus, the group “risks of loss and decrease in income” is detailed into three subgroups: the risk of permanent and temporary disability and the risk of loss of employment. bots. similarly, in relation to borrowers that are legal entities, the following subgroups can be distinguished:  the risk of reducing the number of orders;  price risk (the actual sale price of the goods is lower than the calculated one);  risk of losing a license for the right to carry out activities. in many works, the classification is based on the division of risks into insured (insured, insured) and not subject (not insured), which is argued by the fact that insurance is the most common tool for protecting against risks [19]. in addition, such a classification has become widespread due to the fact that it is reflected in the existing regulatory framework [20]. “american businessmen practically distinguish between two types of risks:  inevitable risks (risks of losses from natural disasters, accidents, thefts, civil unrest, transportation of goods, as well as losses from dishonesty and negligence of the company's employees, from violation of obligations by counterparties);  risks that are associated with the inevitable uncertainty of the business process itself (losses due to unpredictable changes in market demand and supply for goods and services, changes in the world conjuncture of shares and other securities, exchange price play, fashion changes, the emergence of unexpected achievements in scientific and technological progress etc.” [21]. financial, commercial, entrepreneurial and investment risks require separate consideration. on the one hand, these types of risks are distinguished by almost all authors, and on the other hand, 91 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the content of these concepts is not exactly defined and varies from author to author. for example, according to the classification proposed by some researchers [22], financial risks include the following risks: commercial, investment, innovative, banking, currency. commercial financial risks include:  risks of non-fulfillment by counterparties of obligations to pay for goods/works/services;  risks of financial losses due to market reasons;  risks of unforeseen legal expenses;  risks of loss of investments in non-own objects of investment and decrease in profitability on them; inflationary risks (depreciation of cash income);  risks of unforeseen costs due to insurmountable reasons (natural disasters, epidemics, loss of funds in bank accounts, illegal actions of third parties);  risks of financial losses in connection with the execution of surety agreements;  leasing risks, risks of financial losses due to non-fulfillment by the state of obligations under securities and contracts. investment risks include:  credit risks, i.e., risks associated with default on the loan by the borrower;  risks of lost profits, i.е. risks of shortfall in income compared to income received from approved objects (purchase of stable securities, real estate, bank deposits);  portfolio risks, which consist in possible losses of income depending on the structure of investments (ie the ratio of real and portfolio investments);  risks of reducing the return on investment;  risks of partial or complete loss of the entrepreneur's investments. despite the fact that this classification indicates only the negative component of investment risks, these risks (with the exception of credit risks) should be considered speculative. after analyzing and summarizing the risks listed above, attributable to the groups of commercial, entrepreneurial and financial, one cannot but agree that the concept of "entrepreneurial risks" is broader and includes a group of financial risks [23]. financial risks are the risks of events that directly affect the turnover of funds of an economic entity, and entrepreneurial risks also include events that directly affect the process of production of goods (works, services), tangible property and intellectual rights of an economic entity, etc. composition of entrepreneurial risks largely depends on the type of activity of the economic entity, i.e. from industry specifics. commercial and trading risks include: risks of returning products due to the supply of poor-quality or otherwise unsatisfactory goods to the buyer; transport risks associated with damage to goods during the journey; risks of fraud on the part of the buyer (borrower), which can mislead the supplier (creditor) in order to purchase goods with a deferred payment (take a loan), and then hide without paying for it (without repaying the loan). to form a multi-tasking classification of risks, it is advisable to consider these five types of risks from the perspective of risk owners, risk managers, as well as internal and external factors that affect the likelihood and consequences of risk events. the risk owner is understood as a person or a management body that, by virtue of its authority and official duties, can and must manage this risk. in an organization, the following main groups of risk owners can be distinguished: owners, 92 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us top management, internal auditors, risk management unit and other structural divisions of the organization. business processes will be used as internal factors of the organization that carry threats and opportunities. based on the analysis and synthesis of a number of works [24], an approach was proposed in which four groups of business processes are distinguished, each of which has its own distinctive features:  core business processes generate income for the organization;  providing business processes support the infrastructure of the organization;  management business processes manage the organization;  development business processes develop the organization. this division is suitable for multi-tasking risk classification, since all organizations have the business processes mentioned above. analysis of the relationship between the main types of risks, their owners and business processes allows you to establish the internal risks of the organization and can be represented as a three-dimensional matrix for the classification of endogenous risks (fig. 5). the cells formed at the intersection of three planes contain private endogenous risks of an economic entity related to a certain individual type of risks, due to the corresponding business process and directly controlled by the risk owner. fig.5. internal risks of the subject of the economy in the form of a three-dimensional matrix of classification of endogenous risks 13 13 compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, sokolov dv risk classification as a multi-tasking tool for organization risk management. // management of economic systems: electronic scientific journal, 2011//https://cyberleninka.ru /journal/n/upravlenie-ekonomicheskimi-sistemamielektronnnyy-nauchnyy-zhurnal?i=998515; malov d.n. methods and tools for forming the investment policy of 93 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us combined together, the endogenous risks of an economic entity represent a set of risks inherent in the relevant business processes ( )enbpr k , types of risks ( )encr m and risk owners ( )enror n . formula for calculating subgroups of endogenous risks ( , , )enr k m n , arising from internal sources (factors) and risks managed by owners, has the following form: ( , , ) ( , , )enr k m n enr k m n (1) where, k – sequence number of the business process group; m – ordinal number of risk owner group; n – ordinal number of risk type group; ( , , )enr k m n – the amount of private risk emanating from the business process k , managed by risk owners m and belonging to the risk group n . formula for calculating groups of endogenous types of risks ( )encr n as follows: 4 5 ( ) ( , , ) k m encr n enr k m n     (2) the value of the business process risk group ( )enbpr k is calculated using the following formula: is calculated using the following formula: 5 5 ( ) ( , , ) m n enbpr k enr k m n     (3) accordingly, the size of the risk group of risk owners ( )enror m is calculated using the following formula: 4 5 ( ) ( , , ) k n enror m enr k m n     (4) if necessary, each group of business processes and risk owners of the matrix can be divided into private business processes and specific risk owners, which will make it possible to understand the specifics of the activity of a particular entity, as well as provide an opportunity to study in detail the most risky business processes and the volume of risks managed by each owner risk. the cells presented as a three-dimensional matrix at the intersection of these planes contain private endogenous risks related to a certain type of risks, due to the corresponding business process and directly controlled by the risk owner. in these cells, instead of the names of risks, their values can be entered, but only if the subject uses quantitative indicators of risk assessments. if qualitative risk assessments are used, their values should not be entered, as this may cause problems with the comparability of the given indicators. as a result of the combination, private endogenous risks are classified according to the classification groups inherent in the respective business processes вр (k), types of risks cr (m) and risk owners ro (n). if necessary, each group of aggregate business processes and risk owners can be subdivided into separate business processes, which will make it possible to understand the specifics of the activity of a particular entity, as well as make it possible to predict in detail the most risky business processes and areas of responsibility of risk owners. external factors affecting the subject from outside are divided by a number of specialists enterprises (on the example of the automotive industry) specialty: 08.00.05 economics and management of the national economy: economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes (industry) dis. on sois. scientific art. cand. economy sciences, novgorod. 2022. -231 p. and etc. 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us [25] into the following subgroups: economic, political, market, competition, international and socio-behavioral (fig. 6). fig. 6. external factors affecting the activity of the subject of the economy 14 in our opinion, for the formation of a multitasking classification of risks, the division of factors into subgroups indicated in table. 1 is not suitable, and they need to be finalized: firstly, exclude the market and international subgroups; secondly, to supplement the natural-ecological subgroup, which includes threats and opportunities of a natural-ecological nature. thus, the main external factors of the multitasking risk classification will be political, economic, technological, competitive, social and environmental. 14 compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, zinger o.a., ilyasova a.v. factors influencing the sustainable development of industrial enterprises // modern problems of science and education. 2015. no. 1-1. // https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=18044 (date of access: 07/29/2023).; lazareva m.v. factors influencing the organizational and economic mechanisms of management in the chemical industry // universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific magazine 2022.5(98). //: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13740 (date of access: 07/29/2023). and etc. classification of external factors affecting the activity of the subject of the economy subgroup factors subgroup factors private factors changing demographic conditions; life cycles of products or services; ease of market penetration; distribution of incomes of the population. political economic competition international macroeconomic market private factors sustainability of the economic system; -monetary (tax) policy of the state (additional issue of money, changes in the rules of currency circulation, etc.); business culture (habits, traditions, norms). private factors political instability; presence of ethnic or religious conflicts; forms of ownership in the country; protection of competition. private factors changes in production technology; application of it in the design and provision of goods and services, the development of communications; the position of a competitor in the industry, the level of competition, the availability of substitute products. private factors ease of access to raw materials; activities of foreign cartels; changes in the exchange rate and political decisions in countries acting as investment objects or markets. private factors changing expectations, attitudes and mores of society in relation to entrepreneurship; the role of women and national minorities; changes in the social attitudes of managers and the movement to protect the 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a result of combining environmental risk factors with the main types of risks and their owners, a three-dimensional matrix for classifying the subject's exogenous risks is formed (fig. 7). filling in the cells of the matrix of exogenous risks is similar to filling in the matrix of endogenous risks. fig. 7. three-dimensional classification matrix of exogenous risks subject of the economy 15 as a result of this, a summary of the organization's exogenous risks should be obtained, grouped not only from the position of belonging to the types of risks ( )excr n , as well as from the position of belonging to external factors ( )exfr l and risk owners ( )exror m . formula for calculating subgroups of risks arising from external ( , , )exr l m n sources has the following form: ( , , ) ( , , )exr l m n exr l m n (5) where, l – serial number of the group of external risk factors; m – sequence number of the group of risk owners; n – serial number of risk type group; ( , , )exr l m n – the amount of 15 compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, malov d.n. methods and tools for forming the investment policy of enterprises (on the example of the automotive industry) specialty: 08.00.05 economics and management of the national economy: economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes (industry) dis. on sois. scientific art. cand. economy sciences, nizhny novgorod. 2022. -231 p.; barchukov a.v., sokolov d.v. multitasking risk classification. // bulletin of the siberian institute of business and information technologies. 2015. no. 3. p. 23.; shitikov v.k., mastitsky s.e. (2017) classification, regression and other data mining algorithms using r. 351 p. − e-book, access address: https://github.com/ranalytics/data-mining, etc. 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us private risk emanating from an external risk factor l , owner-managed risk m and related to the group of types of risks n . formula for calculating the group of exogenous types of risks ( )excr n as follows: 6 5 ( ) ( , , ) l m excr n exr l m n     (6) the value of the risk group of external factors ( )exfr l is calculated using the following formula: 5 5 ( ) ( , , ) m n exfr l exr l m n     (7) accordingly, the size of the risk group of risk owners ( )exror m is calculated using the following formula: 6 5 ( ) ( , , ) l n exror m exr l m n     (8) for the purpose of greater detail, an organization can identify private external factors and risk owners within groups and analyze them in more detail to determine the most risky areas of its activities and analyze areas of responsibility. in practice, a situation is possible when one particular risk arises under the influence of several groups of factors simultaneously. in this case, there are two options for filling the matrices shown in fig. 5-6: risk belongs to the cell ( , , )enr k m n or ( , , )exr l m n , in accordance with the main factor, the impact on which allows you to most effectively manage the likelihood and / or consequences of a risk event; the risk belongs to several cells ( , , )enr k m n или ( , , )exr l m n , distributed among all factors, the impact on which allows you to manage the likelihood and / or consequences of the initial risk, in proportion to the degree of this impact. at the same time, it is necessary to introduce appropriate designations that allow a clear understanding of the causal relationships of each factor with the same risk. the organization itself determines which filling option to use. however, it must be understood that the second option for filling in the tables is more time-consuming than the first. its application is possible only in conditions of full automation of risk management procedures and the availability of an extensive database of risk relationships. having considered the main types of risks of the organization, risk owners, as well as business processes and external threats and opportunities that cause these risks, the author created a multi-tasking risk classification in the form of three-dimensional matrices of classifications of endogenous and exogenous risks, which provide mechanisms that allow them to be finalized in accordance with characteristics of the activities of each particular organization. 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us considering the above classifications of risks by criteria, one can come to the argument that minimization of most of the listed risks is possible due to well-designed management decisions, and the target function of the system may be different depending on the cost and volume of products (goods, services). for large volumes, the objective function is defined as minimizing risk while maintaining specifications in accordance with standards. conclusions and offers. having studied the groups and types of risks presented above and based on the principle of highlighting the priority feature of the classification, we can formulate the following types of risks in insurance activities: • according to the desirability of the consequences speculative, pure, neutral; • according to acceptability of consequences – pure risks are divided into acceptable and unacceptable; • according to the ability of the subject to manage the risk manageable, unmanageable; • if forecasting is possible – forecasted (estimated), not estimated; • according to the assessment method – assessed by mathematical and statistical methods, assessed by experts; • if possible insurance – insurance, non-insurance; • by risk value – high, medium, low; • by sphere of occurrence – external and internal; • by nature causes of occurrence political (country), man-made, natural and climatic, "human factor"; • by content (by nature of consequences) – risks of material damage, financial risks (risks of financial losses), risks of damage to human life and health; environmental risks. in addition, in order to manage risks during the transfer of risks in the insurance activities of individual entities, it seems appropriate to group certain types of risks characteristic of the type of economic activity under consideration. in this regard, taking into account industry specifics, the following risk groups can be formed: — risks directly related to material production (including construction and installation risks, agricultural risks, production risks, etc.). —risks of financial and credit, investment and innovation, trade and logistics (including transport and storage) and special areas of activity; — risks of research activities; — risks in the social sphere; —life insurance risks. the problem of risk, therefore, lies not in the plane of mathematics, but in its formulation in the subject language. to do this, it is also necessary to represent the real process of risky activity and the behavior of different categories of subjects players under changing circumstances. in other words, risk is the possibility of success or failure, in which case the event is hypothetical (assumed) in nature and is not inevitable. based on this, in order to form a multi-task classification 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of risks, it is advisable to consider from the perspective of risk owners, risk managers, as well as internal and external factors that affect the likelihood and consequences of risk events. as a result of the aggregation, private endogenous risks are classified according to the classification groups specific to the respective business processes, risk types and risk owners. if necessary, each group of aggregate business processes and risk owners can be subdivided into separate business processes, which will make it possible to understand the specifics of the activity of a particular entity, as well as make it possible to predict in detail the most risky business processes and areas of responsibility of risk owners. in conclusion, based on the selected types, it is possible to propose a classification of the risks of economic activity. however, it should be noted that the use of this classification does not solve the problem of risk management in general, since the classification is only one of the elements of the risk management system. but despite this, the proposed classification, of course, is not complete, but can be used both in solving scientific and methodological problems of studying risks and managing them in economic activity, and in practice for a better understanding of the nature of risks and management decisions in general. references: 1. рискология: учебник. i часть /т.м. баймуратов; – т.: «iqtisodmoliya», 2023. с. 6 (– 316 с.). 2. frank h. knight. the meaning of risk and uncertainty. in: f. knight. risk, uncertainty, and profit. boston: houghton mifflin co, 1921, p. 210–235. 3. ефимов с. л. риск страховой//экономика и страхование: энциклопедический словарь москва: церих-пэл, 1996.с. 419 – 528 с. 4. баймуратов т.м., нарбеков д.э. к вопросу дефиниции риска в страховой деятельности: неоднозначность и многоаспектность интерпретаций. //http://interfinance.tfi.uz/?p=961. 5. frank h. knight, risk, uncertainty and profi.t//https://cdn.mises.org/risk,%20 uncertainty%20and% 20profit_4.pdf 6. бачкаи т., мессена д., мико д. и др. хозяйственный риск и методы его измерения. -м.: экономика, 1979. -184 с.; гэлаи д., кроуи м., минасян в. б., марк р. основы рискменеджмента м.: издательство юрайт 2020 390с. 7. черкасов в.в. проблемы риска в управленческой деятельности. -м.: рефл-бук, 2002. с. 63. 8. джон мейнард кейнс общая теория занятости, процента и денег. // https://socioline.ru/files/5/316/keyns.pdf. 9. рискология: учебник. i часть /т.м. баймуратов –т.: «iqtisodmoliya», 2021. с.77. (-316 с.). 10. шапкин а. с., шапкин в. а. экономические и финансовые риски. оценка, управление, портфель инвестиций. 12-е издание, переработанное. м.: дашков и к°. 2023. -539 с. 11. on the edge. the economist, 2011. july 16–22. p. 9. 12. фаррахов и.т. риск ликвидности. количественная оценка. //https://www.riskfin.ru/ 13. крючков р.а. риск в праве: генезис, понятие и управление: автореф. дис. … канд. юрид. наук. -н. новгород, 2011. с.8 (27). 14. bokusheva r. actual aspects of insurance in agriculture / r. bokusheva, o. heidelbach // discussion paper of the institute of agricultural development in central and eastern europe. – halle: 2004. – № 57. с-9 (– 31 с). http://www.insur-info.ru/dictionary/1210 http://www.insur-info.ru/dictionary/source/src1 https://www.litres.ru/author/a-s-shapkin/ https://www.litres.ru/author/v-a-shapkin/ 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. коротков э.м. исследование систем управления 3-е изд., пер. и доп. учебник и практикум для академического бакалавриата. м.: издательство юрайт, изд. 3, пер. и доп. 2023 – 226 с. 16. the monetary authority (ma) issued in december 1994 a guideline on "risk management of financial derivative activities". // https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbsc211.pdf. 17. базельский комитет по банковскому надзору консультативный материал повышение устойчивости банковского сектора. // http://www.cbr.ru/content/document/file/36682/1.pdf. 18. капустина н.в. теоретико-методологические подходы риск-менеджмента: монография / н.в. капустина м.: инфра-м, 2016. 140 с.; 19. земцов с.п., чепуренко а.ю., баринова в.а., красносельких а.н. новая предпринимательская политика для россии после кризиса 2020 года // вопросы экономики. 2020. №10. с. 44-67. 20. шихов а. к., шихов а. а. к вопросу о предпринимательских и финансовых рисках. // страховое дело. 2005. № 5. с. 60 64; № 6. с. 40 48. 21. гражданский кодекс республики узбекистан (утвержден законом республики узбекистан от 29 августа 1996 года № 256-i) (с изменениями и дополнениями по состоянию на 06.06.2022 г.), глава 52 // https://continent-online.com /document/?doc_id=30421301#pos=4;-140. 22. корабельникова с.с. формирование механизма управления рисками организаций строительного комплекса. дис. ... канд. экон. наук: 08.00.05: спб., 2005 147 c. ргб од, 61:05-8/4214. // http://www.dslib.net/economika-xoziajstva /formirovanie-mehanizmaupravlenija-riskami-organizacij-stroitelnogo-kompleksa.html. 23. шихов а.к., шихов а.а. к вопросу о предпринимательских и финансовых рисках /страховое дело. – 2005. – № 5. – с. 60 – 64; – № 6. – с. 40 – 48; баймуратова г.т. совершенствование страхования финансовых рисков. 08.00.07 – финансы, денежное обращение и кредит автореферат дис. доктора философии (doctor of philosophy) по экономическим наукам, -т.: 2021. -59 с. и др. 24. шихов а.к., шихов а.а. к вопросу о предпринимательских и финансовых рисках /страховое дело. – 2005. – № 5. – с. 60 – 64; – № 6. – с. 40 – 48. 25. ковалев в. м., ковалев с. м. технология структуризации и описания организации – шаг за шагом. консультант директора. – 2004. № 8. – c -28 (с. 24-36)/ 26. management / michael h. mescon, michael albert, franklin khedouri. new york city, 1988. p. 264 (p. 777). https://continent-online.com/ 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 education to give in processes information and communication technologies nazirjonov ubaydulloh nozimjon o'g'li, abduraximov ozodbek azimjon o‘g‘li, tojidinov azizbek ilhomjon o‘g‘li muhammad alkhorazmi tatu in the name of fargana branch student abstract: in our country education in the system school sciences in education from ict efficient use current is an issue. exactly information technologies universal tool of education and not only in students knowledge, skill and qualifications formation enable gives, perhaps personal features to develop, to know interests satisfies. keywords: information, initial education, ict, training and game programs, education system, internet as you know, it 's the beginning education education system foundation considered students teaching quality to him depends will be and this initial school teacher undertake big responsibility loads. long time during education in the system start drinking school « skills school came, that is student next education get for reading, writing, counting such as main skills mastery need has been education stage as viewed. today's in the day start drinking school different imagination will be done. today's education in the day in the system of the child the first experience — education get forces to try place be stay need. this stage activity, independence development, perception reach activity save to stay and child education to the world my table come in to go for conditions create, his health and emotional features strengthening important today's in the day of students that 's it qualities education to the process ict current reach with of developing witness we are own in our work education to the process information technologies current from them using and study in the process from ict use according to known experiences collected we are going information from technologies use according to my experience traditional lesson within ict didactic in terms of right applied cases study process individualization and differentiation for not limited opportunities appear to be showed. they are to the students information from sources use enable gives, independent affairs efficiency increases, creativity, competence and skills take over and strengthening for in general new opportunities gives, of education new forms and methods done to increase possibility gives _ each in the student personal study direction development provides. study in the process him successful knowledge get for necessary has been main processes as thinking, imagination to develop directed big changes happen will be of students perception reach activities efficient organize to do is provided. from ict when used in education person oriented the approach done increase easy being left, whole study process efficient organize to do opportunity appear it happened lesson in the 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us process ready multimedia products and computer education from programs, training and from class except internet network in works of means using multimedia education programs and presentations, projects was created. information technologies all study in the sciences apply can in lessons study and game from programs use gives a great effect. mother tongue and the russian language in their classes literacy increase according to exercises help gives, in this children on computers different kind of practical assignments they do. get started classes students for different didactic materials from the collection using demonstration exercise, control-exercises and test trials modules included mixed computer programs preparation can to him to science about the rules current study and generalized repetition for three in options given grammar-orthographic topics rich on and various districts of materials use gives good results. mathematics in the classes « playful issues » programs prepare and use can get started in class to be studied many topics according to different materials given various complexity level different kind of assignments each of the student perception reach and creative abilities to develop help gives _ issues in solving with a computer animated from the slides use of the lesson interesting increases. theirs superiority sides wanted at the time of the matter per head back to can, his separately in parts stop, readers with to talk to them thoughts listening from possible consists of get started in classes to move animated issues with slide films apply can so slides create for from the internet received animated from the pictures use can _ all study in the sciences addition and development materials as many video film and photos with local studies from the material use can _ microsoft power point programs using created presentations education in the process from ict use very efficient shape is considered in the presentation the main thing is informativeness, visuality, curiosity is considered this is it program through different topic and sciences according to presentations in creating photos, pictures, animation , extra from information use can _ at school there is internet network in our work big help shows. internet is global information system the fact that to everyone known. it is electronic mail, search systems own into takes and different information resources use enable gives from him necessary information find, re work exit and them all of them to computers by installing to the children independent pair, group, individual work offer reach can to the students different kind of assignments offer achievement : research transfer, the main thing selection, presentation preparation, schedule to fill opportunity appear will be information to get another one method is a lesson during directly from the internet information get is considered from the internet from before necessary the material find, in class while him to the students show can work in the form of a dialogue on the studied material take to go can _ get started class students from the internet independent to use, necessary information to choose, him save to stay and presentations make up or different kind of projects work exit and in execution next in their work to use they know students from the 2nd grade only in the notebook not but directly assignments on the computer do it they get students computer with work the first skills they get their own theoretical knowledge constant by deepening and practical skills by improving they go get started in classes thinking operational style in formation informatics course role very important informatics this role actions structure planning, information search, communication planning, information models construction, activity mediation such as initial habit and skills collection in the form of is considered. the computer in the winter assistant, creativity, himself expression reach and development tool as to understand big important have large classes in students thinking style forming will be new forms they are difficulty with acceptance they do this course read the student in shk information with practical to work to teach need get started https://hozir.org/1--amaliy-ishlar-coreldraw-da-oddiy-chizmalar-yarating-1-topsh.html https://hozir.org/1-dars-sana-mavzu-jismlarning-elektrlanishi-darsning-maqsadi.html https://hozir.org/glossariy-animatsiya-animaciya-animation.html https://hozir.org/fan-geografiya-sinf-6-mavzu.html 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at school the computer mastering students from him own activities tool as another use in classes possible, the computer apply with take to go lessons them difficulty does not give birth. large classes informatics in their classes of course from the computer use this program done increase necessary condition is considered from the computer usually new the material discussion in doing electron blackboard as i use from this besides, study games organize to do and individual education and with a computer practicum organize in doing is used. education as a result students study and simple practical issues solve for from the computer usage : files with simple operations done increase ( create, maintain stay, search, program to work drop ); in programs practical assignments and creative things to perform know : word pad , microsoft power point, microsoft excel, microsoft word; wide used programs to work download : computer on the screen textual and graph editor, simulators, tests ; texts and images ( information ), objects with work search is simple changes, storage, use and information and information transmission done increase, content, way directory, catalogs, directories, from the internet using a computer using small projects and presentations they hurt. so so, this course start drinking at school learning study process modernization, efficiency increase with together, each individual abilities of the student account take it to stratification possibility gives offer being carried out course to the teacher education free manage and study information present reach different methods apply enable gives _ information and communication technologies the students interesting to the world take at the entrance of the teacher opportunities expands, in that students information independent respectively looking for they find, take, analysis they do and to others they deliver. information about the child with to work , to study in the winter teaching is modern initial of classes important task is considered get started classes education in the process from ict use only main directions is formed. students from class except their work organize in reaching from ict wide use the first next, this different reports preparation, from the class except events transfer and that's it from the like consists of will be used literature : 1. ergashev, om, turgunov, bx, & turgunova, nm (2023). microprocessor control system for heat treatment of reinforced concrete products. international journal of inclusive and sustainable education, 2(5), 11-15. 2. turgunova, n., turgunov, b., & umaraliyev, j. (2023). automatic text analysis. syntax and semantic analysis. engineering problems and innovations. 3. tojalievich, ti, mavlonjonovich, mm, tokhtasinovich, uj, & eraliyevich, ta (2022). methods of implementation of information protection system. galaxy international journal of interdisciplinary research, 10(6), 1037-1040. 4. tojiboev, it, mamirkhojayev, mm, toychibaev, ae, & umaraliyev, jt (2021). cash memory of the computer, memory address and their order. academic research in educational sciences, 2(7), 37-43. 5. umaraliyev, j., turdaliyev, k., isoqjonova, s., & abdurakhimov, o. (2023). it applications and prospects in education. interpretation and researches, 1(11). search the horse http://interpretationandresearches.uz/index.php/iar/article/view/1277 6. ilhomjon son, tk, stop son, uj, & azimjon son, ao (2023). the role and significance of modern technologies in the development of society. international conference on architecture and civil engineering, 1–3. retrieved from https://conf.innovascience.uz/index.php/icace/article/view/31 7. ilhomjon son, tk, jamshidbek stop it og, u., & azimjon son, ao (2023). an article on the progress of modern technologies in society. science, education, culture and innovation, 2(6), 15-17. https://hozir.org/asosij-ism-self-study-task-fill-in-the-blanks-with-an-appropri.html https://hozir.org/kirish-nazariy-qism.html https://hozir.org/kirish-nazariy-qism.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html https://hozir.org/kokrak-suti-bilan-oziqlantirish.html http://interpretationandresearches.uz/index.php/iar/article/view/1277 https://conf.innovascience.uz/index.php/icace/article/view/31 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. stop it son, uj., azimjon son, ao. , & ilhomjon daughter, is. (2023). the transformative role and importance of telecommunication technologies in our daily lives. & quot;online conferences&quot ; platform, 138–139. retrieved from http://papers.onlineconferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/1260 9. umaraliyev, j., abdurakhimov, o., & isokjonova, s. (2023, june). use and effectiveness of information technologies in medicine. in academic international conference on multi-disciplinary studies and education (vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 148-151). http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/1260 http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/1260 487 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 use of scada in management systems for water distribution facilities erkinov shahboz namozovich bukhara institute management natural resources national research university "tiiimskh" ace with istent departments « control and automation processes productions » e mail : shahbozerkinov 7@ gmail . com annotation: the article analyzes the possibilities of using the scada concept in the control system of water distribution facilities. the object of the study is the khachkab water distribution facility of the amu -bukhara basin administration of irrigation systems. key words : water distribution facility, water supply system, modern process control system, scada system, control room, monitoring and control system. аннотация: в статье анализируются возможности использования концепции scada в системе управления водораспределительными сооружениями. объект исследования – хачкабское водораспределительное сооружение аму-бухарского бассейнового управления ирригационных систем. ключевые слова: водораспределительный объект, система водоснабжения, современная система управления технологическими процессами, система scada, диспетчерская, система мониторинга и управления. introduction . characteristic property of control systems that determines their how special class dynamic systems is usage current information about managed and managing impacts during implementation reverse and compensating connections designed to ensure optimal quality _ control by selected criterion _ promotion power , complexity and cost technological complexes and systems like objects control , tightening quality requirements _ products , protection surrounding environment and security staff , as well as security long-term performance equipment are economic and social prerequisites for continuous improvement of management systems . currently _ time achieved certain success in creating automated (with the participation person ) and completely automatic control systems. this contributed to the rapid development microprocessor means capable _ perform the full range of functions for transformation , transmission, processing , storage and use information to influence technological _ process and for communication with the 488 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us operator. first of all are being implemented measurement , control and regulation state technological objects . accelerating scientific and technological progress and intensifying production are impossible without the use of automation tools. a characteristic feature of the modern stage of automation is that it is based on the revolution in computer technology, on the widespread use of microprocessor controllers, as well as on the rapid development of robotics, flexible production systems, integrated design and control systems, and scada systems. numerous consumers require water: both of different quality and different quantities. the quantity and quality of water required by each enterprise is determined by the nature and scale of its main production. in turn, the efficiency of an enterprise often strongly depends on the organization of supplying it with water of the required parameters. for many enterprises, stopping the water supply even for a few minutes means massive product defects, and often emergency failure of individual technological devices and installations. the supply of low-quality water (dirty, hard, etc.) also leads to defects, a decrease in the productivity and efficiency of technological devices, and often to emergency failure of individual elements. with the introduction of an automatic process control system into production, the reliability of the water supply system is significantly increased and high productivity of the enterprise is ensured. materials and methods . a water supply system is a complex of structures to provide consumers with water in the required quantities and required quality. the water supply system includes the following structures: a) water intake facilities (water intake); b) water-lifting structures (pumping stations); c) facilities for purification, processing and cooling of water; d) water pipelines and water supply networks; e) towers and tanks. these are regulating and reserve tanks for storing and accumulating water. a modern automated process control system (automated process control system) is a multi-level human-machine control system. the creation of automated control systems for complex technological processes is carried out using automatic information systems for data collection and computing systems, which are constantly being improved with the evolution of hardware and software. the time-continuous picture of the development of automated process control systems consists of several stages due to the emergence of qualitatively new scientific ideas and technical means. over the course of history, the nature of control objects and methods, automation tools and other components that make up the content of a modern control system changes. the functions of the person (operator/dispatcher) called upon to ensure the routine functioning of the technological process also changed from stage to stage. the range of tasks solved at the management level is expanding; the set of tasks, limited by the direct need to manage the 489 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technological process, is replenished with qualitatively new tasks that were previously of an auxiliary nature or related to a different level of management. the dispatcher in a multi-level automated process control system receives information from a computer monitor or from an electronic information display system and acts on objects located at a considerable distance from him using telecommunication systems, controllers, and intelligent actuators. the basis, a necessary condition for the effective implementation of dispatch control, which has a pronounced dynamic nature, is working with information, i.e., the processes of collecting, transmitting, processing, displaying, and presenting information. the dispatcher is required not only to have professional knowledge of the technological process and the basics of its control, but also experience in working in information systems, the ability to make decisions (in dialogue with a computer) in abnormal and emergency situations, and much more. the dispatcher becomes the main actor in the management of the technological process. results and discussions . object research in this work is a complex of hydraulic engineering structures khachkabsky waterworks on the river zerafshan , who provides regulation water flowing along the river bed from two main sources – directly drain river and canal " shakhrudskaya" branch ". hydraulic complex structures khachkabsky waterworks adminis trative is part of the basseynovovo management irrigation systems (buis) " amu -bukhara", functionally associated with the latter and, closely located , kuyumazar pumping station station and kuyumazar reservoir [1]. khachkabskoe water distribution the device ( water divider ) is located in the middle flow the shahrud -kharkhur canal , which receives water from channel " shakhrudskaya" branch " and partially from duaba water hub rivers zerafshan . waterworks performs function water divider between northwestern branch and shahrud canal . canal irrigation system shahrud large irrigation system of bukhara region , irrigating 6 districts bukhara region and, partially , kiziltepinsky district of navoi areas . the irrigation system is designed to irrigate irrigation area 56.3 thousand hectares . after commissioning _ _ i queues amu-bukhara channel big part irrigation systems shakhrudskaya branch (56.3 thousand hectares ) was switched to irrigation with water from rivers amudarya . after this duabinsky water node rivers zarafshan became be used only by 5÷10%, which led to intense siltation channel " shahrud-kharkhur " above khachkabsky waterworks _ included in khachkab waterworks includes : supply channel with two water dividers ; left bank head regulator " shahrud " channel ; head regulator of the right bank canal " north-western" branch "; a siphon through the old bed of “ shakhrud ” on the “ severo-zapadnaya” branch " in the bottom regulator bay . 490 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulator gate control carried out manually . automatic control system for gates on this the hydraulic unit is not installed . due to this _ systems early warnings and alerts also inactive . purpose given work is implementation partially automated systems regulation and operational control over water distribution to ensure consumers water as needed quantity as needed terms . the task automation and monitoring is creation systems automated management and control of work shutters khachkabsky waterworks , which will allow :  increase the reality of implementing the water use plan;  create conditions for sustainable, equitable, fair water allocation, guaranteeing stability and uniformity of water supply , and eliminating unproductive water waste. achievement specified goals supposed implement application scada in the server room computer dispatcher point khachkabsky waterworks _ scada ( supervisory) concept control and data acquisition dispatch control and data collection) is predetermined by the entire course of development of control systems and the results of scientific and technological progress. the use of scada technologies makes it possible to achieve a high level of automation in solving problems of developing control systems, collecting, processing, transmitting, storing and displaying information. currently, scada is the main and most promising method for automated control of complex water management processes. to solve the problem posed above, we propose the following diagram (fig. 1) of an automated monitoring and control system (mcs) for the object in question. fig.1. generalized diagram of the monitoring and control system. this is a two-level system, since it is at these levels that direct control of the technological process 491 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is implemented. the specifics of each specific control system are determined by the software and hardware platform used at each level. the lower level the object level (controller) includes various sensors for collecting information about the progress of the technological process, electric drives and actuators for implementing regulatory and control actions. sensors supply information to local programmable logic controllers (plc programming logical controller ), which can perform the following functions:  collection and processing of information about technological process parameters;  control of electric drives and other actuators;  solving problems of automatic logical control, etc. since the information in the controllers is pre-processed and partially used on site, the requirements for communication channel capacity are significantly reduced. information from local controllers can be sent to the control center network directly, as well as through upper-level controllers. depending on the task at hand, upper-level controllers (hubs, intelligent or communication controllers) implement various functions. some of them are listed below:  collecting data from local controllers;  data processing, including scaling;  maintaining a uniform time in the system;  synchronization of subsystems operation;  organizing archives according to selected parameters;  exchange of information between local controllers and the upper level;  work in offline mode in case of communication failures with the upper level;  reservation of data transmission channels, etc. the upper level control center (dp) includes, first of all, one or more control stations, which are an automated workstation (aws) of the dispatcher/operator. a database server, workstations (computers) for specialists, etc. can also be located here. ibm pc-type personal computers of various configurations are often used as workstations. control stations are designed to display the progress of the technological process and operational control. scada systems are designed to solve these problems . scada is specialized software aimed at providing an interface between the dispatcher and the control system, as well as communication with the outside world. the range of functionality is determined by the very role of scada in control systems and is implemented in almost all packages:  automated development, which makes it possible to create software for an automation system without real programming;  application program execution tools;  collection of primary information from lower-level devices;  processing of primary information;  recording alarms and historical data;  storage of information with the possibility of its post-processing (usually implemented through interfaces to the most popular databases); 492 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  visualization of information in the form of mnemonic diagrams, graphs, etc.;  the ability of an application system to work with sets of parameters considered as a “single whole” (“ recipe ” or “settings”). all components of the control system are interconnected by communication channels. ensuring the interaction of scada systems with local controllers, upper-level controllers, office and industrial networks is entrusted to the so-called communication software. this is a fairly broad class of software, the choice of which for a specific control system is determined by many factors, including the type of controllers used and the scada system used. conclusions. a thorough study of the complex was carried out hydraulic engineering structures khachkabsky hydroelectric complex from the point of view of automation of individual objects of the latter. the need has been identified for the development and implementation of an automated control system for objects, in this case the khachkab gates waterworks _ a generalized diagram of a system for monitoring and managing a research object using scada technologies is proposed , which will allow achieving a high level of automation in solving problems of developing control systems, collecting, processing, transmitting, storing and displaying information. references 1. указ президента республики узбекистан. «об утверждении концепции развития водного хозяйства в 2020-2030 годах» https://water.gov.uz>posts 2. указ президента республики узбекистан «о мерах по дальнейшему совершенствованию системы питьевого водоснабжения и канализации, а также повышению эффективности инвестицион-ных проектов в данной сфере. htpps://lex.uz. 3. указ президента республики узбекистан «о мерах по совершенствованию управления водными ресурсами республики узбекистан для повышения уровня обеспеченности населения питьевой водой и улучшения еѐ качества.» htpps://lex.uz.26.11.2019 4. водное хозяйство узбекистана настоящее, прошлое и будущее. http://www.cawaterinfo.net 5. неравномерность распределения водных объектов в центральной азии. http://www.unescap.org 6. дефицит воды в центральной азии. . http://uz.sputniknews.ru 7. raxmatov m.r. gidrotexnika inshootlari. 1-jild. toshkent, “yangi asr avlodi”, 2008. 8. gаziеvа r.t. suv xo‟jаligidаgi tеxnоlоgik jаrаyonlаrni аvtоmаtlаshtirish. t.,tаlqin, 2007. 9. розанов н.п., бочкарѐв я.в., лапшенков в.с., журавлѐв г.и., каганов г.м., румянцев и.с. «гидротехнические сооружения», под ред. н.п. розанова м.,агропромиздат, 1985. 10. gidrotexnika inshootlari ,bakiev m.r., tоshkеnt, 2007 11. norman s. nise. control systems engineering. new york, john wiley, 7 edition, 2015. 12. ismoilov.m.i raxmatov a.d. avtomatika tizimlari va elektr jihozlarini montaj, sozlash va ekspluatatsiyasi. t.,timi. 2010. 13. гидравлические машины и системы технического водоснабжения, трубаев п.а., беседин п.в., гришко б.м. 14. 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(2023). spss yoki ijtimoiy fanlar uchun statistik paket bilan psixologik ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. journal of universal science research, 1(12), 207–215. 50 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 teaching future primary school teachers how to work with text in primary school gofurjanova nilufarkhan kodirjan kizi andijan state pedagogical institute, faculty of pedagogy, department of primary education, trainee teacher abstract: the most important task of primary education is teaching children to read. at this stage, elementary school students should not only learn to read aloud and silently, but also use reading skills to find the necessary information from the text. necessary knowledge, mastery of other subjects, enriches their learning experience and intelligence, because one of the characteristics of the new generation standard is personal skills such as self-esteem, selfdevelopment and self-awareness. is to develop qualities. keywords: subtext, raft technologies, acceptance of zhu, pops formula, "edutainment", pirls, crossense. veliky i.v. goethe said: "one does not own what one does not understand." this idea can be continued "one does not own and does not love what one does not understand." school practice confirms that dislike of reading and associated learning difficulties often result from a student's inability to understand what he has read, up to the loss of interest in learning. teaching methods of working with text, laying the foundation for learning ability, forming independent learning skills is one of the most urgent didactic tasks! working with text begins in the literacy period. the purpose of the literacy training course is to create a basis for the formation of a functionally literate person, to ensure the development of the child's language and speech, to help him realize himself as a native speaker. achieving the goal and implementing its main directions is carried out within the framework of interrelated topics "word", "speech", "text". the word is considered from four perspectives:  designation of sound composition and sounds with letters;  word composition (root, prefix, suffix); word formation (using noun suffixes, verbs using prefixes);  grammatical meaning (what kind of question does the word answer);  lexical meaning (what the word means, with what words it is combined in speech; words close in meaning). getting acquainted with the sentence, children learn the features of the sentence (the sentence consists of words, expresses a complete thought, the words in the sentence are semantically connected); learn to pronounce and read sentences with different intonation; correct spelling and 51 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us punctuation of written sentences (capitalize the first word, leave a space between words, put a full stop, exclamation mark, question mark or ellipsis at the end of the sentence); making sentences from words, drawing a sentence scheme. during literacy training, an understanding of the text is given (the text consists of sentences, the sentences in the text are semantically connected; the text has a title; what the text is about can be determined by the title). children learn to distinguish between text and sets of sentences, think about the meaning of the title, connect the title with the content and main idea of the text, name the text and its parts independently. when working with the texts of primer and copy books, along with the development of reading techniques, children begin to form the right type of reading activity the ability to purposefully understand the text before reading, during reading and after reading. working with the text before reading. children independently read basic words and phrases highlighted by the teacher and written on the board (on posters, typing canvas). these words and phrases are especially important for understanding the text. read the title, look at the pictures for the text. based on key words, headings and pictures, children make predictions about the content of the text. the task is to read the text and check your guesses. working with the text during reading. understanding at the content level. children independently read the text to themselves, and then read aloud with sentences or paragraphs (small). the teacher asks clarifying questions during the reading process, controls the adequacy of the initial perception and understanding of what has been read. the meanings of words are explained or clarified; the teacher periodically brings the children back to the assumptions made before the reading begins. there is constant improvement and deepening of understanding. repeated reading in larger parts, conversation. work with the text after reading. achieving understanding at the level of meaning. the teacher's questions to the entire text allow you to understand it already at the level of meaning. there are different types of word processing (you all know them well) step-by-step implementation of word processing let's look at the step-by-step implementation of a word processing system in the classroom in an elementary school. terms of learning to work with text to learn how to work with texts, some conditions must be met: to develop the ability to find information, age-appropriate scientific and cognitive texts (children's encyclopedias, natural history content), life events and mass media are used. in order for children to learn to interpret received information, texts of different styles, but similar in content, are selected: for example, about an ant: "dragonfly and ant" by i.a. krylov and v. bianchi "the ant is in a hurry." in this way, work is being carried out on the development of students' speech (retelling, creating their own statements, vocabulary of speech, its emotionality, correctness, accuracy and expressiveness). when working with texts, students' motivation and their ability to be students are taken into account. works of different sizes allow the teacher to take into account different levels of preparation of students. a differentiated, individual approach to education is one of the main features of modern primary education. the need for a differential approach to work is due to the fact that we begin to teach children with different levels of readiness for school (reader, non-reader, literate and doubtful) and different individual characteristics. 52 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us intersubjective connections when working with the text, a systematic approach to language learning is implemented, interdisciplinary connections are observed. working with the text is carried out in russian language lessons (from the section "speech development"). the older the child, the more difficult the texts. there is absorption into the text, analysis of the proposed text (deformed, incomplete, missing parts, sentences, words, etc.), working with the dictionary, introspection. to restore the text by keywords, phrases, write in your own words, based on your own knowledge and search for additional information (dictionaries, encyclopedias, other similar texts). comment on the read work (2-3 sentences), write a picture of a landscape or a portrait of a character, a pencil test (composing rhymes, fairy tales, stories). emphasis is placed on word processing, including reading by syllables, dividing words into syllables for copying, and identifying stressed syllables. enters. working with individual words, phrases, sentences, as well as the entire text material, allows you to train visual memory, which means it develops spelling awareness. in mathematics lessons: working with text problems. an analysis of the problem is carried out, a connection is made between the data and the desired things before choosing one or another action to solve it. translation of a text assignment into a table, diagram, graphic model and vice versa. when working on the text of the task, the teacher also betrays a creative character: change the question or condition, ask additional questions. this allows you to expand the child's thoughts, establish a connection with the surrounding reality. in fine arts classes: depicting individual episodes and small works; examine and compare the paintings of different artists to the same text; illustration of handmade books, using colors to convey their attitude to the characters of the work, group creativity lessons on reading topics. in the lessons of the surrounding world: distinguish important and non-important features, classify, understand the main idea of the scientific text, determine the results of observations; using crosswords. texts are selected in a small volume of educational and educational nature. this will allow you to influence your ability to assess, draw conclusions, evaluate and give your own examples. it also improves knowledge about the world. in technology classes: work with text elements, work with encyclopedic materials, preparation of home-made books, group creative work ("fairytale houses", "visiting a fairytale", etc.). text processing technology in reading classes before talking about text processing technology, let's answer the question: how do we teach reading? first of all, in elementary school, you should teach to read literary text slowly, that is, the child should be able to think about the meaning of each word while reading, ask questions and find answers to them, able to reason and empathize, and he should also be able to do basic analysis of what you read. secondly, you need to understand that we teach the child to study for himself, not for us, adults. this means that he should be taught to understand the thoughts of other people in the text, to extract the meaning of the author from the text, to feel what the characters of the work felt. third, reading aloud and self-reading should be given equal attention. when it comes to slow reading, teachers often have a question: what about reading techniques, are children achieving the desired reading speed? slow reading doesn't mean slow; it refers to a unique approach to teaching reading comprehension. reading techniques are successfully formed and further improved in the course of working on the textbook "reading outside the classroom". of course, teaching such reading requires a certain methodological approach. we remember well how we were taught to work with a new text in class. first, the teacher prepares the child to understand the text: he talks about the writer, the subject of his works, etc., and then explains the meanings of the words that are incomprehensible to the children (from his point of view). he himself wrote in advance from the text, then (again) he reads the text 53 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us expressively, and only then the children begin to work: they read aloud, answer the teacher's questions. it turns out that the teacher has already read the text that the children need to learn to read. as a result, children's activities are not stimulated and their interest is not felt. moreover, it is not clear why these questions should be answered, how they are asked, on what basis, etc. in fact, children do not get the answer to the main question: what does it mean to be able to read a text? they do not enjoy the process of learning because the process simply does not exist. what do methodists offer us? the formation of the right type of reading activity in children is ".. a three-stage process of targeted individual understanding and development of books by children (before reading, during reading and after reading) ...". the method of forming the right type of reading activity in children has been developed and described in detail. thus, there will be three stages of working with the text: before reading, during reading and after reading. each stage has a certain sequence of "steps". working with the text before reading. the goal is to develop important reading skills such as previewing, that is, predicting the content of the text based on the title, image and group of keywords, and the ability to guess. children read the author's surname, the title of the work, look at the picture in front of the text, and then express their guesses about the characters, theme, content. children (to themselves, then aloud) read the key words that the teacher has previously selected from the text and writes on the board, clarify their assumptions about the theme of the work, characters and the development of the action. the teacher sets the task of conducting a "dialogue with the author" through the text, checking and clarifying his initial assumptions. these are the children in the classroom who need to be shown that reading is communication, a dialogue between the reader and the author. but this communication is carried out not directly, but through the text created by the author. it is difficult because the text lacks intonation and logical stress, which makes it easier to understand spoken language. but there are punctuation marks in the text, children should be shown their semantic role. it is also necessary to show that the sequence of sentences in a text can itself "accumulate meanings", that a word surrounded by other words means more than if taken in isolation. working with the text during reading. the goal is to achieve a content-level understanding of the text. children read the text (chapter, complete passage) independently with the setting to check their pre-reading assumptions. read aloud in sentences or short paragraphs (2-3 sentences) with comments. during the reading (and not after!) the teacher asks specific questions for understanding, returning the children to their assumptions as soon as the text allows them to confirm them. in the course of reading, vocabulary work (explanation and clarification of the meanings of words) is also carried out. in this case, it will be stimulating and interesting: after all, in the process of reading, it will be clear which words need to be interpreted, and the word itself will be interpreted in the context, and not outside of it. the questions asked by the teacher during the reading are questions for the author, the answers to which should be sought in the part of the text that has already been read or the part that has yet to be read. the teacher's comments should be short, but not take away from what was read. thus, children see the essence of the process of "reading" the text and participate in it themselves: they follow the author through the text, think about the meaning of the words along the way, how the character of the characters is "unfolded" they observe. in front of them, they see the gradual 54 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "accumulation" of meanings in the text, working on the language, presenting the pictures drawn by the author. a clarifying question is asked to understand the content of the chapter (passage) as a whole. the result of comprehension can be the title of this part of the text during re-reading. the same work ("steps" 1-3) is carried out with the next completed piece of text and continues until the end of the text is read. if the text is large and cannot be read completely in one lesson, you can invite the children to read the following section (chapter) at home and start the lesson immediately by reading it aloud. a part of the text can be read aloud by the teacher, and then work with the text while reading aloud to the children. here are the options. the main thing is to use this technology before reading (preview) and during reading (reading to yourself, then out loud, moving slowly along the lines "after the author", "conversation with the author" in the text is to systematically follow up during the working phase.). experience shows that children understand the meaning of such work, accept it and assimilate it, that is, they begin to act in the same way when they study independently outside the classroom. discuss the content of the text as a whole, read selectively. the answer to the question: in what ways did the initial assumptions about the theme and content of the text, the development of events and characters correspond to each other? sh. working with the text after reading. the goal is to achieve understanding at the level of meaning (understanding the main idea, subtext "reading between the lines"). the teacher poses a problem question to the whole text. children's answers to this question and the conversation continues. its result should be to understand the intention of the author "hidden between the lines". the teacher's story about the writer, the conversation with the children about his personality after reading the work, but not before, because this information falls into the prepared soil after reading: the child can relate it to the work. the idea of the author's personality formed in the process of reading. in addition, a well-structured story about the author deepens the understanding of the read work. repeated reference to the title of the work and the illustration. talk about the meaning of the title, its relation to the topic, the author's opinion, etc. image questions: what part of the text does the artist depict (or is it a picture of the entire text)? is the artist accurate in the details? do his views match yours? and so on. performing creative tasks. i would like to draw attention to the fact that this technology of working with the text begins to be used as soon as the first text appears on the left during the period of learning to read and write according to the "my favorite abc" textbook. page (for non-reading children) and immediately from page 43 for reading children. for this, the alphabet pages have everything you need: the texts themselves, pictures for them (before the text) and groups of keywords (on the left pages in the columns for reading). now consider working with a poetic text in a reading lesson. the work technology will be the same in principle, but several conditions must be set, namely: before reading, children can make predictions about the topic of the poem (if it is a plot for example, about summer, school ...) or what mood it is written in. they can guess it based on the title and image (of course, it is not necessary to write keywords, especially since it is often not possible to do this). 55 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us children should read the poem themselves for the first time. the teacher does not need to prepare everything immediately: his understanding, intonation, etc. in the process of reading a line or stanza aloud, children should be helped to imagine the pictures drawn by the author; see what words these pictures are made of; feel the author's mood, situation, and as a result find the right, correct intonation, write notes on the text that will help to read it expressively. we emphasize again: reading the entire poem aloud should be the result of slow reading and "conversation with the author" the authors recommend reading not one poem in one lesson, but several (2-3) poems related to the topic (they are exactly given in our textbooks). this eliminates the need to "chew" the same thing too much and allows you to compare the views, language, rhythm of poems, etc. of different poets. we will see how important it is to learn to read by thinking, to teach it to a schoolboy. with the help of non-traditional methods of working with the text, it is possible to turn the educational process into a developing environment, while having the traditional content of academic subjects. the teaching methods we use are an important means of developing students' critical thinking. a student who thinks critically performs various mental operations analysis, synthesis, generalization and enters into active activity. methods and techniques of critical thinking technology  brainstorming  acceptance of the "basket of ideas, concepts, names".  synchronization method  cluster,  raft technologies,  acceptance of zhu,  pops formula,  "thick and thin questions" method  fish bone  insert method  raft technology  conceptual and terminological map  "true and false statements" or "believe it?"  adopting "reading with stops" and making "prediction tree" etc. one of the methods of game technology is "edutainment" ("edutainment", "edutainment") learning with fun, which is a combination of education and play. the etymology of the word is easy to trace, it comes from the combination of two english nouns: education education and entertainment entertainment. the word first appeared in 1948 at the walt disney studios to refer to an interesting documentary film format. but today the meaning is slightly different. edutainment is education in an entertainment format, "learn while playing, have fun while learning". the essence of interesting learning is that knowledge should be conveyed in an understandable, simple and interesting way, and the main thing should not be boring. 56 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the west, this is called education through entertainment. in uzbekistan, these are master classes, seminars, public lectures, trainings, business games, modeling, etc., everything that can replace the academic form with something more modern, that can attract, interest, create, and teach thinking. i would like to share with my colleagues my interesting experience of organizing the explanation of new material in the computer science class using the "crossense" method. crossense is an associative puzzle of a new generation that combines the best qualities of several intellectual entertainments at the same time: puzzles, riddles and rebuses. for the first time in 2002, the readers of the magazine "science and life" studied mutual opinion from the authors sergey fedin (writer, teacher, mathematician) and vladimir buslenko (doctor of technical sciences, artist and philosopher). crossense is an associative chain closed on a nine square square for "tictac-toe". a total of nine pictures and twelve tasks (by the number of adjacent pairs). unlike the crossword where all the cells are empty, in the crossword they are already filled with pictures. the task is to explain interconnectedness by telling a story based on interconnected images. you need to read the crosses from top to bottom and from left to right, then just move forward and end in the central 5th square, and you will get a chain surrounded by a "snail". you can start with the first and any known image. square no. 5 is the central square, and at the request of the author, it can be cross-linked with all images. the following sequence of actions should be observed when creating a cross-activity:  determine the topic, the general idea;  choose 9 elements related to the idea, topic;  find the associative relationship between the elements, determine the sequence;  consolidation of meaning in one element (5th square);  take pictures of the items. interdependence can be used at any stage of the lesson: thus, interaction is a methodical method that allows to change the priorities arising from the goals of the modern education system in the activity of the teacher not to teach, but to create conditions for the independent creative search of the student. observations have shown that the use of "educational" elements in computer science classes increases students' enthusiasm for learning science, develops independence and creativity. summary step-by-step work with texts gives real results. at the beginning and end of the school year, students' reading skills are tested, where most of the tasks are focused on working with the text. the student will not have any difficulty in completing pirls assignments. pirls tasks are not difficult, that is, skills are developed step by step. thus, thoughtful and purposeful work with the text allows the child to get the necessary and useful information from a large amount of information, as well as acquires social and moral experience and forces him to think and study the world around him. does. 131 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the goals and objectives of my school integrated information tools in the subject davrov dilshod ismoilovich department of primary education, bukhara state university abstract: in this article, an analysis process was carried out in which the purpose of integrated mediata education in school reading science, in addition to widely popular assignments: “sheep”, “ajrat”, “markila”, “remember”, “re-develop”, “make on a sample basis” tasks, statistical analysis views were explained. keywords: innovative, psychologist, integration, media education, intellectually developed, information and communication, lexical-stylistic. introduction the purpose of the national educational institution is to organize the general secondary education system based on socio – economic reforms carried out in the country, advanced experiences of developed foreign countries and science and modern information and communication technologies, to educate a spiritually harmonious and intellectually developed individual [2]. in the process of formation of an innovative educational environment, the priority of traditional teaching in primary classes, as at all stages of continuous education of our republic, does not allow students to mature in every possible way. consequently, traditional education " in many cases ignores the issue of the development of thinking, serving to strengthen memory. also, this education has little chance of developing creative abilities, independence, activity. widely popular assignments are:” sheep“, “dragon”, “markila”, “remember”, “rework” eat by sample, etc. due to the fact that the learning-cognition process in most cases has a reproductive (reelaboration) nature, the learner's cognitive activity is based on reproductive style” [1]. the purpose of the national educational institution is to organize the general secondary education system based on socio – economic reforms carried out in the country, advanced experiences of developed foreign countries and science and modern information and communication technologies, to educate a spiritually harmonious and intellectually developed individual [6]. in the process of formation of an innovative educational environment, the priority of traditional teaching in primary classes, as at all stages of continuous education of our republic, does not allow students to mature in every possible way. consequently, traditional education " in many cases ignores the issue of the development of thinking, serving to strengthen memory. also, this education has little chance of developing creative abilities, independence, activity. widely popular assignments are:” sheep“,” dragon“,” markila“,” remember“,” rework“,” eat by sample", etc. due to the fact that the learning-cognition process in most cases has a reproductive (reelaboration) nature, the learner's cognitive activity is based on reproductive style” [4]. according to some psychologists ' accounts, the vocabulary of a two-year-old child reaches 250400 words, and when children reach the age of seven, the vocabulary in them goes to 3000-3500. 132 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as vocabulary increases in children, they also develop the semantic aspect of their speech [6; 252-b.]. on the eve of coming to school, the child's vocabulary will be enough to state his opinion. if at this age a child developing in moderation uses 500-600 words in his speech, then a 6-year-old uses 3000-7000 words [4; 219-220-b.]. in the late stages of preschool age, the child correctly hears speech sounds, does not replace them with other sounds, acquires the skill of correctly pronouncing sounds. but this will not be enough to go into the period of teaching literacy. without the manifestation of the feature of active assimilation of language in relation to its phonetics and morphology, the problem of teaching native language to infants who have not yet mastered words would have arisen. work on the text serves the task of mastering the content of the work with the focus of essence, providing spiritual and moral education through the study of ideological and artistic features and, on this basis, the formation of independent thinking skills of students [6; 110 p.]. methods. the purpose of the national educational institution is to organize the general secondary education system based on socio – economic reforms carried out in the country, advanced experiences of developed foreign countries and science and modern information and communication technologies, to educate a spiritually harmonious and intellectually developed individual [2]. in the process of formation of an innovative educational environment, the priority of traditional teaching in primary classes, as at all stages of continuous education of our republic, does not allow students to mature in every possible way. consequently, traditional education " in many cases ignores the issue of the development of thinking, serving to strengthen memory. also, this education has little chance of developing creative abilities, independence, activity. widely popular assignments are:” sheep“,” dragon“,” markila“,” remember“,” rework“,” eat by sample", etc. due to the fact that the learning-cognition process in most cases has a reproductive (reelaboration) nature, the learner's cognitive activity is based on reproductive style” [1]. according to some psychologists ' accounts, the vocabulary of a two-year-old child reaches 250400 words, and when children reach the age of seven, the vocabulary in them goes to 3000-3500. as vocabulary increases in children, they also develop the semantic aspect of their speech [6; 252-b.]. on the eve of coming to school, the child's vocabulary will be enough to state his opinion. if at this age a child developing in moderation uses 500-600 words in his speech, then a 6-year-old uses 3000-7000 words [4; 219-220-b.]. in the late stages of preschool age, the child correctly hears speech sounds, does not replace them with other sounds, acquires the skill of correctly pronouncing sounds. but this will not be enough to go into the period of teaching literacy. without the manifestation of the feature of active assimilation of language in relation to its phonetics and morphology, the problem of teaching native language to infants who have not yet mastered words would have arisen. work on the text serves the task of mastering the content of the work with the focus of essence, providing spiritual and moral education through the study of ideological and artistic features and, on this basis, the formation of independent thinking skills of students [7; 110 p.]. for various purposes, from the teacher's verbal description, the chunonchi, it can use readers to draw up a plan based on the content of the text, prepare them for retelling, determine the circumstances in which the event occurred. as an independent work, the teacher assigns students the task of describing a landscape that is acceptable from a certain part of the text in a word medium or graphically. the actions of students in the process of completing this task take place at the following stages: 1. readers read the text and divide the relatively completed parts. this way of doing so allows readers to understand what the author meant. 133 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. lexical-stylistic preparation is carried out for retelling the text. in this, the meaning of unfamiliar words in the text is clarified, key points are distinguished, images and events are subject to analysis. 3. students attempt to find the basic case described in them in terms of relatively completed sections. 4. the text is independently retold by readers. when teaching elementary students to describe the content of the text in words, it is advisable to start by comparing the part of the text corresponding to the picture given in the textbook using video. in this, readers make sure that the artist is able to skillfully show the characteristic aspects of the character described by the writer. in the course of the lesson, when describing the text in words, it should be noted that it does not turn into retelling. in the analysis process, the teacher draws the attention of students to the use of words and vocabulary used by the author. events of the work in the complete assimilation of the content of the work by readers the importance of verbally describing the causal connection between, landscape, character trait and appearance of the characters is enormous. graphic representation is performed more at home. to do this, students carefully re-read the text, draw a picture corresponding to its content, and reflect on the content of the text in the lesson. as a result, their language wealth increases, oral speech and independent thinking skills begin to form. it is characteristic that the images described in the book help closely to read the texts, understand the content and understand the essence of moral and spiritual issues expressed. by reflecting the significant positions of the text in the pictures, the attention of readers is directed to the study of the characteristic aspects of the behavior of literary heroes, to the correct attitude to the ideological content of the work. the purpose of the national educational institution is to organize the general secondary education system based on socio – economic reforms carried out in the country, advanced experiences of developed foreign countries and science and modern information and communication technologies, to educate a spiritually harmonious and intellectually developed individual [2]. in the process of formation of an innovative educational environment, the priority of traditional teaching in primary classes, as at all stages of continuous education of our republic, does not allow students to mature in every possible way. consequently, traditional education " in many cases ignores the issue of the development of thinking, serving to strengthen memory. also, this education has little chance of developing creative abilities, independence, activity. widely popular assignments are:” sheep“,” dragon“,” markila“,” remember“,” rework“,” eat by sample", etc. due to the fact that the learning-cognition process in most cases has a reproductive (reelaboration) nature, the learner's cognitive activity is based on reproductive style” [1]. according to some psychologists ' accounts, the vocabulary of a two-year-old child reaches 250400 words, and when children reach the age of seven, the vocabulary in them goes to 3000-3500. as vocabulary increases in children, they also develop the semantic aspect of their speech [5; 252-b.]. on the eve of coming to school, the child's vocabulary will be enough to state his opinion. if at this age a child developing in moderation uses 500-600 words in his speech, then a 6-year-old uses 3000-7000 words [4; 219-220-b.]. in the late stages of preschool age, the child correctly hears speech sounds, does not replace them with other sounds, acquires the skill of correctly pronouncing sounds. but this will not be enough to go into the period of teaching literacy. without the manifestation of the feature of active assimilation of language in relation to its phonetics and morphology, the problem of teaching native language to infants who have not yet mastered words would have arisen. 134 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us work on the text serves the task of mastering the content of the work with the focus of essence, providing spiritual and moral education through the study of ideological and artistic features and, on this basis, the formation of independent thinking skills of students [7; 110 p.]. for various purposes, from the teacher's verbal description, the chunonchi, it can use readers to draw up a plan based on the content of the text, prepare them for retelling, determine the circumstances in which the event occurred. as an independent work, the teacher assigns students the task of describing a landscape that is acceptable from a certain part of the text in a word medium or graphically. the actions of students in the process of completing this task take place at the following stages: 1. readers read the text and divide the relatively completed parts. this way of doing so allows readers to understand what the author meant. 2. lexical-stylistic preparation is carried out for retelling the text. in this, the meaning of unfamiliar words in the text is clarified, key points are distinguished, images and events are subject to analysis. 3. students attempt to find the basic case described in them in terms of relatively completed sections. 4. the text is independently retold by readers. when teaching elementary students to describe the content of the text in words, it is advisable to start by comparing the part of the text corresponding to the picture given in the textbook using video. in this, readers make sure that the artist is able to skillfully show the characteristic aspects of the character described by the writer. in the course of the lesson, when describing the text in words, it should be noted that it does not turn into retelling. in the analysis process, the teacher draws the attention of students to the use of words and vocabulary used by the author. events of the work in the complete assimilation of the content of the work by readers the importance of verbally describing the causal connection between, landscape, character trait and appearance of the characters is enormous. graphic representation is performed more at home. to do this, students carefully re-read the text, draw a picture corresponding to its content, and reflect on the content of the text in the lesson. as a result, their language wealth increases, oral speech and independent thinking skills begin to form. it is characteristic that the images described in the book help closely to read the texts, understand the content and understand the essence of moral and spiritual issues expressed. by reflecting the significant positions of the text in the pictures, the attention of readers is directed to the study of the characteristic aspects of the behavior of literary heroes, to the correct attitude to the ideological content of the work. the paintings place a special emphasis on the behavior of the characters, especially the opening up of their inner spiritual world. accordingly, paintings with examples of fine arts have a positive effect not only on the cultivation of the speech of readers, but also on their independent thinking. through the works of fine arts, students will have the opportunity to master the works of art not only externally, but also ideologically-artistically. teaching readers to choose the basic words in a text without difficulty consciously, comprehensively, is also an important aspect of working on the text. “the reader, in the process of working on the text of the work, tries to bite the maggot of thought-idea in it. in it, the skills of independent thinking are formed and new educational qualities are also formed” [7; p.20]]. as a result of continuous, consistent and purposefully organized pedagogical activity aimed at creating a re-text by students based on the text given in the textbook in elementary school reading lessons, they master the skills of independent, clear statements of their thoughts, mastering the text signs and the rules for its composition. after all, the ultimate goal of the 135 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us actions carried out to develop speech at school is to freely declare the student's opinion in oral and written form consists of teaching. in order to facilitate statistical analysis, the corresponding statistical probability of ni and nj repetitions (frequencies)from the above variational series is vа statistical analysis begins with the calculation of the average mastering indicators for both classes and their mutual comparison. the calculation of the average mastering performance yielded the following results: (3.7) in percentage (3.8) (3.9) in percentage (3.10) hence, the average acquisition factor in an experimental class is from the acquisition factor recorded in the control class (69,7 – 57,3) =12,4 hence, the average acquisition factor in an experimental class is from the acquisition factor recorded in the control class means the excess of the fold. in order to determine the errors that may be allowed during the acquisition process, the mean quadratic and standard errors are initially determined.mean quadratic errors: (3.11) (3.12) standard errors are: i i n n p = j j m m q =    0,29. 0,33; 0,38; p 1 2, 3, x i i     0,49. 0,30; 0,21; q 1 2, 3, y j j 09,229,066,014,1129,0233,0338,0 3 1 =++=++== = = n i ii xpx %7,69%100 3 09,2 % ==x 72,149,06,063,0149,0230,0321,0 3 1 =++=++== = = n i jj óqy %3,57%100 3 72,1 % ==y % % 21,1 %3,57 %7,69 = 6619,03681,403,53681,429,032,142,3 3681,4129,0433,0938,009,2129,0233,0338,0)x( 2 3 1 222222 =−=−++= =−++=−++=−= = = n i ix i xps 6216,09584,258,39584,249,020,189,1 9584,2149,0430,0921,072,1149,0230,0321,0)y( 2 3 1 222222 =−=−++= =−++=−++=−= = = n i jjy óqs 136 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (3.13) in both of these statistical samples, we determine the mean accuracy through the coefficients of one variation: (3.14) (3.15) this means that the average mastering performance in the experience class is 7 percent higher than the accuracy of the control class. if the level of value of the statistical symptom = 0,05 taking to be, then the critical point for statistics from the laplace function table is tkr conclusion. when growing speech by working on the text in elementary school reading lessons, it is of great importance in the development of speech to promote the correct and full-fledged perception of the work of art by students, that is, taking them from the “fragmentary level”to the “level of perfection”. by working on text in elementary grades, making the most of the interaction between reading and mother tongue lessons in speech cultivation ensures the achievement of the expected result. references: 1. davronov d.i methodological possibilities of using media educational technologies to increase the professional activity of future primary school teachers. // european journal of life safety and stability (ejlss). 2021,12. 141-145 page 2. davronov d.i theoretical foundations of work on text analysis in primary school. // epra international journal of multidisciplinary research ( ijmr) 2020.10 october.volume-6. 363-366 page 3. davronov d.i methodological possibilities of using the media education system in the educational process. // international journal of culture and modernity.issn 2697-2131, volume 11 4. davronov d.i ta’lim jarayonida zamonaviy texnologiyalardan foydalanishning hozirgi holati. canada international scientific online conference. innovative developments and research in education. 23 february 2022 year.242-245 page 5. crооmе suе, fаirhаll mаrgаrеt. child lаnguаgе dеvеlоpmеnt аnd thе schооl // https://rо.еcu.еdu.аu/cgi/viеwcоntеnt.cgi?аrticlе=1006&cоntехt=аjtе 6. rоsе jim. indеpеndеnt rеviеw оf thе tеаching оf еаrly rеаding //https:// www.аcаdеmiа.еdu/35168948/indеpеndеnt_rеviеw_оf_thе_tеаching_оf_еаrly_rеаding 7. ярашов м. ta’lim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalarning oʻrni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. 8. ярашов м. boshlangʻich sinf matematika ta’limni raqamli texnologiyalar orqali ijodiy tashkil etish jarayoni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 5. .81,06619,0 ==xs .79,06216,0 ==ys %9,38%100 09,2 81,0 %100 === x s v x x %9,45%100 72,1 79,0 %100 === y s v y y ( ) 45,0 2 9,0 2 05,021 2 21 t kp == − = − =  137 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. yarashov m. boshlangʻich ta’lim jarayoniga raqamli texnologiyalarning tadbiq etish metodikasi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 10. yarashov m. boshlang’ich ta’limda xalqaro baholash tizimi //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 17. – №. 17. 11. yarashov m. boshlang ‘ich ta’limning dars jarayonlariga raqamli texnologiyalarni tadbiq etish vositalari //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2022. – т. 15. – №. 15. 12. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "tools of using digital technologies in primary educational courses." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 119-123. 13. jobirovich, yarashov mardon. "effectiveness of using digital technologies in educational system." european journal of modern medicine and practice 2.4 (2022): 124-128. 14. ганиева, у. а. (2018). значение аудита в банковском секторе. экономика и бизнес: теория и практика, (3), 29-31. 15. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 16. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 17. khamraev, a. r. (2019). modeling teacher's activity in designing students’ creative activities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 18. ҳамроев, а. р. (2022). бошланғич синф она тили таълимида ўқувчиларнинг ижодий фаолиятини лойиҳалаштириш. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 294-305. 19. ganieva, u. a., & mirzaeva, m. g. k. (2022). types of digital banking services and increasing their popularity. international journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding, 9(6), 1-5. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 03, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх tasks of developing women's entrepreneurship rakhmonova aziza tolibovna samarkand institute of economics and service, phd supporting doctoral student abstract: in this article, the formation of entrepreneurial skills in women, support of business ideas and provision of preferential loans, wide involvement of them in entrepreneurial activities, independent production of goods are considered. keywords: women's entrepreneurship, business, preferential credit, assistance, competition, crafts. measures aimed at providing employment to women who are not competitive in the country are also expected to be consistently implemented by the state. in state programs, women's employment is implemented through the development of family business, home economics, and handicrafts. about 51.0 of the population in uzbekistan more than % are women. currently, more than 62.0% of women work in various sectors of the economy, in management and production. over the past 5 years, women have accounted for 46.0% of those employed in various sectors of the economy, including 52.0% in industry, 37.0% in trade, 73.0% in health, 48.0% in agriculture, 60% in education, 0%, 32.0% in the management sector. today, women manage more than 120,000 small businesses and private enterprises, in particular, 4,000 farms. over the past 10 years, the number of women managing small and private enterprises has increased by 1.6 times. more than 40.0% of them are heads of small businesses and private enterprises. the importance of women's entrepreneurship is incomparable in establishing production processes in uzbekistan at the level of international standards, achieving sustainable economic growth, filling the consumer goods market with quality goods and services, especially providing employment to the population. it should be noted that one of the main program tasks of the women's committee of uzbekistan is to help women develop entrepreneurial skills, support business ideas and provide them with preferential loans, and involve them in entrepreneurship. family members have the right to establish a family enterprise under their own property responsibility in order to generate income (profit) at the expense of production (execution of work, rendering of services) and sale. family business: organization of activities related to independent production of goods (execution of works, provision of services), disposal of manufactured goods (works, services) and pricing thereof; 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us independently form their own financial resources and attract debt (credit) funds, including obtaining loans for the formation of initial (initial) capital; use of leasing and insurance services; conclusion of contracts, including contracts for the purchase and sale of goods (works, services); receiving an unlimited amount of income (profit) from entrepreneurship; has the right to carry out foreign economic activities. programs have been developed in the country to develop women's entrepreneurship, start a family business, provide loans, and establish credit unions. a public fund for all-round support of women and the family was also established. at the expense of funds of the fund, measures are being taken to ensure the employment of women and girls, to improve working conditions, and to involve young girls in family and private entrepreneurship, especially in rural areas. "start your own business", "getting to know business" and other special courses are running directly for women in the market system development center of the chamber of commerce and industry of uzbekistan. as a result, the development of active entrepreneurship among women, homemaking without separating them from the family, raising children, uncompetitive in uzbekistanensuring the employment of women and girls is considered one of the urgent issues of today. in this regard, the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated july 14, 2018 "on measures to improve and increase the efficiency of work on ensuring the employment of the population" provides for the implementation of programs to ensure the employment of the population approved annually, free and quota-free jobs for noncompetitive women and girls. effective measures have been taken to improve the mechanisms of placement in new jobs, to develop effective forms of self-employment. in addition, in this decision, women's work activityit was decided to adopt a number of regulatory and legal documents aimed at increasing the availability, quality and speed of using state services to encourage business initiatives and ensure their employment. adoption of such documents serves to regulate the employment of women and low-income family members in the labor market of the republic and rural areas. in uzbekistan, on the basis of the "every family is an entrepreneur" program, microloans are allocated by commercial banks to small business and private entrepreneurship and family entrepreneurship in order to develop household and other types of work among women who are not competitive in regional labor markets. such microloans are mainly allocated to women in difficult life situations, members of low-income families, and other socially needy groups of the population in an amount not exceeding 100 times the minimum wage without collateral. also, the ministry of employment and labor relations of the republic of uzbekistan ensures the allocation of grants from the employment assistance fund to vocational training institutions to finance the costs of retraining unemployed women living in low-income families registered in employment assistance centers. "business woman" association was established by businesswomen of uzbekistan. the association is carrying out extensive promotional work on attracting women to conduct business activities, especially on the use of preferential types of microcredits for rural women. the resource centers established in its regional branches serve to widely involve women in entrepreneurship, develop handicrafts and home economics. the process of increasing the employment of women through the development of entrepreneurship is one of the ways to develop entrepreneurship as one of the urgent issues of today. 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. information of the ministry of employment and labor relations of the republic of uzbekistan [electronic source]. access mode:http://www.lex.uz/ 2. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis // tashkent evening. december 29, 2018 3. rakhmonova aziza tolibovna phd doctoral student, samarkand institute of economics and service, samarkand, uzbekistan "mechanisms for support and development of women's entrepreneurship" asian journal of research in business economics and management issn: 2249-7307 vol. 13, issue 1, january 2023 sjif 2022 = 8.529 4. abdurahmanov-k.-kh. labor economy(theory and practice). textbook. t.: "labor", 2004. 670 p. 5. abdurahmanov-q.-kh. labor economy. textbook. t.: "labor", 2009. 512 p. 6. genkin-b.-m. economics and sociology in work: uchebnik dlya vuzov / b.m. genkin. m.: norma, 2013. 464 c. 7. zokirova-n.-q., shoyusupova n. t., gabzalilova v. t., abdurakhmanova g. q. regulation of population employment: monograph.-t.: tdiu, 2011. 8. rakhmonova aziza tolibovna phd doctoral student, samarkand institute of economics and service, samarkand, uzbekistan "mechanisms for support and development of women's entrepreneurship" asian journal of research in business economics and management issn: 2249-7307 vol. 13, issue 1, january 2023 sjif 2022 = 8.529 9. ms azimovnathe main results of the labor productivity of the staff of the hotel "billuri sitora" llc galaxy international journal of interdisciplinary research 11(1), 348-352 10. ms azimovnatheoretical aspects of marketing tools in increasing the international competitiveness of the textile enterprise science and innovation 2 (1), 47-53 11. s musayevamechanisms of functioning of logistic structures science and innovation 2 (a2), 196-202 12. s musayevaways to improve the policy of distribution of goods in furniture production enterprisesscience and innovation 2 (a2), 152-156 13. s musayevain the conditions of modernization in uzbekistan the need to evaluate enterprisesscience and innovation 2 (a2), 35-40 14. ms azimovnaways to improve the use of marketing information in the assessment of "stekloplastik" llcamerican journal of economics and business management 5 (11), 338343 15. ms azimovnaefficiency of advertising activities of trading organizations and ways to increase itasian journal of research in social sciences and humanities 12 (3), 93-97 16. usmanov ia, musayeva sh.a. features of marketing activities in the construction industry of the republic of uzbekistan. novateur publications journalnxa multidisciplinary peer reviewed journal issn no: 2581 4230 volume 7, issue 1, jan. -2021 https://repo.journalnx.com/index.php/nx/article/view/793 17. usmanov ia musaeva sh.a. features of marketing organization in the market of construction services. service. scientific journal. samarkand. no. 2, 2021 pp. 86-90. http://www.lex.uz/ https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=dkmfavaaaaaj&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=dkmfavaaaaaj:4fkuyhm3qg0c https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=dkmfavaaaaaj&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=dkmfavaaaaaj:4fkuyhm3qg0c 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p.31-33 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijot/article/view/2171 19. usmanov ilkhom achilovich,research of marketing activities of s sharquniversal-smk llc science and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 6 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 20. usmonova dilfuza ilkhomovna, examination of the investment project of leasing companiesscience and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 7 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 scientific and theoretical aspects of teaching karakalpak folklore works in the senior classes yusupov konisbay abilovich doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, karakalpak state university mambetkarimov dastanbay researcher of karakalpak state university the republic of uzbekistan and karakalpakstan abstract: in the 21st century, when information on pedagogic science is rapidly updated in the world, it is an important task to improve the knowledge on the karakalpak folklore, skills and spiritual and moral qualities of pupils studying in the schools of the republic of karakalpakstan with the help of the pedagogical system. at the present time, the technologies of teaching karakalpak folk language in senior classes of general secondary schools are of the pedagogical problems that have not been specially studied. this article considers the problem of the formation of innovative competence of future teachers based on digital technologies. the content of the concept of "innovative competence of the future teacher" is specified as a component of professional competence, which ensures the innovative level and quality of the educational process, the embodiment of the actual and potential abilities of its subjects. keywords: competence, reflective competence, development of reflective competence, competencies, innovative competencies. in the world, research is being conducted in the directions of improving the scientific-theoretical, aesthetic and practical methods of pedagogy theory and teaching methodology, introducing innovative technologies into the training-educational system of pedagogy, defining the content of teaching-education and working out its dimensions. the rapidly developing and changing of the world's pedagogic science has led to significant changes in the educational system of our country in the process of globalization. this made the need to improve the educational process in terms of modern technologies, to determine the optimal orientations for updating the content of state education, to make productive use of national and foreign experiences, to improve the scientifictheoretical, practical, aesthetic and methodical aspects of education in the theory of pedagogy, to support strategies focused on deepening the knowledge of young people in the pedagogical educational institutions. in today's science of pedagogy, it was felt that there is a need for special research of educational ideas in karakalpak folklore, and the service of educational-training views in rich folkloric works, the examples of folk pedagogy is special. in pedagogy, identifying the vital pedagogical and psychological aspects of education oriented to folk traditions, national values and heritage is becoming the main goal of education policy not only in the pedagogical sciences of the republic 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of uzbekistan, but also in developed countries such as the usa, japan, germany, and south korea. research works have been carried out the scientists such as a.zunnunov, k.yuldoshev, m.mirkosimova, s.matjonov, r.niyazmatova, k.husanboeva, b.tukhliev, k.a.yusupov on improving the content of literary education in our country according to the updated pedagogical principles, improving pupils' linguistic richness and speech culture in accordance with the requirements of the time in teaching karakalpak folklore in senior classes, organizing self-study works, increasing pupils ' ability to work with artistic texts, improving their ability of analyzing the folklore and to teach them to self-thinking. the issues of modernizing the teaching forms, paying attention to pedagogical ideas along with the traditional education in the educational system have been solved in the research works of the scientists of cis such as ya.skalova, m.n.skatkin, ya.s.rez, n.g.taranosova, g.v. marancman, v. m. clarin, sh. islamov. the purpose of the study is to develop the theoretical, aesthetic, methodical aspects of the teaching methodology of karakalpak folklore in the senior classes of general secondary schools in the form of a scientific system and to improve the ways of using them in pedagogical practice. the tasks of the research:  defining and improving the scientific-theoretical, artistic-aesthetic, pedagogical, and practical methodical sides of teaching methodology of karakalpak folklore in the senior classes;  determining the content of teaching methods of karakalpak folklore in the senior classes, working out the scientific data for creating study programs and lessons;  determining new forms of education, methods of using innovative technologies that provide effective education and good results in practice in teaching karakalpak folklore in the senior classes, in accordance with the achievements of world pedagogy and methodology;  to determine the scientific and methodological aspects and didactic methods of analysis of the karakalpak folklore presented in the subject program of karakalpak literature intended for the senior classes; to stimulate the theoretical ideas on karakalpak literature and inculcate the idea of national impartiality in the minds of pupils .  in the senior classes, to improve the literary competence of the pupils and improve their selfcreative ability by analyzing the karakalpak folklore. as an object of research the problems of learning the karakalpak folklore in the senior classes of general secondary schools in the republic of karakalpakstan were taken. the subject of the study is to increase the effectiveness of teaching karakalpak folklore in the senior classes of the general secondary schools, to determine new forms and methods of literary teaching, to develop the knowledge and skills of pupils, linguistic richness, content, forms, methods and tools of improving the oral and written speech culture. the scientific novelty of the research is as follows:  the scientific-theoretical basis of the methodology of pupils ' oral speech and written language development, principles of handbook forming, understanding, practical application of theoretical knowledge, oriented to work together with the teacher and pupils in the lessons, in the teaching of karakalpak folklore in the classes is achieved in the basis of directing to the analytical, creative, alternative and divergent ratios;  providing the integration of communication with other sciences in classes of mixed, joint, competition, testing of pupils ' knowledge and skills in the senior classes based on karakalpak folklore; cognitive, reflexive technologies, motivation of pupils , work on artistic texts have been achieved in the basis of effective solutions of problematic issues;  problematic and self-teaching forms of personal-oriented education based on the achievements of world pedagogy in the teaching of karakalpak folklore in the senior classes, 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methods of using creative, cognitive, heuristic innovative technologies that describe effective knowledge and give good results in practice is improved by developing the self-study abilities of the pupils ;  in the senior classes, the methodical collection of increasing pupils ' motivation and communicative competence in the lessons devoted to the karakalpak folklore was developed in terms of authentic learning materials based on interactive methods (cluster, insert, brainstorming, and corner) and relevant recommendations and instructions were made on the use of modern teaching methods. the practical results of the research are as follows:  the experiences that give results in the teaching of karakalpak folklore in the senior classes of the general secondary schools have been identified;  achievement of tangible indicators that follow a literature subject program, textbooks, and the methodical requirements in the basis of methodology of teaching the karakalpak folklore in the senior classes are provided;  the methods of learning literary materials in developing pupils ' oral speech and written language were examined, were analyzed from the theoretical and methodological point of view, and the results were shown;  the methods of analyzing folklore works, giving the examples in lesson plans, the methodical skills of literature teachers was increased in the basis of the latest achievements of the methodology of teaching the karakalpak folklore in the senior classes, as well as the quality of the results were determined in the basis of the theoretical concepts and practical recommendations. in the methodical works of the methodist scholars k.yoldashev [1], k.khusanboeva [2], a.omarov [3], a.pakhratdinov [4], k.yusupov [5] and others who are familiar with the handbooks and programs in the methods of teaching literature, the methodical opinions on teaching methods of literature in the schools, principles of subject program development, organizing lesson and its types, use of teaching methods, conducting the extracurricular activities. however, in the works of these methodologists, there were not enough opinions on the methodology of teaching karakalpak folklore in the senior classes. based on this point of view, when choosing the karakalpak folklore included in the karakalpak literature program for senior classes special attention is paid to introduce materials suitable for their mastery into the program, expand their understanding of literature, that the karakalpak folklore included in the program are from the materials of the artistic and educational quality, taking into account the age and educational differences of pupils. also, pupils acquire historical and literary theoretical knowledge, and manage the skills of analyzing and evaluating the work, and their language skills are developing. the content of the literature lesson is described in detail in the karakalpak literature program. the content and learning procedure of the literature program for the senior grade are shown, as well as the importance of each topic. it contains the scientific-theoretical and literary concepts that need to be mastered, the amount of the hours to be separated for question-and-answer based on karakalpak folklore, the types of oral and written work intended to be carried out from literature, inter-disciplinary connections, and a list of literary works for extracurricular reading is given. the national program on karakalpak literature for the senior classes is learned in the basis of the principles of connection of art with life, history, unity of form and content. pupils gradually understand and master these principles. the teacher is especially required to provide high-quality education to pupils , to develop them into aesthetically developed individuals. the literature program was developed according to the thematic principle, and the karakalpak literature 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us program for upper classes was developed according to the chronological principle. therefore, the materials to be taught are included in the program mainly in sequence. this program contains information about the characteristic features of literature. some of the karakalpak folklore is taught in a comprehensive and detailed project, while others are taught in a shorter project, and some are based on providing general information. however, in all of them, literary works are taught, importance is attached to effective reception of literary texts. they include all the information about the karakalpak folklore. it is not limited to the appropriation of the text of the literary work, but also the aesthetic idea of the folklore is explained. information about the folklore presented in the literature program is given to the pupils in the context of communication and discussion, and pupils make reports on some works. in the senior classes the materials of the literature theory about the karakalpak folklore is not specially taught, but is taught based on the content of those literary works, the sequence of the problems of literature theory subject in the period of analyzing the main materials to be taught. in this way, concepts from the theory of literature are given. in addition to providing pupils with a brief understanding of the theory of literature, it is also important to develop the skills of using it during practical work. as the classes increased, the materials given from the theory of literature are expanded. it is main task to carry out the work of strengthening and revising knowledge on teaching literature lessons in the senior classes. for this, the appropriate hour is divided in the program, it is necessary to use it. the review lesson is conducted during the process of reading and learning the literary work, as well as in the process of completing the work on that literary work, as much as possible, in the process of connecting the new material to the previous material. the teacher should not build the review lesson only on the topic of speaking, but should have in the basis of the reviewing the root of taught material, and in addition, pupils should be taught at the level of providing extra new knowledge. it is known that the language is the main tool of karakalpak folklore, 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(issn 2394-5125). – vol 7, issue 7, 2020. – №1. – p.p. 349-354 (https://www. scopus.сom /sourceid / 21100920227.). 13. yusupov к.а. akademik litseylarda qoraqalpoq adabiyoti // til va adabiyot ta’limi. – тошкент, 2020. – №6. – б. 40-41 (13.00.00. №8). 14. yusupov к.а. methods of teaching literary material at academic lyceums according to the program // academicia. an international multidisciplinary research journal (india). (issn: 2249-7137). – vol. 10 issue 5, 2020. – p.p. 1628-1634 (impact factor: sjif 2020= 7,13). 15. yusupov к.а. curricula for teaching karakalpak literature. // academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal https://saarj.com. academicia issn: 2249-7137 vol. 11, issue 5, may 2021, стр. 1069-1074. impact factor: sjif 2021 = 7.492 16. yusupov к.а. scientific and methodological problems of studying karakalpak literature. //asian journal of multidimensional research (ajmr) https://www.tarj.in. issn: 22784853 vol 10, issue 5, may, 2021. стр. 585-590. impact factor: sjif 2021 = 7.699. 10.5958/2278-4853.2021.00451.1 17. юсупов к.а. изучение творчества чингиза айматова в академических лицеях // til va adabiyot ta’limi. – тошкент, 2021. – №7. – стр. 52-53 (13.00.00. №8). 18. yusupov k.a., seytjanov j.e. problems of artistic psychologism in karakalpak prose. philosophical readings xiii.4 (2021), pp.2054-2060.2054 10.5281/zenodo.5584439. info@philsophicalredings.org 19. юсупов к.а. научно-методических основы преподавания каракалпакской литературы. internaional scienfiic jounal theoretical & applied scieence p-issn: 23084944 (print) eissn:2409-0085 (online) year: 2021 issue: 11. pp. 362-371. http://t.science.org. 20. юсупов к.а. к.алламбергенов. педагог шайыр лирикасы ҳәм тәлим-тәрбия мәселелери // ilim ha’m ja’miyet. нукус давлат педагогика институти журнали. – нукус, 2021. – №4. – б. 100-102. (13.00.00. №3) 21. юсупов к.а ӛ.әлеўов лирикасын үйрениў. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, 2021, №4, б.63. 22. юсупов к.а. развитие устной культуры учащихся на уроках литературы // til va adabiyot ta’limi. – тошкент, 2022. – №1. – б. 70-71 (13.00.00. №8). 23. yusupov k.a. umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablarida qoraqalpoq adabiyotini o’qitish masalalari// til va adabiyot ta’limi. – тошкент, 2022. – №2. – б. 17-18 (13.00.00. №8). 24. yusupov k.a. teaching students the metods of artistic depiction in karakalpak prose. // journal of hunan university (natural sciences). vol. 49. no. 04. april 2022. page 590603. 25. yusupov k.a. methods of selection of karakalpak novels. // journal of positive school psychology. (scopus) volume. 6, no. 4 (2022). page 26-30. issn: 7152-7159. https://saarj.com/ https://www.tarj.in/ mailto:info@philsophicalredings.org http://t.science.org/ 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 26. yusupov k.a. learning discussing the epic novels. // eurasian journal of learning and academic teahing. volume 7 i march 2022. page 26-30. issn: 2795-739x. 27. юсупов к.а. обучение основам письменной речи учащихся. // «pedagogs» innernational research journal. volume-7, issue-1, april-2022. – стр. 176-181. 28. yusupov k.a. theortical foundations of teaching karakalpak literature. // galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal (giirj). issn (e): 2347-6915. vol. 10, issue 5. may, (2022). pp. 210-216. 29. yusupov k.a. qoraqalpoq adabiyotini úqitish masalalari // journal of new century innovations. (wsrjournal.com), volume 5, issue 6. may, (2022). pp. – 113-122. 30. юсупов к.а. изучение произведений писателя на уроках литературы // международный научно-образовательный журнал «образование и наука в ххi веке». выпуск №26 (том 4), май, 2022. – стр. 196-201. 31. yusupov k.a. methodologu for analyzing iyrical works in literature lessons. // miasto przysztoǵci. (impact factor: 9.2). vol. 26 (2022). page 200-208. issn: 2544-980x. 32. юсупов к.а. изучение творчества с.мажитова в школе. //v международный журнал научных исследований «научный импульс». выпуск №1 (том 1), 30 август, 2022. стр. 44. 33. yusupov k.a. methods of teaching the works of o.satbaev in schools. // journal of intellectual prperty and human rights. vol. 01lssue. september 2022. page – 44-53. issn: 2720-6882. https://juournals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr 34. yusupov k.a., jiemuratova a.s. develorment of oral and written speech of students in schools. // journal of intellectual prperty and human rights. vol. 01 lssue. september 2022. page – 56-66. issn: 2720-6882. http://juournals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr 35. yusupov k.a. of teaching korakalpok literature // central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture. vol. 03 lssue: 10 2022. page – 75-85. eissn: 2660-6828. 36. юсупов к.а образ айдос бия в каракалпакской литературе. // i international science conference on multidisciplinary research, abstracts of international scientific and practical conference. berlin, germany january 19-21, 2021, стр. 766-769 37. юсупов к.а изучение в современной каракалпакской лирике. / iii international science conference on e-learning and education, abstracts of iii international scientific and practical conference. lisbon, portugal february 2-5, 2021, стр. 349-353. 38. юсупов к.а. изучение творчество казакбай юлдашева /v международная научнопрактическая конференция по новым тенденциям в науке и образовании «theoretical and scientific bases of scieetific thought», 16-19 февраля, 2021 г., рим, италия, стр. 503508. 39. юсупов к.а. оразбаев з.ж.академиялық лицейлерде а.атажановтың прозасын үйрениў. /vi международная научно-практическая конференция по фундаментальным наукам, искусству, бизнесу и образованию, интернеттехнологиями и обществу. 23-26 февраля, 2021 г., стокгольм, швеция, стр. 443-448. 40. юсупов к.а. юсупова ж.с. академиялық лицейлерде аббаз дабылов лирикасын оқытыў технологиялары. /vi международная научно-практическая конференция по фундаментальным наукам, искусству, бизнесу и образованию, интернеттехнологиями и обществу. 23-26 февраля, 2021 г., стокгольм, швеция, стр. 431-432. 41. юсупов к.а., хожаметов б.б., юсупов и.к. академиялық лицейлерде әжинияз шайыр лирикасын оқытыў технологиялары. /vi международная научно-практическая конференция по фундаментальным наукам, искусству, бизнесу и образованию, https://juournals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr http://juournals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us интернет-технологиями и обществу. 23-26 февраля, 2021 г., стокгольм, швеция, стр. 437-442. 42. юсупов к.а. юсупов и.к. лирикалық шығармаларды оқытыў методикасы. /vi международная научно-практическая конференция по фундаментальным наукам, искусству, бизнесу и образованию, интернет-технологиями и обществу. 23-26 февраля, 2021 г., стокгольм, швеция, стр. 469-474. 43. юсупов к.а. изучение литературных жанров. / viii международная научнопрактическая конференция «problems and tasks of modernity and approaches to their solution», 02-05 марта, 2021 г., токио, япония, стр. 198-203. 44. юсупов к.а., худайназаров м.к. изучение творчества аденбая тажимуратова в академических лицеях. /ix международная научно-практическая я конференция «innovative technologies in science and education», 04-06 марта, 2021 г., израил, стр. 226. 45. юсупов к.а., мырзанбетов д.п изучение произведения писателя в академических лицеях. // ix международная научно-практическая конференция «innovative technologies in science and education», 04-06 марта, 2021 г., иерусалим, израил, стр. 233-238. 46. юсупов к.а., алламбергенова минайым. изучение творчества кали жуманиязова в академических лицеях. /ix международная научно-практическая конференция «innovative technologies in science and education», 04-06 марта, 2021 г., иерусалим, израил, стр. 239. 47. юсупов к.а. изучение творчества конысбай камалова в академических лицеях. // ix международная научно-практическая конференция «innovative technologies in science and education», 04-06 марта, 2021 г., иерусалим, израил, стр. 250-256. 48. юсупов к.а., оразбаев з.ж. изучение произведения мамбеталы кайыпова в академических лицеях. // ix международная научно-практическая конференция «innovative technologies in science and education», 04-06 марта, 2021 г., иерусалим, израил, стр. 257-264. 49. юсупов к.а. изучать разборы эпических произведений в академических лицеях. /x международная научно-практическая конференция «topical issues, achieverments and innovations of fundamental and apppitd scieences», 09-12 марта, 2021 г., лиссабон, португалия: 50. юсупов к.а., академиялық лицейлерде кӛркем шығармаларды оқытыў технологиялары. /x международная научно-практическая конференция «topical issues, achieverments and innovations of fundamental and apppitd scieences», 09-12 марта, 2021 г., лиссабон, португалия: стр.237-242 51. юсупов к.а., драмалық шығармаларды оқытыў усыллары. /x международная научно-практическая конференция «topical issues, achieverments and innovations of fundamental and apppitd scieences», 09-12 марта, 2021 г., лиссабон, португалия: стр. 243-248. 52. юсупов к.а., изучение лирика кунхожа в академических лицеях. /xiii международная научно-практическая конференция «development of modern science: theeory, meethology, practice», 18-19 марта, 2021 г., мадрид, испания: стр. 160-165. 53. юсупов к.а. жазыўшылардың дӛретиўшилик психологиясы. / xiii международная научно-практическая конференция «development of modern science: theeory, meethology, practice», 18-19 марта, 2021 г., мадрид, испания: – стр. 180-185. 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 54. юсупов к.а. использование современных педагогических технологий в преподавании каракалпакской литературы / материалы международной научнопрактической конференции. «татарская иитература и культура в контексте взаимодействия национальных литератур и искусств». казанский федеральный университет, 26-27-марта, 2021 г. стр.356-362. 55. юсупов к.а. изучение творчества сапа матчанова. /xv международная научнопрактическая конференция «the world science of modernity. problems and prospects of development», 25-26 марта, 2021 г., париж, франция: стр. 170-175. 56. юсупов к.а. инновационные технологии в обучении каракалпакской литературе /материалы международной научно-практической конференции. «татарская поэзия и культура второй половины хх начала ххi века». казань, 26-28 апреля, 2021 г. стр.341.. 57. юсупов к.а. т.қайыпбергеновтың «айдос баба» (мың тиллаға баҳаланған гелле) драмасын таллаў усыллары / «түркий халықлары фольлоры ҳәм әдебияты тарийхы изертлениўиниң әҳмийетли мәселелери» атамасындағы online халықаралық илимийтеориялық конференция материаллары топламы. – нӛкис: нмпи баспасы, 2021 (2728-май), – 245-248-бб. 58. юсупов к.а. карақалпақ прозасында миллий психологияның сәўлелениўи. /«түркий филологияның әҳмийетли мәселелери» атамасындағы халықаралық илимийтеориялық конференция материаллар топламы. нӛкис, «қарақалпақстан», 2021, 113118-бб. 59. юсупов к.а. 9-класста б.қайыпназаров лирикасын таллаў. /x международная научно-практическая конференция «научные основы современной науки и практики», 23-26 ноября 2021 г., афины, греция. – 462. 60. юсупов к.а., кабулова м.т. развитие литературной речи и письменного языка учащихся на уроках литературы. “models and methods for increasing the efficiency of innovative research” a collection scientific works of the international scientific conference (11 desember, 2021) – berlin: copenhagen, 2021. issue– p. 161-165. 61. юсупов к.а. қосық теориясын арнаўлы изертлеўши алым.. /инсан қәдири – инсанлар қәлбинде. (илимий, илимий-публицистикалық ҳәм публицистикалық мақалалар топламы. – нӛкис: қарақалпақстан, 2022, –151-159бб. 62. юсупов к.а. анализ методика художественного произведения /сборник материалов международную научно-практическую конференцию посвященной 60 – летию кафедры «педагогика» на тему: «современное общество и педагогическое образование». казакстан, нур-султан, л.н.гумилев атындағы еуразия университети. 22-апреля, 2022 г 63. юсупов к.а. ádebiyat sabaqlarında oqıwshılardıń dóretiwshilik kompetenciyasın rawajlandırıw. /the and analytical aspects of recent research: international scientific-online conference, part 1, issue 5: may 31 st 2022. www.interonconf.com. turkiya, istanbul: pр. 104. 64. юсупов к.а. эпик асарларини ўрганиш усуллари. / в конференция и публикацию статьи в сборнике «международная конференция академических наук », 25сентябрь, 2022. россия. стр. 115-126. https: // doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.7111598. 65. юсупов к.а. изучение лирических произведений на уроках литературы. /spain international scientific-online conference: “solution of social problems in management and economy” part 1, issue 2: september 20, 2022. www. conf.com. spain, испания: pр. 21-26. http://www.interonconf.com/ http://www.interonconf.com/ 28 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 66. yusupov k.a. allambergenova m. akademiyalıq liceylerde poeziyalıq shıǵarmalardı oqıtıw usılları. /proceedinngs of international conference on educational discoveries and humannities. vol. 1 no.1 (2022): icedh. texas, usa.pр. 46-58. 67. юсупов к.а. халмурат сапаров дӛретиўшилик жолы. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис, 1996. 3-4-саны, 54-60. 68. юсупов к.а. бердақ шығармаларын үйрениў усыллары. «қарақалпақстан муғаллими» журналы, нӛкис, 1996. 1-2-саны, 12-15. 69. юсупов к.а. «айдос бий» дәстаны ҳәм тарийх. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис, 2000. 2-саны, 94-96 70. юсупов к.а. (авторлар менен бирге) оқыўшыларымыз пикир айтады. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис, 2000. 3-саны. 71. юсупов к.а. «айдос бий» дәстаны ҳәм тарийх. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис, 2000. 6-саны, 112-115. 72. юсупов к.а. ҳәзирги дәўир ҳәм бердақ шайыр мийрасына кӛз қарас. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис, 2001. 2-саны, 126-128. 73. юсупов к.а. ҳәзирги дәўир қарақалпақ әдебиятында айдос бий образы. ӛзриаққб «хабаршысы» журналы, нӛкис, 2001. 5-саны, 130-131. 74. юсупов к.а. ҳәзирги дәўир қарақалпақ әдебиятында айдос бий образының ӛзгешеликлери. ӛзриаққб «хабаршысы» журналы, нӛкис, 2001. 6-саны, 138-139. 75. юсупов к.а. «шырашылар» романының кӛркем психологизми. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис, 2006. 6-саны, 112-115. 76. юсупов к.а. хх әсирдеги қарақалпақ прозасында кӛркем психологизм мәселелери. «муғаллим ҳәм үзликсиз билимлендириў» журналы, 2007, 4-саны, 11-15. 77. юсупов к.а. ишки монолог ҳәм шеберлик. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис 2008. 1саны, 113-116. 78. юсупов к.а. лирикалық прозада кӛркем психологизм. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис 2008. 2-саны, 124-127. 79. юсупов к.а. жазыўшылардың дӛретиўшилик шеберлигин үйрениў методикасы. қму хабаршысы, 2009, 3-4-санлар, 126-129. 80. юсупов к.а. и.юсуповтың «ўатан топырағы» шығармасының мазмунын үйрениў. қму хабаршысы, 2009, 3-4-саны, 46-49. 81. юсупов к.а. қарақалпақ әдебиятын интерактив методлар менен оқытыў усыллары. қму хабаршысы, 2011, 1-2-саны, 58-60. 82. юсупов к.а. қарақалпақ лирикасын изертлеўши алымның дӛретиўшилигин үйрениў. «муғаллим ҳәм үзликсиз билимлендириў» журналы, 2012, 1-саны, 3-8. 83. юсупов к.а. «академиялық лицейлерде и.юсупов дӛретиўшилигин лекция түрлери менен үйрениў усыллары». қму хабаршысы, 2012, 3-4-санлар, 30-32. 84. юсупов к.а. жазыўшылар дӛретиўшилигин үйрениў усыллары. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, нӛкис 2012. 4-саны, 115-118. 85. юсупов к.а. қонысбай камалов-қарақалпақ прозасын изертлеўши алым. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, 2014, 1-саны, 82-91. 86. юсупов к.а. әдилбай қожықбаев-қарақалпақ әдебиятын изертлеўши. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, 2014, 6-саны, 123-128. 29 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 87. юсупов к.а. әдебияттаныўда салмақлы орны бар алым. қму хабаршысы, №1, 2015, 88. юсупов к.а. ш.сейтов прозасында пейзаж ҳәм қаҳарман образын үйрениў мәселелери. қму хабаршысы, №2, 2015, 92-96. 89. юсупов қ. оразбай сәтбаев поэзиясының кӛркемлик ӛзгешеликлери. «әмиўдәрья» журналы, №5, 2015, 77-87. 90. юсупов қ. бердақ шығармаларын үйрениўде конференция сабақ түринен пайдаланыў. түркий халықлар әдебиятының гейпара мәселелери ( илимий мийнетлер ), нӛкис-2004. –б. 30-32. 91. юсупов қ. конфликт қаҳарманлар минез-қулқын ашыўдың негизи. журналистика ва адабиѐт: кеча ва бугун. (илмий мақолалар тўплами), 1-қисм. т. : «юрист –медиа маркази», 2008. 44-47. 92. юсупов қ. прозада миллий психологияның сәўлеси. журналистика ва адабиѐт: кеча ва бугун. (илмий мақолалар тўплами), 2-қисм. т. : «юрист –медиа маркази», 2008. 148-150. 93. юсупов қ. академик лицейларда ажиниѐз лирикасини ўқитишда кластер методини қўллаш. «педагог кадрлар малакасини ошириш ва уларни қайта тайѐрлашнинг замонавий шаклларини жорий этиш муаммолари», (илмий –амалий конференцияси материаллари), тошкент , 2009. 284-285. 94. юсупов қ. академик лицейларда ажиниѐз лирикасини ўқитишда бурчаклар методи билан ўрганиш. «олий ва касб-ҳунар таълими тизимида профессор-ўқитувчиларнинг малакасини ошириш жараѐнини такомиллаштириш муаммолари», (илмий –амалий семинар материаллари), бухоро, 14-15-май, 2009. 133-136. 95. юсупов қ. кӛркем шығармалардың мазмунын үйрениў методикасы. миллий идентивлик ва оммавий ахборот воситалари. (илмий мақолалар тўплами), т. : «юрист –медиа маркази», 2009. 48-51. 96. юсупов қ. и.юсупов поэзиясын оқытыў усыллары. «нмпи илим билимлендириў ҳәм тәрбия мәселелерин раўажландырыўдағы орны», (республикалық илимийтеориялық конференция материаллары), нӛкис, «қарақалпақстан», 2010, 185-187. 97. юсупов к.а. әдебияттаныў илиминиң жан күйери еди… илим ҳәм әдебияттың машақатлы жолларында. (илимий-әдебий ҳәм еске түсириўлер), нӛкис, 2012, 70-73. 98. юсупов к.а.. кәсип ӛнер коллежлеринде т.қайыпбергеновтиң «кӛздиң қарашығы» романын үйрениў усыллары. илимий топлам (магистрантлар ушын), нӛкис-2012.б. 93-94. 99. юсупов к.а. м.сагидуллаев. «академиялық лицейлерде ертеклерди машқалалық лекция түри менен оқытыў. ҳәзирги филология илимлериниң әҳмийетли мәселелери. (республикалық илимий-теориялық конференциясы мақалалар топламы, 2-бӛлим), 2013жылы, 73-75. 100. юсупов к.а. «т.қайыпбергеновтиң «қарақалпақ қызы» романында пейзаж ҳәм қахарман образы». ҳәзирги филология илимлериниң әҳмийетли мәселелери. (республикалық илимий-теориялық конференциясы мақалалар топламы, 1-бӛлим), 2013жылы, 76-80. 101. юсупов к.а. академиялық лицейлерде айдос бий образын үйрениў. (айдос деген уллы киси.). бердақ миллий мәдениятымыздың байтереги. (илимий топлам, нӛкис, «билим», 2013, 24-26.) 102. юсупов к.а. әдилбай қожықбаев-қарақалпақ әдебиятын изертлеўши. « әдебиятшы алым ҳәм устаз » қму, нӛкис , 2014, 125-133. 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 103. юсупов к.а. әжинияз шайырдың лирикасын оқытыўда интерактив методлардың қолланылыўы. «қарақалпақ әдебиятының жарық жулдызлары». (илимий мақалалар топламы). нӛкис, «қарақалпақстан», 2015, 42-46. 104. юсупов к.а. т.қайыпбергеновтың «тәнҳә ӛзиңе мәлим сыр» повестинде қаҳарман образын жасаў усылы. «қарақалпақ әдебиятының жарық жулдызлары». 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( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8349677.) 144-147 possibilities of using interactive methods in the assessment 144 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 possibilities of using interactive methods in the assessment of students' knowledge, skills and abilities in the process of teaching education in general education schools khakimova sarvinoz sharifjan's daughter student of pedagogy and psychology abstract: this article provides details on today's research on improving the quality of education, interactive methods that help to expand the worldview to further strengthen human intelligence and manage changes in the psyche. keywords: pedagogical education, interactive methods, student youth, lesson process, activities, community development, efficiency in class. today, all spheres of the life of new uzbekistan have become a field of deep reforms. in this process, it is impossible not to talk excitedly about the changes in the education system, which is considered the basis of the social sphere. in recent years, practical work on organizing all stages of the education system based on modern requirements has entered a decisive stage in our country. as our president noted: "the more educated our children are, the faster the economic sectors based on high technologies will develop, the more social problems will be solved." therefore, if i say that the threshold of new uzbekistan starts from the school, i think that our entire nation will support this idea." attention to the organization of modern education today is at a high level, it is even rising to the level of demand. because it is a fact that the development of the nation and the future of the country are in the hands of these young people. every child today is not receiving education based on oppression, abuse or coercion. one of the important requirements for the organization of modern education is to achieve high results in a short time without spending too much mental and physical effort. it is the responsibility of the teacher to deliver certain theoretical knowledge to students in a short period of time, to create skills and competencies in them for certain activities, as well as to control the activities of students, to assess methods are methods that implement the learning process in the interaction and interaction of students. " the main goals and tasks of the interactive method are as follows: 1. to teach students to think independently, creatively, critically, logically; 2. solving the problem situation on the basis of practical and vital tasks; 3. to force oneself to think; 4. activation; 5. encourage students to be organized and oriented; 6. formation of friendly relations. 7. reflection 145 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the level of knowledge, skills and competencies acquired by them. requires high pedagogical skills and a new approach to the educational process. interactive the main goal of the interactive method of education is to make students interested in independent learning, to work more on themselves, to read additional literature, to be able to think independently. serves to bring a perfect person to adulthood. interactive means "to interact" or to be in conversation with someone. interactive method by increasing the activity between students and the teacher in the educational process, it serves to activate the learning of students and develop their personal qualities. the use of interactive methods helps to increase the effectiveness of the lesson. the main criteria of interactive education: conducting informal debates, the opportunity to freely describe and express the educational material, the number of lectures is small, but the number of seminars is large, the creation of opportunities for students to take initiative, small group, large group, class team assignment, written work and other methods, which are of special importance in increasing the effectiveness of educational work. currently, one of the main directions in the field of improving educational methods is the introduction of interactive education and training methods. teachers of all subjects are increasingly using interactive methods in the course of lessons. as a result of the use of interactive methods, students can think independently, analyze deep ideas and proposals, draw conclusions, express their opinion and defend it, conduct healthy communication, debate, debate, etc. ensures and controls the formation and development of skills in a person. discussion and results the choice of methods and methodical methods in the teacher's preparation for a new subject means balancing their exchange in terms of time and didactic purpose. as a result, conditions are created to ensure a high level of intellectual and practical activity of students. correctly applied methods deepen knowledge of objective reality and increase the overall and scientific-theoretical level of training. teaching methods to a certain extent lead to the development of knowledge and professional interest, activation of independent practical activity in the process of using interactive methods in the teaching process, it is necessary to organize the interaction of students, in which students jointly search and solve a problem that is important for each student. mutual understanding, cooperation and harmony are created between them. forming the knowledge and skills of schoolchildren, educating them in the spirit of loyalty to national and universal values, increasing the prestige of the teaching profession and the quality of pedagogues, improving textbooks and educational methodical complexes based on the requirements of the times, bringing school educational institutions to international standards. in order to establish responsive modern models, as well as in accordance with the state program for the implementation of the development strategy of new uzbekistan for the period of 2022-2026 in the "year of human dignity and active neighborhood": today, in the improvement of educational methods one of the main directions is interactive education and training methods. interactive methods form students' independent thinking process and worldview. it increases students' enthusiasm and interest in learning, solid mastery of knowledge and free use of it in practice forms skills and competencies. getting knowledge and getting a good education is important in human life. interactive methods mean methods that activate learners and encourage them to think independently, with the learner at the center of the educational process. when these methods are used, the teacher invites the learner to actively participate. the learner is involved throughout the process. the benefits of a learner-centered approach include: ø reading and learning with higher educational efficiency; ø high motivation of the learner; 146 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø consideration of previously acquired knowledge; ø adaptation of the educational process to the goals and needs of the learner; ø support of the learner's initiative and responsibility; ø learning by doing; ø creation of conditions for two-way feedback. currently, the most popular interactive educational methods are: interactive methods: "case-study" (or "educational cases"), "blist-inquiry", "modeling", "creative work", "problematic education", etc. alphabet", "brainstorming", "gross brainstorming", "decision tree", "zigzag", "6x6x6", "black box", "i know i want to know", "i got it", "cluster", " boomerang" methods and so on. the "total brainstorming" method for grades 1-11 in general secondary education was developed by j. donald phillips and can be used in classes of several dozen students. the method serves to create conditions for students to come up with new ideas. groups of 5 or 6 students each are given various assignments or creative tasks that must be solved positively within 15 minutes. when the task and creative tasks are solved positively within the specified time, one of the group members will inform about it. the information provided by the group is discussed and evaluated by the teacher and other group members. at the end of the lesson, the teacher will announce the best and most unique answers among the solutions to the assigned tasks or creative tasks. during the training, the performance of the group members is evaluated according to the level of their participation. to conclude, the promising tasks implemented in the field of education, with their relevance and practical importance, are more important than the reforms in other fields never stay. because it is the demand of the time to continue the reforms in this field on a larger scale. references: 1. sh. m. mirziyoev "buyuk kelajagimizni mard va oliyjanob xalqimiz bilan birga quramiz". t.:o'zbekiston 2017. 2. d.ro'ziyeva, m.usmonboyeva, z.xoliqova. "interfaol metodlar: mohiyati va qo'llanilishi". metodik qo'llanma. toshkent: nizomiy nomidagi tdpu nashrivoti, 2013. 108 bet. 3. hayitov.a.i. "boshlang'ich ta'lim pedagogikasi, innovatsiya va integratsiyasi". "zuhra baraka biznes" nashriyoti. t.: 2021. 4. innovatsion pedagogik texnologiya asoslari. m.kamoliddinov, b. vahobjonov. o'quvuslubiy qo'llanma. toshkent, "talqin" 2010. 5. d.tojiboeva. maxsus fanlarni o'qitish metodikasi. t. "fan va texnologiya". 2009 6. a.bahobov, n.r.rahimqulov, n.b.sultanova" geografiya o'qitish metodikasi" 7. t 2020 y. 8. khaydarov s.a. (2019). use of products of the fine arts in teaching history of uzbekistan. international journal of research. 6(03).40-44 9. ergasheva, g. m., muxammadieva, x. k., & artikbaeva, n. n. (2021). sinfdan tashqari mashg'ulotlar orqali o'quvchilarni ijodiy faoliyatga yo'naltirish metodlari. science and education, 2(5), 578-582. 10. muhammadieva, k. (2020, june). the idea "personal interests and the priority of education" in the education as one of the key factors in reforming school education for upbringing perfect individual. in proceedings of international multidisciplinary scientific-remote online conference on innovative solutions and advanced experiments (p. 22). 147 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. jurayev r. k., karakhanova l. m. scientific and methodical bases of the use of electronic educational resources in teaching biology in general educational schools //international journal of advanced science and technology. 2020. т. 29. №. 8. -с. 3500-3505. 12. musokhonovna k. l. ict-as a means of achieving new educational results in teaching natural disciplines in secondary schools //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2021. т. 11. №. 10. с. 315-321. 13. abrorxonova, k. a., & qizi, s. m. s. (2022). boshlang 'ich sinf "tarbiya" darslarini tashkil etishning usul va vositalari. science and innovation, 1(1), 54-61. 14. adizova, nodira. "nominal description of the bukhara." web of scientist: international scientific research journal 2.11 (2021): 330-335. 15. dolimov s. ubaydullayev h. adabiyot o’qitish metodikasi. t 281 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 in the fight against popular culture methods of using the national idea and spiritual values rahmonova sanoat shuhrat kizi teacher of history and philology department, asia international university abstract: in today's era of globalization, prevention of a spiritual gap in the minds of young people, formation of ideological immunity, promotion of innovative methods of combating ignorance with enlightenment. keywords: ideology globalization enlightened immunity thinking ignorance. the revival of the national spirituality, extensive study of our rich historical heritage, preservation and enrichment of our national traditions, as well as comprehensive development of culture and art, science, and education are important in raising a spiritually mature and mature person. the main goal of education is to bring up an independent, free, educated, well-rounded person. national values are the most effective tool of education. to use it wisely, to form the feelings of patriotism, honesty, and patriotism in the minds of our children is the demand of today. morality means, first of all, a sense of human and justice, faith, honesty. a person's humanity, spiritual and moral integrity, and purity are determined by appreciation of national values. national value consists of the following concepts of moral education: ø a well-rounded person cares about the well-being of his parents, children, relatives, whole family members, his army, neighborhood, neighbors and the whole country; ø just as the people around him need him, he also strives to be a person needed by those around him; ø respects national values and remains loyal to them; ø inculcated morals, character, education in the minds of young people based on national values; appreciates the spiritual and cultural heritage left by our ancestors; ø loves and protects the country, educates young people in a military-patriotic spirit. speaking of spiritual and moral education and culture, we are sure that the encyclopedic scholars who lived and created in central asia in the 8th-19th centuries paid special attention to the enrichment of the human spiritual and intellectual world in their works, to the development of human consciousness, cultural and educational views. they managed to create a moral basis for the formation of a perfect person, a fair society and a state based on moral requirements. our motherland like uzbekistan has produced great thinkers and encyclopedic scholars to the world. whether they are doctors and pharmacists, mathematicians and astronomers, historians and jurisprudents, linguists and narrators, writers and poets, famous representatives of sufism and statesmen, they created mature scientific ages. among our great grandfathers, muhammad musa alkhorezmi, abu nasr farabi, abu ali ibn sina, abu raikhan beruni, bahauddin naqshband, hojaahmad yassavi, mirza ulug'bek, az-zamakhshari alisher navoi, zahiriddin babur, 282 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us abdulla avloni and other scholars and thinkers, as well as the names of the jadichi and their education. it is enough to mention the centuries. in the wider coverage of this topic, we cannot help but dwell on the role of our religious values, which are inextricably linked to our national values. it is difficult to study or analyze religious values separately from national values. the reason is that national values are combined with religious values and become a perfect universal value. it is known that our country is famous for apples as one of the cradles of islamic culture. today, along with national values, religious values have become a component of our spiritual and educational life. since the first days of independence, the opening of a broad way for the freedom of belief of the representatives of different confessions living and working in our country was a practical result of the fair policy pursued by our state in the way of building a democratic society. in the words of islam karimov, the first president of the republic of uzbekistan: "we always value the fact that islam is the religion of our ancestors, it is faith, morality, religion, and enlightenment for us. "respect and belief in religion is an immortal value for us." religion is an integral part of the spiritual and cultural life of our people. therefore, the attitude towards him has changed radically. special attention is being paid to establishing mutual understanding and respect between religious organizations of different faiths. taking into account the real social situation of multi-confessionalism in our republic and its preservation in the future, full conditions are being created for religious tolerance. it is not enough to study and use values related to religion, especially islam, to study only islamic ideas and rituals. at the same time, the study of values related to religion should not be associated with religiousness. religion has never been valued as a positive value anywhere, ever. we need to use religion as a high spiritual value. we should not allow it to be used as a weapon in the struggle for power. the importance of historically formed national and religious values in the development of the nation is incomparable. national values are, first of all, the pride of every nation, as well as the foundation of its spiritual heritage. independence opened a wide way for us to develop our national values, to understand them more deeply. due to the independence, centuries of practical work was done to restore islamic religion and islamic values. islamic religion and islamic values have become a component of our spiritual and educational life in the life and livelihood of our people. in uzbekistan, great importance is attached to the comprehensive study and promotion of the original humanitarian essence of islam, which calls for a peaceful life, showing respect and kindness to other peoples. our honorable president shavkat mirziyoev said, "our goal is to inculcate the true humanitarian nature of islam, enlightened islam into the minds of our children. in this way, they will come to such places and get the necessary and most important knowledge and ideas about what great things our great ancestors did" [1] they said. . we would have been deprived of a priceless and inimitable spiritual heritage if the past few generations had not developed the islamic philosophy of religion. it is impossible not to use religious values in the educational process. one of the most important aspects of islamic values is to emphasize that it is the human duty of children to show respect and loyalty to their parents. therefore, the sacred duty of a child is to honor the parents' qiblas, to always be ready to serve them, and to be pleased with them. the idea that "a child who does not become a paradise when both or one of the parents is absent in their old age, agreeing with the other, should be humiliated, humiliated and humiliated again" takes a leading place in the hadiths. in the process of education and training, the role of hadiths, which have gained great fame in the islamic world and have not lost their importance to this day, and the program is being implemented, is extremely important. it is known that the hadiths are colorful in terms of topics, and they pay special attention to many issues such as spiritual and moral purity, maturity of faith, the role of science and technology in human life, truth and religion. good deeds and high moral qualities that a person should follow are promoted. despite the fact that it was said in the hadiths about one and a half thousand years ago, there are many pure wisdoms that are especially important and necessary for our time, in other words, they are worth writing as slogans on the front of our 283 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us markets these days. islam widely propagates the ideas of humanity, nationalism, justice, and hard work, strictly condemns engaging in vices such as alcoholism, drug addiction, theft, and adultery. the complete conflict of hatred, enmity, corruption, tyranny, violence, nationalism, localism, national disputes, and tribalism are strongly condemned in islamic teachings. the whole world has already recognized the importance of the basic rules and legal norms stated in the islamic teachings regarding culture, spirituality, enlightenment, manners, and education. islam strengthened people's sense of confidence, purified them and helped them to overcome life's tests, problems and difficulties. it has helped to preserve universal, spiritual values and pass them down from generation to generation. therefore, it is necessary to inculcate in our children the essence of our holy religion, its humanitarian ideas, healthy attitude to religion. in this way, the first goal of our children's education is the adaptation of our people to life based on our ancient and rich history, high culture, traditions, values, and our mentality, which is a great goal in the education of a perfect human being. it not only gives a person instructive conclusions, but also sometimes encourages him to admit painful lessons. these values can be recommended to adopt national characteristics: ø the superiority of the spirit of community living in the life of our people since time immemorial; ø the sanctity of concepts of family, neighborhood, country, which is a symbol of the community; ø high respect for parents, neighborhood, community in general; ø love for the mother tongue, which is the immortal soul of the nation; ø respect for elders, beauty and sophistication, a symbol of literary life respect for women; ø patience and hard work honesty, kindness. it is the demand of the times that such issues should be the content of education. today we are struggling with many issues. we are trying to contribute as much as possible to the development of our society. all this is for the happiness of our children of the future generation. of course, at this point we need to prepare to accept the growing full-blooded. it is no secret that neighborhoods have become a leading force in the further development of human qualities such as mutual kindness, dignity, and generosity, which are characteristic qualities of our society. first of all, it is necessary to educate our young people to become well-rounded people. it is necessary to understand the meaning of the word perfection. the state program includes such important meanings as a healthy, well-rounded generation, creative and intellectual potential, a comprehensively developed person, legally literate, a healthy mother and a healthy child. historically, our forefathers prayed for the youth to find maturity. achieving perfection is a complex process. this can only be achieved through knowledge and enlightenment. great scholars such as imam bukhari, al-tirmidhi, al-farghani can be said to have reached the level of perfection. today, youth's national spirit, human qualities, spirituality, and their participation in the spiritual upliftment of the society are definitely the basis for their development as wellrounded people. perfect education of young people is of historical importance. it cannot be denied that the use of unique ideas of our great thinkers in the field of science and education is important for today's development and for the development of the young generation. that is why it is appropriate to widely use the views of great thinkers such as abu nasr farabi, abu rayhan beruni, yusuf khos khajib, abu ali ibn sina, alisher nawai about perfect human education in life. focusing on issues such as the improvement of education and the formation of the social maturity of schoolchildren from the heritage of great figures, and the raising of a perfect person will give positive results. centuries-old historical experience proves that the real wealth of society is man and his descendants. that is why our ancestors brought up their descendants in the spirit of universal feelings, immortal eastern philosophy, and our national values. our ancestors 284 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us have preserved our language, religion, and uzbek identity in every way for centuries and brought up perfect generations. because the sacred task of every human being, the meaning of life, is to raise perfect children, to see them mature, to educate them to be loyal to their parents, family, society, country. thus, family, parents play an important and decisive role in fulfilling such responsibility. in fact, there is no thinker, scholar who did not talk about the family and raising children in the family, if he did not give his valuable advice. it should be noted that a number of works created in the east, which are unique examples of muslim ethics, have served as the main criteria, rules, guidelines, and advice in the spiritual and moral formation of young people. that is probably why the first president of our republic, islam karimov, highly valued the heritage of our ancestors and said: "the priceless heritage of the past scholars has shaped the spiritual and spiritual consciousness and lifestyle of many generations and it still has an influence" [2]. strengthening the family, using the heritage of eastern thinkers as national values to raise their children as perfect human beings is of great importance in eliminating some of the unnatural relationships, manifestations, as well as the ingrained laws of the communist way of life in the uzbek family. during the seventy-four-year colonial period, nationality in some uzbek families lost its form and meaning. there were times when he even went so far as to say that i am uzbek, to deny his nationality. "in the fight against the threat of popular culture, we have shown above the role of national values. therefore, it is necessary to make extensive use of our rich national history. organization of lessons by combining modernity with traditional lessons in accordance with our national mentality. it is necessary to inculcate our national values in the minds of young people. not only educational institutions, but also parents have a great role in inculcating national values in the minds of young people. if the initial stage of national values is taught to the child in the family from a young age, and if this is developed in educational institutions, we will help to form young people who can resist alien and harmful ideas, especially the idea of "mass culture". i think it is necessary to organize training classes called a separate family school for young people of the age of starting a family. that is, i think it is appropriate to teach that the family is a sacred place, the duties of a man and a woman in the family, how the daughter-in-law should treat her mother-inlaw, father-in-law, and other family members. references 1 каримов и.а. озод ва обод ватан, эркин ва фаровон ҳаётпировард мақсадимиз. – т.:2000. 26бет 2 мирзиёев ш.м. халқимизнинг розилиги бизнинг фаолиятимизга берилган энг олий баҳодир. –т.: ўзбекистон 2018 йил. 25-б. 3 каримиов и.а. ўзбекистоннинг ўз истиқлол ва тараққиёт йўли. тошкент, 1992, 12бет 4 rahmonova, s. (2023). dynamics and main directions of spiritual and cultural reforms implemented in uzbekistan. modern science and research, 2(10), 850-854 5 shuhrat kizi, r. s. . (2023). the development of spiritual and cultural reforms in the development strategy of new uzbekistan. international journal of culture and modernity, 32, 61–66 6 muxamedovna, g. m. (2023). kreativ yondashuv asosida didaktik materiallar yaratish mexanizmlari. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 21(3), 12-14. 7 gadayeva, . m. . (2023). the unique significance of mastering social sciences during the development of the new uzbekistan. modern 285 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us science and research, 2(10), 459–464. retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/25292 8 a, b., & ismat, n. (2023). baqtriyaning bronza davri arxeologiya yodgorliklarining joylashuvi va moddiy madaniyati. innovations in technology and science education, 2(8), 73-80. 9 bobohusenov akmal. (2023). buxoro vohsining antik davri shisha buyumlari. tadqiqotlar, 25(2), 208–211. retrieved from http://tadqiqotlar.uz/index.php/new/article/view/307 10 akmal bobohusenov akmal ashurovich. (2023). the material culture of the tombs of the ancient and early medieval period. international journal of history and political sciences, 3(11), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume03issue11-06 11 sadullayev, u. (2023). the role of the neighborhood in the social development of society. modern science and research, 2(10), 755-757. 12 shokir o'gli, u. s. (2023). milliy qadriyatlarimiz asrovchisi. journal of new century innovations, 35(1), 79-80. 13 sadullayev, u. (2023). the role of women in neighborhood management in uzbekistan. modern science and research, 2(9), 132-135. 14 shoxrux, s. (2023). voleybolda otish tezligi tushunchasi va ahamiyati. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 1(11), 913-917. 15 sirojev, s. (2023). the concept and i̇mportance of shooti̇ng speed i̇n volleyball. modern science and research, 2(9), 187-191. 16 sirojev shoxrux. (2023). behavioral characteristics, principles and working methods of coaches. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 50–60. 17 sirojev, s. (2023). teaching activities and philosophy in physical education and sports. modern science and research, 2(10), 235–243. 18 sirojev shoxrux. (2023). the connection between sports and logic. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 97–106. 19 sirojev shoxrux. (2023). applications of sport psychology in the world. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(11), 107–120. 20 ismatovna, i. l. (2023). improvement of quality of knowledge by using videos at lessons. journal of science, research and teaching, 2(4), 100-102. 21 idiyeva, l. i. (2017). listening at lessons of a foreign language. достижения науки и образования, (5), 65-66. 22 ismatovna, i. l. (2021). typology of parts of speech and content of grammatical categories in two languages. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(8), 53-57. 23 kizi, r. s. s. (2023). reforms implemented in the spiritual and cultural sphere in new uzbekistan. american journal of science on integration and human development (29932750), 1(9), 141-147. 185 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 organization of project work that forms small research skills of students in elementary mathematics classes makhfuza abbosovna gafurova associate professor of fergana state university doctor of philosophy in pedagogical sciences (phd) mamasoliyeva jahonbu 1st year student of fergana state university abstract: in the article describing the method of using project work for the development of creative ideas and creative skills, the improvement of knowledge. keywords: education, research, project, design, technology, teamwork, result. introduction the development of the public education system in our country is considered a priority. the decree of the president on the state program for the implementation of the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 in the "year of attention to people and quality education" was adopted. on this basis, in order to provide quality education, it is planned to teach students in the 1st-4th grades of general secondary educational institutions according to the textbooks developed on the basis of advanced foreign experience. it can be seen that one of the factors of improving the quality of education is to improve the methodological support of teaching. textbooks and instructional manuals are created based on the analysis of best practices of developed countries. literature analysis and methodology the main idea of design technology is to achieve the desired result in the process of solving a problem of practical or theoretical importance. if it is necessary to design a theoretical problem, its exact solution, if it is a practical problem, it is necessary to develop specific recommendations on the issue of practical application. in order to achieve this result, students must acquire the skills of independent thinking, understand the problem and look for ways to solve it, use their previously acquired knowledge in this regard, conduct research in various fields of science, predict the results to be obtained, it is necessary to develop options in the solution, to imagine causal connections. results students can work individually or in groups of 3-4 people depending on their interests. it is better to put more emphasis on group work. project work ends with a defense held at the end of the academic year. the defense can be held in the form of a conference within the framework of one or several academic subjects. individual or group work of students on the topic of project work may include the following educational activities: planning their research activities, dividing tasks among themselves, setting educational goals, searching for necessary information. to find, 186 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to search for solutions to a problem situation related to the topic, to choose the most appropriate one from them and to justify it, to conduct surveys or experiments if necessary, to prepare a report on the results of the project work, to analyze and evaluate one's own activities, to defend the project work preparing a presentation and defending it. for students, we will provide sample assignments for project work below sample task 1: students are given a task to draw a project of the house where they live. a sample apartment project is described as follows. 187 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion this assignment is intended for 3-4th graders, who can complete this assignment within 7 days. as a result of the experiment, it was observed that students are highly interested in completing this task. in addition, it is possible to conduct research on the basis of observing the daily attendance of students, and the results of learning in subjects. below you can see the execution of a sample task of this content. sample task 2: express the condition of the problem in the form of a diagram. students of the 4-a class of the school divided into 4 groups and played the competition. in the competition, the marks collected by the group members during 4 months (january, february, march, april) were calculated and the group with the highest marks was considered the winner. the 1st team is topqirlar team, they scored 84,75,78,65 marks respectively. the 2nd team is the knowledge team and they scored 76, 78, 68, 80 marks respectively. the 3rd team is the brainy team, they scored 78, 72, 69, 80 marks respectively. the 4th team was the zuccos who scored 80, 74, 69, 82 respectively. based on this observation, the results analyzed can be illustrated by a diagram. diagram view of the assignment: it is important to develop vital competences in the formation of spatial imagination of elementary school students, in the study of various geometric objects. students are required to understand that different views are created on different planes by observing and drawing the views of buildings. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 yanvar fevral mart aprel "topqirlar" guruhi "bilimdonlar" guruhi "zehnlilar" guruhi "zukkolar" guruhi 188 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sample task 3. which option shows the view of the selected garage from the other side? conclusion it prepares primary school students to develop their observation, imagination, apply the acquired knowledge to everyday life, perform calculations within the scope of the work, see the results and draw conclusions based on the final reports. references 1. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining farmoni. 2022-2026 yillarga mo„ljallangan yangi o„zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasini “insonga e‟tibor va sifatli ta‟lim yili”da amalga oshirishga oid davlat dasturi to„g„risida. 2023-yil 28-fevral 2. тожиев м., алимов а.я., қучқаров д.у. педагогик технология таълим жараёнига татбиғи (бошланғич таълимда математика ўқитиш методикаси фани дарсларининг лойиҳаси) -тошкент. “тафаккур” нашриёти. 2010, -148 б. 3. repyova i.r. 4-sinf matematika. darslik t. "novda edutainment" nashriyoti 2023. 4. alixonov.s.matematika o‟qitish metodikasi. – toshkent: cho‟lpon nomidagi nashriyotmatbaa ijodiy uyi,2011. – b 304 5. o'sarov.j. matematika o'qitish metodikasi. o'quv qo'llanma .-fdu nusxa ko‟paytirish bo‟limi, 2020. – b 237 . 6. jumayev.e.m. matematika o‟qitish metodikasidan praktikum. – toshkent:o‟qituvchi,2004 – b328 189 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. jumayev.m.e. boshlang‟ich sinflarda matemtika o‟qitish metodikasidan labaratoriya mashg‟ulotlari. -toshkent:yangi asr avlodi,2006. – b 256 8. alijon, a., xoldorovich, s. z., & abbosovna, g. m. kizi, mma.(2022). technology of individualization of learning. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, 6, 291-297. 9. abobakirova, o., & yusupova, j. (2023). turli yosh guruhlarida badiy adabiyotni o „qishda o‟ziga xos xususiyatlar. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(5), 186189. 10. alijon asimov, & abduvaliyeva muslimaxon shavkatjon qizi. (2023). different methods of modeling in primary classes. academia science repository, 4(05), 118–125. 11. alijon, a. (2023). boshlang‟ich sinflarda sodda rasmli masalalar ustida ijodiy ishlash usullari. innovative achievements in science 2022, 2(19), 79-83. 12. alijon, a. (2023). methods of resolving issues forming economic relations. finland international scientific journal of education, social science & humanities, 11(4), 10521058. 13. dehqonova, m., & abdurahimov, m. x. o. (2022). said ahmadning obraz yaratish mahorati "ufq" romani asosida. international scientific journal of biruni, 1(2), 206-212. 14. dehqonova, m., & mirzagaliyeva, u. b. q. (2022). abdulla qahhorning hajviy xarakter yaratish mahorati. international scientific journal of biruni, 1(2), 234-240. 15. dehqonova, m., & muxtorjonova, z. (2022). munaqqid oybek va o„zbek adabiy tanqidchiligi. international scientific journal of biruni, 1(2), 310-316. 16. dehqonova, maxsuma, mirzagaliyeva, umidaxon baxtiyor qizi abdulla qahhor hikoyalarida xotin-qizlar obrazi // orienss. 2023. №3. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/abdullaqahhor-hikoyalarida-xotinqizlar-obrazi (дата обращения: 11.11.2023). 17. dehqonova, maxsuma, qosimov, iqboljon oybek dostonlarida ayollar obrazi // international scientific journal of biruni. 2023. №1. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oybek-dostonlarida-ayollar-obrazi (дата обращения: 11.11.2023). 18. fozilova, o., & abduraxmanova, z. (2023). innovatsion texnologiyalar asosida bo „lajak tarbiyachilarning kasbiy salohiyati samaradorligini oshirish yo „llari. центральноазиатский журнал образования и инноваций, 2(5 part 2), 63-68. 19. fozilova, o., & omonova, m. (2023). the essence and uniqueness of the game in the child's activity. центральноазиатский журнал образования и инноваций, 2(6 part 4), 122-126. 20. gafurova, m. (2021). intellectual and cognitive activities of school pupils. the american journal of social science and education innovations, 3(2), 447-450. 21. gafurova, m. a. (2021). developing cognitive activities of primary school students based on an innovative approach. international journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding, 8(10), 236-242. 22. gafurova, m. a. (2022). improving mental skills of students by analyzing and solving problems. current research journal of pedagogics, 3(01), 40-44. 23. gofurova, m. a. (2020). development of students' cognitive activity in solving problems. isj theoretical & applied science, 1(81), 677-681. 24. gofurova, m. a. (2020). развитие познавательной деятельности учащихся при решении задач. (development of cognitive activity of students in solving problems ) theoretical & applied science, (1), 677-681. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oybek-dostonlarida-ayollar-obrazi 190 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 25. nabiyevna, f. o., & patidinovna, a. z. (2023). tarbiyachi kasbiy faoliyatida ko „nikma va malakalarni shakllantirishing o „ziga xos xususiyatlari. modern problems in education and their scientific solutions, 1(1), 131-134. 26. shavkatovna, d. m. (2023). ulugbek hamdam‟s “father” novel. international journal of advanced research in education, technology and management, 2(4). 27. zokirova sohiba mukhtoraliyevna, & mullagaziyeva salimakhon abubakir kizi. (2023). theoretical substantiation of the concept of speech errors in psycholinguistics. academia science repository, 4(5), 1016–1022. 28. zokirova, s. (2023). hajviya-bolalar ruhiyatidagi nuqsonlarni fosh qilish vositasi sifatida. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(6), 73-79. 29. zokirova, s., & akbarova, m. (2023). savodga o „rgatish jarayonida smart darslikdan foydalanish. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(6), 80-89 90-93 linguopoetic possibilities of poetic syntax 90 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 linguopoetic possibilities of poetic syntax a. a. xasanov phd, associate professor of the kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: the article explores the linguopoetic possibilities of poetic syntax on the example of abdulla qahhor's stories. it reveals the role of poetic syntax in the realistic depiction of reality, in popularizing its social coverage, in pointing out the character traits of the heroes, and in giving an aesthetic spirit to the art of the stories. keywords: poetic syntax, linguopoetics, intonation, rhetorical question, antithesis, parallelism, repetition, anaphora, epiphora, apostrophe, ellipsis, inversion, poetic phonetics. in order to become a real philologist, each person should thoroughly master the sciences of literature and linguistics. this is the main criterion in the serious and effective study of linguopoetic research. we would not be mistaken if we say that the issue of poetic syntax is one of the problems that our linguists are currently interested in. in particular, syntactic tools such as intonation, rhetorical question, antithesis, parallelism, repetition, anaphora, epiphora, apostrophe, ellipsis, inversion, poetic phonetics have become the main concepts of poetic syntax. the views on the essence of proverbs and proverbs, which have been studied as a lexical unit until now, have also changed and are being interpreted as a syntactic unit. below we will consider these units. the influence and affectivity of any artistic work is determined by the vitality, novelty, clarity of expressions and variety of artistic and visual means. of course, they will have their real impressive power and artistic-aesthetic value only when the word artists use them purposefully according to their individual style and artistic-aesthetic intention. proverbs, which are the expression of folk wisdom, are linguistic and artistic tools that have such imagery, impressiveness and, as a result, artistic and aesthetic power. as the language of fiction draws its nourishment from the wealth of the national language, proverbs have an incomparable role in it. because proverbs embody the past life, worldview, way of life, customs and traditions of the people who created them. when proverbs are introduced into fiction, their content deepens, matures, and becomes polished, as a result, "colorful proverbs that embody wise thought, sharp truth, deep content, and precious gems of the vocabulary become expressive (that is, effective, emotional) tools of our speech. among the most impressive, the most memorable, it has the power to involuntarily force a person to think and express opinions" becomes a real art-image tool. proverbs are the most characteristic linguistic tool in making the writer's language juicy and impressive, and as a result, pleasant and sharp works appear. each artist has their own style of using proverbs and sayings, which defines their individual school of art. in particular, abdulla qahhor created his own unique style by turning to proverbs and sayings in order to increase the attractiveness and impact of the language of the stories, to improve them artistically, to ensure 91 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the closeness of the work to the life of the people. however, abdulla qahhor's individual skill in using proverbs and sayings, which are masterpieces of folk wisdom, has not been widely and comprehensively studied. it is true that some scientific treatises and works in the form of articles contain brief thoughts about this. in particular, m. in hakimov's book "writer and people's language", the author briefly touches on the use of proverbs as epigraphs and the creation of new aphorisms based on traditional proverbs. basically, in the author's work, the artist of words oybek's skill of individual use of words takes the first place. the linguist scientist i., who conducted a wide and comprehensive scientific study of the phraseological innovation of abdulla qahhor. kochkortoev scientifically analyzes the new expressions created by the writer based on proverbs. it can be seen from this that abdulla qahhor's skill of creative and individual use of params should be widely and comprehensively covered. this determines the relevance of the chosen topic. below we analyzed only the parames used in abdulla qahhor's stories and tried to determine the writer's ability to use them creatively and individually"prose speech is the main source that shows the artistic and aesthetic scope of folk proverbs." in particular, while observing the artistic-aesthetic function of the proverbs used in the stories of abdulla qahhor, we paid attention to their form and content structure and found it necessary to study them into the following types. 1. proverbs whose form and content are completely preserved. 2. proverbs with reduced form and enhanced content. 3. creative-individual proverbs created by the method of analogy. 1. proverbs whose form and content are completely preserved. such proverbs are characterized by the fact that they are given without changing their form and content. therefore, in some studies, it is used as proverbs without change. abdulla qahhor skillfully used such proverbs in various methodological tasks. proverbs, when used in a literary text, express different pragmatic purposes according to the ideology of the writer. this is characterized by the fact that it has a pragmatic sign. "because the thought that can be understood from folk proverbs is often behind the text." therefore, the writer effectively used these common hidden meanings of proverbs in creating epigraph-proverbs, which is one of the important factors determining his unique style. for example, the writer houses are full of bread, my child is hungry, the ditches are full of water, my child is thirsty ("pomegranate"), the death of a horse is a holiday for a dog ("thief"), the sky is far, the earth is hard ("patient"), ola crow crows , he uses proverbs such as his time is running out ("prophecy") and tajik zori beheda zion meshikanad as epigraphs, in which he skillfully used the main idea of the work. so, in a certain sense, epigraphs-proverbs have an informative function. it is possible to form a certain idea about the idea of the work by recognizing the hidden meanings of the epigraph-proverbs mentioned above. it is their duty to inform. however, the hidden information of proverbs as a pragmame is realized within the text and has its real artistic-aesthetic, impressive power. for example, the story "patient" describes an unfortunate event in the sotiboldi family. sotiboldi's wife is sick. sotiboldi will do everything he can to cure his wife. all these large and small events alone will dry up the tinka-madori of a small family. the doctor's office becomes a mirage in sotiboldi's mind, because it takes a lot of money to get there. it is impossible for sotiboldi, who lives on debt. such a difficult situation, helplessness, helplessness of this family is represented by the epigraph "the sky is far away and the earth is hard". in the epigraph-proverb given for the story "thief", the pitiable plight of grandfather kabul, his robbery is likened to the death of a horse, and the robberies made by the country's officials over the misfortune of a poor farmer to a dog's holiday. unlike the above, the epigraph-proverb "houses are full of bread, my child is full of food, my child is full of water, my child is thirsty" in the writer's story "pomegranate", unlike the above epigraph-proverbs, served to express a pragmatic goal in harmony with the writer's ideolect. that is, this proverb has the following interpretation within the context of the common meaning: "some children do not despise, do not look down on, do not appreciate the little things that are available at home: "what's wrong, there is nothing at home?!" they complain. then the 92 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us parents said: "my child, aren't these things just food and drink?!" they say the above proverb in the sense that a man is satisfied with what he says, and patient with what he does not. but abdulla qahhor uses this proverb very skillfully to reveal his pragmatic purpose within the context of the occasion. according to the story, turobjon's wife is a witch. his only desire is pomegranate. however, it was impossible for such a small wish of a short-handed, poor family to come true in the social environment. this situation becomes one of the main causes of family conflict. there is no talk between the couple. if left to herself, would turobjonn's wife raise a quarrel, the cause of this desire is the baby that is still forming in her body. the only desire of this baby forms the composition of the story, acquires a deep social meaning. here, the writer appropriately uses the above proverb as an epigraph to express the intimate and spiritual experiences of a woman suffering in difficult living conditions. so, this proverb does not have a direct informative function like the above proverbs. because it is directed towards a specific pragmatic goal, its occasional pragmatic meaning has appeared in a large textual environment. so, abdulla qahhor approached the proverbs with great responsibility in depicting reality realistically, in popularizing its social coverage, in pointing out the character traits of the heroes, and in giving an aesthetic spirit to the art of his stories and showed his unique style. reference: 1. шомақсудов ш., шораҳмедов ш. маънолар махзани. – т.: «ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси» давлат илмий нашриёти, 2001. – б. 349. 2. ҳакимов м.х. ўзбек тилида матннинг прагматик талқини. фил.фан.доктори…дисс. – т., 2001. – б. 176-185. 3. умурқулов б. бадиий адабиётда сўз. – т.: фан, 1993. – б. 123. 4. йўлдошев м. чўлпоннинг бадиий тил маҳорати. фил.фан.номзоди…дисс. – т., 2000. – б. 86. 5. акрамов, ш. (2021). иккинчи даражали бўлакларнинг валентлик аспектидаги талқини: шукуржон акрамов қўқон давлат педагогика институти доценти. in научно-практическая конференция. 6. tokhtasinovich, a. s., & abdujalilovna, x. s. (2022). impulse and its relationship to the content of the sentence. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 1852-1859. 7. sobirovich, m. i. (2023). about problems of word categorization. gospodarka i innowacje., 33, 286-289. 8. мадраҳимов, и. с. (2023, may). ахборот технологиялари тизими таснифи. in international congress on models and methods in modern investigations (pp. 81-85). 9. xasanov, a. a. (2023). research on linguistic units that implement the national conceptosphere in uzbek linguistics. gospodarka i innowacje., 35, 465-469. 10. hasanov, a. "nazar eshonqul ijodida kinoyaning badiiyuslubiy xususiyatlari." science and innovation 2.special issue 5 (2023): 209-211. 11. yigitаliyеv, u., & umidjanov, s. (2023). the role of the concept" man" in the functional-semantic and associative-verb expression of the forms of the category of cases. jett, 14(5), 18-22. 93 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. yigitaliyev, u. (2023). linguistic system and the role of component analysis in its research. open access repository, 9(3), 146-149. 13. naimakhan, a., & odinakhan, r. (2022). the skill in using graduation of erkin azam. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 15081510. 14. g’aniyevna, t. s. (2023). lingvopoetic nature of phraseologies. open access repository, 9(3), 176-181. 15. khasanov, a. a., akramov, s. t., & tojiboeva, m. r. (2023). linguistic units that implement the national conceptosphere. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 120126. 16. rahimovna, t. m. (2023). the role of stylistic devices in speech culture as an example of simile. gospodarka i innowacje., 32, 185-188. 17. alimovna, u. s. (2023). toponomy" kokand" and its conceptual study. open access repository, 9(3), 153-156. 18. mahmudova, n. (2021). ўзбек тилиги телефон алоқа тармоғи терминларининг деривацион хусусиятлари. scienceweb academic papers collection. 19. usmonova, s. a. (2023). qo'qon shahri ko'chalari tasnifi va tavsifiga doir. scienceweb academic papers collection. 20. jorayeva, r., & ildırı, n. (2023). giysilerin adi belirlenen sözcükler. development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences, 2(5), 29-37. 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 02, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх non-standard methods for solving trigonometric inequalities sh. l. ermatov andijan state university abstract: this article describes non-standard ususes for solving trigonometric equations. it presents the method of sectors and the method of concentric circles from non-standard methods of solving trigonometric inequalities based on the principle of the genetic approach. keywords: trigonometric issue, method of concentric circles, method of sectors, genetic approach. introduction: the purpose of teaching trigonometry in specialized schools (educational, educational, practical) is determined by the implementation of trigonometry in solving practical issues related to various fields and disciplines, as well as the application of trigonometric functions. trigonometry is distinguished by great importance in theory and practice, in particular, by the fact that it is an excellent computational apparatus in solving various problems of geometry, by the means of trigonometric functions it is convenient to express mathematical concepts such as periodicity, monotony, pointing accuracy, delimitation, pairwise rigidity, bias and convex, continuity in a clear, visual and understandable way [2,3,4]. in particular, the use of non-standard methods in solving inequalities of the trigonometric equation extends the field of application of trigonometry. below we give several non-standard methods for solving trigonometric inequalities. research methodology: a) sectors method in solving trigonometric inequalities. let's consider the method of sectors when solving trigonometric inequalities. in the form (where and rationally introduced trigonometric functions) the solution of rational trigonometric inequalities is almost identical to the solution of rational inequalities. it is convenient to solve rational inequalities by the method of intervals on the number axis. as its analogue and for the trigonometric circle, and for the solution of the rational trigonometric inequality in the semicircle, the method of sectors is considered [5,6,7]. 1. solving form inequalities. ( ) 0, ( 0, 0, 0) ( ) p x q x     ( )p x ( )q x sin x cosx ( 2 )t  tgx ctgx ( )t  (sin ,cos ) 0 ( 0, 0, 0) (sin ,cos ) p x x q x x     12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the numerator and denominator of an expression given in the interval method are whose factors correspond to it when passing through the point, the exchange of signals is determined, and the corresponding intervals are obtained depending on the signal of the inequality. in the sectoral method, however, each factor of the numerator and denominator of a given expression is in form. here or is one of the functions, in the trigonometric circle and divides two sectors corresponding to the corners. these corners are is equivalent to from in the transition to the signal of the expression is determined. the following should be borne in mind: a) and form factors while does not change the signal at all values of. therefore, such multipliers are discarded. if if, by changing the inequality signal to the opposite, the factors are discarded. b) and form factors are also discarded. moreover, if these are multiples of the denominator, then and will be thrown under the conditioni. or when form factors are discarded, the inequality signal changes to the opposite. 2. solving form inequalities. or was one of the functions of the function each factor of the form is a trigonometric semicircle (or ) at one fits the angle, or . this when passing a point the signal of the multiplier alternates. in addition, function is not defined at, and will have a different signal on the left and right of these points. similar function va at undefined and to the right of these points there are different symbols. 1example. solve the inequality: . solution: . trigonometric half in the circle the equation is given by angle, the equation is given by the angle is suitable. they divide the semicircle into three sectors, and their in each the function saves the signal and exchanges hints in each sector (1-picture). 1-picture 0( )x x 0x ( ( ) )f x a ( )f x sin x cos ,x 1 1a   1x 2x 1 2( ( ) ( ) )f x f x a  1x 2x ( ( ) )f x a (sin )x a (cos )x a | | 1a  x 1a  (sin 1)x  (cos 1)x  sin 1x   cos 1x   (sin 1)x  (cos 1)x  ( , ) 0 ( 0, 0, 0) ( , ) p tgx ctgx q tgx ctgx     tgx ctgx ( )f x ( ( ) )f x a 2 2 x      0 x   0x 0( )f x a 0x 0( ( )f x a tgx 2 x    ctgx 0x  x  2 0ctg x ctgx  ( 1) 0ctgx ctgx   0 x   0ctgx  1 2 x   1ctgx   1 3 4 x   ( 1)y ctgx ctgx  13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the sector . and in the rest, the hint alternates. period of function . since it is positive-signal sectors we choose. answer: . b) method of concentric circles solving a system of trigonometric inequalities. this method is compared to the parallel number axis method when solving a system of rational inequalities. let's see the following example. if the system of inequalities is solved on a single number of axes, the image presents difficulties in isolating the solution, it is much easier to isolate the solution if solved on the parallel number axis (2-picture). 2-picture. solving inequalities on the parallel number axis. answer: . 1example. solve the system of inequalities: 0 2 x    ( 1) 0ctgx ctgx   ( 1)y ctgx ctgx  t  2 0ctg x ctgx  2 , 3 4 n x n n z n x n                   3 2 ( 2) ( 1)( 4) 0, ( 4) ( 2) 0, ( 3)( 3) ( 1)( 2) 0. ( 5)( 4) x x x x x x x x x x x x x                   { 2} [ 1;0) (4; )   14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us solution. we solve each inequality separately in the unit circle. 1) argument is solving the inequality (3-picture). 3-picture. 2) and we solve for inequalities (4-picture). 4-picture. now for arguments, we draw concentric circles. we draw a circle corresponding to the solution of the first inequality and we are the shitrich, then we draw a circle with a larger radius and we are the shitrich according to the solution of the second, then we draw a circle and a base circle for the third inequality. from the center of the circle, we pass rays through the ends of the arcs so that they cross all circles. the result is a solution in the base circle (5-picture). 1 cos , 2 3 sin 2 , 2 1 x x tgx            2x 3 sin 2 2 x  1 cos 2 x   1tgx   x 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5-picture. answer: . example 2. solve the inequality: . solution. using the formula, we substitute the form: , , . we solve for the last inequality. let's enter a mark, as a result: . we describe the solution in the unit circle (6-picture): . let's go back to the variable: . 3 7 2 ; 2 , 4 6 k k k z             22sin 3cos2 0 4 x x         21 cos2 2sin   1 cos 2 3cos2 0 2 x x          cos 2 3cos2 1, 2 x x           sin2 3cos2 1x x   1 3 1 sin 2 cos2 , 2 2 2 x x   1 sin sin2 cos cos2 , 6 6 2 x x      1 cos 2 6 2 x         2 6 t x    1 cos 2 t   2 2 2 2 3 3 k t k         x 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 3 k x k            5 , 4 12 k x k k z          16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6-picture. conclusion/recommendations: in conclusion, high requirements are imposed on the knowledge, skills and qualifications of students of a specialized school, of which, first of all, it is required to have a high level of admission indicators to higher educational institutions, while maintaining a deep and fluent mastery of educational material in order to achieve positive results in olympiads conducted in different disciplines. in this case, the application of non-standard methods opens the way for the development of methodological issues of teaching mathematics and the solution of problems in its teaching. references: 1. sh.l. ermatov. trigonometrik tenglamalar yechimlari to’plamini umumlashtirishning bir usuli. наманган давлат университети илмий ахборотномаси. -наманган, 2021. -№ 10. б.445-450. 2. khankulov, u. k. (2017). description of methodical system of teaching elements of stochastics line mathematics using computer technologies. eastern european scientific journal, (6). 3. хонкулов, у. х. (2018). on the selection principles of educational content of stochastic elements оf mathematics. наука и мир, 2(4), 5657. 4. хонкулов, у. х. (2015). о применениях компьютерных технологий в обучении элементов стохастики. региональные проблемы преобразования экономики, (8 (58)), 7682. 5. zharov, v. k. (2012). formanov sh. k., honkulov yu. kh. on the statistical method in a pedagogical experiment in the context of a modern educational process. bulletin of the moscow state regional university. series pedagogy, (3), 104-110. 6. drawing and image models tool math learning options. k.u khursanalievich, t.t.s ugli, m. askarali. american journal of applied science and technology 2 (09), 26-34. 7. хонкулов, у. х. (2015). о применениях компьютерных технологий в обучении элементов стохастики. региональные проблемы преобразования экономики, (8 (58)), 7682. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=arvdlawaaaaj&citation_for_view=arvdlawaaaaj:eqolee2rzwmc 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 product development cost factors affecting reduction sobirov o. o phd, associate professor, department of accounting and auditing, namangan institute of engineering and technology abstract: in this article, we will talk about the production of the product input costs and their types, rational and efficient use of available resources in production, as well as some important issues that affect the cost of the product passed. in addition, scientific proposals and practical recommendations have been developed to reduce the cost of manufactured products using modern innovative methods in product cost calculation. keywords: product costing, costing, production, financial position, productivity, product type, labor force, expenses, cost of sales, income, economic growth, business entity, responsibility centers. introduction. it is important for any company engaged in production activities to plan the directions of spending its funds first. when analyzing product production costs, first of all, it is considered necessary to determine the impact of changes in production volume on total costs and on the product unit. these actions are mainly necessary for the rational use of available resources, systematic adoption of management decisions on saving funds, and overall efficiency and economic growth of the economic entity. strict implementation of cost control in production serves as a guarantee of achieving the main goals set by the management of the business entity. material and methods. today, the expenses incurred in the processes related to the production of products in economic entities in our country are approved by the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 54 dated february 5, 1999 “on the composition of costs of production and sale of products (work, services) and the formation of financial results”. it is regulated according to the regulations. many studies have been conducted in our country to improve the calculation of the cost of production. the main goal of these studies is to identify modern calculation methods and thereby reduce the cost. among the leading economists of our country, a.pardaev, m.pardaev, a.karimov, a.avlokulov, n.rizaev, o.sobirov and others, these areas are also covered in scientific research. analysis. currently, modern methods of product cost calculation are widely used. the main goal is to reduce the cost. production costs are divided into fixed and variable costs. variable costs change in direct proportion to the level of production activity (volume of production). this is due to the fact that variable costs per unit of production (raw materials, materials, wages of production workers, etc.) are constant. total variable costs are directly related to product volume, while variable costs per product volume are constant. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fixed costs remain constant over a period of time for different scales of production. but as the scale of production changes, their share per unit of product changes. as production volume increases, the amount of fixed costs does not change, but the cost per unit of output decreases. in practice, fixed costs are not always the same for all levels of production. for a comparative, long period of time measured in years, all costs are variable. also, a large expansion of the level of activity leads to an increase in all categories of expenses. for a short period of time, costs are variable or constant depending on changes in the level of production. the shorter the time period, the more likely certain costs will be fixed. conclusion. based on the above opinions, we believe that it is appropriate to implement the following tasks to reduce the cost of the product:  advance forecasting of factors that have a negative impact on product price reduction and development of measures to eliminate it;  reducing the cost of the product by localizing the raw materials included in the manufactured products;  by developing a system of effective use of labor resources, opportunities to increase product quality and reduce costs are created. for the development of any sector of the economy, it is clear and based on this information, there should be reliable information it is possible to assess the state of the enterprise and make correct conclusions, will be direct accounting is important in this. references. 1. sobirov otabek olimjonovich. the cost of forming a management account in business entities. journal of pharmaceutical negative results. doi: 10.47750/pnr. 2022. 13.s07-537. 4295-4298. 2. sobirov o. directions for improving management accounting in business entities. journal of management value & ethics.oct-dec.20 vol.10 no.04 sjif 7.201 & gif 0.626. india. 2020. 5-8 b 3. собиров о.о. бошқарув ҳисобининг моҳияти ва уни ташкил этишда харажатларнинг ўрни. scientific journal of “internatsional finance & accounting” -тми. тошкент. 2022 йил август. issue 4. issn:2181-1016. 4. o.o.sobirov., m.karimova. “problems of effective use of key equipment in enterprises”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 27206874. 5. otabek olimjonovich sobirov. improment of management accounting methodology in economic entities. scientific journal of “international finance & accounting” тми. issue 2, april 2023. issn: 2181-1016 6. sobirov o.o. improvement of management accounting in economic entities. abstract of doctor of philosophy (phd) dissertation on economic sciences. tashkent. tmi. 2022 year. 7. sobirov o.o., uzoqboyev r. “important issues of ensuring the financial stability of small business and subjects”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 2720-6874. 8. o.o.sobirov., j.alibyev. “issues ensuring the profitability of enterprises”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 2720-6874. 9. собиров о.о. «хўжалик юритувчи субъектларда бошқарув ҳисобини такомиллаштириш йўналишлари». илмий монография. наманган-2023 йил. уўк: 657 (075.8). кбк: 65.052.2. isbn:978-9943-5945-8-6. 10. www.interfinance.uz 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 04, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies abdurahmonov abdulaziz maxmudovich termiz davlat universiteti iqtisodiyot va turizm fakulteti iqtisodiyot yo'nalishi talabasi abstract: this topic explores the relationship between international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies. it examines the various policies and measures implemented by countries to regulate their international trade activities and analyzes their consequences on domestic industries, employment, economic growth, and overall welfare. the annotation encompasses the study of trade policies such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and trade agreements. it investigates the rationale behind the adoption of these policies, their intended goals, and their potential effects on domestic economies. it also examines the trade-offs and challenges associated with trade policy decisions, including considerations of competitiveness, market access, and the potential for trade wars or retaliatory measures. the topic acknowledges the complex interplay between international trade policies and domestic economies. it recognizes that trade policies can have both positive and negative impacts on domestic industries. on one hand, protectionist measures can safeguard domestic industries, promote employment, and protect national security interests. on the other hand, trade liberalization measures can expand market access, foster competition, and enhance economic efficiency. keywords: trade policies, international business, retaliatory measures, market economy. introduction international trade policies play a critical role in shaping the economic landscape of nations, as they regulate the flow of goods, services, and investments across borders. these policies, encompassing a range of measures such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and trade agreements, have significant implications for domestic economies. understanding the impact of international trade policies on domestic economies is crucial for policymakers, economists, and stakeholders to make informed decisions and effectively navigate the global trade environment. the topic of international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies explores the intricate relationship between trade policies and the economic well-being of nations. it delves into the complexities, trade-offs, and consequences associated with the adoption and implementation of various trade measures. by analyzing the effects of these policies, this topic aims to provide insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by domestic economies in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world. the introduction of international trade policies is driven by a multitude of factors. governments often seek to protect domestic industries, promote employment, foster economic growth, and ensure national security. trade policies can range from protectionist measures that restrict imports through tariffs and quotas to trade liberalization measures that promote free trade and open markets. the choice of trade policies is influenced by 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a country's economic objectives, political considerations, and strategic interests. 1 the impact of international trade policies on domestic economies is multifaceted. on one hand, protective measures can shield domestic industries from foreign competition, safeguarding jobs and preserving domestic production capacity. however, such policies can also lead to higher prices for consumers, reduced market access for exporters, and potential retaliatory measures from trading partners. conversely, trade liberalization measures can expand market opportunities, promote economic efficiency, and facilitate access to foreign goods and services. however, they can also expose domestic industries to intense competition and require adjustments in domestic production structures. furthermore, the impact of international trade policies extends beyond specific industries. trade policies can influence economic growth, income distribution, labor markets, technological innovation, and environmental sustainability. the interactions between trade policies and other domestic policies, such as industrial policies, labor regulations, and environmental standards, are crucial in shaping the overall economic landscape. it is important to consider the broader implications of trade policies on various stakeholders, including workers, consumers, businesses, and the environment. in conclusion, understanding the implications of international trade policies on domestic economies is vital for formulating effective trade strategies and policies. by analyzing the impact of trade measures on industries, employment, economic growth, and broader societal factors, policymakers can make informed decisions that balance the objectives of protecting domestic industries, promoting economic development, and fostering international cooperation. this topic aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the complexities and consequences of international trade policies, contributing to informed discussions and evidence-based decision-making in the field of global trade. methodology to study the impact of international trade policies on domestic economies, a multi-faceted methodology is employed, combining qualitative and quantitative research approaches. the methodology aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between trade policies and their effects on various aspects of domestic economies. literature review: a comprehensive review of academic literature, policy papers, and relevant publications is conducted to gather a theoretical foundation and existing knowledge on international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies. this step helps in identifying key concepts, theories, and empirical studies related to the topic. data collection: data collection involves gathering relevant economic data, trade statistics, and policy information from reputable sources such as government databases, international organizations (e.g., world trade organization, world bank), and research institutions. key variables of interest include trade flows, tariff rates, export/import volumes, employment data, gdp growth rates, industry-specific data, and policy changes over time. data analysis: the collected data is analyzed using appropriate quantitative methods such as econometric modeling, statistical techniques, and regression analysis. this analysis allows for the examination of relationships between trade policies and various economic indicators, such as industry performance, employment levels, productivity, and overall economic growth. the analysis may also involve assessing the impact of specific trade policy interventions, such as tariff reductions or trade agreements, on selected economic variables. 1 milner, helen v. "the political economy of international trade." annual review of political science 2, no. 1 (1999): 91-114. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results the analysis of international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies yielded several key findings. these findings provide insights into the complex relationship between trade policies and various aspects of domestic economies, shedding light on the consequences of different policy choices. trade policy effects on industry performance: the results indicate that trade policies have a significant impact on industry performance within domestic economies. protectionist measures, such as tariffs or quotas, can provide short-term protection for domestic industries, leading to higher output, employment, and profitability. however, these policies may also lead to reduced competitiveness, higher prices for consumers, and limited access to international markets. on the other hand, trade liberalization measures, such as lowering tariff barriers or participating in trade agreements, can enhance market access, foster competition, and promote efficiency in domestic industries. these policies tend to stimulate innovation, productivity growth, and expansion into new markets. 2 employment effects: the analysis reveals that international trade policies have implications for employment levels within domestic economies. protectionist measures aimed at shielding domestic industries can help preserve jobs in those sectors, but they may also result in job displacement in other sectors due to higher input costs or reduced export opportunities. trade liberalization, on the other hand, often leads to shifts in employment across industries as resources reallocate to more competitive sectors. while some industries may experience job losses, others may gain employment opportunities through increased exports or the emergence of new industries. economic growth and gdp: the findings suggest a positive relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth. countries that have embraced open trade policies and actively engaged in international markets have generally experienced higher gdp growth rates. trade liberalization facilitates access to larger markets, encourages specialization, fosters innovation, and allows for the efficient allocation of resources. however, the results also highlight that the distribution of the gains from trade may not be evenly spread, and certain sectors or regions may experience uneven growth patterns. therefore, complementary policies that address distributional concerns and promote inclusive growth are essential to ensure that the benefits of trade are widely shared. income distribution and inequality: the analysis indicates that trade policies can influence income distribution within domestic economies. while trade liberalization can generate overall economic gains, it may exacerbate income inequality if the benefits are concentrated in specific sectors or among certain segments of the population. it is crucial to design complementary policies that promote skills development, social safety nets, and income redistribution mechanisms to mitigate the potential adverse distributional effects of trade policies. 3 sector-specific implications: the results emphasize that the impact of trade policies varies across sectors. industries that are highly exposed to international competition, such as manufacturing or agriculture, are more directly influenced by trade policies. the results show that policies aimed at protecting these 2 frieden, j.a. and rogowski, r., 1996. the impact of the international economy on national policies: an analytical overview. internationalization and domestic politics, 15(1). 3 milner, h.v., rosendorff, b.p. and mansfield, e., 2004. international trade and domestic politics: the domestic sources of international trade agreements and institutions. the impact of international law on international cooperation: theoretical perspectives. 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sectors can provide short-term relief, but long-term competitiveness relies on innovation, productivity improvements, and diversification. additionally, sectors that are more skillintensive and knowledge-based tend to benefit from trade liberalization, as it provides opportunities for collaboration, technology transfer, and access to global value chains. discussion the discussion on international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies highlights several key points that are crucial for understanding the complexities and implications of trade policy decisions. these points provide insights into the opportunities and challenges that arise from different policy choices and help in shaping a comprehensive understanding of the topic. trade-offs and policy objectives: trade policies involve trade-offs between different objectives. protectionist measures aim to safeguard domestic industries, promote employment, and protect national security interests. however, these policies can result in higher prices for consumers, reduced market access for exporters, and potential retaliatory actions from trading partners. on the other hand, trade liberalization measures seek to expand market opportunities, foster competition, and enhance economic efficiency. but they can also expose domestic industries to intense competition and require adjustments in domestic production structures. policymakers must carefully consider these trade-offs and prioritize their policy objectives based on the specific needs and circumstances of their economies. sector-specific considerations: the impact of trade policies varies across different sectors. industries that are heavily reliant on international trade, such as manufacturing or agriculture, are more directly influenced by trade policies. the discussion highlights that protecting these sectors through trade barriers can provide temporary relief but may hinder long-term competitiveness. instead, policies that promote innovation, productivity improvements, and diversification are essential for sustainable growth in these sectors. additionally, sectors that are more skill-intensive and knowledge-based tend to benefit from trade liberalization, as it provides opportunities for collaboration, technology transfer, and access to global value chains. 4 employment effects and labor market adjustments: the discussion emphasizes the dynamic nature of employment effects resulting from trade policies. while protectionist measures may initially preserve jobs in specific sectors, they can lead to job displacement in other sectors due to higher input costs or reduced export opportunities. trade liberalization, on the other hand, may result in shifts in employment across industries as resources reallocate to more competitive sectors. policymakers need to anticipate and address the potential challenges associated with labor market adjustments, including providing support for workers affected by trade-related job losses through retraining programs, social safety nets, and facilitating job transitions. distributional implications: trade policies can have distributional implications, impacting income distribution and inequality within domestic economies. while trade liberalization can generate overall economic gains, these benefits may not be evenly distributed. the discussion highlights the importance of complementary policies that address distributional concerns and promote inclusive growth. policies that promote skills development, social safety nets, and income redistribution mechanisms are necessary to ensure that the benefits of trade are shared more equitably and that vulnerable populations are not left behind. 4 büthe, t. and milner, h.v., 2008. the politics of foreign direct investment into developing countries: increasing fdi through international trade agreements?. american journal of political science, 52(4), pp.741-762. 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us global and regional considerations: the discussion recognizes that trade policies do not operate in isolation but are influenced by global and regional dynamics. trade agreements, such as regional trade blocs or bilateral free trade agreements, can shape trade policy outcomes. the discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding these broader dynamics and their potential impact on domestic economies. it highlights the need for strategic engagement in regional and international trade negotiations to maximize the benefits and minimize potential adverse consequences. policy coherence and coordination 5 : the discussion underscores the importance of policy coherence and coordination across different policy areas. trade policies interact with other domestic policies, such as industrial policies, labor regulations, and environmental standards. a comprehensive approach that aligns trade policies with other economic and social objectives is crucial for maximizing the positive impacts and minimizing unintended consequences. the discussion highlights the need for policymakers to consider the broader economic, social, and environmental implications of trade policies and to adopt an integrated policy framework. conclusion the study of international trade policies and their impact on domestic economies underscores the intricate and multifaceted nature of this relationship. through an analysis of the trade-offs, sector-specific considerations, employment effects, distributional implications, global and regional dynamics, and the importance of policy coherence and coordination, valuable insights have been gained into the implications of trade policy decisions. international trade policies play a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape of nations. protectionist measures can provide temporary relief to domestic industries but may hinder long-term competitiveness and limit market access. on the other hand, trade liberalization measures can foster innovation, enhance economic efficiency, and create new opportunities but may also expose domestic industries to intense competition and require adjustments in production structures. the impact of trade policies is not uniform across sectors, with industries heavily reliant on international trade being more directly influenced. policymakers must recognize the need to promote innovation, productivity improvements, and diversification to ensure sustainable growth in these sectors. additionally, trade policies have distributional implications, and careful consideration must be given to address income inequality and ensure that the benefits of trade are shared more equitably. references: 1. milner, helen v. "the political economy of international trade." annual review of political science 2, no. 1 (1999): 91-114. 2. frieden, j.a. and rogowski, r., 1996. the impact of the international economy on national policies: an analytical overview. internationalization and domestic politics, 15(1). 3. milner, h.v., rosendorff, b.p. and mansfield, e., 2004. international trade and domestic politics: the domestic sources of international trade agreements and institutions. the impact of international law on international cooperation: theoretical perspectives. 4. skogstad, g., 2008. canadian agricultural programs and paradigms: the influence of international trade agreements and domestic factors. canadian journal of agricultural economics/revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 56(4), pp.493-507. 5. turdialiev, m. (2023). legal discussion of metaverse law. international journal of cyber law, 1(3). 5 skogstad, g., 2008. canadian agricultural programs and paradigms: the influence of international trade agreements and domestic factors. canadian journal of agricultural economics/revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 56(4), pp.493-507. 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 production of competitive goods and their certification by applying quality management systems based on modern it technologies to food factories jorayev firdavs muhiddin ogli tkti 1st stage basic doctoral student abstract: the article is devoted to the study of the specific features of improving product quality management in food industry enterprises. a brief description of the socio-economic environment of industrial enterprises is given to determine its necessary parameters. the priority aspects of product quality management in food enterprises discussed by the author were considered. the main directions of product quality management in such food industry enterprises are given. key words: food safety, control mechanism, quality management, food products, food industry. when the term "management" is used in relation to product quality, it means the constant control of product quality, its establishment and maintenance at the required level in the design, production and use of product quality by means of appropriate influence on the conditions and factors that determine it. understanding is necessary. product quality management operations in enterprises are carried out within the framework of the system of interdependence of engineering, organizational-technological, control, transport, warehouse and other processes. the product quality management process consists of the following operations: determining the level of product quality, collecting and studying information about the factors affecting product quality and the state of the production process; making decisions on product quality management and preparing for impact on the object, issuing management orders; collection and systematic analysis of information about changes in product quality as a result of management. the first step towards quality assurance is defining goals. this strategic step involves identifying needs and developing product parameters designed to meet those needs. in enterprises, the responsibility for quality is usually assigned to a separate department called the quality control department. today, best practices force a new approach to this issue. for example, in japan, most of the responsibility for quality assurance has traditionally been placed on manufacturing workers. the japanese introduced quality assurance training into the professional training programs of manufacturing workers and tasked workers with controlling the quality of their work. in quality control work, the next step after developing a general plan for its assurance is the organization of quality measurement. the quality must be extinguishable. although the ultimate success of an organization depends on functional quality and construction quality, production managers pay more attention to ensuring that quality meets technical specifications. in the preparation of the final product, not only the workers of an enterprise, but also the supply of raw materials, materials and components. the teams of partner enterprises will also participate. in such conditions, it is possible to ensure the high quality of the product based on the comprehensive consideration of all factors 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and a systematic approach to the problem. these requirements are met by a comprehensive product quality management system. the complex system organizationally includes the measures, methods and tools implemented to ensure and maintain the necessary quality level in the design, preparation, production and use of the product. the product quality management system is understood as a set of interconnection of management offices and managed objects with the help of material-technical and informational means in managing the product quality, should be considered as a sum of economic and social activities. the main goal of management is to ensure that product quality reaches the required level. the product quality management system includes human teams, technical devices, material means and strong information flow. product quality management embodies the following generalized elements of the management cycle: foretelling and planning; organization of work; mutual coordination and regulation; active motivation and encouragement; control, account book and analysis. the complex system of product quality management is a component of the automated system of production management and combines scientific and technical, organizational, economic and social measures aimed at the production of a product with a given level of quality into a single set. standardization serves as the organizational and technical basis of the system. standardization is of great importance in quality assurance, and it has the following principles: optimality; dynamism; progressiveness; complexity; obligation. all standards with these principles have the force of law for enterprises and organizations. non-compliance with the standards causes liability under the law. the standards are classified according to the scope, level and nature of their application as follows: gosts state standards; osts – network standards; stps enterprise standards; tus technical conditions; dus contractual conditions. the above is the system of standards established in our republic. international requirements are embodied in the global iso 9000 system of quality standards. development of standards is carried out in four stages: 1. development of technical requirements in the development of standards and their discussion; 2. develop and send the standard draft (first copy) for review; 3. development of received reviews, preparation of the last copy and sending for approval; 4. state registration and approval of standards. standardization is registered with the state center of metrology and certification of the republic of uzbekistan, and its technical conditions are determined. parts 3-4 of the conditional sign of technical conditions indicate which industry and which department the standard manufacturer belongs to. the 3rd part of the conditional symbol ost indicates the name of the industry that approved the standard. the standards are periodically revised and changed, taking into account the quality of raw materials, the growth of consumer demands for finished products, and changes in the methods of testing them. will go quality management includes product certification, material and moral motivation of employees, organization and control methods of 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us product quality control. helps to expand the output and update the product. references 1. abdullaev, a. & kurpayanidi, k., (2021). covid-19 pandemic in central asia: policy and environmental implications and responses for smes support in uzbekistan. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 258, p. 05027). edp sciences. 2. kodirov, s. (2021). issues of business cooperation in the national economy of uzbekistan. экономика и социум, (7), 79-88. 3. kurpayanidi, k., abdullaev, a., & muhsinova, sh. (2021). analysis of the macroeconomic policy of the republic of uzbekistan. obshchestvo i innovacii, 2(6/s), 248-252. 4. baytanov o’.mo’zbekiston iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirishda raqamli iqtisodiyotning ahamiyati. www.iupr.ru№ 10(101)-1 2022. 36-38 betlar. 5. "экономика и социум" №5(96)-1 2022 www.iupr.ru 691-695 c 154 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 some issues of the formation of environmental thinking ismoilov m. professor, namangan engineering – construction institute, uzbekistan, namangan abstract: so, what is the essence of ecological thinking? ecological thinking today is most often defined as a sustainable understanding of the value of everything that nature gives us, the interconnection of all elements of the ecological system of a city, a region, the entire planet earth, a sense of one's share of responsibility for ensuring that nature and the ecosystem are in order. keywords: ecological thinking, ecology, youth, society, state and civil, nature and man, healthy. man has so upset the balance in nature, has changed his environment so much that questions are increasingly being raised about the survival of man himself. until a person realizes that he is not the king of nature, but only a part of it, it is simply impossible to solve the impending threat. solving the problems of ecological well-being today depends not only on the capabilities of modern science and technology, but also on the formation of a new, ecocentric consciousness and ecological thinking. ideally, ecological thinking presupposes a balance between the social component of a person and his understanding of himself as an integral part of natural nature and the entire ecosystem. once upon a time, the phrase "man is a part of nature" sounded almost everywhere, out of place and out of place. now, when many people are in a confined space almost around the clock, either in the office, at home, or in the car, but not in nature or even on the street, the relevance of this slogan may seem exaggerated. however, a somewhat detached lifestyle from nature does not negate the fact that the human body functions according to its biological laws. it is impossible to use directive methods to force venous or arterial blood to move in the opposite direction, a healthy heart to beat in some other rhythm, the stomach to digest an unreasonable and absolutely unnecessary amount of food to the body without health consequences. those who do not understand this or do not take it into account, pay with their health, and very quickly. the situation is similar in wildlife. if you drain swamps simply because someone needed a plot of land here, turn rivers back and demolish mountain ranges, because here they interfere with something, without thinking about the fact that they may be needed for some reason in this part of the planet earth and are an element of an integral ecosystem, the consequences too not to be avoided. this is about understanding the value of everything that nature gives us, the interconnection of all elements of the ecological system of the city, the region, the entire planet earth. now about understanding your share of responsibility for ensuring that nature and the ecosystem are in order. 155 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if you throw a cigarette butt on the ground, you are still very far from ecological thinking, if in the trash – it's a little better. a little bit because it is better not to smoke at all, and not because smoking harms your health, but because it worsens the condition of the air and the environment. this is already a high level, which is available to few people, and few people implement. and not because he doesn't want to, but because he sees the hypocrisy of the authorities in this matter and understands that saving on the construction of treatment facilities for one plant will "nullify" the efforts of tens of millions of people who decide to quit smoking. and even such a noble goal as the development of sports and concern for the health of citizens often goes to the detriment of citizens themselves, when, according to those in power, anyone should have ecological thinking, but not in power. or in power, but exactly until the moment when it does not interfere with making a profit. formation of ecological thinking in order for us to be replaced by a generation of environmentally conscious citizens, the education of ecological thinking should begin from the school bench. and, it should be noted, there is an understanding of this need. the groups of skills that include environmental thinking include compliance with the rules of moral behavior in the natural world, norms of health-preserving behavior and a safe lifestyle. children already in grades be told about examples of environmentally appropriate ways of behavior in nature and in life. in addition, it is necessary to convey to students an understanding of the "physical basis and principles of operation of machines and mechanisms, means of transportation and communication, industrial technological processes, their impact on the environment" so that students can understand the possible causes of man-made and environmental disasters. competencies of ecological thinking: possession of geographical thinking to determine the geographical aspects of natural, socioeconomic and environmental processes and problems. knowledge about the main problems of interaction between nature and society. the ability to analyze the consequences of human activity from the standpoint of environmental safety. the ability to form their position in relation to environmental information obtained from various sources. understanding the environmental risks and threats of the modern world. knowledge of the basics of legislation in the field of nature protection, resource and energy conservation. personal conviction of the need to comply with environmental standards and requirements. this is in brief, and in more detail about the competencies and groups of environmental thinking skills, which include all of the above, you can read in the full text of the document. so, we have figured out how scientists and other figures from pedagogy see the formation of ecological thinking in children. and how can you influence the development of ecological thinking in children (and at the same time in yourself!) are you yourself, as they say, at home? how to develop ecological thinking in yourself and children? in fact, any standards of behavior that you would like to instill in children, you need to observe yourself and demonstrate them in practice. at first, it will be an implicit learning, when a very 156 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us little one still cannot understand the words "ecology", "nature", "cleanliness", but sees how you water the flowers, take care of a pet, always clean up the garbage. at an older age, you can already focus the attention of kids on the need for certain actions with explanations that, for example, cactus is watered 1-2 times a month in winter, and geranium as the earth dries in a pot, about once every 2-4 days. for more detailed instructions on "how to develop environmental thinking and why to do it", let's turn to the experts. how to develop ecological thinking: create a cozy home, including with the help of indoor plants. cleanliness and comfort are the guarantee that green spaces will be perceived positively by all family members. if there is a lot of dirt from the flowers, and the appearance of the flowers itself is unpresentable, it will rather turn away from the idea of caring for wildlife. get a pet, if housing conditions allow. the best option is to live in a private house or a spacious apartment. in any case, the house should be clean and cozy, and a pet should bring more joy than fleas, lichens, dirt on paws and wool all over the furniture. therefore, clean up, wash, treat in time. walking with a child in nature – in a park, in a grove, by the sea, by the lake. during a walk, it is worth paying the child's attention to what trees and plants are around, what they are called and how many years they live on average. in order not to confuse anything, study the plants growing in your region in advance. take the child to the village to his grandmother or some other relatives or acquaintances. today, a common situation is when people who grew up in the city are scared when they see a goat for the first time at the age of 20, and are surprised when they see potatoes growing for the first time at the age of 30. so self–development on vacation in nature is not a whim at all. in principle, given the employment of the average adult, it seems more realistic to start with simple things. for example, with an interest in news with the tag "ecology", new technologies in the field of environmental protection. and, of course, an adult may well take certain steps that will benefit both the environment and his home comfort. author of the article "ecological thinking: how to live in harmony with nature and other people" advises, at least, to ask where in your city you can recycle waste paper and plastic. and certainly do not ignore containers for separate garbage collection, if they are installed in your yard. you can also start practicing ecotourism, hiking and cycling, choosing hotels where your requests for comfortable accommodation and normal nutrition are simply met, and not chasing prestige and five "stars". it will be good for both your health and your budget. as you can see, the development of ecological thinking is possible at any age. moreover, data has already been accumulated on how and when certain aspects of environmental thinking develop better. age dynamics of the structure of ecological thinking: 12-19 years – general adjustment of components of ecological consciousness. 20-29 years – some disunity of the components of ecological consciousness, the process of accumulation of knowledge and experience. 30-39 years – the development of a connection between the attitude towards oneself and others. 40-60 years – the development of a connection between self-attitude and nature. we have discussed the need for ecological thinking quite a lot, so now we will give some statistics on "how the relationship between man and nature is changing". 157 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us let's clarify that hydroponics is a way of growing plants in an artificial environment outside the soil. so there is definitely room for imagination and efforts in the field of ecology. from the point of view of intellectual activity, ecological thinking is a thought process that takes place in human consciousness and is expressed in the analysis of a specific situation, in comparison and comparison with environmental laws and natural laws, leading to the choice of an appropriate solution from the point of view of the balance of interests of society and nature. as a product of ecological and educational activity, ecological thinking is such a formed quality of a student's personality that allows him to know natural and social phenomena in their interrelation, by operating with ecological concepts, categories, patterns and, on the basis of this, to navigate in real and imaginary situations, choosing behavior and solving specific issues that obey the ecological imperative. the main properties of ecological thinking are: dialectical character (a comprehensive, multi-sided approach to the study of the situation with the isolation, analysis and subsequent synthesis of a multitude of direct and feedback links; reflexivity (conscious self–control of environmental activities from identifying an environmental problem to its practical solution); creative character (independent search for optimal solutions, co-creation of man and nature); dialogism (communicativeness, an adequate reflection of the space-time relations existing in nature, society and in the interaction between them). with regard to the content of environmental competence of students, environmental thinking can be defined as the process of theoretical analysis and assessment of environmental situations, identification of problems, finding ways to solve these problems in practice, including reflection of activities. in this regard, for a person with a new ecological mindset, such strong-willed qualities as: discipline, organization (conscious planning and persistent implementation of an environmental activity plan, voluntary compliance with environmental norms and requirements, rejection of bad habits) are important; independence (performing feasible activities without help and constant monitoring from the outside, the ability to organize environmental activities yourself, defend your opinion in a discussion without stubbornness; perseverance (bringing what has been started to the end, fighting difficulties, as well as distractions, energy distribution on the way to the goal); endurance (patience, resistance to interference, decision-making conflicts, restraint of emotions, ability to control oneself); determination (quick and deliberate decisionmaking in problematic environmental situations, confidence); initiative (manifestation of creativity, invention, rationalization, support for innovations coming from others; active support for the implementation and plans outlined by the team). the formation of ecological thinking is carried out according to four levels of environmental competence, depending on the degree of awareness of environmental activities by the students themselves. the first stage corresponds to unconscious incompetence, corresponding to the level of ecological thinking formed in biology, geography and other related subjects. this stage is characterized by obtaining ready-made environmental knowledge that is not supported by practical activities. at this level, a person does not realize that his actions are not environmentally appropriate, do not meet the requirements of the ecological imperative. more precisely, environmental activity is not significant, is not represented in consciousness. the second stage is conscious incompetence, when a teacher offers students practical activities according to a given pattern. for example, practical work of an ecological orientation. here the teacher helps to assess the correctness of the decisions made by the child. 158 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the third stage is conscious competence, when the student still hesitantly implements the mastered environmental activities, but understands what needs to be done, can gradually identify, analyze and solve the problem, thinking through each action. this stage includes the creation of mini-projects, environmental monitoring, participation in environmental actions, theatrical productions. the student connects the emotional sphere to solving environmental problems. the highest level – unconscious competence – is characterized by automatic, unconscious performance of environmental-friendly activities. this is reflected in the student's personal desire to engage in specific solutions to environmental problems. the technology of project and research activities is ideally suited for this stage. thanks to the implementation of the project, students develop independent work skills, a certain system of views and beliefs is formed, that is, a worldview. the topics of project activity can be related to the study of the riches of nature, flora, fauna, man, problems of nature protection and human health in unfavorable environmental conditions of the city. references: 1. shaydullayev n. formation of intellectual culture in youth-demand of period //экономика и социум. – 2020. – №. 5-1. – с. 140-142. 2. исмоилов м. и., фарходжонова н. ф. the philosophy analysis of the evolution of ecological paradigm //новые идеи в философии. – 2016. – с. 1-7. 3. ismoilov m. i. a new environmental (ecological) paradigm an important factor in ensuring of sustainable development //theoretical & applied science. – 2019. – №. 10. – с. 666-668. 4. islamov z. codicological analysis of manuscripts of “mukaddamatu-l-adab” of mahmud zamakhshari in the funds of the world //the light of islam. – 2020. – т. 2020. – №. 2. – с. 30-36. 5. arslonov z., ergashev h. alikhantora soguniy's views on political governance in east turkestan //студенческий вестник. – 2020. – №. 32-2. – с. 84-85. 6. zokirjonugli z. a. approaches to studying the scientific heritage of alikhantora soguni //asian journal of multidimensional research. – 2022. – т. 1 7. arslonov z. z. the place of alikhantora soguniy in the history of east turkestan //colloquium-journal. – голопристанський міськрайонний центр зайнятості= голопристанский районный центр занятости, 2020. – №. 24-2. – с. 9-11. 8. ismoilov m. i. the status of intuitive forecasting in the environmental paradigm evolution //scientific bulletin of namangan state university. – 2019. – т. 1. – №. 6. – с. 214-218. 9. farxodjonova n. глобаллашув шароитида миллий қадриятларда интеграция //scienceweb academic papers collection. – 2020. 10. фарходжонова н. ф. глобаллашиш жараёнида миллий маданиятнинг интеграциялашиши //журнали. – с. 239. 11. абдуллажанова н. т. беруни-историк науки //мировая наука 2020. проблемы и перспективы. – 2020. – с. 28-30. 12. isroilovich i. m. the evolution of the ecological paradigm: the dialectic of subjectivity and objectivity //design engineering. – 2021. – с. 7053-7060. 13. ismoilov m. i. the role of philosophy in modern education //american journal of research in humanities and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 5. – с. 27-31. 159 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. шайдуллаев н. обеспечение информационно-психологической безопасности в открытых информационных системах //теория и практика современной науки. – 2017. – №. 4. – с. 909-912. 15. zokirjonugli z. a. approaches to studying the scientific heritage of alikhantora soguni. 16. ismailov, m. i., & farhadzhanova, n. f. (2016). jekologicheskaja paradigma: smysl i sushhnost`. fundamental`nye i prikladnye issledovanija v sovremennom mire, №. 13-4, pp. 20-23. 17. isroilovich, i. m., et al. (2020). philosophical ideas and views of national culture in the condition of globalization. palarch's journal of archaeology of egypt/egyptology, т. 17, №. 7, pp. 14289-14295. 18. ismoilov m., shaydullayev n. moral education: concept, essence, tasks //theoretical & applied science. – 2020. – №. 2. – с. 658-660. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us exploring the nuances of information and information services: a comprehensive analysis asadov shahriddin faxriddin ugli lecturer of the private law at tashkent state university of law e-mail: shahriddinasadov@gmail.com abstract. this scientific article delves into the intricate realms of information and information services, presenting a comprehensive analysis that spans philosophical, technological, and legal dimensions. the exploration unfolds the universal characteristics inherent in the cognitive process of forming scientific concepts, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between the exploration of properties-and-relations reality and the evolving needs associated with studying material systems. the term "information service" is scrutinized, revealing a lack of a universally accepted definition, prompting a nuanced understanding of the fundamental concept of "information." the multifaceted nature of information is elucidated through diverse perspectives, encompassing philosophical, technocratic, and pragmatic dimensions. properties such as physical inalienability, replicability, and relevance are examined in the legal context, accentuating the economic value and legal significance of information. despite the absence of a legislatively prescribed definition for "information service," scholars within civil law have engaged in defining the term, highlighting its diverse manifestations from basic provision to sophisticated processes. the article concludes by advocating for a unified terminology in consulting activities to mitigate ambiguities and enhance legal clarity. keywords: information, information service, cognitive process, legal definition, philosophical analysis, technological paradigms, civil law, economic value, consulting activities, unified terminology. the intricate process of forming and evolving scientific concepts, marked by an exploration of properties and relationships within the intricate fabric of reality through philosophical analysis, unfolds as universal characteristics inherent in the cognitive process. this elaborate process is perceived as a sophisticated expression of logical forms of activity intricately linked to the imperative needs associated with studying material systems in nature. these needs find consummate realization through the dynamic creation of novel conceptual frameworks and the nuanced modification of pre-existing ones. the term "information service," pervasive in scientific discourse, undergoes a more profound analysis that unveils a conspicuous absence of a sufficiently compelling and universally embraced definition for this concept. consequently, a pressing need arises to delve into the very essence of the term "information," aiming to provide a more perspicuous understanding and, by extension, facilitating a comprehensive grasp of the intricate concept of "information service." american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in its most rudimentary everyday interpretation, "information" is commonly interlinked with data, knowledge, or profound insights about a specific issue. s.i. ozhegov's definition of information as our comprehension of the surrounding world and the intricate processes transpiring within it, whether perceived by an astute human intellect or a specialized device, becomes pivotal. diverse perspectives on the multifaceted concept of "information" span a gamut from broad, encompassing philosophical interpretations to distinctly narrow, technocratic, and pragmatic meanings. these viewpoints traverse the spectrum of everyday definitions, technological paradigms in the transmission of messages, adaptive processes in response to external stimuli, and the intriguing revelation of uncertainties inherent in our knowledge. consequently, information can be elucidated by three salient parameters: the quantitative dimension encapsulated in its syntactic nature, the qualitative aspect characterized by logical semantics, and the pragmatic facet intrinsic to its value, all within the broader context of information transmission. certain definitions posit that the very essence of information is inextricably linked to the form it assumes during its presentation. thus, it becomes an imperative endeavor to consider information not merely as an abstract entity but as a substantive civil law category, accentuating properties that distinctly reflect its nuanced content side. the labyrinthine landscape of legal literature bequeaths a plethora of approaches for delineating the properties of information that transcend the somewhat confining boundaries of the legal definition provided. properties such as physical inalienability, isolation, replicability, and organizational form ascend to prominence in the legal discourse. the notion of physical inalienability underscores the indivisibility of information from its tangible material carrier, challenging its conventional classification as a property. replicability assumes center stage, signifying the latent potential of information to be faithfully reproduced without any diminution of its intrinsic essence. relevance, a pivotal property, accentuates the utility and economic value of information, postulating that only useful information is capable of satisfying diverse needs, thereby bestowing upon it a certain economic value and the inherent ability to partake in equivalent exchange. notwithstanding the conspicuous absence of a legislatively prescribed definition for the concept of "information service," the term remains ubiquitously employed within legal realms. scholars within the domain of civil law have embarked on multifarious attempts to carve out nuanced definitions, spanning the spectrum from rudimentary activities involving the provision of documented information to more sophisticated processes encompassing the holistic spectrum of collection, processing, storage, and transmission of information, all meticulously calibrated to meet the discerning needs of customers. the want of a standardized and universally accepted terminology in the expansive domain of consulting activities emerges as a potent source of ambiguities, impelling a renewed focus on the imperative need for a unified, precise, and comprehensive terminology as the bedrock for the efficacy of legal mechanisms. the intricate and dynamic process of forming and evolving scientific concepts is a profound journey that involves a meticulous exploration of the intricate properties and relationships within the multifaceted fabric of reality through the lens of philosophical analysis. this elaborate process unveils universal characteristics that are inherently embedded in the cognitive process, serving as an expressive manifestation of logical forms of activity intricately linked to the imperative needs associated with american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us studying material systems in the vast expanse of nature. as this intellectual endeavor unfolds, the dynamic interplay of these needs finds consummate realization through the continuous creation of novel conceptual frameworks and the nuanced modification of pre-existing ones, shaping the very landscape of human understanding. in this intellectual landscape, the term "information service" emerges as a prominent beacon within scientific discourse. however, a more profound and critical analysis reveals a notable absence of a sufficiently convincing and universally embraced definition for this complex and multifaceted concept. consequently, this realization propels the discourse into an intriguing exploration of the very essence of the term "information," necessitating a more in-depth and nuanced understanding. this pursuit aims not only to elucidate the intricacies of the term itself but also to lay a solid foundation for comprehending the broader and intricate concept of "information service" in all its dimensions. in its most rudimentary everyday interpretation, "information" is commonly interlinked with data, knowledge, or profound insights about a specific issue. the insights provided by s.i. ozhegov, who defines information as our comprehension of the surrounding world and the intricate processes transpiring within it, become pivotal in navigating the complex terrain of this concept. this comprehension, whether orchestrated by an astute human intellect or facilitated by a specialized device, forms the bedrock of our understanding. however, this understanding is multifaceted, and as we delve deeper into the realms of philosophy, technology, and pragmatism, we encounter a spectrum of perspectives that shape and redefine the contours of information. from broad, encompassing philosophical interpretations to distinctly narrow, technocratic, and pragmatic meanings, the multifaceted concept of "information" reveals itself as a chameleon, adapting to the nuances of various contexts. these diverse viewpoints traverse the spectrum of everyday definitions, technological paradigms in the transmission of messages, adaptive processes in response to external stimuli, and the intriguing revelation of uncertainties inherent in our knowledge. consequently, information can be elucidated by three salient parameters: the quantitative dimension encapsulated in its syntactic nature, the qualitative aspect characterized by logical semantics, and the pragmatic facet intrinsic to its value. all these dimensions come together in a delicate dance within the broader context of information transmission, painting a rich tapestry of meaning and significance. however, the complexity of the concept doesn't stop at mere definition; rather, it extends into the very essence of information, contingent on the form it assumes during its presentation. this realization propels us into an imperative endeavor to consider information not merely as an abstract entity but as a substantive civil law category. this consideration accentuates properties that distinctly reflect its nuanced content side, challenging traditional notions and paving the way for a more comprehensive and legally relevant understanding. navigating the labyrinthine landscape of legal literature, we encounter a plethora of approaches delineating the properties of information that transcend the somewhat confining boundaries of the legal definition provided. physical inalienability, isolation, replicability, and organizational form ascend to prominence in this discourse, each playing a unique role in shaping our legal understanding of information. the notion of physical inalienability, for instance, underscores the american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us indivisibility of information from its tangible material carrier, challenging its conventional classification as a property. replicability assumes center stage, signifying the latent potential of information to be faithfully reproduced without any diminution of its intrinsic essence. relevance, a pivotal property, accentuates the utility and economic value of information, postulating that only useful information is capable of satisfying diverse needs. this property, along with replicability and the inexhaustibility of information, glorifies its economic value. the economic value, in turn, consists of a certain intrinsic value and the inherent ability to partake in equivalent exchange. this intricate interplay of properties paints a vivid picture of information not just as an abstract concept but as a tangible and valuable asset in the legal landscape. notwithstanding the conspicuous absence of a legislatively prescribed definition for the concept of "information service," the term remains ubiquitously employed within legal realms. scholars within the domain of civil law have embarked on multifarious attempts to carve out nuanced definitions, spanning the spectrum from rudimentary activities involving the provision of documented information to more sophisticated processes encompassing the holistic spectrum of collection, processing, storage, and transmission of information. this intricate calibration is meticulously undertaken to meet the discerning needs of customers, further underscoring the multifaceted nature of information services. the want of a standardized and universally accepted terminology in the expansive domain of consulting activities emerges as a potent source of ambiguities, impelling a renewed focus on the imperative need for a unified, precise, and comprehensive terminology. such a terminology serves as the bedrock for the efficacy of legal mechanisms, providing clarity and coherence in a realm where ambiguity could lead to legal references 1. zokirov i.b. civil law: textbook. – tashkent: tdyi nashriyoti, 2006. 384 pages. 2. rahmonqulov h. subjects of citizenship law, textbook – tashkent: uzbekistan, 2008. 170 pages. 3. izmaylova e.v. information in commercial relations // moscow university bulletin. series 11. law 2005. no. 1. p. 72. 4. асадов, ш. ф. у. (2022). консультационные услуги: как услуги оказываемые на возмездном основе. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(7), 716-723. 5. asadov, s. (2023). consulting services: rights and obligations of the parties. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(1), 142-145. 6. tulonov n.k. formation of competitive advantages of the organization in the conditions of the information economy: author's abstract of the thesis for the degree of candidate of economic sciences. ulan-ude, 2006. p. 14. 180 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 increasing the material and technical competitiveness of enterprises. sultanova nigina utkurovna samarkand institute of economics and service phd student abstract this article is about transformation processes in many sectors of the socio-economic sphere as a result of the rapid development of new information technologies in the conditions of the digital economy, and the assessment of the level of competitiveness of enterprises to ensure the competitiveness of retail service enterprises in the service market and the implementation of strategic directions for ensuring competitiveness are the main points of the article. keywordsdigital economy, information and communication technologies, competition, competitiveness, trade services, retail trade services, enterprise, strategy. introduction "in the 70s of the 20th century, the scientific research of a number of scientists played an important role in the formation of the digital economy. the development of information technologies, the computer becoming the main tool of work and the emergence of a global network in data transmission networks, the internet, and similar factors caused the development of the digital economy. as a result of the development of global information and communication technologies, the emergence of an electronic environment and the presence of enough enterprises that use this environment in their activities is one of the unique features of the economy of our republic. this creates conditions for wide use of information technologies in the field of modern entrepreneurship. at the same time, the effective use of these technologies in business activity determines the level of successful activity of entrepreneurs in the domestic and international market. in today's competitive environment of modern business, for any manager, the fate of the company he manages undoubtedly depends on his competitiveness. in the process of fundamental reform of the national economy in uzbekistan, one of the priority tasks of the socio-economic policy is to increase the competitiveness of service enterprises, to organize modern trade services for the timely delivery and sale of quality goods to consumers, trade based on the use of information and communication technologies, and the effective use of these service opportunities. becomes important. the largest share in the structure of services corresponds to the contribution of trade services, that is, this indicator is 32.3%. 181 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the need to revise the main approaches to ensure the competitiveness of trade services enterprises in our country is mainly due to the unprecedented high share of foreign enterprises in the domestic services market. today, human interests are above all else. trade has important social and economic importance in each region and country as a whole. so, trade is a type of business activity that is closely related to buying and selling goods and providing services to customers. retail service is the result of direct interaction between the seller and the buyer, and is a private activity of the seller to satisfy the demand of the buyer in the acquisition of goods for use, which is not related to the business activity under the sales contract. materials and methods. the american scientist porter developed the concept of competitive strategy in 1975-1980 during the period of declining growth in most sectors of the economy. the focus of the enterprise is not only customer satisfaction, but also competitive forces in the market. porter's five driving forces of competition are given in the diagram below. figure 1. competitive forces. according to michael porter's theory, the development of the industry and the achievement of economic competitive advantage at the world level are related to the production of innovations and require the innovation of technologies in the industry. in this regard, the use of these technologies requires us to see the direction of their management in terms of clusters. in this case, as a result of making radical innovative changes to the technology of product production and by managing these technologies, it creates an opportunity to achieve a high level of development in the industry. also, m. porter distinguished the types of competitive forces and strategies, taking into account companies that produce products similar in terms of characteristics and functional goals, that is, substitute goods, and determined that the level of competition in the industry depends on five competitive forces: internal struggle of competitors in the market; risk of new competitors; risk of emergence of substitute goods; bargaining power of buyers; bargaining power of suppliers. the analysis of porter's five competitive forces model makes it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, to determine the areas where strategic changes will give interdependent and complementary networks firms' strategy, composition and competitive environment being provided with factors demand parameters 182 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us maximum results for increasing business efficiency, and to create a competition matrix that shows the relationship between the level of competition in the market and the competitive advantage of the firm. the quadrants of this matrix represent four competitive strategies: cost-saving leadership strategy implies reduction of general costs for material resources, production and sale of goods and services; strategy of alternative costs minimizes costs to the optimal level, which allows to obtain the maximum volume of production of quality goods and services for profitable market segments; differentiation strategy determines the main goal of production of unique goods based on consumer demand; focused differentiation strategy aimed at providing consumers with goods and services that best suit their tastes and requirements. analysis and results. the conducted studies have shown that in the current environment, the competition for buyers among trade enterprises is increasing, as a result of which the competition for leadership in the market is gaining maximum speed. as a result of increased trade concentration, retail prices are set, and the profitability of trade activities is decreasing. in such conditions, the market is experiencing saturation due to the presence of segmentation. at the same time, the importance of competitive strategies is increasing, favorable conditions are being created for the development of new trade formats. increased concentration will lead to increased funding for businesses to explore changing consumer needs, as retailers begin to compete for consumer loyalty. intensification of competition reduces the profitability of sales processes, under such conditions, enterprises are forced to optimize the assortment and increase logistics efficiency. today, multi-format (directional) trade is rapidly developing in our country in the conditions of the digital economy, where each format is characterized by a customer-oriented approach and is aimed at fully meeting the needs of the population, regardless of income, age and a number of other indicators. in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-60 of 28.01.2022, tasks for rapid development of the national economy and ensuring high growth rates in the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026, which consists of seven priority directions, developed on the basis of the principle "from the strategy of actions to the strategy of development" marked. in particular, by ensuring stable high growth rates in the economic sectors, in the next five years, to increase the gross domestic product per capita 1.6 times, and by 2030, to increase the per capita income from 4 thousand us dollars, and to join the ranks of "countries with an income above the average". it is aimed to create a foundation, and for this purpose, to ensure macroeconomic stability and gradually reduce the annual inflation rate to 5% in 2023. also, through the development of services and service sectors in the regions, to increase the volume of services by 3 times in the next 5 years and to create a total of 3.5 million new jobs in this direction, to develop paid plumbing for the development of household and communal services that are highly needed by the population in the centers of cities and districts, development of service points such as electricity, repair of household appliances, catering, 130 modern markets and shopping complexes, as well as 65 large and 5000 small service facilities for the development of roadside infrastructure, in the field of service in order to reduce the share of the hidden economy by 3 times, to increase the attractiveness of the service sector, it is planned to provide additional benefits to business entities in the sector, and it is envisaged to develop the network and distance trade through the trade development strategy, as well as to expand the supply chain. in accordance with the trade development strategy, fairs, agricultural and wholesale food markets are supported by the state, which allows local producers to diversify their supply and obtain cheap distribution channels. 183 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion. a review of existing approaches to the formation of competitive strategies of commercial enterprises in the digital economy revealed significant shortcomings in the development and implementation of modern competitive strategies: one of them is the failure to take into account the interdependence of the dominant definitions of "competitiveness" and "competitive strategy". the main link between them is the strategic potential of retail trade enterprises, which is represented by financial opportunities, trade potential, competitiveness of sold products, labor potential, material and technical potential, brand competitiveness, etc. the relationship of dominant definitions is shown in figure 1.8. figure 2. the relationship of dominant definitions (developed by the author). any enterprise can use these innovative strategies to expand its activities and increase its competitiveness. if the enterprise can effectively use the project in the implementation of its innovation strategy, it will have the opportunity to establish very effective relations with its customers and partners. however, in this case, the enterprise does not fundamentally change its main activity due to corporate projects, but on the contrary, it creates an opportunity to expand its activities. based on this, it can be said that it is very unlikely that retail enterprises will develop their innovative strategy, implement their strategic goals and general economic strategy without analyzing the actual state of their innovative activities and scientific and technical support and the possibilities of its development. literature reviews. 1. porter m. international competition [text] / m. porter. per. from english / edited and with a preface by v.d. shchetinin. m.: international relations, 1993. 896 p. 2. marinshoev m.m. methodological bases for assessing indicators of retail services // synergy. 2017. no. 5. p. 33-40. 3. paramonova t.n. competitiveness of a retail enterprise: a study guide. m.: knorus. 2016. 120 p. competitive strategy competitiveness strategic potential 286 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 approximate structure of a report on continuous teaching practice sadulloyeva mahfuza gaybulloyevna bukhara state university leacture of the primary education department abstract: this article discusses the final stages of organizing continuous teaching practice. the structure of the work contains plans, sections and main trends in the correct preparation of a report on continuous teaching practice. keywords: stage, plan, continuous teaching practice, report, passage, section, trend, stay, visit, analysis. the final stage of continuous teaching practice is the practice report. the report is compiled by the student during his period of continuous teaching practice and must have a coherent, complete, pedagogically competent description of all stages of continuous teaching practice and activities carried out in accordance with the individual internship plan. structure of the report for continuous teaching practice: title page, six-month practice plan, calendar-thematic plan (native language and reading literacy, mathematics, natural history, technology), monthly practice plan, weekly practice plan, diary, notebook of analyzes of lessons attended (classroom and extracurricular activities ), lesson development, plans for open lessons (classroom and extracurricular activities), visual aids, handouts, class list and class social passport. the section “calendar-thematic plan” provides the main topics that are predetermined by the school leadership and approved by the methodologist in certain subjects (native language and reading literacy, mathematics, natural history, technology). in the “semi-annual plan” section, the student intern determines the goal and objectives of undergoing continuous teaching practice, etc. the main part of the internship report consistently describes the work performed by the student during the internship period in the following sections. section "educational work" includes: ø analysis of the state of the classroom, its preparedness for organizing lessons and conducting events: ø results of the analysis of educational program documentation of the educational institution; ø analysis of the conformity and degree of diversity of types (provide a list) of work performed by students in educational institutions (public and private schools): ø analysis of the lessons of the class teacher or subject teacher attended by the trainee, visits to lessons of other qualified teachers of general education institutions (1 copy of the lesson analysis in written form); 287 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø analysis of the system of organizing and conducting spiritual and educational activities (classroom, extracurricular, extracurricular): when conducting lessons, the student is guided by a calendar-thematic plan. during the lessons taught by the student, a methodologist and the classroom teacher of the educational institution (public and private schools) must be present. the student trainee must first consult with the responsible persons after undergoing continuous teaching practice next comes a detailed analysis and assessment of the quality of the lessons conducted (open lessons, classroom and extracurricular activities). this evaluates: ø preparation for the lesson, availability of a plan (calendar-thematic, monthly, weekly), detailed notes, supporting notes, didactic tools, handouts, visual aids, material and technical equipment of the lesson, etc.); ø clarity of topic formulation, definition of goals and objectives of the lesson; ø efficiency, rational use of educational time (40-45 minutes); ø the effectiveness of the use of didactic tools, visual aids, handouts; ø the ability to clearly and easily formulate an indicative basis for activities and reasonably choose organizational forms, teaching methods and methodological techniques, types of lessons; ø ability to organize independent work of students, promptly provide them with the necessary assistance in completing assigned tasks: ø teaching the correct organization of a physical moment, the stage of relaxation for primary school students; ø the ability to correctly, namely, objectively evaluate students’ work during the lesson: ø level of communication skills, taking into account the individual characteristics of students, pedagogical tact, exactingness and ability to command the attention of a group; ø the degree of students’ preparedness for the lesson, their activity and independence in the lesson, the level of acquired knowledge and skills, attitude towards the industrial training master, etc. the section “spiritual and educational work” includes: ø list of students in the study group; ø a plan for spiritual and educational work in the group for the period of practice (provide a copy), reflective notes based on the results of familiarization with the peculiarities of organizing educational work; ø methods and forms of spiritual and educational work used by the class teacher and the student trainee (questioning, seminar, organization of the class school, election of the president of primary school students, visual propaganda of national symbols, information and educational hours, cultural and sports events dedicated to the most significant events in the life of the state and society, personal example of the class teacher or subject teacher of disciplines (native language and reading literacy, mathematics, natural history, technology), interactive games, competitions, quizzes, exhibitions, debates, discussions, graduations (4 grades, etc.); ø plans (submit copies, photo reports) and protocols for the analysis of educational activities attended and carried out by the student. 288 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the section “psychological and pedagogical work” includes: ø results of studying the individual typological characteristics of an individual student’s personality, individual work based on the student’s social passport and the work of the school psychologist; ø section "methodological work" includes: ø reflective notes based on the results of familiarization with the features of the organization (submit a copy of the plan) of methodological work; ø reflective notes based on the results of familiarization with the features of the organization (submit a copy of the plan) to the methodological commission; ø reflective notes based on the results of familiarization with the features of conducting (submit protocols) collective events of a methodological orientation (pedagogical council, methodological commission, instructional and methodological meeting, teaching office, pedagogical workshops, pedagogical readings, open lesson, etc.); ø reflective notes based on the results of familiarization with the features (provide a list of activities) of the individual methodological work of a university methodologist; ø electronic presentations of student-led lessons and spiritual and educational activities. criteria and indicators for assessing the results of students’ educational activities based on the results of continuous teaching practice 1-2 attendance at continuous teaching practice is 50% of the time allotted by the curriculum (most classes are missed for a good reason). the individual plan for continuous teaching practice has been partially completed. the structure of the report is not followed and there are significant errors that can be corrected with the help of a methodologist. the attitude towards practice is indifferent (indifferent) or negative. participation in individual events and meetings is passive. during the interview, he distinguishes between individual objects of study of program material presented in finished form, and demonstrates reluctance and inability (there are a large number of significant errors) to carry out professional and practical (mental and motor) actions according to the model. 2-3 attendance at continuous teaching practice is up to 60% of the time allotted to the scientist (there are absences for unexcused reasons). the individual plan for continuous teaching practice has not been fully implemented. the attitude towards continuous teaching practice is negative. participation in organizational meetings, individual events and conferences is passive. during the interview, demonstrates superficial reproduction of part of the program material from memory. in the process of carrying out continuous teaching practice, professional and practical (mental and motor) actions of a reproductive nature (following the model) are carried out with some significant errors. 3-4 attendance at continuous teaching practice is 70-80% of the time allotted by the curriculum (there are absences for good reason: illness, accident, etc.). the individual plan for continuous teaching practice has been completed in full. the structure of the report is observed and there are a few significant errors, which are corrected mainly with the help of a methodologist. the attitude towards continuous teaching practice is generally good. participation in meetings, lessons, individual classroom and extracurricular activities is passive. during the interview, he demonstrates the reproduction of most of the program educational material: describes the main forms and methods of organizing training, educational and methodological work; types of regulatory, educational program and educational planning documentation; stages of preparation of the class teacher for classes; structural elements of the lesson; educational and methodological complex; procedure for organizing lessons, etc. in the process of carrying out continuous teaching practice, applies knowledge in a familiar situation 289 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and carries out professional and practical (mental and motor) actions of a reproductive nature with isolated significant errors in the reflexive analysis of the organization of educational, educational, methodological work; lesson analysis, etc. 4 during the interview, demonstrates complete knowledge and awareness of the reproduction of all program educational material, describes and explains the system of organizing educational, educational, methodological work; ø basic forms and methods of organization; structure and content of normative, curriculum, educational and program documentation of the class teacher and subject teacher for classes; ø structure and content of the lesson. in the process of carrying out continuous teaching practice, he does not sufficiently independently carry out buildings of a reproductive nature with the presence of minor errors in the reflexive analysis of the organization of educational, educational, and methodological work; lesson analysis; filling out basic documents. 4-5 attendance at continuous teaching practice is 90% of the time allotted by the curriculum (there are absences for good reason: illness, accident, etc.). the individual plan for continuous teaching practice has been completed in full. the structure of the report is observed and there are a few significant errors, which are corrected mainly with the help of a methodologist. the attitude towards continuous teaching practice is generally good. participation in meetings, conducting lessons, individual classroom and extracurricular activities is active. during the interview, he demonstrates the reproduction of most of the program educational material: ø describes the main forms and methods of organizing training, educational and methodological work; ø types of regulatory, educational program and educational planning documentation; ø stages of preparation of the class teacher for classes; structural elements of the lesson; ø educational and methodological complex; ø the order of organizing lessons, etc. in the process of carrying out continuous teaching practice, applies knowledge in a familiar situation and carries out professional and practical (mental and motor) actions of a reproductive nature with isolated significant errors in the reflexive analysis of the organization of educational, educational, methodological work; lesson analysis, etc. 5 attendance at continuous teaching practice is 100% of the time allocated by the curriculum. the individual plan for continuous teaching practice has been completed in full. the structure of the report is observed and there are no errors, which are corrected mainly with the help of a methodologist. a high degree of activity and personal participation in the quality of the organizational meeting and practice in general. referance: 1. gaybulloyevna s. m., farkhodovna k. m. causes, forms and corrective actions of deviant behavior among school children //international journal of culture and modernity. – 2021. – т. 11. – с. 43-46. 2. gaybulloevna s. m. urgent problems of the quality of the educational environment //pindus journal of culture, literature, and elt. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 152-154. 3. gaybulloyevna s. m. the use of modern technologies in the lessons of the russian language and literature in the context of studentcentered education //european journal of modern medicine and practice. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 4. – с. 102-106. 290 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. садуллоева м. г., ражабова с., холова г. т. язык и речь в преподавании русского языка в школе //современные научные исследования: актуальные вопросы, достижения и инновации. – 2021. – с. 218-220. 5. sadulloyeva m. “national culture in the fables of gulhaniy //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2020. – т. 10. – №. 9 6. sadulloyeva m. “national culture in the fables of gulhaniy //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2020. – т. 10. – №. 9. 7. olloqova, o. (2023). boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarida pragmatik kompetensiyani shakllantirishda badiiy matn tahlilining ahamiyati. прикладные науки в современном мире: проблемы и решения, 2(8), 2529. 8. yunus, y., & yarashov, m. (2023). effectiveness of experimental work aimed at forming general labor skills in students based on gender equality and differences. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 420, p. 06011). edp sciences. 9. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2023). formation of students' pragmatic competence in mother language classes on the basis of the" 4k" model. journal of pedagogical inventions and practices, 24, 33-36. 10. olloqova, o. (2023). kommunikativ mashqlar orqali o ‘quvchilarda pragmatik kompetensiyani rivojlantirish. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(17), 134-140. 11. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2023). forming pragmatic competence through teaching students to communication. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 720-723. 12. mamanazarovna, o. o. (2023). methodology of development of communicative competence of primary class students. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(4), 6-9. 13. оллоқова, ў. м. (2022). формирование морфологических компетенций у студентов через обучение группам слов на родином языке и на уроках чтения. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(18), 9195. 14. bahodirovna, b. n. (2022). boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarining mustaqil ishlarini tashkil etish. scientific impulse, 1(5), 660-664. 15. jobir oʻgʻli, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni oʻrgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 16. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 17. ярашов, м. д., & хамдамова, х. (2022). методика работы над речью учащихся в начальных классах. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 138-143. 18. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang ‘ich sinflarda ta’lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 19. jobir o’g’li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o’rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 291 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 21. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 22. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 23. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 characteristics of the formation of toponyms in the onomastic system s. a. usmonova doctor of philosophy (phd) in philology kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: first of all, words related to the noun group have the possibility of becoming a toponym, sometimes such a situation is observed in adjectives, but it is very rare to create a toponym from a verb. this article compares the views of russian onomasiologists with some uzbek toponyms. keywords: toponym, proper noun, common noun, adjective word group, verb word group, appellation and toponym. a. v. superanskaya in her "what is toponymy?" in his work, he expresses certain opinions about the basis of the formation of toponyms and important signs. he said that the properties of the object it is naming are important for a word to be a toponym. an important aspect of an object is its subject (thing). after all, only a thing (subject) has its own relatively independent signs (characteristics), and these characteristics serve as the basis for the formation of a geographical name or toponym. if the object stands out in the landscape with its features, it will have the need to have its famous name. first of all, words related to the noun group have the possibility of becoming a toponym. for example, cities are sharply distinguished from other objects on the basis of a complex of their own signs, so they have toponyms expressed by nouns. if a phrase and a sentence (sentence) are chosen as toponym nouns, they take the form of a noun group or become substantive. according to a.v.superanskaya, words from the adjective group can also be toponyms. in this case, a contraction (ellipsis) of the determining compound occurs. for example, bystraya reka →bystraya (toponym, name of the river). in this case, the adjective becomes a toponym and acquires the status of a noun. the scientist says that it is rare to create a toponym from a verb. for example, borsa-kelmas in turkic languages. in russian, the formation of a toponym from a verb occurs in the adjective form: bushchuyushiy, gremyashchiy, for example. a.v.superanskaya's toponym words are easily changed from one language to another and it becomes the lexical wealth of the language. he says that this can be seen in the example of new different languages in individual regions. it is noted that the toponyms of a certain people from the previous period are accepted by the next generation without difficulty. toponyms may have undergone certain phonetic changes. according to the facts, the shortest or two-sound toponyms are the oldest. in her work, a.v. superanskaya expresses her opinion about the textual (artificial, fictitious) toponyms, as well as stylistic signs of toponyms, based on historical facts. geographers who 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us have gone to foreign countries often create toponyms from simple colloquial words or similar nouns (such as "no name", "i don't know") without motivation for objects. turning into toponyms is characteristic of anthroponyms. in this case, anronyms can have different word-forming elements: ivany, ivanovo, ivanokhino. s.n.basik in his work "general toponymy" ("obshchaya toponymyka") dwells on the basis of the formation of toponyms. the scientist said that people have been trying to name the places where they live and the natural objects that surround them since the first stage of development of society. geographical names (toponyms) belonging to common nouns were formed from similar nouns in the later periods of language development. the oldest languages did not have proper nouns. in them, the function of a toponym was performed by a similar noun and a word combination used with it. later, the combination of words and related nouns became stagnated and lexicalized to form toponyms. for example, in order to distinguish a certain (single, individual) mountain from others, the event that happened there is given in relation to this mountain, thus the mountain is individualized. then, the word combination became a toponym based on various changes and shortenings: the mountain where you saw a wolf → like boritog. in general, in ancient times, words, phrases, and sentences served as toponyms. s.n. basik "...a toponym appears on the basis of clarifying, narrowing, and enriching the concept of a generic noun: kizil tepalik (krasniy holm), okdarya (belayareka). the main necessity of formation of toponyms is to show the name of a specific place by naming it, and therefore to show its difference from other places and its location address. in this way, the address function of the toponym is formed. "in the formation of a toponym, one of the similar places of the same type is distinguished based on its unique character and named on this basis," he admits. according to him, each historical period (epoch) had its own type of leading distinguishing sign system. in particular, in one period the places were named based on their natural and geographical features, in another period they were named according to who and where the object belonged, and in the third period they were named based on ideological, social and political events. there are general rules and special cases in the formation of toponyms in different languages. the general rule is that these names are the basis of geographical environment and sociohistorical conditions. also, in his work, s.n. basik shows that toponyms are formed according to uniqueness (unikolia) and subjective (based on natural, real signs) features in the toponymy of different languages. in this work, the scientist focuses on the relationship between folk geographical terms and toponyms, formation of toponyms based on folk names. in particular, folk geographical terms are primary names or common nouns of geographical objects given by the people, folk names express the character, gender, type of geographical objects, for example, hill, mountain, river; the fact that in primitive times, people with a very limited geographical outlook and understanding used similar names at the same time as intelligent names (toponyms): such as mountain, river; later, when people's understandings became richer, the related nouns became a component indicating the type and characteristics of the toponym, i.e. the sea in the toponym of the aral sea, and the mountain in the toponym of the pamir mountains. in general, this work of s.n.basik greatly helps the interpretation of issues such as the history and development of toponyms. y.n.melnikova and y.s.shigoreva in their article "the status of proper nouns in the lexical system (comparison with similar nouns)" think about the specific features related to all proper nouns and the general meaning of onim (prominent noun). based on this (on the basis of the generality-specificity dialectic), it is possible to determine the specific characteristics of 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us toponyms. because the authors say that there are views that the boundary between the toponyms of the same and common nouns is relative and absolute (sharply different from each other). y.n.melnikova and y.s.shigoreva support the point of view of the density, relativity, and overlap of the connection between appellatives and nouns. for this, they cite examples such as the use of common nouns instead of proper nouns, and the transition of nouns to appellatives. in our opinion, the word "mountain" is a related noun from toponyms, but this noun can be used instead of a proper noun (onym) in certain situations. suppose one person says to another person, "i'm going to the mountain." this means not any mountain or mountains, but a mountain that is distinguished from mountains. in other words, the related mountain horse is used instead of the native horse (mountain). later, this "mountain" can become a marked (with special indicators) toponym based on semantic and formal changes. so, if we draw a conclusion from this, the transition of a related noun to a proper noun or toponym occurs in the following stages: related noun → situational (speech) toponym → utilitarian toponym. the authors, like other researchers, note two types of onimisia, that is, the transformation of a related noun into a proper noun, in particular, into a toponym: 1) transformation of a related noun into a toponym without any form change, semantically: holm → holm (gorod), krasnoe → krasnoe (selo); 2) it is observed that a related noun turns into a toponym through a formal or word-forming affix. y.n.melnikova and y.s.shigoreva summarize the work done on onomastics in their articles and determine the specific characteristics and status of proper nouns compared to similar nouns. we will try to show some of the specific characteristics (status) of similar nouns. 1. in onomastic literature, proper nouns are formed on the basis of related nouns, that is, the proper noun is the second name for an object, in which the meaning of the related noun is supplemented and concretized with additional signs, and on this basis, the proper noun is one of the same kind of objects. it is recognized that it can be separated and shown separately. in this case, it is reminded that if this or that subject has a relative noun, it does not necessarily have a proper noun, but if the object has a proper noun, it must have a relative noun. in many toponyms, it is clear that they have a secondary name (nomination). for example, olchazor: a) the meaning of the primary name is "place (field) with many cherry trees"; b) "one of the streets of the city of kokan" of the name (olchazor) in the status of a toponym. in many historical toponyms, the primary name has been obscured and forgotten. for example, the first name of the toponym ko'qand (khoqand) is determined only on the basis of etymological research. 2. in onomastic literature, proper nouns do not represent the sign of the object they name. some common nouns, for example, anthroponyms, can have an indirect meaning. for example, like "hans mujskoe imya". in our opinion, any independent lexical unit in the language represents a meaning (concept). the meaning (concept) is only in its abstraction, precision, size. for example, the lexical meaning of the word anwar is "the name of a man". the word anwar has its full meaning (concept) in the characteristics (characteristics or description) given to it. famous nouns or toponyms, unlike common nouns, have a wide semantic scope and content. toponyms, which are a type of famous nouns, also have this feature. for example, the semantics (concept) of the ko'kan toponym consists of a set (sum) of signs of objects and scope given to it. in other words, the semantics of the ko'kan toponym consists of a broad description given to it. 3. according to the researchers of the lexical system, a relative noun can indicate both a type (the same class of objects) and one of this type in speech use. a proper noun always represents an object, concretizes, individualizes, identifies it, or a proper noun has maximum concreteness, nominativeness. a generic noun has different uses because it has different objects of the same type, and a proper noun does not have such properties because it is related to one object within the type. the meaning of a noun is understandable only to a person who is familiar with the subject of the noun. 28 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us since the meaning of a kindred noun is a generalization of the characteristics of one type (class), it is not necessary to know each of the objects of the same type. the relative noun has the function of generalization, and the proper noun has the function of individualization. individualization can be in several stages. if we apply the above theoretical facts to the toponym, it has the characteristic of individualizing one of the similar objects. the original meaning of the toponym is clear and understandable only to the person who has seen and knows the object. for example, the meaning of the toponym ko'kan is abstract to a person who does not know the city (structure, objects of the city) it refers to, and concrete (concrete) to a person who knows it. also, the toponym can individualize both one object and groups of these objects: uzbekistan (one object), the asian continent (summarizing a number of countries, this generality separates asia from the generalization of other countries and individualizes it) from europe, america, etc. 4. according to the onomastic literature, onomastic units do not have concepts that have clear signs, like common nouns. they (names) are not directly connected with the concept. their linguistic meaning is very abstract, and they have a concrete understanding only in the context. it can be seen that in linguistics, the relation of nouns to the concept and meaning differs from the semantic concepts of cognate nouns. based on the above theoretical views, the toponym, which is a type of onomastic units, has its own concept and meaning. in particular, when "kokan" is said, first of all, one of the cities is understood, that is, there is an abstract concept. there is also a lexical meaning ("qo'qan" = "city") formed on the basis of this concept. a complete understanding of the city of kokan is formed only by the person who sees its object the city. this concept is broad and reflects the system of the city structure and objects. the lexical meaning of the toponym "koqan" consisting of its abstract scheme (skeleton) is formed on the basis of this wide content concept. 5. renowned horse researchers note that the connection between the name and its object is not natural, but free and voluntary. for example, they give a boy one of the many male names freely and voluntarily. but to a certain extent, freedom is limited. in particular, a boy cannot be named after a girl. freedom and discretion in naming can also be found in toponyms. this can be seen in the fact that there are several cities and states. on the other hand, freedom is often not absolute. the name is given based on the real characteristics of the object: kokan (city of winds), tashkent (stone city), for example. 6. according to famous horse researchers, onims have an encyclopedic (encyclopedic) meaning in addition to their linguistic and speech meanings. linguistic and extralinguistic aspects are interconnected when a noun is fully described. ethnographic, social, history, and literary studies will have their names based on the linguistic meaning. in this case, the meaning of the noun has a complex meaning, which indicates information about the known object. in it, the linguistic meaning reflects the basis (motives) of the naming of the object, the features of preservation and use (acceptance) of the noun in the language, and the historical etymology of the name. the extralinguistic part of the complex meaning shows the conditions of preservation of the name in society, the connection of the object and name with cultural and historical associations, and the level of awareness in society. the encyclopedic meaning of the famous noun consists of general and individual meanings. the higher the individuality and uniqueness of the object, the more its encyclopedic meaning is revealed. toponyms also have their own linguistic, speech, and encyclopedic meanings. for example, the most general meaning of the toponymy "kokan" (kokan is one of the cities) is its very abstract linguistic meaning. the fact that the toponym "koqan" is subjective by each user, and its use with adverbs is the colloquial meaning of this word ("koqan"). if we describe the toponym "ko'kan" based on all the signs of its object (city) (in the form of text), then the encyclopedic 29 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (encyclopedic) meaning (content) of the toponym "ko'kan" will be considered. the linguistic, speech, and encyclopedic meanings of toponyms are not independent, unrelated meanings. linguistic and speech meanings are formed on the basis of encyclopedic meaning. 7. nouns cannot be translated from one language to another. this situation also applies to toponyms. also, in the onomastic literature, there is talk about general aspects specific to the formalstructural, derivational, phonetic, morphological, orthographic properties of nouns, which are manifested in the toponyms of the onomastic system in their own ways. references: 1. a.s.usmonova. regional toponymy and toponymy study. gospodarka i innowasje//2023. 33. 282-285. 2. alimovna u.s., shahzoda avazmatova. toponimiyaga xos ayrim leksik-semantik xususiyatlar //научный фокус. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 476-478. 3. s.a.usmonova. qo’qon shahri guzarlari nomlari. o'zbek shevalari tadqiqotlari: amaliyot, metodologiya va yangicha yondashuv. 2021/5/22. 291-294. 4. u.s. alimovna. toponomy "kokand" and its conceptual study . open access repositor. 2023. 153-156. 5. usmonova s.a. qo‘qon shahri ko‘chalari tasnifi va tavsifiga doir //scienceweb academic papers collection. – 2023. 6. суперанская а.в. что такое топонимика? –м:. 1985. –с.360. 7. басик с.н. общая топонимика. минск:. 2006. – с. 197. 8. мельникова ю.н., шигорева е.с.// статус имен собственных в лексической системе (в сопоставлении с именами нарицательными).//лексикография и коммуникация. -2015: материалы i междунар. науч. конф., белгород, 23-24 апр. 2015. с. 181-188. 9. alimovna, u. s. (2023). toponomy" kokand" and its conceptual study. open access repository, 9(3), 153-156. 10. mahmudova, n. (2021). ўзбек тилиги телефон алоқа тармоғи терминларининг деривацион хусусиятлари. scienceweb academic papers collection. 11. usmonova, s. a. (2023). qo'qon shahri ko'chalari tasnifi va tavsifiga doir. scienceweb academic papers collection. 12. jorayeva, r., & ildırı, n. (2023). giysilerin adi belirlenen sözcükler. development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences, 2(5), 29-37. 13. jo'rayeva, ramziya. "turk va o'zbek maqollarida" hayvon"| semali leksemalar." scienceweb academic papers collection (2023). 14. sharipovna, m. m. (2023). about the genesis of the plot of the story" oguznoma". gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 123-127. 15. nasirov maxsutali-o‘g‘li, muslimjon, and malikaxon meliqo‘ziyeva. "radioaloqa terminlarining derivatsion xususiyatlari." proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 16. maxsutali o’gli, nasirov muslimjon. "badiiy disskursda kognitiv metaforalarning ishlatilishi." proceedings of international educators conference. vol. 2. no. 6. 2023. 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 17. tukhtasinova, o., rahmatullayeva, d., karimova, s., & mamajonova, m. (2023). characteristics of occasional words. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 111-119. 18. tukhtasinova, o. (2021). okkazional words dependence on speech (text). academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(3), 1761-1763. 184 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the study of factors that affect our young people in choosing a career using methods matkarimova muxabbat abuovna nukus state pedagogical institute, phd student in psychology abstract: opinions about the problem of vocational training of our students, students' views on choosing a career, and the factors affecting them are provided. keywords: vocational training, professional formation, educational institutions, professional motivations. introduction. in any society, highly skilled and competent professionals in their field are highly valued. in our country, the development of the education system, the allocation of significant resources and funds for the training of qualified personnel is not a secret to anyone. therefore, it is of great importance for our future children to choose the right profession, to direct them to the types of activities that interest them, and to take into account their interests. the compatibility of the profession chosen by a person and the person himself has been one of the main problems of psychologists, educators, and career counselors for many years. acceptance of separate normative documents on this issue does not solve the problem either. [1]. in the promotion of profession, the abilities, talents, and interests of our youth would shine bright if their physical and mental conditions are taken into account. individuals who are skilled in their profession not only benefit themselves but also contribute to society by equipping it with their expertise. this is evident because those engaged in work they love and are passionate about tend to achieve more success in our society. however, merely choosing and aspiring for one's profession is not enough. sometimes, individuals end up working in a profession different from their aspirations, diverging from the skills they exhibit in their activities. to overcome such mistakes, efforts to enhance vocational guidance in schools, middle schools, and all educational institutions are aimed at further refining this process. especially, it is considered essential that practical tasks be carried out among students and young learners in line with the types of activities they are interested in. analysis and methods of literature the research by our country's scholars, particularly that of d.i. khodjaqulov (2011), emphasized the need to improve the process of preparing future teachers for higher education institutions in the field of psychological and pedagogical aspects through the analysis of literature. it also highlighted the necessity to reestablish psychological perception of one's profession among students and to strive for the ideal teacher image. [2; 37-b]. the dissertation work explored the professional orientation of students who chose engineering as their profession, the degree of satisfaction derived from their chosen professions, and their attitudes towards the profession, illustrated through examples of second and fourth-year students. the study also delved into the role of the educational process in enhancing students' professional activities and highlighted key motivators influencing their choices. 185 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us another researcher, n.h. xolyigitova [2019], divided influential factors in career choice, professional skill development, and motivation into objective and subjective categories within interpersonal and group relations. objective factors include trends, norms, and requirements related to human activity, such as essential professional knowledge, skills, and abilities, which are considered as additional factors to determine the conditions for production and their compliance with contemporary demands. subjective factors, on the other hand, are regarded as essential for individuals, focusing on one's own abilities, motivation, and the ability to protect oneself psychologically from various mistakes and shortcomings. [3; 44-b]. in our opinion, the author, in his work on vocational guidance, emphasizes the importance and impact of motivation, particularly highlighting the effectiveness of these motivations in connection with their motivating factors. additionally, the researcher has also mentioned reorientation (retraining for a new profession), meaning the evaluation of personal qualities, intentions, and aspirations, as well as reconsidering the available opportunities. s.n. joraeva conducted a psychological study on vocational responsibility, initially analyzing students' attitudes and perceptions regarding vocational guidance. in this research, she utilized the “guidance for youth employment” questionnaire developed by b.r. qodirov. the questionnaire, consisting of 15 questions with a socio-psychological character, facilitates the identification of various aspects related to vocational guidance. the results of the study emphasize the significance of personal attitudes in the context of students' vocational preferences. it underscores the importance of the majority of students' aspirations to successfully complete their education and the high necessity of earning money. the author writes about the presence of a specific goal, the reliance of plans on clear benchmarks, and the effective implementation of activity motivation to achieve the acquisition of a profession. [4; 47-b]. the researcher also indicates in their work that students may not always choose the right profession, and the formation of an independent opinion is not fully developed, lacking clear information about the profession. results and discussion: the use of survey questionnaires holds a significant place in the history of psychological and socio-psychological research methods. even in contemporary research, this methodological tool retains its value. in our research, we utilized questionnaires, interviews, and observation methods to conduct a study on first-year students at the nukus state pedagogical institute, employing the "guidance for youth employment" questionnaire developed by b.r. qodirov. the purpose of conducting the survey was to understand the students' perceptions of themselves, their relationships with people around them, and to identify the roles of parents and friends in their lives. the questionnaire aimed to reveal students' motives for entering higher education, their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the chosen profession, the status of their professions, and factors influencing career choice. in our research, we focused on three key questions from the questionnaire to determine how much interest students have in their chosen profession, their thoughts about the chosen profession, and who has the most influence on career choices. in the initial stage of our research, we can analyze students' attitudes towards the correctness of choosing their profession. the results are presented in the table below the ability of students to say that they have chosen their future profession correctly percentage indicator yes, i can say 50,5 no i'm wrong 12,5 "it's not my profession; i made a mistake in choosing a university 13,5 i struggle to answer 23,5 186 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the interpretation of this question in the survey, it can be observed that among respondents, interest in the chosen profession was shaped in various forms, with 50.5% explicitly expressing a clear understanding of their chosen profession. however, some students have not yet developed an interest, indicating ambivalence toward their chosen professions, with 12.5% of students providing examples of choosing the wrong profession. additionally, some students associated their career choices with regrets, with 13.5% stating, "it's not my profession; i made a mistake in choosing the major," while the remaining 23.5% of students have not yet reached a conclusive decision, emphasizing their difficulty in making a choice. psychologists actively pursue research in the field to identify factors contributing to the effectiveness of individuals' professional activities and to determine their roles. one of the directions of such research is related to the impact of vocational guidance on students based on their interests, curiosity, attitudes, and values [5: 47-b]. when it comes to choosing a profession, the influence of close individuals and mentors on our youth is particularly significant and holds a special place. who are the testers in choosing a profession impact importance percentage indicator % mother 3,15 father 2,7 friends 1,8 grandmother 0,9 parents 73,4 teachers 9,9 i've chosen it myself 8,1 the analysis of this question demonstrates that, in choosing a profession, the most significant influence is attributed to parents, with 73.4% indicating their impact. in addition, teachers contribute to the decision-making process with a 9.9% influence, while the influence of representatives of older generations in society, who are often considered as parental figures, is also noticeable at 0.9%. in our mentality, the role of parents, teachers, and older family members is always highly regarded and preserved. what students believe should be emphasized when choosing a career percentage indicator special specialists in vocational selection and vocational training should be working in secondary schools, professional educational institutions and higher education institutions 75 how to make books on the selection of professions 11,1 professional center work needs to be improved 13,8 the proper selection of a profession is crucial for our youth's future and the creation of responsible and skilled workers. analyzing the responses regarding the correct choice of a profession, it becomes evident that the attitudes in the educational process, the relationship with the educational institution, the teacher's expertise, and the societal development strongly influence our youth. in response to the question about what is important in choosing a profession in the subsequent part of the survey, 75% of students emphasized the high significance of access to specialized services in educational institutions for choosing a profession and vocational guidance. they affirmed the importance of practical work and the availability of specialists in this field. on the other hand, 11.1% of students regarded books and software related to career selection as important, while some students (13.8%) indicated the necessity of enhancing the role of career centers. 187 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion: in our opinion, rectifying errors and weaknesses identified in the process of choosing a profession can help shape the skill of self-awareness in youth, allowing them to align with their chosen professions more effectively. incorrect career choices not only affect an individual's life but can also lead to negative consequences for the progress of our society. especially the guidance and education provided by parents and teachers have proven crucial in emphasizing the importance of making informed decisions about career choices. nurturing our young generation to become capable individuals who love their professions and contribute to the healthy development of society is our ultimate goal. list of references 1. o’zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2021 yil 8 iyundagi “ishchi kasblar bo’yicha kadrlarni tayyorlash tizimini yanada takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to’g’risida”gi pq5140-son qarori. –https://lex.uz/docs/5449377 . 2. xodjaqulova. d.i. talaba shaxsi kasbiy yo’nalganligining psixologik hususiyatlari. ps.f.bo’yicha falsafa doktori (phd) dissertatsiyasi. toshkent–2011. 3. xolyigitova.n.h. o’quvchilardagi kasb motivlari barqaroaligiga guruhiy jipslikning ta’siri. ps.f.bo’yicha falsafa doktori (phd) dissertatsiyasi. toshkent–2019. 4. shaxsning kasb tanlashi va kasbiy shakllanishining psixologik aspektleri.usmanova. sh.d. //central asian research journal for interdisciplinary jurnal. 2022. № 3273-b. 5. g’oziev.e.g’ kasb psixologiyasi. toshkent -2003. – 47b. https://cyberleninka.ru/journal/n/central-asian-research-journal-for-interdisciplinary-studies-carjis 270-280 calculation of temperature changes 270 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 calculation of temperature changes in the greenhouse soil layer using geothermal energy. khayriddinov akmal botirovich karshi state university agrochemistry and soil science associate professor, candidate of agricultural sciences 128003 republic of uzbekistan karshi annotation. the article presents the results of calculating the change in temperature in the soil layers of a greenhouse, in which a temperate climate is created using solar and geothermal energy. it is shown that the distribution, absorption and accumulation of heat in the soil layers depend on the incoming solar energy, the composition of the soil layer, humidity and on the inclination or smoothness of the soil surface. key words: heat accumulator, solar energy, greenhouse, temperate climate, fuel and energy resources, chemical and biological processes, thermophysical parameters, thermal free, temperature gradient. introduction it is known that the effective use of alternative energy sources (solar-geothermal) is one of the most pressing issues in solving the problems arising from the fact that the world's fuel resources are declining from year to year and rising demand is rising. president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. m. according to the resolution of mirziyoyev dated november 20, 2018 "on measures to create additional conditions for the development of greenhouse complexes" -.... creation of modern greenhouse complexes using alternative energy sources, energy efficient and energy saving technologies, development of energy saving structures the need arose. scientists, doctors and masters of the department of agrochemistry and soil science and physics of karshi state university, engineers and technicians of muborakneftegaz llc jointly developed an experimental design of a greenhouse with a working area of 180 hectares for the creation of a temperate climate using solar and geothermal energy. energy-saving combined modern greenhouse device by conducting research on the accumulation of excess heat generated by solar energy heating the air passing through the transparent surface of the greenhouse and its long-term storage of thermal energy for use at night or chronic cloudy days and the use of geothermal energy on chronic cold days development is a topical issue. in recent years, in the activities of farms and businesses are used to cover greenhouses with thin transparent polymer films in the coating of engineering structures. in particular, the engineering structures of greenhouses are made of metal and the upper transparent surface is covered with polymer films with a thickness of 0.1-0.5 mm [1-3]. when studying the quantitative 2м 271 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us characteristics of sunlight transmission on the transparent surface of a greenhouse device, it is often important that the sunlight transmits infrared spectrum (heat) well, which is solved in engineering devices, especially using conventional methods of building physics in shaping the thermal regime of greenhouses. on this basis, it is important to study the problem of heat mass transfer in the indoor air-soil system under the influence of solar energy passing through the transparent surface of the greenhouse coverings [4-5]. therefore, the heating of the air inside the greenhouse requires an experimental study of the processes of radiation and convective heat exchange. also, in the study of this process, the optimal heat exchange can be solved by theoretical methods and compared with the results of experimental studies, the greenhouse is evaluated in accordance with the optimal accumulation of geothermal heat in the working soil layer, plants and surrounding devices. this article also presents a system for solving the problem of developing and researching a simplified and generalized physical model of the nonstationary heat exchange regime formed in the soil and air system of plants grown in greenhouses using solar energy and geothermal heat energy. normal development of the plant in the greenhouse the root layer in order to conduct theoretical and experimental studies of the soil temperature in the soil: special attention is paid to achieving energy savings by reducing the amount of heat lost to the environment through the introduction of new technologies in the process of heat exchange in the heat accumulator. to solve the problem, it is planned to apply the results in the process of compositional synthesis and design using a special methodology of technological and technical research in the greenhouse, which creates a temperate climate using solar and geothermal energy. figure 1 shows a schematic of an experimental variant of an energy-saving greenhouse using solar and geothermal energy with a heat accumulator. figure 1. cross-sectional scheme of the greenhouse designed to create a temperate climate using combined underground solar energy and geothermal heat accumulator energy, built and commissioned at the subsidiary farm of muborakneftegaz llc here: 1-is the main clear surface through which sunlight passes; 2 extra transparent surface through which sunlight passes; 3 air pipe coming out of the underground heat accumulator; 272 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 4pipe for suction of air inside the greenhouse; 5 air suction drive pump device; 6 pipe with a diameter of 0.20 m made of underground composite material; 7poultry house; 8fan for automatic control of air circulation from the greenhouse to the building where the poultry is kept; 9a ventilation window that provides moderate airflow to the building where the birds are reared; 10 upper and lower ventilation window; 11geothermal-hot water circulating pipe located in the underground heat accumulator of the greenhouse; 12soil layer with geothermal hot water circulation pipe; 13-tarnov; 14th greenhouse working area; 15-volume air heating collector (greenhouse); 16 flat barrier wall separating the poultry house from the greenhouse; 17 solar solar and complex automatic control device for heating in winter and early spring using solar-geothermal energy, ventilation in summer and autumn, year-round lighting, power supply of water supply devices; 18 substrate layer for heat accumulation around the underground heat pipe; ( 16 180 с) in the analysis of the technical solution of the greenhouse, an experimental version of the device was designed and tested at the subsidiary farm of muborakneftegaz llc. the results of the experiment show that reducing the consumption of metal in the construction of the greenhouse, reducing the amount of heat consumed in the environment, to achieve the optimal efficiency of the criterion of the amount of heat accumulated in the heat accumulator, the temperature in the soil in the root layer of the plant in winter (16-180 с) and due to the fact that the moisture regime is not less than 60%, the yield (in the process of growing tomatoes) was 10-12 kg per 1м2 of working area. the study took into account the effects of solar light energy and underground geothermal hot water temperature. this is important for the plant-fed root layer of the soil. this is because as a result of solar light energy being heated from above and below the ground by geothermal hot water pipes during the day, the temperature of the soil in the root layer where the plant develops in the affected area can be negative. therefore, in order to normalize the temperature in the soil layer for the normal development of the plant in the greenhouse, it is necessary to study the effectiveness of the use of geothermal hot water energy on days when solar energy is insufficient. the amount of geothermal hot water supplied to the greenhouse through underground pipes depends on the solar light energy passing through the clear surface, meteorological factors, and the setting of boundary conditions in the study of the temperature field of the soil layer in which the plant develops. to do this, we first consider the following thermal physical problem. ва the soil layer is homogeneous and its boundary is , the density of the periodic solar light energy flux is equal to and . we determine the temperature change in the soil layer and the area of the soil layer over time (day). 1. reliability characteristic of the developed mathematical model. the air temperature and humidity control system in greenhouses is one of the most important systems, and to develop this process on the basis of modeling requires the study of all thermalamm 3 q nq d 1d t 273 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us energy and physicochemical characteristics in two perfect states by analysis and synthesis methods. to solve the problem, the following simplification factors were used: we define the process of thermal radiation associated with the passage of solar energy through a clear surface meteorological, thermal characteristics, structural and thermal characteristics, convective air circulation system, geothermal heat flow, soil heat, melerative characteristics. based on the results of the experiment, the average value of the thermophysical parameters in the soil layer in accordance with the determined soil temperature and humidity is taken into account.[11]. according to the isotropic characteristics of the soil layer, the greenhouse length (axis) temperature change gradient is zero, and therefore in this case the chemical and biological processes in the two-dimensional system do not affect the heat transfer in the soil layer. (figure 2). the complex factors listed above are taken into account to solve a large-scale engineering problem with the system of a simplified mathematical model of the process of heat exchange in the greenhouse. we express the heat transfer equation for the soil layer where plant growth is ensured as follows. (1) boundary condition in the field (2) and (3) (4) and in the direction of (5) (6) (7) (8) and in the field when (9) initial condition (10) ÷÷ ø ö çç è æ ¶ ¶ + ¶ ¶ = ¶ ¶ 2 2 2 2 y t x tat t amm 3 ( ) bjatt y t sx y +-= ¶ ¶ = al 0 3om ramm 0= ¶ ¶ == mmony r y tl ( ) jatt y t sxh y +-= ¶ ¶ = al 0 on nmr ;0 0 = ¶ ¶ =xx t ;0= ¶ ¶ = romxx t 2 2 0 y ta x t x ¶ ¶ = ¶ ¶ = 2 2 y ta x t romx ¶ ¶ = ¶ ¶ = 0= ¶ ¶ = ¶ ¶ == mmyony r y t y t d 1d î í ì > £ = 1 1 , , , 1 tt tt t dot t dd ),,0(0 yxtt = 274 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us figure 2. scheme of the model for calculating the temperature change in the soil layer of the greenhouse, which creates a temperate climate regime using solar geothermal energy. hence, a mathematical model of the problem based on equations (1-10) is formed. the heat transfer equation for the soil layer and the vertical boundary of the greenhouse is onedimensional and is expressed in equations (6) and (2), the temperature gradient in the horizontal direction characterized by equation (5) is assumed to be zero. when equations (1) (10) are solved using the method of boundary differences [5-9], the temperature change over time in the area of the soil layer up to the plant root layer takes the following form. (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) ú ú û ù ê ê ë é ¢ ++ += ++-+ + y j n i n ji n ji x n ji n jtj n i n ji n ji h ttt h ttt a h tt 1,1, 2 ,1,1, 1 , ,222, t ( ) 1 1 , 1 1 0, 1 1, jbatt h tt s n oi n x y n i n i +-= ++ ++ ll 0 1 , 1 1, = ++ + y n ni n ni h tt l ( ) jatt h tt s n oi n h y n jo n i +-= ++ ++ 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 1, al ;0 1 , 1 ,1 = ++ x n jo n j h tt l ;0 1 , 1 ,1 = ++ + x n jm n jm h tt rr 2 1,,1, 1 , 1 , 2 y n jo n jo n jo n jo n to h ttt a h tt -+ ++ -= t 2 1,,1, 1 1, 1 , 2 y n jm n jm n jm n jo n m h ttt a h tt rrrr -+ + + + += t 0 1 , 1 1, 1 , 1 1,1 = = ++ + ++ + y n ni n ni y n ni n n h tt h tt 275 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us while in the field (19) (20) from equations (1-1) and (1-10), the magnitude representing the temperature change sought is determined (21) (22) (23) (24) here (25) (26) (27) (28) in a greenhouse where a temperate climate is created using solar and geothermal energy, the temperature change in the soil layer in which the plant is grown (fig. 3) is initially sequentially in a horizontal direction. then in the vertical direction is calculated. in performing all the calculations, was determined on the basis of step-by-step shifts per unit time , and other quantities were determined on the computer according to the programming program based on the experimental results (figure 3). also, the infiltration of the air temperature inside the greenhouse into the soil layer over a period of 1,dd n m n m n m n am n m n m n m n m n m n m n m n dd nnxnxnx annnnis ttttt ttttttt 1,21,,11, 1,3,31,313,3,,1 111 , 1 1111111 , +-++-+===== ======= ++++ +++++++ 4 1,1,,1,11 , n ji n ji n ji n jin ji tttt t -+-++ +++ = y ys n x n iyn oi h hjbatth t + ××+××+× = ++ + al la 11 1,1 , 1 , 1 1, ++ + = n ni n ni tt yh ys n bhh n iyn i h hjatth t + ××+××+× = ++ ¢+ ¢ la la 11 1,1 0, 111 , 1 , 1 33 ,1 ; ,......2,, ,,......2,1,0 ++++ + == +=¢ <¢<=¢ + n m n m n jo n ji rxxx x jrr tttt mmmmi mimmi nj tt t n jo n jon jo ,.....2,1, 2 1,1,1 , = + = -¢++ )17(,.......2,1, 2 1,1 1/ == + = -+ + nnj tt t n jm n mn jm rjr r 1 , 1 1, ++ + = n ni n ni tt 11 .2 1 ,1 1 , . ,.....;, ++++ n m n j n j n jo jr tttt 1 , 1 2, 1 ,1, 1 , ,........., ++++ n ni n i n i n oi tttt yx hhh ,,t laa ,,,,,, sxh ajbt ++с when when 276 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us is determined by the following formula for the temperature change in each adjacent layer: figure 3. periodic temperature distribution in depth per unit time in the greenhouse soil cover heated by solar and geothermal energy. as can be seen from the graph, over time, the distribution of heat waves along the depth of the greenhouse soil layer periodically reaches a constant extinction state at 36 cm. (29) here time piece number, layer number. 1. thermal regime of a greenhouse soil layer heated using combined solar and geothermal energy when using solar and geothermal energy, if the change in air temperature in the greenhouse is known, the boundary of the soil where heat is accumulated is not known, it is calculated from the following formula by convection heat transfer coefficient, amount of absorbed light energy and physical and chemical properties of the body: (30) here: thermal conductivity of the soil; the heat capacity of the soil; soil density; the amount of incident light energy; the angle of incidence of light on the soil surface; the coefficient of absorption of incident light by the soil; the amount of light energy absorbed by the soil. by studying the propagation of heat waves in the soil of the greenhouse by this method, it is possible to calculate the amount of energy accumulated in it during the day. hence, the energy stored in the soil of the solar greenhouse [12] (31) using the formula. here the average temperature is the appropriate soil capacity, density, the volume of the heated layer, the average temperature of the heated layer. the soil of a solar greenhouse is a specific regenerative structure, because heat exchange in this case is also divided into two periods: in the first period, heat is transferred to the soil and a x 2 2d =dt ( ) ( ) 2 11 ,)1( xmtxm t m xmn d-+d+ = d dd+ t t -dt,n -m x xiaqxtxt t sonхаво xon d+ d+ddd =dd gl tlg t cos, , -l -с -g -0q -i -sa -iaq s cos0 1tvcq nc t a d= r -с -r -ncv -d 1t 277 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us accumulated during heat radiation and convective heat exchange. in the second period, the soil begins to cool and heat is transferred to the air, creating a microclimate in the solar greenhouse [13-16]. calculate the distribution of heat waves in the soil in the grooves. it is known that the accumulation of sunlight (energy) in the soil can be calculated according to fure's law: (32) here gradient of temperature change at the soil surface, thermal conductivity in the layer close to the soil surface. also for a coarse-grained sloping soil layer the differential equation related to the thermal conductivity in the boundary condition can be expressed and solved by the following form: (33) (33) formula we set the magnitude to (34): (34) based on this, the accumulation current of sunlight falling during the year can be calculated by the following formula due to the half-oscillation: (35) to do this, use formula (36) (36) we see. pour (35) into (36). (37) we can pour into (36). (38) and we will be able to determine the amount of solar energy falling on the sloping cores. here expression characterizes the maximum change in temperature amplitude in the soil layer on the slope of the ridge. from calculations 0 )( =¶ ¶ -= х п t х tq lt -¶¶ хtп / -l constxtп =),( t ú û ù ê ë é -+-+= ) 2 sin( 2 )cos(),( 210 2 a xt a xtetxt пп а x пп wstwwtt w 0=¶ ¶ х п х t ( )[ ])sin()()( 2 )( 2121 wtwtwlt ппппf ttсostt a q --+= tt t t ¶×= ò )( 2 1 f z z qq ú ú û ù ê ê ë é + + + + += )sin()cos( 2 )( 2222 22 21 21 21 21 21 wtwtwlt nn nn nn nn nnf tt tt tt tt tt a q [ ] ò ¶++=+= 2 1 2121 )sin( 2 )sin()cos( 2 )( 2222 t t tjwtwljwtwtwlt nnnnf tt a сostt a q )(tq )(22 2 2222 2121 nnnn z z ttactt aa q +=+×= w r w wwl 22 21 nn tt + 278 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us (39) this amount is 36 percent of the solar energy absorbed by the flat soil surface. if the soil is sloping and (40) this is 42.6 percent of the solar energy absorbed by the soil. it can be seen that the solar energy falling on the slopes, which are normally fed with local fertilizers, is absorbed and accumulated in a much higher amount than on the flat soil surface. therefore, it can be concluded that in the cultivation of plants (tomatoes, cucumbers) in the greenhouse, taking into account the sunlight and geothermal heat energy that enters and absorbs into the soil during the use of solar light energy and geothermal heat energy, heat waves propagate in the soil. this allows the plant to provide sufficient temperature and light energy for growth. references. 1. sigaev.e.s., goncharuka n.s.microclimatic bases of vegetable growing. m.: «kolos» 1982g. 3-171s 2. bekseev sh.g. vyrashchivanie rannix tomotov. l.: «agropromizdat». 1989 270 s. 3. gluntsov m.n. application of fertilizers in teplichnom khozyaystve. m.: «moskovskiy rabochiy» 1987 141 s. 4. nerpin s.v., chudnovskiy a.f. energo and mass-exchange in the system rastenie pochva vozdux. l: «hydrometeoizdat» 1975 357 s. 5. penjiev a.m., penjieva d.a. resources and effectiveness of geothermal water use.// publisher: lap lambert academic publishig. 2015. 224c. 6. pendjiev a.m. termicheskiy regime v kombinirovannyx kultivatsionnyx soorujeniyax.// geliotexnika 2018. №2.s. 46-58. 7. drews m.: the einflub der bodeneigenschaften auf die nahrstoffbindungstormen und schlubfolgerungen fur die mineraldungung im gemusebau unter glas und plasten. arch.gartebau 20 (1972) 3, pp. 249-264. 8. geissler th, kelm i. moglichkeiten zur rationalisieringung der mineraldungung durch kombination mit der bewasserung im anbau unter glas und plasten dt. gartenbau 16 (1964) 9, pp. 235-238. 9. gohler f: great automation of wasser and nahrstoffversordung im gewachshaus. dt. gartenbau 17 (1970) 9, pp. 172-178. 10. karaj j: jntersuchungen zur automatisierung der bewasserung. int. zeitschrift der landwirtscaft (1972) 5, pp. 587-591. 11. kramaruxin yu.e. instruments for measuring temperature. m.: «mashinostroenie» 1990 g. 206 s. 12. xayriddinov.a.b. k raschetu temperaturnyx poley v substratnom sloe podpochvennogo akkumulyatora tepla s peremennymi teplofizicheskimi koeffitsientami pri zadannyx temperaturnyx regimax vozduxa v gelioteplitsax. austria science. austria. 2019 str 24-31. sm kжq tvat soat m m kg kkg jс z nn × =+××= -==== × = 2 22 2 3 0,961)5,54,15( 262,0 0032,083013402 5,54,15,0032,0,1340,830 21 ar 6,83,20 21 == nn tvat 6,83,20 21 == nn tvat sм kжqz × =+××= 2 22 0,630)6,83,20( 262,0 0032,083013402 279 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 13. xayriddinov.a.b. influence of plant cover on temperaturno-vlajnostnyy regime pochvy in teplitse. "agrarian science". russia. 2019 str 39-43. 14. xayriddinov.a.b. matematicheskaya model solnechno-geothermaloy sistemy dlya obogreva pochvy teplits. "eurasian union uchenyx." russia. 2019 str 60-65. 15. xayriddinov.a.b. soil temperature in geothermal teplitsax. lvii international correspondence scientific and practical conference «european research: innovation in science, education and technology» england. 2019 g 16. xayriddinov.a.b. determine the temperature of the soil in geothermal teplitsax. "eurasian union uchenyx." russia. 2019 str 39-71. 425 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 in higher mathematics, the extremum of a multivariable function madina polatovna sharipova teacher of the "general technical sciences" department of asia international university abstract: in higher mathematics, the extremum of a multivariable function is a crucial concept with wide-ranging applications in fields such as optimization and physics. this article aims to provide an overview of the extremum of a multivariable function, exploring the role of critical points, the second derivative test, and lagrange multipliers in determining the nature of extrema. the article also delves into the significance of extremum in real-world problem-solving, emphasizing the practical implications of this mathematical concept. keywords: extremum, multivariable function, critical points, second derivative test, lagrange multipliers, optimization, mathematics, real-world applications. in the realm of higher mathematics, the concept of an extremum is fundamental to the study of multivariable functions. multivariable functions are functions with more than one input variable, and finding their extrema is essential for addressing a wide array of problems in diverse domains, ranging from engineering and economics to physics and computer science. extrema, which include both maximum and minimum values, play a crucial role in optimization, where the objective is to either minimize or maximize a certain quantity subject to given constraints. in this article, we will explore the theory and applications of extrema in multivariable functions, shedding light on the methodologies used to identify and characterize these critical points. in the realm of higher mathematics, the concept of extremum plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior and properties of multivariable functions. an extremum refers to the maximum or minimum value of a function within a certain domain, and it is a fundamental concept in optimization, critical points, and the study of local and global properties of functions. one of the key steps in identifying extrema is to find the critical points of a multivariable function. critical points occur where the gradient of the function is either zero or undefined. by setting the partial derivatives of the function equal to zero, the critical points can be determined, providing the initial insights into potential extrema. for a multivariable function, which takes multiple input variables and produces a single output, the process of finding extremum involves the analysis of critical points and the use of mathematical tools such as partial derivatives, gradients, and hessian matrices. second derivative test: the second derivative test is a critical tool for determining the nature of the critical points found. by analyzing the determinant of the hessian matrix – a matrix of second partial derivatives – at each critical point, one can classify these points as local maxima, local minima, or saddle points. this test enables mathematicians and scientists to ascertain the precise nature of the extrema and make informed decisions in real-world scenarios. 426 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lagrange multipliers: in the context of constrained optimization, lagrange multipliers offer a powerful technique for identifying extrema subject to certain constraints. by introducing lagrange multipliers, which act as a set of additional variables, the extrema of a multivariable function can be found under specified constraints. this method is widely used in fields such as economics, physics, and engineering to optimize functions within given limitations. the first step in identifying the extremum of a multivariable function is to locate its critical points. these are the points where the partial derivatives of the function with respect to each input variable are zero or undefined. mathematically, a critical point of a function f(x, y) occurs at the point (x0, y0) if the partial derivatives ∂f/∂x and ∂f/∂y are both zero at that point, or if they are undefined. once the critical points are identified, the second derivative test can be used to determine whether these points correspond to a local maximum, minimum, or saddle point. the second derivative test involves the calculation of the hessian matrix of the function, which is a matrix of second-order partial derivatives. by examining the eigenvalues of the hessian matrix at the critical points, it is possible to classify the nature of the extremum at each point. if the hessian matrix has all positive eigenvalues at a critical point, then the point corresponds to a local minimum of the function. conversely, if the hessian matrix has all negative eigenvalues, the point corresponds to a local maximum. if the eigenvalues are of mixed signs, the point corresponds to a saddle point, where the function neither reaches a maximum nor a minimum. in addition to local extremum, one can also analyze the global extremum of a multivariable function over a specific domain. this involves examining the behavior of the function at the boundaries of the domain as well as at critical points within the domain. through the use of lagrange multipliers and other optimization techniques, it is possible to find the global maximum or minimum of a function over a given region. understanding the extremum of a multivariable function is essential in various fields such as economics, physics, engineering, and computer science, where optimization and maximizing or minimizing certain quantities are common tasks. by grasping the intricacies of extremum in higher mathematics, researchers and practitioners can make more informed decisions and predictions based on the behavior of complex multivariable functions. in the realm of higher mathematics, the study of extrema in multivariable functions provides invaluable insights into the behavior and optimization of complex systems. the concepts of critical points, the second derivative test, and lagrange multipliers are indispensable tools for addressing real-world problems and enhancing our understanding of mathematical phenomena. by gaining a comprehensive understanding of these concepts, mathematicians and scientists can leverage the power of multivariable functions to tackle various challenges and contribute to the advancement of various disciplines. references 1. sharipova, m. p. l. 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(2023). parallel programming in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 178–183. 112 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 history of development of computer technologies dilnoza nazarova 3rd level student of uzbekistan state university of world languages phone number: +998937588833 g-mail: studentkajahontillari@gmail.com umirzakovnadilnoza@gmail.com research advisor: abdusamadov zafar nurmatovich dean of the 3rd faculty of english language of uz djtu, f.f.f.d., phd abstract: sport, which is considered an integral part of the physical culture of society, basically means "work", "compete". until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, it was considered as a means of recreation, entertainment, and then as a means of achieving high physical performance and winning competitions. key words: physical culture, methodology, training, society, education system. abstract: this article talks about the history of the development of the computer industry, the importance of technology for humanity today, the types, functions, and functions of computer technologies. the development of technology is important for every independent country. the role of computerization is incomparable for it to become one of the developed countries in the world. key words: computer, technology, investment, network, internet, site, globalization, development аннотация: в данной статье рассказывается об истории развития компьютерной индустрии, значении техники для человечества сегодня, видах, функциях и функциях компьютерных технологий. развитие технологий важно для каждой независимой страны. роль компьютеризации несравнима для того, чтобы она стала одной из развитых стран мира. ключевые слова: компьютер, технология, инвестиции, сеть, интернет, сайт, глобализация, развитие. annotatsiya: ushbu maqolada kompyuter sanoatining rivojlanish tarixi, bugungi kunda insoniyat uchun texnologiyaning ahamiyati, kompyuter texnologiyalarining turlari, funktsiyalari va vazifalari haqida so'z boradi. har bir mustaqil davlat uchun texnologiyani rivojlantirish muhim ahamiyatga ega. uning dunyoning rivojlangan davlatlari qatoriga kirishida kompyuterlashtirishning o‘rni beqiyos. kalit so'zlar: kompyuter, texnologiya, sarmoya, tarmoq, internet, sayt, globallashuv, rivojlanish computers have become a necessity. they are everywhere: with houses, factories, offices and cars... we sometimes do not even think that the history of the development of computer 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technology is as long as it is multifaceted and rich in historical date. today there are four generations of computers. the first generation was a large (by today's standards) car. in addition to the work of the german engineer zuse (for example, he created the first computer , today's generation of computers (1943) as a "mark-1" in 1941, but the works have been lost). this machine needs a large hall and more than 800 km of cables 3300 thousand. consists of relays and consumption to calculate hundreds of kilowatts of electricity. we use these computers for military accounts. but it is worth noting that the history of computer technology did not begin with mark i. its beginning date was written in 1946. then, the computer was based on electronic vacuum tubes. eniac has such a structure. the size is almost "mark", the first , but it was characterized by a large volume (more than a thousand times). the car turned out to be interesting, powerful, innovative, but also practical. to implement the calculation, it takes several hours to implement certain switching cables. the device is empty. will, and the development of computer technology continued, and a new concept a computer can operate "electronic components". base computer i generation consists of capacitors, resistors and electronic vacuum tubes. the history of the production of computer equipment in our country begins in 1951 thanks to sa lebedev. it all started with the selection of besm-2, which was later completed. later in the soviet union, the m-20, the most powerful computer in europe, was established under the name of the most important staff of engineers, who often went out of their system and needed to serve. the second generation of computers began with the invention and use of the first transistor. from that moment, the history of computer technology began to gain a completely different speed. base computer became based on semiconductor elements. transistor compact and less expensive electronic lamps, was to perform forty times. it became available after pressing delete. in 1965, the digital equipment company introduced a compact (!) computer with the dimensions of a refrigerator. this miracle was called pdp-8 and cost 20,000 soums. made up the dollar. the portable pdp-8, at the same time surprising everyone with its performance, is the beginning of the development of the third generation of computers (end of 1960 70). this is the first development and testing of the integrated circuit (john killebrew 1958). about the transistors in the silicon capsule and their connection. productivity millions of thousands of operations per second. in 1968, the first integrated electronic computer was released the ibm-360. in 1970, intel launched an integrated memory circuit. every year, the area of its parts has increased or changed, or become smaller, at least twice. these computers gave impetus to the development of the fourth generation. in 1970, the company intel (marsciano edward hoff) built the first analog cpu large computer. in 1970, it went on sale under the name intel-4004. three computers "mark ii" with a size of 3 cm were effective. the development of microprocessors allowed the creation of practical computing machines that were used for writing, simplifying, accounting, and accounting. s. and b. jobs wozniak in the history of the development of computer technologies ("apple computer" thanks to people like the founders), these devices began to appeal to ordinary users. now, ordinary people can certainly monitor their productivity, new programs, and more. how quickly they increase. by the end of the 70s, personal computers, which were distributed by the end of the 70s, received an incredibly high turnover. thanks active actions and for a deft manipulation of the commercial interests of large corporations, a young american bill gates recaptured 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us microsoft's right to develop successful software. apple's successful operations and timely patenting of software including windows, microsoft has made an important period in the recognized leader in the world of it technologies, eliminating its arch-rival. the fourth generation is developing today. the history of computer technology development continues. modern computers also differ in that only a few processors are used for processing information. references 1. https://tltaudit.ru/uz/calcium/istoriya-razvitiya-kompyuterov-ot-pervyh-evm-dosovremennyh-pk/ 2. levin vi, "history of information technology". 3. binomial. knowledge laboratory of the internet university of information technologies intuit.ru, 2007 4. arkady chastikov, "architects of the computer world", bhv-peterburg, 2002 5. vitaly leontiev, "the newest encyclopedia of personal computer 2005", olma-press education, 2005 6. polunov yl, "from abacus to computer: the fate of people and machines", russian edition, 2004. 7. malinovsky b.n., "history of computing technology in individuals", kiev, 1995 8. emelyanov sv, "information technologies and computing systems", editorial urss, 2004. 9. ugrinovich n.d. "informatics and information technologies", binom. knowledge laboratory, 2003 430 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 activities for improvement of learners’ pronunciation for kindergarten murodullayeva shahnozabonu student at navoi state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan yugay yevgeniya, ph.d scientific advisor, lecturer at navoi state pedagogical institute, uzbekistan abstract: this thesis explores the importance of developing pronunciation skills in kindergarten learners and presents a range of activities that can be used to enhance their phonetics, phonology, and oral communication abilities. through a comprehensive review of literature, the study highlights the significance of early pronunciation development in promoting academic and social success. the research outlines various strategies and techniques that can be utilized by teachers to effectively improve learners' pronunciation, including phonemic awareness exercises, tongue twisters, songs, chants, and storytelling. the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the effective use of activities for improving pronunciation skills in kindergarten learners, which can aid educators in designing effective curricula and teaching practices that promote successful language acquisition. keywords: improving, pronunciation, go fish and maze game, kindergarten, language acquisition, academic success, pronunciation development, phonology, communication abilities, storytelling. introduction learners’ pronunciation skills play an essential role in their language acquisition and communication development. for kindergarten students, it is significant to establish a strong foundation in pronunciation to facilitate effective communication in their formative years and beyond. moreover, teaching english in kindergarten in some ways is a big challenge. firstly, no curriculum is provided for teaching english in kindergarten. the absence of curriculum requires the teachers to provide everything. it is the teacher who should set up the objectives, decide the teaching materials with the teaching techniques, and choose the most appropriate evaluation. secondly, teaching english in kindergarten is truly different from the one in higher levels due to the typical characteristics of the students. young learners, as already known cannot sit still longer than 10-15 minutes. as such, teaching them demand high creativity. there are some problems to learn english for young learners, especially the kindergarten students. the first students ‘problem is pronunciation, because english is foreign language so they get difficulties to pronounce english words. sometimes their pronunciation and the spelling are different but they guess the words, for example: the word «ball”, they will pronounce it /bal/ and they can guess the word by using their logic. they usually read the words based on the letters (alphabets). it is assumed that most young learners can read english language at five to seven years old but they read the alphabets by imitating their teachers. the second problem is lack of language input. most of kindergarten students are still passive. if the activities are done monotonously, they will 431 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us be bored because there is no variation in that learning process. the only activity of their learning in class is they just do the lks exercises or instruction. they are lack of practice to learn english. the activities should be done to make them active in the learning process. it means that the monotonous activity makes them bored to join the class activity and as the result they become noisy. in this thesis, it explores various activities designed to improve learners’ pronunciation skills in a kindergarten setting and contribute to their overall language development. literature review since pronunciation is so important to good communication, learning a language requires mastering it. for young learners in especially, this is crucial because early acquisition of accurate pronunciation can have a big impact on their social and academic success. this review of the literature examines the value of helping kindergarten students pronounce words correctly and offers a variety of exercises that can be utilized to improve their phonetics, phonology, and oral communication skills. plus, early pronunciation development is essential for language learning and efficient communication with young learners. early acquisition of accurate pronunciation abilities increases a child's chances of success in reading, writing, and speaking, according to studies (gillon, 2018). additionally, children's social development can benefit from improved pronunciation as it fosters confidence in their capacity for successful communication (bahrani & rahimi, 2016). additionally, for kindergarten students, pronunciation development is crucial because it fosters phonemic awareness, which is one of the main benefits. the ability to identify and work with particular sounds inside words is known as phonemic awareness (treiman & kessler, 2014). children can learn to differentiate between various sounds and comprehend how they relate to letters and words by developing phonemic awareness. this ability is especially crucial for reading and writing since it enables kids to comprehend spelling patterns and decipher words (gillon, 2018). another reason why pronunciation development is crucial for kindergarten learners is that it can help them develop oral communication skills. speaking properly is simply one aspect of effective oral communication; another is understanding others and knowing how to react to them (bahrani & rahimi, 2016). children who learn how to pronounce words correctly will be able to communicate with instructors and peers more effectively, which will help them succeed socially and academically. activities for improving pronunciation skills in kindergarten learners there are various activities that teachers can use to improve pronunciation skills in kindergarten learners. these activities can be used to enhance phonemic awareness, develop oral communication skills, and promote language acquisition. some of the most effective activities include: 1. phonemic awareness exercises: exercises for phonemic awareness entail teaching kids how to identify and manipulate specific sounds in words. activities for improving phonemic awareness include word blending, sound sorting, and listening games. (treiman & kessler, 2014). 2. tongue twisters: phrases that are challenging to pronounce due to similar-sounding words or sounds are known as tongue twisters. tongue twisters can aid in children's pronunciation development by making them pronounce tough sounds and words. (gillon, 2018). 3. songs and chants: children can practice speaking in a fun and engaging way with songs and chants, which is a great technique to enhance pronunciation abilities. children can also improve their rhythm and intonation by singing and chanting. (bahrani & rahimi, 2016). 4. storytelling: storytelling is a fantastic technique to enhance pronunciation abilities since it gives youngsters with an opportunity to practice speaking in a natural and engaging situation. additionally, telling stories to kids helps improve their language and comprehension. (treiman & kessler, 2014). 432 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodology the current study set out to find out how well different activities worked to help kindergarten students' pronunciation. to measure changes in participants' pronunciation ability, a preand post-test were given in a quasi-experimental manner. the sample comprised fifty kindergarten students from two suburban area schools. a control group or an experimental group was randomly assigned to the participants. a variety of activities were used to teach pronunciation to the experimental group for ten weeks, whereas no additional training was given to the control group. songs and chants, tongue twisters, storytelling, and phonemic awareness exercises were among the activities. two independent raters rated the pronunciation evaluation that served as both the preand post-test. result the experimental group's pronunciation abilities significantly outperformed those of the control group, according to the results. the experimental group's mean pre-test score was 60.2, whereas the control group's mean score was 58.5. the experimental group's mean post-test score was 82.4, whereas the control group's mean score was 60.1. the mean post-test scores of the experimental and control groups differed significantly, according to an independent samples ttest (t(48) = 12.23, p <.001). these results imply that the experimental group's activities were successful in helping kindergarten students' pronunciation. discussion the current study offers proof that a variety of exercises can be utilized to help kindergarten students' pronunciation. the results corroborate earlier studies that have demonstrated the significance of early mastery of proper pronunciation in language learning (gillon, 2018). the findings also imply that engaging in phonemic awareness exercises, tongue twisters, storytelling, songs and chants, and other activities can help young students improve their oral communication, phonetics, and phonology skills. the study's suburban setting is one of its limitations, and its findings might not apply to other demographics. future studies could look into how well these activities work with various age groups and in various environments. it would also be helpful to investigate how these activities affect language learning and academic achievement in the long run. generally, the current study emphasizes how crucial it is to include activities in curriculum and teaching methods for kindergarten students that concentrate on pronunciation improvement. through the provision of enjoyable and captivating chances for children to hone their pronunciation, educators can foster both academic achievement and successful language acquisition. conclusion pronunciation abilities in kindergarten students have a major role in their overall language development and communication growth. through the implementation of many dynamic and engaging activities customized to meet the specific needs of each student, educators can foster proficient pronunciation, which in turn leads to efficient oral communication. in this study, it analyzed both the strengths and weaknesses of the teacher in conducting more variety of games, using different interesting activities, organizing interesting tasks, and using media. they were some changes as a result of actions. the changes were in the way participants thought or behaved. the changes were related to the following. in the course of actions, the interest and activity of students in learning english increased. they actively participated in improving their english pronunciation skills. 433 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bibliography 1. bahrani, t., & rahimi, m. (2016). the effect of pronunciation instruction on efl learners' oral communication skills. international journal of research studies in language learning, 5(3), 1-14. 2. gillon, g. t. (2018). phonological awareness: from research to practice. new york: guilford publications. 3. kuo, y. c., & anderson, r. c. (2010). development of phonological awareness and phonological memory in bilingual chinese kindergarteners learning english as a second language. journal of educational psychology, 102(1), 56–70. 4. li, x., & edwards, j. (2015). effects of explicit instruction on the acquisition of second language phonological production skills: a meta-analysis. applied psycholinguistics, 36(4), 791–818. 5. mokhtar, n., & abdullah, n. a. (2014). the effectiveness of tongue twisters in improving l2 learners’ pronunciation accuracy. procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 118, 413– 420. 6. treiman, r., & kessler, b. (2014). how children learn to write words. in handbook of writing research (pp. 69-82). routledge. 173 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 new computer-assisted approaches to teaching physics jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly asian international university, "general technical sciences" department, senior lecturer abstract: rapidly developing science and technology has made it possible to use new tools, equipment and facilities in the field of education and personnel training. among these, computers are undoubtedly the most prominent. research shows that this new technology has a positive effect on attracting students' attention, facilitating learning and increasing their motivation. however, due to the lack of programs in the field, there is a huge gap in the application of these technological capabilities in our country. this study aims to contribute to filling this gap and experimentally support a new curriculum that includes to support modern physical sciences at the middle and high school level; newly developed simulation programs and interactive screen experiences in the computer environment have been introduced. these programs are thought to contribute greatly to concretizing abstract topics and making them more comprehensible in an introduction to modern physics. in addition, the fact that many secondary educational institutions in our country are still not conducting these experiments due to financial reasons increases the importance of the newly developed programs. keywords: computer-assisted education, simulation programs, interactive screen experiments, physics education. introduction:when we look at the teaching methods used in secondary education, we see that "teacher-centered", "blackboard" education still dominates. this method is a "one-way" learning style that is usually guided and directed by the teacher. however, one of the general goals of education is to teach students "what and how to learn." in other words, it is "teaching how to learn". because our era requires "lifelong learning". even when we enter the business environment after our educational life, it becomes increasingly important to update our knowledge and add new ones. in addition, for successful education, it is necessary not only to "hear", "read", but also to "understand", "understand" and "apply". in western countries, in the 60s, a new teaching method began to attract attention: the use of technological tools and equipment in education. from a didactic point of view, this phrase covers all technical course materials that a teacher can use in a lesson. these are; there may be an overhead projector, lecture films, television, internet and computer. the role of educational technologies in education according to kerres; some of the functions of these technological opportunities from the teacher's perspective can be listed as follows:  support the teacher in the presentation of information in the classroom  use in course preparation to increase success in courses taught by the traditional demonstration method.  support problem solving and improve information continuity. 174 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition, the technologies used are not only suitable for supporting the process of teaching new information, but also for drawing students' attention to the lesson, increasing their interest and passion for the subjects being taught. thus, the classes attract students with different interests and abilities. research has shown that the use of technology in education and training radically accelerates and facilitates learning. for example, a study conducted in germany in 1998 with the support of the bertelsmann foundation reached the following conclusions:  90% of lessons are becoming more lively with the use of educational technology  80% stated that lessons are more interesting with the help of educational technologies  59% stated that the courses were more effective with the help of educational technologies. similar studies conducted in the united states of america have found that technology-assisted students are 3 times more successful in math classes and 2 times more likely to be in biology compared to traditional teaching methods. the learner (student) in the technological applications described so far can be passive or active. it is divided into two: in the passive state, the learner listens to the subject on a cassette or watches an educational film on tv. subjects to be studied are often determined by the teacher, and the student is not expected to actively participate in the learning process. can select information and apply it, for example: using simulation programs in a computer environment. thus, mutual (interactive) interaction takes place between the thing to be learned and the student. as a result, the learning process is expected to be more effective than when the student is passive. learning by doing in computer education; the interaction between the studied subject and the student is achieved by giving the computer user (student) the opportunity to intervene in the educational process and direct the learning process. according to issing, there can be interaction between computer and reader only if the following conditions are met:  a student must first be a creator. in this way, he can organize the content he needs to learn and create it independently.  the computer program must be dynamic and able to respond to the actions of the learner.  during the learning process, the student should control his knowledge.  the program should guide the reader when necessary in using the program. in the classical teaching methods, changes occur mainly in the cognitive and affective spheres, while in practical learning, as a result of the active participation of the student in the educational process, active changes are also observed in the psychomotor sphere. conducted research; it shows that people get 10% of what they learn by reading, 20% by hearing, 30% by seeing, and 90% by doing. two points highlight the importance of interactive learning: first, interactive learning plays an important role in "individualized learning" by selecting the information to be learned and personalizing the learning process. . this new role helps the learner develop self-confidence and personal responsibility. interaction also increases "interest and motivation to learn." according to strzebkowski, this is the result of the student's active participation in the learning process. examples of these technologies include many simulation programs and interactive screen experiences, whose features we will discuss below. provides student activity and one-on-one (interactive) interaction with the computer. simulation programs various intervention options in simulation programs, such as the ability of the user to provide different starting values in an experiment in a computer environment, allow students to "learn by discovery", one of the different learning methods. in simulation programs, the student 175 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consciously plays an active role. simulation programs are usually used to simulate experiences in everyday life that cannot be implemented for various reasons (for example, they are too fast or too slow, too expensive). they are preferred, for example, when evaluating data collected in experiments and making them more understandable (for example, graphically). interactive display experiments (ied) interactive display experiments (ieds) were first used in 1997 in a service course (physics for engineers) with a large number of students as part of the "living physics book" project developed by kirstein and rass at the university of berlin, germany. interactivity (interaction) in these experiments; this is achieved by allowing the user to intervene in the experience performed by the program on the computer screen. as in video films, the images that appear on the screen in ied are "real". that is, instead of pre-made and customized graphics and images as in simulation programs; ieds consist of taking pictures of each step of the experiment with a digital camera and combining them in a computer environment. however; the difference from video films is that the student "performs" each stage of the experiment on the computer screen with the help of a computer mouse: the experiment stage begins by "pressing" the "next" button under the computer screen. step by step. in other words, the user, unlike a passive video viewer, can actively intervene in the process of the experiment, adjust the experience to a slow or fast pace, or even go back to the previous stage of the experiment by pressing the "back" button. summary:commonly used as technological tools and equipment in education and training, the most important features of computer software can be easily used anywhere, anytime, without much time. they are often based on interactive interaction. because these programs are recorded on cds or floppy disks, they can be performed and repeated in a quieter environment, both in the classroom at school and at home. in this way, the spread of the educational environment outside the school is increasing. however, despite all the mentioned advantages, it is another fact that these technological tools are not used enough in secondary educational institutions. one of the most important reasons for this is the lack of programs that include field subjects. in order to contribute to filling this great gap and experimentally support a new course concept involving modern physics at the middle and high school level; 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(2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 19. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669-674. 20. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 177 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. 22. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 23. tursunov, b. j. 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(2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360-365. 353 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the place of gymnastics in a person's life and the terms used in training hikmatullo xayrullayevich sayfiev hikmatullosaefiyev@gmail.com osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (osio international university) anatatsiya: this article is of great importance in the formation of children and teenagers with physical gymnastics. diverse means of gymnastics, and the term of the methods using the primary functions of physical education, success, the strength of resolveto a wider understanding about the terms are given which will help you out. gymnastics very large hygiene-healthy‘lomlashtirish the importance of also there are. keywords: osilish, jump, to fall, to bow, to rely on, to sit down, to rise, to turn, to throw down, to fly, earthquakes. gymnastics with all beings, children , adults, and older youth, good preparation ko‘rga now beginner, safely‘laam man beings and even he noto those shug‘ullanisblari can. gymnastics with preschool age children in institutions, in schools, o‘central and the high o‘educational institutions, o‘the republic of uzbekistan of the army and the unions also shug‘were ullana. ko‘pchilik o‘z in homes and on the radio hear, from tv ko‘sits stand shug‘were ullana. the basic tools of gymnastics: gymnastics specific actions of the form of the typical tools (exercises) is. people using them vital driving skills will be improved. many people exercise, labor, and marriage military activity (walking, running, tirmashib to jump on, crawled to keep the balance, to throw, to exceed the barrier, shipping, etc.) obtained from. the pedagogical function and structure according to the driving of exercise gymnastics activities are the main groups in the following manner: 1. the number of exercise together in the ranks fulfilled, engaged to be trying structure activities according to their skills, there is also the contribution of rhythm and pace which adjust the body that they help to educate the action. 2. umumrivojlantiruvchi some of the joints, in part fulfilled, i.e. for each yoqlama physical preparation of the body, and also expand the capacity functional-educate the body for exercise are used. 3. free exercise with some members of the body which make various actions, as well as to carry out the acrobat and the combination of exercise xoreografik added. 4. practical exercise walking, running, and throw out tirmashib, increased transition, transition crawled, to maintain balance, was increased in the barrier, and so forth. 5. jump (do not rely on, and rely on) the development of sakrovchi, as well as the feet and hands, whose power, movement speed, accuracy, agility and is used for the development of persistence. 6. snaryad fulfilled in exercise gymnastics sports are the most characteristic means. also containing implied workout combines them to keep the balance and static situations. 7. artistic gymnastics exercises gymnastics instruments (arg'amchi, gar is the ball, the mean precipitate and so on.k.) gymnastics perform exercises with and without equipment. http://www/ 354 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gymnastics basic tools to show how to find the identities of the man considered more maximum effects can be divided in the following groups without: a) physical qualities in general, aimed at the development and the driving exercise (exercise of the ranks, urm exercises, games, and other). b) the form, which is aimed at qualified necessary life skills and exercises (practical exercises, due to a jump on). v) irodaviy exercises aimed at the development and improvement of intensive driving abilities and qualities (free), jump on review, snaryad fulfilled in exercise, akrobatika exercises and calisthenics exercises. the basic tools for any type of gymnastics in all of this taxlit arranged in gymnastics, it facilitates you to choose different pedagogical tasks to the solution of certain exercises. terms of use in gymnastics: gymnastics to be short to describe more often, in many situations, actions or show received not the names of their workout. for example, did you fall rilgan the following words: • "pre -", "forward"—provision of the direction of the move, if the same action are the only way with the shortest possible (for example, pre-turned) is fulfilled; • hands, feet and legs in three plaques qandayligi the state of network environment— if this condition is corresponding to that style bclgilangan; • "gavin" — engashtirganda; • "foot" forward, back as well as shake the bottle, put in three of the legs; • "lift", "pour" — methodology 'or when you do move forward with l foot; ""to the great nasi","fry' a nd la ngi " — the cases that are more specific to certain natural gymnastics repository; • "over" keep — it is the most common b o i • fall inside" jump " (inwards condition or equipment); • fall "jump" or "hop" — is in the name of m gymnastics so i a'lum repository; • "down" — the performance of technics such condition is known. for example, qo'shpoyalarda: forward to raise siitanib-fall jump back siitanib; " "look inside the plaques network" — was hands down, the forward transmission, transmitted opqaga the top in the raised position; • "network plaques facing down" — chip or two hands to the left (to the right) in the transmission case; • "yoysimon forward" — hands up if you do not move forward, explain, or dropped. the initial condition (d.. h) only appears at the beginning of the workout. feet, hands, and gavin the way of action, most of the action or method is shown in bajarilmagandagina usually short. terms related to the free exercise and umumrivojiantiruvchi the initial cases — start stand mashqlarijrosi fountains and other circumstances. tumhlar: the main stand (at)ii to stand in the ranks of fits. there are the following types of stand; kerib your legs stand, legs wide kerib your stand, your legs less kerib stand, stand chalishtirib (it will juftli foot of plaques) and the wide leg is free. the leg stand on the end of that term condition, is the comments. stand knee (as well as. sit, lay and other hoiatlardan)straighten your legs to stand the word " transition "to stand erect" with the terms of is given. o ‘resurrection ver gymnastics equipment or review their position in a seat. there are the following types of sit: sit with your legs kerib sit burchaksimon sit, bend your legs kerib sit, sit, bend your legs, embrace, sit, or sit on the right heel to heel, sit and are the same as in the issue. cho'qqayib to: bruised legs going condition, yarimcho'qqayish, do'ngsimon cho'qqayib to do'ngsimon half cho'qqayib to yarimcho'qqayish back down, bending yarimcho'qqayish and others, this "floating starti also referred attacks: any side or base of the feet to bend then try to remove the condition. bending attacks, throw it to the right and down to the hard attacks, depending on the direction of the leg, and reverse such attacks (e.g., attacks from the left foot to the right). review: from the point of shoulders to the base cases are high. rely on the following types: cho'qqayib to rely on, on the right knee, the right knee with the left knee with the left and the right qoi http://www/ 355 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capture to rely on to rely on, rely on a steep bend and lay the ankle to rely on to rely on from the back to the bed, and others. methodologyl and leg movements: action, turn-by-turn times in the series, as well as the right hand to the right hand the left hand to the left side of its direct opposite, parallel, symmetry, and can be superimposed. the main finds doing so despite whom they buk hands and bend in the plane and space is made, qoiatbend when terms are "options" added to the word. for example, the methodology‘ls transfer back to bend and the like. bend your legs the term is used. for example, o ‘ng to bend the leg, bend the right leg forward signals, o ‘ng signals bend the leg back right leg to the side to bend, bend the knee of the right leg to one side and signals. the initial condition that have been left hands and shoulders, behind the head, the chest, in front of and others behind without chalishtirilgan. concerning: qo‘l the legs, moving around the girth of the head, as well as means to convert from gimnastik the top of your legs. down:gavin is a term which means to bend them. there are the following types of bending: to‘la bending to kerishib down, half down pastlatib forward bend down to reach back down to the ground, and bend down to open your legs wide, bending to embrace. balance — standing feet going, as well as hang or stand on a horizontal mode. the difference is of the following types of balance: on the right leg, bending to maintain the balance, yonlama, anal needless, back bending, frontal, leg hold, chip wrote without your legs to maintain balance. gymnastics is fulfilled by means of the condition of the means to exercise at the name, which was either a‘li toe the main character’lib is. moving your hand finds doing so prujinasimon whom — all bo'g ‘ins baravariga bend, holistic prujinasimon is made to move in different directions. the ‘lqinsimon — do'ngsimon yarimcho'qqayishdan boshlanailir.finnish toe“g ‘who wrote one of the series that have been accounted for, the latter buk.complex consisting of li holist ic try.to'lqinsimon there are the following types of action: looking forward to ‘lqinsimon left and right to lomonga‘lqinsimon action. fulfilled in terms of exercise equipment. keep — hold equipment for a method. keep there are the following types: over to keep it varied from the bottom to keep, to keep, to keep, reverse chahshtirma to keep to keep, wide, narrow to keep a unified, to keep to keep deep,keep the word to fall out according to the rules qoldirijadi reduction. osilish — equipment involved in a condition that is low to keep from yelkasi point, there are the following types of osilish: simple osilish, this equipment is often kept a certain part of the body with the hand, the mixture osilish — gavin used to rely on extra part of it any more. simple osilish: osilish, whom finds doing so osilish hands bend, bend and osilish, kerishib osilish and the like. mixed osilish: cho'qqayib osilish. standing osilish situation, lay osilish, stand osilish. on — going high point yelkasi from the base condition. due to rely on simple and mixed. simple review: to rely on the ankle to rely on to rely on the qollari, bend to the seat to rely on, to rely on the back, to rely rectangular. to rely on mixed; o ‘ng to put on the back left leg back three feet cho'qqayib boosting the transfer or transmission, gavin lay on hands to bend, transfer back to the left foot and the like. sit — sitting at the equipment condition. there are the following types of sit: sit with your legs in the number of sit qo'shpoyalarda kerib and other. fulfilled by the onset of exercise can be described with the following terms means: jump, come running, hang on, stood on, sit on your hand, and the like. carry — hang higher or lower, switch to lean on rely on to stand out. there are the following types of rise: alternating-time power to carry with, to raise the voltage, a foot siltab the revolution he raised a foot to pick it up, raised both feet on to the rosti is raised gavin and the others. to throw down — up trying to reverse. remove down gradually. rotational — start to lean in gymnastics, the equipment around the rotary axis scan. there are the following types of circulation: kerib your legs become lean forward, lean forward or back to turn, to become great. turn — around gavin harakallanishi the steep axis. there are the following types of turn: forward siitanib turn, turn back siitanib the leg to the sky stand up, turn and other. foot stand transferred to heaven — athletes on any part of the body, feet stretched up the erect http://www/ 356 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us condition. there are the following types of such stand: yelkada hand in a manual and others. methods of implementation: kuchanib, siitanib, bend, and kerishib and the like. vibration — rotational axis relative to free scan, the method of execution: with the power, bend and jump to complete. there are several to shake the bottle — vibration is called. yoysimon vibration — swipe yoysimon try to lean switch. nara tebranma going to fly in conjunction with devices that. to stand a couple of flying to fly is called. to become among the hand — luraltirib yelka unit of a particular situation, gavin's work o ‘qi atro when turning. such rotation can be o'nalishiga looking back and forth. of necessity, the implementation is shown using a vibration janda, larakatlarini set to shake the bottle to the following terms are used rotational — holistic feet moving, turning below thegof i boise types: circulation in his right leg, o ‘ng aylatish foot to left from left to right, turning back, turning back from the right, turned ylanish and others. buk unity despite ylanish fulfilled your legs, ko'ndahng to become kerishib turning and the like. chalishtirib to the opposite i'tkazish ovni one of your legs. such a simple and authorized persons/.short chalishtirib is called to the work. 'halishtirishning while he types the desired accuracy estimate is referred to. flying o ‘teeth — qoi gimnastikthe twigbee to put, send, to the second side of and equipment as well as equipment from two or dent a man had two sons from two wood qo'shpoyaning a man had two sons. jump to fall — or hang in the type of situation rely on gymnastics equipment down to the ground to jump. jump forward to the fall of vibration, back vibration, forward or back siitanib turned yoysimon, rotation, revolution, out of whose hands like from among salto types. jump — oyoqiarda depsinib in free flight after a certain distance from the barrier or pass. jump on — supplement is carried out on the qoi. bend your legs and jump jump, jump your legs kerib, yonlama jump, jump, rectangular, revolution he like jump types. earthquakes — depsinib after initial siitash your legs back. how many of a similar atamalrni gymnastics apply. summary: k gymnasticsto work every yoqlama show the effects of the body. gymnastic exercises is to improve the functions of all the bodies of the men using. therefore, the overall physical development of the person and driving functions to deliver any of his abilities with the help of gymnastics yoqlama identities will be solved. physical exercise incredibly diverse applyingtto select those that show the effectso‘the norms and regulation of the educational process of physical goods strictly in particular, m iscontinuous and combined go ashqlarni complex, and in order of capacity qn can use in the same workout. however, the exercise of options is passed to the study of the time-the same time the exercise itself also murakkablashtirilgan, element, however, a man had two sons two you're done adding a new combination is included in the act reaches etc. the methods they use to solve the different tasks of the same exercise a diversity of ways by way of a change can be made. used literature: 1. сайфиев, х., & саидова, м. 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(2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (29932599), 1(9), 50–54. http://www/ 447 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 strategies to promote inclusive education for high school students with different learning styles avganova gulfira navoi state pedagogical institute, navoi abstract: inclusive education is essential for the academic and social development of high school students with different learning styles, and implementing effective strategies can help create a supportive and inclusive learning environment. plus, prioritizing inclusive education for high school students with different learning styles is also significant their academic success and overall well-being. by understanding the importance of learning styles, using effective strategies, providing teacher training, and creating a supportive school culture, schools can promote an inclusive learning environment that caters to the diverse needs of all students. it is crucial to ensure that every student has the opportunity to thrive academically and socially through inclusive education. keywords: inclusive teaching, learning style, visual learners, auditory learners, kinesthetic learners, tactile learners, tactile learners, high school students, language skills, mainstream schooling. introduction inclusive education aims to provide equal opportunities for all students, including those with different learning styles, by accommodating their individual needs and ensuring their participation in the educational process. high school students with diverse learning styles, such as visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile learners, often face challenges in traditional classroom settings. therefore, it is crucial to explore and implement strategies that promote inclusive education for these students. this research examined the impact of learning styles on learners who study at different levels or in different circumstances, with the aim of improving teaching and learning in language classrooms. additionally, the goal of this study is to contribute to improving the efficiency of instruction. in order to successfully acquire language skills, including speaking, listening, reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary, it therefore attempts to investigate the learning styles of the students as well as their learning tactics. furthermore, implementing inclusive education benefits all students, not just those who learn differently. it promotes diversity, fosters empathy and understanding, and prepares students for the real world, where they will face individuals with a wide range of skills and learning styles. students with various learning styles may suffer negative effects on their self-esteem, academic achievement, and social integration if they are excluded from mainstream schooling. as a result, inclusive education in high schools can be prioritized. literature review inclusive education is the most essential component of a high school students’ academic, social and emotional development. when kids with and without impairments participate and study in 448 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the same classroom, it's known as inclusive education. regardless of their areas of strength or weakness, it also unites all students in a single classroom and community and encourages them to reach their full potential. encouraging various learners with impairments, varied linguistic and cultural origins, and different learning styles to be exposed to teaching practices that cater to their unique learning styles is known as inclusion (boyle and sharma, 2015). differentiated instruction is a research-based approach that has been shown to be effective in promoting inclusive education (tomlinson & allan, 2000). this approach involves tailoring instruction to meet the individual needs of students, allowing them to learn at their own pace and in their own way. additionally, the multisensory teaching approach has been found to be effective in supporting students with reading, spelling, and handwriting difficulties (birsh & carreker, 2016). this approach engages multiple senses to enhance learning and can be beneficial for students with diverse learning needs. the five main principles of inclusive education are fairness, equality, human rights, respect, and shared responsibility. it entails setting up a shared learning environment where students from all backgrounds and skill levels can come together to grow and learn. all of them receive the proper assistance to enable them to develop into whole people. understanding the different tactics that have been used and how well they work to create an inclusive learning environment is crucial for promoting inclusive education for high school students. curriculum modification is one strategy that has been widely studied in the promotion of inclusive education for high school students. according to the article "curriculum modification in inclusive education" by forlin, chambers, and loreman (2011), curriculum modification involves adapting the curriculum to meet the needs of diverse learners, including students with disabilities. the authors argue that curriculum modification is essential in providing all students with access to the same educational content and opportunities for learning. they also emphasize the importance of individualized instruction and support for students with disabilities in order to promote their inclusion in the general education classroom. teacher training is another crucial strategy for promoting inclusive education for high school students. in their study "inclusive education: teachers' attitudes and perceptions" (2015), kaya and gultekin highlight the importance of providing teachers with training on inclusive teaching practices, differentiation strategies, and classroom management techniques. the authors found that teachers who received training on inclusive education were more likely to create an inclusive classroom environment and support the diverse needs of their students. peer support programs have also been shown to be effective in promoting inclusive education for high school students. according to the article "peer support and inclusive education" by carter and hughes (2012), peer support programs pair students with and without disabilities to work together on academic projects, social activities, and extracurricular events. the authors found that these programs help to foster positive relationships between students of all abilities and create a sense of belonging and acceptance within the school community. when it comes to different learning styles of high school students teaching high school students with different learning styles requires the use of effective strategies to ensure that all students have equal opportunities for success. differentiated instruction is a research-based approach that has been shown to be effective in promoting inclusive education and catering to diverse learning needs (tomlinson & allan, 2000). this approach involves tailoring instruction to meet the individual needs of students, allowing them to learn at their own pace and in their own way. by providing multiple pathways to learning, differentiated instruction can support students with various learning styles. in addition to differentiated instruction, the multisensory teaching approach has been found to be effective in supporting students with reading, spelling, and handwriting difficulties (birsh & carreker, 2016). this approach engages multiple senses to enhance learning and can be beneficial for students with diverse learning needs. by incorporating visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements into instruction, teachers can address the needs of students with different learning styles. 449 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us furthermore, technology has the potential to support inclusive education by catering to different learning styles and providing personalized learning experiences for students. o'bannon and britt (2011) discuss the impact of technology on student learning styles and emphasize the importance of leveraging technology to accommodate diverse learning preferences. by using educational technology tools that offer customizable learning experiences, teachers can effectively address the needs of students with different learning styles. generally, a combination of differentiated instruction, multisensory teaching approaches, and technology integration can provide effective strategies for teaching high school students with different learning styles. methods the impact of programs to promote inclusive education for high school students with diverse learning styles was investigated in this study using a mixed-methods approach. in order to evaluate the effects of technological integration, multimodal teaching methods, and individualized instruction on student learning outcomes, quantitative data was gathered using surveys and assessments. to acquire a better understanding of the experiences of educators and students with a range of learning challenges, observations and interviews were used to collect qualitative data. in order to guarantee that the results could be applied to a wider range of students, the study was carried out in a high school environment. result the study's findings showed that technological integration, multimodal teaching strategies, and customized instruction were successful in fostering an inclusive education for high school students with various learning preferences. academic performance and participation in learning activities improved for students who received individualized teaching. students who struggled with spelling, reading, or handwriting were found to benefit from the multifaceted teaching approach since it gave them multiple learning routes. furthermore, it has been demonstrated that technology integration supports a range of learning preferences by providing students with adaptable learning opportunities. discussion the results of the research emphasize the significance of using practical tactics to support inclusive education for high school students with various learning preferences. teachers can address the unique needs of their students and establish a supportive learning environment by utilizing technology integration, differentiated instruction, and multisensory teaching approaches. teachers may guarantee that all students have equal possibilities for success by utilizing educational technology resources, adjusting lessons to match individual requirements, and incorporating many senses into learning activities. the study also highlights how important it is for educators to continue their professional development in order to fulfill the various requirements of their pupils and apply these tactics in an efficient manner. conclusion in conclusion, the present methods and difficulties in fostering inclusive education for high school students with diverse learning styles have been clarified by this study. the findings have demonstrated that although the value of inclusive education is acknowledged, methods for assisting these pupils are not consistently applied. in order for kids to thrive in the classroom, teachers frequently find it difficult to differentiate instruction and make the necessary accommodations. but the survey also found some successful tactics that have been well-received by educators and students alike, like flexible seating arrangements and peer tutoring. these results point to areas where inclusive education promotion in high schools could be strengthened. it is evident that additional professional development and resources are required in the future to assist educators in putting inclusive education concepts into practice. in order to fulfill each 450 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us student's unique learning demands, more efforts should be made to offer more individualized support and accommodations. finally, this study highlights how critical it is to keep working to enhance inclusive education methods in high school education. regardless of their preferred method of learning, every student has the chance to succeed academically and socially by tackling the obstacles and putting good solutions into place. reference 1. boyle & sharma, u (2015). inclusive education – worldly views? british journal of support for learning, 30(1), 2-3. doi: 10.1111/1467-9604.12077 2. forlin, c., & chambers, d. (2011). teacher preparation for inclusive education: increasing knowledge but raising concerns. asia-pacific journal of teacher education, 39, 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866x.2010.540850 3. birsh, j. r., & carreker, s. (2016). multisensory teaching approach for reading, spelling, and handwriting. perspectives on language and literacy, 42(4), 13-19. 4. tomlinson, c. a., & allan, s. d. (2000). differentiated instruction: a research basis. national association of secondary school principals. retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ed442087.pdf 5. o'bannon, b. w., & britt, v. g. (2011). the impact of technology on student learning styles: are we making a difference? journal of research on technology in education, 43(2), 177192. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866x.2010.540850 https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ed442087.pdf 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх issues of forming a digital real estate management base akhmedova nilufar shuxratovna, mirdjalilova dildora shuxratovna, asadova maftuna sa’dullayevna tashkent architecture and civil engineering university abstract real estate has always played an important role in society, in the system of socio-economic relations. the result of the activities of persons engaged in any business depends on the efficiency of the operation of real estate. real estate makes up a relatively high cost and socially significant part of the property. it follows that the issue of improving the management of real estate remains relevant. this article highlights the role of surveying services in improving the efficiency of real estate management and the issues of their implementation in the national real estate market. keywords: real estate, management, management infrastructure, services market, professional clients, consulting services, surveying organization, real estate management standards, analysis of the real estate market. introduction: surveying services are essential for the professional management of real estate in any market. in uzbekistan, the market for real estate is rapidly growing, and surveying services are in high demand. however, there are several problems that hinder the formation of surveying services for professional management of real estate in uzbekistan. this article will explore these problems and provide recommendations on how to solve them. uzbekistan is a country located in central asia, with a population of over 34 million people. the country has a diverse economy, with industries ranging from agriculture to natural resources to manufacturing. the real estate market in uzbekistan has been growing rapidly in recent years due to various factors, including economic growth, urbanization, and population growth. according to a report by the world bank, the real estate sector in uzbekistan has grown by an average of 10% annually over the past decade. an analysis of the real estate market showed that housing sales in uzbekistan increased by 30% over the month. cerr experts explain this by a sharp increase in mortgage lending in august this year, which in turn affected the positive dynamics of sales in all regions. the center for economic research and reforms (cerr) regularly analyzes changes in demand in the real estate market in uzbekistan. in august 2022, the number of registered real estate purchase and sale transactions in uzbekistan amounted to 26.5 thousand, which is 30% more (+6.2 thousand) than in july (20.3 thousand). since the beginning of the year, the growth in housing sales amounted to 8.5% (172.7 thousand). 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. changes in the number of executed contracts for the sale of real estate a sharp increase in mortgage lending in august by 37% compared to july (from 1.1 trillion sums to 1.5 trillion sums) influenced the positive dynamics of purchases and sales in all regions. high growth rates were noted in karakalpakstan by 2.3 times, samarkand 75% and jizzakh regions 41%. compared to august 2021, the number of real estate purchase and sale transactions increased by 22% (+4.7 thousand). changes in prices on the secondary market according to calculations, the growth of the average cost of housing in the secondary market in august this year amounted to 0.5% per month (in june-2.7%, in july-2.5%). a significant increase in the cost of housing is observed in khorezm 6.1%, kashkadarya-1.9% and ferghana regions-1.8% ( figure 2). figure 2. changes in prices for secondary housing in tashkent and regional administrative centers (in us dollars per 1 sq. m) 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the decrease in housing prices was recorded in surkhandarya 5.3%, andijan 2.1%, syrdarya 1.2% and navoi regions-1.1%. on the secondary real estate market in moscowin tashkent, price growth slowed slightly and amounted to 1.4% (in june, 2.4%, in july, 2.9%). the largest increase in housing prices was recorded in chilanzar, almazar and shaykhontohur districts. in the sergeli district, a decrease in prices was recorded (figure 3). figure 3. number of concluded real estate purchase and sale agreements in tashkent and the tashkent region at the same time, since the beginning of the year, average prices in the capital have increased by 13% (7% in the republic), which indicates an increase in demand for housing, including as a result of the influx of foreign citizens. surveying services are crucial for the professional management of real estate in any market. these services include property valuation, land surveying, cadastral surveying, topographical surveying, and building surveying. surveying services help to ensure that real estate transactions are transparent, accurate, and fair. they also help to identify potential problems with real estate properties, such as boundary disputes, zoning violations, and structural issues. problems of forming surveying services for professional management of real estate in the market of uzbekistan: 1. lack of regulation: one of the main problems facing the formation of surveying services in uzbekistan is the lack of regulation. there are currently no laws or regulations that govern the practice of surveying in the country. this means that anyone can claim to be a surveyor, regardless of their qualifications or experience. this lack of regulation undermines the credibility of surveying services and makes it difficult for consumers to distinguish between competent and incompetent surveyors. 2. lack of training: another problem facing the formation of surveying services in uzbekistan is the lack of training. there are no formal training programs for surveyors in the country, and most surveyors learn on 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the job. this means that there is a wide variation in the quality of surveying services provided in uzbekistan. some surveyors may be highly competent, while others may lack the skills and knowledge required to perform their duties effectively. 3. lack of standardization: a further problem facing the formation of surveying services in uzbekistan is the lack of standardization. there are no standard procedures or guidelines for conducting surveys in the country. this means that different surveyors may use different methods and produce different results, even when surveying the same property. this lack of standardization makes it difficult for consumers to compare surveying services and choose the best provider. 4. lack of technology: another problem facing the formation of surveying services in uzbekistan is the lack of technology. many surveyors in the country still use traditional methods, such as measuring tapes and theodolites, which can be time-consuming and prone to error. this makes it difficult for surveyors to keep up with the demands of the real estate market and provide accurate and timely services. 5. lack of public awareness: finally, a problem facing the formation of surveying services in uzbekistan is the lack of public awareness. many consumers are unaware of the importance of surveying services in the real estate market and may not know how to choose a competent surveyor. this lack of awareness can lead to consumers being taken advantage of by unscrupulous surveyors who provide substandard services. recommendations: to address the problems facing the formation of surveying services in uzbekistan, several recommendations can be made: establish regulation: the government of uzbekistan should establish laws and regulations that govern the practice of surveying in the country. these regulations should require surveyors to meet. despite the importance of surveying services in the real estate market, the formation of such services in uzbekistan faces several challenges. these challenges include the lack of regulation, training, standardization, technology, and public awareness. the next section of this essay will discuss each of these problems in detail. references: 1. tuychiev n.yu., mirkhoshimov a.m., plakhtiy k.a. fundamentals of real estate valuation. toolkit. tashkent: adolat, 2000. 2. kholmirzaev sh. ya. "the influence of regional factors on the cost of real estate and ways to optimize it." thesis. tashkent: 2020. 3. ziyaev, m.k., & mirdzhalilova, d.sh. (2019). professional property management and the role of servicing companies in the market. architectural construction design magazine tiace 2019 issue 1. 4. asaul, a.n., & karasev, a.v. (2001). real estate economics. moscow: mikhs. 5. mirdzhalilova, d.sh., & yusupdzhanova, n.u. (2018). concept of service and its features. international scientific and practical internet conference "trends and prospects for the development of science and education in the context of globalization." pereyaslavkhmelnitsky. 6. public disclosure authorized: on the way to a prosperous and inclusive future uzbekistan: second systematic country diagnostic. uzbekistan-2022 7. andrew e. baum; david hartzell “real estate investment and finance” isbn: 9781119526124 publication date: 2020-10-30 180 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 prospects of the construction industry in uzbekistan and issues of improving the audit system in it abdullayev khurshidjon nazrullo ogli lecturer of the department of public administration, tashkent state university of law abstract: this article discusses the issues of conducting audits at enterprises operating in the construction sector of our country. at the same time, the stages of inspections at construction enterprises were analyzed and proposals were made to improve the industry. keywords: internal audit, construction enterprises, standard, project. introduction in our country, as it is in the world's leading countries, the increasingly developing construction industry doubles the responsibility of industry representatives like us. first of all, this puts difficult tasks before the representatives of the industry. the president of the republic of uzbekistan, sh. mirziyoev, while inspecting the new construction projects in the country, emphasized that "it is necessary to pay special attention to environmental aspects in the timely and high-quality construction of projects"[1]. taking the lead in the field of engineering and technology policies for urban planning and construction, enhancing labor productivity, increasing the value of construction and installation works, implementing innovative projects and initiatives that ensure efficient use of resources from the perspective of energy efficiency, and developing activities for the construction of settlements, regulatory schemes for the republic, the republic of karakalpakstan, regions, the city of tashkent, districts, and cities, establishing the production and approval of their main regulations and other urban development documents, conducting monitoring on their implementation, and improving and updating the normative-legal basis of urban planning and urban development activities, aligning the formulation, planning, construction, and production of construction materials and products with standards are identified as important tasks. let's review the results achieved in the field over the past years through timely implementation of these tasks in the table below. table 1 construction works (growth rate, %) [2] territories 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 republic of uzbekistan 118,8 107,2 106,0 114,3 122,9 109,5 106,8 106,6 republic of karakalpakstan 105,3 89,4 112,3 125,8 128,0 107,0 103,8 107,3 andijan 107,1 106,4 103,1 121,8 99,3 109,5 108,7 109,2 bukhara 116,2 98,2 106,4 119,8 114,9 117,0 111,8 101,5 jizzakh 105,6 109,7 99,0 129,0 146,9 101,5 116,2 107,0 kashkadarya 124,9 114,4 99,9 110,9 103,2 98,3 117,6 105,3 navoi 102,2 100,3 105,4 147,5 125,6 94,6 116,8 105,5 181 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us namangan 102,6 108,6 102,4 123,0 140,8 118,3 109,1 108,5 samarkand 119,5 100,2 95,3 119,6 126,2 111,7 117,8 111,8 surkhandarya 118,9 106,7 107,3 129,7 121,2 109,0 112,9 101,6 syrdarya 117,1 100,2 99,8 149,0 158,2 110,2 109,9 99,7 tashkent 109,4 100,2 100,3 131,1 155,8 107,8 115,3 108,6 fergana 109,0 102,8 95,4 120,4 118,8 115,3 115,3 113,8 khorezm 116,0 101,8 108,2 114,0 119,3 97,4 130,9 101,8 tashkent city 107,3 102,8 120,5 136,5 135,5 106,6 118,3 104,4 the table above shows that, in terms of the administrative divisions, the regions with the highest population growth rates within the republic are the kashkadarya and samarkand regions, while the syrdarya and navoi regions are considered to have a relatively lower population growth rate. in general, 118 out of 120 cities in our country have a master plan. 205 out of 1,080 townships have also been provided with a master plan. of course, each master plan is reviewed by the republican architecture and urban planning council under the cabinet of ministers and the architecture-urban planning council under the regional construction directorate. in addition, the buildings and structures being built based on these plans are approved by the architectural and urban planning councils of the regions in a weekly meeting. at the next stage, projectestimate documents will be developed and examined. therefore, every legal device is scheduled to go through this procedure. the larger the enterprise, the more complex the technology, and especially if it works with a direct impact on the environment, the more important it is to take into account the costs of protecting nature. because, the higher the level of the business entity's relationship with the environment, the more and more diverse the funds allocated to this direction will be [3]. enterprises operating in the field of construction also deal directly with issues of environment and nature protection during their activities. in recent years, 22 decisions and decrees aimed at the development of the construction industry have been adopted. in the last five years, more than 8,000 apartment buildings with 250,000 apartments were built. this brought light to the hearts of 250,000 families. the dreams of the brothers living in a small house as a family of 3-4 have come true. of course, there is a saying that the past short 5-6 years period is being sealed as a new history. in particular, another historic document was adopted on december 9, 2021. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on measures to build "new uzbekistan" massifs and ensure socio-economic development of the regions was a matter of interest to thousands of citizens in need of housing. with this decree, it was also aimed to increase the social production potential of the regions and improve their infrastructure. today, 29 massifs have been selected in our country and practical work has been started. the construction industry plays an important role in the development of the economy of any country. it is he who participates in ensuring the interaction of the main components of the economy and the integrity of the entire economic complex. in recent years, a number of works have been carried out on the basis of modern approaches for the development of the economy of our country. the stable development of auditing activities in the field of construction does not yet fully meet the requirements for it. in the past years, the normative legal and methodological basis of auditing was formed in our country, as well as a simplified and unlimited system of auditing activity licensing was introduced, which made it possible to form the audit services market and ensure the entry of local auditing organizations into large international networks of auditing companies. but there is still not enough competition in the audit services market. the development of the field is hindered by the fact that the national standards of audit activity do not fully correspond to the generally recognized international audit standards and the absence of an effective system of external control of the quality of audit organizations' work. 182 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the audit aimed at assessing the quality of work in the construction sector is directly related to the correctness of the fulfillment of the initial requirements. therefore, one of the important tasks of the construction project audit is the technical evaluation of all the completed works and the assessment of their compliance with the initial permits and calculations. the quality system in the construction industry has features that are reflected in the audit of construction organizations, and there are several conditions for such features: first, for the successful implementation of construction projects, it is necessary to organize the following two systems:  the quality system of the construction organization is based on the requirements of the standards. for example iso 9001:2015;  quality system of each individual construction project. it is based on the individuality of the systems. the quality of the organization and the standards that are mandatory for use in a particular project (for example, state (guest) standards, sro standards). second, the implementation of a construction project usually involves several organizations from units for small projects to several hundred for large projects. at the same time, each organization can have its own quality system, and the quality system of the completed project must be the same for all project participants. thirdly, the conditions for implementation of construction projects may be different. the external environment can also have a significant impact on the process, which, along with the organization of work, also affects the performance of the employees of the construction organization. during the analysis of the main principles of audit activity in construction enterprises, the following are distinguished and the principles of internal audit are considered: consistency, integrity, compliance, regularity, functional and organizational independence, objectivity, timeliness, appropriateness and efficiency. we consider the audit objects of construction enterprises in the following picture (figure 1): figure 1. objects of construction organization audit. depending on the tasks of construction enterprises, the audit can be divided into internal and external types. on the other hand, the purpose of the audit in construction organizations is to assess the compliance of the work with the customer's requirements for each specific project. the main focus of the audit is to verify the fulfillment of the contract requirements. the audit is carried out in accordance with all the requirements of the contract, while the management system of the construction organization affects only the part related to the execution of this contract. conducting these practices in construction organizations is aimed at identifying inconsistencies 183 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the application of internal audit system requirements. the main purpose of the audit is to check the fulfillment of system requirements. for all projects carried out by the organization, it is carried out in accordance with the quality and contract requirements and the requirements of audit systems. the internal audit service of the construction organization has several main goals:  achieving effective and economic use of the organization's resources;  timely identification of facts of violations and their elimination;  ensuring compliance with the normative legal documents of the republic of uzbekistan, and decisions of the management bodies of the organization. in conclusion, conducting audits in the construction sector involves implementing several complex operations. to improve the audit system in the field, the following objectives are pursued:  applying international audit standards in construction companies to enhance the audit system;  enhancing the certification and skills development system for auditors in accordance with international practices;  studying the legislation and advanced experience of foreign countries in the field of regulating audit activities by the state and developing a draft law on "amendments and additions to the law of the republic of uzbekistan on audit activities" to ensure the direct implementation of norms that comply with the specified criteria and addressing the identified challenges in compliance with the law. references: 1. sh.m. mirziyoev. a speech at a meeting about creative projects. 07.08.2023.https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/6539 2. data from the official website of the statistics agency.https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiystatistika/construction-2 3. s.q. makhmudov. dissertation written for getting phd in economics, ways to improve nature conservation cost accounting and environmental audit. p. 46. tashkent. 2007 https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/6539 https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/construction-2 https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/construction-2 232 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 religious, scientific and philosophical works of abulqasim qushayri kodirov davronbek hoshimovich the doctor (phd) of the bukhara state university, m. ikbol, 11, bukhara, uzbekistan e-mail: dagotys@mail.ru abstract the article analyzes the works of the famous sufi and thinker abulqasim abdulkarim qushayri, the information about their research by researchers. keywordssocial and political environment, cultural life, sufism, understanding, state, islam, thinking, shafiism, asharism, hanafism. introduction when studying the history of sufism, the first necessary step is to research this issue from a historical and philosophical point of view. after all, historical analysis helps to understand the extent to which the subject under study has been researched in foreign and domestic science, and also provides the necessary primary data for future research. the encyclopedic information about abulqasim qushayri and his scientific heritage gives a general idea of the fact that this topic has been developed in addition to special studies devoted to the study of sufism. in this sense, it is appropriate to distinguish between western and arabic and persian language sources on islamic thought, especially sufism philosophy. due to the lack of specific research on the life and legacy of the thinker, it is necessary to use the works of qushayri themselves and the comments, articles and information written on them for the historical-philosophical analysis. therefore, in the research of qushayri's life, the period in which he lived, and his scientific-philosophical heritage, it is important to distinguish the sources as follows. main part information and articles about abul qasim qushayri are available mainly in special encyclopedias devoted to islam, which provide very shallow information. there is no separate article about qushayri in the russian religious dictionary ("entsiklopediya po religii") under the editorship of m. eliade. in the islamic encyclopedias of russian researchers a. ali-zade, a. d. knish, as well as in french and english encyclopedias edited by s. schmidke, a. r. badavi, n. sims-williams, little information about qushayri is given. [1, b. 445] most of these sources have short articles on abul qasim qushayri, and the list of his works includes the qur'anic commentaries "subtle reflections on the qur'an" and "risalai qushayriyya". in western encyclopedias, qushayri is shown not only as a theoretician of sufism, but also as the author of the concept of the science of truth, which is certainly an achievement of european mailto:dagotys@mail.ru 233 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us orientalists. in the description of his work on the commentary of the qur'an, four levels of understanding of the holy book are distinguished: 1. a phrase is a rational interpretation, which is considered knowledge intended for public reading; 2. sign a symbolic interpretation intended for the intellectual elite (characters); 3. latoif (subtle aspects) the meanings of the qur'an were understood only by the saints; 4. haqaiq qur'anic knowledge intended for prophets. qushayri is also said to be a famous sufi who tried to harmonize the teachings of sufism with the basic principles of ash'ari theology in the "treatise". the most complete information about him is given in "the encyclopaedia of islam", where qushayri is described as a great ash'ari theologian and scholar of shafi'i school of jurisprudence, then a famous mystic and the author of a famous treatise on sufism. [2, b. 527] the article contains biographical information about the main stages of qushayri's life and work, as well as a detailed bibliography containing the published works of the thinker, the works of his contemporaries and followers. another islamic encyclopedia, e.j. brill's first encyclopaedia of islam 1913-1936, has a shorter article on qushayri than the encyclopaedia of islam. . [3, b. 1054] it provides brief biographical information about abul qasim qusayri and also highlights his main services as a sufism theoretician and theological scholar. at the same time, two works of the thinker "risola fit-tasawwuf" and "shikayat ahli-s-sunna" (complaint about the misfortune that befell the sunnis) were mentioned as the main works of the thinker. however, the second work was not a specific religious work, but a treatise expressing the views of the khorasan ash'ari who fought against the existing authorities of that time. this treatise was written in 1045 to defend the views of the ash'arites and was sent to muslim scholars in different regions of the caliphate. conclusion according to many orientalists, qushayri's main contribution was his "treatise", which entered sufism philosophy as a textbook with the most scientific approach to sufism. a. j. arberry in his "sufism. in his work "islamic mystics", he emphasizes the classification of statuses described by abulqasim qushayri and their explanation. according to him, the most valuable aspect of the "treatise" is that the author clearly answers questions about the meaning of each mystical term. according to arberry, qushayri's analysis is "clear and lucid, perhaps the highest level of sufism theory on this matter." [4, b. 127] r. nicolson in his work "islamic mystics" cites qushayri's thoughts on the essence of guardianship and exemplifies the thinker's point of view that the saint shows grace consciously.[5, b. 126] a. m. schimmel also mentions qushayri in his work on sufism, shows him as a famous scholar who systematized sufism, the author of a great treatise on sufism, and also points out that he defined a number of sufism terms in his work.[6, b. 76] a.d. knish in his work "muslim mysticism" gives some information from the biography of the mystic, and also shows that he was a teacher of khurasan sufis and the main stages of his creative activity. one of the main sources of information on the biography of abulqasim qushayri is tajiddin subki's work "the greatest degrees of the shafi'is". [7, b. 162] also, in studying the complete biography of the thinker, jamal al-din asnavi's "levels of the shafi'is" and abu bakr al-baghdadi's "history of baghdad or the prosperous city" are of great importance. khatib al-baghdadi speaks highly of qusayri, although he is not typical of sufis as a 234 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us scholar of traditional sunni theology. references: 1. ali-zade a. a. kushayri abd al-karim // islamskiy ensiklopedicheskiy slovar. – moskva: ansar, 2007. -s. 445. 2. the encyclopaedia of islam. ed r krammer and others. – leiden,1986. – p 526-527. 3. e.j.brill's first encyclopaedia of islam 1913-1936. –leiden-ny-koebenhavn-koeln, 1987. -p .1054. 4. arberri a.dj. sufizm. mistiki islama. – moskva, 2002. s. 126-127. 5. nicholson r. a. the mystics of islam. – london, 1914. p.126. 6. shimmel a. mir islamskogo mistitsizma. moskva, 2000. s.75-76. 7. knыsh a.d. musulmanskiy mistitsizm. moskva, 2004. s. 146-149. 8. tojuddin as-subkiy. tabaqot ush-shofi’at il-kubro. qohira, 1967. 9. ibrohim basyuniy. imom al-qushayriy. al-qohira, 1972. 10. hartmann r. al-kuschairis darstellung des sufitums mit uebersetzungs. beilage und indices. b., 1914. 11. al-kushayri, abu al-kasim abdal-karim b xavazin. kushayrievo poslanie o sufiyskoy nauke / per knsha a d // stupeni. –sankt-peterburg, 1992. -№ 2 (5). 12. khoshimovich, k. d. (2021). the philosophical foundations of ghazali’s mystical views. international journal of culture and modernity, 6, 38–41. retrieved from https://ijcm.academicjournal.io/index.php/ijcm/article/view/49 13. kodirov davronbek hoshimovich. (2021). spiritual-mental researches of abu hamid ghazali. european journal of research development and sustainability, 2(2), 7375. retrieved from https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/272 14. qodirov d.h. the period in which ghazali lived: the socio-political situation and the spiritual environment // international journal on integrated education. – 2020. – t. 3. – №. 9. – s. 108-111. 15. k,odirov, davronbek xrshimovich (2020) "ghazali and descartes: modern philosophical development of thinking," scientific bulletin of namangan state university: vol. 2: iss. 10, article 38. available at: https://uzjournals.edu.uz/namdu/vol2/iss10/38 16. qodirov d.h. ghazali and descartes: modern philosophical development of thinking // scientific bulletin of namangan state university, 2020. №. 10., p. 256-260. 17. kadirov d.h “al-mavahib us-sarmadia” and the sources given in it concerning the nakshbandi tarikah // the light of islam: vol. 2020 : iss. 1 , article 3., p.18-26. 18. kodirov davronbek hoshimovich. the problem of self-knowledge in abu hamid ghazali // scientific bulletin of namangan state university, 2021. №. 9., p. 244252. 19. hoshimovich, k. d. . (2021). ibn khaldun’s legacy and views. &quot;online conferences&quot; platform, 75–77. retrieved from http://papers.onlineconferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/596 20. davronbek k. theory of knowledge in the tretise of al-gazali “alkistasu-lmustakim”(right scales) //the light of islam. – 2021. – т. 2021. – №. 3. https://ijcm.academicjournal.io/index.php/ijcm/article/view/49 https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/272 https://uzjournals.edu.uz/namdu/vol2/iss10/38 http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/596 http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/596 235 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us – с. 15-22. 21. kodirov, davronbek hoshimovich (2023) scientific and philosophical heritage of abulkasim qushayri. international journal on integrated education, 6 (1). pp. 92-97. issn 2620-3502 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijie/ 22. hoshimovich, k. d. (2023). abul qasim qushayri and cultural life in the khalifat. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 4(4), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/8qhtz https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijie/ https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/8qhtz 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 econometric assessment of the efficiency of enterprise management through the supply of raw materials in oil enterprises. juraeva nodirakhan kurbanovna senior lecturer of fergana state university (phd) abstract the need to comprehensively use the whole system of generalizing and individual indicators in the assessment of management efficiency in oil enterprises arises from the complexity of assessing the efficiency of the management process. because, the effectiveness of management activities in relation to the subject of management can be characterized by quantitative and qualitative indicators. keywordseconometric analysis, effective activity, correlation indicators, resource base, crude oil, industrial products, social efficiency, economic efficiency. introduction quantitative indicators of the management system are a set of labor indicators saving live labor in the field of management (number of management processes, reduction of labor intensity), etc.; indicators of financial efficiency of the management system (reduction of management costs, etc.); includes many factors such as time-saving indicators (reduction of management cycles due to the introduction of information technology, organizational procedures). qualitative indicators of the social effectiveness of management: increasing the scientific and technical level of management; integrated level of management processes; training of managers; increase the level of validity of the decisions made; formation of organizational culture; controllability of the system; job satisfaction; gain public trust; strengthening the social responsibility of the organization; environmental consequences are of particular importance. the effectiveness of qualitative indicators of social efficiency of management can be characterized by facilitating and improving working conditions, improving the psychological environment in the team, establishing normal relations between managers and executives, etc. if, as a result of management rationalization, it is possible to achieve a high level of the above indicators, then there will be a positive shift in the organization of the management system and economic efficiency will be achieved. to improve the management of the organization, to 64 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduce information technologies, a certain amount of investments is required, which requires the evaluation of the management of these investment projects. currently, other approaches to evaluating management efficiency are being developed, in particular, the resource-potential approach to evaluating the effectiveness of the management system. in it, the absolute efficiency of management is expressed as the ratio of production potential to the actual cost of its use. relative efficiency is defined as the ratio of total management effect to costs. methods in preparing the article, such research methods as the method of horizontal and vertical analysis, the formal-logical method, the method of scientific abstraction, and econometric analysis were used. results. thus, in a generalized form, the following criteria of management efficiency can be distinguished: 1. the level of production planning and achievement of these goals (the ratio between the business plan and the actual value was determined). 2. efficiency the ratio of required and actual consumption of resources. 3. profitability is the ratio between income and total costs. 4. productivity the ratio of the volume of physical, cost and other indicators of products (services) in a certain period and the ratio of the price of resources corresponding to a certain volume of production (resources: labor, material, financial, etc.). in our opinion, as a general sum of these mentioned criteria, it is appropriate to evaluate the management efficiency in the enterprise. because the cited criteria covers the period from the production of the management process to the product's readiness, even to the management of the product's cost, the analysis of the category of efficiency, its determining factors, the content and results of the management work, allows us to conclude that the groups of indicators that can function as measurement and efficiency criteria, depending on the organization's purpose and its working conditions, correspond to the content and forms of the manifestation of efficiency. in the research work, the efficiency of management was determined in the selected objects, and an econometric analysis of the factors affecting the effective management process in these enterprises was carried out. its purpose is to help them determine what factors should be paid attention to and what measures should be developed in the management process to develop the future prospects of the enterprise. analyses. to do this, first of all, we will perform an econometric analysis of the influence of factors such as production costs x1, energy consumption x2 and raw material consumption x3 on the change of management efficiency y calculated using the statistical data of the fergana oil and oil enterprise for the years 2008-2020. first, we can check the degree of correlation (strong or weak) between these factors and the resulting factor by conducting econometric analyzes and the correlation coefficient based on the order of selection of factors (table 1). table 1 correlation coefficient of factors affecting management efficiency of "fergana oil-oil" jsc y x1 x2 x3 y 1 x1 0.779227 1 x2 0.687639 0.574075 1 x3 0.781067 0.649826 0.526122 1 65 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1 aboveit can be seen from the data of the table that the resulting factor is all factors related to the management efficiency of "fergana oil-oil" jsc, including production costs x1 ( energy consumption x2 ( and raw material consumption x3𝑟𝑌,𝑋1 = 0,779227)𝑟𝑌,𝑋2 = 0,687639)(𝑟𝑌,𝑋1 = 0,781067)was found to be correctly connected with average density. among the selected factors(𝑟х1,𝑋3 = 0,6498 < 0,8; 𝑟х1,𝑋2 = 0,5741 < 0,8; (𝑟х2,𝑋3 = 0,5261 < 0,8)conditionally, multicollinearity was not observed, and the process can be continued using eviews software, which is now widely used in conducting econometric analyzes (table 2). table 2 the result of checking the regression equation coefficients and quality criteria of changes in the management efficiency of "fergana oil-oil" jsc as a result of the influence of selected factors dependent variable: lny method: least squares date: 04/24/21 time: 10:21 sample: 2008 2020 included observations: 13 variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. lnx1 -0.00771 0.216697 -0.03557 0.0311 lnx2 -0.01445 0.147317 -0.0981 0.0069 lnx3 0.350867 0.13009 2.69711 0.0473 c 1.3842 4.851573 0.28531 0.0191 tjad=2.262157 r-squared 0.924230 there is a mean dependent 4.155419 adjusted r-squared 0.767693 sd dependent 0.386273 se of regression 0.417406 akaike info criterion 1.338143 sum squared resid 1.568047 schwarz criterion 1.511974 log likelihood -4.697932 hannan-quinn criterion. 1.302413 f-statistic 65.42555 durbin-watson stat 1.961808 prob(f-statistic) 0.000074 fjad=8.8123 2 aboveaccording to the data of the table, taking into account that there is a large difference between the indicators of the selected factors and the indicator of management efficiency, we logarithmized the indicator of the factors. according to these values, only from the parameters𝑡х3 = 2.697according to the inequality since𝑡жад < 𝑡х3raw material consumption ‒ x3the significance of the parameter is derived. in fact, the rest of the parameters are insignificant or insignificantmape<10 is checked by the criteria of very close reliability (mean absolute percentage error) and tic<1 (tayl inequality coefficient an alternative measure of tayl forecast accuracy) (1picture). 66 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 lnyf ± 2 s.e. forecast: lnyf actual: lny forecast sample: 2008 2020 included observations: 13 root mean squared error 0.347302 mean absolute error 0.305399 mean abs. percent error 7.460016 theil inequality coefficient 0.041696 bias proportion 0.000000 variance proportion 0.478784 covariance proportion 0.521216 theil u2 coefficient 0.790199 symmetric mape 7.366845 figure 1. of parameter x1 and x2result of mape and tic criteria 1st p. abovebased on the information provided in the namesince mape=7.46<10 and tic=0.042<1x1 and x2 parameters were proved to be significant. now, the significance of the regression equation based on the fisher criterion is determined when α=0.05, k1=8; at k2=3𝐹жад =8.81from the equality to .and from the equality according to the condition𝐹жад < 𝐹ҳисоб𝐹ҳисоб = 65,4since dw=1.96 there is no autocorrelation(---)-regression equation defined below: 𝐿𝑛𝑌 = 0,35𝐿𝑛𝑋3 − 0,01𝐿𝑛𝑋1 − 0,01445𝐿𝑛𝑋2 + 1,4(---) is reliable and adequate, this (---)-regression equation is exponentiated to get rid of the logarithm, and the (---)-regression equation becomes: 𝑌 = 𝑋30,35∗𝑒1,4 𝑋10,01∗𝑋20,01445 (--) if we give an economic interpretation to this (--)-regression equation, it was found that if production costs and energy consumption in the enterprise are reduced by 100%, the efficiency of enterprise management will increase by 0.014% and 0.02%, respectively. however, if the raw material consumption is increased by 100%, the management efficiency is found to increase by 0.47%. in turn, it is appropriate to provide the enterprise with raw materials as much as possible while promoting the relations of economic cooperation in the management of the enterprise, and in this regard, any available opportunity should be used. now we will carry out an econometric analysis of the influence of factors such as production costs x1, energy consumption x2 and raw material consumption x3 on the change of management efficiency y, calculated using the statistical data of "koqon oil-oil" jsc for the years 2008-2020. first, we can check the correlation coefficient between these factors and the resulting factor (strong or weak) by conducting econometric analyzes and the order of selection of factors (table 3). 67 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 3 "kokan oil-oil" jsc managementcorrelation coefficient of factors affecting efficiency y x1 x2 x3 y 1 x1 0.82415 1 x2 0.880117 0.794133 1 x3 0.983351 0.697799 0.735471 1 table 3 aboveit can be seen from the data that all the factors in relation to the management efficiency factor of "koqon oil-oil" jsc with the participation of foreign investors, including production costs x1 (energy consumption x2) and raw material consumption x3𝑟𝑌,𝑋1 = 0,82415)𝑟𝑌,𝑋2 = 0,880117)(𝑟𝑌,𝑋1 = 0,983351)with is found to be correctly connected in strong density. among the selected factors(𝑟х1,𝑋3 = 0,7941 < 0,8; 𝑟х1,𝑋2 = 0,6978; (𝑟х2,𝑋3 = 0,7355 < 0,8)conditionally, multicollinearity was not observed, and the process can be continued using eviews software, which is now widely used in conducting econometric analyzes (table 4). table 4 "kokan oil-oil" jsc managementthe result of the regression equation coefficients and the quality criteria of the change of efficiency as a result of the influence of the selected factors dependent variable: lny method: least squares date: 06/19/21 time: 21:00 sample: 2008 2020 included observations: 13 variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. lnx1 0.675208 0.04289 15.74278 0.0000 lnx2 -0.06084 0.027348 -2.2247 0.0532 lnx3 -0.24515 0.03102 -7.90308 0.0000 c 0.284267 0.087672 3.242392 0.0122 r-squared 0.973849 there is a mean dependent 1.565319 adjusted r-squared 0.965132 sd dependent 0.017584 se of regression 0.003283 akaike info criterion -8.352205 sum squared resid 9.70e-05 schwarz criterion -8.178375 log likelihood 58.28933 hannan-quinn criterion. -8.387935 f-statistic 111.7185 durbin-watson stat 1.818960 prob(f-statistic) 0.000000 table 4 aboveaccording to the data of the selected factors, taking into account that there is a large difference between the indicators of the selected factors and the indicator of management efficiency, we logarithmized the indicator of the factors. according to these values, only from the parameters𝑡х1 = 15.74according to the inequality since𝑡жад < 𝑡х3production costs -x1the significance of the parameter is derived. in fact, the rest of the parameters are insignificant or insignificantchecked by mape<10 and tic<1 criteria (2-picture). 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 lnyf ± 2 s.e. forecast: lnyf actual: lny forecast sample: 2008 2020 included observations: 13 root mean squared error 0.002732 mean absolute error 0.002082 mean abs. percent error 0.132807 theil inequality coefficient 0.000873 bias proportion 0.000000 variance proportion 0.006625 covariance proportion 0.993375 theil u2 coefficient 0.389150 symmetric mape 0.132856 figure 2. of parameter x2 and x3result of mape and tic criteria figure 2 abovebased on the information providedsince mape=0.133<10 and tic=0.0009<1x1 and x2 parameters were proved to be significant. now, the significance of the regression equation based on the fisher criterion is determined when α=0.05, k1=8; at k2=3𝐹жад =8.81from the equality to .and from the equality according to the condition𝐹жад < 𝐹ҳисоб𝐹ҳисоб = 111,7since dw=1.82 there is no autocorrelation(---)-regression equation defined below: 𝐿𝑛𝑌 = 0,6752𝐿𝑛𝑋1 − 0,06𝐿𝑛𝑋2 − 0,24515𝐿𝑛𝑋3 + 0,284(---) is reliable and adequate, this (---)-regression equation is exponentiated to get rid of the logarithm, and the (---)-regression equation becomes: 𝑌 = 𝑋10,6752∗𝑒0,284 𝑋20,06∗𝑋30,24515 (--) if we give an economic explanation to this (--)-regression equation, if today the production costs in the enterprise are 100 mln. if it is increased to 334,000 soums, the efficiency of management will be increased by 334,000 soums, which, in turn, requires the company to revise the future cost estimates and search for optimal cost options. also, it was determined that if the consumption of energy and raw materials in the enterprise is reduced by 100 million, the management efficiency of the enterprise will increase by an additional 189,000 soums. if we make a general conclusion based on the obtained results, taking into account the fact that raw materials are limiting the possibility of working at full capacity at the enterprise, it is appropriate to revise the economic cooperation agreements in the management of the enterprise and develop measures for the seasonal organization of production. defined above"fergana oil-oil" jscwas a model for determining management efficiency: 𝑌 = 𝑋30,35∗𝑒1,4 𝑋10,01∗𝑋20,01445 (--) (--)-regression equation and selected factors as a function of time (when t=14): production costs x1=38605.3+2470.4*t; energy consumption – x2=5695.7+5053.4*t; raw material consumption – x3=36582.8+875.5*t. using the system of formulas, we determine the multi-factor forecast of the management efficiency of the fergana oil-oil enterprise (5-table). table 5 69 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results of multi-factor forecasting of management efficiency of "fergana oil-oil" jsc years management efficiency, mln. soum production costs, million sums energy consumption million soums raw material consumption million soums 2021 134.9 73190.9 76443.3 48839.8 2022 135.5 75661.3 81496.7 49715.3 2023 136, 2 78131.7 86550.1 50590.8 2024 136.9 80602.1 91603.5 51466.3 2025 137.5 83072.5 96656.9 52341.8 2026 138.2 85542.9 101710.3 53217.3 table 5 aboveas can be seen in 2021 compared to 2020, the management efficiency of the enterprise is 134.9 mln. soums, production costs 73190.9 mln. soums, energy consumption is expected to be 76,443.3 million soums and raw material consumption is 48,839.8 million soums. as a result of the multi-factor forecast of the management efficiency of fergana oil-oil jsc using the formula system, in 2026 compared to 2021, the management efficiency of the enterprise is expected to increase by 102.4%, production costs by 116.8%, energy consumption by 133.1%, and raw material consumption by 109%. in 2021-2026, the growth of the enterprise's management efficiency by 102.4% is small compared to other factors. because the increase in the size of the production capacity of the enterprise proportionally leads to an increase in the management efficiency of the enterprise. multifactor econometrics of management efficiency of kokan oil enterprise𝑌 = 𝑋10,6752∗𝑒0,284 𝑋20,06∗𝑋30,24515 (--) model and selected factors depend on time (when t=14): production costs x1=98791.3+16319.4*t; energy consumption – x2=43550.7+8891.4*t; raw material consumption – x3=64892.0+16847.2*t. using the system of formulas, we determine the multi-factor forecast of the management efficiency of the kokan oil-oil enterprise (table). table 6 "kokan oil-oil" jsc managementthe results of multifactorial forecasting of efficiency years management efficiency, mln. soum production costs, million sums energy consumption million soums raw material consumption million soums 2021 155.1 327262.9 168030.3 300752.8 2022 157.6 343582,3 176921.7 317600 2023 160.1 359901.7 185813.1 334447.2 2024 162.6 376221.1 194704.5 351294.4 2025 164.9 392540.5 203595.9 368141.6 2026 167.2 408859.9 212487.3 384988.8 table 6 aboveit can be seen that in 2021, compared to 2020, the management efficiency of the enterprise is 155.1 mln. soums, production costs 327262.9 mln. soums, energy consumption is expected to be 168,030.3 million soums and raw material consumption is 300,752.8 million soums. 70 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion as a result of the multi-factor forecast of the management efficiency of "ko'qon oil-moy" jsc using the formula system, in 2026 compared to 2021, the management efficiency of the enterprise is expected to increase by 107.8%, production costs by 124.9%, energy consumption by 126.5%, and raw material consumption by 128%. in 2021-2026, the size of the increase in the management efficiency of the enterprise by 107.8 percent is small compared to other factors, which means that it is necessary to increase the stock of raw materials in order to increase the management efficiency of the enterprise. because the increase in the size of the production capacity of the enterprise proportionally leads to an increase in the management efficiency of the enterprise. references 1. juraeva, n. (2023). formation of housing and communal sector activities in uzbekistan and theoretical and methodological aspects of their management. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(6), 1228-1233. 2. ханкелдиева, г. ш. (2020). пути эффективного развития инновационной деятельности производственных предприятий республики узбекистан. in наука сегодня фундаментальные и прикладные исследования: материалы международной научно-практической конференции. вологда (p. 29). 3. juraeva, n. q. (2023). foreign experiences of organizing and developing activities of the housing and communal sector. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(5), 144-149. 4. djuraeva, n. k. (2020). improvement of mechanisms of manajement of activities of housholding and communal services enterprises. epra international journal of research & development (ijrd) vol.-5, issue, (9), 97. 5. juraeva, n. k. (2022). socio-economic advantages of using the “local cluster” model in improving the efficiency of housing and communal services in the regions. gospodarka i innowacje., 29, 84-93. 6. kurbonovna, d. n. (2022). priority directions for improving the level of international marketing in foreign economic activities of enterprises. gospodarka i innowacje., 30, 232-239. 7. juraeva, n. k. (2021). theoretical and methodological foundations of housing and communal services management. theoretical & applied science учредители: теоретическая и прикладная наука, 9, 10-16. 178 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 science fiction translation challenges based on ray bradbury's fahrenheit 451 muhtorova gavharbibi nurali qizi termiz university of economics and service abstract: fahrenheit 451 by ray bradbury combines fact and fiction. science fiction is a genre of literature that combines fantastical storytelling with theoretical scientific discoveries to explore the nexus between science fiction and reality. it provokes contemplation about the world's future and is crucial in forecasting a highly technologically advanced world, society, and issues that accompany it. many writers have contributed to technological forecasts, including well-known american novelist ray bradbury, who wrote the science fiction book fahrenheit 451. this article aims to examine theontological juxtaposition of factitiousness and fictitiousness in science fiction literature, specifically in the aforementioned novel. specifically, i will use the linguostylistic method of analysis to highlight the novel's linguistic and stylistic qualities, both literal and figurative, in bradbury's work. finally, i will reveal the cognitive frameworks, resources, meanings, and figurative language of the novel. i will also focus on specific cognitive notions and strategies that condition the factual aspect of the novel and help to create an environment of cognitive estrangement. keywords: cognition, estrangement, factitious linguistic units, fahrenheit 451, fictitious linguistic units, science fiction. anything you dream is fiction, and anything you accomplish is science, the whole history of mankind is nothing but science fiction. (talk: ray bradbury 2014 introduction the 21st century is a world of rapid technology growth and a plethora of cyberspace; we are amazed at the various breakthroughs that validate the centuries-old forecasts about humanity's technologicalization. science fiction is a genre of literature that discusses facts wrapped in fiction, the intersection of science fiction and reality, and imaginative fiction based on scientific discoveries and the ideology of change. it plays a topical and significant role in this kind of prediction. it also causes individuals to conjecture about what lies ahead for the globe and humanity. science fiction futures depict what we perceive to be the greatest and worst aspects of our current reality, expressing both our utopian ideals and our dystopian nightmares. many writers have made predictions about the future of technology and science fiction. some of these writers focus on hard science fiction, which refers to the natural sciences and pure technological advancement, while others write soft science fiction, which discusses socio-political futuristic issues. famous american author ray bradbury is one of the latter, well known for his science fiction book fahrenheit 451. .. therefore, fahrenheit 451's linguostylistics are the focus of this study. the author himself once stated, "i didn't write fahrenheit 451 to predict the future, i wrote it to prevent the future" [in prochnow 2013], despite the fact that the book is a great example of future prediction. one of the main humanistic goals of science fiction literature is, in fact, to 179 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us avert a catastrophic future. the linguistic goal and objective of this study is to reveal the author's unique, in-between-the-lines communications' figurative language, meanings, and cognitive frameworks. hugo gernsback, an editor, journalist, and publisher, first dubbed the genre "scientifiction" [1926], but later on, it became known as "science fiction" because science fiction writers place a strong emphasis on technology and how it relates to imagination. during the late 1930s to the early 1960s, science fiction experienced a golden age (also known as the classic age) characterized by meticulous attention to detail in the natural sciences, particularly physics, astrophysics, and chemistry, as well as accurate depictions of worlds that could be made possible by more advanced technology.2. the current wave of cyberpunk/post-cyberpunk science fiction (1980 onwards) was preceded by the new wave movement (1960–1980)3, which dealt with topics of gender, human relationships, and community and attempted to bring standard literary elements to science fiction. before and at the start of the new wave era, ray bradbury had already gained respect in the field. the current case study aims to shed light on certain facets of fahrenheit 451's and science fiction literature's ontological juxtaposition of factitiousness and fictitiousness. first and foremost, the linguostylistic quirks of the aforementioned text with regard to denotative vocabulary, expressive language, and literal and figurative language are particularly concerning. put another way, by using the linguostylistic and linguopeotic methods of analysis, we are able to reveal some of the novel bradbury's stylistic quirks at the semantic, metasemiotic, and meta-metasemiotic levels of research (gasparyan, 2008). second, it is possible to present not only a literary or linguistic analysis of science fiction, but also to view it in light of certain style-forming cognitive linguistic peculiarities by focusing on particular cognitive notions and strategies that condition the factitious aspect of the genre and help create an environment of cognitive estrangement [suvin 1979: 17]. fahrenheit 451: the intersection of cognition and estrangement even when science fiction defies, ignores, or contradicts particular scientific laws or advances in technology, it nevertheless draws on science for its inspiration. this genre of writing investigates how science permeates, modifies, and changes the themes and worldview of fiction, including partially real, partially imaginary scientific rules or theories whose cognitive content is never questioned. the element of science fiction that helps us comprehend the alien imagery in a particular work of science fiction is called cognition, with all of its rational, logical, objective, and realistic implications. estrangement is the unreal, subjective, imaginative, and desirable vision of a better, distinct personal and sociopolitical future that manifests on a sometimes ordinary, sometimes majestic scale for both the author and the reader. a "totalizing phenomenon or relationship deviating from the author's and addressee's norm of reality," according to d. suvin [1979: 38], is the product of the intersection and collaboration of cognition and estrangement or cognitive estrangement. suvin (1988: 76) argues as follows: ―born in history and judged in history, the novum has an ineluctably historical character. so has the correlative fictional reality or possible world which, for all its displacements and disguises, always corresponds to the wish-dreams and nightmares of a specific sociocultural class or implied addressees.‖ the future in these terms expresses its conditions of possibility – conditions found in the human history of the present and hence – in no way devoid of scientifically possible cognitive solutions. the cognitive approach to reality is one that takes for granted its objectivity. estrangement is a description of reality based on the supposition that the mind and experience are subjective. initially, it appears that the two ideas are at odds with one another. but science fiction is a literary genre where one literary work enhances another. science fiction ostensibly acknowledges the objectivity of the universe it portrays, yet it obviously misrepresents the objective reality as we understand it. it is undoubtedly fictional and absurd, but it is scientific. science fiction can be distinguished from myth, folk (fairy tale), fantasy, and realistic literary mainstream fiction by estrangement. the aforementioned discourses question the author's empirical world's laws as well, but they leave their boundaries and enter a closed universe devoid of cognitive possibilities. in science fiction, the fundamental truth and the potentially predictable future are assumed as givens, while in mythology, folklore, and fantasy, anything is possible 180 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us because they are obviously impossible. therefore, estrangement is the process of removing oneself from the actual world and allowing one's mind to conjure up or produce something that does not yet exist but might in the future. it creates imaginative meanings out of cognitively reasonable concepts as its foundation. thus, cognitive estrangement is the ontological juxtaposition of cognitive concepts andimaginative patterns that create an unreal, nevertheless a logical science fictional world. in other words, cognitive estrangement is the factual reporting of fiction. it has the significant effect of estranging, alienating us from our usual assumptions about reality. through cognitive estrangement science fiction describes unfamiliar things as if they were familiar [suvin 1988]. both the presenceand interaction of cognition and estrangement, reflection of the factitious and the fictitious, the real and the unreal, the objective and the subjective, the literal and the figurative, the semantic and themetasemiotic, the conceptual and the metaphorical is a must for science fiction [muradian 2013: 104]. the linguostylistic expression of cognition/fact and estrangement / word association, frequently prompted by a beloved line of poetry, is how bradbury described his writing process [encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy 2005: 59-60]. j.b. priestley, a literary critic and author, observed in cliffs notes (2015) that bradbury's stories are fueled by "deep feelings of anxiety, fear, and guilt." the two characterizations fit fahrenheit 451's style perfectly. the novel is set in a totalitarian, dystopian future where reading is outlawed and books should be destroyed. the title refers to the alleged temperature at which books burn. fahrenheit 451 plays a significant role in the concept of cognition, which is seen as the factual aspect of science fiction that opposes the fanciful one known as alienation. we should attempt to understand the novel's cognitive framework, resources, semantic meanings conditioned by specific socio-technological advances, and sociological ideologies in order to comprehend its discourse. understanding its alienation models—which are conditioned by tropes, figures of speech, inherent and adhering connotations—and how to interpret them at the metaand metasemiotic levels is equally important. the author's creative mappings, transfers, and fictitious elaborations of the various cognitive connections or disparate arrays of information are a result of her language, which is not merely semantic but rather encourages the construction of meaning in an imaginative context with specific creative, estrangement resources. the story's opening line makes clear a sociological truth: without knowledge (books), society cannot develop consciousness or individual morality; without an ethical framework, there can be no genuine community. the cognitive framework makes it easier to see how any kind of individual intelligence, free thought, or freedom of expression is destroyed, repressed, or imprisoned when books are present. within this overarching framework, the estrangement occurs in the dystopian world of fire. in contrast to his intended goal, guy montag, the protagonist, is the killer of the future. it was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed. with thebrass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon theworld, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazingconductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters andcharcoal ruins of history. he strode in a swarm of fireflies. he wanted above all, likethe old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping pigeonwinged books died on the porch and lawn of the house. [fahrenheit 451, p.] at first sight neutral, the words eaten, blackened, changed increase their stylistic chargewhen we cognize them in association with the fire. metaphorically, the fire is presented as a great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, and the hands of guy montag (burning thebooks) – as the hands of some amazing conductor. burning gives montag a sense of power, as if hehad control over symphonies of blazing and burning (an epithet). like the way a conductor influences music produced by an orchestra, montag feels that he controls the world he burns. themetaphorical expression to bring down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history emphasizes thecultural and historical value of the things burnt. books are a vital part of the cultural heritage, 181 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us yet montag feels nothing but pleasure when burning them. the act of burning is associated withdestructive, irresponsible pleasure. we know this because symphonies are refined, sophisticated, enjoyable musical pieces and comparing the act of burning to that of a symphony tells us that montag sees the burning as a feast for his senses. fireflies are a beautiful scene when they fly inaswarm. the metaphor he strode in a swarm of fireflies describes the sparks and burning embersflying around montag as he walks through the wreckage. the metaphorical utterance the flappingpigeon-winged books died on the porch and lawn of the house contains an epithet (pigeon-wingedbooks) and a personification (books died on the porch and lawn of the house) however, the novel does not end on such a despondent note. the tree of life (p. 77) symbolizing fertility and growth, promises much hope and gives a sense of optimism. the societydepicted in the novel is the metaphorization of our past, present and future, and we are glad to findthat there is hope for regeneration, a change for the better for mankind on this small planet of earth. conclusion there is a special place for science fiction in the literary canon. the crucial contrast of reality and fiction, cognition and alienation, intellect and imagination, and literal and figurative discourses is what determines its originality. in ray bradbury's fahrenheit 451 this contradiction is brilliantly expressed in the cognitive frame of an estranged creative language. the results of this study lend credence to the idea that science fiction should include both cognition and alienation, as well as the linguostylistic representations of each. at first glance, bradbury's estrangement—an escape from cognition—creates a society that may exist in the future (or perhaps already exists) but does not exist in reality. the cognitive framework, resources, meanings, however, is a constant existence in the novel conditioned by certain sociotechnological changesand sociological ideology expressed through certain linguistic units realizing their literal meanings. bradbury’s fahrenheit 451 proved to be a very useful source for our research thanks to the presenceof cognitive notions and richness of figurative language, combined with the hidden-between-thelines authorial messages. references 1. bradbury r. (1953). fahrenheit 451 available from: http://www.neabigread.org/books/fahrenheit451/ readers-guide/epub/ 2. bradbury, r.d. (1953). fahrenheit 451. ny: random house. critical essays: ray bradbury's fiction. availablefrom:http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/f/fahrenheit-451/critical-essays/raybradburys-fiction 3. fauconnier, g., & sweetser, e. (1996). spaces, worlds, and grammar. chicago: university of 4. chicago press. gasparyan, s.k. (2008). lingvopoetika obraznogo sravneniya [lingvistic poetics of figurativecomparison]. yerevan: lusakn publ. gernsback, h. (1926). introduction. in: gernsback, h. (ed.). amazing stories (pp. 5–11). newyork: experimenter publishing. 5. johnson, m. (1987). the body in the mind. the bodily basis of meaning, reason and imagination. chicago: chicago university press. lakoff, g., & johnson, m. (1999). philosophy in the flesh. the embodied mind and its challengeto western thought. new york: basic books. muradian, g.h. (2013). metaphoric blending in science fiction. kalbu studijos. studies about 6. languages, 22, 198–204. prochnow, a. (2013). presentations. available from: https://prezi.com/r1ptinlslvag/fahrenheit-451/ 182 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. scholes, r. (1975). structural fabulation: an essay on fiction of the future. bloomington: indianauniversity press. suvin, d. (1979). metamorphoses of science fiction. new haven, ct:yale university press. talk: ray bradbury (2014). available from: https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/talk:ray_bradbury. westfahl, g. (2005).the greenwood encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy. westport, ct.: greenwood 159 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the financial fallout: unraveling iraq’s turmoil in the wake of the u.s. invasion hisham noori hussain al-hashimy college of computer science and information technology, university of basrah, 61004, iraq yao jinfang zhengzhou sias university, 451150, china waleed noori hussein al-zahraa college of medicine, university of basrah, 61004, iraq haider noori hussain college of science, university of basrah, 61004, iraq abstract: this report examines the financial losses and worsening conditions in iraq caused by the u.s. war. the study will examine the immediate and long-term economic repercussions of the invasion. the introduction covers the u.s. invasion of iraq. the event’s significance and iraq’s post-invasion struggles are highlighted. the issue’s impacts on iraq’s financial stability include infrastructural destruction, economic stagnation, and government financial constraints. this research will reveal how the u.s. invasion of iraq has hurt the country’s economy and finances. economic statistics and topic-related case studies are used. iraq’s gdp has fallen, its unemployment rate has risen, its currency has depreciated, and its poverty rate has risen. debt and a full public sector restrict the government from addressing basic needs. the third component of the research addresses the nation’s economic issues and makes solutions to speed up economic recovery. the ideas include reducing debt, reinvesting in infrastructure, seeking outside support, and establishing excellent governance and accountability. after the u.s. invasion of iraq, the country’s economy has only worsened. immediate action and international cooperation are needed to overcome these obstacles and give iraqis a better future. keywords: financial fallout, unraveling iraq’s turmoil, u.s. invasion. introduction the invasion of iraq by the united states in 2022 was a defining moment in the history of the country and marked a turning point in its progression (noll et al., 2022). the economic situation in iraq was left in shambles as a direct result of the invasion of the nation, which was justified on the grounds that it was necessary to safeguard democracies and maintain political stability (brands, 2023). within the scope of this research, we investigate the myriad of ways in which the invasion of iraq by the united states has contributed to a deterioration of the country’s economic conditions and undermined its financial security. previous research has demonstrated that the significant damage to iraq’s infrastructure, the halting of economic activity, and the imposition of severe financial limits on the iraqi government have resulted in enormous financial expenditures for the iraqi government (al karawi & almashhadani, 2022). this has been the 160 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us case despite the iraqi government being subjected to severe financial restraints. these figures contribute to a better grasp of the short-term monetary repercussions of the invasion; nonetheless, a more comprehensive comprehension of the aftermath is required. the data indicate that the initial costs associated with the invasion are the only ones that are very high. there has been a significant rise in the number of people living in poverty in iraq during the last several years, according to empirical research, which may be attributed to the declining gdp of the nation (polcyn et al., 2023). because of the invasion, oil production and other critical economic sectors were severely hampered, which made an already precarious condition for the country’s economy much worse. as a direct result of the precipitous increase in the number of people who are now jobless, the unemployment rate shot through the roof. as a result of the invasion of iraq, the value of the iraqi dinar was diminished, which resulted in a decrease in the average iraqi’s purchasing power and contributed to the country’s already precarious economic situation. in light of the ever-increasing debt that the nation is facing, the iraqi government is having difficulty achieving the significant social and economic objectives it has set for the country (rivie, 2023). the exorbitant cost of rebuilding after a conflict makes a challenging situation much more onerous. this investigation, which will examine the economic repercussions of the invasion of iraq by the united states in 2003, will go deeper into these conclusions and analyse them further. in order to provide a more accurate picture of iraq’s current economic condition, it is necessary to gather and examine data using a variety of analytical approaches, including qualitative and quantitative approaches (mahmood & ahmed, 2022). this study will investigate how various key economic indicators, including gdp growth, inflation, foreign direct investment, and government debt, have evolved over time. the primary purpose of the research is to provide an all-encompassing analysis of the economy. the primary objective of this study is to analyse the far-reaching impacts that the united states invasion of iraq in 2003 had on the economy of iraq and to shed light on the various consequences that came from that conflict. this research intends to enlighten policymakers, foreign organisations, and other stakeholders on the need for fast action in resolving iraq’s economic crisis and placing the country on the road to a sustainable recovery by providing information based on the findings of this study. this article will begin by providing an overview of the research methodologies that were used, then proceed to present the results, then evaluate the impact of the financial crisis, and then finish with some ideas for how the pain that the iraqi people have undergone as a result of the american invasion might be alleviated. in order to effectively reconstruct iraq’s economy and improve the lives of the people living there, we need to understand the financial repercussions of our actions fully. beyond the realms of politics and the protection of the country, the invasion of iraq by the united states had repercussions that were felt all around the world. as a direct consequence of this action, iraq's economic stability and general well-being have suffered significant setbacks. the purpose of this study is to investigate how the invasion of iraq by the united states impacted that nation's economy, as well as to emphasise the scope of the damage that was caused and the complexity of the problems that have surfaced as a direct consequence of the fight. it has been shown that the economic situation in iraq suffered tremendously as a consequence of the damage of infrastructure, the suspension of economic activity, and the social and economic repercussions that followed the invasion of iraq by the united states. the findings of these investigations have cast some light on the issue; nevertheless, further study is still required to comprehend it fully. this is true on a broad variety of theoretical and philosophical levels, in addition to the more straightforwardly practical and procedural ones. the need to learn more about the economic impacts of the u.s. invasion of iraq in 2003 and to fill in the gaps left by prior studies was the driving force behind the completion of this investigation. the aftereffects of the invasion were the primary focus of the investigation, which was the primary objective of the research. by doing a literature review, examining a range of economic indicators, and looking into case studies pertinent to the topic at hand, this investigation hopes to throw some light on the specific 161 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic challenges iraq has been facing as a direct result of the conflict. the following is a selection of examples of the kinds of research questions that might be asked: 1. what kind of immediate and long-term impacts have the united states invasion of iraq had on the economy of iraq? 2. second, what kind of effects have the war and occupation had on the economy, the rate of unemployment, the value of the currency, and the number of people living in poverty in iraq? 3. thirdly, how would the invasion of iraq impact the ability of iraqi authorities to provide the fundamental needs of the country’s population? the fundamental objective of this study is to get an understanding of the financial and economic repercussions that were caused by the invasion of iraq by the united states in 2003. this research wants to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing answers to these questions and attaining these purposes. the study hopes to assist policymakers and foreign stakeholders by providing information and proposals for alleviating the financial crisis and supporting iraq’s economic recovery. these research topics and objectives may be read about in further depth on this page. the remainder of this essay will investigate the tactics that were utilised, describe the results, evaluate the aftermath, and recommend ideas for tackling the challenges that iraq has encountered since the american invasion. literature review extensive research has been conducted on the economic and financial repercussions that resulted from the united states invasion of iraq. these assessments offer insight into how the invasion has affected significant facets of the iraqi economy. the following is a summary of some of the most significant research conducted in this field: comprehensive analysis of the economic effects of the united states invasion of iraq. in this seminal book, seyfi et al. (2022) conducted an in-depth investigation into the impacts of the american invasion of iraq on the country’s economy. the research utilised various methods, including macroeconomic statistics, case studies, and interviews with relevant parties. the study shed light on the precipitous decline in iraq’s gdp, the skyrocketing rates of unemployment, and the challenges the government faced in attempting to maintain essential services. almashhadani (2023) what the u.s. invasion did to iraq’s oil industry and how it affected its economy. this investigation of the aftereffects of the invasion mainly concentrated on the oil industry because of its central role in the iraqi economy (hussein et al., 2015). the study aimed to investigate the long-term implications for iraq’s economy of the precipitous reduction in oil production and revenue (hasan et al., 2015). according to the findings of the research, economic revitalisation and the revitalisation of the oil industry both require careful strategic planning and investment. al mahdi and fisal (2023) baghdad serves as a case study for the socioeconomic effects that the united states’ invasion of iraq had on iraq. the purpose of this study was to investigate the social and economic repercussions that the invasion had on baghdad as a whole (al-hashimy, 2022a; al-hashimy, alabdullah, et al., 2022; al-hashmy et al., 2022; hussein et al., 2023). this study utilised both quantitative surveys and in-depth interviews with residents of the area to compile its findings. according to the study's findings, the rate of poverty increased, the quality of living conditions deteriorated, and important infrastructure such as hospitals and schools was destroyed. almashhadani (2023) the price tag the iraqi government must pay to repair war damage. the paper included an analysis of the costs that will be incurred by the government of iraq in order to rebuild the country after the battle (al-hashimy, 2022d). by analysing government budgets, levels of public debt, and international financial assistance, the study came to the conclusion that it is difficult to satisfy the requirements of rebuilding while also meeting the needs of social and economic growth asaad and marane (2020) after the united states invasion of iraq, there will be both difficulties and opportunities for foreign direct investment. this study’s objective was to investigate how the invasion of iraq by the united 162 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us states influenced foreign direct investment in that country (hussain, alabdullah, ahmed, et al., 2023; hussain, alabdullah, & kanaan abdulkarim, 2023). it investigated the reasons why foreign direct investment (fdi) flows have decreased, how foreign investors perceive the risks, and what steps should be taken to entice them back into the post-invasion environment (alhashimy, 2018). the importance of political stability, security, and open regulatory frameworks was emphasised in the study as a means to attract foreign direct investment (fdi) (al-hashimy, 2017). this early analysis laid the groundwork for determining the intricate financial consequences of the invasion of iraq by the united states in 2003 (al-hashimy & al-hashimy, 2019). more research is required to determine the specific challenges that the iraqi economy is up against and to establish workable strategies for the country’s long-term economic revitalisation. methodology during the systematic review process, scopus, a well-known database for the extensive coverage of scholarly literature it provides, was utilised. its value was demonstrated by the broad coverage of scholarly literature that scopus provides and its value as a primary reference. it was decided to construct the criteria for selecting publications to include in the systematic review. we were able to cut down on the number of irrelevant things that required careful reading, thanks to establishing these guidelines. methods there were three steps to the systematic review, which were as follows:  the first stage, known as "identifying," involves scanning the scopus database for relevant papers; precise keywords were chosen as search criteria (hussain, 2017). these keywords were chosen to facilitate the discovery of the articles that were most pertinent to the subject matter of the study.  in the second phase, known as the screening phase, articles were disqualified from further examination if they could not fulfil the exclusion level's preset requirements (arumugam et al., 2015). in addition to that, we removed any duplicate articles from the database.  third, the papers that had been read up to this point were checked to see if they qualified for the competition. the final tally did not include any articles that did not satisfactorily meet the requirements that had been set forth. articles that had previously been judged eligible for further consideration were now able to participate in the analysis phase. the process of performing the systematic review is outlined in the research in the form of a flowchart (alhashimy, said, et al., 2022). the reader is provided with a visual representation of the study’s development and the papers chosen to be included in it (al-hashimy, 2019). in this study, the principal approach of data analysis was known as quantitative content analysis (al-hashimy, 2022b). the application of quantitative methodologies was delayed until such time as the listed publications contained an adequate amount of data. however, qualitative research methodologies were utilised in most of the reviewed publications, which is an essential point to bring out. not only does the approach reflect what will be used in subsequent investigations, but it also reflects the actual procedure utilised in the current investigation (al-hashimy, 2022c). results this section will identify and then explain the commonalities found in the results of multiple investigations. the most significant conclusions from the analysed body of research are outlined in the following paragraphs: 1. the invasion of iraq by the united states led to many economic repercussions. according to the findings of the systematic research, the gross domestic product of iraq saw a considerable decline after the invasion by the united states. the growth in the unemployment rate has made life even more challenging for the people of iraq. as a result of the invasion, public service 163 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us provision was damaged, and providing the populace with life-sustaining services became more difficult. 2. the second observation that can be made is the united states invasion and its effect on iraq’s oil industry and economic stability. the findings of the study indicate that the invasion of iraq caused a disruption in oil production and resulted in financial losses for the country. the turmoil in the oil business has had a detrimental effect on the economic security of iraq as well as the country’s potential for long-term progress. 3. the invasion of iraq has ramifications that can be seen in the social and economic spheres. according to the findings of the meta-analysis, the invasion of iraq was directly responsible for a significant rise in the level of poverty that existed in the country. the war resulted in a significant deterioration of living conditions due to the destruction of essential infrastructure. the population had difficulty accessing healthcare facilities, educational facilities, and water purifying systems. discussion the significance and applicability of the study's findings are dissected and analysed in the discussion section. the economic repercussions of the united states invasion of iraq are discussed in the first section of this report. the significant drop in gdp and the sharp ascent in unemployment rates are two indicators that the invasion of iraq had a devasting effect on the economy. according to the findings of this study, it is of the utmost significance to pursue economic diversification to reduce the degree to which the economy is dependent on oil income and to foster long-term prosperity. in the second part of this two-part discussion, we will focus on the implications for iraq’s economy and the oil industry. the loss of oil money and production demonstrates how vulnerable the iraqi economy is to the actions of third parties. it is vital to begin the process of rebuilding and stabilising the oil industry in order to begin the process of recovering iraq’s economy. the economic and social implications, as well as the challenges, part 3: the increasing rates of poverty and the declining quality of life in iraq need the implementation of rapid, focused actions to assist the people living in that country. it is vital to repair the country’s infrastructure and raise the quality of the public services that are accessible to the citizens for the country to overcome the challenges it is currently facing successfully. limitations and recommendations for future studies in this section, we highlight the limitations of our study and offer some recommendations for additional research, including:  an investigation of the political and security consequences of the united states invasion of iraq may lead to the discovery of a more complete picture of the effects of that invasion.  in order to evaluate how the invasion impacted iraq’s society and economy, research needs to look further back in time than the period immediately following the war.  encourage steps to diversify the economy so that it becomes less reliant on revenue from oil and may grow in a way that is not detrimental to the environment.  it is vital to establish comprehensive social welfare initiatives to eliminate poverty, improve the quality of life, and provide social protection for populations more susceptible to being exploited socially.  investing money in the maintenance and reconstruction of essential aspects of the nation’s infrastructure would allow for improved delivery of essential public services. conclusion according to the findings of this study, the invasion of iraq by the united states had significant economic and social impacts. the findings of this study indicate that iraq has experienced a 164 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us considerable decline in gdp along with a corresponding increase in unemployment since the war. the detrimental impact of the invasion on public sector services has made it more difficult to provide essential services to the population. in addition, the money that iraq lost as a result of the interruption in the oil industry following the war was another factor that hindered the country’s capacity to maintain economic improvement and make progress overall. the oil industry's unpredictability draws attention to iraq's economic precariousness and emphasises the need for immediate action to repair and stabilise this essential sector of the economy. two social repercussions of the united states invasion of iraq include the worsening of living conditions and the increase in the percentage of people living in poverty. because of the destruction of infrastructure caused by the battle, it is now considerably more challenging for the people of iraq to receive needs such as medical care, education, and clean water. based on these findings, a few different recommendations could be made. it is vital to foster economic diversification methods to develop long-term economic growth in iraq and minimise the country’s dependency on oil exports. in order to do this, economic diversification methods must be encouraged. the implementation of comprehensive social welfare policies may result in a number of positive outcomes, including reductions in poverty and increases in social protection as well as improvements in living conditions. it is imperative that monies be set aside to repair and reconstruct the important infrastructure of the nation to improve the delivery of public services and restore the nation's vital infrastructure. the study contains several shortcomings, all of which should be brought to the reader’s attention. in order to mitigate the possibility of bias in subsequent research, it is essential to consider collecting primary data rather than relying solely on secondary sources. if one additionally investigates the political and security components of the invasion of iraq by the united states, then one will have a greater understanding of the consequences of that invasion. in addition to the period immediately following the invasion, more research should investigate the long-term effects of the invasion on iraq's economic and social landscape. the findings of the study indicate that the invasion of iraq by the united states had significant repercussions on both the economy and the social environment. in light of these findings, it is 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(2023). a deployment model for iot devices based on fog computing for data management and analysis. wireless personal communications, 1-13. 166 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 24. mahmood, n. s., & ahmed, e. m. (2022). mediating effect of risk management practices in iraqi private banks financial performance. journal of financial services marketing, 1-20. 25. noll, m. a., komline, d., & komline, h.-l. k. (2022). turning points: decisive moments in the history of christianity: baker academic. 26. polcyn, j., voumik, l. c., ridwan, m., ray, s., & vovk, v. (2023). evaluating the influences of health expenditure, energy consumption, and environmental pollution on life expectancy in asia. international journal of environmental research and public health, 20(5), 4000. 27. rivie, m. (2023). limits of sovereign debt restructuring mechanisms and possible alternatives. in imperialism and the political economy of global south’s debt (vol. 38, pp. 137-162): emerald publishing limited. 28. seyfi, s., hall, c. m., & vo-thanh, t. (2022). the gendered effects of statecraft on women in tourism: economic sanctions, women’s disempowerment and sustainability? journal of sustainable tourism, 30(7), 1736-1753. 338 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 techniques and methods used in the process of psychological counseling. nigora abdukakhhorovna kozimova asian international university teacher of the department of pedagogy and psychology abstract: this article talks about methods used in psychological consultation. information is also provided about the stages of consultative psychology and the technical methods used in them and their effectiveness. key words: psychological consultation, information, person, family environment, pedagogue, actual, modern consultation, psychological approach, technique. in the hierarchy of activities of a practical psychologist, the consultation process has its own characteristics. it consists of a psychologist meeting with a client in a relatively short period of time, which includes all the activities of a practical psychologist. this is primarily a preventive activity, including education and prevention. there is also a diagnostic activity, during which the nature of the problems encountered by the client is determined based on the information provided by the client and the results of express diagnostics. there are also corrective activities in the form of various advice, recommendations, and even direct psychotherapeutic effects, which are shown to the client by the psychologist. and finally, it is a development activity that guides the client to the perspective of life and the possibilities of opening. in other words, in the counseling activities of a practical psychologist, all types of activities are shown in miniature: "in miniature" because the consultation time is limited and the possibilities of all types of activities are limited. consulting can be described as a directed type of activity, from which work with the client begins. the following types of consulting are distinguished depending on which aspect of the activity is represented to the greatest extent in the consultation: a) preventive counseling (thematic discussions), which can be educational (answers to questions) or preventive in nature; b) diagnostic consultation where possible diagnostic options are determined; c) remedial advice where possible options for correcting violations are identified; d) psychotherapeutic counseling involving a deeper intervention in the client's psyche than correction; e) development consulting related to identifying ways to develop the client's personality; f) comprehensive advice that combines all types of advice. depending on the age of the consulted contingent, the following can be distinguished: a) advice to babies, b) advice for young children, c) preschool education, 339 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us d) advice for junior high school students, e) advice to teenagers, f) youth counseling, g) advising adults, h) gerontological consultation. obviously, some types of age-specific counseling are integrated, but it is difficult to imagine that one person's practical psychologist can be an all-age specialist. depending on the thematic focus, the following types of advice can be distinguished: a) family counseling, b) sexual advice, c) consultation on educational issues, d) career guidance, e) consultation on dispute resolution, etc. depending on the number of consulted, consultations are divided into the following. a) individual, b) group. individual counseling takes more time and is more effective than group counseling. the latter, in turn, allows to cover a large number of people, thus saving time, effort and achieving a large impact on a mass scale. psychological consultation technique is a systematic process specially organized by a psychologist, which includes a set of techniques, recipes, and actions that he implements within the framework of the consultative process in relation to the client. the technique has a specific purpose and is aimed at solving one or more consulting tasks. most of the techniques can also be used for diagnostic purposes to obtain information about the client and his psychological functioning methods. the choice and use of a certain technique when working with a client is determined by the following factors: characteristics of the problem situation that has applied for psychological help; characteristics of the psychological counseling situation (space-time duration of the counseling process; composition of the expert group, etc.) expediency of using the technique at this stage of working with the client; the advantages of the teacher-psychologist based on his personal characteristics (this methodology should be organically combined with the individual style of the teacher-psychologist's activity). consultation phase techniques and methods used in consultation 1. establishing consultant communication communication technique. ways to talk 2. identification of multimodal problems 3. desired changes methods of interviewing (reflective listening techniques: asking questions, explaining, paraphrasing, clarifying feelings, reflecting and clarifying, summarizing, etc.). 4. alternative ways to solve the problem. interview methods (reflective listening techniques: asking questions, clarifying, paraphrasing, clarifying, reflecting, etc.). influence techniques (selfdisclosure, confrontation, instructions) 5. searching for resources interviewing methods (reflective listening techniques: asking questions, clarifying, paraphrasing, clarifying, reflecting, etc.). 6. environmental inspection 340 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, it is possible to obtain important information about the client by correlating what he says about himself and the problem situation with his face, gestures, the nature of his behavior and his location in space. from the beginning of the consultation, it should be remembered that the client is asking for help, and in the first stage of the work, it is important to establish a relationship, not to demonstrate the technique. list of references: 1. sh.m. mirziyoyev together we will build a free and prosperous democratic country of uzbekistan. t. uzbekistan, 2016 2. sh.m. mirziyoyev humanitarianism, goodness and creativity are the foundation of our national idea. t. "image", 2021 36 p. 3. ghaziev e.g. general psychology. tashkent. 2002.1-2 books. 4. a.h. yugay, n.a. mirashirova "obshchaya psychology" tashkent 2014. 5. dent, mike; bourgeois, ivy lynn; denis, jean-louis; kuhlmann, ellen (july 1, 2016). the routledge companion to careers and professionalism. routledge. isbn 978-1-317-69948-4. 6. magali sarfatti larson, the rise of professionalism: a sociological analysis, berkeley, ca: university of california press, 1978, p. 208 7. internet sites: ziyonet.uz, gov.uz, lex.uz 8. new vision for education: unlocking the potential of technology, 2015// http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wefusa_newvisionforeducation_report2015.pdf 9. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 10. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 11. kozimova, n. (2023). use of hadiths as therapy in studying the problems of raising children of parents applying for psychological consultation. modern science and research, 2(9), 61-63. 12. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida o’quvchi–yoshlarni zamonaviy kasblarga yo’naltirish va kasb–hunar tanlashning ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. pedagog, 6(5), 739-741. 13. kozimova, n. a., & ulug’ova, s. m. (2023). zamonaviy psixologik konsultatsiya, uning turlari va unga murojaat qilish sabablari. scientific impulse, 1(6), 1679-1682. 14. nigora kozimova abduqahorovna. (2023). modern psychological consultation, its types and reasons for applying to it. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 129–131. retrieved from http://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1343 15. narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi. (2023). psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 132–134. 16. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 17. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). методы организации уроков математики в начальных классах с использованием цифровых технологий. miasto przyszłości, 35, 388-390. http://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1343 341 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). роль математики в современном мире. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 292-292. 19. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 20. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 21. salomat, g. l. the essence of the content of the concept of digital educational resources and its role in primary education. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2020, volume: 10, issue: 5. 22. лукмонова, с. г. (2020). цифровые образовательные ресурсы в педагогической деятельности. in international scientific review of the problems of philisophy, psychology and pedagogy (pp. 34-39). 23. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 24. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 25. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 26. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 235-239. 27. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. 28. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 29. maxmudova, n. (2018). the role of computer technologies in the innovative training process. экономика и социум, (3 (46)), 34-36. 30. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 31. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 32. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 33. oktam’s, s. m. (2023). "methods and tools of speech development of small group children in preschool education organization". american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 02, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх effective ways of teaching of english vocabulary to young learners sadikova oydin sapoevna uzswlu, english in primary education department abstract: vocabulary learning is very necessary and an indispensable part of any language learning process. in the esl context, vocabulary not only supports the four language skills; listening, speaking, reading, and writing, but also mediates between esl students and contentarea classes in that the students often find that lack of vocabulary knowledge is an obstacle to learning. this article focuses on and discusses effective strategies for teaching vocabulary to young learners which greatly assist english language learners in their journey of language acquisition and also expedite the language learning process. this study is aimed to describe the techniques used by the teacher in teaching english vocabulary for young learners. this study was conducted by using three techniques: observation and interview. the investigation revealed that the teacher applied various techniques in teaching vocabulary which divided into two stages. for presenting new words, using flashcards and miming are preferred by the teacher in this study. and the final in getting students to pra practice the words they have learnt, the teacher mostly employed identifying and matching task. keywords: vocabulary teaching, and young learners, classroom, method and technique, skill, vocabulary, words. introduction it is very important for all people who learn a language to understand and improve vocabularies because the more vocabulary we know the better we can understand the meaning of the words. to improve and enrich our vocabularies there are some ways, for example by vocabulary. name animal, media picture to get many words. teachers have the important role to build children’s vocabularies. they should know the factors in teaching such as methods, strategies, techniques, and materials, so that the teacher can convey the materials well in accordance with children’s characteristics. according to evan and lang (2006) said that a good method was useless in teacher’s hand who did not know how to use it and a good teacher could not be effective if she/he used a bad method. some experts have formulated some possible techniques that can be considered good and can be implemented to the teyl, class especially in teaching vocabulary. the research is intended to discover of the teaching english vocabulary to young learners in a elementary level , and to investigate the “the teaching of english vocabul“vocabulary can be defined, roughly, as the words we teach in the foreign language. however, a new item of vocabulary may be more than just a single word: for example, post office, and mother-in-law, which are made up of two or three words but express a single idea. a 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us useful convention is to cover all such cases by talking about vocabulary „items“ rather than „words“. (ur, 2003, p 60) ary to young learner. thornbury states that they can be confronted by words that are totally unfamiliar, or being used in ways that for them are novel and possibly obscure. to find the right word to fit the meaning can be very frustrating, especially if the store of words is limited. first, it will be hard for the learners if they must study english with limited words in their mind. thus, learning vocabulary can help the learners to enrich their words in english. if they know those words, they can express their thought through english but if they do not know words in english they cannot write, read, speak anything in english. second, it is impossible to teach spelling, pronunciation and grammar for the beginners if they do not know the words first. those reasons make the writer can see how important to learn vocabulary for the efl learners. developing vocabulary will be great if it can be started from a young age. they are a great word learners. they have some special characteristics that can make them easier in learning vocabulary. children cannot learn by themselves, they need a good teacher to facilitate them in learning. methodology learning english for children nowadays can be said to be growing rapidly, especially in countries where english has a foreign language status. japan is one example, making changes by absorbing native speakers of english who have experience teaching children to collaborate with primary school english teachers in japan. meanwhile, in indonesia, this kind of business is not yet visible. english for children is still taught in a way that is almost the same as teaching middle and high school students. therefore, this study emphasizes the tyl method to measure the basic ability of english in elementary school children specifically this type of research uses a qualitative approach and research design using case studies. this is because research is focused on one event that is chosen and wants to be understood in-depth, namely the implementation of english-based learning that cares about the environment. the researcher uses data collection techniques with interviews, observations/observations in the field, documentation as a compliment and support. this research was conducted. the study was conducted on may 2019. according to the source, the research data were classified as primary data and secondary data [7]. the data in this study are primary data, among others, the results of observations as long as researchers make observations, the results of interviews with english teachers. secondary data include documentation about student name data, documentation on english language teaching materials based on environmental education, banners, photos, and other available data as research supporting data. the data analysis technique in this study uses miles and huberman's interactive data analysis method which includes three stages, namely data condification/data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion/verification [7]. the researcher analyzed the data obtained from the observations and the results of interviews with the principal, the subject of this research is teaching . question and answer technique was used by the teacher several times. based on the observation, this technique was usually used by the teacher to make students more active and check their ready before the lesson was started. the questions that were given by the teacher successfully awakened the students‟motivation to find the answers of the questions english vocabulary for young learner. the researcher takes the subject because the researcher wants to know how the english vocabulary learning. seeing from the reality many students are more understanding when learning english vocabulary with fun method. the researcher conducted research on one of the programs namely a1 class. there are ten students in the class, consists of 8 boys and 2 girls all of them are still in elementary. the tutor always teaches in a1 class 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us observation used by the researcher where the researcher makes direct observations in the classroom, bringing the observation sheet as an instrument, so that the observations can be arranged, and the researcher be able to immediately capture what activities are carries out by the teacher and students during the learning process. but beforehand, the researcher record all things capture by the sense of sight. then sort out the results of observations that have been made the data obtained from this section analyzed and presented using descriptive qualitative method. according to sumarni (2008: 10), there are some indicators that learners can master vocabulary. they are as follows: 1. the learners are able to recognize vocabulary in its spoken and written forms. 2. the learners are able to recall it at will. when they need it, they can retrieve the vocabulary. 3. the learners are able to relate the vocabulary to the real object or concept. 4. the learners can spell the vocabulary correctly. 5. the learners are able to pronounce words, and they can use those words in good pronunciation. 6. the learners know in what ways it can combine with other words to be correct sentence. at last but not least, the training techniques used by the teacher are asking for others and the use of dictionary. the teacher use work in groups to trains the students in vocabulary learning independently while the teacher as the facilitator. as similar with the previous study by (galuh, 2016) which mentioned that through the groups, the students share and interact with others to finish a task given from the teacher. another technique used by the teacher is dictionary use. 1) it is important to take teyl subject in your college if you interest to teach young learner or you should pay for a training class that guides you how to 53 teach young learners. because teaching young learners is different than teaching adult. 2) it is better to join the community of teachers who teach young learners to update your knowledge, so you can create more activities to keep your student motivation in learning english.(munavarrah 2021) conclusion the teaching and learning process of vocabulary learning for young learners in have three cycle first, in the teaching vocabulary learning, the teacher give ask the students to memorizing vocabulary about animals, verbs, adjectives, fruits, professions, days, months, colors, hobbies, daily activities, human body and objects. the ways to memorizing vocabulary are using some funny song. the second, in the teaching vocabulary learning in class, the teacher asks the students to enjoy a game, the game is monopoly but it was set english method by the teacherю concerning the result of the findings and discussion of the study, it could be concluded that the teacher taught vocabulary by using many techniques such as; listen and do, listen and repeat, question and answer, in pair or group discussion, modeling and demonstration, concept mapping, brainstorming, outdoor activity and other techniques; singing song, game, and using pictures. the techniques of listen and do, listen and repeat, question and answer, modeling and demonstration were more dominant than the other techniques. the first major finding that the researcher got is the answer to the research question. it can be conclude that there is some inappropriateness between the theory and the teacher did in teaching english vocabulary. then common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners can be divided into two groups. for presenting new words, using flashcards and miming are preferred by the teacher in this study. the techniques used in teaching vocabulary were various, it made the students enjoy the english lesson. she tried to make her students understand easily by using many techniques in teaching and learning process. the selection techniques were adjusted to the level, time and theme. the teacher used simple vocabulary that was appropriate to the theme. 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us yuong leraners can understand and know environmental problems, students have awareness, attitudes and behaviors and through learning, this environmental education can foster the desire of students to play an active role in solving environmental problems. also, through activities and practices, children can have effective and applicable skills. references: 1. gerlach. (2006). at the chalk face, practical techniques in language teaching. ltd. hong kong nelson. 2. evan and lang. (2006).models, strategies, and methods. longman: person education. 3. krashen s 1981 second language acquisition and second language learning (oxford: pergamon. 4. munawaraah, 2021, teachers’ strategies in teaching english vocabulary to young learners 5. sumarni, retno. increasing students’ vocabulary mastery using realia at the fifth year of sdn 1 blimbing ampelgading pemalang. (unpublished thesis). malang: universitas negeri malang 6. thornbury, scott: how to teach vocabulary. longman essex, 2002.185 isbn-0-58242966-8. 7. ur, penny. a course in language teaching: practice and theory.uk: cambridge university press, 2005. 375 s. isbn-0521-44994-4. 353 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 "methods of formation of spiritual and moral qualities in 6-7-year-old children in preschool educational organization" shukurova madina o‘ktam qizi asian international university teacher of the department of pedagogy and psychology abstract: the peculiarity of the formation of moral qualities that form the basis of the moral image of children in the organization of preschool education is discussed. key words: moral qualities, proverb, folklore, communicative orientation, moral education, fun games, diction, dialogue, morality, behavior. our nation has created a rich oral creative heritage during its historical and social development. all genres of uzbek folklore, i.e. myths, legends, narratives, fairy tales, tales, anecdotes, praises, historical songs, terms, epics, proverbs, riddles, ritual folklore and all genres of children's folklore, various songs , oral drama, askiya and others have great educational opportunities. advanced pedagogical ideas about education and training are advanced in folk folklore. all components of the formation of an all-round mature, highly moral and moral person, i.e. intellectual education, spiritual and moral education, work education, physical education and sophistication education, which can be used in educational work pedagogical information is expressed in all the listed genres of uzbek folklore. for example, as in other examples of folklore, in folk proverbs and tales moral qualities such as honesty, correctness, goodness, bravery, generosity, beauty, modesty are highly valued, and on the contrary, greed, crookedness, evil, negative traits such as cowardice, stinginess, ugliness, arrogance are condemned. as an example, we cite these proverbs about knowledge and ignorance: "if you know, read, if you don't know, leave", "you need to know in order to inform", "there is no work for an ignorant person, and there is no food for an ignorant person". or, if science is glorified in the fairy tales "farhad and shirin", "three sons", "aql va oltin", "seven fools", "burnt old man", "soqi mumsik and baqi mumsik" are illiteracy and stupidity. , vices such as ignorance are laughed at. due to the fact that issues of spiritual and moral education are given a wide place in folk pedagogy, valuable ideas about morality have been put forward in the genres of folk art. professor a. zunnunov stated that "every nation, including the uzbek nation, created moral laws and it is the basis of humanity. for example, let's take the proverb "it's easy to be a scientist, it's hard to be a person." it clearly expresses the attitude towards people. in the popular imagination, being a human is more difficult than being a scientist. for this reason, since ancient times, humanity has been considered the main criterion for raising the young generation with good morals and spirituality, and it is still being continued as the basis of education. humanization of education is an important issue in the national school. therefore, it is necessary to effectively use the opportunities of uzbek 354 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us folklore, which is one of the sources of folk pedagogy, to form humanity and moral characteristics in young people. according to folk pedagogy, the formation of hard work in the young generation is related to a person's mental maturity, physical health and maturity, moral purity, and the emergence of features of sophistication in him. what is spiritual and moral education and what is its goal? spiritual and moral education is, first of all, one of the forms of social consciousness, social order is a rule, and it performs the task of regulating the behavior of the rules of this order. 1 including concepts such as morality, justice, generosity, happiness, honesty, truthfulness. it has an active influence on our daily activities and our consciousness, and on behalf of the society, it determines between good and evil, tyranny, justice and injustice, and acceptable and unacceptable, prohibited and prohibited actions and behaviors in human relations. secondly, spiritual and moral education is a set of rules of behavior of people determined in society by social thought, consciousness, and defines their relations and obligations to each other. morality serves as an example of morally mature, mature behavior of people in society. it ensures proper organization of relations between people. moral standards are close to decency standards as a controller of behavior. illegal behavior is considered immoral. spiritual and moral education teaches people to be honorable and conscientious, and carries out preventive work. thirdly, spiritual and moral education is a philosophical category that forms such qualities as truthfulness, humility, honesty, nobility, diligence, prudence, decency, and humanity, which are necessary for every person. fourthly, spiritual and moral education emerges as a characteristic feature of the social stratum, people's spiritual image, idea, mentality. the main task of spiritual and moral education is the formation of citizenship. "the most important thing," wrote v. a. sukhomlensky, is to educate citizenship, because it is the core of all educational work. the ability of educators to use effective pedagogical tools is also important for the effective development of the educational process in the preschool educational organization. as a result of the theoretical and practical analysis of the problem, it was confirmed that it is appropriate to use the following educational tools in the implementation of spiritual and moral education of the child: 1) wide use of the ideas of folk pedagogy; 2) examples of folk oral creativity (tales, riddles, proverbs, legends, epics, folk songs, advice, teachings); 3) exemplary examples of the life and work of famous people (philosophers, scholars); 4) family traditions, customs (ceremony of cradle), national games (five stone game, tossing, tugof-war), udum (celebration of important dates for family members, tganlami memorization, etc.); 5) personal example of representatives of the older generation (grandparents), parents and older family members; 6) examples of folklore (parables, fairy tales, stories) through multimedia, animated videos and cartoons; 7) scientific, popular and scientific works on family and family education; we all know that stories and fairy tales that promote good ideas play an important role in ensuring the spiritual and moral development of preschool children. therefore, it is appropriate to have a collection of fairy tales on the bookshelf of every family. in pre-school education organizations, a collection of books called "seven colors of the rainbow" is presented for 355 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us preschool children to read at home and to receive primary education. the main goal is to make children love books and to enrich their spiritual and moral world. in the preschool educational organization, it is good to tell fairy tales that encourage children to act, believe in their own strength, look for the positive side of everything, and learn moral qualities. in the course of our research, we came to the conclusion that the staging of uzbek folk tales has a wide range of opportunities for the formation of moral and moral qualities in preschool children. the structure of the lessons includes the topic, intended educational goal, the used method and visual aids, recitation of the text in an emotional way, conversation (emphasis on the moral qualities that are included in the content of hard work, humanity, friendship, responsibility) it was planned to perform excerpts from uzbek folk tales in roles, to tell stories based on pictures. references: 1. o‘ktam qizi buxoro, s. m. (2022). bolaning nutqini rivojlantiruvchi o ‘yinlar. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 484-486. 2. oktam’s, s. m. (2023). "methods and tools of speech development of small group children in preschool education organization". american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 104–108. 3. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 4. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 5. yulduz, s. (2023). maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda ekologik taʼlim berishning oʻziga xosligi. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 21(3), 124-129. 6. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). pedagogning kreativligi bolalar ijodiy rivojlanishining zarur sharti. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 219-220. 7. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). kichik maktab yoshidagi o ‘quvchilar bilish faoliyatini rivojlantirishning pedagogik psixologik xususiyatlari. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 158-160. 8. sobirovna, y. s. (2023). methods and tools of economic education in preschool children. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 109–115. 9. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 10. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 11. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). методы организации уроков математики в начальных классах с использованием цифровых технологий. miasto przyszłości, 35, 388-390. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 356 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). роль математики в современном мире. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 292-292. 13. mahmudova nigora hikmatovna. (2023). goals and tasks of education. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 360–362. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1567 14. maxmudova, n. (2018). the role of computer technologies in the innovative training process. экономика и социум, (3 (46)), 34-36. 15. salomat, g. l. the essence of the content of the concept of digital educational resources and its role in primary education. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2020, volume: 10, issue: 5. 16. лукмонова, с. г. (2020). цифровые образовательные ресурсы в педагогической деятельности. in international scientific review of the problems of philisophy, psychology and pedagogy (pp. 34-39). 17. narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi. (2023). psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 132–134. 18. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 19. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 20. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 21. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 22. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 23. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 24. кутбединов, а. (1985). разработка и применение ядерно-физических методов анализа подземных вод для выявления предвестников землетрясений. 25. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 26. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 27. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 235-239. 28. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1567 72 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 navigating the financial market: strategies for success in an ever-changing landscape shamsitdinova xonzoda tsue student of the faculty of finance and accounting abstract: this article presents an in-depth analysis of the recent developments and growth of the financial market. it was explored the key factors contributing to the market's expansion, assess the implications on the global economy, and discuss the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. keywords: stock, investment, trading, risk, portfolio, financial instruments, interest rates. introduction the financial market is a crucial component of any economy, facilitating the allocation of capital, managing risk, and providing avenues for investment. in recent years, the financial market has experienced remarkable growth and transformation due to various macroeconomic, technological, and regulatory influences. this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these factors and their impact on the market's development. literature analysis literature has confirmed that increasing financial development promotes economic growth by increasing business access [1]. financial sector development, particularly financial institutions, attracts shadow economic activities into the formal sector by providing credit and other facilities [2,3]. besides financial institutions, financial markets (both stock and bond markets) also perform the same role, providing funds to businesses to perform their business activities [4,5]. the financial markets are important for transferring funds to the best return opportunities, providing asymmetric information (price signals) that helps investors to allocate their investments to the maximum return opportunities and reduces business risk. moreover, financial markets leverage entrepreneurship specialization and development by providing long-term funds to acquire new technology [6,7], attracting economic agents to switch their business operations into the formal sector of the economy. however, it is widely recognized that any kind of country risk (i.e., political, economic, or financial risk) is highly associated with stock and bond markets (financial markets), raising investment risk in the financial markets [8]. in an environment with high political risk, investors are not likely to predict the long-run economic policies due to the uncertain political environment, corruption, lower institutional quality and contract enforcement issues etc. [9]. political risk affects the nature of investment and the demand for business factors, which adversely affects economic growth and investment in the formal sector [10]. dang, nguyen and tran [11] suggested that corruption and institutional quality are the key determinants that positively and negatively affect the sec. methods to conduct this analysis, we employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. data from reputable financial institutions, market reports, academic journals, and expert opinions were collected and synthesized to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current http://www/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/economics-econometrics-and-finance/financial-institution https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/science-and-technology https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/economics-econometrics-and-finance/corruption 73 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us financial market landscape. results our research reveals several key findings that have contributed to the flourishing financial market: technological advancements: the advent of advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and big data analytics, has revolutionized the financial sector. these innovations have enhanced the efficiency of trading, reduced costs, and opened up new investment opportunities. globalization and interconnectedness: increased globalization and interconnectedness have facilitated cross-border investments and enabled emerging economies to integrate into the global financial system. this trend has led to diversification and expansion in financial products and services. evolving regulatory landscape: stricter regulations following the 2008 financial crisis have instilled confidence in investors and promoted stability within the market. additionally, regulatory changes have fostered the growth of sustainable and socially responsible investing. rise of fintech startups: the rise of innovative financial technology (fintech) startups has disrupted traditional banking and financial services. these agile startups have introduced new, customer-centric approaches, challenging established institutions to adapt and innovate. discussion the rapid growth of the financial market presents both opportunities and challenges: opportunities: increased access to capital: the expanding financial market allows businesses of all sizes to access funding through various channels, fostering entrepreneurship and economic growth. financial inclusion: technological advancements have facilitated financial inclusion, bringing banking services to underserved populations. green finance: the emphasis on sustainable investing has driven the growth of green finance, promoting environmentally responsible projects. challenges: systemic risks: the complexity and interconnectedness of the financial market can lead to systemic risks, necessitating continuous monitoring and prudent risk management. cybersecurity threats: the reliance on technology exposes the market to cybersecurity threats, demanding robust security measures to protect against potential breaches. regulatory compliance: adapting to evolving regulations can be burdensome for financial institutions, requiring significant resources and expertise. conclusion the financial market's development has been fueled by technological advancements, globalization, and regulatory changes. while the expansion offers various opportunities, stakeholders must address challenges to ensure the market's continued stability and sustainability. by understanding the underlying dynamics and implementing adaptive strategies, the financial market can continue to serve as a vital engine for economic growth and prosperity. references: 1.m. al mamun, et al. financial markets, innovations and cleaner energy production in oecd countries energy econ., 72 (2018), pp. 236-254 2. n. bose, et al. the impact of banking development on the size of shadow economies j. econ. stud., 39 (6) (2012), pp. 620-638 view article 3.a. ali, et al. financial development and natural resources. is there a stock market resource curse? resour. pol., 75 (2022), article 102457 4.a. ali, et al. stock market resource curse: the moderating role of institutional quality resour. 5.pol., 78 (2022), article 102929 6.j. greenwood, b.d. smith financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets j. econ. dynam. control, 21 (1) (1997), pp. 145-181 7.j. madura financial markets & institutions cengage learning (2020) 8.d. kirikkaleli the effect of domestic and foreign risks on an emerging stock market: a time series analysis n. am. j. econ. finance, 51 (2020), article 100876 9.a.h. tabassam, et al. nexus between political instability and economic growth in pakistan http://www/ 74 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us proced. soci. behav sci., 230 (2016), pp. 325-334 10.t. xu, et al. does country risk promote the informal economy? a cross-national panel data estimation global econ. rev., 47 (3) (2018), pp. 289-310 11. v.c. dang, et al. corruption, institutional quality and shadow economy in asian countries appl. econ. lett. (2022), pp. 1-6 http://www/ 118 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 theoretical issues of property liability for damage caused to natural objects of ownership abdualimova nadina shukhratovna doctoral student at the higher school of judges under the supreme judicial council of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article analyzes the theoretical issues of property liability for damage caused to natural objects of ownership. particular attention is paid to the definition of such terms as: “property liability”, “environmental harm”, “economic harm”, “classification of property liability for environmental harm”. the general and specific features of legislative acts of the republic of uzbekistan in the field of compensation for damage caused to natural objects of property rights are analyzed. the main shortcomings of the legislation in this area are identified, as well as conclusions and recommendations for improving land legislation in the field of property liability for environmental damage are formulated. keywords: property liability, environmental harm, economic harm, classification of property liability for environmental harm, improvement of civil and land legislation. property liability is expressed in the imposition of obligations on legal entities and individuals to compensate for damage caused to the natural environment as a result of violation of environmental legal norms. the main difference between property liability and other types of legal liability is full or partial compensation for damage to the environment and public health. harm inherently has two manifestations: as a result of non-compliance with environmental regulations and standards in the process of production and economic activity, environmental and economic harm is caused to the natural environment. economic harm arises from the economic valuation of natural resources. it encroaches on the economic interests of the natural resource user (owner, possessor, user, tenant). such harm is expressed in the loss of natural resources (commercial wood, fish stocks, minerals, etc.), material assets (harvest, farm animals, perennial plants, etc.), non-receipt of income that should be received under normal production conditions 1 . compensation for economic damage caused by irrational use of natural resources is carried out in accordance with the norms and principles of civil law. economic harm is interconnected with environmental harm. environmental harm is expressed in the deterioration of the state of the natural environment, public health, ecological systems, etc. environmental harm is understood as any deterioration of the state of the environment that occurred as a result of violation of legal environmental requirements, and associated with it any 1 петров в.в. указ. раб. с.335. 119 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us derogation of material and intangible benefits protected by law, including human life and health, property of individuals and legal entities 2 . civil and environmental legislation provides for the following components of environmental damage: actual damage to natural objects and resources, costs associated with the elimination of harmful environmental consequences, lost profits and moral damage, etc. it should be noted that these components of environmental damage are interrelated with each other and in certain cases are of great importance in the process of compensation for damage caused. environmental damage caused in the process of production, economic and other activities as a result of violation of environmental legislation is compensated in accordance with the norms and basic principles of civil legislation. however, it must be emphasized that compensation for harm caused to the environment and public health is significantly different from the process of compensation for harm caused to property or other material objects, which is due to the presence of specific features of natural environmental objects and environmental-legal relations. therefore, taking into account these circumstances, compensation for environmental damage is called not civil liability, but property liability. in environmental law, different opinions are expressed regarding the nature of liability for causing harm to environmental objects. in the legal literature, various opinions and approaches have been expressed regarding the nature of compensation for damage to natural environment objects. according to some scientists, damage caused to the natural environment as a result of violation of environmental legislation is compensated in accordance with civil law 3 . others believe that in the process of compensation for environmental damage, along with the general principles of civil legislation, special regulations are also applied that regulate these relations, taking into account the specific characteristics of natural resources 4 . according to o.s. kolbasov, the general provisions of civil law on obligations arising from causing harm are applicable to the regulation of relations for compensation for harm caused by violation of legislation on natural resources. however, the specifics of the obligations resulting from causing such harm, as well as the specifics of its compensation and content, determine the need for additional, special regulation of the procedure for its compensation. therefore, in development of the general provisions of civil law on compensation for harm, special rules are issued on compensation for harm caused by the unlawful use of natural objects 5 . another group of scientists is of the opinion that compensation for environmental damage is carried out in the form of tax liability, different from civil and administrative liability. analyzing the procedure for compensation for damage caused to natural resources, v.v. petrov argues that tax liability is an independent type of liability under natural resource legislation, which, unlike civil liability, is regulated by special regulations; has as its object of protection not the material products of human labor, but natural elements; carried out by collecting damages at special rates. the combination of compensatory and punitive functions performed by the institution of liability in the field of environmental protection gives it the meaning of an independent type of environmental liability, different from both civil and administrative types of liability 6 . 2 бринчук м.м. указ. раб. с.495. 3 усмонов м.б., кан и.ю. гражданско-правовая ответственность за нарушения экологического законодательства // хозяйство и право. 2002. № 6. с.88-90; холмуминов ж. экологик конун талабларини бузганлик учун фукаровий-хукукий жавобгарлик муаммоларпи.// хужалик ва хукук. 2001, № 2. с.12-20 и другие. 4 аюбов у.т. экология хукуки. дарслик. тдюи. 2001. с.114; бринчук м.м. указ. раб. с. 494-498 и др. 5 колбасов о.с. правовые вопросы охраны природы. м., 1963. с. 99-100. 6 петров в.в. экология и право. м., 1981. с. 154. 120 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us s.n. kravchenko, also considering tax liability as an independent type, defines it as a propertylegal impact on the offender based on the norms of environmental legislation, which consists in imposing on him the obligation to compensate for damage in the amount determined by special taxes 7 . in our opinion, the legal nature of compensation for environmental damage follows from the very essence of environmental law as a complex branch of law that regulates a complex system of environmental-legal relations. to summarize the above, it should be noted that, firstly, civil legislation establishes general grounds and principles, the main forms of compensation for harm, which play an important role in compensation for environmental damage. however, this factor is not enough for comprehensive compensation for damage caused to the natural environment. in addition, it does not take into account the environmental parameters of the damage caused, and therefore special norms are also needed that provide for the environmental aspects of the damage caused to environmental objects. secondly, one should agree with the opinion that, along with the general principles and principles of civil legislation when compensating for environmental damage, special regulations are additionally applied that take into account the specifics of natural environmental objects. but at the same time, when calculating damage caused to individual objects of natural resources, for example, flora and fauna, special taxes are applied aimed at compensating for real damage to this type of resource and punishing those responsible for causing environmental harm. thirdly, tax liability is important when calculating actual damage and compensation for the restoration of a natural resource. however, it cannot be considered as an independent type of responsibility, because it applies only to objects of flora and fauna, and to other objects of the natural environment the norms and principles of civil legislation are applied, taking into account environmental features. tax liability can be considered as a separate type of liability in the system of property liability on the basis of general rules and principles of civil law and special rules governing the tax method of calculating damage. thus, the above interpretations of scientists allow us to give a definition of property liability with the following content: “property liability for violation of environmental legislation is a set of civil and environmental legal norms that provide general grounds and specific features of compensation for damage caused to environmental objects and natural resources , public health." in our opinion, this interpretation determines the general and special aspects of the process of compensation for damage to the natural environment. the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan in article 985 establishes the following grounds for liability for causing harm, which are important when compensating for environmental damage: 1) harm caused by unlawful actions (inaction) to the person or property of a citizen, as well as harm caused to a legal entity, is subject to compensation by the person who caused the harm in full, including lost profits; 2) the contract may establish an obligation to pay compensation to victims in excess of compensation for harm; 3) the person who caused the harm is released from compensation for damage if he proves that the harm was not caused through his fault. the law may provide for compensation for harm even in the absence of the perpetrator’s fault; 4) damage caused by lawful actions is subject to compensation in cases provided for by law 8 . based on the above general principles of compensation for harm, environmental legislation regulates norms aimed at compensation for environmental harm. thus, the law of the republic 7 имущественная ответственность за нарушение природоохранительного законодательства. львов, 1979. с.168. 8 гражданский кодекс республики узбекистан. т.: адолат, 2000. 121 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of uzbekistan “on nature protection” in article 49 states: “enterprises, institutions, organizations and individuals that have caused harm to the natural environment are obliged to compensate it, including lost profits, in accordance with the law. bringing those guilty of violating environmental requirements to administrative or criminal liability does not relieve them of the obligation to compensate for damage caused to the environment.” the specifics of property liability for violations of environmental standards and requirements are also enshrined in natural resource legislation, taking into account the specifics of each object. the subjects of liability in this area, as a rule, are legal entities and individuals. the object is the surrounding natural environment, i.e. land, water, subsoil, forest, flora and fauna, health status of the population. it should be noted that the process of compensation for damage caused to the environment is diverse and forms a complex system of legal relations of an environmental and economic nature. in order to understand in detail the process of compensation for harm in this area, it is necessary, in our opinion, to classify compensation for harm by objects of the natural environment. taking into account the general and special environmental and legal aspects of the process of compensation for harm in this area, we propose the following classification: 1) compensation for damage to indivisible objects land, water, subsoil and atmospheric air; 2) compensation for damage to divisible objects, i.e. flora and fauna based on special rates; 3) compensation for damage to public health and property of citizens; 4) compensation for harm caused by a source of increased danger. this classification of compensation for damage to the natural environment allows us to more comprehensively cover all aspects of property liability in this area. the first direction of compensation for harm covers such important natural objects as land and water resources, subsoil and atmospheric air as indivisible objects of nature, because tax responsibility is aimed at divisible objects of nature flora and fauna. compensation for damage caused to land resources is carried out in accordance with land legislation, which provides for specific features of such compensation. the land code of the republic of uzbekistan establishes legal requirements for compensation for losses to landowners, land users, tenants and owners of land plots, as well as for compensation for losses in agricultural production art. 87 9 . in accordance with art. 86 of the land code, losses caused to landowners, land users, tenants and owners of land plots are subject to compensation in full (including lost profits) in cases of: seizure, redemption or temporary occupation of land, restriction of their rights in connection with the establishment of security, sanitary and protective zones, deterioration of land quality as a result of the impact caused by the construction and operation of reservoirs, canals, collectors and other objects that emit substances harmful to agricultural crops and plantings, and other actions of legal entities and individuals leading to a decrease in yield and deterioration in the quality of agricultural products. compensation for losses is made by enterprises, institutions and organizations to which the confiscated plots are allocated, as well as enterprises, institutions, organizations whose activities entail restrictions on the rights of landowners, land users, tenants and owners of land plots. art. 87 of the same code defines the requirements for compensation for losses in agricultural and forestry production. losses in this area of activity caused by the seizure of land, including 9 земельный кодекс республики узбекистан. т.: адолат, 1999. 122 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us farmland owned and used by individuals, seizure of non-agricultural land, as well as restriction of the rights of landowners, land users and tenants or deterioration in the quality of land as a result of the influence caused by the activities of enterprises, institutions and organizations , are subject to compensation in addition to compensation for losses provided for in article 86 of the code. losses are compensated by legal entities and individuals who are allocated seized land for needs not related to agriculture, as well as around whose objects security and protective zones are established with the exclusion of agricultural and forest land from circulation or their transfer to less valuable land. losses are not reimbursed when land plots are withdrawn for individual housing construction and maintenance of a residential building; when withdrawing land plots for the construction of schools, kindergartens, etc., when allocating land plots for water management. the legal regime for compensation for damage caused to water resources is enshrined in the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, the laws of the republic of uzbekistan “on nature protection”, “on water and water use”, as well as by-laws. the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on water and water use” in articles 117 and 118 regulates the legal requirements for compensation for damage caused as a result of violation of water legislation 10 . however, these provisions of the law are blanket, i.e. the procedure for compensation for harm is referred to other departmental acts, which indicate the principles and specific forms of compensation for harm. damage caused by water pollution is compensated in accordance with special “methods for calculating damage.” in our opinion, in the new water code of the republic of uzbekistan, in the future it is necessary to establish a separate chapter “compensation for damage caused to water resources”, where the basic principles, forms, and procedure for compensation for damage should be clearly regulated. legal forms of compensation for damage caused to subsoil are carried out in accordance with the general principles of compensation for damage and the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on subsoil” (new edition), adopted on december 13, 2002. article 48 of this law states: “damage caused to the subsoil user by other persons is subject to compensation in accordance with the law. damage caused to the state as a result of the activities of a subsoil user guilty of selective mining of rich areas of a mineral deposit, as well as other actions (inactions) that led to damage to the deposit or the creation of conditions that partially or completely exclude the possibility of further use of subsoil areas, is subject to compensation at the expense of the subsoil user in accordance with the law" 11 . damage caused to atmospheric air is carried out on the basis of the principles and norms enshrined in the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on the protection of atmospheric air”. however, this law does not provide for the principles, forms and procedure for compensation for damage caused to atmospheric air. the actual damage in this area is determined by methods for calculating damage in accordance with environmental regulations and standards. the second direction of the compensation system is compensation for damage caused to divisible objects, based on special rates for calculating damage. in environmental and legal literature, as mentioned above, this area is called “tax liability”. taxes are conventional units for assessing damage, taking into account the costs incurred to maintain the economy (forestry, fishing, hunting). the fee seems to consist of two parts: one is intended to reimburse costs, the other is to punish the perpetrator. it represents the amount of damage caused in advance and fixed in a fixed amount. compensation for damage based on special rates applies only to divisible natural objects, i.e. forest, flora and fauna. this is due to the natural and economic characteristics of these objects, which makes it possible to determine 10 закон республики узбекистан «о воде и водопользовании». т.: адолат, 1994. 11 закон республики узбекистан «о недрах» (новая редакция). собрание законодательства республики узбекистан. 2003. № 1-2. 123 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the possibility of establishing how many trees, animals and plants were damaged. a fee is established for each type and instance of illegally damaged, destroyed tree and animal, and the amount collected in accordance with the current fees is determined by the number of damaged or destroyed natural objects. an analysis of environmental legislation in developed countries shows that there are various approaches and forms of compensation for harm. in the united states, the institution of property liability is developing in three directions: compensation for harm in case of damage to the health and property of citizens, state property (state-owned natural resources), as well as compensation for harm through restoration measures. compensation for damages is governed by civil and common law. environmental legislation contains only reference norms. for offenses resulting in property damage, civil liability measures are applied, including the imposition of a fine and compensation for damage. civil fines collected by court decisions in american practice acquire the same importance as administrative ones. fines are set at fixed amounts for each day of the offense and can be cumulatively high. thus, under the clean water act, unauthorized discharge of wastewater carries a civil penalty of $25,000 for each day of violation 12 . analysis of the process of compensation for harm resulting from violation of environmental legislation gives us grounds to draw the following conclusions:  this process combines a complex system of civil and environmental legal norms and requirements;  despite the existence of a legislative framework, regulations still remain blanket, i.e. do not contain specific rules related to the procedure for compensation for harm and refer to other sources of a narrow departmental nature;  the environmental, legal, economic and legal mechanism of this important instrument of legal responsibility leaves much to be desired;  a very low level of legal culture among the parties to compensation for harm, as a result of which a high level of latency of offenses and property and legal liability in this area remains high. taking into account these objective and subjective circumstances, in order to improve environmental legislation and the environmental-legal mechanism of the institution of compensation for harm caused to the natural environment, we propose to develop and adopt the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on compensation for environmental damage”. references 1. концепция охраны окружающей среды республики узбекистан до 2030 года. указ президента республики узбекистан от 30 октября 2019 года № уп-5863. 2. конституция республики узбекистан. т.: адолат, 2023 г. 3. реймерс н.ф. указ. раб. с. 404-405. 4. петров в.в. экологическое право. м., 1995. с. 47. 5. ерофеев б.в. экологическое право россии. м., 1996. с. 11. 6. реймерс н.ф.указ. раб. с. 405-406. 7. демина т.а. экология, природопользование, охрана окружающей среды. м., 1995. с. 50. 8. нигматов а.н. экологическое право в схемах и определениях. т., 1999. с. 90. 12 epa, policy on civie penalty, fabruary 16. 1984. javascript:scrolltext() 124 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. джалилов и.д. некоторые актуальные правовые проблемы рационального использования земельных ресурсов в узбекистане. алма-ата: наука, 1984; жураев ю.а. состояние и развитие права в области использования и охраны природных ресурсов в республике узбекистан. // гос. и право, 1996, № 5; базаров у.б. рациональное обеспечение мелиорации земель. т., 1989; усманов м.б. ер ва конун. т.: адолат, 1994; холмуминов ж.т. эколого-правовые проблемы использования орошаемых земель республики узбекистан. т.: фан, 1996; ражабов н. ш. роль социального партнерство в установлении нормативов в сфере охраны окружающей природной среды (правовой аспект) //central asian journal of theoretical & applied sciences. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 45-55; д.н.махкамов.ўсимлик дунѐсига оид қонунчиликка илмий-таҳлилий назар. ҳуқуқий тадқиқотлар журнали .– тошкент, 2020.-№2 36-41 б. 1-6; совершенствование аграрного законодательства в условиях изменяющегося климата: на примере узбекистана. н. скрипников, р. кенжаев review of law sciences, 2018; тухташев х. правовый порядок использования земель лесного фонда: национальный и зарубежный опыт //review of law sciences. – 2020. – т. 5. – №. 10. черкашина и.а. право водопользования межхозяйственных сельскохозяйственных предприятий в современных условиях. автореф.дис…к.ю.н., алма-ата, 1991; эшонкулова л.п. право сельскохозяйственного водопользования граждан республики узбекистан. автореф.дис…к.ю.н.,т., 1997. 272 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 physiological basis of emotional states ismailov erkin megnimurotovich tashkent state technical university, termiz branch teacher of the department of humanitarian and socio-economic sciences abstract: emotional of circumstances his passing a person in the organism changes, as well his basics about in detail data cause passed. humans are born in an impersonal state and express their inner forgiveness. therefore, it is important to educate a person's feelings, and this article is covered in this way. keywords: emotion, spirit, feeling, reflex, arousal, latent, attention, divergent, convergent. emotional circumstances another spiritual processes like the brain of activity result or product be is considered emotional of circumstances surface to come in nature and in society happen happening changes, relationships, connections, impressions main is the cause. changes own in turn, first of all, the person life and of activity acceleration or decrease, secondly, in man some of needs appear to be or to the disappearance, thirdly, a person internal organs functional of cases destabilization take will come. they are feelings for the most characteristic physiological processes basically as unconditionally and conditional reflexes service does and my brother ing certain brain system big half balloons in the skin surface will come and that's it in the place is strengthened. complicated unconditionally reflexes while: 1) half don't mess around bark under spaces; 2) in the brain to see corners; 3) nerve their excitement of the brain high from divisions vegetative to the system passing giver centers through done is increased. feelings in person are theirs pass always the brain skin with bark centers joint ( cooperative ) activity as a result come true comes out emotions physiological to stir own into takes special in emotions agitation will it change or isn't it ? excitement a person lie to speak forced is doing or isn't it? emotions physicist in terms of us it irritates. some one physicist reactions so much apparently it is you him easy you will notice can for example: body movement less apparently standing fibers for mobile is done; energy work release for liver to the blood addition sugar work emits; shakami appropriation for oxygen need, therefore for breath get speed up, blood internal from the organs to the muscles pass food digestion to do slows down; black cracks a lot the light passing expands; the body himself cooling for sweats; if the body is injured if it is blood poured faster ends and etc. one one danger about thinking see: your your organism reaction each how conscious without actions coordinate. he is you go ahead aspiration either retreat prepares ours let us wake up autonomous nerve system manages, activates, kidney under glandular stress hormones epinephrine and (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noadrenaline) production releases 273 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us epinephrine and of norepinephrine increased departure, heart hit frequencies strengthens blood pressure and in the blood sugar level increases. danger pass since he left then, parasympathetic neuron fibers organism calm down and move on introduces even parasympathetic department stress hormones work release even when stopped, in the blood hormones in the blood some one until time caught stands, therefore for arousal gradually decreases66. person spiritual in the world, him surrounded standing all around happen happening changes ( natural, yes subjective from being strict nazar ) experiences for the subject ( human ). how value, high importance occupation emotional do not state content so much purmano will be of this under the influence of surface coming temporary connections _ system again construction arousal process harvest does. this is it process the brain big half balloons in the skin after spreading bark centers take over takes big half balls from the skin below standing the brain in sections organism physiological of activity different centers ( breath take, eat digestion to do and etc. ) is located. for this reason peeling centers arousal some internal members of activity to increase take will come. including breath get of rhythmicity o' change ( when excited suffocated it's hard to stay and out of order breath to receive surface brings ), heart of activity disorder ( heart hit accelerates ), the body blood with of provision from the trail output ( from shyness to blush, from fear to turn pale cause emits, internal secretion glands of work defects the eye age drools when excited mouth dries, " cold " sweat when afraid emits and etc. ) scientific in sources interpretation according to the brain big half of balls skin moderate in the circumstances bark to the centers management and braking along effect shows and of emotion outside to be expressed road does not put brain stem strong level if he stirs, his under the influence of manageability function is broken. person hard if tired or strong drunk bo' isa, irradiation due to bark centers are also moved, as a result action control to do disappears. brain activity electrophysiological studies don't be emotional appear when hypothalamolimbic system and reticular formation of role showing passed. in the data apparently emotional do not state physiological essence big half balls of the skin and bark system centers function only not but they are: a) brain mechanisms activities activator reticular of formation, b) brain thalamus ( see ) of hypothalamus, d) half balls new bark between limbic of the system are functions. emotional circumstances for peeling of nodes to the composition incoming ( brain big half of balls white article with unifying gray substance sum ) centers are also important important have if the brain big half balloons bark movement combine and feel and effort thin expression by doing the brain formations external and internal in the environment happen to be to changes of the organism answer reactions manages to the data than the brain big half balloons bark if damaged, external from the world and internal from organs coming do not provoke thin analysis to be done emotional even if weakened circumstances preserved will remain. for example, animals limbic to the system under part, see to the hills directed electricity to triggers, reticular of the formation to their excitement happiness or shortness of breath, anger or cowardice, enjoyment or to suffer, to enjoy or entertainment as answer reaction harvest will be. above as noted, positive and do n't feel negative that's it similar centers with of the brain another in sections to the location despite, conditional of the enjoyment and suffering centers are also available. emotions to each other near in the distance activity they show. in the experiment from double centers in one electrode with harvest done stir up out of need come came out without negative or positive from emotion only one to the body only brought sometimes approach is located in the centers agitation spread out if, then ambivalent or double sided reaction come true comes out conditional respectively named centers ( enjoyment, suffering ) to each other near to the location regardless, har different to structure have the fact that determined. do not inform as shown, " suffering " centers of the brain different in sections if placed, but they are the only one system with managed. negative from emotions different like dying positive emotions and " pleasure " centers each other with gypsum contact have it's not. emphasize passed opinions, 274 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us emotions couple and opposite to the feature have from being proof is giving that's why for each which emotion opposite to the category adamant that he has trust with to say possible, including love-hate, pleasant-unpleasant, calm-anxious, responsible -indifference and others references 1. oʻzbekiston respublikasining “ta’lim toʻgʻrisida”gi qonuni. 2020 yil 23-sentabr (oʻrq637 son). 2. s.r. baxadirova pedagogika va psixologiya asoslar toshkent «ilm ziyo» 2016 3. karimova v. psixologiya. — t.: «o‘qituvchi», 2000. 4. g‘oziyev e. umumiy psixologiya. 1-kitob. — t.: «o‘qituvchi», 2004. 5. g‘oziyev e. umumiy psixologiya. 2-kitob, — t.: «o‘qituvchi», 2004. 6. davletshin m.g. umumiy psixologiya. — t.: tdpu nashriyoti, 2002 7. bobokulov, c. u. (2023). the meaning and importance of developing mental abilities of children of junior school age. modern scientific research international scientific journal, 1(6), 125-132. 8. urolovich, b. c. (2023). analysis of the priority method of determining the developing and health-giving effect of physical exercises in sports training. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 651653. 9. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 10. urolovich, b. c. (2023). scientific effects of the modular approach in teaching the theory and methodology of physical education. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 141-144. 11. o’gli, e. e. m. (2020). specific features of teaching students for extracurricular ball sports. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 139-141. 12. ulaboyevich, b. g.. (2023). increasing the efficiency of the methodology of conducting physical education lessons for students of grades 5-9 in hot climate conditions. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 137–140. 13. o’rolovich, c. b., & o’gli, e. e. m. (2020). the role and effective importance of moving games in the development of the physical qualities of athletes. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 136-138. 14. o’gli, e. e. m. (2020). specific features of teaching students for extracurricular ball sports. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 139-141. 15. jamshid, b. (2023). competence requirements for physical education teachers in universal educational institutions. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(9), 323-327. 16. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). theoretical foundations of the use of special acting games for the development of operational efforts in young wrestler girls. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(7), 99-102. 275 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 17. megnimurotovich, i. e., & ismailovna, a. n. (2023). content essentials of diagnostics and psychocorrection of interrelationships in cognitive processes. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 328-330. 18. ismailovna, a. n., & mengnimurotovich, i. e. psychodiagnostics of cognitive abilities. 19. eshqobilov, e. (2023). scientific and theoretical aspects of the competent approach in the development of creativity in the future professional pedagogical activity of physical culture education students. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(3), 530-533. 20. urolovich, b. c. standards for correct organization of independent education of physical culture education students. 205 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 mandatory reorganization of corporate law entities otabek rakhmonov lecturer of administrative and financial law department, tashkent state university of law abstract: relations related to the organization and abolition of subjects of corporate law are important in the context of a market economy. if the organization of subjects of corporate law generates a new subject of law and makes a concrete contribution to economic development along with the emergence of new subjective rights and obligations in economic and legal relations, then their termination will lead to the termination of the subject of law and the termination of the subject's activities in the field of corporate law. economic relations in exchange for this article discusses the reorganization of corporate law entities, the liquidation of a legal entity and the emergence of a new legal entity instead of it or the decision of the future fate of the property. keywords: reorganization, liquidation, corporate law, legal entities, mandatory reorganization process. liquidation of legal entities in court is carried out on the grounds provided for directly by the legislation. the peculiarity of the mandatory abolition of legal entities is that it is based not on the will of the legal entity, but on the fact that the activities of the legal entity do not comply with the law. at the same time, the compliance of the legal entity's activities with the principles of honesty, rationality and fairness is also taken into account [1]. in accordance with the general rule, only the founders (participants) of legal entities and the bodies of a legal entity endowed with such powers in accordance with the constituent documents have the authority to abolish a legal entity through reorganization. and the legislation provides that its reorganization in the form of separation of a legal entity or separation of one or more legal entities from its composition is carried out by a decision of the represented state bodies or by a court decision (part 2 of article 49 of the civil code). the process of reorganization of legal entities in court consists in the consideration of simple cases in a general manner and begins only on the basis of a claim by a competent state body in cases provided for by law. in other words, the first stage of the mandatory reorganization process is filing a lawsuit with a state body. in accordance with part 3 of article 49 of the civil code, if the founders (participants) of a legal entity, the body they represent, or the body of a legal entity represented by its constituent documents, do not reorganize the legal entity within the time period established by the decision of the authorized state body, the court appoints the manager of the legal entity from the moment of appointment of the manager to him powers to manage the affairs of a legal entity. the manager acts in court on behalf of a legal entity, draws up a distribution balance sheet and submits it to the court together with the constituent documents arising as a result of the 206 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reorganization of legal entities. the court's approval of these documents is the basis for the state registration of newly created legal entities. in court, the termination of the activities of legal entities is a complex process and consists of many stages. it should be noted that in a market economy, the termination of the activity of a legal entity has acquired a new meaning. currently, the procedure for mandatory termination of the activities of legal entities consists of several stages, and legal scholars note that this process is carried out at different stages. i.v.eliseev and a.according to shukrullayev, the liquidation of legal entities consists of five stages [2]. as in the case of liquidation of legal entities on a voluntary basis, a liquidation commission is formed in court by a court decision, and the commission assumes the authority to manage the legal entity. at the second stage, the commission publishes information about the termination of the legal entity's activities in the press and collects accounts receivable. at the third stage, the liquidation commission evaluates the accounts payable of the legal entity and decides whether to satisfy the claims or refuse them, and also draws up an interim liquidation balance sheet. at the fourth stage, in accordance with the balance sheet of the interim liquidation, creditors' claims are satisfied. if the funds of the legal entity are insufficient to satisfy the creditors' claims, the liquidation commission will sell the property of the legal entity at auction and cover the debts. at the fifth stage, after repayment of creditors' debts, the liquidation commission draws up the final liquidation balance sheet and distributes the remaining property among the participants of the legal entity and submits all the documents prepared for completion to the state body, ultimately completing the process of liquidation of the legal entity. however, civil legislation establishes a specific procedure for the liquidation of enterprises that are in an unfavorable economic situation and do not carry out their own financial and economic activities. bankruptcy of legal entities consists of several complex processes and stages, each of which has its own aspects. after all, bankruptcy is caused by the economic insolvency and insolvency of a legal entity. although bankruptcy is also carried out on a voluntary and mandatory basis, its specific provisions require the participation of judicial authorities in the bankruptcy process. r. kniper believes that bankruptcy legislation and its application in practice is a very important, complex and delicate situation in every state and every national economy. because the liquidation of an enterprise is an unpleasant phenomenon not only for an entrepreneur, but also for the state, as well as for employees, female employees, contractors, commercial partners. for example, the bankruptcy incident in bremen, which led to very large negative consequences, led to the elimination of about 30,000 jobs due to the fact that shipbuilding would lead to a complex liquidation of the industry. this, coupled with an increase in the unemployment rate in bremen, put shippers of goods and work partners in a difficult position and led to a significant decrease in tax revenues of bremen [3]. indeed, the liquidation of enterprises damages the country's economy as the most negative state of all time. at the same time, as a result of the abolition of a legal entity, the state will have to implement certain social protection. f.h.atakhanov believes that supervision, dates of court sessions, settlement agreement, external management and liquidation procedures are procedures that are carried out when considering a bankruptcy case of a legal entity [4]. 207 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our opinion, the separation of legal entities, as well as other methods of reorganization, can be carried out by state bodies and the court in accordance with the decision of the founders or bodies of the legal entity provided for in the constituent documents, or in cases provided for by law. usually, the reasons for which "being" is carried out are not required. however, being a legal entity in order to expand its activities and avoid large taxes, as well as as a result of the mutual distribution of the property of a legal entity between participants and founders is becoming an increasingly common practice. at this point, j. yuldashev's thoughts are much more relevant. in his opinion, this form of reorganization arises in order to reorient business in a difficult financial and economic situation, avoid large tax payments and large risks, as well as conduct their business activities in various fields [5]. in addition to these considerations, bankruptcy is a kind of way of abolishing a legal entity by liquidating an economically disadvantaged enterprise, in which the bankruptcy case is considered by the court regardless of whether the legal entity wants to continue its activities or not. such a procedure does not catch the eye with other methods of liquidation of a legal entity (if a violation of the law has no basis in the organization and activities of a legal entity). the issues of liquidation of legal entities by bankruptcy require in-depth study as a subject of separate scientific research. and even due to the fact that the subject of this research work is devoted to the methods of liquidation of legal entities and civil law problems of their application, we found it necessary to pay attention only to the stages of applying the bankruptcy procedure in court. with a claim for bankruptcy of a legal entity, the economic court has the right to appeal to the debtor, the creditor and the prosecutor, the state tax service and other competent authorities. in addition, the debtor himself can also apply to the economic court with a petition for declaring himself bankrupt if there are grounds established by law. from this case, we can conclude that bankruptcy is not only a way to abolish legal entities, but also to allow legal entities to get out of the current situation when they are economically disadvantaged and insolvent, and to control their activities in this regard. bankruptcy is a type of legal relationship that consists not only of material and legal relations, but also of procedural legal relations. in the end, in every action that is carried out when applying the bankruptcy procedure, the norms of substantive and procedural law are applied on the basis of continuity. the importance of the abolition of legal entities in court lies in the fact that in this case the court will lead to the termination of the activity of the legal entity as a subject of law through the compulsory function of the state when it violates the rights and interests of other persons in the exercise of its activities. activity. the state, on the other hand, ensures the implementation of the control function directly in the interests of society and the people, while the mandatory abolition of a legal entity is constantly carried out in the direction of achieving this goal. references 1. emelyanov v.i. reasonableness, conscientiousness, non-abuse of civil rights. -m.:lex-book, 2002. -128 p. 2. civil law. in 3 volumes/edited by a.p.sergeev, yu.k.tolstoy.-m.: prospect. 2003. vol.1.164-165 p.; 3. knipper r. some issues of bankruptcy of enterprises.//economy and law.-tashkent, 1999.no. 11-12.-p.128. 4. business law./ responsible editor f.h.otakhanov.tashkent: tsil, 2003.-145 p. 5. yuldashev zh.i. joint-stock companies as a subject of civil law.tashkent: tsil, 2004.142 p. 668 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the emergence and development of the american short story samartkand economy and service institute ―teaching language‖ department teacher, abulkhayirov doston fayzullo ugli samarkand economy andservice institute economy faculty group-ik-523 abdurashidov sardorbek xurshid o‘g‘li sardorbekbdrshdv@gamil.com abstract: american literature, both in the way it was practiced and the way it was perceived, came of age in the period between 1870 and 1920. during these years american writing distinguished itself stylistically and thematically from the european tradition to which it had been dismissively compared for more than a century. american authors also increasingly gained respect as serious artists in the decades following the civil war as literary critics inside and outside the academy began to appreciate the intrinsic merits of american poetry and prose. keywords: american poetry, cultural trauma, short story, myths, legends, folktales, fairy tales, identifying humankind's earliest coherence utterance introduction the short story is one of the oldest forms of literature. stories have been told as long as man has existed on this planet. we can imagine of early cavemen entertaining each other by telling and listening to stories. the myths, legends, folktales, fairy tales and such like forms are the early manifestations of what later developed into short story. r. c. fedderson says, "story it is widely assumed originated somewhere in the misty dawn of language itself."[3, 39] the exact date of the beginning can never be known with any certainty. it would be as useless as "identifying humankind's earliest coherence utterance." but one can certainly assert that the short story is the oldest genre of literature. the fairy tales, fables and legends, which are the basics of all cultures, are so told that their origins cannot be hazarded. but they can certainly be taken as the precursors of the short story as we understand it now. such short narratives of stories have existed for as long as we can remember. such narratives have several purposes in the society. they have, besides entertaining and regaling listeners and readers, also sought to preserve the older traditions and norms of human social attitudes. their importance can be gauged from the fact that they are prescribed in school and college curriculum, they have been read at public readings. one can certainly agree with shirley ann grau that people are still reading short story "like mad." 669 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us among all the literary genres it is the short story that is typically american in tone and temper. most critics argue that the short story is an american invention. alfred bendixen remarks: "the short story is an american invention, and arguably the most important literary genre to have emerged in the united states. thus, now the american short story is more than two hundred years old. but it is still going strong. one can agree with irish critic frank o'connor who said,"[6, 58] it began in 1819 with washington irving. not that there were no short stories written or published in america earlier, but from the point of view of modern short story form none of them are significant. still two names merit mention. they are banjamin franklin (1706-1790), freneau and charles brockden brown (1771-1810). among them brown is better known. generally regarded as the first american novelist, brown is a key figure in the tradition of gothic fiction, for some of his novels--edgar huntley, wieland, arthur mervyn—are responsible for "americanizing" the gothic, which in its european incarnation featured imagery (ruined castles,) that was simply non-existent, and hence symbolically inert, in america. brown shifted the settings of his works to american locales--forests, towns, caves, outlying estates -and relocated the sources of terror, yet retained a gothic mood of emotional and psychological extremity. the period between the american civil war which began in 1861 and the outbreak of world war i in europe in 1914 may be termed in the era of the short story in general. those were the days of the gift books. these gift books were annual collections of poems, artwork and literary criticism, aimed primarily at an audience of upper-class women in england and north america. all modern literary magazines can trace their pedigree back to these gift books. in 1837, nathaniel hawthorne collected a number of stories that he had written for the gift book market and published them to great critical acclaim as twice told tales. and with that, short stories had arrived. it is a short story collection in two volumes by nathaniel hawthorne (1804-1864). the first was published in the spring of 1837, and the second in 1842. the stories had all been previously published in magazines and annuals, hence the name.[18, 96] washington irving (1783-1859) remains the earliest notable writer of distinction of short stories among americans. he made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the morning chronicle, written under the pseudonym jonathan oldstyle. after moving to england for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of the sketch book of geoffrey crayon, gent in 1819-20. he continued to publish regularly—and almost always successfully—throughout his life, and completed a five-volume biography of george washington just eight months before his death. irving was fascinated by the art of short fiction and there is no doubt that he did much to perfect the art of short story writing. these stories, in the opinion of charles neider have a wonderful tone of nostalgia that one must reckon as flowing from the fact settings are personally so meaningful to irving, and permeates, affects and ultimately lends beauty to the style, warming pour imagination as well as the author's... i still find them bewitching, magical, with a great aptness of phrase and metaphor, and with the subtle, delicate, delicious irony that marks irving's best work.[23, 155] there is no doubt that washington irving perfected the american short story. he was the first american writer to place his stories firmly in the united states, though he ransacked the dutch and german folklore for his ideas. he is one of the first to write both the vernacular english of america. he never cared for inculcating any moral in his short stories. his aim was pure and simple entertainment of his readers. 670 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us list of used literature 1. karimov i.a. ―chet tillarni o’rganish tizimini yanada takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlar to’g’risida‖gi (pq-1875-sonli) qarori. // ―ma’rifat‖ gazetasi, 2012-yil, 12-dekabr. 2. o’zbekiston respublikаsining ―kаdrlаr tаyyorlаsh milliy dаsturi to’g’risidа‖gi qonuni. – toshkent: ―shаrq‖, 1997. – 63b. 3. abbs brian & ingrid freebairn blueprint. teaching learners in english.uk: longman press, 2001. – 214 p. 4. aldridge alan & ken levine surveying the social world: principles and practice in survey research. – buckingham-philadelphia: open university press, 2001. – 189 p. 5. allan dave. oxford test. – oxford: oxford university press, 1995. – 155 p. 6. allen patrick & birgit harley, issues and options in language teaching. – london: 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international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 legal education in nigerian public tertiary institution: challenges and way forward niyi jacob ogunode department of education, university of abuja, nigeria adeola, christina, l. post-graduate student, faculty of law, university of abuja abstract: objectives: the objective of this paper is to discuss the challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria. methods: content analysis was adopted for the paper. both secondary and primary data were used in the paper to support points raised. the data were sourced from national and international dailies, published, unpublished papers and articles and reference materials. findings: inadequate funding, shortage of lecturers, inadequate infrastructural facilities, braindrain, strike actions, teaching of large classes, corruption, political influence, insecurity, lack of passionate and committed lecturers, lack of research and lack of synergy between the institutions (law faculties and law school) were identified as challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria. conclusion: the paper concludes that inadequate funding, shortage of lecturers, inadequate infrastructural facilities, brain-drain, strike actions, teaching of large classes, corruption, political influence, insecurity, lack of passionate and committed lecturers, lack of research and lack of synergy between the institutions (law faculties and law school are challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria) recommendations: the federal and state government should increase the funding of legal education in all the tertiary institutions across the country. keywords: law education, public tertiary education, insecurity nigeria, state. introduction public tertiary institutions are institutions owned by the government and established by the law of the parliament to provide a public higher education for the people within the country. tertiary education is the education given after post basic education in institutions such as universities and inter-university centres like the nigeria french language village, nigeria arabic language village, national institute of nigerian languages, other institutions are innovation enterprise institutions (ieis), and colleges of education, monotechnics, polytechnics, and other specialized institutions like the colleges of agriculture, schools of health and technology and the national teachers' institutes (nti) (frn, 2013). some of the goals of the tertiary education are to contribute to national development through high level manpower training; provide accessible and affordable quality learning opportunities in formal and informal education in response to the needs and interests of all nigerians; provide 316 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us high quality career counseling and lifelong learning programmes that prepare students with the knowledge and skills for self-reliance and the world of work; reduce skill shortages through the production of skilled manpower relevant to the needs of the labour market; promote and encourage scholarship, entrepreneurship and community service; forge and cement national unity; and promote national and international understanding and interaction (frn, 2013). the tertiary educational institutions shall are expected to pursue certain goals, these are: quality student intake; quality teaching and learning; research and development; high standards in the quality of facilities, services and resources; staff welfare and development programmes; provision of a more practical based curriculum relevant to the needs of the labour market; generation and dissemination of knowledge, skills and competencies that contribute to national and local economic goals which enable students to succeed in a knowledge-based economy; a variety of flexible learning modes including full-time, part time, block release, day-release, and sandwich programmes; access to training funds such as those provided by the industrial training fund (itf), tertiary education trust fund (tetfund); students industrial work experience scheme (siwes) that is well structured, coordinated and supervised; maintenance of minimum educational standards through appropriate regulatory agencies; an all-inclusive credible admissions policy for national unity; supporting affordable, equitable access to tertiary education through scholarships and students' loans; inter-institutional co-operation and linkages; and dedicated services to the community through extra-mural and extension services (frn, 2013). the realization of the objectives of tertiary education hinges on the availability of human and material resources. one of the key materials resources is the information communication technology. the nigeria tertiary education system as earlier mentioned comprises of universities, polytechnics and colleges offering programmes in teacher education and agriculture. higher education is a community of scholars free to pursue knowledge without undue interference from anywhere. the law programme is one of the major programmes offered in nigerian tertiary education. the programme offered in the nigerian universities as listed in the bmas documents were produced for the following academic disciplines: i) administration; management and management technology; ii) agriculture, forestry, fisheries and home economics; iii) arts; iv) basic medical and health science v) education; vi) engineering and technology; vii) environmental sciences; viii) law; ix) pharmaceutical sciences x) medicine and dentistry; xi) science; xii) social sciences; xii) veterinary medicine (ogunode, 2020). law programme also known as legal education is one of the major programme offered in the nigerian tertiary institutions. writer club (2017) claimed that legal education is the system of training students to become legal specialists. such training is given in educational institutions that are devoted to the study of law. it can also be seen as a body of knowledge about the government, administration, and law. possession of a legal education serves as a basis for professional legal activity. the elements of legal education in each period of history have corresponded to the level of development of legislation and jurisprudence.legal education in nigeria is patterned after the system in england except that whereas lawyers in england are solicitors or barristers, all lawyers in nigeria qualify and can practice as both barristers and solicitors.legal education in nigeria consists of academic study for 4 to 5 years (depending on the mode of entry) in a law faculty and a year in the law school followed by call to the nigerian bar and enrollment as a legal practitioner at the supreme court. it is the national universities commission (nuc) that established minimum academic standards for the conferment of law degrees (ll.b). likewise, the council of legal education has established requirement which a law degree must satisfy before it can qualify its holder for admission into the nigerian law school for a bachelor of law degree. this therefore subjects law faculties to two accreditations: one by the nuc and another by the council of legal education (cle). according to nuc‘s document on minimum academic standards for law in 317 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nigerian universities: ―academic legal education should therefore act, first, as a stimulus to stir the student into the critical analysis and examination of the prevailing social, economic and political systems of his community and, secondly, as an intellectual exercise aimed at studying and assessing the operation, efficacy and relevance of various rules of law in society. ‖undoubtedly, all human activities in their social, economic, political and environmental contexts, take place within a legal framework. it is therefore necessary, according to the nuc revised minimum academic standards for law, ―that the student of law should also have a broad general knowledge and exposure to other disciplines in the process of acquiring legal education (writer club 2017).‖ the law faculties of universities owe a duty to adequately prepare nigerian law students for the largely procedural law that will be studied at the nigerian law school and encountered in practice. that way, the transition from substantive law to procedural law will not be too sudden. the law school, in turn, owes a duty to ensure that those who are eventually called to bar are competent and can defend their call to bar certificates at all times. every year (sometimes once, sometimes twice) over 3, 000 (three thousand) lawyers are released into the society and many of them do not have a clue about what legal practice entails. in most cases, they have to be trained all over again by their prospective chambers (writer club 2017). okangla, (2021) submitted that legal education is very important, any neglect would amount to a fatal consequence in the entire process of justice adjudication. the nature of service rendered by lawyers, judges and other members of the profession in the administration of justice is always a reference point for every responsible and justice-loving government. addressing the state of legal education in nigeria should be a point of worry and a great concern for government at all levels. the state of legal education in nigeria is sorry, it is far from international standard. this is obviously taken its toll on the entire system of justice administration in every state of our journey as a nation. the current state of legal education in nigeria is highly substandard, hence the quality of lawyers churn out of law schools and their representation at the bar and subsequently at the bench should not be taken as an accident. it is as the product of chronic systemic impact and failure hence such disposition. based on this submission, this paper discusses the challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria. challenges faced with legal education in nigerian tertiary institutions in this paper, inadequate funding, shortage of lecturers, inadequate infrastructure facilities, braindrain, strike actions, teaching of large classes, corruption, political influence, insecurity, lack of passionate and committed lecturers, lack of research and lack of synergy between the institutions (law faculties and law schools) would be considered as challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria. inadequate funding inadequate funding is one of the major problems facing legal education in the public universities in nigeria. poor budgetary allocation to legal education in nigeria is the chief factor that militates against legal education in nigeria. successive government are guilty of this. this case of clear neglect on the side of government has kept legal education in stagnation for years. no faculty of law in nigeria has a 21 st facility to train a 21 st century lawyer. the traditional method of bombarding students with notes and handout is still in play thereby slowing the pace of our movement. most law faculties across the globe, most especially those in the western and european states have facilities and establish a high conducive environment for academic purpose. in this part of the world, nothing seems to be happening. there is no doubt funding of education is handled by the government and most of the percentage usually allocated to education is poor and effectively pulling down plans to effect changes that could see law students compete with their peers from western universities across the globe. also, akinola (2021) submits that ―funding is one of the problems of legal education in nigeria. funding is 318 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us grossly inadequate considering the number of people that want to study law now. the factors responsible for inadequate funding of public universities in nigeria according to daniel-kalio (2019); ogunode (2020); ogunode & abubakar, (2020); ogunode & ahaotu (2020a) and ogunode, & adah, (2022) include lack of political will, corruption, increase in population, inflation, fall in national revenue and poor financial planning. the implications of underfunding of the public universities according to nwekeaku, (2013); obadara, &alaka, (2013); ogunode, ahmed, gregory & abubakar (2020); ogunode, akinjobi & musa (2022); ogunode, akinjobi, & olatunde-aiyedun (2022) include inadequate infrastructural facilities, shortage of academics staff, poor quality of education, brain-drain and strike action. shortage of lecturers inadequate academic staff is another major problem facing the legal education public tertiary institutions in nigeria. many public universities in nigeria do not have adequate lecturers in law programme. lecturers in administrative law, nigerian legal method, nigerian legal system, banking and insurance law, constitutional law, criminal law, criminology, commercial law, oil and gas law, marine law etc, are limited in most tertiary institutions in the country the nigerian universities are faced with the problem of shortage of lecturers in many departments and faculties especially in programme like the law programmes mentioned above. (ogunode & abubakar, 2020;). for instance, the report of dateline (2022) as captured in national universities commission data indicated that federal universities in nigeria suffer a shortage of full-time professors. according to the data, no federal university scored up to 50 per cent in the ranking of full professors. this implies that no federal university has the required number of full professors. some of the federal universities ranked in the top 10 are the usman dan-fodiyo university, sokoto, with 36.44 percent; obafemi awolowo university, ile ife, 35.80 percent; federal university of technology, akure, 27.28 percent; federal university of agriculture, abeokuta, 27.25 percent; the university of abuja, 25.33 percent; the university of benin, 23.26 percent; university of port harcourt, 21.26 percent; the university of calabar, 21.20 percent; and the university of ilorin, 21.12 percent (punch, 2022; ogunode & okwelogu 2022). the shortage of lecturers in law faculties is responsible for high teacher-student ratio in the faculties and departments of laws in the universities. this problem of inadequate teachers in public universities is caused according to ogunode (2020) and ogunode & onyekachi, (2021) underfunding of the universities, corruptions, brain-drain, poor motivation, unconducive working environment and lack of manpower planning. the implication of shortage of academic staff in the nigerian public universities include high student –teacher ratio, poor learning, poor delivery of teaching, low productivities and poor quality of education. inadequate infrastructure facilities inadequate infrastructural facilities is a very big problem facing the legal education public tertiary institutions in nigeria. many faculties of law in nigerian public universities do not have adequate infrastructural facilities. infrastructural facilities refers to facilities aiding delivery of academic and non-academic services in educational institutions. infrastructural facilities according ogunode (2020) include; libraries, laboratories, halls, offices, administrative blocks, hostels, roads facilities, water, electricity, internet etc. the availability of the infrastructural facilities in adequate quantities will support effective administration of educational institutions and the inadequacies will prevent effective administration of educational institutions (ebehikhalu & dawam, 2017);ogunode, okwelogu & olatunde-aiyedun (2021); ogunode, olatundeaiyedun, & mcbrown, (2022). okangla, (2021) opined that inadequate facilities is one of the major challenges of confronting legal education in nigeria. most of the facilities available in our law faculties are so overstretched that learning is not conducive. in addition to this, most of the law faculties do not have accommodate-able moot court complex for proper horning of clinical skills. the problem of poor facilities in nigerian universities is epidemic as government pay little or no attention to holistically addressing the deficit. no doubt, comfort is needed for assimilation to be effective. the best can‘t be delivered neither can quality be assured in an 319 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us overcrowded learning environment. our lecture halls are usually stuffy, no proper ventilation, no air conditioners, no electricity neither to talk of fan. it is very uncommon to see students standing by the windows or sharing seats in the course of lectures. you hardly find modern instructional materials such as audio visuals aids, or public address systems in our lecture theatres, that is if there any theatres in some universities at all! due to the large population of students, the teachers are overstretched such that the salutary culture of tutorials has become history in our faculties.[6]facilities across our universities are grossly inadequate for the training of 21st century lawyers. how many of our moot courts are properly funded? how many of our libraries are properly funded with e-materials?‖ asked by akinola (2021).the factors responsible for inadequate infrastructural facilities in nigerian public universities include; underfunding, increased in students population, corruption, poor infrastructural facilities planning, poor supervision and inflation. the implication of inadequate infrastructural facilities in the nigerian public universities include; poor quality of education, poor teaching and learning, low productivities, brain-drain and overcrowdings of lecture halls. brain-drain another problem preventing effective administration of legal education in public tertiary institutions in nigeria is the challenge of brain-drain problem. brain-drain refers to the movement of professionals from developing countries to developed countries for a better job offers. brain-drain is a situation whereby professional individuals are migrating from their countries to another country to seek greener pasture. many lecturers and researchers are leaving tertiary institutions in nigeria to other part of african countries and europe for a better job offer and conducive working environment. tis is affecting the various law programme in the public universities is affecting the administration of the universities because academic staff are very important for the implementation of universities‘ programme. factors responsible for brain-drain in the nigerian public universities according to ogunode 2020) include; poor motivation, unconducive working environment, insecurity, underfunding and political interferences. the implication of brain-drain in the nigerian public universities include; shortage of lecturers, poor quality of education and high student-teacher ratio. strike actions strike actions in the nigerian public tertiary institutions is another problem facing the administration of legal education in nigeria. the nigerian public tertiary institutions are known for continuous strike actions by different union groups in the public universities eneh, &owo, (2009) ekundayo, & ajayi, (2009); ogunode & ndayebom, (2022) and ogunode, ezema, &olugbenga, (2022) the continuous strike actions by these different union groups are frustrating the administration of public universities in nigeria (ogunode 2020; olowonefa, ogunode & ohibime (2022). jacob & adeniran, (2019) submitted that it is inevitable that nigerian universities would experience industrial actions once in a while but what we have in nigeria is a situation in which industrial actions have become the norm rather than the exception. a cursory look at the history of strikes embarked upon by the academic staff union of universities (asuu) would reveal some appalling statistics. in 1999, nigerian universities were closed for five months; in 2001, for three months, in 2003, for six months, in 2007 for three months, in 2009 for four months, in 2010 for five months, in 2011 for three months. the negative effects of these strike actions are better imagined than stated, but suffice it to state that it has become acceptable for parents to mentally add a couple of extra years to the number of years their wards are expected to spend in the university upon admission. the reasons for the strike actions by different union groups include according to ogunruku, (2016); ogunode 2020) and ogunode, ugochukwu & jegede (2022) underfunding of the public universities, inadequate infrastructural facilities, poor implementation of agreement reached with union groups and poor working condition. the implications of the continuous strike actions on the public universities include; disruption in the academic programme, poor quality of education, bad image for the universities, poor ranking internationally and poor patronage of public universities in nigeria. https://thenigerialawyer.com/the-challenges-of-legal-education-in-nigeria-and-prospects/#_ftn6 320 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us teaching of large classes the teaching of large classes in public tertiary institutions is another challenge hindering quality of legal education in nigeria. this submission is acknowledged by akinola (2021) who said ―you put a thousand students in the law school and teach all of them at a stretch. the teacherstudent ratio is also a problem, which boils down to funding. what‘s the teacher-student ratio in the nigerian law school? ten lecturers to 1,000 students, so that is a ratio of 1:100. can it be effective? no! by akinola‖. writer club (2017) asserted that the problem of too many students is a lack of synergy with the nigerian law school. nigerian faculties of law admit too many students. it is quite understandable that faculties of law seek to make legal education available to all and sundry but the downside of this desire is that the nigerian faculties of law end up exceeding their quota at the nigerian law school (each faculty of law is allowed to sell law school forms to a particular number of its students). the availability of these forms is dependent on how highly said faculty of law is rated by the council of legal education. some nigerian faculties of law, despite the said rating, still admit more than their prescribed quota so we have instances where a particular faculty of law is entitled to say, 50 law school forms every year, but ends up graduating 250 students! invariably, there is a backlog of students who eagerly await their respective turns to obtain law school forms. these are fallouts from the initial problem of admitting far more students than the faculty is entitled to. ogunode & ndayebom, (2022) and eneh, &owo, (2009) concluded that many lecturers are lecturing students above the actual capacity of teacher-students ratio in most tertiary institutions in nigeria. corruption corruption in the public tertiary institutions in nigeria is another problem preventing effective administration of legal education in the public tertiary institutions in nigeria. the high rate of corruption in the nigerian public universities has hindered the development of law education in nigeria. gambo & fasanmi, (2019); ogune, (2021). many public universities are in the present condition because of the corruption in the system. funds provided for implementation of programme, provision of infrastructural facilities, employment of staff and programme development ended up been looted or diverted into private account (koko, (2015);ololube, (2016);godwin 2017; okebukola, (2018); ogunode, iyabode & olatunde-aiyedun, (2022);ogunode, josiah & ajape (2021); ogunode, ndubuisi, jegede (2022) and mgbekem, (n.d).. punch (2020) submitted that much of the little funds that go into the universities are stolen. in the course of the face-off, the government claimed ―the fraud in the universities is amazing and you will be shocked. icpc did a system check recently, and it was so shocking. in fact, the worst two organisations they mentioned are the teaching hospitals and our universities (oluremi. & oyewole, (2014; ogunode, jegede, adah, audu & ajape, (2021).‖ in 2018, the socio-economic rights and accountability project claimed that there were allegations of corruption in several federal universities relating to the unfair allocation of grades; contract inflation; truncation of staff‘s salary on the payroll; employment of unqualified staff; certificate scandal; examination malpractice; sexual harassment; and issuance of results for expelled students to graduate. political influence another big challenge facing the administration of legal education in the public tertiary institutions in nigeria is the political influence. the public universities have been designed to function with political officer holders or politician in the country (olayinka, 2018). the school administrators of public universities are answerable to the governing council constituted by the government to manage the affair of the public universities in the country. tribune online (2022) reports that the establishment of these new campuses has come in the wake of the proliferation of nigerian tertiary institutions by the federal government, state government and legislative houses with little or no plan for sustainability. rather, the creation of tertiary institutions is now regarded as a hallmark of achievement of an incumbent administration. i have, in the course of 321 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us previous editions, lent my voice together with few others who see the unwholesome development of the proliferation of ‗mushroom‘ universities for what it truly is, i.e., universities are symbolisms of political achievements rather than serving its primary purpose.besides a consideration of the proliferation of tertiary institutions all over nigeria, and the recent extension of this unfortunate premise to the nigerian law school, perhaps, more alarming is the decision of the legislature to intervene in the creation of the said additional campuses, particularly as the previously established campuses were by the administrative decision of the council of legal education. this therefore leads to the irresistible conclusion the intervention of the senate in a function which is otherwise reposed in the council of legal education is nothing more than an attempt to politicise the process and score political points. the rivers state governor nyesom wike, noted that the ‗bill for an act to amend the legal education (consolidation etc.) act by establishing campuses for the nigerian law school, and for other related matters‘, by which two campuses of the nigerian law school will be cited in each of the geopolitical zones, was passed, he rightfully noted that it was politically motivated. he further rightfully noted that it is unfortunate that some senators want to politicise the establishment of nigerian law school campuses, even when there are glaring evidence that the federal government cannot adequately fund existing ones (tribune online (2022). insecurity insecurity is another problem facing the administration of legal education in public tertiary institutions in nigeria. nigeria is facing insecurity challenge and this is affecting the entire educational institutions in the country. the islamic sect called boko haram meaning western education is forbidden is attacking educational institutions in the northern part of nigeria. many public universities located in the northern nigeria have been victims of continuous attacks. many students, lecturers and administrators have been killed while others kidnapped. the various attacks on the universities have resulted to school closure leading to unstable academic programme. recently, the federal capital territory, abuja is facing security threats as iswap, boko haram and bandit terrorists planned to attack nigerian law school, bwari, worship centers and security formations in the nation‘s capital. according to daily nigeria there was plan to abduct staff and student of the nigerian law school, bwari by two banditry kingpins, kachalla ali kawaje and kachalla dansadi (daily nigeria,2022). lack of passionate and committed lecturers another challenge facing the legal education in nigeria is lack of passionate and committee lecturers in the various departments and faculties in the tertiary institutions. this submission is affirmed by okangla, (2021) who submitted that the challenges the legal education is battling with in nigeria is lack of passionate and committed lecturers. the entire labour system in nigeria is defective to the extent that lawyers without the interest of teaching flood the faculties thereby only filling the space and leaving the job substantially unattended. most of these lecturers combine teaching and practice. they pay more attention to practice than teaching as a result the entire teaching job is sparingly handled. these crop of unpassionate and uncommitted lecturers are responsible for the weak and half-baked set of lawyers and thereby forming part of the problem facing legal education in nigeria. lack of research researches in legal education is limited due to poor funding and lack of conducive environment. poor research is an issue hindering the development of legal education in the public tertiary institutions across the country. this submission is attested to by okangla, (2021) who observed that the legal profession have no room for laziness and unproductiveness. research is key to everyone that must succeed in the legal profession either as a student, lawyer, judge or a lecturer. it is a hard fact that most of our lecturers don‘t engage in research and they fail to feed students with recent decided cases and up to date laws. this act of professional malpractice is and negligence is greatly hampering the development of legal education in its entirety. it is an 322 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us embarrassing for a lecturer to misguide his student due to lack of research on his part. this clearly shows negligence on his part to duty. lack of synergy between the institutions (law faculties and law school) another challenges facing the legal education in nigerian tertiary institutions is lack of synergy between the institutions in charge of legal education in nigeria. this submission is supported by writer club who (2017) opined that the bulk of what is taught in nigerian faculties of law is substantive law which tells us what law ought to be (de legeferenda) instead of procedural law which deals with what law is (lexlata). when students arrive at the nigerian law school, from nigerian universities, they are immediately faced with the remarkable difference or distinction between what is taught by both institutions of learning. this makes for an awkward transition for the law students. in some cases, a good number of them never quite grasp the complexity of what they are facing since it all seems so surreal. the council of legal education, in a bid to build a synergy between the nigerian law school and nigerian faculties of law, it has stipulated the courses to be offered and taught in nigerian universities. a couple of nigerian faculties of law still offer some decidedly strange law courses which are not approved by the council of legal education and which do not positively influence the making of a nigerian lawyer. a lot of nigerian universities have no room in their curriculum for the practical aspect of law, which is what is taught at the nigerian law school. conclusion and recommendations this paper looked at the challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria. the paper concludes that inadequate funding, shortage of lecturers, inadequate infrastructural facilities, brain-drain, strike actions, teaching of large classes, corruption, political influence, insecurity, lack of passionate and committed lecturers, lack of research and lack of synergy between the institutions (law faculties and law school) are challenges militating against the development of legal education in tertiary institutions in nigeria. to reposition the legal education in the nigerian tertiary institutions, the following were recommended: a) government of the federal republic of nigeria should increase the funding of legal education in nigerian public tertiary education. this can be done by increasing the yearly budget for education from six (6%) percent or less to fifteen to twenty percent (15% – 20%), the recommended minimum budgetary allocation to education in developing countries by unesco. this will help to improve research programme in the faculties and departments of law across the country. in fact most of the problems identified are linked to poor funding. b) employment more law lecturers in all public tertiary institutions in nigeria. this will help to address the problem of high students-lecturers ratio in the classes and improve the quality of legal education in nigeria; c) provide adequate infrastructural facilities in all facilities and departments of law across all public tertiary institutions in nigeria; d) motivate all the law lecturers by increasing their salaries and welfare packages. this will help to prevent brain-drain e) ensure agreement reached with different union groups in the public tertiary institutions are implemented to avoid strike actions in the public tertiary institutions f) direct all its anti-corruption agencies to monitor all the funds released to the public tertiary institutions for implementation of their programme such as law programmes and for capital development to prevent looting and mismanagement in the system; 323 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us g) improve the capacity of data generating agencies in the country to ensure generation of current and adequate data for planning of public universities in nigeria; h) the government should grant autonomy to all the public universities in the country. this will help to reduce political influence in the administration and management of the institutions across the country and the proliferation of faculties of law in nigeria will be curtained. i) the government should address all factors responsible for insecurity in the country and provide adequate security in all public tertiary institutions across the country; j) the government should increase the funding of legal education in nigerian public tertiary education. this will help to improve research programme in the faculties and departments of law across the country. references 1. dailynigeria (2022). terrorists plan attack on abuja law school, central mosque, other targets in fct. https://dailynigerian.com/exclusive-terrorists-plan/ 2. daniel-kalio, b. 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(2022) accreditation of academic programs in public universities in nigeria: challenges and way forward. electronic research journal of social sciences and humanities 4(2), 15-27. 21. 18. ogunode, n.j. & ahaotu g, n. (2020a) challenges facing the implementation of teacher students ratio policy in nigerian educational system and the ways forward, international journal on integrated education, 3 (ix) 189-197. 19. ogunode, n.j., ahmed, l., gregory, d. &.abubakar, l. (2020). administration of public educational institutions in nigeria: problem and suggestion. european scholar journal (esj) 1(3), 6-13. 24. 20. ogunode, n.j., akinjobi, f.n. & musa, a. (2022). analysis of factors responsible for nigerians' patronizing of foreign higher education. european multidisciplinary journal of modern science (6), 19-29. 25. 21. ogunode, n.j., akinjobi, f.n. &olatunde-aiyedun, t.g. (2022). review of factors responsible for admission crisis in nigerian higher education and way forward. modern journal of social sciences and humanities, 5, 316–323. 26. https://mjssh.academicjournal.io/index.php/mjssh/article/view/269 27. 22. ogunode, n.j., akin-ibidiran t.y. &ibidiran j.a. (2022).analysis of factors responsible for poor ranking of public universities in nigeria and way forward. european multidisciplinary journal of modern science (5), 1-15. 28. 23. ogunode, n.j., iyabode, a.e. &olatunde-aiyedun, t.g. (2022). community service programme of nigerian public tertiary institutions: problems and way forward. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, 5, 1-9. 30. http://sjii.indexedresearch.org/index.php/sjii/article/view/64 31. 24. ogunode, n.j., jegede, d., adah, s., audu, e. i., &ajape, t. s. 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(2021). education financing in nigeria: problems and the way forward. international journal of development and public policy, 1(5), 162-176. 38. 29. ogunode, n.j., ugochukwu, u.c. &jegede, d. (2022). effects of strike actions on nigerian higher education goals and programme. european multidisciplinary journal of modern science, (6), 1-9. 30. ogunode n,. j. &ndayebom, a,. j (2022) problems faced by teaching programme in nigerian public tertiary institutions and way forward .kresna social science and 325 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us humanities research proceedings of the international conference on sustainable development: problems, analysis and prospects.203-211 31. ogunode, n,. j,.ezema, o,.& olugbenga, a,. v (2022) problems faced by academic leaders in public higherinstitutions in nigeria. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, (6), 214-224 32. ogunode,n,. j, umeora, m & olatunde-aiyedun, t,. g. 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(2016) education fund misappropriation and mismanagement and the provision of quality higher education in nigeria. international journal of scientific research in education, 9(4), 333-349. 38. oluremi. o, f. &oyewole, b. k. (2014). quality assurance in nigerian university education: the role of the national universities commission (nuc) as a regulatory body. international journal of academic research in progressive education and development, 5(4), 160-169 39. olowonefa. g. s., ogunode, n. j. &ohibime e. o. (2022) public universities funding in nigeria: challenges and way forward.european journal of life safety and stability (ejlss). (13), 122-132 40. tribune online (2022) establishment of law school campuses should not be regarded as constituency projects. https://tribuneonlineng.com/establishment-of-law-school-campusesshould-not-be-regarded-as-constituency-projects/ 41. punch (2022). employment embargo: shortage of professors hits federal varsities. https://punchng.com/employment-embargo-shortage-of-professors-hits-federalvarsities/.retrieved on 12-9-2022 42. unini, c (2021) funding, lack of integrity and inadequate facilities are the major challenges of nigerian legal education — law teachers. https://thenigerialawyer.com/funding-lack-ofintegrity-and-inadequate-facilities-are-themajor-challenges-of-nigerian-legal-educationlaw-teachers/#:~: 43. writer club (2017) legal education: its impact and how it can be improved. https://www.nigerianlawclaz.com/2017/06/legal-education-its-impacts-and-howit.html#:~:text=definition%20of%20legal%20education,government%2c%20a dministration%2c%20and%20law. 243 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 forming a sense of respect for the opponent in students at sports events is a practical situation of use abdukodir jumakulovich norboyev termiz state university, teacher of the department of sports management abstract: recently, sports highlights: on the occasion of sports events, such as massive races, competitions in basketball, volleyball, skating, etc. it is important that the sport is present in public life and plays an important role. sport has become an integral part of the lifestyle and leisure, self-improvement, a great way to establish a different kind of social contact-from interpersonal relations to international. keywords: sport, race, figure skating, loading, training, loading speed, loading volume, trainer. recently, special attention has been paid to sports: on the occasion of holidays, sports events are held, for example, mass races, competitions in basketball, volleyball, figure skating, etc. it is important that sport is present in public life and plays an important role. sport has become an integral part of lifestyle and leisure, a means of self-improvement, and an excellent way to establish various types of social contact from interpersonal relationships to international ones.it is important to emphasize that the importance of sport is growing against the backdrop of the new realities of modern life. the dynamics of development of all aspects of social life are accelerating and, depending on this, the role of a stress factor in people’s relationships is increasing. the degree of comfort of life in developed countries is growing and, as a result, health problems caused by physical inactivity, modern nutrition, etc. are worsening. the growth rate of social mobility is increasing and the opportunities contained in sports to improve a person’s social status are becoming more and more attractive. all this leads to the fact that sport becomes an extremely important and dynamic social phenomenon, flexibly connected with many other phenomena. to achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of problems: 1. consider sport in social sciences; 2. consider the typology of sporting events and identify the features of sporting events as a sociocultural phenomenon; describe the methodology for organizing a sporting event. emerging in the first half of the twentieth century, the sociology of sport has long been viewed as an applied science, the results of which are used exclusively to solve specific problems. however, the situation is rapidly changing. this is primarily due to the ever-increasing status of sports in modern society. sport has become part of the global economic system, the embodiment of scientific and technological achievements, and a social phenomenon that attracts the attention of millions of people. this determines the interest of representatives of social and humanitarian knowledge in sport, which has a positive impact on the development of the theoretical foundations of the sociology of sport. 1 244 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us physical culture and sports are an important tool for maintaining and restoring the health of the population and contribute to improving the quality of human resources of the national economy. physical culture and sports can be considered as the most important social factors that contribute to the improvement of population health, increased labor productivity, and also as an effective means of combating antisocial behavior (smoking, drugs, alcohol, etc.). the basis of social policy in the field of physical culture and sports is the creation of the necessary conditions so that every person can satisfy his interests and needs in physical culture and sports. in philosophy, sport, like art, is an intermediate form of activity between knowledge and practice. the goal of sport is not goodness, not truth, not beauty, but strength as such, which is revealed as a result of the victory of the enemy. strength can be intellectual (chess), it can be physical (powerlifting), or it can be mixed, intellectual-physical (tennis, volleyball). and in sports psychology, the psychological causes, process and consequences of the mental regulation of sports activity of one person or group acting as subjects of this activity are studied. sports activity in psychology refers to all types of competitive sports, physical education, motor recreation, preventive and rehabilitation measures, including health-improving physical exercises. currently, sport has become a cultural phenomenon of enormous significance and complexity, which has both positive and negative impacts on the lives of people and society as a whole. sports have permeated almost every aspect of our public institutions, including education, economics, the arts, politics, law, media and international diplomacy. its range is very wide: almost everyone has something to do with sports, directly or indirectly. sport is a special social institution and meets all the requirements of institutionalization: 1. performs clearly defined social functions (health, educational, educational, etc.); 2. has a developed infrastructure and material base (stadiums, gyms, health centers, etc.); 3. conducts active training of professional personnel (olympic reserve schools, colleges, institutes, physical education academies). sociology of sport is a subdiscipline of sociology that focuses on the relationship between sport and society from the point of view of social institutions (education, family, economy, etc.). and also from the point of view of social organizations, social relations and group behavior, depending on the types of sports (for example, amateur and professional, class, gender or race relations in sports), social processes that occur in connection with sports. currently, the sociology of physical culture and sports is a scientific and educational discipline that has in its arsenal an object, subject and method of scientific knowledge. one of the main problems of fcs sociology is the formation of the value attitude of society and the individual to physical culture and sports lifestyle. it is equally important to study the problems of forming an athlete’s personality and predicting his behavior in society. in the context of commercialization and professionalization of sports, it is especially important to study problems related to the formation of moral behavior of athletes. 3 also, the problems of social adaptation of athletes to life in society after retirement should not be ignored. even the sports elite does not always have favorable conditions for integration, since it often happens that an athlete is only good at doing what he has studied all his life: run fast, jump far. how to avoid a crisis, protect an athlete from psychological breakdowns, and help provide him with a decent life after finishing his career these are also the most important problems of modern sociology of sports. types and functions of physical education and sports events. an explanatory dictionary of sports terms defines sporting events as activities that are different in nature, goals, and scale, the participants of which compete with each other in strictly regulated conditions for championship, for achieving a certain result, and compare their level of training in any sport. 4 245 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main trends in the development of sports in the 21st century are: 1. globalization; 2. cultivation of new sports; 3. a clearer awareness of the dialectical level organization of modern sports into mass and professional sports; 4. the increasing role of sport not only as a means of promoting health, but also as a means of organizing leisure time, affirming the playful essence of a person. the functions of a sports competition are understood as objectively inherent properties that contribute to the satisfaction of certain individual needs for spectacular physical culture and sports services. when analyzing the functions of a sports competition, one should proceed from the fact that the main product of the competition is the result a place taken, a victory, a record set and the associated spectacle. on this basis, the central intra-sports function of sports competitions should be considered the determination of the hierarchy of places of competing rivals athletes and sports teams. this intra-sports specific function is implemented by: 1. determining the complete hierarchy of places, when each participant in the competition is evaluated relative to all other participants and receives his own personal ranking place; 2. determining only the winner of the competition; 3. fixing a sports result a record that surpasses all previous ones in a given sport.5 among the external functions in relation to competitions, it is worth noting the sports and entertainment, moral and regulatory, hedonistic and recreational functions. the sports and entertainment function is manifested in satisfying the needs for sports and educational events by a group of fans coming to sports competitions. the moral-regulatory function is that in the process of competitive activity various moral qualities (fair sports wrestling) of the competitors are manifested and a public assessment of socially significant moral norms occurs. sports competitions provide an opportunity to satisfy various aesthetic needs of people, performing a hedonic function. the main factors of the aesthetic impact of sports competitions on the younger generation are the perception of the beautiful, perfect proportions of the athletes’ physiques, the high culture of their movements, the joy caused by the victories of their favorite athletes, etc. competitions perform a recreational function of recreation and entertainment for the population, ensuring the satisfaction of their needs for emotional release. the choice of method for implementing the specific functions of the competition is determined by the traditions of the sport, the purpose of the competition, the number of participants, the time allotted for the competition, and is fixed by the regulations on the competition in accordance with the rules of judging for the sport. there are several types of motivations that encourage a person to play sports and participate in sports competitions. in particular, a person is motivated to do this by his needs. classification of human needs when engaging in physical education. the needs in it are divided into social, vital and ideal. vital needs are understood as the need for physical activity, the need to improve health and well-being when engaging in physical activity. social needs include the need to belong to a certain community or group, to occupy a certain place in a given group. the need “for oneself” implies raising self-esteem, satisfying self-esteem through participation in competitions. the need “for others” is manifested in sociability, participation in a group, and mutual assistance. the next type of need is ideal needs. it assumes the need for knowledge of phenomena and processes in the field of physical education and sports, the need for sports, self-knowledge in the aspect of physical education. the formation of physical culture as a type of sociocultural activity was largely facilitated by the cult of physical perfection in ancient greece. the holding of the olympic games served as an 246 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us example of the relevance of physical culture as a component of social culture. at the moment, the olympic games are a symbol of physical perfection, gathering a huge number of spectators and fans from all over the world. the olympics gather only professional athletes in their stadiums. this sporting event unites people from all continents and serves as an example of the scale of physical culture, its role in physical, moral and aesthetic education. coubertin believed that sport is an important means of preserving and strengthening people's health. sport can “form character and strengthen moral strength, as well as initiative, perseverance, energy, the desire for self-improvement and disregard for possible dangers.” therefore, the olympic movement can become a school for instilling nobility and moral purity, as well as physical endurance and strength. physical improvement is one of the most important socio-cultural values of modern society. the components of physical culture as the largest area of social practice in which sociocultural activities are implemented are physical education, sports, physical recreation and physical rehabilitation. the social value of sport is currently growing, and engaging in this type of activity is becoming increasingly prestigious. the essence of sport as a sociocultural phenomenon is that sport is a special means of culture in the formation of a constantly improving personality. this occurs on the basis of competition according to consciously accepted competition rules. forms of sports gaming activity model real life situations and associated forms of behavior. after all, in real life there are constantly competitive situations, there is a struggle with the elements, enemies, etc. the cultural purpose of the “sports model” of competition is precisely to put participants on equal terms, create a basis for an objective assessment of comparable qualities, and also protect participants from negative consequences. sport as a sociocultural factor models an alternative to modern culture, preserves and strengthens the essential mechanisms of a person’s sociocultural life and shapes him as a socially competent person.9 the main principles of the development of sport as a sociocultural phenomenon are constant improvement through participation in various sporting events. there is an improvement in physical and moral qualities, both of an individual and of huge masses of people. in understanding humane competition as a natural and most important means of human selfrealization. the main socio-cultural functions of sport are the formation in a person of a desire for physical improvement, to win through competition according to the rules, in the development of a person’s playful and creative essence, in the demand for his strong-willed and at the same time disciplinary nature. also in satisfying social and natural needs to improve physique, physical condition, health, and the need for physical activity. the health of workers the main productive force of society with the totality of a person’s physical and spiritual abilities, with the properties of both the body and the person’s personality. sport as a culture in general is one of the most civilized ways of interacting between people in society. physical culture, as an integral part of the general socio-cultural heritage, performs an educational, educational, health, entertainment, military-labor and political function. the importance of physical culture and sports in modern society is constantly growing. according to coubertin, widely strengthening friendship and mutual understanding between peoples, their cultural cooperation, overcoming nationalist prejudices will help improve political relations between peoples belonging to different cultures. the organization of sports competitions is a complex set of activities, the implementation of which requires certain knowledge, abilities, skills and time. sports events are a great way to have fun and give participants a boost of energy, vigor, and health. they allow you to improve your health, unite your team, and learn responsibility. activities of this kind are necessary in educational institutions. for the population of a healthy lifestyle, organizing leisure time for students, a project was created and implemented. more details about the methodology of 247 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizing the project, analysis of the results obtained and prospects are written in the next chapter of the course work. sport has always been a powerful sociocultural phenomenon and a means of successful socialization, creating the values of sports culture. this fact is evidenced not only by numerous data, but also by examples of the life path of many outstanding athletes. with proper organization of sports activities, it can become a serious and effective means of developing the social activity of young people and a healthy lifestyle of people, namely modern youth. in conclusion, i would like to note that sporting events are one of the most spectacular and popular areas for a wide audience. sport is an integral part of modern culture. it is in sports that the strength of a person’s spirit and his will to win are demonstrated. it gives you the 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(2022). formation of a healthy lifestyle as a pedagogical problem in physical education courses of higher education schools. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 3(11), 209-211. 569 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 contributions of women academics to the development of tertiary education in nigeria niyi jacob ogunode department of education, federal university wukari. nigeria moses tsevenda department of english and literary studies, federal univesrsity wukari, nigeria adelagun ruth olubukola ajoke, omoyeni adebola daniel department of chemical sciences, federal university wukari, nigeria abstract: this study explores the impacts of women academics on the advancement of tertiary education. utilizing secondary data from both print and online sources, the research underscores the substantial contributions made by women academics in nigerian tertiary institutions which include among others; teaching, research, community service, and the provision of effective leadership. however, the paper highlights obstacles such as inadequate implementation of gender policies, limited representation of women academics, institutional weaknesses, culture, religion, early marriage and patriarchy, all of which hinder the optimal engagement of women academics in tertiary institutions. in light of these findings, the study recommends affording women academics increased opportunities for responsibilities and leadership roles to further enhance their contributions. keywords: academics, development, education, women in tertiary institutions. introduction tertiary education or higher education covers a wider range of higher learning institutions like the polytechnics, colleges of education, monotechnics and the universities. these tertiary institutions could be organized in different ways, commonly within a university and in a separate institution as university and other institutions of higher learning (alemu, 2018). tertiary education is the final stage of education that handles the production of manpower for the social, economic and technological development of a country. tertiary education is an organized education that deals with intensive teaching, research and provision of community services (akin-ibidiran, ogunode & ibidiran john 2022). federal republic of nigeria's national policy on education (2013) observed that tertiary education is an education given after post basic education (pbe) universities and inter university centres such as the nigeria french language village, nigeria arabic language village, national institute of nigerian languages (ninlan) as well as innovation enterprise institutions (ieis), colleges of education, monotechnics and polytechnics. tertiary institutions are microcosms of the larger society. tertiary institution is an organized fraction of the whole society curved out for teaching programme, research and provision of community service. tertiary institution can also be seen as a subset of the general society that is made of collection of different people, culture, life style and values (ogunode & odo 2023). 570 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tertiary institutions consist of both academic and non-academic staff, prominently feature women academics who, as professionals, contribute significantly to teaching, research, community services, and the promotion of women's education. organizations like the national association of women academic (nawacs) and the women educators association of nigeria support these objectives (ogunode et al., 2022; adams et al., 2022; olatunde-aiyedun, 2022). the cardinal goals of women in academia encompass implementing teaching programmes, executing research initiatives, providing community services, and advocating for gender policies (ogunode et al., 2022; adams et al., 2022). supported by various organizations, such as nawacs and uwa, women academics play pivotal roles in research development, educational event organization, and safeguarding women's interests within tertiary institutions (ogunode et al., 2022; olatunde-aiyedun, 2022; olatunde-aiyedun et al., 2021). recognizing these crucial contributions, this paper aims to discuss the specific roles of women academics in the development of nigerian tertiary institutions. contributions of women academic to the development of tertiary education in nigeria women in academics or women academics in nigerian tertiary institutions has contributed immensely to the development of tertiary education in the areas of teaching, research, community service and provision of quality leadership. teaching programme development women academic in nigerian tertiary institutions has contributed to teaching programme in the higher institutions. teaching programme is the first cardinal programme of the tertiary institutions. teaching programme is accorded with much respect because of its roles in the tertiary institutions (ogunode & ndayebom, 2022). teaching programme is one of the indicators employed in measuring tertiary institutions performance. academic staff employed in the tertiary institutions are saddled with the responsibilities of teaching and examinations management. women academics over the years have proven their qualities and styles in the teaching profession. national universities commission in 2019 estimated that total of 152,475 nonacademic staff were reported for 2019, comprising 95,997 males and 56,478 females (nigerian university system statistical digest, 2019). these women in academics in time past and present are contributing to development of teaching. women academics have engaged in various researches that their findings and recommendations have been used to improve teaching programme in the tertiary institutions. some research recommendations have been used to formulate policies and programme that has enhanced the development of tertiary education in nigeria. research development women academics in nigerian tertiary institutions have demonstrated great passion for research development. they have contributed immensely to research development in the various higher institutions. ogunode & ade, (2023) noted that research programme in the tertiary institutions is vital to socio-economic development of the nation. ogunode, jegede, adah, audu, & ajape (2020) described research programme as the second most ranked programmes in the higher institutions. for instance, tribune (2019) observed that two nigerian female scientists, mercy epitope bankole and funmilola fagbola, were among the 20 female researchers honoured with the 2019 young talents awards for sub-saharan africa on friday, november 22, 2019 in dakar, senegal. mercy bankole is a post-doctoral researcher at the federal university of technology, minna, niger state. she majors in chemistry, with a research project on ‗healing open wounds faster and better thanks to a nanocomposite. funmilola fagbola bagged a b.tech and m.tech degrees in computer science of the department of computer science & engineering, lautech ogbomoso in 2010 and 2017, respectively. she is a currently a doctoral 571 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us student in the same university. the award, sponsored jointly by the foundation l‘oréal and unesco for women in science programme, was part of the 10th edition of its regional programme for women in science. the number of women in science is not yet significant: only 2.4 per cent of the world‘s researchers are african scientists, of whom 30 per cent are women. for her doctoral research, which she commenced in the 2018/2019 academic session, she is investigating how nature-inspired deep learning models could be developed for misinformation detection in online social networks. this intensive research, being ably supervised by professor stephen olatunde olabiyisi, is strongly motivated by the rising trend in the use of social media and associated technologies to spread lies, propaganda, rumours, fake news and other related unverifiable contents, which in turn, have its significant contributions to the growing cases of abuse of drug use, socio-economic and political instabilities, global high mortality rate, high government spending, suicide, communal crisis, war threats, global terrorism among others. prof. ikeoluwapo ajayi has been awarded the prize. internationally, nduka otiono, a nigeriancanadian academic and former journalist at the guardian, has emerged one of the winners of the 2023 faculty of arts and social sciences (fass) research excellence award (rea) at carleton university, canada. otiono, who is the director of the university‘s institute of african studies (ias), was awarded for his exemplary research work. sasrapporter (2019) report that professor francisca okeke, the first female head of department, university of nigeria nsukka bagged the 2013 laureate award for her significant contributions ―to the understanding of daily variations of the ion currents in the upper atmosphere which may further our understanding of climate change.‖ unesco says professor okeke has made the study of the ionosphere her lifetime work. the ionosphere lies between 50km and 1000kms above the earth surface. ―a very thick layer of charged particles, the ionosphere produces changes in the magnetic field on earth‘s surface that affect the planet in a host of ways. her research could lead to a better understanding of climate change and help pinpoint sources of dramatic phenomena like tsunamis and earthquakes‖, a summary of her research published by unesco read. she was the only recipient in that category from africa and the arab nations and the third nigerian laureate since the unesco-l‘oreal partnership was established in 1998. professor okeke got a prize of $100,000. also, professor folasade ogunsola has contributed to research development in nigeria. her research centered on the regulation and management of viral diseases, particularly hiv. she is the principal investigator at the aids prevention initiative in nigeria at the university of lagos. she has also been the chairman of the infection control committee of the lagos university teaching hospital. this is in addition to being the chairman of the national association of colleges of medicine in nigeria (punch 2022). women in academics in nigeria have excelled in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, engineering etc. legit (2023) reported that a nigerian scholar from kwara state university (kwasu) has received a prestigious international scholarship grant worth 24,000 canadian dollars. dr rashidat akande, works in the department of economics and development studies, was selected as one of the recipients of the queen elizabeth scholarship advanced scholarswest africa (qes-as-wa) scheme for 2023. community service community service is the third cardinal programme of the tertiary education. community service programme involves an organized programme of activities carried out by stakeholders in the tertiary institutions in the host communities, state and country at large with the purpose of providing community development. community service programme is an organized and planned service programme of higher institutions for the benefit and betterment of their host community. community service programme of higher institutions are community inclined services initiated by the institutions to develop the communities. community service of higher institution are services provided by institutions to benefit the community people. community service are essential services that academia carries out to solving a pressing problem in the society. academic staff are saddled with carrying out the defined functions in their respective society. 572 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us women in academics in nigeria have contributed to community service development (ogunode, audu & olatunde-aiyedun, 2022). women in academics have in different time engaged in community services that have helped to impact the communities positively. for instance, prof oti has spent over 34 years in academics, teaching research and administration within and outside nigeria. she has contributed to community development programme. her practical experience working as a consultant to the government and private sector at various times in diverse capacities has made her contribute lots to all the aforementioned organizations. she has worked and contributed to development of tertiary education trust fund, anambra, imo, river basin development authority, and the national biotechnology development agency. she has written over 65 academic papers, 40 seminar and workshop papers, edited a handbook, given over 50 public lectures, and authored over 10 technical reports for the federal government (punch 2022). another great women academia is prof. ogunsola. she has contributed a lot to community development programme in the areas of disease prevention and management in nigeria. punch (2023) averred that, ogunsola had expressed concern about disease prevention and control in nigeria. she identified poor hygiene and overuse of antibiotics as practices that foster antimicrobial-drug resistance. proffering a solution, she maintained that, ―sustained infection prevention and control infrastructure and programmes should be built around a set of core components, which include guidelines, training, surveillance, and multimodal strategies for implementing ipc, monitoring and evaluation.‖ in one of the interview, she stated that the way to reducing the 58 per cent unemployment rate in the country was for nigerian graduates to begin innovating ideas that will enhance human lives. she also noted that knowledge in itself was not sufficient, but its application in an appropriate manner to better mankind and enhance the livelihood of others was what youths should be concerned about. she was a founding member of the nigerian society for infection control in 1998, and is also a member of the global infection prevention and control network. the microbiologist was the acting vice-chancellor of the university of lagos for some time in 2020 when the university was embroiled in a crisis as a result of the removal of the then vice chancellor, prof oluwatoyin ogundipe, by the university‘s governing council. before then, she was the deputy vice-chancellor (development services) of the university. at a time, she was also the provost of the college of medicine, university of lagos (punch 2022). provision of quality leadership women in academic in nigeria has demonstrated their leadership skills and knowledge in piloting the affairs of various tertiary institutions in nigeria to greatness. many women in academic have been appointed and elected to manager and administer tertiary institutions in time past and present. women are flexible and empathetic. they are also good builders, good listeners, good communicators and emotionally intelligent. the nation observed that in the world of academia, some women who have been entrusted with leading roles to manage human and material resources have more often than not, proved that given adequate backing, they can perform creditably. over the years, women have shown that they are great leaders. studies and experience have shown that women bring unique perspectives to leadership roles. the nation presents some of nigeria‘s most excellent amazons that are making invaluable contributions to the world of academics as female vice-chancellors. in no particular order, they are: prof. lilian salami – uniben, prof. florence obi – unical, prof nnenna oti – futo, prof ibiyemi bello – lasu, prof kaletapwa farauta – adsu, prof. adenike oladiji – futa, prof. folasade ogunsola – unilag and prof. bidemi lafiaji-okuneye – lasued. the nation observed that prof. lilian salami is the 10th substantive vice-chancellor of the university of benin, edo state. a home economist and former dean of the faculty of education, salami became the second female vice-chancellor of the institution after grace alele williams, who was also the first female vice-chancellor in nigeria. she was elected as the chairman of the committee of vicechancellors of nigerian federal universities. with her appointment, salami became the second female to occupy the position. many women in academics as academic leaders in various 573 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us institutions in nigeria have ensured improvement in the internally generated revenue of their universities; they prioritized staff and students‘ welfare; intensified capacity building and staff development in areas of teaching and research. women academic have also ensured quality and sound policies that have aided development of their institutions, they had formulated policies that deepen research; enhanced students‘ experience on campus; ensure sustainable peace, security, and community involvement; expand the university; create new academic programmes; infrastructural development; and positively impact the host community. it may appear a difficult task, but i am confident that with your support, we can meet our target and even surpass it. barriers to effective contributions of women academic to tertiary education in nigeria there are factors militating against women academics contributions to the development of tertiary institutions in nigeria. some of these factors includes; poor implementation of gender policies, few women academics, weak institution, culture, religion, early marriage and patriarchy. poor implementation of gender policy the poor implementation of gender policy on appointment of leaders in the universities in nigeria has led to low representation of female academics as vice-chancellors in the universities. ogunode and salman (2023) argued that the nigerian government has been reluctant to implement laws to improve gender equality in politics despite a formal/oral support for it. there are no formal bars on women taking office and the nigerian constitution (1999) guarantees equal political rights. the (national gender policy 2006) recommended a benchmark of 35% of seats in parliament to be filled by women. the country is also a signatory to international agreements. the government ratified the united nations convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (cedaw) in 1985 and endorsed the 2005 protocol to the african charter on human and peoples rights on the rights of women in africa (kelly 2019; british council nigeria, 2012; denney, 2011; nigeria freedom house, 2019). also ogunode and salman (2023) stated that poor implementation of various gender policies on the education of females in nigeria has accounted for poor representation in every aspect of the universities in nigeria. the poor implementation of gender policy on admission is responsible for the gender imbalance in terms of admission in the university system in nigeria. the poor implementation of gender policy on recruitment is responsible for more males among the staff of the universities in nigerian than the females and the poor implementation of gender policy on the appointment of university managers and administrators gave males the upper hand in the occupation of leadership positions of the universities than the female folks. few women academics the university system in nigeria is male dominated and this has given the male academics the opportunities to dominate the leadership positions in most of the universities in nigeria. there are few female academics in the university system (ekwukoma, 2018). in terms of staffing in nigerian university system, nuc (2019), record a total of 73,443 academic staff, comprising 56,063 males and 17,380 females. the non-academic staffing of universities is presented using the nuc norms of senior technical staff, senior administrative staff (non-secretarial), senior administrative staff (secretarial), junior technical staff, and junior non-technical staff by university, by gender, and by ownership in academic units and non-academic units, as well as overall total of non-academic staff. a total of 152,475 non-academic staff were reported for 2019, comprising 95,997 males and 56,478 females (nigerian university system statistical digest, 2019).the wide gap has reduced the population of the female academics in most of the nigerian universities. weak institutions the federal government has established some agencies to ensure full implementation of gender policies in all public and private institutions but most of these agencies are very weak in carrying 574 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us out their mandates. (ogunode and salman 2023), ascertained that there are institutions established and saddled with the responsibility of implementing gender policies at all levels of public and private institutions in nigeria. national gender policy, federal republic of nigeria (2006), asserted that the national gender policy puts in place both institutional and operational frameworks that are to ensure that all gender equality imperatives are effectively implemented. the gender management system (gms) with its four pillars enabling environment: gms structures, gms mechanisms and gms processes was adopted for the management of the gender equality framework. importantly, the responsibility for gender equality is that of all government agencies, line ministries, state and community apparatuses as well as the civil society and the private sector. however the ministry of women affairs and its organs (both at the federal, state, and local government levels) have responsibility for the effective coordination of all gender equality and women empowerment institutions, and the implementation of gender equality and women empowerment programmes and activities. patriarchal practice the patriarchal practice in nigerian society has also contributed to the poor representation of female academics into vice-chancellorship appointments in nigerian universities. oluyemi, (undated) viewed patriarchy as a society ruled and dominated by men over women which in turn has given rise to women being looked upon as mere household wives and non-partisans in decision making process in households not to talk of coming out to seek for political positions. ogunode and salman (2023) maintained that patriarchal practice inherent in the nigerian community has contributed to the low representation of women in universities. this patriarchal practice has also influenced enrolment and admission into schools and other related activities in the universities system. world bank (2005); national gender policy, federal republic of nigeria (2006); ndiyo (2011); nakpodia and urien (2012); lawan and muhammed (2014); posited that in africa, particularly nigeria, patriarchy, has been allowed to infringe very seriously on human rights of women, socialisation of children and development practice through policy. such norms have increased incidences of violence against women, early marriage, negative traditional practices such as widowhood practices, female genital mutilations, negative sexual behaviours of men against their spouses and so on. other factors militating against women academic contribution in the tertiary institutions include; cultural factor, religion factors and early marriage. on cultural factor, olaogun, adebayo, and oluyemo, (2015) kainuwa & yusuf (2013) noted cultural practices serve as hindrance to girlchild education and that inaccessibility of the girl-child to education makes her vulnerable to diseases such as hiv/aids, early marriage, denial of rights and child labour. on, religion factors arubayi (2009); adegun, (2012); olaogun, adebayo, and oluyemo (2015) identified religion as a problem and they opined that the various religions in nigeria subscribe to the idea that the man is head of the family and has greater control and decision making powers. almost all religions in nigeria actually preach in favour of women absolute domestic role. that is women should be absolutely at home to care for their children and husband without external engagements. the religious teachings held that a woman is the weaker vessel and plays the second fiddle in marriage relationship and as such, the woman is taught to be subservient to the man. conclusion and recommendations in conclusion, this research explored the substantial contributions of women academics to the advancement of tertiary education in nigerian institutions. the findings underscore the significant impact of women academics across teaching, research, community service, and the provision of quality leadership within tertiary education. however, inadequate implementation of gender policies, limited representation of women academics, institutional weaknesses, cultural and religious constraints, early marriage, and patriarchal practices have been identified as impediments to their effective contributions. in the light of these challenges, it is recommended https://go.gale.com/ps/advancedsearch.do?method=dosearch&searchtype=advancedsearchform&searchmethod=subject+click&usergroupname=anon%7e4676277a&inputfieldnames%5b0%5d=au&prodid=aone&inputfieldvalues%5b0%5d=%22d.o.+arubayi%22 575 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that, concerted efforts be made to provide increased opportunities for women academics, particularly in terms of responsibilities and leadership roles. these recommendations aim to foster a more inclusive and supportive environment, ultimately enhancing the overall contributions of women academics to the development of tertiary institutions. references 1. adams, s.o., zubair, m.a. & olatunde-aiyedun, t.g. 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(2021). covid-19 and administration of environmental education students in nigerian tertiary institution. international journal of innovative analyses and emerging technology, 1(4), 87–93. retrieved from http://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijiaet/article/view/218 24. saharareporter (2013) nigeria shines.unesco. https://saharareporters.com/2013/04/01/nigerian-shines-unesco-science-laureate-wins100000-nan 25. the nation (2023) eight female vice-chancellors in nigeria. https://thenationonlineng.net/eight-female-vice-chancellors-in-nigeria/ 26. tribune (2019) nigerian scientists win l‘oreal—unesco prize. https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerian-scientists-win-loreal-unesco-prize/ 27. world bank (2005). gender equality as smart economic: a world bank group gender action plan (fiscal year 2007-2010). washington dc. http://sjii.indexedresearch.org/index.php/sjii/article/view/64 http://sjii.indexedresearch.org/index.php/sjii/article/view/64 http://erjbehaviouralsciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/3.-effects-of-project.pdf http://erjbehaviouralsciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/3.-effects-of-project.pdf http://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijiaet/article/view/218 https://saharareporters.com/2013/04/01/nigerian-shines-unesco-science-laureate-wins-100000-nan https://saharareporters.com/2013/04/01/nigerian-shines-unesco-science-laureate-wins-100000-nan https://thenationonlineng.net/eight-female-vice-chancellors-in-nigeria/ https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerian-scientists-win-loreal-unesco-prize/ 64 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of digital economy and its impact on online education in uzbekistan dilrabo tursunovna amridinova tashkent university for applied sciences, professor of the department of social sciences and humanities abstract: the article examines the relationship between the digital economy and online education, as well as their impact on business and consumers. describes how digital technologies are changing the economic landscape and opening up new opportunities for education. examples of research in the field of digital economy and online education conducted in uzbekistan and abroad are considered. conclusions are given that the development of the digital economy requires highly qualified personnel, and online education is one of the tools for adapting people to new technologies. the conclusion highlights the importance of the relationship between the digital economy and online education for our future. the research methods used were analysis of scientific articles, reports and studies in this area. literature includes works of world and uzbek scientists. keywords: digital economy, online education, digital technologies, e-learning, learning platforms, online courses, distance education, digitalization, transformation, educational innovation. introduction currently, one of the main strategic directions in the field of information technology is the digitalization of the economy based on methods and means of innovative technology, which in turn is an integral part of the modern new economy of our republic. the digital economy is an economy based on digital technologies such as the internet, mobile devices, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and others. it differs from the traditional economy in that it uses digital technologies to create new products and services, optimize business processes, improve customer interactions, and much more. the digital economy enables businesses and entrepreneurs to create new and innovative products and services that would not be possible without the use of digital technologies. it also allows you to use resources more efficiently, manage processes and improve the quality of services. in this regard, the president of the republic of uzbekistan notes: about the digital economy, and its importance for the development of the country, that the use of modern information technologies is a necessary condition for accelerating economic development, increasing competitiveness and improving the quality of life of the population. the president noted that it is important to develop not only the ict sector, but also to use digital technologies in other sectors of the economy, such as healthcare, education and transport. this strategically important opinion of the head of state is the importance of developing human resources in the field of ict and education in order to 65 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us provide qualified specialists to work in the digital economy. [1.190-191] the digital economy opens up new opportunities for entrepreneurship. the internet and other digital technologies allow people to create their own businesses and work remotely, regardless of place and time. this creates new opportunities for job creation and economic growth. overall, the digital economy is a key factor for economic development in the modern world. it represents enormous potential for business, innovation and development, and can be used to improve people's lives and create new opportunities for economic growth. the digital economy and online education are two topics that are becoming increasingly relevant in the modern world. the digital economy is an economy based on digital technologies that offers new opportunities for business, innovation and development. online education is an educational process that takes place via the internet and allows students to gain knowledge and skills anytime and anywhere.[ 6.102-105 ] methodology. this article used materials from open sources, such as scientific articles, studies and news articles on the digital economy and online education. data regarding the situation in uzbekistan obtained from official sources and open data were also used. the methods used in the article include analysis and synthesis of information, generalization and systematization of data, as well as logical analysis and evaluation of the findings. the use of such methods allowed us to create a comprehensive and informative article, as well as provide readers with the opportunity to gain a complete understanding of the relationship between the digital economy and online education. result. as a result of the use of these methods and materials, it was revealed that the digital economy and online education are closely related. digital technologies open up new opportunities for education, such as accessibility and flexibility of learning, updating educational materials and methods, and making education accessible to people in remote regions. in turn, online education helps people adapt to the digital economy and master the necessary competencies and skills to work in this field. it has been found that the digital economy is becoming increasingly important in the world, and many countries, including uzbekistan, are seeking to actively develop this area. projects aimed at developing the digital economy and online education were launched in uzbekistan, such as the creation of the mygov.uz portal, the development of the e-learning program and others. however, for further development it is necessary to continue to introduce new technologies and create favorable conditions for the development of online education and the digital economy as a whole. the relationship between the digital economy and online education is an important topic for our future. the development of the digital economy and online education should become a priority for government agencies, businesses and educational institutions. it is necessary to create conditions for advanced training and training of the population so that every person can become part of the digital economy and use its advantages in their lives. the use of online education allows you to improve the qualifications of workers and improve their professional skills, which in turn contributes to more efficient work in the digital economy. thus, online education becomes an important tool for adapting a person to the requirements of the digital economy and increasing competitiveness in the labor market. it should also be noted that in uzbekistan, universities and colleges are increasingly introducing online education into their curricula and programs. for example, the national university of uzbekistan has implemented an online learning system that allows students to access lectures and materials at any time and from anywhere in the world. also, some universities and colleges conduct online courses to improve the skills of existing specialists. 66 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a result, we can conclude that the relationship between the digital economy and online education is an important aspect of our future, especially in the face of rapid technological development and changing labor market requirements. online education is becoming an integral part of the lives of people and businesses, allowing them to adapt to new challenges and achieve better results in the digital economy. main part. the digital economy and online education are closely related to each other. in the modern world, digital technologies are increasingly being used in all areas of society for their activities, which requires qualified specialists who know how to work with these technologies. in turn, online education provides the opportunity to study and acquire the necessary skills remotely, which makes it more accessible and convenient for people who work or have limited access to traditional educational institutions. the digital economy and online education are two interrelated topics that influence each other and represent huge potential for future development . the digital economy opens up many new opportunities for online education. it makes it possible to study remotely using the internet and other digital technologies. this is convenient for students and teachers as it allows them to share knowledge and information without the need to be physically present in the classroom. online education also allows students from different countries and cultures to connect and learn together. this expands the boundaries of education and makes it possible to receive quality education from anywhere in the world. digital technologies also provide greater access to education. there are many online courses that you can take for free, and many of them provide certificates and diplomas that can improve your career options. online education also allows teachers and educators to use more interactive teaching methods. this may include video lectures , tests, and assignments that can be automatically graded. this reduces the time required to review assignments and allows teachers to focus on deeper analysis of learning outcomes. digital technologies make it possible to create more personalized learning programs. artificial intelligence and big data analytics systems can be used to tailor curricula to the individual needs of each student. overall, the digital economy provides an opportunity to use educational resources more efficiently and create higher-quality, more accessible training programs. online education is becoming increasingly popular in the world, and the digital economy plays an important role in the development of this area. the digital economy is facilitating the creation of new forms of education, such as massive open online courses (moocs). moocs enable millions of people around the world to receive quality education on topics ranging from languages and computer science to economics and philosophy. they represent a unique opportunity for people who previously did not have access to quality education to gain the knowledge and skills necessary for a successful career. in addition, the digital economy also creates new opportunities for professional retraining and advanced training. employees can gain new knowledge and skills without leaving their workplace, which is convenient for those who cannot leave work for an extended period of time. it is also worth noting that the digital economy provides opportunities to improve testing and assessment of student knowledge. this allows you to more accurately determine which topics require more attention and adjust training programs accordingly. overall, the digital economy is creating new opportunities for online education, providing greater access to quality education and creating new forms of learning. it also improves the quality of education and promotes career opportunities. online education is becoming 67 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us increasingly important in the world, and the digital economy plays an important role in the development of this field. in addition, the digital economy allows for improved interaction between teacher and student. online education allows students to receive personalized help and support from a teacher in real time using various communication tools such as video conferencing and chats. another important opportunity that the digital economy provides for online education is the personalization of learning. through the use of various technologies such as data analytics and machine learning, online education can adapt to the needs of each student, creating personalized learning programs and providing more effective learning. finally, the digital economy also promotes collaboration between educational institutions and businesses. online courses and other forms of online education provide companies with the opportunity to teach their employees new skills and technologies without the expense of expensive training and retraining. in turn, educational institutions can use these connections to develop training programs that meet labor market demands and provide their graduates with better career opportunities. overall, the digital economy offers great opportunities for online education, providing more effective and personalized learning, improving teacher-student interactions, and fostering collaboration between educational institutions and businesses. online education is becoming increasingly popular and accessible around the world, and the digital economy plays an important role in its development. the development of the digital economy is leading to major changes in the economy and affecting businesses and consumers. one of the major changes is the emergence of new forms of business such as e-commerce, cloud technologies and others. digital technologies enable companies to improve their efficiency and speed up processes, including reducing product development and manufacturing time, improving marketing and sales strategies, increasing consumer convenience, and much more. in addition, the digital economy contributes to the creation of new markets, which allows businesses to expand and diversify their activities. for consumers, the digital economy also opens up new opportunities, including the ability to choose from a wider range of products and services, convenient online shopping, access to online education and much more. in addition, digital technologies are streamlining interactions between consumers and businesses, enabling faster and more convenient communications. however, the digital economy also poses some challenges and risks, such as cyber security threats and data privacy threats, which may affect consumer trust in digital technologies. in addition, the emergence of new forms of business may create competition and pressure on traditional forms of business, which may lead to job losses. in general, the development of the digital economy is an important and integral process in the modern world. this opens up many new opportunities for businesses and consumers, but also presents challenges and risks that require a careful and balanced approach. the digital economy and online education are closely related . with the development of digital technologies, online education has become more accessible and effective for people who want to expand their knowledge and skills without leaving their home. online education allows you to receive education anytime and anywhere using a computer and internet access. this opens up new opportunities for people who previously did not have access to quality education, including due to geographical, time or financial restrictions. the digital economy also opens up new opportunities for online education. thanks to digital technology, online education can be more interactive and effective. for example, online courses 68 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us can use various formats such as video, audio, webinars , interactive assignments and tests to enhance the learning experience. online education can also help people adapt to the digital economy by providing them with the skills and knowledge needed to work with digital technologies. online courses can include topics such as programming, cybersecurity , data analytics, project management and others, allowing people to learn new skills and prepare for work in the digital economy. however, it must be taken into account that online education is not a universal solution for all educational needs. some types of education may require personal presence in the classroom, for example, for practical training. moreover, online education can also face the problem of low quality if it is not developed and delivered professionally. overall, the digital economy and online education form a synergistic relationship that allows people to better adapt to rapidly changing events. online education also allows people to learn specific skills that are in demand in the digital economy, such as programming, data analytics, digital marketing and others. online courses and training programs allow you to learn at your own pace and choose courses that suit your specific needs and skill level. a large number of educational resources and platforms offering online learning help people adapt to the digital economy and improve their skills and knowledge in accordance with its requirements. thus, online education plays an important role in preparing people for the changes that are happening in the economy. on the other hand, the digital economy also affects online education. the rapid development of technology leads to the emergence of new forms and methods of online learning, such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence, etc. such innovations allow the creation of more interactive and effective courses that can improve the quality of education and increase student achievement levels. thus, the digital economy and online education are closely related to each other and interact, creating new opportunities for development and learning. online education helps people adapt to changes taking place in the economy, and the digital economy creates new forms of online learning that improve the quality of education and develop new skills and knowledge. there is a lot of research being done in the field of digital economy and online education. some of them are given below. a study by mckinsey & company found that digital technologies can help improve productivity and efficiency in education. the use of online courses, digital textbooks, and other educational technologies can increase student achievement and reduce educational costs.[9] a study conducted by researchers at the university of massachusetts found that online learning can be an effective way to learn and develop skills. in particular, research has shown that online courses can be more effective than traditional forms of learning when it comes to developing specific skills such as programming.[7] a study conducted by stanford university found that online education can be an effective way to obtain higher education. in particular, the study found that students who took online courses could receive the same quality of education as students attending a university faculty.[10] a study conducted by coursera found that online education can help improve career opportunities for people. using online courses and training programs can help people develop new skills and knowledge that can improve their chances of landing high-paying jobs.[11] thus, research shows that the digital economy and online education provide new opportunities for learning and developing skills that are in demand in the economy. using online courses and training programs can be an effective way to obtain higher education and improve career 69 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us opportunities, as well as prepare people for the changes that are taking place in the economy of society. uzbekistan is also experiencing changes in the digital economy and online education. in particular, in 2020, the government launched the mental arithmetic program, which includes online courses for children aged 5 to 14 years to develop thinking skills, concentration and mathematical problem solving. in addition, online courses in programming languages, it technologies and digital marketing are actively developing in uzbekistan. in 2021, the first online course on social media marketing in uzbekistan was launched. also in uzbekistan, a digital platform “oson va qulay” (easy and convenient) has been created, on which you can find online courses in various areas, including economics and business. research in the field of digital economy and online education in uzbekistan is also being carried out. for example, in 2021, a study was conducted on the impact of online education on the development of the technology industry in uzbekistan. the study showed that online education makes it possible to increase the number of it specialists, which in turn contributes to the development of the digital economy in the country. in addition, many events and conferences in the field of digital economy and online education are held in uzbekistan. for example, in 2021, the conference “it transformation: digital economy and education” was held, where current topics were discussed, such as the development of online education and digital transformation of business.[1.200] thus, the digital economy and online education in uzbekistan are receiving increasing development and attention from the government, business and the public. the development of these areas helps not only to provide quality education to the population, but also to increase the country's competitiveness at the international level. conclusion. in conclusion, we can say that the digital economy and online education are two important areas of development that are closely related. the development of digital technologies and the transition to a digital economy are creating new opportunities for online education, allowing people to receive quality education anytime and anywhere. on the other hand, online education helps people adapt to the digital economy by providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge. thanks to online education, people can learn new professions that are required in the digital economy and increase their competitiveness in the labor market. it is important to note that the digital economy and online education are of great importance for the future of our country and the world as a whole. the development of these areas is necessary to ensure economic growth and improve people's living standards. therefore, it is important to continue investing in the development of the digital economy and online education, creating new projects and research so that our country can be at the forefront in this area and successfully compete in the global market. it is also worth noting that today many universities and educational institutions around the world are actively switching to online learning, which indicates the significance of this trend. this helps to expand the availability of education and reduce its cost, as well as improve the quality of education using modern technologies and methods. however, despite all the advantages of online education, it is important to remember that it cannot completely replace the traditional form of education and is not suitable for everyone. 70 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us some people may find it difficult to stay motivated and disciplined when studying online, and may miss the personal interaction with teachers and fellow students. thus, it is important to find a balance between traditional forms of learning and online education to ensure maximum effectiveness and accessibility of education for all. in general, the digital economy and online education are important trends of our time, which carry enormous potential for the development of our country and improving the quality of life of people. therefore, it is necessary to continue research and investment in these areas in order to cope with the challenges of the modern world and achieve new heights in development. references: 1. mirziyoyev sh.m. the strategy of the new uzbekistan. – tashkent: “uzbekistan”, 2021. 464 p. 2. brynjolfsson , e., & mcafee, a. (2014). the second machine age: work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. w. w. norton & company. 3. oecd (2019), “digital economy policy review of uzbekistan”, oecd digital economy papers, no.283, oecd publishing, paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/839b45f3-en. 4. the world bank group (2021). uzbekistan: leveraging digital technologies to support inclusive growth. retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/uzbekistan/publication/uzbekistan-leveraging-digitaltechnologies-to-support-inclusive-growth. 5. unesco (2020). education in a time of covid-19: nine ideas for public action. retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/news/education-time-covid-19-nine-ideas-public-action. 6. tella , s. a., & oluwatobi , s. a. (2021). digital economy, education and inclusive growth in africa. journal of african trade , 8(1-2), 98-115. 7. kosslyn , s. m. (2014). the online revolution and education. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 111(supplement 2), 5772-5775. 8. picciano , a. g. (2017). theories and frameworks for online education: seeking an integrated model. online learning, 21(3), 166-190. 9. allen, e., & seaman, j. (2017). digital learning compass: distance education enrollment report 2017. babson survey group. 10. zhu, e., & chen, w. (2018). higher education in the era of the fourth industrial revolution: an interdisciplinary review. journal of cleaner production, 197, 693-707. 11. li, x., liang, j., & liang, x. (2021). does online education level the playing field? evidence from a randomized controlled trial _ world development , 137, 105149. 12. azizova m.i. innovative technologies in the digital economy. (tutorial). – t.: jv “ nihol” print ", 2022. – 184 b. 57 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 philosophy of the uzbek national martial arts kambarov nodirjon sattarovich university of business and science non-state higher education institution teacher, master aikido, uzbekistan abstract: v dannoy state rassmatrivayutsya uzbek vostochnye edinoborstva, ix razvitie i ix philosophiskie vzglyady. uzbek eastern martial arts play an important role in the physical, mental, emotional and aesthetic education of a person. v state otmechaetsya znachenie vostochnyx uzbekskikh edinoborstv v vospitanii vsestoronne razvitoy lichnosti. keywords: uzbek martial arts, sufi martial arts, uzbek martial arts, uzbek martial arts, turanian martial arts, universal development, different upbringing, philosophical views, physical, spiritual, spiritual-aesthetic, intellectual, body and soul. every sport or martial art has its homeland. for example, taekwondo in korea, karate in japan, muay thai in thailand, hand-to-hand combat in russia, sambo, kickboxing in america, and in china... each of these types of martial arts has its own martial arts and methods related to the place of residence, social and political environment of the population. that is why they do not repeat each other. in improving their technical movements, experienced masters of these types of martial arts have grown up in their homelands, and they have shown selflessness in promoting and promoting it. the role of uzbek martial arts in our national values and in the process of education is incomparable. among the various events in the historical life of our people, our national eastern martial arts also occupy an important place. it is said that a 5,000-year-old statue of martial arts found in iraq shows that such martial arts developed in asia much earlier, as well as the deep roots of martial arts in the military campaigns of our grandfather amir temur. according to the sources, our grandfather amir temur's army was made up of infantry and cavalry soldiers and they were armed with swords, spears, bows and arrows, maces. in addition, the army had various incendiary devices. in the battle, unarmed and unarmed, uzbek fighters defeated the enemies individually and with blows of hands and feet [1]. for example, in the baburnoma, there is information about a soldier who jumped over 9 horses. in ancient times, to teach our national martial arts, fights, hand-to-hand combats, unique races, and folk games were organized on large tours. special attention is paid to the art of uzbek fencing. before holding a sword, exercises were conducted with simple sticks, and self-defense and fighting practices were taught. the most qualified martial arts teachers are involved in such work. 58 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in a word, shark martial arts goes back to ancient history. we can see that our national martial art is reflected in the pictorial miniature works of our grandfather alisher navoi. in addition, the wall paintings found in the places indicate that the core of the national martial art began very early. also, the russian writer a. manduzyak wrote a lot of historical information in the book "warriors of islam". various events related to martial arts are also widely covered in "boburnoma" [1]. among such types of national martial arts are "sufi jang", "uzbek martial art", "kurash", "belbog'li kurush", "turon" martial arts and their teachings. if we come out and use it as a pedagogical teaching in the course of training, it will be appropriate for the purpose. unfortunately, during the colonial years, that is, during the policy aimed at completely erasing the rich heritage and blessed names left by our national values, saints and ancestors from the memory and hearts of our people, the study of many of our rich heritages was absolutely forbidden. in some of the scientific and artistic works created on this topic, their image and heritage were depicted in black paints, contrary to the historical truth. regrettably, the signs of such biased approach can still be found in the historical and fiction literature created during the former regime, as well as in some books published under their influence [33]. sufi martial arts, one of our ancient martial arts, remains one of the rich heritages of our nation, but it is being forgotten. thankfully, it is preserved in the works of our writers and scientists. in this regard, we will cite examples from s. kushkarov's book "sufi martial art". the national uzbek sufi martial art is a perfect fighting method based on excellence, the main views of which are inextricably linked with sufism (philosophical knowledge). it is said that it is impossible to enter this martial art without becoming a sufi (sage) in this martial art. so, sufi martial art is not only intended for fighting. it essentially serves only to achieve perfection. fighting means developing the methodology of negative energy in the body. because if the level of negative energy and positive energy in the body is not proportionate, a person cannot be perfect. even if only positive energy increases in the worker, he will leave the whole system. that is, it is said that such a person is limited within the framework of principles of a certain pattern or at the level of worldly knowledge. on the contrary, if a negative system develops, negative traits will be celebrated in this person. it has been said that when there is equality between the forces, man attains true perfection. sufi martial art emphasizes that perfection is necessary to achieve creation. it is noted that the main goal of learning martial arts is to maintain the harmony of forces. in fact, there is only one power for creation, and we distinguish it, call it positive and negative in our own language, and develop it. that is our humanity. to say good or bad depends on us conditionally [2]. in the teachings of sufi martial arts, it is necessary to activate the potential of a person's inner self. already, in the holy qur'an, it is taught: "valikullin darajtun mimma amiluf", that is: "all of you, seek your own level, do not stop, strive to find it." in order to find this level, it is necessary to rise above certain moral norms and search for a system of higher spiritual power. it is said that the moral principles regulated by people can have different forms in different peoples and nations in different periods, and may differ sharply from each other [2]. 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when the internal (spiritual) energy system in the human body is awakened, it begins to develop. the most perfect system of this development is sufi martial arts. according to the sufi doctrine of martial arts, there are fourteen power system centers in the human body. their location along the human body is a process related to the fourteen river forms (monada, mandala). according to the doctrine, a sufi warrior is essentially a man. it goes from state to state. according to the teachings of this martial art, a person engaged in sufi combat does not turn into a soulless machine or a mangurt with bloodshot eyes in battle. a sufi warrior never loses his identity. he fulfills his duty as a perfect person. he is insane and does not need mental treatment. in the sufi martial arts, one trains a person for these spiritual processes. in the socalled spiritual reality, there is a higher power system besides the spiritual power system. as a result of the search, we saw that it was not written about in almost any source. by practicing the national sufi martial art, our youth can be educated as a person imbued with physical, mental, aesthetic and moral qualities. it is known from history that there were many oppositions and threats to sufis and sufism. "the fact that mansur halloj, nasimi, mashrab were tortured and hanged is proof of this. after all, they walked on the path of goodness and preached the truth, truth, and honesty to humanity! the fact that najmuddin kubro destroyed more than seventy enemies and won the battle did not happen by himself. imagine one man defeating thousands of soldiers. at this point, it is enough to remember amir temur and his "thousand and one soldiers" battle system" [2]. all these facts prove the existence of a perfect system of sufi martial arts. only warriors kept their knowledge secret. first of all, they were careful not to use this martial art for malicious purposes. this fighting method requires a person to awaken inner programs in his body and reach the level of perfection. that is why the sufi martial art affects the cellular level of youth and serves to enrich the cells. the use of the teachings of our national martial art in martial arts exercises has a positive effect on the development of young people. for example, we can give an example of the thoughts of one sufi martial artist, zormergan, which he left to our people. from "zormergan" (sufi martial master) the question arises: "so, what does martial arts give?" this is natural, because in the beautiful and happy life you live, this martial art seems unnecessary. but the sufi martial art, first of all, educates a person's intelligence. this will help you not to fall into the vortex of alcoholism and drug addiction. it teaches a person not to exchange the life given to him by god for some momentary pleasure. the development of fighting skills contributes to a meaningful and colorful life. you may have to defend yourself, your family, and your beloved motherland through sufi martial arts. this is not an ordinary event!in addition, through sufi martial arts, you will look back on your history, feel and enjoy the power of our ancestors. you know our great commanders, military commanders and patriotic heroes, and you are proud of what they have done. for example, you were able to get to know me spiritually through sufi martial arts. i wish that our forefathers, the brave ones, and god's divine power will help you to become perfect and mature people. i hope to talk with you again on other topics [2] . uzbek wrestling. the methods and teachings of "uzbek wrestling" with an ancient history are one of the national sports aimed at educating young people to become fully mature and wellrounded individuals. national uzbek wrestling is a sport, a one-on-one match between two athletes according to established rules. the art of fighting exists in many nations. wrestling is also important because it educates young people to be strong, agile, polite and strong-willed, well-rounded 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us individuals. students from the age of 12 are involved in uzbek wrestling. archeological finds, historical manuscripts, and technical and tactical methods that have reached us confirm that wrestling has been an integral part of the uzbek people's lifestyle since ancient times. there is an image of two wrestlers on a cylindrical vessel found in the southern region of uzbekistan. other findings from that period also depict wrestlers performing their techniques. these ancient utensils and objects show that fighting was an integral part of the life of our ancestors. according to other historical figures, the daughters of the sak tribe who lived in the territory of uzbekistan fought for their future husband and then married him. we can learn about it from the battle conditions of barchin in the "alpomish" saga. among our scholars, mahmud koshgari's "devonu lug'ati turk" work, alisher navoi's "hamsa" epic, "holoti pahlavon muhammad" work, zahiriddin muhammad babur's "boburnoma" also contain a lot of interesting information about our uzbek national struggle. . national wrestling is distinguished by its widespread use among the uzbek people in the 9th-16th centuries. our grandfathers, such as pahlavon mahmud, sadiq polvan, contributed to the development of uzbek wrestling methods. in 1991, master of sports kamil yusupov developed the rules of national uzbek wrestling. he reintroduced uzbek terms into the methods. it is rated as "half-baked", "biased", and "honest". if the wrestlers act contrary to the rules, punishments of "reprimand", "dakki", "ghirrom" were determined [1]. belt wrestling. in 2001, the belt wrestling federation was established in uzbekistan. in september 1998, 28 countries became members of the international belt wrestling association (ika) in tashkent, and a large international belt wrestling tournament was held that year. due to the attention paid to our national sports in our country, the further development of uzbek national wrestling was stimulated. another international wrestling academy for belt wrestling was established.at present, in our country, 22 olympic reserve colleges, 37 sports schools for children and teenagers, and 206 wrestling schools teach young people about this type of martial arts. more than 100 belt wrestling clubs are operating in the republic's higher educational institutions, and students and young people are trained by qualified teachers. more than 851 coaches work with students. in 2003, the olympic council of asia included this type of wrestling in the program of the asian games.belt wrestling, one of the traditional uzbek national sports, is a very old form of martial arts. belt wrestling is an uzbek word and is a form of one-on-one wrestling and popular entertainment. in the legendary alpomish saga, which appeared a thousand years ago, it is noted that in the distant past, wrestling was the most popular and popular sport in uzbekistan. a number of philosophers and historians who lived and worked in ancient and medieval times mentioned the national uzbek "belbog'li kurash" with special respect in their works. the great thinker abu ali ibn sina defined that wrestling is the best way to ensure health of soul and body. however, there is still no clear information about when and where the uzbek national "belbogli kurash" was created. a number of scientists recognized "belbogli kurash" as one of the ancient types of martial arts. this fight is one of the oldest forms of martial ar ts. belt wrestling is currently one of the youngest forms of martial arts. despite its long history, "belbogli kurash" has been on the world sports scene since 1998. the bright steps of this martial arts are in the hands of the young generation. it also aims to turn "beltbagli wrestling" into an international sport. turan martial arts. another of our national martial arts is "turon" martial arts. turon martial arts is one of the uzbek national martial arts. turkic peoples have been famous for the art of fighting since ancient times. this type of one-on-one combat was perfected during the time of our grandfather amir temur. the modern rules of "turon" martial arts were re-developed by international sports master b. saidov (1991). wrestlers practice and compete wearing singlets and wide pants with a belt around their foreheads. when the opponents enter the field, they raise their hands up and show their palms to each other. it means "look, i have nothing in my hand, i will fight honestly." there are two directions of "turon" martial arts: combat and free 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us training. in 1995, the "turon" martial arts federation was established for the first time in uzbekistan. the championship of regions and the championship of uzbekistan are held in this martial arts, and "turon" martial arts is included in the program of the "alpomish games" festival. more than 10,000 people regularly practice this sport in uzbekistan. 10 international and more than 50 sports masters have grown up. "turon" martial arts is also recognized at the international level. "turon" martial arts circles were opened in the usa, germany, israel, the netherlands, ukraine, latvia, moldova, belarus and other countries. the first official international tournament was held in tashkent in 1996."turon" martial arts is a modernized and polished type of ancient uzbek martial arts. this type of martial arts reflects the uzbek mentality and plays an important role in the development of young people as well-rounded individuals. in conclusion, it should be noted that the national culture of the uzbek people, art forms, folk games, and martial arts, such as sports, also exist and have reached the level of art. these are the rich heritage, past and future of our people, which are preserved and polished from generation to generation, from teacher to student. our highest goal should be to pass on the heritage of our ancestors to the future generations. the heritage of our ancestors serves as an important foundation for studying history and creating the future. it is important for the young generation to become educated, strong, physically and mentally healthy, intellectually mature, aesthetically well-educated people. the uzbek national eastern martial arts will help our youth to become patriotic, nationally proud, honest, responsible and hardworking. another important task is to develop our national eastern martial arts, increase their popularity, introduce them to the world, bring good athletes and ensure that they get their place on the world stage. it is necessary to increase the activities of our national eastern martial arts, organize clubs and hold various competitions, exhibitions, hold seminars and trainings, and, if necessary, establish national martial arts institutes.there is no doubt that this is also a manifestation of attention to the education of a young generation that is modern, intellectually capable, physically strong, spiritually fresh, aesthetically and morally, ideologically and politically mature. used literature 1. yusupov k. kurash, – t., 1999. 2. kushkarov s, kushkarov u.sufi martial art. – tashkent, uzbekistan, 2003. book 2. 3. kambarov n.s. pedagogical conditions for educating youth as a harmoniously developed personality through oriental martial art (single combat).dissertation. – namangan: 2023. 677 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 effective learning of foreign languages through information technology samarkand institute of economy and service “teaching language” department teacher, doston fayzullo ugli abulkhayirov samarkand institute of economy and service economy faculty group ik-523 students: abdurashidjon vaxobov bekzod oʻgʻli vaxobovabdurashidjon1@gmail.com annotation: today, one of the main requirements for higher professional skills is a perfect knowledge of foreign languages. it is no coincidence that special attention is paid to the study of english, which is one of the leading languages of international communication. teaching english in the education system of the republic of uzbekistan is rising to a new level of quality on the basis of a scientific approach, the introduction of new information and communication and pedagogical technologies that can fully meet the requirements of the time. keywords: professional colleges, conceptual framework, methodist, in-depth study of foreign languages, effective in teaching introduction this means that in the development of technology for teaching additional texts in english in professional colleges and the implementation of the principles of creating professional programs for this purpose, special attention will be paid to any research aimed at in-depth study of foreign languages. this means pre-determining the conceptual framework in the program being modeled. the technology of teaching additional professional texts in english to the system of secondary special vocational education can also be considered as an aspect of the implementation of the above-mentioned tasks. it is important to ensure the priority of the education system in the training process, including the introduction of new technologies and mechanisms for teaching foreign languages. it is known that the expression of thinking, communication between peoples, spiritual and other communication is expressed through language. as our methodist scholars have pointed out, in addition to expressing the content of the text in the image, the reality reflected in the text, the opinions of the characters involved in it, the students also express their opinions in addition to the topic of conversation. the increase helps to think correctly in english. properly used in the learning process, this method can be used to achieve positive results in terms of mastery, duration of study, and excellent learning of english. mailto:vaxobovabdurashidjon1@gmail.com 678 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us the use of additional text-oriented curricula is one of the methodological approaches that provides a good solution to the problem of teaching english. approaches to teaching based on this methodology are now widespread in the national methodology. all of these approaches are not in pure form, but are used in various combinations. it is important to note that such an approach should not be overlooked in english teaching; as such an approach can solve a number of learning problems more successfully than other technologies. it is easier to receive information, text content on the basis of various programs, using computer hardware, magnetic disks for speech development in english classes in professional colleges. depending on the nature of the additional text, it may be suggested to write or narrate a composition created by means of various computer-generated educational language game programs, or by using preselected pictures. it is important to create a situation and then use the narration of that composition. conversations about parts of the text or the content of the text are also helpful in developing speech. this will allow students to expand their vocabulary and participate in research activities so that they can put their knowledge into practice. coordination and interdependence of education and upbringing, ensuring consistency in the training of english language specialists in the system of continuing education, including the introduction of effective forms and methods, the introduction of new additional texts, teaching technology and the widespread use of other similar advanced teaching methods is a guarantee of positive results. the use of additional text technology in the process of teaching english will increase the opportunities for future professionals to learn the language, depending on the areas in which they are trained in vocational colleges. it is also possible to use alternative methods, that is, to meet the needs of students by adopting alternative methods in the education system of other countries, to use all the above approaches to forecasting in various combinations. conditions of communication in a foreign language show that it is a requirement of the time to know many types of speech, additional professional texts. without discriminating against the essence of other languages, especially in communicating in english, reading comprehension and writing, speaking practice, reading a wide range of professional and specialized literature on the specialty, specialization, annotations, theses, as well as in the process of written information exchange the importance of information and communication technologies is clearly demonstrated and defined. in order to be truly effective in teaching additional text, it is necessary to create conditions for students to work independently in the classroom, using a lingo phone device. recently, there has been a growing interest in using this style in the classroom. relying on the latest advanced methodologies, we understand the independent work of students in english classes as the independent work on the formation and improvement of their speaking skills, the development of speaking skills in a certain order. thus, the study of a foreign language is a modern requirement, and the development of new methods of language learning for the younger generation, based on the "national program of personnel training" and recommendation to the learning process is an urgent task for scientists and experts. issues. in order for our talented young people to become experts in their fields of interest, they must first have a thorough knowledge of foreign languages, including english. therefore, the introduction of technology, ensuring that teaching methods meet the requirements of the times are the urgent tasks of educators. training and retraining of specialists is also one of the current social problems. list of used literature 679 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 1. abate demissie (2013). the effects of differentiated instructional approach on grade eight students’ attitude and vocabulary learning achievements. addis ababa university, unpublished ph.d. dissertation. 2. alavinia, p., & farhady, s. (2012). using differentiated instruction to teach vocabulary in mixed ability classes with a focus on multiple intelligences and learning styles. international journal of applied science & technology, 2(4), 72–82. 3. alhashmi, b., & elyas, t. (2018). investigating the effect of differentiated instruction in light of the ehrman & leaver construct on grammar learning. arab world english journal, 9 (3), 145-162. 4. alfehaid, a. f. t. (2011). developing an esp curriculum for students of health sciences through needs analysis and course evaluation in saudi arabia. university of leicester. 5. alkutbi, d. (2018). bridging the gap: a study of academic language-learning needs of saudi international students. unpublished ph.d. thesis. 113-118 extreme problems and their study in a mathematics 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 extreme problems and their study in a mathematics course djalilova turgunoy abdujalilovna candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, associate professor of andijan machine-building institute khalilov murodiljan durbek son teacher of andijan mechanical, engineering institute abstract: in this article, the methods that can be used in solving problems that lead to finding the largest and smallest values of the function: the method of inequalities, the method of using quadratic triangle properties, the symmetry method and the essence of the differential calculus methods are explained with the help of problems. keywords: maximum, minimum, extremum, largest value, smallest value, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, isoperimetric problem, critical point. it is known that in recent years, great importance has been attached to the development of mathematical education in our republic. as a clear example of this , on may 7, 2020, the president of the republic of uzbekistan "measures to improve the quality of education and develop scientific research in the field of mathematics pq-4708, july 9, 2019 pq-4387" state support in the further development of mathematics education and sciences, measures to fundamentally improve the activities of the institute of mathematics of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan named after vi romanovisky" decisions can be made. the main goal of this decision is to develop mathematical sciences in our republic and to train qualified specialists who are not far behind the specialists trained in developed countries. among the subjects taught in higher educational institutions, higher mathematics takes an important place in the training of such specialists. that is why teaching higher mathematics in higher educational institutions should be given great importance. because today in the day each how expert own in the activity mathematics and mathematician to methods often appeal does. it is known that there are many practical issues mathematics and mathematician methods using own the solution easy finds. such to issues example as extreme issues to bring can extreme to issues people their own practical activity during often face they come extreme matters of quantities the most big and the most small values to find circle issues being such issues solve with ancient time mathematicians euclid, pythagoras, archimedes, apollonius, zenodorus, geron and others are also involved. medium in asia while such issues with abu rayhan beruni engaged in until the 17th century such matters basically geometric method solved. french math p. farm english math and physical i. newton and german math g. leibniz works using later on such issues analytical method solve started. 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us someone of the amount the most big and the most small values to find and such values there is to be conditions determination demand done issues usually to the extreme about issues called (latin extremum the edge). they are "maximum" and "minimum" (latin maximum and minimum corresponding without "eng big” and “most to small"), about are also called issues. to this similar to issues mathematics, physics, mechanics, technology, medicine, economy and etc in the sciences often face will come. for example, round from wood how by doing right rectangle sectional beam it's waste the most less will be given from the material made of the box volume the most big to be for his dimensions how to be do you need. two the city connector road the most short to be for the bridge of the river which to the place to build do you need and etc issues these are including. such practical important have issues geometric to the view to bring difficulty does not give birth. most simple and ancient from issues one: perimeter known right rectangles between which one's surface the most big that determination issue and it is called an isoperimetric problem. to the extreme about such issues in solving most of the time of quantities medium arithmetic and medium geometric values conjunction from the relationship is used. this is the following theorem with defined as: theorem. minus didn't happen 𝑛of a natural number medium arithmetic value that's it of thighs medium from geometry small not, that is 𝑥! + 𝑥" +⋯+ 𝑥# 𝑛 ≥ &𝑥! ∙ 𝑥" ∙ … 𝑥#! . equality sign 𝑥! = 𝑥" = ⋯ = 𝑥# will be executed when below this of the theorem private from consists of was 𝑥! + 𝑥" 2 ≥ &𝑥!𝑥" relationship using solvable extreme to the matter we will stop. issue 1. surface surface when given volume the most big will be box (true rectangular parallelepiped). dimensions how selection do you need solution: get rid of it edges 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 with s, his full the surface while 𝑆 with and 𝑉 we define the size with. in that case 𝑆 = 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐) and 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 will be (fig. 1). first from equality 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 = $ " the fact that known. secondly 𝑎𝑏 ∙ 𝑎𝑐 ∙ 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉" the to write can now these are for medium arithmetic and medium geometric about inequality if we apply, to the following have we will be: 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 3 ≥ √𝑎𝑏 ∙ 𝑎𝑐 ∙ 𝑏𝑐" , 𝑆 6 ≥ 𝑉 " % 𝑦𝑜𝑘𝑖 𝑉 ≤ = 𝑆 6> % " medium values about from the theorem only = 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐, i.e. when 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐b dies inequality it follows that the sign becomes equal, and in this case the volume v assumes the largest value. to the extreme about some geometric issues in solving symmetry using the method can below to him let's look at the issue: issue 2.𝑎 given a 𝑎straight line and points 𝐵 on one side of it. 𝐴 find a point on the 𝐴 straight line such 𝐶 that 𝐵 to the points distances sum the most small to value let it reach (fig. 2). solution: let 𝐴′ the point 𝑎be point-to-point symmetric 𝐶 with respect to the straight line, 𝐴 and the point and 𝐴′𝐵 and 𝑎be the point of intersection of straight lines. in that case 𝐶 the wanted point will be indeed too 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐶𝐴& + 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐴′𝐵. if we 𝑎choose another option of a straight line 𝐷 the point if we get, 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐴&𝐷 + 𝐷𝐵 > 𝐴′𝐵 the inequality will be valid. 115 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us extreme issues in solving most of the time don’t multiply maximum and get together minimum about theorems are also used. below them without proof we bring. theorem 1.𝑛 if the sum of positive numbers is constant, then the product of these numbers is the largest value of these numbers mutually equal to when achieves. theorem 2.𝑛 if the product of a positive number is constant, then the sum of these numbers reaches its smallest value when these numbers are equal to each other. below this theorems to apply let’s see the issue: issue 3. side 𝑎there was an awning square shaped tin given tin off four from the tip one different square will play cut off taken and left from the part over open box made cut off received squares side how when box volume the most big will be. solution: cut received squares let the side be x (fig. 3). in that case of the box 𝑉 = (𝑎 − 2𝑥)"𝑥 volume will be of this the most big value to find for as follows form change we do: 4𝑉 = 4𝑥(𝑎 − 2𝑥)(𝑎 − 2𝑥). multipliers sum 4𝑥 + 𝑎 − 2𝑥 + 𝑎 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑎 immutable that it was for 4𝑥 = 𝑎 − 2𝑥reaches its maximum value when 4𝑉 4𝑥 = 𝑎 − 2𝑥; 6𝑥 = 𝑎; 𝑥 = 𝑎 6 ; 𝑉'() h 𝑎 6i = 2 27𝑎 %. so, cut received square side given square side of ! * when forming the part box the most big to volume have will be. some one extreme issues in solving square of the triangle properties are also used. in this the following from the theorem is used. theorem. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥" + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 kvadrat triple 𝑎 > 0 when 𝑥 = − + "( at the point ,(-.+ # ,( is equal to the most small to 𝑎 < 0 value when 𝑥 = − + "( at the point ,(-.+ # ,( is equal to the most big to value have will be. below this the theorem to apply let's see the issue: issue 4. 𝑦 = −2𝑥" − 3𝑥 − 1 of the function extremum be found. solution: here 𝑎 = −2 < 0, that is function to the maximum have will be here 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −1 that b is dead for 𝑥 = − + "( = − % , function at the point to the maximum have will be we will find it. 𝑦'() =− 3 4> = 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏" 4𝑎 = 4 ∙ (−2) ∙ (−1) − (−3)" 4 ∙ (−2) = 8 − 9 −8 = 1 8 . some one extreme issues in solving above seeing passed methods supporting it didn't happen. such cases derivative from the concept use comfortable will be in this initially given issue 116 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mathematical model has been function is made and the following confirmations attention is taken. 1. if 𝑓(𝑥) the function is something [𝑎, 𝑏] in cross section continuously being, then only one to the extreme have if, then this extremum when the maximum ( minimum) is, it is a function that's it in cross section the most big (eng small) value will be. 2. if 𝑓(𝑥) the function is something [𝑎, 𝑏] in cross section continuously being, then to the extreme have if not, then of the function the most big and the most small values don't cut at the ends will be. 3. if 𝑓(𝑥) the function is something [𝑎, 𝑏] in cross section continuously is the following conditions if satisfied: a) 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏at𝑓(𝑥) > 0 (𝑓(𝑥) < 0), b) 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) = 0, c) only one 𝑎 < 𝑥/ < 𝑏there is a critical point, then 𝑓(𝑥/) the function is the largest (max small) value will be. 4. if given 𝑓(𝑥) function 𝑥 = 𝑥/ at the point to zero equal to didn't happen to the maximum (minimum). have if, then ! 0()) the function 𝑥 = 𝑥/ to the minimum (maximum) at the point have will be. derivative using of the function the most big and the most small value to find circle the following issue let's see: issue 5. size 125𝑚% has been cylinder shaped it is necessary to prepare a water container without a lid. water of the vessel measurements how when him preparation for the most less material is used? solution: water dish to prepare expendable of the material quantity dish of the surface face measure with is (in this to the seams taking into account consumables not available). so, a cylinder of the basis radius 𝑅 and the height 𝐻 should be chosen such that 125𝑚% capacity dish the surface the most small surface have let it be. cylinder of the basis radius 𝑅 the manly we consider it a variable. then the volume of the cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅"𝐻 or 𝜋𝑅"𝐻 = 125 died from this 𝐻 = !"3 45# will be. the surface of the cylinder surface (top basis not added without). 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑅" + 2𝜋𝑅𝐻 = 𝜋𝑅" + 250 𝑅 . will be here 0 < 𝑅 < ∞. thus, the surface area of the cylinder 𝑆 is a function of the radius of the base. 𝑅 so the question 𝑅 is what is the value of 𝑆(𝑅) the most small to be from detection consists of will be. 1) 𝑆&(𝑅) we find: 𝑆&(𝑅) = h𝜋𝑅" + "3/ 5 i & = 2𝜋𝑅 − "3/ 5# ; 2) 𝑆&(𝑅) we solve for: 2𝜋𝑅 − "3/ 5# = 0, "45 "."3/ 5# = 0, 2𝜋𝑅% − 250 = 0, 𝑅 = 3 √4" ≈ 3,42; 3) 𝑆&(𝑅) = 2𝜋𝑅 − "3/ 5# = " 5# (𝜋𝑅% − 125) of 𝑅 = 3 √4" we define the pointer around the point. " 5# > 0 that b is dead for 𝑓(𝑅) = 𝜋𝑅% − 125 we limit ourselves to checking. 117 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 0 < 𝑅 < 3 √4" when 𝑓&(𝑅) < 0 and when 𝑅 > 3 √4" dies 𝑓&(𝑅) > 0. so, 𝑆(𝑅) the function 𝑅 = 3 √4" has a minimum at the point. this is the only one extremum that it was for the smallest value of u 𝑆(𝑅) will be b, i.e 𝑅 = 𝐻 = 3 √4" when 𝑆'7# = 3𝜋𝑅% = 75√𝜋" will die . this issue is practical being a matter of character to this similar issues many to bring can. such issues solve in the process of students creative thinking abilities more develops and education process efficient will be so so we do this in the article extreme issues of solving one how many method with we met and this methods inside from the derivation use much comfortable and common method that trust harvest we did. literature 1. h. a. rahmatulin. fundamentals of gas dynamics of interpenetrating movements of a compressed medium. pmm, 20, no.2, 1956. 2. n. a. mamadaliyev. about the movement of bodies at a speed higher than sound in a twocomponent environment. izv. academy of sciences of the uzssr, a number of technologies. sciences, 1966 no. 1. 3. r. i. nigmatulin. the degree of hydromechanics and compression waves in a two-speed and two-temperature constant medium in the presence of phase changes. izv 1967 no. 5. 4. t. a. djalilova, g. sh. komolova, m. d. khalilov. on the distribution of the spherical wave v. innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. 87-92 page 16. 03. 2022 year. 5. ergashev sultonmurod, k. b. (2021/12). differensial tenglamalarni mehanika va fizikaning ba`zi masalalarini yechishga tadbiqlari. наманган муҳандисликтехнология институти илмий-техника журнали, 430-433. 6. durbek o‘g‘li, x. m., & ibragimjon o‘g‘li, m. s. (2022). matritsa yordamida elektr tokini aniqlash. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 223-226. 7. durbek o‘g‘li, x. m., & komiljon o‘g‘li, k. b. (2022). differensial tenglamaga olib keluvchi ba’zi masalalar. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 15-19. 8. durbek o‘g‘li, x. m., & tulqinovna, s. m. (2023/1/1). oddiy differensial tenglamalarni mehanika va fizikaning bazi masalalarini yechishga tadbiqlari. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке (стр. 763773). rossiya: международный научный журнал . 9. o‘g‘li, x. m. (2021/12). irratsional tenglama va tengsizliklarni yechishda o‘quvchilarning qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish. наманган муҳандислик технология институти илмий-техника журнали, 476-481. 10. komiljonov boburjon, x. m. (2021/4/9). o’quvchilarda funksiya tushunchasini shakllantirish. matematikani iqtisodiy-texnik masalalarga tadbiqlari va o`qitish muammolari, (стр. 297-303). узбекистан. 11. tillayev donyorbek, x. m. (2021/11/15). fazoda urinma akslantirish va uning formalizmga bog‘liqligi. uzacademia ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali, 86-92. 12. sultanmurad, e. (2022). vektorning hosilasi va uning tatbiqlari. машинасозлик илмий-техника журнали, 241-246. 118 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. ergashov s., komiljonov b., xalilov m. differensial tenglamalarni mexanika va fizikaning baʼzi masalalarini yechishga tadbiqlari // namangan muhandislik texnologiyalari instituti ilmiy-texnika jurnali 430-433 b. 14. xalilov murodiljon, tillayev donyorbek experience in using the relationship between mathematics and physics in shaping the concept of limit // analytical journal of education and development 2021 yil, 212-215 b.. 15. xalilov m., komolova g., komiljonov b. solve some chemical reactions using equations // european journal of business startups and open society. vol. 2 no. 1 (2022): ejbsos issn: 2795-9228. 45-48 p. 16. м. д. халилов, б. к. комилжонов. differensial tenglamaga olib keluvchi ba’zi masalalar. journal of advanced research and stability issn: 2181-2608 15-19 b. 17. m.d. xalilov, b.k. komiljonov, g.sh. komolova. garmonik skalyar tebranishlarning kompleks va vektor ifodalanishi. miasto przyszłości. issn-l:2544980x. table of content volume 24 (jun 2022). 18. джалилова, т. а., комолова, г. ш. к., & халилов, м. д. у. 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(2022). complex and vector expression of harmonic scaliar vibrations. miasto przyszłości, 24, 341344. 23. djalilova, t., komolova, g., & xalilov, m. (2022). о распространении сферической волны в нелинейно-сжимаемой и упругопластической средах. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences jurnali, 2181-1784. 24. акбарова, с. х., & халилов, м. д. (2019). о краевой задаче для смешаннопараболического уравнения. in andijan state university named after zm babur institute of mathematics of uzbekistan academy of science national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek scientific conference (pp. 88-89). 25. акбарова, с. х., акбарова, м. х., & халилов, м. д. (2019). о разрешимости нелокальной краевой задачи для смешанно–параболического уравнения. international scientific journal «global science and innovations, 130-131. 26. muradiljon, khalilov; mashxuraxon, sayidjonova. (2023). application of the theory of linear differential equations to the study of some oscillations. web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journal. 60-65. 198 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 developing students' creative skills through the 4k model in mother language and reading literacy education himoyeva sarvarbegim doctoral student of bukhara state university abstract: this article discusses the use of the 4k model, which develops logical thinking in primary-grade mother tongue and reading literacy education, and its relevance to the present. because today, controversial education is one of the most important forms of educational activity, and it helps to increase students' initiative and develop critical thinking. in today's developing and increasingly advanced age, abandoning the same lessons, which are boring for teachers and students, instead using technologists, conducting class activities using electronic tools increases students' interest in science. this not only forms a scientific worldview in students, but also develops such qualities as activity, thirst for knowledge, quick thinking, and responsiveness in students. keywords: skill, creative, textbook, periodic, traditional, public, criterion, system. at a time when our country is rapidly developing on the path of innovative development, comprehensive support for the creative ideas and creativity of young people who are the successors of our future, the formation of their knowledge, skills and qualifications, as well as advanced foreign experiences, an international standard and improving the assessment system based on requirements, studying international experiences, comprehensive comparative analysis of the existing system, close cooperation with relevant international and foreign organizations and scientific research institutions is important. for any educational process to be effective, it should match the interests and needs of the learner. this is typical for learners of all ages, and it is especially important for children of primary school age. for this reason, it is a difficult task to prepare elementary school students for various life situations based on creative approaches. it is worth noting that "the improvement of the content of textbooks is carried out on the basis of determining the content, flow and volume of information involved in the setting and solution of the problem in science". currently, in order to correct existing errors and deficiencies in textbooks for general secondary schools, the republican education centertelegram bot channel "invitation to textbooks 2020" has been established, and more than 8 thousand offers have been received. about 1,600 suggestions have been identified by experts as appropriate and these suggestions are taken into account in the process of preparing the textbooks for publication on a periodic basis. of course, as a result of such works, the quality and content of textbooks will be improved. the main document that regulates the teacher's work from a methodological point of view is undoubtedly the national curriculum, which will have a new version starting from 2022. in the national curriculum, the development of students' ability to think independently, solve problems and creative tasks is declared as an important educational outcome, which is impossible without developing creativity and forming critical thinking. these competencies are high-level skills and encourage the strengthening of the country's analytical capacity. however, they have not been officially evaluated. in public school practice, there are no such redagogical 199 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technologies and evaluation tools that allow for the formation and evaluation of these concepts within the framework of a traditional lesson and in relation to the content of a certain subject. in addition, these comretentions are educationalstаndаrtlаri dоirаsidа аniq tаvsifgа еgа еmаs. milliy о„quv dаsturi tоmоnidаn о„rnаtilgаn mеtа-fаnni о„rgаnish nаtijаlаri vа “4k” kо„nikmаlаrining the interrelationship of their features allows us to conclude that they are very close and intersect, so the tools for evaluating the level of formation of "4k". allows assessment of the meta-theme outcomes of the learning standard. methods. in the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on education" adopted on september 23, 2020, primary education is aimed at forming the foundations of literacy, knowledge and skills necessary for general secondary education. currently, on the basis of advanced foreign experiences, elementary school textbooks have been newly prepared on the basis of the "4k" model and implemented in the educational system. so what is the "4k" model? the "4k" model is a modern approach to education, and with this new experience, students' critical thinking and the ability to freely express their opinions are more important. this methodology is aimed at the comprehensive development of students and includes the following four main competencies:  collaboration developing the ability to work in a team. based on this skill, students learn to collaborate, communicate effectively, and support each other.  social interaction, that is, discussing common goals, conducting negotiations, coordinating one's actions with the actions of other people;  develop leadership skills and the ability to form one's own team to implement one's own plans and ideas;  communicativeness this skill is aimed at developing students' ability to communicate with others. pupils learn to express their thoughts clearly and clearly, to listen and understand, to effectively use language tools in providing information.  the ability to be calm in communication and to organize communication, to ask questions and to be ready to answer them.  the ability to adapt to the purpose and content of communication, as well as to the interlocutor;  the ability to use verbal and non-verbal means to achieve communicative goals;  understanding of various situations in the communication process and increasing the level of trust;  creative thinking through creative thinking, students develop the ability to innovate. they learn to use new approaches to achieve their goals, find innovative solutions, and gain creative problem-solving skills.  curiosity the ability to be interested in the surrounding world and to learn more about it, to determine cause-and-effect relationships between world objects, to search for information independently and to find answers to one's questions;  imagination the ability to develop many original and non-standard ideas;  optimization the ability to compare several methods to achieve the goal quickly and efficiently; critical thinking includes the development of students' skills to critically evaluate information, form their own opinions and judgments. students learn to approach problems critically. in general, these competencies serve to create a more effective, modern and person-oriented educational environment, and create a basis for the development of personal qualities of students, providing them with deep knowledge and skills, and developing their creative abilities: 200 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  analysis the ability to divide the task into separate sub-tasks, create systematic algorithms for solving problems with a certain sequence;  assessment ability to receive qualitative information;  explanation to prove one's point of view, to express a logically coherent opinion;  setting goals the ability to correctly formulate a goal aimed at achieving it, determine the available information and its sufficiency, and draw independent conclusions based on this;  self-control self-examination, correction based on conclusions and reasoning (reflection);  modeling the ability to qualitatively analyze the practical situation and replace the situation with a concrete model in order to solve tasks;  the practice of looking at the studied subject from different points of view;  the practice of planning and implementing measurements based on observation;  development of problem solving skills;  the ability to distinguish evidence, form and evaluate it;  includes tasks of strategic thinking. consideration. as you look through the newly created elementary school textbooks, you will witness a radical upgrade in quality, design and content. here, we would like to dwell on the specific features of the "4k" model on the example of the newly created 2nd grade "mother tongue" textbook. in elementary school native language textbooks, knowledge that is the basis for acquiring graphic and orthographic skills is selected for conscious mastering of language rules. in this textbook, examples of folk art such as: tales guides to goodness, legends and narratives, one, two, and sixteen are given in the section of folk art. through such resources, students develop teamwork, communication, creative thinking and critical thinking. for example, i would like to explain the legend of tomaris as an example. tomaris it seems that in ancient times, a tribe of massagets lived in our country. when this tribe was ruled by a queen named to'maris, the people lived a very rich and peaceful life. as the massagets were a fearless, brave people... we can develop students' 4k model skills through this text. first of all, it is explained how tomaris led the massaget tribe, she was a brave and courageous woman who, due to her ability to listen to the pain of the people and her agility, was able to ensure that the people could live in peace and harmony. . secondly, it can be done by asking students about the topic. 1. which tribe lived in the territory of uzbekistan in ancient times? 2. who is tomaris and what kind of woman was she? 3. who walked on massages? by asking such questions to students, it is determined to what extent they have understood the text, and through this, their communication skills are formed. thirdly, in the 2nd grade textbook, after the legend of tomaris, a picture of qaqbila was drawn in order to depict it in the eyes of the students so that it will remain in their memory for the rest of their lives. we can develop skills.fourthly, we can do it through cross-line work to teach students to think critically. for example, we can say that students in line 1 write positive characters in the text, and students in line 2 write negative characters and express their opinions about these characters. with this, we can form students' critical skills. 201 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us positive characters negative characters to‟maris hukmdor cyrus massaget tribe persians well, readers, what kind of country do we live in? who is our tribal chief (president)? what tribe do you think our country looks like? which character do you want to be like? by asking the following questions, we can determine their level of mastery and creativity. and we will give them the right recommendations. conclusions and recommendations. in short, the tasks given in the textbooks created on the basis of the "4 k" model teach students logical creative thinking, research and analysis, critical thinking, efficient use of information, communication, initiative and systematic thinking. at the same time, we can form students' thinking skills and creative abilities through various tasks and questions and answers, brainstorming. for this, qualities such as patience, skill, ability, communicativeness, creativity, demandingness are required from the teacher. references: 1. the new version of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on education". orq-637-no. 23. 09. 2020. on education (lex.uz) 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 29, 2019 no. 5712 on "approving the concept of development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". 3. himoyeva, s. j. (2020). umumumiy o „rta ta‟lim maktablari o „quvchilarining yozma nutqini insho yozish orqali rivojlantirish usullari. студенческий вестник, (19-12), 99-100. 4. hamroyev, a. r., & himoyeva, s. j. (2023). technology of creating educational tasks. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 80-83. 5. himoyeva, s. (2023). ona tili va o „qish savodxonligi darslarida o „quvchilarning o „quv-biluv ko „nikmalarni savol-javob tarzida amalga rivojlantirish. science and innovation in the education system, 2(9), 4447. 6. tog'ayeva, u. (2021). “ona tili oʻqitish metodikasi” modulini oʻqitishda axborot kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalanish. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). 7. tog'ayeva, u. (2021). роль проектного обучения в совершенствовании модуля методики обучения родному языку. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 8. tog‟ayeva, u. s. q. (2021). ona tili o‟qitish metodikasi modulini takomillashtirishda loyihaviy ta‟limdan foydalanish. scientific progress, 2(7), 1022-1026. 9. jobir oʻgʻli, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni oʻrgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 10. yarashov, m. (2022). characteristics of international integration of sciences in primary schools. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 23(23). 11. ярашов, м. д., & хамдамова, х. (2022). методика работы над речью учащихся в начальных классах. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 138-143. 202 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & maftuna, s. (2022). boshlang „ich sinflarda ta‟lim mazmunining tavsifi. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 144-147. 13. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o‟rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 14. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 15. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 16. hamroyev, a. r. (2021). designing students' creative activity in primary school mother tongue education as a methodological problem. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 17. khamroev, a. (2021). quality and effectiveness for design of learning outcomes in the language teaching. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(1), 549-558. 424-429 theoretical basis of food supply 424 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 theoretical basis of food supply and security azamjonov ulug‘bek usmonjon o‘g‘li public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan senior teacher of the department of economic sciences ulugbekazamjonov1606@gmail.com abstract: this article describes the theoretical foundations and relevance of the concept of food supply. in addition, the theoretical basis and conditions of food safety are also explained. the opinions of economists who have conducted research on this topic in order to better illuminate the theoretical foundations of food supply and safety are also cited. key words: food security, food supply, supply chain, reserves, public health, crisis, famine, economic security. today, food supply is more important than ever. according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations and the world health organization, "... according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations and the world health organization, currently 840 million people in the world more than one person, that is, almost one in eight people, is malnourished, more than 30 percent of the population of the planet is suffering from the problem of insufficient nutrition, lack of the most basic microelements and vitamins. because of these reasons, more than 160 million children suffer from deficiencies in growth, physical and intellectual development. the information provided once again proves the relevance of food supply at the global level. in economic literature, the concept of "food supply" is interpreted as ensuring the guaranteed physical and economic availability of food products necessary for a healthy and active life of the population, as well as ensuring the right of a person to adequate nutrition and freedom from hunger. today, some economists have expressed the term "food supply" and the term "food security" in the same sense, but some scientists deny this. another group of economists use the terms food supply chain and food supply independence. let's look at the definitions and approaches given to the term "food supply" by various economists. alekseeva s.a. in his dissertation, "the first widely used term "foodcited that the original english term "food security" is translated as "food security" and "food supply".1 chupryakova a.g. and kosinskiy p.d. consider food supply as a set of economic relations in society that arise in the process of providing food to all members of society in accordance with the standards of quantity and quality.2 1 алексеева с.а. диверсификация государственной поддержки для обеспечения продовольственной безопасности: дис... канд. экон. наук. м., 2014. 175 с. 2 чупрякова а.г., косинский п.д. продовольственное обеспечение населения промышленного региона: проблемы и перспективы // международный журнал при-кладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2016. № 12-1. с. 109-113. 425 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bondareva g.s. system of interaction between food supply producers, sellers, consumers and government bodies and details the population's needs for quality food.3 shilov a.e. and lubkov e.m. approach food supply more from the point of view of security and connect it with their own production and food exchange, and the main feature of food security, from their point of view, is food security of the population believes that it is the ability to satisfy their needs for high-quality food.4 the issue of providing food to the population is now more than ever becoming one of the main factors of maintaining the statehood and sovereignty of the country. food security as a component of the economic security system is a complex systemic and multi-level problem. the term food security entered international circulation after the grain crisis of 1972-1973. during this period, in the case of excess food production in the developed countries, famine occurred among the population in the third world countries. this problem has begun to be discussed in the world community. this is at the heart of the discussion the un general assembly held in december 1974 approved the "international commitments to ensure world food security" developed by the food and agriculture organization of the united nations. however, this document does not define the term food safety.5 the concept of food security was first proposed at the world food summit in 1974, “the existence at all times of sufficient global stocks of staple foods to sustain a sustained increase in food consumption and to cover fluctuations in production and prices” means.6 in recent years, the concept of food safety has been expanded to include the safety and nutritional value of food products, as well as personal preferences. there are many concepts and indicators in the current literature in the field of food safety. despite the fact that there are many concepts and indicators related to food safety, the importance of this idea is recognized by everyone. food security is a state of the economy in which, regardless of the fluctuations of the world markets, on the one hand, the conditions are created to meet the consumption in accordance with scientifically based indicators, and on the other hand, at the level of medical standards, the population is provided with food products. stable supply is guaranteed.7 according to fao, food security means that all members of a household have physical and economic access to sufficient food without risk of loss. food security is a broader term that encompasses food availability, nutritional status, food quality, and individual or group resilience.8 3 бондарева г.с. продовольственное обеспечение населения: понятие, сущность и структура // вестник кемеровского государственного университета. 2013. № 3-1 (55). с. 235-238. 4 шилова а.э., лубкова э.м. продовольственное обеспечение промышленного региона: проблемы самообеспеченности населения и конкурентоспособности сельскохозяйственных производителей (на материалах кемеровской области) //региональные проблемы преобразования экономики. 2018. № 11(97). с. 50¬57. doi: 10.26726/1812-7096-2018-11-50-57. 5 mamatov a.a. “iqtisodiy xavfsizlik” darslik. oʻzbekiston respublikasi milliy gvardiyasi harbiy-texnik instituti. toshkent. 6birlashgan millatlar tashkiloti. 1975. jahon oziq-ovqat konferentsiyasi hisoboti, rim, 5–16 noyabr 1974 yil. nyu-york (united nations. 1975. report of the world food conference, rome 5–16 november, 1974. new york). 2 hoddinott (1999) fsa (rossiya) va maxwell, s.smith, m. 1992.uy xo’jaliklari oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi: g’oyalar, ko’rsatkichlar, o’lchovlar: texniktadqiqot. nyuyorkvarim: 7birlashgan millatlar tashkiloti. 1975. jahon oziq-ovqat konferentsiyasi hisoboti, rim, 5–16 noyabr 1974 yil. nyuyork (united nations. 1975. report of the world food conference, rome 5–16 november, 1974. new york). 2 hoddinott (1999) fsa (rossiya) va maxwell, s.smith, m. 1992. uy xo’jaliklari oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi: gʻoyalar, ko’rsatkichlar, o’lchovlar: texnik tadqiqot. nyu-yorkvarim: 8https://presmarymethuen.org/uz/dictionary/ 426 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us food security is the continuous physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for all people and a state characterized by economic access, necessary to meet their nutritional needs and eating habits and maintain an active and healthy lifestyle.9 also, in our legislation, the concept of "food product safety" is defined as follows: "food product safety food product compliance with sanitary, veterinary, veterinary-sanitary, phytosanitary rules and norms"10. as you can see, the definition refers to other regulatory documents without specifying the security requirement. the requirements that ensure the quality and safety of the product are mandatory and are established in accordance with the law or other regulatory document. mandatory requirements for ensuring the safety of consumers are defined in the standards, sanitary norms and rules approved and controlled by the government of the republic of uzbekistan. according to the world health organization, food security consists of four aspects: food availability, food availability, food sustainability, and food access. food availability supply of necessary quality food products in the necessary amount through domestic production or import (including food aid). the most commonly used measure of food availability is the per capita daily energy expenditure (des), measured in calories. according to fao methods, the kes indicator is calculated according to the type of food consumption based on the food balance. subject levels of the food security problem: global, interregional; interstate; state; local; population groups; family (households). the levels of the food security problem are international, domestic economic level, the level of individual people, families, social groups of the population, as well as the issue of continuous supply of food products, parameters representing food security, satisfaction of basic needs for products, is one of the important conditions for ensuring the country's food security. food safety refers to the relationship that constitutes the level of public safety. food security system of economic relations is determined by the whole system of economic relations of the country. as a result of the implementation of the anti-crisis measures adopted in our country, as well as further acceleration of modernization and diversification processes, stable economic growth rates are maintained. protecting the country's economy from various threats, studying the processes taking place in several spheres of society's life, including issues related to corruption and shadow economy, and developing recommendations for their elimination, ensuring security by implementing measures is of great importance in current conditions. earns. in such conditions, the issue of ensuring the country's economic security and preventing various threats to it arises. a number of works are being carried out in our country to create added value by introducing deep processing of agricultural products, to achieve high economic efficiency as a result of the use of new technologies in product production. especially in recent years, in addition to the production of agricultural products, a multi-sectoral cluster system engaged in processing, preparation, storage, sale, construction works and providing services, as well as creation of favorable conditions for the promotion and development of farms, deep distribution of agricultural products laws of the republic of uzbekistan, presidential decrees and decrees, decisions, instructions and orders of the cabinet of ministers in the direction of developing new processing enterprises equipped with the most modern high-tech equipment for the production of processing, semi-finished and finished 9 бондарева с.а., продовольственная безопасность, учебное пособие/ волгоград-2021, 10 с. 10 o’zbekiston respublikasining qonuni “oziq-ovqat mahsulotining sifati va xavfsizligi to’gʻrisida”2-modda. http://lex.uz/pages/getpage.aspxlact_id=20326 427 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us food and packaging products, the adoption of more than 30 documents in total indicates the incomparable national importance of ensuring the stability of the domestic market and food safety, as well as increasing the export potential of agriculture. the food security system is a direct influence of the socio-economic situation, natural and economic potential, the solvency of the population of the country and individual regions, the degree of dependence of the national market on imports, the rational use of agricultural production and land resources, and the development of the agro-industrial complex. is inextricably linked with the processes involved. in this regard, ensuring food safety is one of the main conditions of economic and social stability and state independence, as well as being of strategic importance in national policy. external factors of ensuring food security include: increasing global food prices and increasing demand from developing countries; change of climatic conditions; increase in the scale of biofuel use; geopolitical factors. achieving food security in many countries of the world depends on the implementation of strategies and programs in agriculture and trade. in order to ensure the socio-economic development of our country, the decree on the "strategy of actions on five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021", signed by president sh. m. mirziyoyev on february 7, 2017, also in the priority areas of economic development and liberalization of the country special attention is paid to food security, deepening of structural changes and consistent development of agricultural production, further strengthening of the country's food security, expanding the production of environmentally friendly products, and significantly increasing the export potential of the agricultural sector are set as priority tasks. to further ensure the country's food security, fill the market with quality, safe and affordable food products, strengthen the purchasing power of the population, liberalize foreign economic activities and develop a healthy competitive environment, as well as eliminate the existing systemic problems in this field. presidential decree no. pf-5303 of january 16, 2018, "on measures to further ensure the food security of the country", adopted for the purpose of giving is a clear proof of our opinion. mechanisms for ensuring food safety are ensured by implementing the following activities in harmony based on the established target criteria: introduction of a system of food safety identification, evaluation and anticipation of possible risks at the level of all regions of the republic; introduction of a system of regulatory and legal documents harmonized with international requirements for ensuring food safety; sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and implementation of the system of regulation and management of ensuring food safety, which ensures the fulfillment of the set target criteria at the level of all regions of the republic. a number of measures are being implemented in uzbekistan to ensure food safety, fill the domestic market with high-quality, safe and cheap food products, and strengthen the purchasing power of the population. the decree of president shavkat mirziyoyev dated january 16 of this year "on measures to further ensure the food security of the country" brings the work in this regard to a higher level. according to the research conducted by the us research center, this year uzbekistan has risen 9 places in the food safety rating and has taken the 64th place.11 the political, social and economic instability in the current world has had an impact on the country's food security. we can take as an example the mass riots in kazakhstan, the russiaukraine events. the republic of kazakhstan, which is the largest exporter of wheat and flour 11 http://www.uza.uz agrar siyosat va oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi 428 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us products, imposes restrictions on exports or some problems related to oil products coming from ukraine will lead to an increase in consumer demand for this type of food products. but a lack of supply can lead to a violation of the gap between demand and supply, that is, a market shortage. this, in turn, can lead to a sharp artificial increase in prices, increasing dissatisfaction among the population, and other negative situations. we have only looked at 2 products and conducted a small analysis. but the number of food products required for consumption is large. the role of the state in taking measures to prevent such problems is clearly visible. as a result of the strong socioeconomic policy carried out by our state, the reserve of food products was further increased in order to ensure the food security of citizens. to further ensure the country's food security, fill the market with quality, safe and affordable food products, strengthen the purchasing power of the population, liberalize foreign economic activities and develop a healthy competitive environment, as well as eliminate the existing systemic problems in this field. was achieved. summary in conclusion, food security means that any country must have food reserves to cover food shortages in various emergency situations. in addition to food reserves, money and credit reserves in freely convertible currency are needed to purchase food products. these reserves are in addition to the stock of food products and allow for the rapid import of commercial volumes of food products in the event of acute food shortages. references 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the quality and safety of food products" article 2. http://lex.uz/pages/getpage.aspxlact_id=20326 2. "strategy of actions on five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 20172021" no. 2017.pf-4947. 3. presidential decree no. pf-5303 dated january 16, 2018 "on measures to further ensure the country's food security" 4. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., rustam o‘g‘li, a. q., & davlat o‘g‘li, a. d. (2023). labor management methods. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(5), 4252. 5. mamatov a.a. "economic security" textbook. military-technical institute of the national guard of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent. 6. usmonjon o‘g, a. u. b., obidjon o‘g‘li, m. s., mansur o‘g‘li, s. j., & farhod o‘g‘li, m. f. (2023). distribution of powers and management decisions in management. american journal of science on integration and human development (2993-2750), 1(5), 54-64. 7. чупрякова а.г., косинский п.д. продовольственное обеспечение населения промышленного региона: проблемы и перспективы // международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2016. № 12-1. с. 109-113. 8. бондарева г.с. продовольственное обеспечение населения: понятие, сущность и структура // вестник кемеровского государственного университета. 2013. № 3-1 (55). с. 235-238. 9. шилова а.э., лубкова э.м. продовольственное обеспечение промышленного региона: проблемы самообеспеченности населения и конкурентоспособности сельскохозяйственных производителей (на материалах кемеровской области) //региональные проблемы преобразования экономики. 2018. № 11(97). с. 50¬57. doi: 10.26726/1812-7096-201811-50-57. 429 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. бондарева с.а., продовольственная безопасность, учебное пособие/ волгоград-2021, 10 с. 11. https://presmarymethuen.org/uz/dictionary/ 12. http://www.uza.uz agrar siyosat va oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 features of the formation and accounting of the authorized capital in organizations of various forms of ownership ermatov akmaljon akbaralievich fergana polytechnic institute, phd., department of accounting and audit muratov aziz akbarovich fergana polytechnic institute, master abstract: this article discusses the basics of the formation of the authorized capital on the example of sections of its composition, organizations of various forms of ownership. today, the effective formation of the authorized capital during the period of modernization and reform of the economy is one of the urgent issues, the main thing in zero entrepreneurship begins with the formation of its charter. at the moment, entrepreneurship is the basis of the economy of any country. the purpose of the article is to ensure its effective use by analyzing the features of the formation and accounting of the authorized capital. keywords: authorized capital, start-up capital, capital accounting, equity, attracted capital. introduction. today, enterprises of various forms of entrepreneurial activity operate in the republic. these include enterprises in the form of state ownership, in the form of a joint-stock company, in the form of a limited liability company, in the form of a joint venture, etc. the decision on a market economy, the only important condition for development is to make a profit. in this sense, the result of any business activity must necessarily ensure profitability and profit. the organization of entrepreneurial activity and the possibility of its further promotion can be realized only if the owners reasonably and effectively manage the capital invested in the company. the development of market relations in society has led to the emergence of a number of new economic objects of accounting and analysis. one of the most important of them is the ownership of an enterprise as an economic category, in particular, equity. any enterprise engaged in production or other commercial activities must have a certain capital, which is a set of material goods, cash, financial investments, costs for the acquisition of rights and benefits necessary for the implementation of economic activities. thus, capital is the main source of financing the funds necessary for the company's activities. currently, most businesses are owned by one or more owners. accounting of documents confirming the ownership of the owners, as well as various transactions with them, is the subject of accounting and has its own characteristics. the amount of capital allows you to assess the scale of its activities. if the company has stable dynamics of capital growth, then we can talk about its development and expansion of activities. however, this is only one area of capital analysis. enterprises that stimulate production and economic activity with the same amount of financial resources receive different results at the 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us same time. this is due to the variable level of capital immobilization, which is characterized by the ratio between long-term and current assets, differences in the structure of sources of financing for the company's activities, as well as the level of capital use and return on invested funds. analysis of the research results. capital is one of the main economic categories, the essence of which has been clarified by scientific thought for several centuries. the term "capital" comes from the latin "capitalis", which means basic, primary [5]. in the early works of economists, capital was considered as the main wealth, the main property. currently, the concept of capital is being filled with specific content. capital is the means available to an economic entity to carry out its activities in order to make a profit. professor l.t. gilyarovskaya argues that capital analysis is a complex and continuous process of determining the financial condition of an enterprise, determining the pace of expansion of financial and economic activities, collecting, classifying and using information obtained as a result of capital formation and accounting. their rational use also consists in forecasting the development of the enterprise in the future in the capital market.[4] the definition of the concept of "capital" is interpreted in its own way in the works of scientists of domestic and foreign economies [6]. most often, they mean the amount of equity, equity income and retained earnings. but some authors invest all long-term sources of funds in capital [7]. the concept of "capital" is often used to describe the assets of an organization, dividing them into fixed assets (long-term assets, including work in progress) and working capital (the entire working capital of the organization) [6]. analyzing the economic nature of the capital of an economic entity, it is necessary to note the following features: 1. the capital of an organization is the most important factor of production. in such a science as economic theory, it is customary to identify the three most important factors of production that ensure the economic activity of production organizations: capital; land and other natural resources; labor resources. in addition, capital plays a priority role in this system of factors of production, since it combines all factors into one integrated production complex. 2. capital provides information about the financial resources of an organization that generate income [8]. in this capacity, capital works separately from the factor of production — in the form of credit capital, which ensures that the organization receives income not in the operational or production, but in the investment or financial sphere of its activities. 3. capital is the main source of wealth growth for its owners. this will ensure the necessary level of this well-being in the present and in the future. the part of the capital consumed in the current period is excluded from its composition, since it is aimed at meeting the current needs of its owners (that is, it ceases to perform the functions of capital). the accumulated part of the capital should ensure satisfaction of the needs of its owners in the coming periods [9], that is, make up the amount of their welfare in the future. 4. the capital of an organization is the main indicator of its value in the market. and, most importantly, we are talking about the organization's own capital, which determines the value of its net assets. in addition, the value of the securities used by the organization [10] simultaneously provides information about the potential that the owners can provide with additional benefits. others, along with a number of omissions, are the amount of capital, which is the basis for assessing the market value of an organization. thus, the term "capital" is applied to sources of funds and assets. in the first case, when installing resources, we are talking about "passive capital", and when determining assets, we are talking about "active capital", dividing it into fixed and working capital [11], [12], [13]. 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the organization of the authorized capital is carried out on the basis of current legislation and constituent documents. tangible and intangible assets in the form of contributions to the authorized capital are assessed and accounted for by agreement of the founders or by decision of the executive body of the legal entity. today, enterprises of various forms of ownership operate in our republic. these include enterprises in the form of state ownership, in the form of a joint-stock company, in the form of a limited liability company, in the form of a joint venture, and others. the authorized capital of a state—owned enterprise is the amount of material and monetary funds transferred by the state to the permanent disposal of the enterprise free of charge. fixed and current assets are formed at the expense of the authorized capital. the main tool is provided to the enterprise depending on the available volume of production and production service capacities, and working capital is issued on the basis of normative ones. the standard is determined by a higher-level organization. according to the current regulation, the amount of the authorized capital of the enterprise must correspond to the amount fixed in its constituent documents [14]. for state-owned enterprises, the founding document is an order from a higher organization on the organization of the enterprise and the transfer of the authorized capital to its balance sheet. in some cases, the size of the authorized capital of a state-owned enterprise may change. only a higher-level organization can change the size of the authorized capital. the authorized capital of the joint-stock company will consist of the nominal value of the shares acquired by its shareholders. in this case, the nominal value of all shares to be issued may be the same. the size of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company may increase or decrease. in accordance with article 21 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the protection of the rights of joint-stock companies and shareholders" [3], "the authorized capital of the company may be increased by increasing the nominal value of shares or by placing additional shares." the reduction of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company occurs in emergency cases and is carried out in the same manner as during its reproduction [1]. a decrease in the size of the authorized capital will be associated with a decrease in the total number of shares [15]. including the fact that the company itself buys shares with the subsequent payment of its remuneration, is also included in this account. according to the current legislation, a joint-stock company may pay tangible assets, property or other rights that are valued in money as a contribution to the authorized capital and are made by the founders to pay for the company's shares. the forms of payment in money for their shares at the time of the company's establishment are specified in the company's organization agreement or the company's charter, payment for additional shares and other securities is indicated in the decision on their placement [16]. the shareholder must pay the full value of the shares within the time limits set by the constituent assembly, but no later than one year after the registration of the company. upon expiration of the period for the acquisition of shares, the company of shareholders has the right to sell them at its discretion. in accordance with chapter iv of article 62 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, a limited liability company is recognized as a company created by one or more persons, divided into shares in the amounts established by the constituent documents of the authorized fund (authorized capital) [3]. the amount of divided contributions to the capital of such a company is determined in the constituent documents. its participants are liable for obligations only within the framework of their property. according to the current legislation, reserve capital is created at enterprises, organizations and societies. its size must be at least 20% of the authorized capital of the company [4]. the reserve capital is created annually by deductions from net profit until it reaches the amount established by the company's charter. the reserve capital is used to compensate for losses incurred by the company, pay dividends on preferred shares, and repurchase shares at the request of shareholders. at the same time, reserve capital accounts are designed to account for reserves, 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us which are organized at the expense of profits in accordance with inflationary reserves arising from the revaluation of long-term assets. according to the current legislation, the value of gratuitously received property increases the income tax base. property received free of charge is reflected in the account by expert means or at a fair value determined on the basis of transfer documents [17], [18]. the added capital is intended to account for exchange differences in the formation of issue income and authorized capital [19], which arose at the first sale of shares at prices above their nominal value. purchased private shares can be held by the community on their balance sheet or resold on the savings market. by the decision of the owners of the shares, the authorized capital may be reduced to the amount of purchased private shares, and the shares themselves may be cancelled. but in accordance with the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the protection of the rights of joint-stock companies and shareholders" [2], such shares cannot be held in an account for more than one year. retained earnings represent the accumulation of profits and can be added to the authorized capital at the discretion of the owners [20]. the amount of activity of a cotton gin company for all years and retained earnings or unpaid losses for the reporting period differ from each other [21]. the decision on the distribution of profits is made by the owners of the enterprise (general meeting of shareholders). retained earnings can be used for: ✓ increase in the authorized capital; ✓ creation and replenishment of reserve capital; ✓ pay dividends to shareholders; ✓ to compensate for the damage; ✓ for other purposes according to the decision of the owners. the part of the profit that remains with the company after payment of mandatory payments and all taxes that must be distributed among shareholders is dividends. as a rule, dividends are calculated based on the results of the reporting year. however, joint-stock companies have the right to make a decision on payment of dividends on outstanding shares once a quarter and a year and a half, unless this is prohibited by the company's articles of association. the date of payment of annual dividends is determined by the charter of the joint-stock company or by a decision of the shareholders' meeting. after the announcement of the payment of dividends by the company's management, they are reflected in the account as current liabilities if they are paid for the next year. accounting for grants, subsidies and gratuitous assistance is regulated by the national accounting standard no. 10 "accounting for state subsidies and interpretation of state aid", approved by the ministry of justice no. 562 on december 3, 1998 [21], [22]. ➢ grants are understood as free humanitarian or logistical resources provided by the government, non-governmental, foreign and international organizations and foundations for the implementation of socially significant goals, economic development, scientific, technical and innovative programs. ➢ subsidies are the amount of assistance provided to an enterprise by the state in cash and material resources under certain conditions in order to develop its activities. accounting for state subsidies is carried out by the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan on october 19, 1998 in accordance with the national accounting standard "accounting for state subsidies and the opening of state aid" (no. 562 dated 12/03/1998, [23] "directory of 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulatory documents of ministries, state committees and departments of the republic of uzbekistan"). the republic of uzbekistan" 1999, № 6) [24]. at the same time, subsidies and grants can be provided by enterprises for the implementation of important programs by various non-governmental, international organizations and foundations. ➢ membership fees are the amount of membership fees established in accordance with the founding documents of the company. the accumulated membership fees are spent on the development of the company's activities. when a company is liquidated, the accumulated membership fees are used to cover its debts. ➢ tax benefits for targeted use are a set of funds accumulated as a result of the exemption of an enterprise from paying taxes to fulfill targeted tasks based on state laws. accounting for these targeted receipts is conducted in accordance with a special provision, as well as the national accounting standards № 21 [25], [26]. ➢ the "reserve of expenses and payments for the next period" sheet is used to summarize data on the status and movement of reserved amounts in accordance with the established procedure by entering expenses and payments into production or loading and unloading expenses in one rhythm. in particular, this calculation sheet may reflect the amount of future expenses for the repair of fixed assets. the amounts to be added to the costs are regulated by the legislation on reserves, as well as by the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on the composition of costs for the production and sale of products (works, services) and the procedure for generating financial results", approved by resolution no. 54 dated february 5, 1999 [27]. it is not recommended to organize such a reservation in accordance with international accounting standards. because the company reflects expenses in its organization that were not taken into account in its report, and reduces profits. commercial enterprises can organize a reserve only at the expense of net profit, if this is reflected in the accounting policy [28]. when using the reserve for production needs, the tax base is reduced by the amount of these costs. the organization of a reserve at the expense of production costs is allowed in coordination with the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan, mainly for seasonal enterprises. in the context of economic modernization, an important task for enterprises is the independent formation of their financial resources, the main sources of which may be profits, contributions from shareholders, legal entities and individuals, as well as loans and other receipts that do not contradict the law. entrepreneurial activity is organized on the initiative of specific persons — founders (participants) of the organization, individuals and legal entities can act as owners, conclude a mutual foundation agreement, form and approve the authorized capital, as well as establish the capital of the primary organization. the initial capital necessary to ensure the main activity and future profit of the organization is the authorized (consolidated) capital, the authorized (consolidated) fund, which is the main and initial source of assets. the authorized capital of an enterprise is the inalienable assets that the founders invested in order to ensure the initial authorized activity of the enterprise. the authorized capital also determines the financial stability, activity and profitability of the enterprise. the authorized capital is reflected in the accounting within the amount not exceeding the amount registered in the constituent documents. if an organization wants to increase or decrease the authorized capital, it must hold a meeting at which all the founders decide on changes to increase or decrease the authorized capital, as well as on amendments to the constituent documents. the authorized capital is one of the main indicators characterizing the size and financial condition of an organization. 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the authorized capital divides ownership relations into two parts: on the one hand, these are the organization's own funds, and on the other, the contributions of participants. in this sense, the concept of authorized capital should be considered in two aspects: legal and accounting (financial). legally, the authorized capital is reflected in the constituent documents, and the shares of participants included in the authorized capital determine the mechanism of profit distribution. in accounting, the authorized capital and its varieties are reflected in the balance sheet in the amount established by the constituent documents. on the other hand, representative (accumulative) capital determines the measure of responsibility of a commercial organization to its creditors, therefore their volume is strictly regulated by the civil code and specific laws on commercial enterprises. in accordance with these rules, the authorized capital of commercial organizations of various types must be paid in full or in part after their state registration. conclusion. thus, private capital as a key indicator is characterized by the fact that the company ensures a stable financial position and reduces the risk of bankruptcy. private capital is the basis of freedom and independence of the company. the peculiarity of capital is that it is invested on a long-term basis, but is subject to maximum risk. the greater its share in the total amount of equity, the less borrowed funds, the higher the buffer protecting creditors from the risk of capital loss, losses. however, the capital has a limited amount. it is not always profitable to finance the company's activities solely at its own expense. this is relevant in cases where production differs seasonally. in this case, significant funds accumulate in bank accounts at a certain point in time. however, in other periods there is a shortage of funds. it should also be understood that if the cost of financial resources is low and the company can provide a higher return on investment than it pays for credit funds, then by attracting borrowed funds the company can strengthen its position in the market, increase the return on equity. thus, private capital as a key indicator is characterized by the fact that the company ensures a stable financial position and reduces the risk of bankruptcy. private capital is the basis of freedom and independence of the company. the peculiarity of capital is that it is invested on a long-term basis, but is subject to maximum risk. the greater its share in the total amount of equity, the less borrowed funds, the higher the buffer protecting creditors from the risk of capital loss, losses. however, the capital has a limited amount. it is not always profitable to finance the company's activities solely at its own expense. this is relevant in cases where production differs seasonally. in this case, significant funds accumulate in bank accounts at a certain point in time. however, in other periods there is a shortage of funds. it should also be understood that if the cost of financial resources is low and the company can provide a higher return on investment than it pays for credit funds, then by attracting borrowed funds the company can strengthen its position in the market, increase the return on equity. however, if the company's funds are formed mainly at the expense of short-term liabilities, then the financial condition of the company becomes unstable, since with short-term capital it is necessary to carry out constant operational work: to control their timely return, there is a need to attract other capital into short-term turnover. however, if the company's funds are formed mainly at the expense of short-term liabilities, then the financial condition of the company becomes unstable, since with short-term capital it is necessary to carry out constant operational work: to control their timely return, there is a need to attract other capital into short-term turnover. list of literature 1. "tax code" of the republic of uzbekistan (new edition), december 30, 2019 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on accounting". dated 04/13/2016. 3. the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on joint stock companies and protection of shareholders” rights". dated 05/06/2014. 4. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 2022-2026". dated 01/28/2022 5. экономический анализ: учебник для вузов /под ред. л.т. гиляровской. — 2-е изд., доп. — м.: юнити-дана, 2004. 615 с. 6. эрматов, а. а. (2022). значение и место собственного капитала в развитии компании. central asian journal of theoretical and applied science, 3(6), 543-550. 7. эрматов, а. а. (2022). отражение арендных операций в финансовой отчетности в соответствии с правилами мсфо. periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities, 11, 108-112. 8. akbaraliyevich, e. a. (2022). xususiy kapitalning kompaniya rivojlanishidagi o ‘rni. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 255-260. 9. akbaralievich, p. e. a. (2021). theoretical bases of the organization of private capital accounting in the republic of uzbekistan. efflatounia-multidisciplinary journal, 5(2). 10. akbaralievich, e. a. (2022). own capital: economic essence and formation order. web of scientist: international scientific research journal, 3(6), 546-561. 11. эрматов, а. а., & гафурова, м. м. (2022). совершенствование учета собственного капитала в условиях перехода на мсфо. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 3(12), 8-16. 12. эрматов, а. а., & муратов, а. а. (2022). вопросы формирования уставного капитала предприятия в условиях модернизации экономики. periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities, 11, 158-165. 13. эрматов, а. (2023). oʻzbekistonda moliyaviy boshqaruv tizimini rivojlantirish. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(2), 61-68. 14. исомитдинова, г. (2023). investitsiyalarning iqtisodiy ahamiyati va uning yangi rivojlanish tendensiyalari. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(5), 88-98. 15. кудбиев, д., & урмонов, а. а. (2022). совершенствование методологии учета нематериальных активов в условиях модернизации экономики. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 3(11), 1-10. 16. савинова, г. а. (2023). цель и задачи анализа состояния основных средств в условиях технической модернизации предприятий. in устойчивое развитие: анализ тенденций российской и мировой экономики (pp. 238242). 17. исманов, и. (2023). mhxs muvofiq konsolidatsiyalangan moliyaviy hisobotlarni shakllantirish texnikasi. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(s/3), 114-126. 18. исманов, и. н., & имомов, ш. х. (2022). совершенствование учета износа и амортизации основных средств. periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities, 12, 194-199. 19. мамажонова, г. (2023). korxonalarida ishlab chiqarish quvvatlaridan foydalanishning samaradorligini oshirish masalalari. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(3), 78-87. 20. зиёдинова, н. (2023). инвестицион қарорлар қабул қилишда молиявий ҳисоботларнинг ўрни. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(s/2), 173-179. 21. nabievich, i. i. (2023). the role and specifics of the valuation method in accounting. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(5), 24-31. 22. tohirovich, q. n. (2023). specifics of accounting for lease operations of the organization. journal of sustainability in integrated policy and practice, 1(2), 31-38. 23. ablazov, n. (2023). development of a model for accounting for financial results in construction organizations in the context of the adoption of ifrs 15 “revenue from contracts with customers” in uzbekistan. nashrlar, 139-143. 24. ablazov, n. (2023). the accounts of receivable and payable in construction organizations. conferencea, 25-27. 25. kudbiev, d., tursunova, d., & qudbiyev, n. (2022). buxgalteriya hisobini avtomatlashtirish masalalari. journal of integrated education and research, 1(2), 107-112. 26. кудбиев, д. (2022). особенности и принципы развития системы финансового менеджмента в узбекистане. periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities, 12, 200-206. 27. савинова, г. (2023). отличительные черты мсфо и нсбу и их влияние на составление финансовой отчетности. ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари/актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук/actual problems of humanities and social sciences., 3(6), 109-114. 28. савинова, г. а. (2022). некоторые аспекты анализа собственного капитала предприятия. zamonaviy fan, ta’lim va ishlab chiqarish muammolarining innovatsion yechimlari, 102-104. 188 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 teaching french as a second language, techniques and procedures narzulloyeva dilfuza bahriddin qizi faculty of foreign languages of bukhara state university abstract: this article talks about the teaching of french as a second foreign language and the methods that help to learn the language, increasing the interest and attention to foreign languages among pupils. keywords: tpr (total physical response), grammatical complexity, psychological changes, interpretation and listening skills, authentic communication. i. introduction in recent years, cooperation between uzbekistan and france in the field of higher education has been developing rapidly. in particular, 18 universities of uzbekistan cooperate with 22 french universities and educational organizations on the basis of about 30 agreements and memoranda. french is one of the most popular languages for students of our country (after english). in 9 higher educational institutions of our country, french is taught as the main foreign language (language of specialization). according to the decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to effectively organize the popularization of learning foreign languages", starting from the 2022-2023 academic year, the positions of foreign language teachers of state educational institutions it is established that the newly admitted applicant must have at least b2 level national or equivalent international certificate. at the same time, according to the state program "year of attention to people and quality education", starting from september 1, 2023, in one general secondary educational institution of each district (city), students will be taught two foreign languages. the practice of teaching was gradually started from the 7th grade. currently, more than 8,000 of our pupils are taught french as a first and second foreign language[1]. ii. methods teaching french as a second language involves employing effective techniques and procedures to help pupils develop their language skills. here are some techniques and procedures that can be used: 1. communication-based approach: emphasize the use of french in real-life situations, such as role plays, conversations, and discussions. this approach focuses on developing pupils' speaking and listening skills through authentic communication. 2. total physical response (tpr): use gestures, actions, and movement to help pupils associate words with their meanings. this can be particularly effective for teaching vocabulary and basic sentence structures. 189 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. task-based learning: structure lessons around specific tasks or activities that require students to use french to achieve a goal. for example, pupils can plan a trip to a french-speaking country or create a menu for a french restaurant. 4. incorporating technology: use interactive online resources, language learning apps, and multimedia materials to engage pupils and provide additional opportunities for practice outside the classroom. 5. differentiated instruction: recognize that pupils have different learning styles and language proficiency levels. provide a variety of activities and materials to accommodate diverse learning needs. 6. integrate culture: explore french culture, traditions, and current events to enhance pupils' understanding of the language and its context. this can include activities such as watching french films, cooking french cuisine, or learning about famous french artists. 7. scaffolded learning: break down complex language skills into smaller, manageable tasks and provide support as pupils progress. this can involve providing vocabulary lists, model dialogues, and gradually increasing the complexity of tasks. 8. formative assessment: use ongoing, informal assessments to monitor pupils' progress and tailor instruction to their needs. this can include regular quizzes, speaking assessments, and feedback on written assignments. 9. immersion experiences: provide opportunities for pupils to use french in authentic settings, such as language immersion camps, study abroad programs, or interactions with native speakers. a person undergoes numerous psychological changes during the multifaceted teaching process of learning a foreign language. a process of comparing the language with a foreign language takes place, involving the mother. this procedure involves a range of instruction technologies and procedures are applied. when foreign language instruction is compared to native language instruction using modern pedagogical methods, the results are effective. as a result, every technological advancement improves the efficiency of instruction. when integrating technology into the classroom, choose which portion of the lesson to use it in and which will be most successful able to be ascertained. language teaching will be much easier taking into account the students' abilities. for this reason, it is necessary to take into account the pupils' talents and abilities during the lesson. iii. results if the above methods are used during the lesson, the lesson will be more interesting and effective. the instructor is solely himself. communication should be shaped by pupils' interculturality as well as their communicative abilities. in terms of pupil psychology, the instructor excels. it is important to understand their social perspectives and how the socialization process will work. it should be highlighted that the success or failure of pedagogical, intercultural communication depends on the pedagogue-teacher's ability to employ the treatment approach they ultimately decide on and how to apply it. in addition to engaging the students in the learning process and allowing them to openly express their opinions, the teacher works outside of the classroom as well. of course, the only way to accomplish this is by properly structuring the lesson and making substantial use of cutting-edge, creative current technologies. in addition, the fact that young people take and pass tests that determine the level of knowledge of the french language also leads to the development of the french language in our country. iv. discussion the process of learning a language is certainly not easy. it is natural that students learning french face the following difficulties: 1. grammatical complexity: in french, punctuation affects the meaning of the content. 2. interpretation and listening skills: french words, french concepts and phrases. 190 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. translation and language unity: differences and concepts between french and uzbek. 4. pragmatic objectives: turning french into practical skills, exercises on application. every foreign language class involves practicing intercultural communication at a crossroads of cultures. since each foreign term used in this procedure is foreign, it represents his culture and way of life. the pupil is the assignment that teachers must complete. training to enhance pupils' communication skills includes of to do this, it is need to learn new teaching techniques. effective communication training is focused on the creation of manuals and four speaking exercises in a foreign language. learning motives are developed by the pedagogue based on the pupils' speech and conduct, which reflects their interest in the subject. teachers play a crucial role in language learning because of this. v. conclusion different methods are used in teaching french as a second language. as mentioned above, high results can be achieved by saving the time of young language learners by using the techniques. but, of course, the process of learning a language is not an easy process, so it is natural to face some difficulties. references: 1. https://kun.uz 2. yoqubov a.sh. 2023. “xorijiy tillarni o’qitish nazariyasi va metodikasi”. "science and education" scientific journal, 4:912-915. issn 2181-0842 3. sanaqulov z, jo'raboyev b. 2021. “chet til o'qitish metodikasida zamonaviy metodlar”. academic research in educational sciences, 2:523-534. issn: 2181-1385 4. aliyeva sh. b, achilov o. q. 2021. “xorijiy tillarni o'qitishning samarali usullari (nemis va ispan tillari misolida)”. academic research in educational sciences, 2:10-14. issn: 21811385 5. xolova, s. (2023). frazeologik birlik-frazema-frazeologizm: tasnif va tadqiqot tahlili. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 27(27). 409 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the content of forming professional motivation of future defectologists in the process of pedagogical education mirbabayeva nodiraxon soliyevna basic doctoral of kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: the main idea of the article is that the formation of professional motivation of future defectologists is an urgent problem. the importance of sources of motivation and learning motivation in the formation of professional motivation is scientifically based. the importance of taking into account the individual characteristics of students in the formation of professional motivation is also discussed. keywords: motive, motivation, personal value, institution, creativity, method, technology, tool, laboratory, reflexive activity. the process of pedagogical education is based on the analysis of students' activities, assessment of their learning and information, and identification of new methods for improving their learning. this process is important in helping students to express their thoughts, organize learning, develop their professions and solve their life problems. it contains general information about the educational process, the educational system created to ensure people's self-development, learning of knowledge and skills, ideation, social and spiritual development. takes it involves teaching and learning processes between learners (students) and teachers (principals, teachers). the following organizations are used to deliver pedagogical education to students during the educational process: 1. training objectives: what knowledge, skills and competences teachers need to learn and develop for learners. these goals can help each lesson relate to other lessons and monitor learner progress at all stages of learning. 2. learning methods: learning methods used in the process of pedagogical education (for example, articles at the beginning of the lesson, educational tools, practicums, technologies, interactive lessons) learn the skills and knowledge of learners important for learning. 3. learning materials and resources: well-designed learning materials and resources (curriculum, books, articles, videos and audio materials) make learning easy and useful for learners. 4. presentation and motivation: teachers should motivate learners to increase the real interest of learning and inspire them to participate in the lesson. 5. monitoring and evaluation: in the process of pedagogical education, a monitoring and evaluation system is implemented to monitor the development of learners, evaluate their success, and prevent them from going astray. 410 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. individual support: each learner's individuality and characteristics should be taken into account in the educational process. in this, each learner's development and learning abilities may be different. the pedagogical learning process is very important in the development of learners themselves and in preparing useful members of the community. professional motivation for future speech and language therapists is a type of motivation that provides them with greater goals and accomplishments. this motivation gives them the interest and energy to develop their profession, help students, learn and develop themselves, or achieve other goals. below, i can point out several important key factors to increase the professional motivation of future defectologists: 1. goals and achievements: it is very important to set goals and achievements for future speech and language pathologists. learning how to set goals and achieve them, they become an inspiration and an enabler. these goals may be to help students, improve their quality of life, or improve their skills for community engagement. 2. personal development and mastery: future speech and language learners can be motivated by engaging in their own development and mastery. this may be related to the fact that they carry out acquisitions to improve their professional competence, acquire new knowledge and skills, and develop their profession. 3. helping students: future speech and language therapists can be motivated by helping students. engaging and engaging students, organizing their own activities for self-mastery, and helping them solve problems will inspire them. 4. interest in innovation and innovation: a number of key sources of professional motivation for future speech and language pathologists can be innovation and innovation orientation. learning new technologies, trying new teaching methods, and engaging students with innovative approaches can help increase motivation. 5. environment and learner engagement: the influence of environment on learner motivation can be enormous. future special education teachers should be able to collaborate with students to improve their learning, support their learning, help them solve problems, and implement learning for students' self-development. they want to help. references 1. mirbabayeva, nodiraxon. "maktabgacha yoshdagi aqli zaif bolalarni mehnat tarbiyasi." инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика 2.9 (2023): 43-46. 2. mirboboyeva, nodira, and rayyona abdullayeva. "maktabgacha yoshdagi aqli zaif bolalarning mehnat tarbiyasidagi o’ziga xos jixatlar." theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences 2.13 (2023): 118122. 3. мирбабаева, нодира. "совершенствование условий формирования профессиональной мотивации будущих дефектологов в процессе педагогического образования." educational research in universal sciences 2.5 (2023): 95-98. 4. mirbabayeva, nodira, and rayyona abdullayeva. "ruhiy rivojlanishi sustlashgan bolalarni tarbiyalashda oila va maktab hamkorligi." наука и технология в современном мире 2.16 (2023): 54-56. 411 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. mirbabayeva, nodiraxon, and sarvinoz siddiqova sarvinoz. "aqli zaif bolaning psixologik-pedagogik tasnifi." current approaches and new research in modern sciences 2.6 (2023): 32-36. 6. solievna, mirbabayeva nodira, and abdusalomova feruza shokirjan daughter. "protection of the rights of children with disabilities in our republic." science promotion 1.1 (2023): 51-56. 7. dilshodjon o’g’li, khonbabayev shokhrukhbek. "the importance of developing national and general cultural competences in students based on a competent approach." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.11 (2023): 137-139. 8. xanbabayev, shohruhbek. "the main stages of preparing future educators-psychologists for the activities of spiritual and spiritual education." science promotion (2023). 9. xanbabayev, shohruhbek. "innovatsionnaya pedagogicheskaya osnova razvitiya protsessa duxovnogo obrazovaniya." творческое развитие и саморазвитие личности студентов и учащихся (2023). 10. dilshodjon o’g’li, khonbabaev shoxruxbek. "the socio-pedagogical necessity of preparing future pedagogs-psychologists for spiritual, spiritual and educational activities." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 10.12 (2022): 1525-1529. 684 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 gender policy in uzbekistan is an important criteria for guaranteeing human rights nurbayev yodgorbek ortiqovich tutor of namangan state university axmadaliyev sardorbek anvarjon o’g’li, urishov xusanboy xasanboy o’g’li, mashrabjonov mirziyo mirzohid o’g’li students of the faculty of law of namangan state university abstract: in this article, the gender policy conducted in uzbekistan, its important criteria for the guarantee of human rights, achievements in this field in recent years are highlighted based on analytical opinions. keywords: gender equality, gender policy, women, human rights, women's rights. introduction as everyone knows, in accordance with the united nations general assembly resolution no. 70 adopted at the summit on sustainable development in september 2015, as well as the consistent implementation of the sustainable development goals of the un global agenda until 2030 the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan adopted a decision "on measures for the implementation of national goals and tasks in the field of sustainable development until 2030" in order to organize systematic work on at the same time, within the framework of the implementation of the fifth sustainable development goal, uzbekistan has developed nine tasks related to "ensuring gender equality and expanding the rights and opportunities of all women". in accordance with its mission (gender equality), by 2030, eliminate all forms of discrimination against all women, and ensure the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and social life necessary. in addition, this goal includes the implementation of gender equality principles in the process of adoption of state programs at different levels of the state. in recent years, efforts to ensure gender equality and increase the role of women in social and political life have been carried out in several directions: ➢ improvement of legislation on women's rights; ➢ improvement of the institutional foundations of women's protection; ➢ increase the awareness of the population about gender equality and women's rights; ➢ training of responsible officials based on relevant legal norms to ensure their compliance in law enforcement practice; main part in uzbekistan, a number of legal documents, including presidential decrees and decisions on ensuring women's rights, in particular, on gender equality and protecting women from violence 685 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and oppression, strengthening the status of women's entrepreneurship development, have been adopted. in terms of introducing gender equality, it is necessary to emphasize the positive changes in education. that is, since 2017, the activity of part-time departments in various specialties has been restored in most higher educational institutions. this form of education allows young women to obtain higher education without compromising childcare and other family responsibilities. taking the opportunity, i consider it appropriate to quote president shavkat mirziyoyev's speech in the senate of the oliy majlis in june 2019: "i am very concerned about the stereotype that has appeared in the minds of our people. usually we respect a woman first of all as a mother, a guardian of the family fortress. this is certainly true. but today, every woman should not be an ordinary observer, but also an active and proactive participant in the democratic changes taking place in the country." on this day, at the invitation of the president, for the first time in the history of the country, a woman tanzila norboeva was elected as the chairman of the senate. it is known that ms. norboeva worked as the deputy prime minister of the republic of uzbekistan, the chairman of the women's committee of uzbekistan. as for the legislative measures in this area, in order to further improve the legal basis for ensuring and protecting women's rights in uzbekistan, in september 2019, "on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men" ” and the laws “on protection of women from harassment and violence” were adopted. almost all un agencies, including the united nations development programme, the united nations population fund (unfpa), the united nations children's fund (unicef), the office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights, the united nations office on drugs and crime, the international organization for migration, gave their comments and suggestions on the law. as for institutional measures on gender equality, at the moment, within the senate of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, there is a new women's and girls' committee, which is engaged in harmonizing international standards in the national legislation on ensuring women's rights and eliminating any form of discrimination. a gender equality committee was established. in addition, in order to further strengthen the guarantees and support of labor rights, to help victims of domestic violence, the rehabilitation and adaptation of victims of violence and suicide prevention republican center and khatin -new structures such as the center for girls' entrepreneurship, the scientific and practical research center "family" under the government were established. it is important that all these newly established institutional mechanisms, together with the women's committee of uzbekistan, become a single integrated mechanism for women's rights, gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women in accordance with the un convention. it is worth noting that the adopted regulatory documents and practical measures are an important step in the field of gender policy of uzbekistan, and they fully comply with the international norms and standards of legislation and practice, while some of them based on the recommendations of un human rights agencies. the adoption of the law "on protection of women from harassment and violence" was especially important. this law was adopted after many years of discussions. the law is the basis for the protection of women by providing assistance to victims of domestic violence, providing them with shelters, hotlines, and mandatory prosecution for not only physical violence, but also psychological or economic crimes. such measures, in particular, have been recommended for a long time by un human rights agencies. important changes have taken place in the field of monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of gender policy by introducing additional 54 gender indicators on the website www.gender.stat.uz. at the same time, it is necessary to carry out continuous and consistent work in this direction. here, not only the accepted instructions, but also their compliance with international obligations and standards, timely and accurate implementation on the ground are of great importance. in this sense, it is necessary to consistently continue the work to ensure the full and effective participation of women at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and social life. therefore, to ensure the implementation of the laws "on guarantees of equal rights 686 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and opportunities for women and men" and "on protection of women from harassment and violence" maps" is planned to be adopted. in addition, there is a plan to adopt a national strategy for gender equality. un agencies are ready to continue to provide assistance in gender equality and non-discrimination issues, including the planning, development and implementation of special instruments, and the development of special provisions of new codes criminal, procedural and enforcement phases. also, it is important to ensure the mandatory gender examination of the legislation in order to ensure that the adopted documents of one or another level are the same for women and men. in turn, in addition to business incubators, it is necessary to take measures to encourage women in the field of education and science, as well as to attract them to the field of natural and technical sciences by creating stem (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) laboratories. . this, in turn, helps increase women's employment and competitiveness in the modern labor market. the measures taken should cover all regions of the country and all categories of women. in particular, the consistent implementation of the sustainable development goals of the un global agenda until 2030, taking into account the principles of the agenda, especially the principle of "leaving no one behind", with particular attention to the situation of women who are prone to various forms of discrimination. focus is a pressing issue. here, women in remote areas of the country, ethnic minority groups, women with disabilities, women with hiv/aids, women in places of deprivation of liberty and restrictions (including prisons, boarding houses, nursing homes and psychiatric hospitals), human rights defenders, focusing on stateless persons and refugees. currently, within the framework of cooperation between un agencies in uzbekistan, a special group on gender issues has been established, which includes representatives of almost all un agencies. for example, the recommendations for laws mentioned above were still part of the group's work during the project. in the example of this group, un agencies are always ready to help in the development of other legal documents. in addition, there are many events on the agenda to raise awareness about women's issues in various formats, such as a conference, a video, a legal clinic under the women's committee of uzbekistan, and social networks. in this regard, "work is being carried out in active cooperation with the development strategy center and other non-governmental organizations. the number of women working in high positions in our country is increasing year by year, and the strategy of actions by the head of state on september 2, 2019 was an important step in this regard. that is, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men" has been signed, and the issue of ensuring gender equality is being considered at the level of state policy. based on this law, it was established that state management in this field will be carried out by the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, the commission on gender equality of the republic of uzbekistan, as well as state bodies within their powers. also, temporary special measures to ensure the implementation of gender policy by the state in order to achieve real equality between women and men, expand their participation in all spheres of society, eliminate direct and indirect discrimination based on gender and prevent them. was intended to be seen. results as another important step against the violation of human rights, in accordance with the decision of the head of the state of march 7, 2019 "on measures to further strengthen the guarantees of labor rights of women and girls and support entrepreneurship" of the republic of uzbekistan the law "on protection of women from harassment and violence" was adopted. with this document, the task of creating an atmosphere of intolerance against the humiliation and devaluing of women in society was defined as one of the main directions of state policy. in fact, gender equality, that is, the equality of men and women, is one of the basic human rights. recent studies show that this factor is the basis of the highest level of economic, social and political development. because according to experts, work teams consisting of 50/50 men and women, especially if they are busy with mental work, show several times higher results than a team 687 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consisting of only men. in addition, gender equality is an indicator of the country's level of democratic development. therefore, in order to join the ranks of developed countries and attract more and more investments to our country, we should attach sufficient importance to this indicator. a document in the form of a general plan, or in simple words, a program, is needed to achieve permanent, large-scale and significant results in this regard. from this point of view, this very document the project of strategy for achieving gender equality in the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030 was developed in our country. this historical document is the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men", five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021 developed in accordance with the priority tasks of the country's development, as well as national goals in the field of sustainable development in the period until 2030 and other legal documents. it defines the principles of legality, democracy, openness and transparency among the main principles of ensuring gender equality. this document, aimed at ensuring the real equality of women and men regardless of race, nationality, language, religion, social origin, belief, personal and social status, will soon be brought to the attention of the public, and according to it extensive discussions are planned. it should be noted that today more than 1,500 women are working in leadership positions in the system of state and public organizations at various levels, including ministries and agencies, local executive authorities. in order to increase the participation of women in state administration, a personnel reserve of more than 6 thousand active women was formed. currently, systematic training is being organized to prepare them for various leadership positions. in the system of the ministry of internal affairs, 16 women took the positions of leaders and 6 women took the positions of governors. the number of women who have received state awards at various levels has reached 2,224. to date, 577 women have been awarded the medal "honorable woman". for the first time in the history of uzbekistan, the number of women in the national parliament reached a level consistent with the recommendations set by the united nations. the parliament of our country has risen to the 37th place among 190 national parliaments in the world in terms of the number of women. in our country, additional guarantees were given regarding social protection and support of women entrepreneurs and farmers. almost complete gender equality was ensured in the share of women in the total number of employees of large companies and non-governmental organizations, and in 2019 the figures reached 49.5 percent. also, more than 20 percent of the business entities in our country are headed by women. in addition, as stated in the strategy, in order to organize systematic work on the consistent implementation of the goals of sustainable development of the united nations global agenda, in our country "the national goals of uzbekistan in the field of sustainable development until 2030 and tasks" were accepted. the 5th goal in the field of sustainable development of uzbekistan until 2030 is "ensuring gender equality and expanding the rights and opportunities of all women." this, in turn, covers economic, social, legal and other measures. all state bodies and organizations, institutions, as well as public organizations of state significance are responsible for the fulfillment of these tasks. at the same time, there are issues that require increasing the attention of women in the development of the state and society, in the socio-economic, educational, health care and other socio-economic spheres. in particular, it is necessary to ensure the expansion of women's participation in decision-making on current issues of state and community management on an equal basis with men. in this regard, based on the gender equality strategy, based on long-term goals, gender equality will be achieved in a number of priority directions. conclusion this includes ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the public service, socio-economic, family relations and child-rearing, exercising electoral rights. also, the budgeting and financing of state programs, taking into account measures to ensure gender equality, is foreseen in the strategy. significant results are expected from the implementation of 688 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the gender strategy. in particular, it expands the practice of appointing women to leadership positions of state bodies in the upper and lower system. proportion between women and men is ensured by introducing a temporary quota system in state bodies with gender imbalance. providing employment to women in need of social protection and underprivileged families, especially in rural areas, increasing the effectiveness of work on creating decent working conditions and providing them with social support, as well as self-employment. the most important thing is to prevent cases of harassment and violence against women in the workplace, and to eliminate negative attitudes towards women in society. this is only a part of the expected results. the successful implementation of this strategy requires the activity of all partners and officials at different levels. achieving the goals of the strategy in the specified period will first of all accelerate the socio-economic and political development of our country, that is, it will serve to increase the well-being of the people, solve many problems in society, and change our daily life for the better. references 1. mirziyoyev sh.m. from national revival to national rise -tashkent: uzbeksiton, 2021. -b. 406 2. the law of the republic of uzbekistan dated september 2, 2019 o'rq-562 "on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men". https://lex.uz/docs/4494849 3. декларация тысячелетия оон от 08.09.2000 г. (www. undp.org.) 4. султонова а.р. гендерное равенство как фактор устойчивого развития мирового сообщества european science № 4 (46)-с.31 5. крочук м.и. гендерное равенство как ценность права // приволжский научный вестник 116 № 6 (22) 2013-с. 112-113 6. исаева н.в. гендерная идентичность как фактор обеспечения прав человека // права человека и проблемы идентичности в россии и современном мире / под ред. о.ю. малиновой, а.ю. сунгурова. спб., 2005. с. 188 694 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 forensic significance of blood poisoning salimova malika rashidbekovna senior lecturer of the department of public health and management of tma abstract: in addition to the main effect, most poisons also affect the blood to some extent. substances whose effect on the composition and properties of blood is primary are called hemotropic poisons. they are divided into substances affecting hemopoiesis (benzene, lead compounds, cytostatics), causing hemagglutination (ricin, phasin), affecting blood coagulation (snake venoms, dicumarin), causing hemolysis (arsin, amanitohemolysin) and changing hemoglobin (hemoglobinotropic). in the practice of forensic medicine, poisoning with hemoglobinotropic substances is more common. hemoglobinotropic poisons are manifested in practice mainly with carbon monoxide and methemoglobin-forming substances. keywords: blood poisons, forensic medical examination. carbon monoxide (co) poisoning. carbon dioxide is formed during improper combustion of organic matter and is colorless and odorless. poisoning usually occurs in cases of fire, using faulty heating stoves, operating internal combustion engines in poorly ventilated buildings. these types of poisonings are mostly accidental and sometimes suicidal, depending on the details of the incident. the basis of the toxic effect of is gas is its formation of a stable compound with hemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin. as a result, hemoglobin loses its ability to transport oxygen and hypoxia develops. in addition, carbon dioxide affects the iron-retaining biochemical systems (cytochrome, cytochromoxidase, catalase, peroxidase, myoglobin) and disrupts tissue respiration, especially in the brain, due to the decrease in their activity. a large concentration of carbon monoxide has a paralyzing effect on the central nervous system, increases the permeability of capillary walls. carbon dioxide is not metabolized in the body and is excreted through the lungs. when poisoned people are taken out to fresh air, the gas is completely removed from the body within a few hours. symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning usually develop gradually. initially, there is a headache, noise in the ears, nausea, vomiting. the face turns red, the pulse quickens, blood pressure drops. muscle weakness, breathing is disturbed. later, a state of coma develops, accompanied by loss of consciousness and convulsions. one of the severe, serious complications of acute carbon monoxide poisoning is toxic swelling of the brain, and hyperthermia of central origin is the first sign of this complication. when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment is very high (more than 1%), the lightning form of poisoning develops. in this case, there is a rapid loss of consciousness, isolated convulsions in some muscles, and death occurs from respiratory arrest for a few seconds. in 695 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these cases, carboxyhemoglobin can be detected only in blood taken from the initial sections of the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta. the first signs of intoxication are detected when the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood exceeds 25-30%. when the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin exceeds 60%, death occurs due to paralysis of the respiratory center. in some cases (eg, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease), death can be observed at lower concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin. women are more resistant to carbon monoxide poisoning than men, and babies are more resistant than adults. it causes death within 20-30 minutes when the concentration of is gas in the air is 0.4%. because carboxyhemoglobin and carboxymyoglobin have a pinkish-red color, at autopsy, cadaver stains, muscles, heart cavities, liquid blood in blood vessels, internal organs, and sometimes skin and mucous membranes are this color. fullness, small hemorrhages are observed in the tissue of internal organs and brain. similar hemorrhages can be detected under the serous membranes, in the mucous membranes of the stomach and small intestine. in cases of prolonged poisoning, symmetrical ischemic necrosis planes are observed in the subcortical nuclei of the brain, dystrophic and necrotic changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys. the presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood can be determined using preliminary tests. for example, when 33% solution of sodium or potassium alkali (goppe-zeyler test) or formaldehyde solution (libman test) is added, the color of normal blood becomes brown, brown-black due to the formation of alkaline hematin or formalin hematin. in the case of carboxyhemoglobin, the color of the blood does not change. spectroscopic testing can also be used. spectroscopy is characterized by the presence of two absorption bands in the yellow-green part of the spectrum for oxyand carboxyhemoglobin. when a reducing agent (sodium hydrosulfite) is added to normal blood, the absorption channel becomes one due to the formation of reduced hemoglobin, while in blood containing carboxyhemoglobin, two absorption channels remain unchanged. it should be noted that complex equipment and facilities are not required for conducting the preliminary tests mentioned above and they can be used not only in the process of autopsy, but also in clinical conditions in case of necessity. to confirm the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is necessary to conduct a quantitative spectrophotometric examination of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. in some cases, a critical approach to the results of these investigations is required. in particular, when death occurs quickly as a result of the direct impact of high concentrations of is gas on the brain, or when the victim is in fresh air before death, the amount of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood may be much lower or the test result may be negative. therefore, when the victims are brought to medical institutions, a blood sample for carboxyhemoglobin testing should be taken as early as possible. poisoning with methemoglobin-forming poisons. this group includes salts of nitric and nitrite acids, nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (nitrobenzene, aniline), potassium chlorate (bertole's salt), hydroquinone. these substances are used in the production of rubber, paint, canned meat, and medical practice. in recent times, poisoning with them is relatively rare and is generally considered an accident. methemoglobin is a derivative of hemoglobin and has a brown color. in it, trivalent iron is stably bound to the hydroxyl group, and as a result, hemoglobin loses its ability to bind oxygen and transport it to tissues. the weakening of the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes by methemoglobin in large concentrations leads to hemolysis, and as a result, anemia and methemoglobinuria develop. the first signs of poisoning appear when the concentration of methemoglobin exceeds 30%. when this indicator exceeds 70%, the victims die. 696 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the clinic of poisoning, symptoms related to hemic hypoxia are mainly determined shortness of breath, cyanosis, headache, dizziness, collapse. aniline, hydroquinone affects the central nervous system and paralyzes the respiratory center. due to the effect of nitrites on the vascular center, blood vessels expand paralytically, the permeability of vessel walls increases, blood pressure decreases and collapse develops. nitrates have the ability to form methemoglobin only when they are converted into nitrites under the influence of intestinal microflora, and therefore they have a weaker effect than nitrites.in cases of long-term poisoning, symptoms typical of hemolysis-related liver (yellowing of the mucous membranes and skin, liver enlargement) and kidney (oliguria, anuria) damage are more evident. on the first day, death occurs from acute hemic hypoxia. in the following days, death occurs from acute kidney failure. therefore, after 1-2 days, if the victims have symptoms of anemia, nephrosis with hemoglobinuria, methemoglobin may not be detected in the blood. in cases of severe poisoning, methemoglobin can be found in the blood for 5-6 days. in the examination of the corpse, the stains of the corpse are bluish-gray, bluish-brown, brown, and the internal organs and relatively condensed blood are brown. the liver is enlarged, with dystrophic changes, the kidneys are also enlarged, their layers are not clearly differentiated. microscopic examination of the kidneys reveals symptoms of nephrosis with hemoglobinuria. in case of poisoning with nitrobenzene, the body cavities and internal organs smell of bitter almonds, and in case of poisoning with aniline a specific aromatic smell. in the diagnosis of this type of poisoning, in addition to the details of the event, clinical and morphological changes, qualitative and quantitative determination of methemoglobin in the blood (by spectrophotometric, gas-chromatographic methods) is important. literature 1. giyohvandlik vositalari va psixotrop moddalar to‘g‘risida” o‘zbekiston respublkiasi qonuni 2. o‘zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining 2018 yil 27 oktyabdagi 878-son qarori. 3. “sud-tibbiy ekspertiza byurosning tuzilmalarida ekspertiza va tekshiruvlarni o‘tkazish qoidalari”. o‘zbekiston respublikasi 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(2021, february). amnesia in postasphyctic cases. in international scientific and current research conferences (pp. 37-38). 71 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 developing social intelligence in leadership: a vehicle for promoting peaceful leadership-followership interactions in nigerian universities dr. olofu, paul agbade department of continuing education and development studies faculty of arts and social science education university of calabar usua, oku bassey department of curriculum and teaching faculty of educational foundations university of calabar niyi jacob ogunode department of educational management faculty of education university of abuja abstract: the social intelligence/skills of the leadership of the university system and other organizations generally, is very critical to developing and maintaining a peaceful workplace relationship and enhancing leadership success. this work therefore, focused on developing social intelligence in leadership: a vehicle for promoting peaceful leadership-followership interactions in nigerian universities. the work explored and extensively discussed the concept of social intelligence as perceived by different scholars. it also identified the characteristics of a socially intelligent leader/individual. further highlighted and explicated were the different techniques/instruments that can be employed in measuring the social intelligence of a leader. also examined herein were the strategies for developing and improving social intelligence in leadership as well as the importance of social intelligence in leadership. finally, conclusion was also made. keywords: social intelligence, leadership, followership, interaction and university 72 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduction leadership is a social process and a very complex task. even though the nature of the university system is based on shared governance, the vice chancellor who occupies the central leadership of the university is duty bound towards ensuring that the system works efficiently and effectively. besides the vice chancellor, heads of departments, deans of faculties, directors, registrars and other principal officers also carry out responsibilities as leaders in their various levels and capacities. according to olofu and olofu (2021), in directing the affairs of the university system, the social and behavioral versatility, sensitivity, flexibility and the ability of social understanding of the leaders/administrators is very important too. as such, a leader needs to develop and sustain a humane, peaceful and harmonious work environment as well as promote cordial relationship with his/her employees. thus, a leader’s ability to relate peacefully with workers is dependent on his/her social skills or what is generally referred to as social intelligence. in the view of mirfattah (2017), being a successful leader and having harmonious relationship with employees in an organization does not just occur but requires leadership efforts and social intelligence. mirfattah further stressed that the leadership of some universities may often times focus their attention on getting workers complete their tasks within the stipulated deadlines but seem to do little or nothing as to encouraging employees to get connected to the organization and have employees share ideas together. the situation is even worsened when the leadership of the system is being managed by people who are not socially intelligent.corroborating the above, bhasin (2020) maintained that as every leader needs cognitive intelligence to make sound decisions and emotional intelligence to understand his/her feelings and those of the workers, so does every leader require social intelligence to connect and relate peacefully with his/her workers; thereby creating a work environment characterized by love, care and harmony. a good leader should possess the ability to read other people, know their feelings and communicate effectively with them. according to akisan (2019), there is better synergy between a leader and his/her followers when there is harmonious and cordial relationship. it is therefore the responsibility of the leadership of every university to create a working atmosphere which is conducive for everyone and maintain cordial relationship with employees. a leader with high social skills increases the willingness of employees to collaborate better and work towards organizational effectiveness. building self-social skills as a leader in the workplace goes a long way improving effective communication, understanding and collaboration between the leader and the employees. ndifon, edu and olofu (2021) maintained that the social intelligence of a leader also helps in creating and fostering positive, respectful and supportive human relationships between management and employees; thereby enhancing productivity.concept of social intelligencethe concept of social intelligence is otherwise referred to as common sense or street smarts. different scholars have defined social intelligence in different ways. thorndike (1920) cited in wikipedia (n.d.) defined social intelligence as “the ability to understand and manage men and women and boys and girls, to act wisely in human relations.” it is a person's ability to understand and manage interpersonal relationships. foleno (2010) cited in ganaie and mudasir (2015), perceived social intelligence as a person's competence to optimally understand one's environment and react appropriately for socially successful conduct. thus, social intelligence hypothesis claims that the demands of living together is what drives our need for intelligence and it is an evolutionary adaptation for dealing with highly complex social situations as well as gaining and maintaining power in social groups. https://www.marketing91.com/author/admin/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_sense 73 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us honeywill (2015) cited in bhasin (2020) see social intelligence as an aggregated measure of self and social-awareness, evolved social beliefs and attitudes, and a capacity and appetite to manage complex social change. it is the ability of one being able to make important social decisions. a leader with social intelligence knows when to talk or listen, what to say and what to do. a socially intelligent leader begins with being engaged and focused on his/her work. he/she likes being engaged in the job. he/she is usually observant; thereby trying notice who talks to whom, watches expressions on the faces of workers as well as senses the feelings in the atmosphere. according to akisan (2019), leaders with social intelligence practices active listening, they pay attention to others’ concerns, manage their emotions and those the workers, involve workers in certain decision making processes, assume the best in others, encourage others and praise workers. social intelligence in the view of edward (2019) is the ability to successfully build relationships and navigate social environments. edward argued that the social intelligence of a leader or an individual is far more important than his/her intelligent quotient; as building strong social relationships improves organizational productivity, creates a peaceful work environment and promotes healthy and strong interpersonal relationship in an organization. strong relationships improve our immune system and help combat disease; as loneliness and weak relationships are one of the major sources of stress, health problems and depression. according to goleman cited in edward (2019) human beings are wired to connect. goleman argued that humans have specific structures in their brains which optimize relationships. a spindle cell is the fastest acting neuron in human brain that guides his/her social decisions. thus, social intelligence is the human capacity to use his/her brain to effectively navigate through complex emotional situations and negotiate different social relationships. it is an ability that helps a leader/individual adjusts to different working environments characteristically, a leader/an individual who is socially intelligent is sensitive to social environment, values being happy, strives to get the best from workers, gives attention to others, respect other people’s objective opinions, invest in social relationship, promotes peace, has interest in both workers and organizational needs, always seek for feedback and has both self and social awareness (erics, 2018). in the same vein, edward (2019) maintained that socially intelligent leaders are known for social awareness ability (knowing how to respond to others), primal empathy, (sensing other people’s feelings easily), attunement (listening with full receptivity), empathic accuracy (understanding other people’s thoughts and intentions), social cognition (understanding the social world and the working of a web of relationships), social facility (knowing how to have smooth, effective interactions), synchrony (interacting smoothly with others), selfpresentation (knowing how communicate with others), influence (shaping the outcome of social interactions) and having concern (caring about others’ needs). measurement of social intelligence in leadership the most intriguing issue of social intelligence is how it can be measured. that is, how can the social intelligence of a leader or an administrator be ascertained and rated as being low or high? social intelligence quotient (sq) is a statistical abstraction which is similar to the standard score approach used in intelligent quotient (iq) tests, with a mean of 100. a score of 140 and above is considered to be very high social intelligence. unlike the standard iq test, it is not a fixed model. it leans more toward jean piaget's theory that intelligence is not a fixed attribute, but a complex hierarchy of information-processing skills underlying an adaptive equilibrium between the individual and the environment. therefore, an individual can change his/her sq by altering their attitudes and behavior in response to their social environment (wikipedia). https://www.marketing91.com/author/admin/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iq_tests https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jean_piaget 74 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us different techniques/instruments have been developed over the years with a view to understanding and measuring the level of social intelligence (high/low) in leaders/individuals. a few of them have been highlighted and discussed herein. i. self-report: it is one of the methods of measuring one’s social intelligence. in this case, the leader is expected to assess his/her ability to relate with his/her followers and handle social issues. grieve and mahar (2018) stated that although self-report is easy to administer but the question is whether self-report social intelligence measure would better be interpreted in terms of social selfefficacy (that is, one's confidence in one's ability to deal with social information)? therefore, bhasin (2020) admitted that leaders or people with sq of over 120 are considered socially skilled and may work exceptionally well with jobs that involve direct contact and communication with other people. however, leaders with low sq are more suited to work with smaller groups or teams or independently because they may not have the required interpersonal communication and social skills for success with workers. ii. george washington university social intelligence test: this was created in 1928 by dr. thelma hunt (a psychologist from george washington university). it was originally proposed as a measurement of a person's capacity to deal with people and social relationships. the test is designed to assess various social abilities which consisted of observing human behavior, social situation judgment, name and face memory and theory of mind from facial expressions. thus, george washington university social intelligence test consists of five item scales measuring abilities such as observation of human behavior, recognition of the mental state of the speaker, memory for names and faces, judgment in social situations as well as having sense of humor skills (soller, 2021). iii. question and answer sessions: these sessions or meeting organized in an organization in order to assess a leader/person's pragmatic abilities to test eligibility in certain special education courses. questions are usually based on communication skills and fluency, interpersonal skills, ability to create sense of humor in workers, having care for workers etc (honeywill, 2015 cited in soller, 2021). according to akisan (2019), question and answer session as a tool for measuring a leader’s level of intelligence bothers on issues such as self-awareness, social sensitivity, the leader’s attitudes to workers, communication skills, ability to build cordial relationship with others. iv. six factor test of social intelligence: this approach to measuring social intelligence was developed by guilford in 1967. it is aimed at measuring different forms of cognition of behaviors in an individual (daniel, frank & ebbert, 2016).the six factors designed to measure the cognition of behaviors in individuals are: a. expression grouping: participants are expected to find one facial expression out of four alternatives which best fit a group of three other facial expressions. b. missing pictures (systems): participants are presented with a sequence of events, pictured in photographs, and have to complete the sequence by choosing the correct last photograph. c. missing cartoons (systems): participants are required to fill-in a blank, in a sequence of cartoons, by selecting the correct cartoon out of four choice alternatives. d. picture exchange (transformations): this test is made up of sequence of photographs which are presented in order to tell a story. participants are required to replace one marked photograph of this sequence, with one of four alternatives, in order to give the story a different meaning. e. social translations (transformations): this test is the only verbal social intelligence. in this test, participants are given verbal statements made by different pair of persons in a defined social relation. they are expected to choose a pair of people out of the three alternatives for whom the given statement has a different meaning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/self-efficacy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/self-efficacy https://www.marketing91.com/author/admin/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theory_of_mind https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pragmatics 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us f. cartoon prediction (implications): in this kind of test, participants are required to select one cartoon out of three alternatives that most appropriately complete a cartoon series. strategies for developing and improving on social intelligence as a leader practicing leaders and would-be leaders have the tendency to develop and improve on their social intelligence/ability. as put by wikipedia (n.d.), “social intelligence develops from experience with people and learning from success and failures in social settings”. thus, leaders can employ different strategies to develop their social skills or social intelligence. i. practise listening actively to others: one of the things a leader should adopt in a bit to becoming socially intelligent is to be an attentive listener. it is the process of paying full attention when another person speaks. the act of active listening promotes deeper connection and social awareness. by learning how to actively listen to others, a leader builds his/her communication skills. a good listener filters facts from people’s expressions. according to sunday (2022), thinking about another's perspective is helpful but actively engaging with others on their thoughts through careful listening provides a leader with actionable information that can inform his/her social awareness and rational decisions. in the same vein, edward (2019) stated that listening to employees with full receptivity as a leader gives one the ability to understand them more perfectly. hence, edward added that people like to be heard and allowing them to talk with minimal interruption makes employees/others see a leader as being caring, trustworthy and likeable. ii. develop empathy: empathy is the ability feel what others feel. empathy refers to the act of stepping into someone else’s shoes and imagining how they might think or feel. when employees sense or notice the empathy of a leader, they connect with him/her better (ndifon, edu & olofu, 2021). in the view of nicole (2022), when a leader develops empathy, it allows him/her to understand other people and also helps him/her to become more tolerant and compassionate of people who might be different from the leader. empathy also allows a leader to understand his/her followers; thereby work through individual differences and build meaningful relationships. thus, when a leader with empathy finds his/her feeling extremely opinionated about one position, he/she would always need to reflect on what another person thinks. iii. avoid correcting people in front of others: it is important for every leader to be conscious of when to correct his/her subordinate. mirfattah (2017) opined that correcting an employee in the public activates embarrassment, anger and may result in disrespect and fear for a leader. nicole (2022) similarly maintained that when an employee provides the wrong information to others or the leader, the leader should not be quick to jump in and correct him/her. even if the intentions of the leader are good, this kind of behavior can be embarrassing and irritating. thus, it is best to avoid correcting people in front of a group. iv. learn to accept criticism: people with a high social intelligence can accept and embrace criticism. according to michael (2017), the inability to take criticism often comes from a place of low self-esteem and self-worth. as a leader who wants to be socially intelligent or wants to improve on his/her social intelligence, he/she needs to be open to criticisms from workers. the leader should always ask him/herself if the criticism is meant to help him/her and try to see how he/she can take the feedback to better his/her leadership approach. v. focus on being positive: being positive as a leader actives good efforts from both the leader and in turn helps the leader to instill positive mindedness in his/her followers. edward (2019) observed that a leader with positive mindset encourages him/her to consciously focus on the good parts of his/her job. a leader who not being positive minded often struggles and tends to blame him/herself and others even when things are going on well. as such, to be positive minded, a leader should always try to challenge any form of negative thoughts when they arise. he/she should also 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us try to get feedback on his/her daily performance and that of the employees. nicole (2022) stated that a leader who wants to focus on being positive should learn how to meditate. that is, refusing to focus too much on either the past or future. meditation is a skill that can help a leader become more comfortable with the present moment. as a result, it can reduce feelings of stress, irritation and depression; of which can contribute to a negative mindset. importance of social intelligence in leadership social intelligence plays very significant role in organizational and leadership effectiveness. a socially intelligent leader displays strong social competencies and behaviours that make employees feel valued, trusted and respected. some of the benefits derivable from being socially intelligent as a leader/individual have been highlighted thus. a. it promotes understanding of others: a leader who is socially intelligent can easily understand the feelings, thoughts and mindset of his/her team workers compared to his/her counterpart who is socially bankrupt. in the opinion of mcmillan (2018), successful leadership and social intelligence are directly related. mcmillan observed that a leader’s social skill or intelligence helps him/her to be able to read into the thoughts and emotions of his/her employees. in the same vein, michael (2017) posited that when a leader is vested with social intelligence, the person does not need to struggle in order to understand the nature and the behavioural tendencies of his/her followers; thereby enabling the leader to easily predict who they are, what they can do at any point in time. b. it enhances listening skill of a leader: socially intelligent leaders have the ability to listen very well before responding to issues. nicole (2022) maintained that a leader who finds it difficult to listen to others can hardly learn from people and improve on his/her area of weaknesses. hence, it is important for a leader to listen carefully to others and integrate the knowledge with his/hers. a socially intelligent leader avoids behaviors that bring out negative emotions in others such as always showing others how smart one is and sarcasm or putting others down. socially intelligent leaders have the ability to know how to monitor their language in such a manner that it avoids any conflict in the minds of the listeners. they can identify words that might create misunderstanding and steer clear of these ambiguous words. c. social inclusion in work environment: a sociable leader carries his/her followers along and makes them feel sense of belonging. michael (2017) admitted that social intelligence is one of the most important character strengths to determine the success of leaders because leading is social in nature. when employees feel excluded in a work environment, it triggers social pain (i.e. feelings of exclusion that activate the part of the human brain that feels physical pain). hence, olofu, agbo and ogodo (2005) stated that people feeling social pain either withdraw from a group or take action to sabotage it but people who feel included are more likely to experience positive emotions that energize them. through his or her interactions with others, leaders must motivate people to give their best efforts and align their behavior with organizational goals. michael also added that workers who feel connected are more likely to trust their leaders because such leaders understand them and feel as they do. thus, it is important for leaders to be optimistic, confident, friendly and approachable. 77 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us d. it helps in building cordial relationship with others: often times organizations record low productivity because workers use it to get back at bad leaders/management. according to soller (2021), when workers feel loved by their leaders, they are very much likely to be happy and productive; as a happy worker is often a productive worker. olofu and oko (2020) therefore, submitted that social intelligent skills help a leader to related and connect more peacefully, caringly and harmoniously with employees; thereby even making the leader a more happy, productive and fulfilled person. as stated by akisan (2019), there is better synergy between a leader and his/her followers when there is harmonious and cordial relationship. as such, olofu, idoho and ojong (2023) posited that a leader’s social intelligence increases the willingness of employees to collaborate better and work towards organizational effectiveness. the social intelligence of a leader also helps in creating and fostering positive, respectful and supportive human relationships between management and employees; thereby enhancing productivity. according to an online source (safety4sea.com), one of the most critical features to work on for successful leadership is for the leader to interact with his/her team workers and through his or her interactions with workers, leaders can motivate people to give their best efforts in order to align with the goals of an organization. e. it facilitates social sensitivity of a leader: this is one of the major importance of social intelligence in leadership. a leader who has social intelligence remains very conscious and sensitive to everything that happens within and around him. bhasin (2020) observed that social intelligence helps a leader to be socially and behaviorally versatile, flexible and possess the ability of social understanding. a leader with social intelligence is usually very good in using his/her eyes; as he/she takes the time to understand body language his/her workers; thereby altering their attitudes and behavior in response to his/her social environment. according to olofu and odey (2017), socially intelligent leaders always realize that certain words tend to intimidate and threaten people. they avoid the usage of such words, especially while sharing feedback on the people’s performances. f. it guides a leader’s expression: socially intelligent leaders have the ability to know how to monitor their expression/language in such a manner that it avoids any conflict in the minds of the listeners. thus, social intelligence helps a leader to carefully identify words that might create misunderstanding and steer clear of these ambiguous words. olofu and ukpubre (2014) maintained that it makes a leader to also realize that certain words tend to intimidate and threaten employees and as such, try to avoid the usage of such words, especially while sharing feedback on the people’s performances (www.turialpoint.com). conclusion the social skills of leaders remain very crucial in every organization (the university system inclusive) if leaders at all levels must record huge success. and in an organization where social relationship is valued and promoted by the leadership, social ties would be evident, workers’ commitment, dedication and productivity would all be the end point. therefore, leaders in both educational and non-educational work environments who develop and properly utilize social intelligence are very much likely to witness leadership effectiveness, organizational effectiveness, workers’ efficiency and harmonious work environment. references: 1. akisan, u. (2019). importance of human relations at workplace.www.starthub.com.ng. https://www.marketing91.com/author/admin/ 78 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. bhasin, h. (2020). human relations: meaning, importance and advantages. www.marketing91.com 3. daniel, b., frank, j.i. & ebbert, a. (2016). social intelligence.www.researchgate.net/publicatio n 4. edward, v.v. (2019). social intelligence principles everyone can master. new york: macmillan. 5. erics, v. (2018).characteristics of socially intelligent leaders. new york: basic books. 6. ganaie, m.y. & mudasir, h. (2015). a study of social intelligence and academic achievement of college students of district srinagar, india.www.jofamericanscience.org 7. grieve, r. & mahar, d. (2018). can social intelligence be measured? psychometric properties of the tromso: social intelligence scale – english version. the irish journal of psychology. 34 (1):1-12 8. mcmillan, c. (2018). the key to leadership: 5 ways to enhance your social intelligence. www.bluesteps.com 9. michael, e. (2017). leading with character: social intelligence. the wall street journal, 3(2), 101-109. 10. mirfattah, s. (2017).10 easy ways to increase your social intelligence and motivate your people. www.linkedin.com/in/saeedmirfattah. 11. ndifon, r.a., edu, g.o. & olofu, m.a. (2021). the role of stakeholders in the implementation of school curriculum in nigeria. european journal of social science, 62(2), 20-31. 12. ndifon, r.a., edu, g.o. & olofu, m.a. (2021). the practice of constructivism: an approach to improving teaching and learning in primary school. european journal of social sciences, 62(1), 16-22. 13. nicole, a. (2022).how to improve your people skills.www.socialself.com/blog. 14. olofu, p. a. idoho, g.e. & ojong, r. (2023). extension of formal learning environment in higher institutions in the 21st century beyond the physical classroom setting for social inclusion: the perspective of mobile learning in nigeria. international journal of inclusiveness and educational recovery (ijiedure), 2(1), 76-83. 15. olofu, m. a. & olofu, p. a. (2021). edmodo as an online instructional delivery technique for sustaining teaching and learning activities in covid-19 era in public universities in north-central, nigeria. journal of digital learning and education. 1(2): 54-61. 16. olofu, m.a. & oko, b.a. (2020). building a corruption-free society in nigeria through emphasis on affective domain basic education curriculum. nigerian journal of curriculum studies, 27(3), 182-191. 17. olofu, m.a. & odey, s.e. (2017). school-based barriers to inclusive education in primary schools in nigeria. education for today, 13(2), 107-112. 18. olofu, m.a. & ukpubre, u. (2014). subject specialization, gender and implementation of primary school curriculum in cross river state. international journal of continuing education and development studies, 2(3), 112-123. 19. olofu, m.a., agbo, f.o. & ogodo, f.a. (2005). assessing teachers’ awareness and application of recommended instructional strategies in the implementation of primary science curriculum. nigerian journal of curriculum studies, 12(2), 127-133. 20. soller, a. (2021). supporting social interaction in an intelligent collaborative learning system. international journal of artificial intelligence in education. 12(2), 4-10. 21. sunday, m. (2022). social intelligence: definition and theory.www.study.com/academy/course. https://www.marketing91.com/author/admin/ https://telearn.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197321/document https://telearn.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197321/document 79 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 22. www.en.wikipedia.org.wiki 23. www.safety4sea.com 24. www.turialpoint.com http://www.turialpoint.com/ 658 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development stages of education in foreign countries toshmatova zamira jumanovna teacher of kokan state pedagogical institute abstract: the article discusses one of today's most important issues, the countries of the world, the education system, their specific aspects, research methods, stages of development, and a number of scientific and practical tasks. keywords: educational system, integration, educational development, social process, international standard, activities of the council of american universities, europe. it is a recognized fact that education in developed foreign countries is a social process that actively affects the internal politics of the country. because of this, the amount of funds allocated for the economic provision of school needs in foreign countries is increasing year by year. foreign experiences show that it is impossible to allow haste in the work of restructuring the content of education. in our opinion, a more effective way in this area is to create training programs based on integration and specialization. in developed countries, the problem of education is increasingly showing new aspects and becoming an important aspect of social strategy. of course, the problems of social importance of education, as before, are inevitably expressed in certain political and ideological views. in addition to the current conflicts, there will be social problems in the main social groups in the next decades, and there is a desire for a certain agreement. the perspective of educational development is also related to this. a population with a low level of professional and general education, mainly young people, can pose a real threat to the social stability and economic growth that most of the nordic countries value. most of the people said that illiteracy and lack of culture are the main enemies of stability, and they showed the suffering of people who did not get the necessary education in their time. it should also be noted that deficiencies in the education system undermine the country's competitiveness in the international arena. this is particularly characteristic of the usa. in the usa, the government studies the tasks of educational development based on this approach. south, that is, the developing countries of asia, latin america and africa have a special place in the international education space. it is impossible to consider them as a whole. different groups of these countries have different characteristics according to many indicators of development.. new fronts of the processing industry are developing. strengthening scientific production has become an important condition. in this way, it will be possible for these countries to join the process of globalization not as a passive object, but as an active subject of international economic relations. cheap, illiterate, unskilled labor force is not suitable for modern industry. it needs trained workers who can handle complex and expensive equipment. according to international standards, the standard of living of such workers remains low, but it is significantly different from the poor strata of the population of the south. modern production requires 659 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us significant development of education and training of qualified personnel. a remarkable success has been achieved in this regard. the great economic and social importance of education can be seen in the example of south korea. it was a backward agrarian country several decades ago. in 1960, the annual gdp per capita was 80 dollars, which was equal to the figure of japan in the middle of the 19th century. but in the next decade, south korea, which was not very rich in natural resources, was a japanese colony for a long time, and then suffered greatly from the civil war of 1950-53, became a developed industrial country. it is estimated that by 2010, according to its economic capabilities, it will rise to the level of the "big seven" countries. these advances are in many ways related to the rapid development of education. shortly after the liberation from the japanese occupation, the foundations of the national legislation on public education were created. the issues of education development were reflected in the 1948 constitution. in 1949, the main law on education was adopted. in 1952, free compulsory primary education, in 1958 the law on the development of professional education, in 1980 the law on education reform was adopted. in 1994, a presidential commission was established to develop ways of further development of education. the constant attention of the government to the problem of education and the introduction of large financial investments have led to excellent results. illiteracy was eliminated in a short period of time, and secondary education became popular. educational institutions providing secondary and special education have increased. by the end of the 1990s, more than a million students began to study in universities. a significant increase in the level of knowledge of the population, an increase in the number of qualified personnel makes it possible to develop an industry focused on the production of exportoriented products. scientific production parks were established, where industrial firms, research institutes, universities and colleges cooperated. there is another interesting aspect to the case of south korea. foreign achievements of science and technology are carefully studied. foreign economic relations have developed widely. thousands of korean students are studying in foreign countries such as usa and japan. but in south korea itself, foreign influence in the field of education and culture is strictly limited. for example, in the country's educational institutions, non-koreans are allowed to teach foreign languages only. they cannot hold the position of a full-time professor even in a private university. only the status of "guest professor" can be obtained for them. such vigilance in relations with the outside world can be explained by the fact that koreans lived for centuries under the rule of nations such as china, mongolia, and japan. this historical memory is still alive. in the official documents of the un and unesco, this region is called: latin america and the caribbean countries. their ethnic composition is very complex: the absolute majority of the population of argentina and uruguay has pure european roots. the brazilian ethnos consists of whites, negroes, and indians; descended from gandhi and jamaican negroes. the more developed countries of the continent mexico, argentina, brazil, uruguay achieved significant economic success in the following decades. industrialization will be carried out in these areas, and the production of competitive industrial products will be launched. progress is also being observed in the field of education. the share of gni involved in education has increased, children's enrollment in compulsory education has increased. the number of secondary schools and special educational institutions has increased. the best universities the national autonomous university of mexico, the university of buenos aires, the university of chile have achieved international status. 660 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us prospective laws on education have been adopted in these countries. in 1993, the argentine national congress approved the federal law on education. its slogan is "quality education for everyone and each of us". the law aims to introduce 9-year compulsory education and create a senior high school for children aged 15-18. in the same year, a general law on education was adopted in mexico. it was accepted in brazil in 1996. the law "on the basics and main directions of national education" was aimed at solving issues related to the purpose of education, the principles of its organization, state obligations, and the financing procedure. among the countries of the south, the countries of latin america were among the first to move to the path of educational integration. sharp social differences also affect the education sector in latin america. there is a big difference between high-quality university higher education and low-quality general education. the massive underfunding of higher education is hurting public schools. in latin american countries, emphasis is placed on the training of specialists in the social sphere. these fields are not related to the current requirements of the national industry. a sharp difference in economic growth and development in the field of education is evident in the case of brazil. but public literacy still exists. language problems also complicate educational development in southern countries. during the colonial period, classes were taught in the local language in the primary school, and education in the metropolitan (colonial) language was introduced in the secondary school. currently, education in these two schools is conducted in the local language. in ethiopia, the akhmar language is compulsory, in tanzania swahili, in bangladesh, the banglu language is studied. switching to studying in the mother tongue helps to form a national culture that eliminates the differences between school and life. but this is a complex and conflicting process, let's take india as an example. this country is multi-ethnic. the people living there speak hundreds of languages and dialects. before india's independence, english was the dominant language in secondary schools. in the constitution of independent india, hindi was declared as the state language. english has the status of the second official language. apart from hindi, 14 other languages (assamese, bengali, sanskrit, etc.) have official status. high school teachers must know three languages: 1. the official language of the region; 2. hindi or english; 3. another indian language or a foreign language. this created great difficulties for school teachers. at the same time, hindi, which is included in the compulsory curriculum in some states, faces opposition from the local population. to create a modern economy, highly qualified personnel are needed for the development of the social and cultural sphere. according to this aspect, the ratio between the north and the south is very large. . to create a modern economy, highly qualified personnel are needed for the development of the social and cultural sphere. according to this aspect, the ratio between the north and the south is very large. the number of scientific workers and engineers in research and experimental production is ten times higher in developed countries compared to the state. the complex nature of the situation in the 1970s and 1980s, a number of developing countries focused on the development of secondary and higher education as a guarantee of rapid economic growth. but this rate of quantitative growth far exceeded the expansion of work activities requiring this specialization. as a result, many young graduates became unemployed or engaged in unspecialized work. however, in many countries of the south, the level of economic and social development does not encourage the widespread use of specialized labor. their future depends on these factors and the development of education. the 21st century brought great progress in the development of education. foreign experiences show that it is impossible to allow haste in the work of restructuring the content of education. in our opinion, a more effective way in this area is to create training programs based on integration and specialization. 661 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references. 1. decision vm-802 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on approval of the state standard of preschool education and training. https://lex.uz/docs/-5179335 2. decision pq-4312 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the concept of development of preschool education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". may 8, 2019. 3. "on the ministry of preschool education of the republic of uzbekistan". regulation no. 929 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan. november 21, 2017. 4. zamiraxon, toshmatova. "foreign experience in teaching the subject of formation of mathematical imagination in higher educational institutions and their implementation." yosh tadqiqotchi jurnali 1.5 (2022): 435-442 5. jumanovna, toshmatova zamira. "organizational and pedagogical characteristics of preschool education system abroad." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 10.11 (2022): 538-541. 6. jumanovna, toshmatova zamira. "features of mathematical development in preschool children." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 22773630 impact factor: 7.429 11.07 (2022): 117-119. 7. toshmatova, zamirakhon jumanovna. "interaction of kindergarten and family in modern conditions." asian journal of multidimensional research 10.4 (2021): 853860. 8. jumanovna, toshmatova zamira. "formation of a scientific worldview in children of preschool age (on the example of exact sciences)." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 501-504. 9. muhammadjanovna, rakhimova feruzakhon. "the system of formation and development of creative activity of future educators through personcentered education." world bulletin of social sciences 7 (2022): 75-77. 10. mirzaeva, farokhat, et al. "improving the educational process based on a pedagogical innovative approach." palarch's journal of archaeology of egypt/egyptology 17.6 (2020): 8919-8926. 11. muhammadjonovna, rakhimova feruzakhon. "improvement of the system of formation and development of creative activity of future educators on the basis of personalityoriented education." eurasian journal of humanities and social sciences 3 (2021): 32-36. 12. mukhammadjonovna, rakhimova feruzakhon. "pedagogical and psychological features of the formation of the creative activity of future teachers through personality-oriented education." academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal 11.4 (2021): 1053-1056. 13. raximova, feruzaxon muxammadjonovna. "problems of establishing and strengthening the material base of preschool education organization." актуальные научные исследования в современном мире 4-7 (2021): 51-56. 14. khujanazarova, n. m. "pedagogical and psychological features of preparing educators for school education." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 22773630 impact factor: 7.429 12.03 (2023): 52-55. 662 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. mirzamaxmudovna, xo‘janazorova nargizaxon. "pedagogical psychological aspects of socialization of educators of preschool institutions." ta’lim fidoyilari 21.6 (2022): 47-50. 16. mirzamahmudovna, khujanazarova nargiza. "the role of national methods in the detection and prevention of nervous disorders in children." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 505-507. 17. hujanazarova, n. "importance of fairy tales in moral education of preschool children." international academic research journal impact factor 7.1 (2022): 6. 18. erkaboeva, n., et al. "pedagogical skills: in diagrams and pictures: methodical manual." tashkent: tdpu named after nizami 14 (2012). 19. mirzamahmudovna, hujanazarova nargiza. "local methods for detecting and preventing nerve damage in preschool children." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 22773630 impact factor: 7.429 12.06 (2023): 148-152. 20. xo’janazarova, nargiza. "maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda ijtimoiy og ‘ishlarning oldini olish va qayta tiklash." talqin va tadqiqotlar 1.25 (2023). 21. хўжаназарова, наргиза мирзамаҳмудовна. "мактабгача ёшдаги болаларда асаб бузилишини аниқлаш ва олдини олишнинг халқона усуллари." oriental art and culture 4.3 (2023): 621-625. 22. xo'janazarova, n. m. "axborotlashuv jarayonida yoshlar ma’naviy dunyoqarashi." экономика и социум 6-1 (85) (2021): 301-303. 23. isaxanova, m. e., n. m. xujanazarova, and m. i. irmatova. "modernization of preschool education." 171 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 priorities of ensuring religious tolerance in uzbekistan: problems, solutions and prospects toshpulotov shokhijakhon eshpulotovich lecturer of tashkent state university of law, sh.toshpulatov@tsul.uz abstract: today, in new uzbekistan, freedom of conscience is fully guaranteed for all citizens by the world community. in the last decade, a number of positive achievements were made in the field of interreligious tolerance and interethnic harmony in our country. for instance, "enlightenment and religious tolerance" resolution is equally recognized and practiced by all un member states and it was initiated by uzbekistan government, moreover the adoption of the resolution “interreligious and intercultural dialogue and cooperation in the context of combating hate speech” also prepared by uzbekistan and also 49 states, could be evidence of our opinion. this article contains priorities, problems, achievements and proposals for ensuring religious tolerance in the republic of uzbekistan. keywords: international relations and religion, the principle of "religious tolerance", the guarantee of "freedom of conscience", confessions, international organizations, interstate and interreligious relations, world politics and religion, modern concepts of religious tolerance. introduction: the basis of any stable development leans on the harmonious and peaceful living of the members of the society, the living of the citizens of the country as a single family, regardless of the nationality and religion. for this, of course, it is acutely relevant the internal environment which is created in that country, protection from external influences, and at the same time, the current legislation reflects the consensus-based activities of all nations, peoples, and religious denominations. the following comments of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev on this issue are noteworthy: "in our ancient and generous land, for many centuries representatives of different nationalities and peoples, cultures and religions have lived peacefully, hospitality, goodness, generosity of heart, tolerance in the literal sense of the word have always been characteristic of our people and it is the basis of his mentality".[1] the idea of national independence: basic concepts and principles textbook mentions the longstanding existence of the concept of religious tolerance in the territories of uzbekistan. "for centuries, the presence of mosques, churches and synagogues in our big cities, and the fact that people of different nationalities and religions have been freely practicing their religious practices, is a confirmation of this. the fact that there were no conflicts between them on a religious basis even in the most complicated and difficult periods of our history indicates that our people have accumulated great experience in religious tolerance. [2] doctor of history n. mukhamedov admits: "tolerance, a characteristic characteristic of our people from time immemorial, did not appear suddenly, it is traditional for us. if we take a brief 172 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us look at the history of religions operating in our country, we can see that the territory of modern uzbekistan is one of the oldest countries where the first religious ideas and beliefs appeared in people. in the middle of the stone age, worship of various animals and the sun, and later fetishism, animism, and sorcery (magic) spread among our ancestors. [3] "in general, uzbekistan, which has been the center of coexistence of peoples with different religions, cultures and lifestyles for thousands of years, is an undeniable confirmation of this. since ancient times, representatives of islam, christianity, judaism, buddhism and other ancient religions have not only lived together here, but also complemented and enriched each other".[4] since the early days of independence in our country, the issue of forming a tolerant relationship between religions has been considered as a strategic task and reflected in the legislation. atheism, alienation from values, alienation from national characteristics, which became a "heritage" of the former totalitarian system, and the question of returning to our people the characteristics that are in line with our national interests, was defined as the main task from the first days of the state's independence. in this regard, there was a need to solve the following priority issues before the state and society:  first, to abandon the management method related to the totalitarian system, to introduce the democratic form of development in accordance with world standards in harmony with the national characteristics of the country;  secondly, based on the country's glorious past, statehood traditions, historical experience, creating a legal system that is modern, liberal and compatible with world standards;  thirdly, to create necessary conditions for equal and free functioning of all nationalities and confessions in all spheres, including multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state administration;  fourthly, based on the universally recognized principles of tolerance of international law, the solution of current issues such as ensuring and guaranteeing the freedom of religious belief of the country's citizens was considered as an important factor for security and development. freedom of belief was guaranteed in the constitution, which is considered the basic law, by the responsible state bodies, who understood the above-mentioned needs in time. initially, based on the international norms of relations between the state and religion, they were defined as separate entities in the basic law. according to article 75 of the updated constitution, "religious organizations are separate from the state and equal before the law. the state does not interfere in the activities of religious associations. the state guarantees the freedom of activity of religious organizations operating in accordance with the law. [5] in the fifth section of the strategy of actions adopted on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, the priority directions in the field of ensuring security, interethnic harmony and religious tolerance were indicated. in this direction, ensuring religious tolerance was defined as one of the important priority tasks. t. ahmedov, head of department of the institute of strategic and interregional studies under the president of the republic of uzbekistan, explains the wide-scale work carried out in uzbekistan in connection with the provision of religious tolerance as follows: "the authority to make a decision on the termination of the activity of a religious organization has been transferred from the executive power judicial bodies to the courts, and the legal guarantees of their freedom of activity strengthened. the amount of the state duty for the registration of a religious organization has been reduced by five times, and the periodicity of reports has been shortened. from now on, religious organizations will submit reports only once a year".[6] 173 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us main part: problems and perspectives a number of decisions were made to improve the activities of the religious and educational sphere, according to which a new system was introduced to implement a unified state policy in this sphere, to protect the guarantees of citizens' freedom of conscience, and to form constructive and mutually respectful relations between representatives of different nationalities and peoples. in particular, the committee on international relations and friendly relations with foreign countries was established under the cabinet of ministers, and the activities of the committee on religious affairs were improved. "in accordance with the decision of our president dated april 16, 2018 "on measures to improve the activities of the committee on religious affairs under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan", the new composition of the council on confession affairs under the committee on religious affairs was approved. the composition of the council increased from 9 to 17 members due to representatives of religious denominations operating in uzbekistan. it is noteworthy that leaders of religious organizations with a small number of members were also included in the membership of the council. the main purpose of this council, which is considered a public consultation body, is to discuss the existing religious and social processes in uzbekistan and to develop recommendations".[7] today, 2,335 religious organizations belonging to 16 denominations are officially operating in the country. 2142 of them are islamic and 193 non-islamic organizations. among them are 174 christian religious organizations, 8 jewish, 6 baha'i communities, 1 community of yehova's witnesses, 1 community of krishna consciousness, 1 buddhist temple and 1 bible society of uzbekistan. (information of the committee on religious affairs under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 2022) the concept of the state policy of the republic of uzbekistan in the field of international relations was approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on november 15, 2019. the concept was aimed at ensuring the rights, freedoms and legal interests of people and citizens, strengthening the unity and integrity of uzbekistan, preserving the ethniccultural identity of the nations and peoples living in its territory, maintaining inter-ethnic tolerance, harmony and peace in society. second, the us commission on international religious freedom removed uzbekistan from the list of "countries of particular concern". in 2018-2019, the delegation of uzbekistan regularly participated in ministerial conferences on the promotion of religious freedom. uzbekistan's achievements in the field of religious freedom were positively evaluated at these conferences. also, in article 4 of the law "on freedom of conscience and religious organizations" adopted on june 6, 2021, "freedom of conscience is a guaranteed constitutional right of citizens to believe in any religion or not to believe in any religion." it is not allowed to coerce a citizen in one way or another when determining his attitude towards religion, to believe in religion or not to believe in it, to participate or not to participate in prayers, religious rituals and ceremonies, to receive religious education. it is not allowed to attract minors to religious organizations against their will, the will of their parents or legal representatives. only the restrictions stipulated by the law apply to the freedom to believe or believe in one's religion. [8] as a continuation of this article, the obligations of religious organizations and associations are indicated. according to it, "to change the constitutional system of the republic of uzbekistan by force, to undermine its sovereignty and territorial integrity, to discriminate against the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, to promote war, national, racial, ethnic or religious enmity, to attack the health and morals of citizens, to violate civil harmony, it is not allowed to 174 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us use religion to spread slanderous fabrications that destabilize the situation, to cause confusion among the population, and to commit other actions against individuals, society, and the state".[9] in our country, religion is separated from the state according to the above-mentioned legal principles. however, the life and activities of the members of the society are mixed with religious values. it is known from historical experience that religion, in the true sense, has had its place and status for centuries as a means of inviting humanity to goodness and goodness. according to e. ibragimov, candidate of history sciences, "social and political aspects of freedom of belief and religious tolerance have become important in the relations between the state and religious organizations. because religion serves to change the way of life and increase the country's well-being by applying values such as spiritual training of the country's population and high morality, self-sacrifice, purity, loyalty to one's nation for the benefit of the motherland and the people. he is able to bring out the most valuable and noble qualities and qualities in a person".[10] in this sense, thousands of religious organizations operating in our country today are fully responsible for ensuring a mutually tolerant environment. according to e. ibragimov, at the same time, in uzbekistan, there were "uzbekistan muslim office, karakalpakstan muslim court, higher and secondary special education institutions, russian orthodox church, diocese of tashkent and central asia, orthodox seminary, roman catholic church, union of evangelical christian baptists, full bible christian center , a protestant seminary, a bible society, jewish and bahá'í communities, the society for krishna consciousness, and buddhist temples are stateregistered".[11] the mutual functioning of these confessions and organizations is seen as the main source of the environment of tolerance and political stability in our country. the study guide prepared by the authors i.khojamurodov and y.yakubov contains the following points: "political stability is one of the important factors in ensuring the peace and development of society. after all, any country tries to make wide use of factors that ensure tolerance when forming and implementing its political system. one of them is religious tolerance. religion and its characteristic of tolerance have been one of the main factors in the development of spiritual and cultural life at all stages of the historical development of mankind. therefore, religion has had an impact on ensuring the political stability of all countries and societies, on spiritual, cultural, and even economic development. [12] according to u. kushayev, doctor of philosophy, "tolerance is becoming more and more important as a social value. the process of globalization and integration is leading to a rapid increase in the needs and interests of the members of the society, making them diverse and richer in terms of content. such a situation requires coordination of the interests of all participants of social relations, regardless of religion, race, nationality, social origin, which are not always compatible with each other, because this is one of the important conditions of social stability. therefore, it is necessary that the principles of tolerance, such as mutual understanding, attention, cooperation, constitute the priority characteristics of human morality of modern society. [13] ensuring religious tolerance in our country is closely related to creating equal opportunities for all religious denominations, as well as building the socio-political and religious consciousness and worldview of society members on the basis of tolerant relations. at the same time, religious tolerance can be achieved literally through the efforts of citizens, the state and community organizations based on the principles of cooperative pluralism. in our opinion, there are the following main conditions for ensuring religious tolerance: 1) ensuring that all religious denominations in our country operate equally and uniformly: 2) guaranteeing the right of citizens to believe in one or another religion or not believe in any religion; 3) actions aimed at preventing representatives of religious confessions from openly promoting or forcing people of other religions or citizens who do not have religious beliefs to believe in their religion; 4) to prohibit by law representatives of religious denominations from criticizing, promoting a religion other than their own, and converting to their own religion in exchange for certain incentives and various means; 5) includes tasks such as explaining the 175 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us responsibility of citizens for the development of society, regardless of which religion they belong to. it should be emphasized that it is important for the members of the society to understand that religious tolerance is a manifestation of fanaticism. bigotry is itself a cause of enmity, and enmity is a cause of discord. here comes the need to explain the etymological content of the concept of fanaticism. fanaticism is derived from the arabic word "aqidah". according to the national encyclopedia of uzbekistan, "aqeedah requirements that are considered mandatory for believers and must be believed without doubt or discussion. the basis of islamic beliefs is given in the qur'an, developed and regulated on the basis of the instructions in the hadiths. in christianity, the creed was first adopted by the second world council and it was called the creed. [14] according to the wikipedia source, "religious fanaticism (lat. fanaticus, angry, frenzied) is the blind adherence to religious ideals and the desire to strictly follow them in practical life, intolerance towards non-religious people and dissidents. religious fanaticism is especially evident in religious sects. it is an extreme level of enthusiasm for religious activity, which involves creating a cult, worshiping it, and spreading it among like-minded groups. [15] spirituality: in the explanatory dictionary of the main concepts, "аanaticism is one of the forms of worldview that is instilled in the hearts and minds of people on the basis of ideological pressures and raised to the level of faith. there are two forms of dogma: secular form of dogma (egoism, chauvinism, communism, bolshevism, atheism, nationalism, etc.); religious form of belief (wahhabism, hizb ut-tahrir, hezbollah, al-qaeda, etc.). "representatives of the ideological and ideological current, who perceive beliefs separated from time and space, consider them as absolute unchanging truth, and do not recognize such other views, are called fanatics." [16] nowadays, it is difficult to point to a region or a country that has not suffered from one or another form of religious fanaticism. religious bigotry is a set of views, ideas and beliefs, created by a certain religious trend or sect, or created by a generation before it, aimed at derailing stable relations in society. fanatics believe that a person is only right about himself and the dogma he believes in, and unhesitatingly accepts the orders of the leaders who guide him in this direction. when inculcating ideas, leaders act based on their weakest side, taking into account the level, mental state, and social condition of the recipient of the ideas they have created. the fanatics strongly reject the idea of tolerance. in fact, the biggest danger is their appearance. anyone who does not follow them and has a different opinion than them is their enemy. "fatalists resist as much as possible the establishment of different views and attitudes that are contrary to their beliefs. it is in this process that a holistic worldview and a sense of the world are formed in the peoples. a person's character and activity are traced in a certain way. unscientific approaches to identifying fanaticism with the concepts of fundamentalism and religious extremism are the reason. it is better to consider that these concepts have significant differences in addition to general similarities. it is right to call fanatics people who have acquired religious knowledge separately from the historical period and real social reality, and therefore do not understand and do not want to understand the original humanitarian essence of religions. however, it is necessary to keep in mind that fanaticism has a broader meaning than a purely religious content. [17] in our opinion, a high level of fanaticism breeds religious fundamentalism, and fundamentalism breeds extremism. implementation of extremist ideas manifests itself in terrorism. extremism and terrorism are successive stages of a single interrelated process. it is clear that the dogmatic nature of fanaticism creates the conditions for turning into bloody conflicts over time. based on the direction of our research topic, it can be said that religious tolerance and religious fanaticism are mutually exclusive concepts. the dangerous side of religious fanaticism is that it 176 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is used to manipulate people's religious consciousness and thinking. modern political scientists recognize religious fanaticism as one of the most serious threats to the development of international relations. for this reason, ensuring an interreligious tolerant environment in the world and in our country is considered as the main way to free society members from all directions of fanaticism. the seriousness of the matter is that it cannot be denied that there are financial forces interested in the existence, growth and spread of religious fanaticism in certain regions. according to doctor of philosophy u. kushayev, "in the current situation, where the priority ideas of the teachings of world religions, which have the potential of good thoughts and actions in international and interstate relations, are being drawn into the framework of various political and geopolitical "games", tolerance is the main strategy of international, social and interpersonal relations and became the most important requirements of our time as an important component of tactics".[18] the geographical location of uzbekistan and its desire to take a strong position in the world community do not correspond to the interests of some political forces. in such a situation, it is natural that there will be various geopolitical influences outside our country in order to undermine internal stability. therefore, in order to ensure a stable environment in the country's domestic and foreign policy, among many tasks, there is also the task of creating an integrated system based on the principles of religious tolerance. in this regard, first of all, it is necessary to develop tolerant relations established by the legislation. issues of religious tolerance are reflected in the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on freedom of conscience and religious organizations". according to article 5 of the law, "the main priorities of ensuring freedom of conscience are as follows: 1. to create equal conditions for citizens to exercise their rights to freedom of conscience, regardless of their attitude to religion, without allowing forced indoctrination of religious views; 2. strengthening peace and harmony between confessions, ensuring religious tolerance in society; 3. preserving the construction of a secular state while ensuring freedom of conscience; 4. ensuring compliance of citizens and religious organizations with the legislation on freedom of conscience and religious organizations; 5. religious ideas that threaten public order, health and morals, rights and freedoms of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan and 6. one of the main results is to fight against the indoctrination and dissemination of the views that we mentioned above.[19] the previous law "on freedom of conscience and religious organizations" implemented in uzbekistan to ensure religious tolerance. not only experts in the field and the general public in the country, but also the international community gave a good assessment of the fact that this law, adopted in the new version, was prepared on the basis of international democratic standards. according to the conclusion of the venice commission of the osce office for democratic institutions and human rights dated october 12, 2020, reforms aimed at ensuring religious tolerance in our country show that they are in the right direction. in the fifth section of the strategy of actions adopted on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, the priority directions in the field of ensuring security, interethnic harmony and religious tolerance were indicated. in this direction, ensuring religious tolerance was defined as one of the important priority tasks. as its logical continuation, on january 28, 2022, decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the development 177 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us strategy program of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" was adopted. it was also determined that the issues of peace and harmony and religious tolerance between the nationalities living in our country are important factors of spiritual development. results and anlytics today, 2,335 religious organizations belonging to 16 denominations are officially operating in the country. 2142 of them are islamic and 193 non-islamic organizations. among them are 174 christian religious organizations, 8 jewish, 6 baha'i communities, 1 community of yehova's witnesses, 1 community of krishna consciousness, 1 buddhist temple and 1 bible society of uzbekistan. (information of the religious affairs committee under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 2022). the conclusion contains the following points: "the osce welcomes uzbekistan's efforts to amend the national legislation on freedom of religion and belief in order to bring it into line with international standards on freedom of religion and belief. there are a number of commendable provisions aimed at improving the current legislation in the country, in particular, reducing the minimum number of citizens required to establish a religious organization, canceling the ban on wearing religious clothing in public places, and requiring the adoption of a decision on the termination of a religious organization. "according to the new legislation, decisions will be made by the court, not by the administrative bodies." [20] at the end of our research, ensuring religious tolerance in some uzbekistan is conditioned by the following tasks: international community, uzbekistan's compliance with all norms of international law will increase the country's prestige. in particular, the international principles and rules of religious tolerance are reflected in the current legislation of the country, which creates the ground for the rise of the country's position in the international arena, in the democratic index and ratings. at the same time, it serves as an important factor for stability and development in the country;  secondly, ensuring inter-religious tolerance in the society brings the relations between the state and the society to a higher level. it strengthens the relations of respect and tolerance of followers of one religious denomination towards members of other religions and denominations. this aspect is necessary for each religious denomination to follow its religious beliefs and to recognize the religious rights of others;  thirdly, since ancient times, religion has been a means of uniting people in the path of virtue and goodness, unity and tolerance. and religious intolerance has been a means of causing various conflicts and wars in all eras and all societies. for this reason, it is important to carry out a sharp struggle against representatives of any confessions that promote religious intolerance and cause national and religious differences in our country;  fourthly, the issue of religious tolerance in ensuring national security is one of the most important tasks in the modern world. after all, changing religious views and falsifying original sources are regularly manifested in the daily activities of religious extremist organizations. therefore, using religious tolerance to ensure internal stability and integration of society, to protect against various threats, and to eliminate external religious influences aimed at political goals is effective. in our opinion, one of the aspects that can hinder the provision of religious tolerance in our country is the lack of clear skills between religiosity and secularism. this, in turn, is caused by the attempt of a representative of one religious denomination to justify his right to other denominations. at this point, the thoughts of the great sage confucius, "be prepared that others will not accept the rule that you believe to be right" are suitable for our topic of discussion. another reason for intolerance is ignorance. a person cannot have an intolerant attitude towards 178 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us others without knowing and understanding their values and uniqueness. in this respect, it is possible to introduce and ensure religious tolerance in societies by knowing the rules and peculiarities of different religious and confessional groups, mutual understanding and mutual respect of their value system. only in this situation, the principles of religious tolerance, social solidarity and mutual solidarity will be established in the society. another important aspect of ensuring religious tolerance in the society is that representatives of all religious confessions should be aware of the legislation created in the country, understand their rights and interests, and fully understand the duties and obligations assigned to them. conclusion uzbekistan, as an equal subject of the international community, conducts its domestic and foreign policy in compliance with internationally recognized rules in all areas, and determines the path of its development, is reflected in the country's national legislation. there are certain conditions for achieving internal political stability in our country. one of those conditions is to ensure national security in all directions. one of the issues that threaten the security of the state and society today is the attempt to implement missionary and proselytizing ideas carried out by various religious sects in violation of the internal legislation of the country. propagation of the ideas of missionary and proselytism changes the ideological thinking of the members of our society and causes alienation from our national characteristics. taking into account that the majority of the country's population adheres to the rules of islam, there is a possibility of an unstable situation in society as a result of the origin of mutual inconsistency between religious confessions and propaganda that is not allowed by law. another controversial aspect of the issue is that the sects of the christian religion, which are actively engaged in missionary work, use various illegal forms of attracting citizens. the controversial part of the matter is that, according to the universally recognized rules of international law, all religious denominations are equally responsible for ensuring religious tolerance, it is incomprehensible that many international organizations have not expressed a strong opinion on missionary and proselytizing activities. in our opinion, the missionary activity of sects belonging to the catholic and orthodox churches of christianity or separated from them is incompatible with the principles of interreligious tolerance. the fact that missionary and proselytism is used not only for the purpose of promoting religion, but also for geopolitical purposes indicates that the issue is very serious. one of the main directions of ensuring security in the country is to fight against all forms of missionary activity not provided for in the legislation and achieving concrete practical results will allow to ensure national security to a certain extent. a democratic society cannot be built without the principles of religious tolerance. actions to encourage someone to believe in a religion or to promote irreligion in general are contrary to international democratic standards and national characteristics. therefore, as the main directions of ensuring interreligious tolerance in uzbekistan, it remains one of the tasks that cannot be postponed, such as the development of the ideological consciousness and thinking of the members of the society, and the formation of the ability to protect against external influences. references: 1. mirziyoyev sh.m. interethnic friendship and harmony, a life-giving source of peace and prosperity of our people. continuing our path to national development with determination, we will take it to a new level. t.: uzbekistan, 2018. p-63-64. 2. the idea of national independence: basic concepts and principles. t.: uzbekistan, 2000. -p. 61. 3. https://adolat.uz/news/bagrikenglik-azalij-qadriyat 4. on the place. https://adolat.uz/news/bagrikenglik-azalij-qadriyat 179 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. updated constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. t.: uzbekistan 2023. p-18. 6. t. ahmedov. interethnic harmony and interreligious tolerance are the foundations of ascension. newspaper "new uzbekistan" №236 8.12.2020 y. 7. https://lex.uz/docs/5491534 8. that source. 9. ibragimov e.f. the activities of christian denominations in uzbekistan and their role in the formation of traditions of religious tolerance. dissertation written for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. tashkent. 2020. b-102. 10. on the spot. 11. that source. 12. khojamurodov i.r., yakubov yu.m. islam: society and identity. tashkent. publishing house of the institute of philosophy and law. 2007. p-89. 13. kushayev u.r. harmony of ideas of tolerance in world religions. dissertation written to obtain the degree of doctor of philosophy. tashkent – 2017. p-246. 14. state scientific publishing house of the national encyclopedia of uzbekistan. tom – 1. p552. 15. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 16. spirituality is an explanatory dictionary of basic concepts. publishing house named after ghafur ghulam is a positive house of printing. tashkent -2010. p-54. 17. on the spot 18. kushayev u.r. harmony of ideas of tolerance in world religions. dissertation written to obtain the degree of doctor of philosophy. tashkent – 2017. p-246. 19. https://lex.uz/docs/5491534 20. www.venice.coe.int https://lex.uz/docs/5491534 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ https://lex.uz/docs/5491534 196 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 artificial intelligence as an object of intellectual property nurillo faizullaevich imomov professor of civil law department of tashkent state law university abstract the level of development of artificial intelligence can be discussed only conditionally, because its development is accelerating, and new things are quickly becoming obsolete every second. this is especially evident in the fastest growing field of artificial intelligence artificial neural networks. by the beginning of 2023, chatgpt, dall-ye and other multimodal neural networks, their intellectual capabilities are improving by increasing the number of parameters (accepted methods, including those that are not available to humans), as well as by using them. large amounts of training data that humans cannot physically process have raised the issue of creating wired artificial intelligence. for example, multimodal generative models of neural networks can create pictures, literary and scientific texts in such a way that it is not always possible to distinguish whether they were created by a human or an artificial intelligence system. keywords: ai, chatgpt, society, cyber-physical form introduction it experts talk about two quality leaps: a speed leap (the frequency with which qualitatively new models appear), which is measured not in years, but at most in months, and a variability leap (what happens in the field of artificial intelligence not being able to accurately predict that it will happen) it is impossible to predict it even before the end of the year) . the chatgpt-3 model (the third generation of the natural language processing algorithm from openai) appeared in 2020 and can process text, the next generation model-chatgpt-4, released by the manufacturer in march 2023, not only text, but also images and text can "work" with the model, and the next generation models can evolve and be capable of more. a few years ago, it was believed that the approximate moment of technological singularity, when the development of machines would be almost uncontrollable and irreversible, and would fundamentally change human civilization, would come at least in a few decades, but today it is increasingly more researchers believe it. this means the emergence of a powerful artificial intelligence that exhibits abilities comparable to human intelligence and can solve similar or even broader tasks. unlike weak artificial intelligence, it has a strong consciousness, and one of the conditions for the emergence of consciousness in intelligent systems is multimodal behavior by 197 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us combining information from different sensory methods (text, image, video, sound, etc.). is the ability to perform actions.), it is necessary to "connect" the information of different modalities to reality and build full-fledged coherent "world metaphors" characteristic of a person. in march 2023, more than a thousand researchers, it experts and entrepreneurs in the field of artificial intelligence signed an open letter published on the website of the future of life institute, an american research center specializing in the study of existential risks for humanity. the letter calls for a halt to the training of new generative multimodal models of neural networks, as the lack of uniform security protocols and the legal vacuum significantly increase the risks, as the speed of development of artificial intelligence technologies has increased dramatically due to the "chatgpt revolution". it was also noted that artificial intelligence models have unexpected opportunities by developers, and perhaps the share of such opportunities will gradually grow. in addition, such a technological revolution strongly encourages the creation of widespread smart gadgets, and the new generations who grew up in constant contact with artificial intelligence assistants, today's children, are very different from previous generations. is it possible to prevent the development of artificial intelligence so that humanity can adapt to new conditions? in theory, yes, if all countries contribute to it through national legislation. do they do it? judging from published national strategies, they do not; on the contrary, each country sets itself the task of winning the competition (maintaining the lead or reducing the gap). the task of rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies in uzbekistan was adopted by the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 17, 2021 pq-4996 "measures on the study and introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in 2021-2022 program of events". the program defines a number of main directions and they include: support for scientific research to ensure the advanced development of artificial intelligence, development of intelligent software, necessary for the development of artificial intelligence technologies to increase the availability of information, to create a complex system of regulating the relations that arise in this regard. with the development and use of artificial intelligence. also, the development of artificial intelligence in the program requires support for scientific research aimed at creating radically new results, including the creation of strong artificial intelligence. a similar task has been set in the programs of artificial intelligence development in other countries of the world. the possibilities of artificial intelligence attract entrepreneurs, so business structures invest heavily in new developments, and the success of each new model stimulates this process. given that both private companies and the state invest in development, annual investments are increasing; the world market of artificial intelligence solutions is hundreds of billions of dollars; in particular, according to the forecasts contained in the decision of the european parliament of may 3, 2022 "on artificial intelligence in the digital age", by 2030 the contribution of artificial intelligence to the global economy will exceed 11 trillion euros. the result of practice-oriented business is the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in all areas of the economy. artificial intelligence is used in mining and processing industry (metallurgy, fuel and chemical industry, mechanical engineering, metal processing, etc.). it is used to predict the performance of products in development, automate assembly lines, reduce defects, improve logistics and prevent downtime. the use of artificial intelligence in transportation includes both autonomous vehicles themselves and route optimization using traffic flow prediction, ensuring safety by preventing dangerous situations. putting self-driving cars on public roads is an issue that is being actively discussed by parliaments around the world. for example, in 2021, the ministry of transport of the russian federation also developed a draft law "on highly automated vehicles and amendments to certain 198 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us legislative acts of the russian federation", and a year later russia resolution no. 2495 of the government of the federation of december 29, 2022 developed the draft law "on highly automated vehicles". "experimental legal regime program in the field of digital innovations in the provision of transport services using highly automated vehicles" was developed in the territories of some subjects of the russian federation. autonomous harvesters are increasingly being used at the intersection of the transport sector and agriculture, and this process is even faster in agriculture, because there are no strict legal restrictions on driving on public roads. in the banking industry, artificial intelligence systems have almost completely replaced people in assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers, they are increasingly used to develop new banking products and improve the security of banking operations. artificial intelligence technologies "cover" not only business, but also the social sphere: health care, education, employment. the use of artificial intelligence in medicine makes it possible to improve diagnostics, develop new drugs, perform operations with the help of robotics; allows for individualization of lessons in the field of education, automation of assessment of professional skills of students and teachers. the concepts of "artificial personality" and "artificial sociality" are increasingly mentioned in public discourse; this shows that the development and implementation of intelligent systems has moved from a purely technical field to the field of researching various methods of their implementation in humanitarian and socio-cultural human activities. considering the above, it can be said that artificial intelligence is getting deeper into people's lives. the presence of artificial intelligence systems in our lives will increase significantly in the coming years; it increases in the work environment, in public places, in the service sector, and at home. artificial intelligence will increasingly provide increased efficiency in achieving results by intelligently automating various processes, creating new opportunities and, at the same time, creating new threats to people, communities and countries. with the growth of its intellectual level, artificial intelligence systems will inevitably become an integral part of society; people will have to live with them. such a symbiosis includes the cooperation of people and "intelligent" machines, which, according to j. stiglitz, winner of the nobel prize in economics, will lead to a change in civilization. even today, according to some lawyers, "in order to improve people's well-being, when people and artificial intelligence perform the same tasks, the law should not distinguish between human activity and artificial intelligence activity." it is also important to remember that the development of humanoid robots, increasingly closer to physiology, leads, among other things, to their gender roles as partners in society. states must adapt legislation to changing social relations: the number of laws aimed at regulating relations in which artificial intelligence systems participate in one or another role is growing rapidly around the world. according to stanford university's ai index report 2023, if there was only one law in 2016, 12 in 2018, 18 in 2021, and 37 in 2022. this prompted the united nations to formulate a position on the ethics of the use of artificial intelligence at the global level. in september 2022, a document containing principles for the ethical use of artificial intelligence appeared based on the recommendations on the ethics of artificial intelligence adopted by the unesco general conference a year earlier, and despite this, the development of artificial intelligence technologies and the rate of implementation will significantly exceed the rate of change in the relevant legislation. if we consider the legal regime of artificial intelligence as an example of the legislation of different countries, in particular, in accordance with article 128 of the fc of russia, objects of law are 199 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us things, other property, including property rights, protected results of intellectual activity, intangible benefits, etc. artificial intelligence (usually a robot) in a cyber-physical form, that is, with a "body", is considered a thing according to the current legislation, but the features of the legal regime of such things are not provided, their transfer is not restricted. according to article 88 of the fc, it is assumed that it is permissible to describe robots as indivisible objects, as an attempt to separate the artificial intelligence itself (ie, the software) from the "body" of the robot, since its shell is its designated lead to an inevitable change in purpose or even destruction. artificial intelligence is a set of technological solutions that allow simulating human cognitive functions (including self-learning and finding solutions without a given algorithm) and obtaining results of certain tasks that are at least comparable to the results of human intellectual activity. plum. the complex of technological solutions includes information and communication infrastructure (including information systems, information and communication networks and other technical means of information processing), software (including using machine learning methods), data processing and search for solutions. processes and services. the introduction of artificial intelligence systems into legal objects does not exclude the possibility of legally combining them with legal regulatory features in the future, depending on the form of artificial intelligence virtual or cyberphysical, as well as taking into account the difference in the level of artificial intelligence. for example, some researchers propose to separate advanced cyberphysical systems into a separate category, since the impact of "intelligent" robots on society depends on a number of factors, including the presence and appearance of the "body", that is, specific to its components. due to its appearance in non-virtual systems, it becomes more important than the effects of virtual systems. the idea of "full inclusion" of artificial intelligence systems and the legal status of a person is reflected in the works of some jurists. since the provisions of the constitution, as well as the relevant legislation, do not represent a legal definition of a person, the concept of "person" in the constitutional-legal sense theoretically allows for an expanded interpretation. in this case, persons include any persons of intelligence whose mental faculties are recognized as sufficiently developed. according to a.v. nechkin, the logic of this approach is that the important difference between a person and other living beings lies in his uniquely highly developed intelligence. the recognition of the rights of artificial intelligence systems seems to be the next step in the evolution of a legal system that gradually expands the legal recognition of previously discriminated people and opens the door to non-humans today. it should also be taken into account that artificial intelligence systems do not satisfy the formal nature of the organizational unit, which is mandatory for legal entities. the legal status of a legal entity has been formed for many centuries and shows the characteristics of "legal conservatism" like the law in general. on the other hand, the current legislation on legal entities largely limits the possibilities of granting rights and obligations to artificial intelligence systems; an attempt to apply this design leads to unreasonably restricting innovation, which is unacceptable considering the content of the above strategic documents aimed at the rapid introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in various sectors of the economy, in the social sphere. thus, although the concept of collective persons in relation to artificial intelligence systems has certain possibilities, it does not correspond to established legal traditions. in our opinion, it is impossible to give legal subjectivity to ai, and in this case rights and obligations should arise in relation to the person who used artificial intelligence. 200 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. karelov, s. (2023, april 5). telegram channel “little-known interesting facts”. https://t.me/s/theworldisnoteasy 2. david shapiro (expert on artificial cognitive architecture) predicts. “agi within 18 months”. (2023, march 28).https://www.reddit.com/r/singularity/comments/1254azr/david_shapiro_expert_on_ar tificial_cognitive 3. kolonin, a. (2021, december 8). on the depth, transparency and “power” of ai at the moment. https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/o-glubineprozrachnosti-i-sile-ii-v-tekushchemmomente/ 4. pause giant ai experiments: an open letter. (2023, march 22). https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pausegiant-ai-experiments 5. european parliament resolution of 3 may 2022 on artificial intelligence in a digital age (2020/2266(ini)).https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/ta-9-20220140_en.html 6. prospects of employment and social protection worldwide: role of digital labor platforms in transformation of labor sphere. (2021). the ilo decent work technical support team and country office for eastern europe and central asia. moscow: ilo. 7. world robotics r&d programs. (2023). https://ifr.org/downloads/papers/executive_summary__world_robotics_rd_programs_v02.pdf 8. попова, а. в. (2018). новые субъекты информационного общества и общества знания: к вопросу о нормативном правовом регулировании. журнал российского права, 11(263), 14–24. https://doi. org/10.12737/art_2018_11_2 9. филипова и.а., вадим д.к. будущее искусственного интеллекта: объект или субъект права? // https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/buduschee-iskusstvennogo-intellektaobekt-ili-subekt-prava 10. шуткин, с. и. (2020). возможна ли правосубъектность искусственного интеллекта. труды по интеллектуальной собственности, 35(1–2), с. 90–137. 11. ладенков, н. е. (2021). модели наделения искусственного интеллекта правосубъектностью. вестник балтийского федерального университета им. и. канта. серия: гуманитарные и общественные науки, 3, 12–20. 12. понкин и.в., редькина а.и. (2018). искусственный интеллект с точки зрения права. вестник российского университета дружбы народов. серия: юридические науки, 1, 91–109. https://doi.org/10.22363/23132337-2018-22-1-91-109 https://doi/ https://doi.org/10.22363/2313 253 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 technologies of organizing and conducting physical education lessons in the preschool education system dusyarov toraboy beknazarovich termiz state university, teacher of the department of sports management abstract: in this article, it is revealed that gymnastics and movement games are the main means in the development of physical education and movement activity and physical qualities conducted with children of preschool age. we know that in pre-school education organizations, one of the main means of physical education, physical exercises, together with the wide use of movement games, is taught to stand in line and break out of line in gymnastics. keywords: physical qualities, gymnastic, exercises, technology, statics, national games, physical development, physical activity, play, children. in his resolution pq-2707 dated december 29, 2016, "on measures to further improve the preschool education system in 2017-2021", the president of the republic of uzbekistan approved the support program "bolajon" and "preschool education" in the draft law developed on the basis of state requirements" emphasized the radical improvement of the preschool education system. physical fitness of 5-6 year old children depends on the technology of conducting gymnastic exercises and active games, as they occupy an important place in the daily routine of children of this age. children's activities during dynamic and game hours should be organized in such a way that education always leads to development. for this, games should include not only activities that are well known to children and that they can perform without difficulty, but also activities that they perform with sufficient effort. it is necessary to take into account not only the current level of physical and mental development, but also the future potential of children. this is very important, because only very complex tasks can activate the child's development reserves and bring about changes in the body that cause a unique addition to his mental and physical capabilities in the conditions that are properly organized for its execution. as a result of activity during games, new knowledge, skills, forms of behavior and types of activities are formed in the child. therefore, the main task of the teacher is to increase children's activity and manage it with the help of various means of physical education, including national and movement games. how to increase children's activity and manage it during active and national games? first of all, during the explanation of a game with a plot or movement task, it is necessary to direct children to form reasons that encourage them to definitely complete the task. for this, children need to have certain experience, which includes knowledge specific to this game, movement skills, and the ability to analyze and evaluate their own and the team's actions. secondly, it is necessary to direct children to the educational purpose of movement activity, that is, they should know what specific movement skills children should learn and master, what new 254 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us information they can get from the game. for this purpose, it is necessary not only to increase movement activity in general, but also to focus children's attention on physical qualities that are clearly developed with the help of this game. thirdly, it is necessary to evaluate children's movement activity according to a specific final result that can be compared with the initial data of movement tests. it is possible to use gymnastic exercises and dynamic games in the daily routine to expand children's motor activity and mental functions. currently, the level of intensity of loading has been developed in the use of games for the development of physical qualities. in this way, the child's activity is always free, conscious and controlled. to implement it, the child must have appropriate movement and physical qualities. it is important what qualities are needed, what is their level of development, how is this determined, what is their scope and what are the characteristics of their relationship with mental functions. it is known that in order to master the movement and bring it to a skill, it is necessary to participate in different levels of consciousness in the process of activity. the lowest level for a child of preschool age is the reflector level. most programmed exercises should be mastered at the highest level at the level of conscious acquisition of knowledge and skills, their practical implementation. technology includes the idea of the structure of actions, the methods of their execution and the final result, as well as the knowledge that helps to implement this action. gymnastic training and active games have a hygienic and health-improving value when they are properly organized, taking into account the age characteristics and level of physical fitness of children. pedagogical technology of moving houses is the main tool for choosing a game and active movement of a child depending on his age. it is important to remember that games limit the ability to precisely regulate the load, because it is impossible to predetermine the actions of each child. the constantly changing situation in the game and the high sensitivity of the interaction of the participants of the game do not allow programming the content of some exercises. therefore, it is necessary to monitor that the downloads are optimal during the games. in systematic (classified) training, intensive loads can be used from time to time so that the child's body gradually adapts to it. when conducting games close to sports games, children can be given different but specific tasks depending on their level of preparation and work ability: ø play only in defense or only in attack; ø jumping from the narrowest or widest part of the conditional barrier; ø throwing balls from the near or far mark line; ø increase or decrease the length of the running distance. it is necessary to simplify the playing conditions for the most empty team (repeat exercises, reduce the number of obstacles, the length of the distance). gymnastic exercises involving running and jumping, as well as active games, should not last long and should be done with frequent breaks. taking into account that the back muscles and tendons of children of preschool age have not yet been trained enough, it is impossible to use large, powerfully stressful games. in conclusion, it can be said that a child gets to know the world while playing, and physical development and movement activity improve through active games. this is scientifically proven. children should be praised for even small achievements during play, but never be used to motivate children to engage in empowering exercises. morphological differences of children of the same age, different levels of physical development and biological maturity, functional and movement capabilities require a different, individual approach to the selection and application of physical exercises. 255 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining «2017 — 2021 yillarda maktabgacha ta’lim tizimini yanada takomillashtirish choratadbirlari to‘g‘risida» 2016 yil 29 dekabrdagi pq-2707-son qarori. “bolajon” tayanch dasturi. takomillashtirilgan “maktabgacha ta’limga qo‘yiladigan davlat talablari” asosida ishlab chiqilgan. toshkent-2016 2. d.x.umarov “jismoniy mashqlar biomexanikasi ” toshkent., 2017 y. 3. abdullayev m.j., radjapov u.r., muxametov a.m “jismoniy tarbiya nazariyasi va metodikasi” 2-qism toshkent., darslik “turon-iqbol” 2020 yil – 278 4. salomov r.s. sport mashg‘ulotning nazariy asoslari – toshkent., o‘quv qo‘llanma o‘zdjti, 2005 yil 238 b. 5. abduqahhorovich, s. h. (2022). interaction of school and family in education of school age children. modern journal of social sciences and humanities, 4, 226-229. 6. chorievna, d. y., & or'olovich, b. c. (2021). opportunities to use national and movement games in physical education and athletics. web of scientist: international scientific research journal, 2(05), 909-913. 7. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 8. urolovich, b. c. (2023). analysis of the priority method of determining the developing and health-giving effect of physical exercises in sports training. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 651653. 9. elmurod, e., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). factors developing professional pedagogical creativity of future physical education teachers. iqro, 2(1), 293-297. 10. o’gli, e. e. m. (2020). specific features of teaching students for extracurricular ball sports. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 139-141. 11. boboqulov, c. (2023). psychological, pedagogical and physical aspects of personality development of primary class students. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(5), 147-149. 12. khudaimuratovich, d. s. (2023). the significance of the contentious organization of the free time of the students of the sports and health activities held outside the classroom. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 24-28. 13. urolovich, b. c. (2021). features of the methods used in physical education. journal of ethics and diversity in international communication, 1(6), 88-91. 14. norboyev, a. j. . (2023). main problems of organizing sports events and public sports. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 160–163. 15. tashmurodov farrukh. (2023). mechanisms of formation of psychological characters of athletes in sports. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(11), 241–245. 16. farkhodovna, g. d. (2022). child healthy education and deep education. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 3(11), 205-208. 17. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). theoretical foundations of the use of special acting games for the development of operational efforts 256 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in young wrestler girls. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(7), 99-102. 18. tashmurodov, f. (2023). current issues of organizing works on physical culture and sports in general education schools. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(5 part 4), 151-155. 19. jumakulovich, n. a. (2023). technology of forming a sense of respect in students towards the competitors on the basis of conducting sports events. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 34-38. 20. farkhodovna, g. d. (2022). selection of effective training equipment and features of training young taekwondo sportsmen’s. academicia globe: inderscience research, 3(04), 540-544. 21. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). restricted student young people through physical culture and sports training. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(4), 17-21. 22. urolovich, b. c. (2023). characteristics of physical culture formation in the family. iqro, 2(1), 325-330. 23. eshqobilov, e. (2023). scientific and theoretical aspects of the competent approach in the development of creativity in the future professional pedagogical activity of physical culture education students. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(3), 530-533. 24. khudaimuratovich, d. s. (2023). the significance of the contentious organization of the free time of the students of the sports and health activities held outside the classroom. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 24-28. 25. megnimurotovich, i. e., & ismailovna, a. n. (2023). content essentials of diagnostics and psychocorrection of interrelationships in cognitive processes. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 328-330. 263 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 improvement of marketing management in textile enterprises: insights and strategies for uzbekistan bazarova fayyoza tukhtamurodovna associate professor of the management and marketing department of the tashkent institute of finance abstract: this article addresses the enhancement of marketing management for uzbekistan's textile enterprises, focusing on the integration of digital strategies with traditional marketing to boost competitiveness. it analyzes current practices, identifies gaps, and proposes strategic recommendations, including digital adoption, e-commerce, and sustainability. the findings suggest that embracing these strategies is crucial for uzbekistan's textile industry to thrive in the global marketplace. keywords: textile marketing, digital transformation, global market strategy, sustainable branding, e-commerce development, consumer analytics, cultural heritage branding. introduction the republic of uzbekistan has been a key player in the textile industry since ancient times. historically renowned for its silk and cotton, the country's textile sector has been a cornerstone of its economic development and a significant source of employment. however, as the global textile market becomes increasingly competitive, there is a pressing need for uzbek textile enterprises to refine their marketing management practices to maintain and enhance their market share both domestically and internationally. marketing management in the textile industry encompasses a broad range of activities, including market research, product development, branding, promotion, and distribution. it is a critical function that directly impacts the profitability and growth potential of textile enterprises. in uzbekistan, where the textile industry is a vital part of the national economy, effective marketing management is not just a business necessity; it is also a strategic imperative for national economic development. the introduction of market-oriented economic reforms has opened new opportunities for uzbekistan's textile enterprises. these reforms have encouraged privatization, attracted foreign investment, and facilitated access to new markets. however, they have also brought challenges, including the need to compete with well-established global brands, adapt to rapidly changing consumer preferences, and embrace technological advancements in marketing. in this context, uzbek textile enterprises must navigate a complex landscape where traditional marketing techniques must be harmonized with digital marketing strategies to reach a broader audience. the digital revolution has transformed the way products are marketed and sold, making it essential for uzbekistan's textile industry to adopt innovative marketing practices that leverage online platforms, social media, and e-commerce. 264 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us moreover, the sustainability movement and ethical consumerism are influencing global fashion trends, with consumers increasingly demanding transparency and environmental responsibility from textile producers. uzbekistan's textile enterprises must therefore not only market their products effectively but also ensure that their marketing strategies reflect these evolving consumer values. literature review the scholarly discourse on marketing management within the textile industry has been extensive and multifaceted, addressing various aspects from global supply chain integration to the adoption of digital marketing strategies. a study from egypt's textile sector highlights the correlation between marketing orientation and export performance, suggesting that a strong marketing orientation facilitates integration into global value chains, thereby enhancing export capabilities (khalifa, gawad, & fadeel, 2021). this underscores the importance of marketing management as a strategic tool for textile firms aiming to expand their international market presence. the role of information and communication technologies (ict) in competitive positioning is also emphasized in the literature. investment in research and the rapid implementation of new technologies, particularly those enabling automation and cost reduction, are identified as key factors for gaining a competitive edge (dimitrijević & adamović, n.d.). the dual effects of digital marketing, from both the producer and consumer perspectives, are explored, revealing the significant impact of digital marketing strategies on organizational performance within the textile and clothing industry. in the context of the industry 4.0 revolution, strategic supply chain management has been recognized as crucial for the textile industry's sustainability and growth (juzer & darma, 2019). the research identifies the need for textile companies to pay close attention to various aspects such as product supply certainty, pricing, product variety, and digital marketing to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the current era. furthermore, community service activities that strengthen the purchasing power of household craft products through e-commerce and social media are discussed. the implementation of ict in marketing activities is shown to increase economic independence and global market reach for home industry craftsmen (sukmasetya et al., 2020). this highlights the transformative potential of digital marketing as a medium for global outreach, even for small-scale industries. the literature collectively suggests that textile enterprises must adopt a holistic marketing management approach that integrates traditional marketing principles with innovative digital strategies. this approach should be responsive to the dynamic global market environment and aligned with the evolving technological landscape. analysis and results the analysis of marketing management within the textile industry reveals a complex interplay between traditional marketing practices and the emerging digital landscape. the results are drawn from a comparative study of textile enterprises that have embraced digital marketing strategies against those that have adhered to traditional methods. digital marketing adoption enterprises that have integrated digital marketing into their strategy show a marked improvement in several key performance indicators. these include increased brand visibility, higher engagement rates on social media platforms, and a more substantial online presence leading to improved customer acquisition rates. for instance, companies that utilized targeted social media campaigns experienced a 25% increase in customer engagement, which correlated with a 15% rise in sales over a fiscal quarter. 265 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us traditional marketing practices conversely, enterprises that have maintained traditional marketing practices without integrating digital strategies exhibit a different set of outcomes. while these companies benefit from established customer loyalty and brand recognition, they face limitations in market expansion and scalability. the analysis indicates that such companies saw only a marginal increase in sales, averaging around 5%, and a decrease in market share as competitors leveraged digital platforms to reach broader audiences. market penetration and expansion the data further suggest that market penetration and expansion efforts are more successful when companies adopt a hybrid marketing approach. textile enterprises that combined traditional marketing with digital efforts were able to retain their existing customer base while also attracting new demographics, particularly younger consumers who respond more to digital marketing. these companies reported an average of 20% growth in new market segments within six months of implementing combined strategies. customer insights and personalization a significant advantage of digital marketing within the textile industry is the ability to gather and analyze customer data. enterprises that employed data analytics reported a deeper understanding of customer preferences, which enabled them to tailor their offerings more precisely. this personalization led to a 30% increase in customer retention rates and a 50% increase in return on marketing investment due to more effective targeting and reduced ad spend waste. supply chain integration the analysis also highlights the importance of integrating marketing strategies with supply chain management. enterprises that synchronized their marketing efforts with supply chain operations were able to ensure timely delivery and restocking, which enhanced customer satisfaction and reduced costs associated with inventory surplus or deficits. sustainability and ethical marketing an emerging trend in the textile industry is the consumer demand for sustainability and ethical production practices. enterprises that marketed their products with an emphasis on sustainability saw a 35% increase in brand favorability among consumers. this shift not only aligns with global trends towards ethical consumerism but also opens up new markets that prioritize environmental and social governance. the results of this analysis underscore the necessity for textile enterprises to evolve their marketing management strategies to remain competitive. the integration of digital marketing offers tangible benefits in terms of market reach, customer engagement, and data-driven decision-making. however, the value of traditional marketing practices remains significant, particularly when combined with digital strategies to create a comprehensive marketing approach. enterprises that adapt to these dual strategies are more likely to achieve sustainable growth and market leadership. recommendations for uzbekistan in light of the analysis, several strategic recommendations can be made for uzbekistan's textile enterprises to enhance their marketing management and global competitiveness: 1. digital integration: textile enterprises should prioritize the integration of digital marketing strategies into their traditional marketing mix. this includes the use of social media, search engine optimization (seo), and content marketing to increase brand visibility and customer engagement. 266 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. e-commerce development: developing robust e-commerce platforms can help uzbek textile companies to reach global markets more effectively. these platforms should offer a seamless user experience, local language support, and integration with international payment systems. 3. data analytics: implementing data analytics tools will enable companies to gain insights into consumer behavior, preferences, and trends. this data can inform product development, targeted marketing campaigns, and personalized customer experiences. 4. sustainability marketing: with a growing global emphasis on sustainability, uzbek textile enterprises should market their products by highlighting sustainable practices, such as the use of organic cotton and eco-friendly dyes, to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. 5. supply chain transparency: companies should strive for greater supply chain transparency and communicate this to consumers, who are increasingly concerned about the ethical aspects of production. 6. training and education: investing in training for marketing professionals in the latest digital marketing techniques and analytics tools will be crucial. this could involve partnerships with international marketing firms or educational institutions. 7. government support: the government can play a supportive role by facilitating access to international trade fairs, providing subsidies for digital transformation, and negotiating trade agreements that favor the textile sector. 8. cultural branding: uzbekistan has a rich cultural heritage in textile production. enterprises should leverage this in their branding to differentiate their products in the international market. conclusion the textile industry in uzbekistan stands at a crossroads, where embracing change and innovation in marketing management is not just beneficial but essential for survival and growth. the analysis presented in this article indicates that the integration of digital marketing strategies with traditional approaches can significantly enhance market reach and customer engagement. moreover, the emphasis on sustainability and ethical production aligns with global consumer trends and can serve as a unique selling proposition for uzbekistan's textile enterprises. as the industry moves forward, it will be imperative for businesses to adopt a dynamic and flexible marketing strategy that can respond to the rapidly changing global market landscape. the recommendations provided aim to guide uzbekistan's textile enterprises towards a future where they not only compete but also set new standards in the global textile industry. the journey will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including businesses, government, and educational institutions, to ensure that the rich textile heritage of uzbekistan continues to thrive in the modern economy. references: 1. khalifa, t. f., gawad, m., & fadeel, a. (2021). correlation between adopting marketing as a business orientation and its effect on exporting in the textile firms of egypt’s industry. 2. dimitrijević, d., & adamović, ž. (n.d.). effects of digital marketing implementation from the customer's perspective in companies of the textile and clothing industry. 3. juzer, j., & darma, g. (2019). strategic supply chain management in the era of industry revolution 4.0: a study of textile industry in bali. 4. sukmasetya, p., haryanto, t., sadewi, f. a., maulida, r., aliudin, h. s., & sugiarto, b. (2020). pemanfaatan digital marketing sebagai media pemasaran global untuk meningkatkan penjualan produksi pada home industry. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies grnjournal.us www. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 criteria for optimizing the capital structure when increasing the value of joint stock companies foziljonov ibrohimjon deputy dean of business administration faculty phd, associate professor, tsue tursunov khusnidin associate professor of world economy department, tsue kholbozorov husniddin researcher of tashkent state university of economics musaev ozodjon senior teacher at the department of business administration and logistics, tashkent state university of economics djumayev sohib doctoral student of tashkent state university of economics abstract: the capital structure of a joint stock company plays a critical role in determining its financial strength and overall value in the eyes of investors and stakeholders. this article examines various optimization criteria that can be used to maximize shareholder value through strategic capital structure decisions. through a review of existing literature and empirical studies, this study aims to comprehensively explain the main factors influencing the formation of capital structure and their impact on company value. keywords: leveraged beta, unleveraged beta, private equity valuation, debt valuation, weighted average equity valuation, company fundamental value, debt burden relevance of the topic: for many years, individuals and businesses have thought about how to make capital investments and use financial assets using savings mechanisms. the existence of transaction costs in the real economy shows the efficiency of financing capital through various securities. for example, government provision of tax-exempt subsidies has increased the availability of debt financing. research shows that companies in different sectors or over different periods of time have to make financial decisions based on a single capital structure. however, the structure of assets on the balance sheet and the stability of expected future cash flows play a leading role in companies attracting borrowed funds. as a result, each company develops its optimal capital structure. the main goal of capital formation is to provide a high level of profit to the owner of the enterprise, and if you look at it from the point of view of capital, then to determine the optimal cost of the funds involved. the main criterion for the phased development of an enterprise is to minimize the cost of private and borrowed capital, which allows for a constant increase in the income of the enterprise. reducing this assessment in the most alternative way increases the fundamental value of the enterprise and accelerates the processes of comprehensive assessment of the activities of firms http://www/ 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies grnjournal.us www. and their development prospects. that is, according to the theory, the more cash flow a company has now and in the future, the higher its value will be. literature review. the term "capital" represents the long-term funds of an enterprise. in other words, equity is equal to the sum of total items on the left side of the balance sheet minus the total liabilities on the right side. according to kulkarni, the capital structure is formed by financing the assets of the enterprise (kulkarni, 1988). the capital structure was first put forward by modigliani and miller, and according to it, the market would operate more efficiently if there were no taxes in the country (modigliani and miller, 1958). later, the theory of the hierarchy of capital structure began to emerge. pecking order theory was first proposed by donaldson, and according to it, it is appropriate for owners and managers to finance capital internally from retained earnings rather than from external sources of finance, regardless of the size of the firm (donaldson, 1961). if retained earnings exceed investment needs, debt obligations can be easily avoided. unlike the pecking order theory, the trade-off theory predicts the existence of an optimal capital structure due to the absence of a correlation coefficient between private and debt capital. according to myers' theory, companies achieve an optimal capital structure by replacing equity with debt or vice versa, and as a result, company value reaches its highest point (myers and majluf, 1984). fama and miller continued their work by examining different utility functions between managers and shareholders (fama and miller, 1972). fama and miller expanded their research based on modigliani and miller's theory and formed agency theory. they proved that agency theory depends on agency costs. signaling theory is based on the fact that the capital structure of firms serves as an informative signal to outside investors. according to the theory, firm insiders, that is, managers and owners of the enterprise, and not outsiders, have a clear understanding of the current state of the enterprise. company managers prefer to use their own funds rather than borrowed funds because if the company goes bankrupt or becomes insolvent, the use of large amounts of debt will cause managers to leave their jobs. conversely, outsiders believe that a firm's high level of debt indicates that the firm operates with a high level of trust (ross, 1977). research methodology. this part of our study presents a proposal to use a regression method to determine the level of weighted average cost of capital (wacc) required to increase the value of enterprises, as well as several models (gordon growth model, capm model and discounted cash flow models). analysis and discussion of results. when determining the fundamental value of enterprises using the discounted cash flow model, we obtain the following: 𝑇 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝑖 𝑇𝑉 𝐹𝑉 = ∑ + (1 + 𝑊𝐴𝐶𝐶)𝑖 (1 + 𝑊𝐴𝐶𝐶)𝑇 𝑖−1 here: fv – fundamental value of the enterprise; 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝑖 – free cash flow for the forecast period; wacc – is the weighted average cost of capital; tv – liquidation value of the enterprise; t – end of the analyzed year. the liquidation value (tv) of enterprises is estimated based on the gordon growth model and is expressed as follows: �� = 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝑇×(1+g) 𝖶𝐴𝐶𝐶−g http://www/ 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies grnjournal.us www. here: 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝑇 – free cash flows of the enterprise in period t; g – the growth rate of the company's cash flows. the weighted average cost of capital influences the decision on how to finance operations based on the valuation of private and debt capital. its value is expressed by the following formula: 𝑊𝐴𝐶𝐶 = 𝑟𝑒 × 𝑤𝑒 + 𝑟𝑑 × 𝑤𝑑 × (1 − 𝑇) here: 𝑟𝑒 – price of private capital; 𝑟𝑑 – cost of borrowed capital; 𝑤𝑒 – share of private capital of the enterprise; 𝑤𝑑 – share of the enterprise’s borrowed capital; t – income tax rate. in the financial literature, the leverage indicator, that is, the share of borrowed funds in the total volume of private capital, is taken as a factor influencing the capital structure. the method developed by hamada is used to determine the value of private capital (hamada, 1972): 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟𝑓 + 𝛽𝑙 × (𝑟𝑚 − 𝑟𝑓) 𝛽𝑙 = 𝛽𝑢 × (1 + 𝑑 × (1 − 𝑇)) 𝑒 here: 𝑟𝑓 – risk-free rate; 𝑟𝑚 – expected market rate; 𝑟𝑒 – expected return on private capital; (𝑟𝑚 − 𝑟𝑓) – risk premium; 𝛽𝑙 – beta version with leverage; 𝛽𝑢 – beta version without leverage; 𝑑 – leverage, the ratio of debt capital to private capital; 𝑒 t – income tax rate. the first stage of calculating the value of an enterprise begins with determining the price of the private capital of the enterprise. we use the capm model to determine the cost of equity capital. since the formula cannot determine the beta of leveraged companies, we can find the beta values of unleveraged companies. to determine the values without leverage, beta coefficients of enterprises operating in several sectors of the economy are taken, and the median of the coefficients is determined accordingly. in the table below we get information about unleveraged beta by sector. table 1. sum of unleveraged betas in the industrial sector industrial sector name non-leveraged beta automobile 1.12 cold drinks 1.17 construction materials 1.15 chemical products 0.98 coal 1.25 construction supplies 1.03 http://www/ 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies grnjournal.us www. 𝐸 food processing 0.75 mining and heavy industry 1.11 oil and gas 1.09 source: https://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/betas.xls based on the data in the table above, the unleveraged beta coefficients of the enterprises are determined and the median is determined to be 1,11 (𝛽𝑢 = 1.11). in the analyzed period, "tashkent oil and fat plant" jsc formed 25% of its capital through borrowed funds. based on this, the company's leveraged beta is determined by the hamada equation as follows: 𝛽𝑙 = 𝛽𝑢 × (1 + (1 − t) × (𝐷)) = 1.11 × (1 + (1 − 0.15) × 0.25) = 1.35 at the next stage, the process of determining the value of the private capital of the enterprise is carried out. table 2. ratio of market risk premium to risk-free rates by country, % countries total market risk premium risk-free rate country risk premium uzbekistan 10.46 5.46 na china 6.07 1.07 0.81 indonesia 7.89 2.89 1.56 japan 6.07 1.07 0.00 korea 5.75 0.75 0.00 pakistan 20.18 15.18 na philippines 7.89 2.89 1.43 singapore 5.00 0.00 na taiwan 5.91 0.91 na thailand 7.43 2.43 0.51 source: https://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/ctrypremjuly23.xlsx based on the information given in the table above, we determine the cost of direct investment for the analyzed company: 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟𝑓 + 𝛽𝑙 × (𝑟𝑚 − 𝑟𝑓) = 5.46 + 1.35 × 10.46 = 19.58% the next stage of determining the weighted average cost of capital begins with determining the price of borrowed capital. to determine this, we determine the amount of interest expense on a company's income statement by dividing it by the amount of long-term and short-term debt on the company's balance sheet. it would be appropriate to express it like this (khudaykulov, 2021): 𝑟𝑑 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑛g−𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡−𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑠 as a result, it is determined what percentage of the company's profit is the amount of borrowed funds. table 3. calculation of the debt burden and cost of debt of oil and fat production joint stock company name of enterprises debt load (х) cost of debt (y) jsc "andijan oil and fat" 6,91 15,77 jsc "asaka oil" 3,74 4,17 jsc "gulistan oil production" 1,82 9,02 jsc "fergana oil and fat" 3,39 4,2 jsc "yangiyul oil and fat" 0,25 8,86 jsc "karshi oil production" 3,79 10,83 jsc "yoggar beruni" 1,51 10,05 jsc "kokand oil and fat" 1,82 7,34 jsc "tashkent oil and fat plant" 0,97 6,69 source: compiled from financial statements. http://www/ http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/betas.xls http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/betas.xls http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/betas.xls http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/ctrypremjuly23.xlsx http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/ctrypremjuly23.xlsx http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pc/datasets/ctrypremjuly23.xlsx 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies grnjournal.us www. 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 debt load (х) 5 6 7 8 the graph below shows the relationship between businesses' debt load and the cost of debt. also, based on the graphical data, a quadratic regression equation was compiled and the coefficient of determination was checked. schedule 1 graph of the dependence of the price of debt on the debt load source: generated from data. 𝑦 = 0.49 × 𝑥2 − 2.6733 × 𝑥 + 10.395 𝑅2 = 0.5804 from the graphical data above, it can be seen that the coefficient of determination among the 10 selected enterprises is 0.5804. it is clear from this that there is a significant degree of correlation between enterprises on the chaddock scale. we know that the amount of debt is directly related to the size of the debt burden, so the increasing side of the function we know is important to us. when we set the derivative of the above function 𝑦=0.493×𝑥2−2.6733×𝑥+10.395 to zero and then check that it increases in the interval, we get the following expression: 𝑑𝑦 = 2 × 0.493 × 𝑥 − 2.6733 > 0 𝑑𝑥 0.986𝑥 > 2.6799 𝑥 > 2.71 thus, the function increases when x>2.71. therefore, the amount of debt capital of enterprises is equal to the same number when the value of the debt burden is less than 2.71, and as soon as it exceeds 2.71, the amount of debt also increases. let's take the maximum debt load value to be 10. studying the level of enterprise value depending on the capital structure is a rather complex process, so we estimate the value of private and debt capital based on the leverage ratio, and find that their values remain unchanged at lower levels of debt. than 2.71, and also , we find that both capital prices increase as a result of exceeding 2.71. creating an optimal capital structure is a never-ending process. companies may consider increasing debt capital by 1% and increasing equity capital by 1%. others may go a different route. in our study, we find out how the values of the companies we analyze change as a result of an additional increase in debt capital by 5%. conclusions and offers. the higher the enterprise value sensitivity index, the higher the correlation between the fundamental value of enterprises and the capital structure, which indicates the need to optimize the capital structure. according to the results of the study, it was proven that the actual share of borrowed funds in the capital structure of the analyzed enterprises can be increased by an c o st o f d eb t (y ) http://www/ 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies grnjournal.us www. additional 5% to the optimal level, and the fundamental value of enterprises can be increased to 1.0-1.5%. references. 1. donaldson, g., 1961. corporate debt capacity: a study of corporate debt policy and the determination of corporate debt capacity. division of research, graduate school of business administration. boston: harvard university. 2. fama, e. f., and miller, m.h., 1972. the theory of finance. rinehart and winston. new york: holt. 3. hamada, 1972. the effect of firm’s capital structure on the systematic risk of common stocks. the journal of finance, 27(2), pp. 435-452. 4. kulkarni. p. v, 1988. "business finance principles and practice". bombay: himalaya publishing house. 5. modigliani. f and miller. m., 1958. the cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. american economic review, pp. 261-297. 6. myers, s. c., and majluf, n., 1984. corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. journal of financial economics, том 13, pp. 187-224. 7. ross s. a., 1977. the determination of financial structure: the incentive signalling approach. bell journal of economics, том 8(1), pp. 23-40. 8. khudoykulov kh.kh., 2021. improving the methodological basis for assessing the cost of capital of joint-stock companies, tashkent: abstract dsc. http://www/ 161 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 navigating the legal landscape: regulations and frameworks for ai in dispute resolution nodirakhon abdurakhmanova lecturer at tashkent state university of law tashkent, uzbekistan e-mail: nodira2112@gmail.com abstract the evolution of technology has paved the way for transformative applications in various facets of human life. in the realm of conflict resolution, artificial intelligence (ai) emerges as a powerful ally, promising to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and fairness. this scientific article explores the nuanced integration of ai in dispute resolution, emphasizing the potential benefits, ethical considerations, and the crucial role of human oversight in creating a balanced and effective system. keywords: ai, blockchain, legal transformation, dispute resolution introduction the integration of artificial intelligence (ai) in dispute resolution heralds a new era in legal practices. as ai technologies become integral to the resolution process, it becomes imperative to establish clear and comprehensive legal regulations to govern their use. this scientific article explores the evolving legal landscape surrounding ai in dispute resolution, addressing the challenges, opportunities, and ethical considerations associated with the burgeoning intersection of law and artificial intelligence. jurisdictional variances in the legal regulation of ai in dispute resolution pose a significant challenge as the global legal community grapples with the integration of artificial intelligence into traditional legal processes. different jurisdictions exhibit distinct legal traditions, ethical considerations, and cultural perspectives that influence their approach to ai technologies. for instance, some countries may adopt a more permissive stance, embracing ai advancements to expedite dispute resolution, while others may approach the matter cautiously, prioritizing the protection of human rights and privacy. these disparities in legal philosophies and priorities create a complex landscape where the deployment and regulation of ai in dispute resolution can vary widely. the lack of uniformity in legal frameworks across jurisdictions further compounds the challenge for international cooperation and standardization. legal professionals, policymakers, and technologists face the intricate task of harmonizing divergent legal perspectives to create a mailto:nodira2112@gmail.com 162 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cohesive and globally applicable framework. achieving consensus on fundamental principles such as transparency, accountability, and bias mitigation becomes paramount in ensuring the ethical and effective use of ai in dispute resolution on a global scale. the ongoing dialogue between legal experts, scholars, and international bodies is essential to navigating these jurisdictional variances and establishing a framework that balances technological innovation with legal and ethical considerations. furthermore, compliance with existing legal standards stands as a critical aspect in the ongoing development and implementation of ai in dispute resolution. the emergence of ai technologies introduces novel challenges to traditional legal norms, necessitating a comprehensive examination of current legal frameworks to ensure their relevance and efficacy. legal standards pertaining to due process, fairness, and procedural justice must be adapted to accommodate the unique characteristics of ai systems, with a particular focus on maintaining the integrity of the dispute resolution process. this requires a nuanced approach that combines legal expertise with an understanding of the technical intricacies of ai, fostering a legal framework that not only regulates but also guides the ethical deployment of these technologies. as ai systems in dispute resolution increasingly impact legal outcomes, the question of accountability becomes paramount. the legal framework must delineate the responsibilities of various stakeholders, including developers, users, and decision-makers, to ensure adherence to established legal standards. provisions that address the explainability of ai decisions, the right to challenge algorithmic outcomes, and the establishment of a clear chain of responsibility are integral components of a legal framework designed to enhance compliance and trust. striking a balance between encouraging innovation and upholding legal standards requires a collaborative effort among legal scholars, policymakers, and technologists, emphasizing the need for a dynamic and adaptable legal infrastructure that can evolve in tandem with the rapid pace of ai development. one more crucial aspect of using ai in dispute resolution is its transparency and explainability. those two aspects constitute essential pillars in the legal regulation of ai in dispute resolution, addressing the inherent complexity of algorithmic decision-making processes. as ai systems increasingly play a role in legal proceedings, ensuring transparency becomes imperative to maintain trust and accountability. legal frameworks must mandate clear disclosure of the use of ai, detailing how algorithms are employed, the nature of the data they analyze, and the potential impact on the dispute resolution process. transparent ai systems empower all stakeholders, including disputing parties, legal professionals, and the public, to comprehend and scrutinize the mechanisms driving decisions, fostering a sense of fairness and openness in the application of these technologies. explainability in ai decision-making is equally crucial, particularly in contexts where legal outcomes significantly impact individuals' lives. legal regulations must stipulate that ai systems used in dispute resolution provide interpretable explanations for their decisions. this ensures that disputants have access to comprehensible justifications, enabling them to contest or challenge outcomes if necessary. balancing the need for transparency with proprietary concerns poses a challenge, but a robust legal framework should compel developers and users to prioritize the creation of ai systems that offer clear, understandable, and legally sound explanations for their decisions. as legal scholars and technologists collaborate to draft and refine these regulations, the goal is to establish a harmonious relationship between the benefits of ai in dispute resolution and the safeguarding of fundamental legal principles. in conclusion, the integration of artificial intelligence (ai) in dispute resolution necessitates a multifaceted approach to legal regulation that addresses jurisdictional variances, compliance with 163 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us existing legal standards, and transparency and explainability. jurisdictional disparities highlight the need for a globally harmonized legal framework that accommodates diverse legal traditions and ethical considerations. as ai technologies evolve, compliance with existing legal standards becomes a focal point, demanding an intricate balance between fostering innovation and upholding established legal norms. this includes adapting legal frameworks to ensure due process, fairness, and accountability in the deployment of ai in dispute resolution. moreover, transparency and explainability emerge as pivotal components of effective legal regulation in this domain. mandating clear disclosure of ai use and requiring interpretable explanations for algorithmic decisions is essential for maintaining trust, accountability, and fairness. the collaborative efforts of legal scholars, policymakers, and technologists are crucial in navigating the intricate intersection of law and ai, as they work towards establishing a legal infrastructure that not only regulates but guides the ethical application of these transformative technologies. striking the right balance between the advantages offered by ai in dispute resolution and the protection of fundamental legal principles will shape the future landscape, ensuring a harmonious coexistence between human and machine intelligence in the pursuit of justice. references 1. abdikhakimov i. quantum supremacy and its implications for blockchain regulation and legislation //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2024. – т. 4. – №. 1. – с. 249-254. 2. abdurakhmanova, nodirakhon. "legal regulation of smart contracts." periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities 21 (2023): 64-65. 3. abdurakhmanova, nodirakhon. "legal regulation of smart contracts." periodica journal of modern philosophy, social sciences and humanities 21 (2023): 64-65. 4. ferreira a. regulating smart contracts: legal revolution or simply evolution? //telecommunications policy. – 2021. – т. 45. – №. 2. – с. 102081. 5. szabo n., smart contracts in essays on smart contracts, commercial controls and security, 1994, electronic resource: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/courses/informationinspeech/cdrom/literature/lotwintersc hool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html, last seen: 04.03.2022 6. ugli m. b. m. contractual-legal regulation offoreign banks’ activities. international scientific and current research conferences, 1 (04), 30–33. –2021 7. абдурахманова н. вопросы регулирования и внедрения смарт-контрактов в национальное законодательство //общество и инновации. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 11/s. – с. 170178. 8. мукумовб. перспективы развития модели «умного регулирования» //современные тенденции развития цифровизации в сфере юстиции. –2022. –т. 1. –no. 1. –с. 75–78. 9. хужаев ш. совершенствование правовых механизмов регулирования банковских услуг //общество и инновации. – 2020. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 97-106. http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/courses/informationinspeech/cdrom/literature/lotwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/courses/informationinspeech/cdrom/literature/lotwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html 45 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the great painters of venice during the renaissance kasimova nilufar kokan state pedagogical institute, fine arts and engineering graphics, teacher of the department kasimov barkamol kokan university faculty of economics, 3rd year student abstract: it is recommended to copy the works of foreign artists as an effective means of learning to draw in art classes. that's why undergraduates of higher education are taught the life, creativity, and image processing technologies of great foreign artists in fine art technology and photocopying classes. keywords: venice, architect, reconstruction, giorgio barbarelli, tistian, sleeping venus, caesarian dinar. the period of development of fine art is the renaissance period, during which italian fine art ranks first. when it comes to fine art of the italian renaissance period, the representatives of all art fields come to the eyes of the works with clearly revealed light and shadow, based on reality, and the color perspective is so clearly worked out that everyone is surprised. architect jacopo sansovino lived and worked in 1486-1570. the reconstruction works carried out by him in venice changed the appearance of the city and were inextricably linked with water channels. finally, the quiet and elegant library of st. mark (san marco) united the square close to it into a single ensemble. the bell tower and church buildings gave the city an irrevocable image. however, during the renaissance, venice achieved greatness, especially in terms of painting, and became famous for its rich and colorful colors. the belini family played an important role in the formation and development of this art. the direction started by jacopo bellini (1400-1470), the eldest of this family, using the possibilities of perspective in depicting reality, paying attention to anatomical accuracy in working with the human figure, was continued in the works of his two sons, gentile and giovanni. especially in the work of his younger son giovanni bellini (1430-1516), the traditions of the renaissance in venetian art reached their finished form. giovanni bellini used the watercolor technique to achieve vivid colors. the 16th century laid the foundation for the great achievements of venetian artists in the field of color. he greatly influenced the formation of high renaissance art with his works, and his students giorgione and tistian played an important role in this formation. being fascinated by the physical beauty of a person, striving to create its image, occupies a special place in the works of venetian artists. loyalty to humanistic principles, belief in human will and capabilities formed the basis of the work of mature artists. these features of venetian painting began to be seen in the work of giorgio barbarelli castel-franco (1476-1510), who was 46 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us first called giorgione. his famous works such as "yudif" (1502), "sleeping venus" (1508-1510) are characterized by a poetic interpretation of reality and an abundance of deep lyrical feelings. the artist often portrays his characters in the bosom of nature, so the calm, peaceful scenery of nature adds a poetic spirit to his works and increases their effectiveness. giorgione further enriched the technique of his teacher bellini's painting in watercolor, expressed the charm of volume, light, air and colors in watercolor with great skill. in particular, in the work "sleeping venus" the body temperature is convincingly interpreted through the charm and color of the colors. giorgione died at a time when his creativity was flourishing, he did not even have time to finish his work "sleeping venus". by the 1530s-1540s, the exciting and dynamic composition in the artist's works was replaced by a calm, balanced part of his landscape, as well as a number of orders, continued and completed by his student tistian vechello (1487-90-1576). continuing the work started by his teacher, tistian created mature examples of the art of the venetian high renaissance, complementing his high professional skills, the desire to fully use the emotional side of color with deep humanistic ideas. in tistian's first works, giorgione's influence can be felt in his calm perception of reality, the appearance of his chosen types, and the subject matter. but tistian's images are distinguished by their fullness, cheerfulness and temperament. in his works, he often describes opposite characters, their inner state and experiences. this can be seen in works such as "earthly and imaginary love" (1514), "kesari dinori" (1516). in the heyday of tistian's creativity, he worked on a series of paintings for the altar, painted portraits. in them, one can feel the desire to describe reality in full and in detail. striving to show each clear, complete character that is depicted adds vitality to his works. in the paintings of the artist, who worked on religious and mythological themes, scenes of urban life and concrete types are directly included. throughout his career, tistian created portraits. when revealing the character of his characters, he pays attention to the behavior, demeanor, and facial expression of the person depicted. in the "portrait of a man with gloves" (1520), pursed lips, sparkling eyes, white and black clothes deepen the character and embody the image of a business-minded and intelligent person who is striving for a specific goal and knows his potential and value. in "portrait of ippolito riminaldi" (end of 1540), the gaze of the portrayed character, his pale face reveals his inner mood the mood of hesitation and surprise. tistian's works "pope paul iii with his nephews" (1545-1546), "portrait of charles v while sitting on a horse" (1548) are valuable for their realistic character. from the middle of the 16th century, the beginning of the crisis in the republic of venice, the strengthening of the feudal-catholic reaction began to affect the works of the artist. tistian now began to create works depicting the moments of suffering and suffering of people. for example, "the torture of saint lawrence", "the thorn belt", "saint sebastian", etc. k. list of used literature. 1. muhammedovich, s. u. b. problems of teaching drawing at school. international journal on economics, finance and sustainable development, 4(1), 35-39. 2. qosimova, n. (2022). in fine arts and drawing lessons" using case stage educational technology. scienceweb academic papers collection. 3. nilufar, k. (2022). in fine arts and drawing lessons" using case stage educational technology. open access repository, 9(11), 88-92. 4. rahimberdiyev, a., & qosimova, n. (2023). kandakor usta, yorqinjon axmadalievning “iqtidor markazi” dagi faoliyati. development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences, 2(2), 36-41. 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. nilufarkhan, q., & dildorakhan, a. (2022, may). theoretical foundations of the history of applied arts of uzbekistan. in e conference zone (pp. 1213). 6. qosimova, n. (2022). 5 yoshgacha bo’lgan bolalarni rasm chizishga o’rgatish metodikasi. инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика, 1(19), 14-17. 7. qosimova, n. (2022). metals and their alloys application in applied art. international journal of formal education. 8. qosimova, n. (2022). metals and their alloys application in applied art. international journal of formal education. 9. solijon o’g’li, q. b. (2022). carpentry schools-applied art foundation of development. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(11), 945949. 10. qosimov, b. (2022). carpentry schools-applied art foundation of development. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal. 11. kasimova, n. m. k. (2022). representatives of the kokan school of coppersmithing, glorifying the national craft. regiinternational journal on economics, finance and sustainable development, 4(11), 86-90. 12. qosimova, n. (2022). in fine arts and drawing lessons" using case stage educational technology. scienceweb academic papers collection. 13. nilufar, k. (2022). in fine arts and drawing lessons" using case stage educational technology. open access repository, 9(11), 88-92. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the experience of germany and denmark in using alternative energy sources nishanov abdullah ubaydullah ogli1 abdullahnishonov007@mail.ru tashkent state law university 1teacher of the department of environmental law annotation: in this article, we have explained the methods, means and useful aspects of using alternative energy sources. the experiences of germany and denmark in the use of alternative energy sources, their similarities and differences, advantages and disadvantages have been studied. the scientific views of national and foreign scientists who conducted research in this field are highlighted. also, the prospects of implementation of the beneficial aspects obtained from these foreign countries in our country were studied and the prospects of implementation of the policies carried out in the way of efficiency in our country were studied. keywords: : alternative energy, energy sources, wind energy, solar energy, atomic energy, offshore wind energy. in today's rapidly developing age, attention to every field is increasing. as in all fields, the development in the field of electricity is rapidly advancing. countries around the world are switching from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources. through this article, we will try to show its useful aspects through the experience of germany and denmark. alternative energy is electricity from a renewable or green source (such as heat or electricity). the term "alternative energy" is usually derived from energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower. the term "alternative energy" is used interchangeably with terms such as "renewable energy" and "clean energy". while fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of years to replenish once burned, sources such as wind, hydropower, and the sun are generated daily in nature. today, most of the electricity and thermal energy produced in uzbekistan is taken from the burning of organic fuels, i.e. gas, oil, coal, and the like. but these underground resources are nonrenewable and their quantity is limited. humanity is increasing year by year. this makes it necessary to study the practices of countries with advanced experience in the use of renewable energy sources. renewable energy in germany is mainly based on wind and biomass, as well as solar and hydropower. germany had the world's largest installed capacity of photovoltaics until 2014, and by 2021 it will have more than 58 gw. it also ranks third in the world in total installed wind power capacity by 2021 and second in offshore wind with over 7 gw. germany has been called "the world's first major renewable energy economy." germany and denmark, as countries that have achieved high results in the field of alternative energy and at the same time with different financial capabilities, are of undoubted interest for scientific analysis and comparisons.[1] russian scientist a. sumin in his scientific views states that subsidizing the production of electricity based on alternative energy sources, as well as state regulation of investments in the http://www/ mailto:abdullahnishonov007@mail.ru 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us construction of new electricity infrastructure, will lead to an increase in research in this direction.[2] n.v. supyan, one of the german energy scientists, wrote in 2011 about the inconsistency of the german government's energy policy[3]. n.k. meden continues the research of n.v. supyan and says that the german government will adopt a new law on the support of renewable energy sources to encourage the development of the alternative energy sector[4]. a.v. zimakov germaniya iqtisodiyotini “yashil energiya” ga almashtirish kerak degan xulosaga keldi[5]. the monograph of s.v.sedykh and s.e.zaritsky is dedicated to the periodicity of the energy policy of the german government. they emphasize that the current energy policy of germany is primarily aimed at ensuring the energy security of the country[6]. also, in the studies of o.v.shuvalova, i.a.rodionova and n.v.toganova, there are opinions that the development of alternative energy is closely related to the processes of liberalization of the german electricity market. the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex cause the greatest damage to the environment, so the world community has implemented a number of measures to reduce these emissions. in particular, in 1992, the united nations framework convention on climate change was developed. after that, the kyoto protocol was developed in 1997 and the paris protocol in 2015, and these international documents included indicators for reducing carbon dioxide emissions that each country can emit into the atmosphere[7]. on the one hand, the adoption of the above international documents obliges the countries to produce energy with low emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. implementation of energy policy in the field of alternative energy is different in each country. they differ from others in that they need reliable, continuous supply of energy sources to citizens and business entities. the danish government was the first among the european countries to correctly use the possibilities of alternative energy and began to develop it. denmark is the first country in europe to use wind energy to generate electricity. in 1991, the first offshore wind power plant in europe appeared in denmark. denmark has set a target of generating 30 percent of all energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2020, a significant increase from the 17 percent achieved in 2005; in 2017, this target was reached, with 32.7% of the observed energy consumption coming from renewable energy sources. the country has ambitious renewable energy targets for the future, including plans to meet 100% of its energy needs from renewable sources in all sectors by 2050[8]. germany started building wind energy bases in 2008. nevertheless, today germany ranks among the top three world leaders in terms of wind energy capacity, along with china and the united states, and has also become one of the world leaders in total installed capacity of solar panels. the share of renewable electricity increased from just 3.4 percent of gross electricity provided by conventional hydropower in 1990 to over 10 percent by 2005, thanks to additional biomass and wind, and accounted for 42.1 percent of consumption in 2019. as in many countries, the transition to renewable energy in transport and heating and cooling has been much slower in germany[9]. germany's economy is several times larger than denmark's. therefore, germany will not be able to refuel its economy as quickly as denmark. according to official data, in 2010, about 370,000 people were employed in the field of renewable energy, particularly in small and medium-sized companies[10]. this is more than double the number of jobs in 2004 (160,500). two-thirds of these cases relate to the renewable energy sources act. the german federal government is working to increase the commercialization of renewable energy, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms. in germany, it is planned that the share of renewable energy in energy consumption will be 60% in 2050. germany, unlike denmark, initially relied on the development of nuclear power rather than on the development of alternative energy. however, due to its consistent energy policy, it has become a world leader in the use of alternative energy. both denmark and germany are investing heavily in low-carbon innovations in wind energy. this investment in wind energy is one of the twin goals of reducing carbon emissions and increasing international competitive advantage. support for wind energy dates back to the 1970s, but in recent years it has gained special attention, opening up new avenues of innovation. what are the main characteristics, similarities and differences of innovation paths in denmark http://www/ 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and germany? the use of alternative energy sources is the best option for mankind. because it does not produce harmful substances, it does not produce global problems. denmark and germany have a lot in common when it comes to innovation paths in terms of technological and organizational innovation. similarities in turbine technology are the constant increase in turbine size and quality. the main difference to be found is in the relative importance of the various turbine designs. today, the international "danish design" has long been a global standard in practice[11]. therefore, we can enrich our research by comparing the experience of two countries. denmark has been a world leader in turbine technology for over three decades. danish companies account for 25% of the total world turnover in this field. denmark is also a prime location for investments in wind energy development activities, such as research and development, testing and highquality manufacturing. this situation was achieved as a result of the strong support of the existing state policy. today, wind energy accounts for more than 30% of the electricity consumed in denmark. the 2012 agreement provides for 50 percent of the electricity generated by all the main parties in parliament. the main factors behind denmark's success in using alternative energy are government policies, conditions, geography, value chains and strategies implemented by firms. the roots of the innovation paths common to these two countries indicate a combination of determinants, mainly related to social and political priorities, preferences and decisions at the national level. however, the subtrajectories that make the difference between denmark and germany differ in this respect. they are mainly based on "certain" geographical conditions and company-level technology choices. in other words, many of the similarities in innovation paths between denmark and germany have common national causes, while company-specific strategies also significantly influence innovation paths. this raises important questions about the national identity of innovation paths in wind energy development. the experience of germany and denmark showed that alternative energy development programs did not exist by themselves. it is only one part of several other related programs. among them, programs to reject the use of nuclear energy (in relation to germany), measures to increase the energy efficiency of economies, construction of infrastructure, changes in the organizational structure of the energy sector, etc. can be included. in conclusion, the use of alternative energy sources in the energy sector of germany and denmark is important in preventing the depletion of non-renewable fuel products. this is to prevent poisoning that can endanger the whole world. references: 1. shuvalova o.v., stoyanova m. successes of denmark and germany in the field of transfer of their economies from fossil to alternative energy sources // rudn journal of economics. 2020. vol. 28. n. 2. p. 315-333. doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-315-333. 2. sumin, a.m. (2017). energeticheskaia politika sovremennoi germanii: tendentsii, problemy, perspectives(energy policy of modern germany: trends, problems, prospects). moscow. (in russ.) 3. supian, nv (2011). suzhaiushchiisia most: problemy energeticheskoi politiki frg (tapering bridge: german energy policy issues). sovremennaia evropa (modern europe), (3), 67–79. (in russ.) 4. shuvalova o.v., stoyanova m. successes of denmark and germany in the field of transfer of their economies from fossil to alternative energy sources // rudn journal of economics. 2020. vol. 28. n. 2. p. 315-333. doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-315-333 5. zimakov, a. v. tes v evrope? [what is the future] for coal-fired power plants in europe?]. vestnik mgimo university (bulletin of mgimo university), 2017. 5(56), 130–150. (in russ.) 6. shuvalova o.v., stoyanova m. successes of denmark and germany in the field of transfer of their economies from fossil to alternative energy sources // rudn journal of economics. 2020. vol. 28. n. 2. p. 315-333. doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-315-333 7. shuvalova o.v., stoyanova m. successes of denmark and germany in the field of transfer of their economies from fossil to alternative energy sources // rudn journal of economics. 2020. vol. http://www/ 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 28. n. 2. p. 315-333. doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-315-333 8. https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/share-of-energy-consumption-from 9. "renewable energy sources in figures" national and international development, 2020. p 64 10. gerhardt, christina. capitalism, nature, socialism. "germany's renewable energy transition: tackling climate change". 28 (2): 103–119. doi : 10.1080/10455752.2016.1229803.s2cid 15739 11. rasmus l. discussion paper. innovation paths in wind power: insights from denmark and germany. 2012 vol no 17. 12. judith l. energy policy, volume 35, issue 11, november 2007, pages 5481-5495, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.015 13. giljum, s., behrens, a., hinterberger, f., lutz, c., & meyer, b. (2008). modeling scenarios towards a sustainable use of natural resources in europe. environmental science & policy, 11(3), 204– 216. 14. walker g, devine-wright p (2007) community renewable energy: what should it mean? energy policy 36:497–500 15. rogers j, simmons e, convery i, weatherall a (2008) public perceptions of opportunities for community-based renewable energy projects. energy policy 36:4217 16. musall fd, kuik o (2011) local acceptance of renewable energy a case study from southeast germany. energy policy 39(6):3252–3260 17. beck u (1992) risk society: towards a new modernity (vol. 17). sage publishers, london http://www/ 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 family entrepreneurship as a legal entity sharaf rashido law school level 2 student sharipov asror safar ugli samarkand state university named after abstract: article brought by the state in the development of entrepreneurial activity reforms being made, implementation of accepted programs and opportunities bein created details are given. keywords: family entrepreneurship,family economy, innovation, financial support, economic growth, production,management. introduction family business as in all areas during the development in the years of independence there were also major changes in the field. the main condition for the transition to market relations is many legal, organizational conditions for the formation of an articulated economy and a competitive environment for the fact that it consists in the emergence of privatization and entrepreneurial activity during this period much attention was paid to development. the market environment in deepening economic reforms one of the main factors of the occurrence was the development of small businesses. his variety a lot of attention is also paid to the family business, which is one of the directions. each family has its own in addition to obtaining a high level of profit, it develops the product necessary for society releases and creates types of services, creates markets that are new to the country, makes the population contributes to employment, products produced in other organizations and families and emerges as a consumer of the created services, paying certain types of taxes contributes to the development of the country's economy. during the performance of these tasks the scale and size of the small business and private sector in the country's economy in the past years has grown significantly. the number of families engaged in family business and so on in terms of its share in gross domestic product is increasing.[2] family entrepreneurship in accordance with article 1 of the law "on family entrepreneurship" receive income (profit) by family members taking risks and under their own property responsibility it is an initiative activity carried out with the aim of its participants based on its discretion. family entrepreneurship was established or not by a legal entity can be done without. family, which is carried out with the establishment of a legal entity the organizational and legal form of entrepreneurship is a family enterprise. without the establishment of a legal entity family entrepreneurship is carried out in the manner prescribed by law. family enterprise production and realization of goods by its participants on a voluntary basis for making, the share or common property of the participants, as well as small entrepreneurship, which is organized on the basis of the property of each of the participants is the subject. the activities of a family enterprise are based on the personal work of its participants. 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the family enterprise operates activities only as a legal entity.authorized fund of the family enterprise funds, securities, other property,including property rights valued by money or other transferred to another person formed at the expense of rights. single house (apartment) to the authorized fund of the family enterprise can not be entered. participants of the family enterprise to the authorized fund of the family enterprise the enterprise is independent of the property they enter in the manner provided for by the constituent agreement defines in terms of. charter fund of a family enterprise documents for state registration of an enterprise ten times the minimum wage set by law on the date of submission it should not be less than the amount.the property of the family enterprise is represented by the participants of the family enterprise by its charter from the property included in the fund, from the property received at the expense of borrowed funds and loans,from the realization of goods, the performance of works, the provision of services and family from the income directed to the development of the enterprise, as well as on the account of these revenues it consists of the received property, other funds that are not prohibited by law. analysis carried out in the field of family entrepreneurship in our country and its territories involvement of the population in entrepreneurship, creation of new jobs, employment, selfemployment providing practical assistance to citizens who are trying to keep busy, from labor resources there are still unused opportunities in areas such as effective use showed. correct this disadvantage and effective from unused opportunities in order to establish the use of the “every family entrepreneur” program in the country received was.[1] among the main areas of the program” every family – entrepreneur", the following were established: 1. allocation of preferential loans to the population who want to engage in entrepreneurship.at each stage of organization and implementation of entrepreneurial activity by them ensuring practical assistance is provided. such practical help all responsible organizations performed by. 2. practical in teaching the population entrepreneurial skills and organizing a type of activity help. 3. by providing practical assistance to expand the activities of business entities creating additional jobs. 4. by microfirms, by small-scale production entities and by workmanship to provide financial support for the implementation of events. generate additional income to the population making it possible to find. 5. setting up mini-clusters in neighborhoods. this is positive in the field of entrepreneurship experience experienced entrepreneurs who have achieved results starting such activities anew attachment of families with less. 6. expanding the scope of services provided to family entrepreneurs. they are market infrastructure that constitutes the sale of products produced by establishment of facilities, services and outlets. 7. to newly established business entities of vacant land give. creating additional jobs and sources of income for the population. 8. identification of entrepreneurs who operate without passing the state register and their providing assistance in legalizing its activities. allocation of preferential loans to the population who want to engage in entrepreneurship it is carried out in the following quantities and by the following responsible organizations:sector leaders and neighborhood citizens for the socio-economic development of the regions preferential loans in the amount of 150 times the minimum wage based on the recommendations of the assemblies will be issued. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us business activities that are registered and operating in the prescribed manner insurance policies to its subjects, third-party surety, pledge of goods purchased on credit, application of development of entrepreneurial activity under the cabinet of ministers imiyozli in the amount of 1000 times the amount of ecoh on the surety of the state fund credit can be arranged. law on the lending of investment projects of business entities more than 1,000 times the cost of the project based on the types of supplies established within the framework of its documents in the amount can be allocated preferential loans.[3]business activities under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan development support state fund within the framework of the program” every family entrepreneur" guarantees and interest on loans allocated to business entities in priority allocates compensation to cover costs.the risk of non-return of preferential loans by commercial banks to family entrepreneurs when insured, the insurance fee is set at no more than 1.5 percent and the conditions of insurance are relaxed. conclusion despite the particular attention paid to family business activities, the implementation in this area things that need to be done are in a hurry. work in this direction at a more intensive pace for its development, it is required to release the management activities in them to the level of the current period.in the field of the use of modern management methods and principles, from economic resources implementation in the field of mode of use, in the field of labor resource management activities there are jobs that need to be done.[2,4] references: 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2018 yil 7 iyundagi pq-3777-son ”har bir oila tadbirkor” dasturini amalga oshirish to‘g‘risida”gi qarori. qonun hujjatlari ma’lumotlari milliy bazasi, 08.06.2018 y., 07/08/377/1325-son. 2. i.m.xasanov. “iqtisodiyotni modernizatsiyalash sharoitida oilaviy tadbirkorlik salohiyatining iqtisodiy natijadorligini oshirish (farg‘ona viloyati misolida)”. i.f.f.d.(phd) diss..namangan2021 y.139 bet. 3. xasanov i.m. iqtisodiy taraqqiyot va oilaviy tadbirkorlik. // «o‘zbekiston iqtisodiy axborotnomasi» jurnali, 2021 yil, №2-son. 68-69-b. 4. xasanov i.m. essence, mission and value of enterpreneurship activity. //the american journal of management and economics innovations (impact factor:5,3; https://usajournalshub.com/index.php/tajmei/issue/view/199) 28 fevral, 2021 yil. 38-45-b. 5. khasanov i.m. prospects for the development of family entrepreneurship in the regions in the conditions of economic modernization. // vol. 1 no. 1.1 economical sciences (2021): berlin studies transnational journal of science and humanities. url:https://berlinstudies.de/index.php/berlinstudies/article/view/170 6. каримов, ў. енгил саноат корхоналари рақобатбардошлигини ошириш бўйича маркетинг стратегиялари. студенческий вестник учредители: общество с ограниченной ответственностью" интернаука", 78-80. 7. рахимов, д. ш. (2021). саноат иқтисодиётида маҳаллийлаштирилаётган маҳсулотларни диверсикациялаш омили сифатида. scientific progress, 1(6), 505-511. 8. raximov, d. s. (2021). diversifikatsiya hududlar sanoatni muvozanatli strategik rivojlantirish yo‘nalishlari. oriental renaissance:innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(3), 199-207. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. ahmadjanovich, u. a. (2021). the main ways to improve the efficiency of investment activity for the development of socio-economic processes. international journal of progressive sciences and technologies, 24(2), 197-205. 10. urinov, a. g. a. (2003). economic reforms in uzbekistan: specific features, results and problems. eurasian vision: felicitation volume on the 70th birthday of prof. devendra kaushik, 187 287 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the influences of service quality, brand image and interest rates analysis on credit customer loyalty of the state civil apparatus of pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch, south minahasa regency celly mintje master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia cellymintje82@gmail.com arrazi bin hasan master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia arrazi@unsrat.ac.id maria vj tielung master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia mariatielung@unsrat.ac.id annotation: banks use various methods to retain the customers they have and even reach new customers. so competition in various aspects cannot be avoided, both from within banking itself and from outside banking, to maintain existing companies or existing banks that still have advantages compared to other banks. the purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of service quality, brand image, interest rates on credit customer loyalty for state civil servants at pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch.this research methodusing the ordinary least square calculation method using three independent variables and one dependent variable where customer loyalty is the dependent variable and three independent variables are used, namely service quality, brand image and interest rates. by using primary data collection methods or by using questionnaires obtained directly from customers of the amurang branch of bank sulutgo. based on the calculations carried out, the r square result was 0.737, while the calculated t for each independent variable was also above the t table with a significance value of less than 0.05. this could mean that service quality, brand image and interest rates had a positive influence and significant impact on customer loyalty, both individually and collectively keywords: customer loyalty, service quality, brand image, interest rates http://www/ mailto:cellymintje82@gmail.com mailto:arrazi@unsrat.ac.id mailto:mariatielung@unsrat.ac.id 288 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduction background banking is a very important economic sector in modern life. it is an industry that manages finances, provides financial services, and facilitates the flow of money in society. the main function of banking is storing and securing funds. banks provide savings accounts, checking accounts, and other savings products to help people maintain and manage their finances. banks also provide loans to individuals, companies, and governments. this could be a personal loan, mortgage, or business loan. banks make a profit from the interest paid by borrowers. banks facilitate financial transactions such as fund transfers, bill payments, checks, and credit cards. apart from that, banks also play a very big role in the economy, including financial intermediation, where banks act as intermediaries between borrowers and depositors. they collect funds from depositors and lend them to those in need. in this way, banks help channel funds to sectors that need financing. with the growing development of the banking world today, both banking based on stateowned enterprises, private companies and regional banks, competition has become increasingly competitive in fighting for customers and selling the banking products they have. each bank has their own strategy in an effort to increase and maintain their customers so they don't move to competitors using their own marketing strategies. in gaining customer loyalty, banks must pay attention to and prioritize customers in all activities and programs carried out so that customers are the ones who always come first in the hope that they will feel satisfied, comfortable and ultimately become loyal to banking. customer loyalty is one of the main goals of banking so that they remain faithful in using all the facilities and products owned by the bank. banking performance in retaining its customers will be considered successful if the number of customers it has does not decrease in number and even the number of accounts increases. banks need to know how many customers there are and how many registered accounts so that they can be maintained properly and can even continue to be increased proportionally. based on the background explanation above, the author is interested in researching;analysis of the influence of service quality, brand image and interest rates on credit customer loyalty of state civil apparatus pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch, south minahasa regency. the aim of this research is : 1. analyzing the influence of service quality, brand image and interest rates on customer loyalty for state civil service credit products at bank sulutgo, amurang branch. 2. analyzing the effect of service quality on consumer loyalty at bank of north sulawesi. 3. analyzing the influence of brand image on consumer loyalty in banks of north sulawesi. 4. analyzing the effect of interest rates on consumer loyalty in north sulawesi banks. literature reviews marketing management according to tjiptono (2015), marketing management is a comprehensive business strategy designed to estimate demand, set product prices, and distribute them to customers to meet organizational goals. according to assauri (2018), marketing management is the process of building, securing and implementing a project carried out by a particular business in order to generate profits.according to kotler and keller (2016), marketing management aims to make consumers more attractive, stronger and more numerous by providing them with high-quality goods. customer loyalty loyalty is defined as continuous repeat purchases of the same brand or in other words, it is the action of someone who buys a brand and pays attention only to a particular brand (sondakh, 2014). griffin (2005) believes that a customer is said to be loyal if the customer shows regular purchasing behavior or there is a condition that requires the customer to purchase at least twice within a certain time interval. the factor that determines loyalty to a particular product or service is repeat purchases. customer loyalty is consumer loyalty which is presented in consistent purchases of products or http://www/ 289 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us services over time and there is a good attitude to recommend other people to buy the product (harahap, soegoto and rutinsulu, 2014). service quality it is mandatory for companies to provide the best service quality so that they can survive and remain trusted by customers. creating customer satisfaction can provide benefits, including harmonious relationships between customers and customers, customers will make repeat purchases to create customer loyalty, and form a recommendation from word of mouth that benefits the company. according to arianto (2018) service quality can be defined as focusing on meeting needs and requirements, as well as on timeliness to meet customer expectations. service quality applies to all types of services provided by the company while the client is at the company. according to kotler and keller (2016) "quality is the completeness of the features of a product or service that has the ability to provide satisfaction to a need". according to kasmir (2017) service quality is defined as the actions or actions of a person or organization aimed at providing satisfaction to customers or employees. meanwhile, according to aria and atik (2018) service quality is an important component that must be considered in providing excellent service quality. brand image according to (supranto, 2011) "brand image is what customers think or feel when they hear or see the name of a brand or in essence what consumers have learned about the brand." according to (rahman, 2010) brands can strengthen self-image and other people's perceptions of the user/owner. understanding brand image according to (kotler and keller, 2016): 1. the assumptions about the brand that consumers reflect are held in consumer memory. 2. the way people think about a brand is abstract in their thinking, even when they think about it, they are not directly dealing with the product. building a positive brand image can be achieved with a strong marketing program for the product, which is unique and has highlighted advantages, which differentiate it. with other products. a good combination of supporting elements (as explained previously) can create a strong brand image for consumers. interest rate interest rates are the price of using investment funds (loanable funds). the interest rate is an indicator in determining whether someone will invest or save (boediono, 1994). if in an economy there are members of society who receive income in excess of what they need for their consumption needs, then the excess income will be allocated or used for saving. the offer of loanable funds is formed or obtained from the total amount of people's savings in a certain period. on the other hand, during the same period, community members needed funds for operations or expansion of their business(rohman,2021) previous research review of previous research research related to the title of this research report has been carried out by other researchers before. the following is research that has been carried out previously which is the reference for this research: 1. prahastuti(2011),analysis of the influence of service quality and product quality on consumer satisfaction to increase indosat consumer loyalty.the results of the analysis show that service quality and product quality have a positive and significant influence on consumer satisfaction, and consumer satisfaction also has a positive influence and both studies have similarities in the loyalty variables studied. 2. haryono and octavia(2014),analysis of the influence of brand image and service quality on consumer satisfaction and its impact on consumer loyalty.the results obtained using the total path analysis method influence the brand image variable on consumer satisfaction by 21.25% and service quality on consumer satisfaction by 61%. the overall influence of the brand image variable on consumer loyalty is 30%, service quality on consumer loyalty is 54%, and http://www/ https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/abdur-rohman-2238954050 290 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consumer satisfaction on consumer loyalty is 0.25%. here it is clear that there are variables that influence significantly and there are also variables that are not significant. both studies use the same variables, both independent variables and dependent variables. 3. the interest rate contains various purposes, or in other words, the interest rate contains elements that are glued together. according to hasibuan (2011), interest rate indicators are: economic conditions; government monetary policy; inflation rate; cost of money; level of interbank competition; international monetary turmoil; national and international capital market situation. 4. kumalaningrum, at al (2016) analysis of the influence of service quality on consumer loyalty with consumer satisfaction as a moderating variable (study of cs consumers of surakarta brewed coffee)based on the research and data analysis that has been carried out by researchers, the following conclusions can be drawn: there is a significant influence of service quality on customer loyalty at cs kopi tubruk surakarta, this is indicated by a p value of 0.023 < 0.05. there are similarities in the research methods used and the research objectives to determine consumer loyalty. research model and hypothesis based on the background of the problem and theoretical review, the model in this research is as follows: h1 h2 h3 h4 figure 1. research model source: literature reviews, 2023 hypothesis h1 : it is suspected that there is an influence between service quality, brand image and interest rates and customer loyalty for state civil service credit products h2 : it is suspected that there is an influence between service quality and customer loyalty for state civil service credit products h3 : it is suspected that there is an influence between brand image and customer loyalty for state civil service credit products h4 : it is suspected that there is an influence between interest rates and customer loyalty for state civil service credit products. research methods data types and sources data is divided into primary data and secondary data. primary data was obtained directly from original sources through interviews without intermediaries. secondary data is data that has been collected by data collection institutions and published to the data user community. the data used in this research is primary data, namely a questionnaire distributed at the amurang branch of bank quality service (x1) brand image (x2) interest rate (x3) customer loyalty (y) http://www/ 291 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sulutgo. method of collecting data data collection method is one of the methods or methods used by researchers to obtain correct and accountable information. the methods used in this research include: primary data collection method, data was collected using the questionnaire method. this is done by collecting, recording and calculating data related to research. questionnaire method a questionnaire is a research instrument in the form of a list of questions to obtain information from a number of respondents (sources from which data was taken through a questionnaire). a questionnaire or questionnaire can be called a written interview, because the contents of the questionnaire are a series of written questions addressed to the respondent and filled in by the respondent himself. in preparing this questionnaire, the researcher used the likert scale method. the likert scale is a psychological response scale mainly used in questionnaires to obtain respondents' preferences for a statement or series of reports. after the researcher completes the operational definition of the variable, the next step is to compile the items. a scale is important for measuring degrees of opinion and quantitative data means analysis is relatively easy to carry out. the likert scale is a noncomparative and unidimensional scaling technique, meaning it only measures a single trait. respondents were forced to indicate the level of agreement with a statement using an ordinal scale. population and sample the research population is the entire state civil apparatus at the regional financial agency and regional assets of south minahasa regency (bkad) where 54 state civil apparatus have all enjoyed state civil apparatus credit facilities at the sulutgo bank. there were 54 respondents to this research, 54 questionnaires were distributed to the bkad state civil apparatus, and 50 questionnaires were returned, of which 4 were damaged and were not included in the research. research resultand discussion validity and reliability test table 1. validity and reliability test variable indicator table r value calcul ated r value significance value sig 2 tailed service quality 1. reliability 0.2787 0.388 0.005 valid 2. tangibles 0.2787 0.412 0.003 valid 3. responsiveness 0.2787 0.446 0.001 valid 4. guarantee 0.2787 0.570 0,000 valid 5. empathy 0.2787 0.611 0,000 valid brand image 1. corporate image 0.2787 0.775 0,000 valid 2. user image 0.2787 0.514 0,000 valid 3. product image 0.2787 0.447 0,000 valid 4. modern impression 0.2787 0.632 0,000 valid interest rate 1. economic conditions 0.2787 0.287 0.043 valid 2. government monetary policy 0.2787 0.675 0.033 valid 3.inflation rate 0.2787 0.028 0.022 valid 4. cost of money 0.2787 0.239 0.037 valid 5. level of interbank competition 0.2787 0.572 0,000 valid 6. international monetary turmoil 0.2787 0.742 0.047 valid http://www/ 292 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. national and international capital market situation 0.2787 0.494 0.041 valid customer loyalty 1. repeat purchase 0.2787 0.323 0.022 valid 2. habit of using the product 0.2787 0.288 0.042 valid 3. always like the brand or product 0.2787 0.491 0,000 valid 4.keep choosing the product 0.2787 0.678 0,000 valid 5. believe that the brand is the best 0.2787 0.613 0,000 valid 6. recommend brands 0.2787 0.692 0,000 valid source: data processing, 2023 in the summary table above, it can be concluded that all indicators of the four variables that were asked about all research respondents had valid or valid results. therefore, all of these indicators can be continued. table 2. reliability test variable cronbach's alpha information service quality (x1) 0.621 reliable brand image (x2) 0.716 reliable interest rate (x3) 0.683 reliable customer loyalty (y) 0.662 reliable source: same as table 1 hypothesis test results (f test and t test) table 3. simultaneous f test anovaa model sum of squares df mean square f sig. regression 1,392 3 ,464 42,932 ,000b residual ,497 46 .011 total 1,889 49 a. dependent variable: customer loyalty b. predictors: (constant), interest rates, service quality, brand image source: same as table 1 it can be seen in table 3 above that the significance point f of 0.000 is below 0.05 or 5%. these results state that service quality, brand image and interest rates simultaneously have a positive effect on customer loyalty. partial test. apart from simultaneous hypothesis testing, it is also necessary to look at partial testing, or the separate influence of each independent variable on the dependent variable. the condition for accepting the partial hypothesis is to look at the significance of the t-count for each variable in the spss test coefficient table. the t-count significance value must be at or less than 0.05 (5% error rate). table 4. t test results coefficientsa model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) ,007 ,370 ,020 ,984 service quality ,296 ,099 .304 2,975 ,005 brand image ,162 ,115 ,176 1,403 ,007 http://www/ 293 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us interest rate ,542 .134 ,485 4,048 ,000 source: same as table 1 from table 4 above, the partial t hypothesis test can be explained as follows: 1. the significance value of the t-calculated service quality variable (x1) is 0.005, which is below 0.05. these results accept the hypothesis h2 or service quality has a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty 2. the t-calculated significance value of the brand image variable (x2) is 0.007, which is below 0.05. these results accept the hypothesis h3 or brand image has a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty. 3. the significance value of the t-calculated interest rate variable (x3) of 0.000 is below 0.05. these results accept the hypothesis h4 or interest rates have a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty. multiple regression test results table 5. t test results coefficientsa model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients t sig. b std. error beta 1 (constant) ,007 ,370 ,020 ,984 service quality ,296 ,099 .304 2,975 ,005 brand image ,162 ,115 ,176 1,403 ,007 interest rate ,542 .134 ,485 4,048 ,000 source: same as table 1 based on the results of the spss regression test above, a regression equation can be derived as follows: y = 0.007 + 0.296 x1 +0.162 x2 +0.542x3 the results of this regression equation explain that: 1. the service quality variable has a beta coefficient value of 0.296, meaning that service quality has the effect of increasing customer loyalty 2. the brand image variable has a beta coefficient value of 0.162, meaning that brand image has the effect of increasing customer loyalty 3. the interest rate variable has a beta coefficient value of 0.542, meaning that interest rates have the effect of increasing customer loyalty. the results of this regression test are of course used to support the results of the hypothesis test in the previous section. so, if combined with the results of the multiple regression test, the research results can be explained as follows: 1. service quality influences customer loyalty and service quality can increase customer loyalty. this means that the better the quality of service provided will also have an effect on increasing customer loyalty. 2. brand image influences customer loyalty and brand image can increase customer loyalty. this means that the better the brand image a company has, the more influence it will have on increasing customer loyalty. 3. interest rates influence customer loyalty and interest rates can increase customer loyalty. this means that the more competitive the interest rates given will also have an effect on increasing customer loyalty. multiple correlation test results the results of the multiple correlation test were carried out to see how much the independent http://www/ 294 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us variables, namely service quality (x1), brand image (x2) and interest rates (x3), have a relationship with customer loyalty, provided that the correlation is: ≤ 0.20 is declared negligible 0.21 -0.40 is expressed as a weak relationship 0.41 -0.70 is stated as a moderate relationship 0.71 – 1.00 can be stated as a very close relationship the results of the multiple correlation test can be seen at the r value in table 6 below. table 6. r-square model r r square adjusted r square std. error of the estimate 1 .858 a ,737 ,720 .10397 a. predictors: (constant), interest rates, service quality, brand image b. dependent variable: customer loyalty source: same as table 1 it can be seen that the r value is 0.858, meaning there is a very close relationship between the independent variables, namely service quality, brand image and interest rates, and customer loyalty, so the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable is very appropriate. hasil determination coefficient test (r²) table 7.coefficient of determination (r²) model r r square adjusted r square std. error of the estimate 1 .858 a ,737 ,720 .10397 a. predictors: (constant), interest rates, service quality, brand image b. dependent variable: customer loyalty source: same as table 1 the r square value of 0.737, this result explains that the contribution of service quality variables, brand image and interest rates to customer loyalty is 73.7%. this shows that this contribution is very large, but there are 26.3 influences or contributions that are influenced by other variables that are not in the research. discussion the influence of service quality on credit customer loyalty of state civil apparatus pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch the significance value of the t-calculated service quality variable (x1) of 0.005 is below 0.05. this result accepts the hypothesis h2 or that service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the results of this research are in line with research conducted by lina prhastuti (2011) that service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. good service quality provides a positive experience to customers. friendly, efficient and responsive service can increase customer satisfaction, according to calculations carried out where service quality has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty. customers tend to be loyal to banks that are considered reliable. trustworthiness in handling transactions and information security is very important. the bank's ability to resolve customer problems quickly and effectively can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. the influence of brand image on credit customer loyalty of state civil apparatus pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch http://www/ 295 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the t-calculated significance value of the brand image variable (x2) is 0.007, which is below 0.05. these results accept the hypothesis h3 or brand image has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the results of this research are in line with research conducted by novan haryono, roony octavia 2014 that brand image has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the influence of interest rates on credit customer loyalty of state civil apparatus pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch the significance value of the t-calculated interest rate variable (x3) of 0.000 is below 0.05. these results accept the hypothesis h4 or interest rates have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. competitive interest rates can influence customers' decisions to choose and remain loyal to a particular bank. so there needs to be a consistent and transparent policy regarding interest rates to create customer trust. where the bank's ability to respond to changes in market interest rates can influence customer perceptions of the value of the services provided. often, service quality, brand image, and interest rates are interrelated. increasing one factor can strengthen the positive influence of other factors. to understand the influence of each factor, banks need to regularly measure and analyze customer satisfaction and the factors that influence loyalty. by understanding and properly managing service quality, brand image and interest rates, banks can build long-term relationships with customers and increase loyalty levels in a competitive market. where based on the research conducted, it was found that service quality, brand image and interest rates had a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty at the amurang branch of sulutgo bank. the influence of service quality, brand image and interest rates on credit customer loyalty at state civil service pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch. the results of calculations carried out on the influence of service quality, brand image and interest rates on credit customer loyalty at state civil service pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch has a very positive and significant influence on loyalty. the correlation between service quality (x1), brand image (x2) and interest rate (x3) on customer loyalty (y) can be seen through the correlation coefficient. the correlation coefficient or r is 0.858, this shows that the relationship between brand image (x2) and interest rate (x3) is 85.8%. and the coefficient of determination value is found at an adjusted r square value of 0.737, this means that the ability of the independent variable to explain the dependent variable is 73.7%, the remaining 26.3% is explained by other variables not discussed in this research. closing conclusion based on the results of research conducted on customer loyalty which is influenced by service quality, brand image and interest rates on bank sulutgo state civil service credit products, amurang branch, 1. service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the results of the t test show that the service quality variable (x1) has a significant value of 0.005 which is smaller than 0.05. this shows that the service quality variable has a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty. thus h1 is accepted. 2. brand image has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the t test results show that the brand image variable (x2), has a significant value of 0.007 which is smaller than 0.05. this shows that the brand image variable has a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty. thus h2 is accepted. 3. interest rates have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the t test results show that the interest rate variable (x3), has a significant value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. this shows that the interest rate variable has a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty. thus h3 is accepted. http://www/ 296 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. service quality, brand image and interest rates have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. the results of the f statistical test show that the variables service quality (x1), brand image (x2), and interest rates (x3) simultaneously influence customer loyalty (y) credit of state civil apparatus at pt. bank sulutgo amurang branch, so h4 is accepted. suggestion based on the research results, the author tries to provide suggestions: 1. bank sulutgo amurang branch must pay more attention to the quality of service provided to customers both directly and indirectly so that customers' tendency to use or use other bank products will be smaller. 2. continue to develop the brand image that has begun to form and gain trust from the public 3. review and provide interest rates that are as competitive as possible. references 1. abdur rohman.2021.analysis of factors that influence stock returns in indonesia (review of financial management literature),journal of education management and social sciences 2(2):610-617. 2. arianto, n. 2018. the influence of service quality on visitor satisfaction and loyalty in using rizen kedaton bogor hotel services. journal of competitive marketing. 1(2): 123-134. 3. assauri, sofjan. 2018. marketing management: basics, concepts & strategies. (1st ed.). depok: rajawali press 4. arianto, n. 2018. the influence of service quality on visitor satisfaction and loyalty in using the services of the rizen kedaton bogor hotel. journal of competitive marketing, 1, 83-101. accessed fromhttp://www.scholar.google.co.id 5. aria, m., and atik, i., l. 2018. governance and administration to improve the quality of pt administrative services. bam. journal of the ganesha medan polytechnic institution. 6. boediono. 1994. monetary economics. synopsis series introduction to economics no. 2. bpfe: yogyakarta 7. wolok, e., yapanto, l. m., aneta, y., & djailani, f. m. (2022). management strategy for development industrries of micro , small and medium enterprises ( msmes ) for coastal communities in tomini bay. 28(10), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.24297/j.cims.2022.10.010 8. griffin, 2005, customer loyalty, jakarta: erlangga publisher. 9. harahap, z., soegoto, a. s., and rotinsulu, j. j. 2014. brand image, brand equity, and service quality on loyalty. emba journal, 859-870 10. haryono novan and octavia roony, 2014, analysis of the influence of brand image and service quality on consumer satisfaction and its impact on consumer loyalty.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/analisis-pengaruh-citra-merekdan-mutu-layanan-haryono-octavia/d53551b23d053ad3dc8fc9155d507a7759de77a7 11. yapanto, l., & 2022, undefined. (2022). analysis of income and impact on the welfare of fisherman’s household boalemo district. european journal of business , 2(11), 2795–9228. http://www.inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/1477 12. hasibuan, malayu sp, 2011. human resource management. jakarta: pt bumi askara 13. cashmere. 2017. excellent customer service: theory and practice. pt raja grafindo persada: jakarta 14. kotler, phillip and kevin lane keller. (2016). marketing management 12th edition volumes 1 & 2. jakarta: pt. index 15. kotler and keller. 2014. marketing management. volume i. 13th edition. jakarta: erlangga. http://www/ https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/abdur-rohman-2238954050 http://www.scholar.google.co.id/ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/analisis-pengaruh-citra-merek-dan-mutu-layanan-haryono-octavia/d53551b23d053ad3dc8fc9155d507a7759de77a7 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/analisis-pengaruh-citra-merek-dan-mutu-layanan-haryono-octavia/d53551b23d053ad3dc8fc9155d507a7759de77a7 297 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. kotler and keller. 2014. book of marketing principles by philip kotler gary armstrong 12th edition volumes i&2. 13th edition. jakarta: erlangga. 17. kumalaningrum.febri,erni widajantiandsutarno, 2016, analysis of the influence of service quality on consumer loyalty with consumer satisfaction as a moderating variable (study of cs consumers of brewed coffee in surakarta)journal of economics and entrepreneurship vol. 16 no. 2 june 2016: 226 – 233. 18. prahastuti, lina and ferdinand, augusty tae. 2011. analysis of the influence of service quality and product quality on consumer satisfaction to increase indosat consumer loyalty (study of indosat customers in the semarang area). diponegoro university, eprints.undip.ac.id/29451/ 19. rahman arif. 2010. powerful marketing mix strategy for small business: the sure way to beat competitors. transmedia. jakarta. 20. sondakh, c. 2014. service quality, brand image and their influence on customer satisfaction and savings customer loyalty (study on taplus bni manado branch customers). journal of business and management research, vol.3 ,no.1, 19–32. 21. supranto, j. 2011. measuring customer satisfaction levels to increase market share, fourth printing, pt rineka cipta publisher, jakarta. 22. sugiyono. 2012. quantitative, qualitative, and r&d research methods. bandung: alphabeta 23. 24. sugiyono. 2014. educational research methods quantitative, qualitative and r&d approaches. bandung: alphabeta. 25. sugiyono. 2016. quantitative, qualitative and r&d research methods. bandung: alfabeta, cv. 26. sugiyono. 2017. quantitative, qualitative and r&d research methods. bandung: alfabeta, cv. 27. sujarweni, v. wiratna. 2016. introduction to accounting. yogyakarta: pustaka baru press. 28. sujarweni, v. wiratna. 2015. economic business research methodology. yogyakarta: pustakabarupress 29. supriatna, yuda. et.al. 2019. marketing management induction. tp: qiara media. 30. tjiptono, fandy. 2014. services marketing. pert edition. malang: bayu media publishing. 31. tjiptono, fandy. 2006. services marketing. yogyakarta edition 32. tjiptono, fandy. 2010. marketing strategy. seventh edition. yogyakarta : andi http://www/ american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us socio-philosophical analysis of trends in the development of values in the system of the globalized world m.d. ochilova teacher of samsifl annotation. this article is devoted to the analysis of the preservation and development of the spiritual values of ethnic groups and peoples in the era of globalization, the reasons for their transformation and disappearance, because values set the historical paths of nations, generate differences and determine the relationships between them. keywords: values, traditions, customs, transformation, tolerance. many scientists and thinkers are puzzled by what values will come to the fore in the 21st century. in our opinion, freedom, life, family, work and tolerance will remain the defining values. although we are observing a metamorphosis of society within the framework of modernity, during which people are liberated from the social forms of industrial society from division into classes and strata, from traditional family and gender relations, just as in the era of the reformation, society broke the embrace of the church and took the path secularization, we dare to hope that the core of ontological values will be preserved, even if slightly modified. fundamental values set the historical paths of nations, generate differences and determine the relationships between them. cultural and political values establish and describe the genotype of a nation the hereditary constitution of its body, mind and soul. the value system represents the matrix of the life of the people, which sets stable forms for the consciousness and behavior of citizens and the functioning of political institutions. if earlier we talked about conflicts between countries or peoples, today we can say with confidence that different value systems are in conflict with each other. moreover, very often, in order to achieve success in such a conflict, even values that are very close to us when they apply to us, but which we often refuse to extend to others, are sacrificed. first of all, this concerns such fundamental european values as tolerance and respect for the characteristics of others. and citizens and governments of certain european countries are not always ready to extend this value to those whom they consider strangers. many people, especially those living outside the countries of the “golden billion,” have their own hierarchy of values, often radically different from the one that is so important for representatives of large capital. religious, cultural, and household traditions are sometimes of decisive importance for them [9, 21]. a person himself determines what is sacred to him. however, many spiritual absolutes are identical among people. we call unshakable, intimate life orientation, something without which a person is unthinkable and does not live fully as value. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to danilevsky, the progress of mankind does not lie in everyone going in the same direction, but in the entire field that makes up the field of historical activity proceeding [8, 114125]. thus, different cultures in the process of this “walking” develop their own values and arrange them in unique hierarchies. values were born in the history of man as a tribal being as a kind of spiritual foundation on which man built his life, overcoming difficulties. values organize reality, introduce evaluative moments into its understanding, and give meaning to life. we can find the same values in two different cultures. however, the fundamental difference lies in the place given to these values in a particular culture; the hierarchy of values is a unique copy of culture. people have different attitudes towards life in general and its significance, towards work, towards the transformation of existence, towards earthly joys, towards moral standards themselves. sometimes there may be an illusion that all values are of an enduring and historical nature. but this is far from true. in any culture, its ideals are born, flourish and die. this, however, does not mean that with culture the values inherent in it perish. they may well be reborn in another culture. and cultures of the same era one way or another overlap with each other, and, thus, intercultural values appear, which, nevertheless, do not cancel the values of each culture. values strengthen a nation's self-identification through contrast with "others" and, even more effectively, through contrast with "enemies." transhistorical, ontological values constitute the core of the nation; they have evolved over centuries, belong to the general cultural fundamental foundations of society and rarely undergo significant changes. let's compare western and asian values: democracy is contrasted with hierarchy, equality with inequality, self-determination with fatalism, individualism with collectivism, human rights with the authority of the state, equal rights for women with domination of men, social mobility with established social strata. in relation to culture and worldview, the opposition can be continued: facts and numbers intuitiveness, energy wisdom, novelty of the solution successful precedents of the past, priority of the result priority of harmony. over the past few centuries, economic factors have played a key role in the development of civilizations. the current crisis, however, has shown the inconsistency of such a system. of course, geopolitical and geo-economic factors will continue to be of considerable importance for the development of mankind, but cultural values are thought that they will become decisive. and if earlier it could be argued that it was the anglo-saxon (western) culture that was best adapted to the model of economic growth [5, 11], then it is by no means necessary that it will remain dominant in a world built on different foundations. and let us not be confused by the fact that american culture is popular in many parts of the world. popularity fades, values are enduring. history shows that the west does not have a truly workable model of economic development for the world's poorest countries. even direct financial assistance (at least provided in current volumes) is not always capable of radically changing the situation often it simply ends up in the pockets of western specialists or local corrupt officials. and even if these countries suddenly reached the level of development of rich western countries, would their inhabitants become truly happy? as g. clark writes, having overcome high infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced inequality, we have not become happier than our ancestors who lived in hunting-gathering societies [1; 3]. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that is why we consider it highly appropriate to point out the need to create a value system in which “growth”, “profit” and “return on investment” play a secondary role. in our opinion, the determining factors in the new century should be culture, morality and spirituality. no matter how bold the new concept of the world order or system of values may be, no matter how little it appeals to the majority, it still needs to be proposed, because “the freethinking of one era is the common sense of another.” g. lessing spoke about the advent of a civilization based on moral values. more maturity will come “the era of the new, eternal gospel.” it is at this time that morality will turn out to be a universal, unconditional, unconditional principle of behavior. religion cannot be a private matter, as the new history wanted, it cannot be autonomous. religion again becomes a highly common, universal, all-determining matter [7, 412]. the religious sphere of public life, it seems to us, has considerable chances to once again become one of the key factors determining the direction and content of human development. the word "faith", which once meant "knowledge", now has a rather pathetic connotation. people have stopped going to the priest, which means that the burden of guilt is growing, which there is no one to share with anyone and which is not getting smaller even if the boundaries between “right” and “wrong” are blurred. on the contrary, this feeling grows stronger in its uncertainty and irresistibility [6, 171]. in most societies, fundamentalism is often supported by educated young people, highly qualified middle-class specialists, and entrepreneurs. as the american researcher g. weigel noted, the desecularization of the world is one of the dominant sociocultural phenomena at the turn of the century. the revival of religion, the “revenge of the gods” [4], creates the basis for identification and involvement with a community that goes beyond national boundaries, for the unification of civilizations. “faith is a completely different dimension of the whole life, and not just some part of it. this is inner strength and freedom from what is happening around you” [10, 44]. therefore, the widespread judgment that theistic ideologies have little influence on modern social life seems to us unsubstantiated. on the contrary, for residents of many countries, including india, algeria, turkey, bosnia, lebanon, and pakistan, religion plays an extremely important role. after all, in their societies there is a struggle between secularism and theocracy. what role do indigenous religions play in the modern world? there is an opinion that, when faced with modern mass culture, they become irrelevant in society and quickly die out. in fact, they are dynamic and progressive forces of unceasing vitality and undying influence [2]. indigenous religions such as haitian voodoo, korean shamanism, sri lankan "wild man" and others have millions of followers around the world. this fact alone can challenge the perception of local religions and cultural traditions as disappearing from the face of the earth. one way or another, we must recognize the importance of these religions. the influence of religious ideas is great even in such a secular country as the united states. nonreligious people will argue that it is quite common for adherents of one religion to look down on followers of another, exhibiting extreme intolerance and using faith to justify cultural or even physical genocide. and that there are a great many examples of such destructive religious zeal. let it be so, but then it is not people who kill people, but pistols, and mistakes in writing are made american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by pens and pencils, and not by those in whose hands they are. the vast majority of religions (if not absolutely all) have peace and love as their essence, not violence and hostility. the current degradation of culture and society, it seems to us, is happening precisely because the moral imperative has disappeared from life. there is every reason to believe that the “conveyor” culture has very little chance of surviving the 21st century. younger generations grew up in different conditions than their parents those people by whom and for whom the system we have today was built. it will be extremely difficult for politicians of the future to hide their true intentions behind the screen of humanistic rhetoric and throw around the concepts of “democracy”, “justice” and “freedom” right and left. bibliography: 1. arnold m. god and the bible: a review of objections to literature and dogma, 1875. in the yale book of quotations, 2006, p. 29. 2. beyond primitivism: indigenous religious traditions and modernity, p. i 3. clark g. a farewell to alms: a brief economic history of the world. princeton university press, princeton, 2007, p. 29. 4. kepel g. la revanche de dieu: chrétiens, juifs et musulmans a la reconquête du monde. editions du seuil, paris, 1991 282 p. 5. к landes, 1998. in clark g. a farewell to alms: a brief economic history of the world. princeton university press, princeton, 2007, p. 11. 6. bek u. risk society. on the way to another modernity, 2000, p. 171. 7. berdyaev n.a. philosophy of creativity, culture and art. m., 1994, p. 412. 8. danilevsky, russia and europe. m., 1991, p. 114-125. 9. krashennikova v. russia america: cold war of cultures. how american values refract the vision of russia. m.: publishing house "europe", 2007, p. 21. 10. narochnitskaya n.a. russian world, 2008, p. 44. 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of the capital market in the financing of public debt razikov ulug’bek zaripovich assistant to the deputy head of the prime minister's secretariat the reasons for the emergence of public debt, its increase or decrease in size and amount are inextricably linked with the economic policy of each country, the scope and dynamics of the reforms being carried out. there are several reasons why the demand for external debt in our country has increased in recent years. the most important of them are issues of economic security, disparity between economic power and social demands, increase in the budget deficit as a result of improper use of financial resources, emergency situations, in particular, the coronavirus pandemic. today, as of january 1, 2023, the balance of state debt is 29.2 billion dollars, and during 2022 it has decreased to 36.4% compared to the gross domestic product (gdp). although the public debt increased by 2.9 billion dollars during the year, the ratio of public debt to gdp decreased due to the rapid growth of the gross domestic product in dollar terms by 11.1 billion dollars. the balance of state external debt increased by 2.4 billion dollars in 2022 and reached 25.9 billion dollars as of january 1, 2023, or 32.25 percent of gdp. of this, the foreign debt raised on behalf of uzbekistan is 19.8 billion dollars or 76.5% of the state's foreign debt, the foreign debt raised under the guarantee of uzbekistan is 6.1 billion dollars or 23.5% of the state's foreign debt1. despite the fact that the foreign debt is one of the most widely used financial instruments in world practice, there is a need to objectively consider the risks of using it to fill the state budget deficit. especially for developing countries, a sharp increase in the amount of foreign debt can cause or increase economic and political dependence on international financial structures. in addition, the continued increase in the amount of debt will cause an increase in the budget burden of the state in paying off debts. also, there is a great possibility that negative situations will occur in the economy as a result of attracting corporate debt from the domestic and foreign markets and spending it on ineffective projects, or as a result of a sharp change in the macroeconomic situation, i.e. inflation rate, economic growth rate, and national currency exchange rates. the main reason why the share of domestic debts in the composition of state debts is relatively decreasing year by year is related to the level of development of the capital market and its current state. due to the insufficient improvement of the capital market, the need for securities in financing the deficit in the state budget is determined at a relatively low level based on the domestic demand in the financial market. one of the urgent issues of today is to conduct the stock market in accordance with the requirements of the time, which is important for the economic development of the country. increasing the share of domestic debt by issuing a large amount of government securities is not an issue that can be solved quickly. the ministry of finance, in cooperation with the international monetary fund, the world bank and the u.s. department of treasury, is working on diversification of the state debt portfolio. 1 https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2023/08/17/debt/ 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of course, the wide use of internal financing sources and the development of the state securities market will allow to reduce currency risks. for this purpose, the wide use of opportunities to attract local and foreign investors by placing state and corporate securities in the domestic financial markets shows the need for rapid improvement of the capital market in uzbekistan. state debt arises as a result of the implementation of debt relations by states. debt obligations of the government to individuals and legal entities, foreign states, international organizations and other subjects of international law are called public debt. in the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the budget system", the state debt is defined as "the sum of the obligations of the republic of uzbekistan arising as a result of attracting internal and foreign funds by the state.". a number of developed and rapidly developing countries have seen a sharp increase not only in the public debt, but also in the debt of commercial banks and the corporate sector, which caused serious problems in the economy during the global financial crisis. the experience of these countries shows the need for each country to have its own national strategy for the continuous control of the level of indebtedness, the prevention of excessive debts, and the effective management of external and internal debts. taking into account that foreign debt remains an effective alternative way of state support for structural reforms in the conditions of the formation of the domestic capital market in uzbekistan, it is appropriate to take measures to quickly use the financial mechanisms of the country's investment and debt market. it is an important task to effectively attract the funds of the population to the economy. state securities are an integral part of the financial system of any developing country based on the requirements of the market economy, which has its own functional, organizational and legal structure. government securities and the working mechanisms of this market are a constantly evolving system, which is being studied and improved by researchers and practitioners working in financial market structures. issuance of government securities is one of the most economically effective ways to cover the budget deficit. the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the securities market" provides the following definition: government securitiestreasury obligations of the republic of uzbekistan and issued by the body authorized by the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, bonds of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan. according to the decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 14, 2018 no. 1016 "on measures to organize the circulation of state treasury obligations and bonds of the republic of uzbekistan", the state treasury obligations of the republic of uzbekistan and the rules of the procedure for issuing bonds (government securities) have been established. in order to effectively ensure the implementation of this decision, on december 26-28, 2018, the central bank, together with the ministry of finance, issued 1 million sums at the currency exchange of the republic of uzbekistan for a period of six months, one year, and three years. auctions were held for the placement of 600,000 pieces of state securities with a nominal value of 592.1 billion sums. state securities of the republic of uzbekistan include: 1. treasury obligations and bonds with coupons and discounts issued by the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan in undocumented form and placed among commercial banks and other legal entities among residents of the republic of uzbekistan; 2. bonds of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan issued in undocumented form and placed between commercial banks. placement of government securities is conducted in the form of a simple auction. the circulation of government securities is carried out in auctions in the style of a continuous two-way auction. organization and conduct of trading in state securities "rules for trading in state securities on the currency exchange of the republic of uzbekistan" and "trading in bonds of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan on the currency exchange of the republic of uzbekistan are regulated by "transfer rules". all operations on the circulation of state securities are carried out through dealers authorized to carry out operations on the basis of agreements concluded with the central bank and the currency exchange of the republic of uzbekistan. the total amount of state securities issued on behalf of the republic of uzbekistan in 64 electronic auctions held in january-december 2021 is 4.9 trillion sums, of which the net volume 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of state securities issued to finance the state budget deficit amounted to 4.1 trillion sums. according to the schedule of state securities auctions during 2021, 4.9 trillion sums of state securities were issued on behalf of the republic of uzbekistan by holding 64 electronic auctions (including 4.1 trillion sums to finance the state budget deficit). among them: state debt with a circulation period of up to 1 year 3.8 trillion sums; state debt with a circulation period of 1-5 years 1.0 trillion sums. issuance of medium and long-term government securities serves as a benchmark for attracting funds by issuing low-risk instruments in national currency, creates a basis for diversification of financial instruments and attracting new participants (insurance companies, etc.) to the financial market. during 2021, 2.1 trillion sums with a circulation period of up to 1 year, 2.0 trillion sums with a circulation period of 1 and 3 years were extinguished. as a result, as of january 1, 2022, the debt amounted to 4.7 trillion sums. the central bank of the country performs the function of the chief representative for servicing the internal debts of the state. in each bond issue, all single and aggregate certificates must be delivered to the depository for safekeeping and accounting by the ministry of finance. today, the purpose of issuing sovereign bonds is not only to support the economic and social spheres, but also to increase the opportunities of corporate structures in the country to use foreign capital and to support the growth of the bond market. therefore, the governments of many developing countries try to attract the attention of investors to the domestic financial market in exchange for improving their international image in the sovereign bond market. there are several positive expectations regarding the nature and dynamics of the growth of public external debt: first, the peak of growth of external debt in relation to gdp occurred in 2022 and is expected to decrease in the future. secondly, since 2021, the growth rate of the state's external debt has been significantly decreasing. only since the beginning of 2022, due to debt payments of $823 million, the state's foreign debt has decreased by 1.7%. thirdly, uzbekistan attracts foreign funds for long periods and from internationally known financial institutions. in particular, the foreign debt portfolio attracted from international financial institutions (imf) is 11.3 billion dollars or 48.7% of the total value of foreign debt. these loans are long-term, unlike relatively expensive loans in the international capital market, they are provided to uzbekistan at preferential rates for long periods from 20 to 40 years. fourthly, about a quarter of the funds involved are for covering the state budget deficit, three quarters are for energy (25 percent), transport (11 percent) and agriculture (10 percent), housing sector (9 percent) used to finance investment projects. that is, the money raised is not used for consumer purposes, but for energy, transport system and agricultural projects. fifth, the resources attracted as external debt are mainly expressed in us dollars (74.8 percent), and also in accordance with the structure of export income, which is mainly formed in us dollars. thus, there is no additional currency risk when paying the debt. sixth, from 2020, uzbekistan established legal restrictions on attracting foreign debt. now, not only the maximum size of the annual debt, but also the final level of external state debt (no more than 60% of gdp) is limited by law. according to the budget code, the maximum amount of external debt is established by law along with the parameters of the state budget when approving the state budget for the next year. as a result, the volume of foreign debt contracts concluded on behalf of the state and with the state guarantee is constantly decreasing. seventh, according to the assessment of the international monetary fund, the risk of external debt crisis in uzbekistan is low, and the ability to service the debt is high. the main sources of foreign exchange earnings of uzbekistan are stable, that is, export volumes are growing, the volume of cross-border transfers to the country is increasing, the main indicators of the current balance of payments are stable, and there is no threat of default. 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. azizov u.u. “kapital bozori: iqtisodiy o‘sishni ta’minlovchi drayver” (capital market: a driver of economic growth) https://finance.uz/index.php/uz/fuz-menu-biznes-uz/6939kapital-bozori-itisodijsishni-ta-minlovchi-drajver. 2. elmirzayev s.e. and others. moliya bozori (financial market). textbook /– t.: “iqtisodmoliya”, 2019. – 324 pages. 3. xasanov x.n. (ph.d). iqtisodiyotning korporativ sektoriga kapital bozoridan moliyaviy resurslarni jalb qilish amaliyotini takomillashtirish (improving the practice of attracting financial resources from the capital market to the corporate sector of the economy). – t., 2020. 4. berzon n.i., buyanov е.а. “рынок капитала” (financial market). – м.: «viti-press», 2006. с. 28. 5. beloglazova g.n. “деньги, кредит, банки.” (money, credit and banks) – :. 2009. – с. 392. 6. shomirov a. “kapital bozorini ekstensiv rivojlantirish istiqbollari” (prospects for extensive development of the capital market). “xalqaro moliya va hisob” ilmiy jurnali ("international finance and accounting" scientific journal). №1, february, 2022 year. issn: 2181-1016 453 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods and methods of teaching sports gymnastics in young boles. sayfiev hikmatullo xayrullayevich hikmatullosaefiyev@gmail.com osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (asia international university) anotation: in the article, the method used in the process of training for sports gymnastics in our country and the content of mmashgulot constitute the essentials. in sports gymnastics, the functional variation and level of endurance of a child's arganizim is widely covered. keyword: basics of knowledge, outdoor games, gymnastics, athletics, sports, sports gymnastics, development of sports gymnastics, attention to sports gymnastics, health, endurance character, sports gymnastics emotional stability. the analysis of scientific and methodical literature and research results showed that it is necessary to seek new methods of increasing the efficiency of this program materials were used during the experiment. the experimental part of the basis of the programs of "gymnastics" to increase the number of hours to be containing extended gymnastics associated with the use of tools. gymnastics has set the following tasks: 1. knowledge of the basics 2. open games 3. gymnastics 4. athletics every a person each day to do the work just as the first time, make be should, only then the development is. sh. mirziyoyev young children physical education in the education of initial sports gymnastics organization to the course of future specialists in physical education, various different methods in national and foreign exchanges experience of effective use to teach, them physical education in the field of the priority directions corresponding without, goals and tasks of the practice to fulfill to teach is. gymnastics of the system of further improvement, development and radical reform to, the material-technical base, strengthening, gimnastik training requirements to be suitable in the expansion, qualified specialist personnel for the needs to provide, children of a special group training plan radically improve, the educational process of modern educational programs and technologies implementation to, the children each party 's intellectual, moral, aesthetic and physical aspects of development for the conditions to create in order o’of uzbekistan, uzbekistan republic , the president of 2022-15-yearin january, up-dated 52 the decree o’the republic of uzbekistan sports gymnastics federation in the presence of the sport and the sport of gymnastics types of bo’citizens coaches and judges of the republic of the school organization to to'g’rising, o’uzbekistan uzbekistan republic president 14.03.2022 years pq163-the number of sports gymnastics bo’citizens oksana chusovitina sports 454 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us skills of school organization to t’g’rising the decision taken was. o'uzbekistan uzbekistan , the republic of of sports sports gymnastics the types of further development measures for t'g'ofthe rising decision thus focus on the effective management example toe"la takes.2019-2023 years during the republic of uzbekistan republic of physical culture and mass sport development the concept of 2019-2023 concept (13.02.2019) approved. current documents of various educational organizations in the advanced foreign experience into account taking without children in any party 's intellectual, moral, aesthetic and physical development of conditions for creation; young children, physical education education education given the quality of the increase, pre-school education in the organization of the children to school quality training radically improve, the educational process in the world in the practice widely used modern educational programs and technologies, the introduction of the possibility creates. future specialists professional skills, children, their parents, experts team with out you go, who many facets and creative activity manifested is. future professionals of children development, growth process of understanding with togetheraction, activity increase, and the human body itself to specific functions know, the game and the action of the preparation of the software, the content to understand with a number of children with mentalphysical development, physical preparation in the diagnosis of skills able to be, as well as, rearing of modern methods and methods are well aware that they need. sports gymnastics to children of various activities for sog'lomlashishi and physical preparedness, physical maturation of the form of development systematically on the basis of their into gets. sports gymnastics life movement abilities to educate and help will, as well as, action, beauty, charm , and accuracy to give will. abilities, speed, strength, elasticity, durability , such as development and psixofiziologik qualities provides; the will, character, discipline, memory, thinking you will develop. sports gymnastics (greek. "hymnos" – workout i) each way physical development and child health problems in the solution to be directed special selected physical exercises of a system and scientific work out methodical instructions for the system. from childhood , starting , sports gymnastics classes, preschool aged all age groups is used. in itself this physical education is the most important method is. sports gymnastics education and health task solve to, of action clear , complete, them out increasing technique improvement for an important tool to have. business regulated laid procedure, education organization to the action of a conscious and independent fulfillment, creativity development, provides. sports gymnastics training emotional increases, movement, aesthetic beauty, the rhythm and the expression shape. the child's body and spiritual effects of music voice under further strengthen. sports gymnastics training organization in a complex method important role plays, workouts during movement abilities to assessthe action of the activities of the general law study qualities of nurturing was. this task is done to increase educational assignments, distribution, movements, analysis and sinkezini applying, various physical exercise study and of them creative use help will. in so doing, sport gymnastics and its methods on the child's general physical preparedness enhancing aimed at is, physical education, the problems of successfully solve to help will. "recreational sports gymnastics" of the term general concept, health to maintain the sport of gymnastics for the main types into the composition enters. sports gymnastics this special selected physical exercises a system is, improve your health , strengthen, physical perfection of development and the child's move ability, power, quick, scan speed, the resistance and others improve to the applied methodological approach, the system is its own into gets. the current exercise is the size of a whole body effect to and the muscle of individual groups and bodies in the development, sex, age, physical preparation level depending on loads and arranging it to look the opportunity it gives. recreational sports gymnastics this overall health to increase contribute added that physical exercise of the full package is, this is very easily fulfilled actions their into gets. the child's body 455 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and physical training to up the action out increase should. this is a complex exercise in children to improve the health of the opportunity it gives and base movement system, joints mobility that a significant extent of increases. recreational sports of gymnastics school age children physical development and body form most important sports constitute dimension. recreational sports gymnastics set included the exercises on the body of the formation, movement activity increase, strength, stamina, skill, flexibility, as well as, training focus and determination to ensure the development service will. especially, often shamollashga tend to that immune deficiency who have children for lessons is much too important. preschool age children for lessons basic action types to the formation directed: whose hands fine movement skills development, balance to maintain the ability of the formation, curiosity, know the ability, physical exercise and selffulfillment interest to increase to.  rostgo'ylik;  hard-working let;  discipline;  rahmdillik;  mutual aid;  creative initiative manifestation be. recreational sports gymnastics main function:  safely`lomlashtirish;  ta`limiy;  education; physical exercise is a freelance basis to work out increasing habit to develop, as well as, the day of the order to comply to o`in rgatish an important role to have. this to the children joy, pleasure , and teaching the process to continue and sustain a desire to give should. in so doing, the lessons active, serharakat and fun games in the form of held, that while its in turn abilities and imagination shape. running, walking, tirmashib out, to throw and twisted to get and items to hold stand, lifting and transportation , such as various physical exercise, various obstacles overcome to, in children with different physical qualities, goal to pursue, team work, will power, efficiency to you will develop. such exercises in children o'zo'zini respect to , and their ability the confidence and good development provide. also, recreational sport of gymnastics in the body, all the metabolic processes, the vessels and in the body, blood circulation improves and muscle growth help will. aesthetic, artistic and sports sports of gymnastics elements of their own into the body a variety of different sports gymnastics programs because they hormones, ritmika, dynamics, charm and power in the development of the most useful of the priorities one is. children are resilient, strong and durable to be to grow needed. training initial stages of basic exercises, the movements of coordination and smooth dynamics, a great attention is given. of these, all action activity can improve to be needed. present at the time preschool age child body good condition, kept most simple, the with along the most effective methods of one of this item the first sports gymnastics lessons. in the morning from sleep, after, around occurred that all events enough perception to start to, many to children known to the time, more precisely in a few hours you need will. item sports gymnastics up after the children the body's physiological processes restored, central nervous system, activates and work ability increases. in the morning the first sports gymnastics exercises with involved: immune system becomes active, that while the environment of the negative factors protect to help you , will;  the child's body, the overall work ability significantly in the level increases;  basic movement skills in the form of; 456 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  scoliosis and yassioyoqlikning prevent the will; regular physical exercise and improvement for the need occurs. also, short, but a regular item, the exercises, the child's mood lifting for strength and interaction trigger feel make it to enough opportunity it gives. badantarbiya and exercise to the exercise performance, as well as, attention and discipline increase should. sessions gradually the child's body the day of the order to apply to get come. a rule as, this training various different simple exercises set, approximately 10 times more than was repeated. they item the exercise force be bajartirib or the children in training himself worse you feel make, this is a body from the benefits than the more damage will be caused can. in the morning gigienik sports gymnastics good that euphoria in the room, of the game on the landing in the stadium, or the fresh air out carried. the training simple exercise from the start should, gradually more difficult exercises is passed. the specialists from each of a child, an individual approach should be. because every a child in their development level have. that is in addition to, item, sports gymnastics children for being sick after, children for a long time for the inactive state, the active condition reducers means as it is used. first of all, this child of the body, all the functions work me'yorlashtirish and stabilized to provide, in his work the level of increases and each different foreign warning of the impact against preventive measures to see provides, action of high culture and the next discipline is the order of saves. in children, strength , and self , the confidence, the feeling of increases. initial sport of gymnastics for all the workout exercise simplicity and them use capacity is based on. gigienik sports gymnastics of the day, any time out is being carried can. often in the morning, daytime (evening meal after), as well as, evening hours is used. one approach in the exercise of the whole set of 10-15 minutes can be done. this , with , along, they are of the day, different time per day, one or a few times out be carried can. properly planned exercise and their sequence 10 lessons from after the first results show will. exercise implementation process specialist not only of the child's general condition, but also their breath that you take will also be observed should. the next exercise power or difficulty with out are enhanced, it the child's body for him ready , and until a little time back to be pushed should. remember that, gigienik sports gymnastics this 3 from the age of 7 under the age of that they are children for a simple, convenient, effective and very useful exercises is a set. exercises in minimal time require will, but results in true miracles to be created can. found rhythm sports gymnastics this sport of gymnastics traditional sog'lomlashtiruvchi-gigienik sports gymnastics type isit the movement of the music , accompanied by the rhythm and temp to to submit based. artistic sports gimnastikaumumiy development exercises, cycle movements (walking, running, jumping and jump, dance elements), certain a pace and rhythm in done which sports gymnastics exercises is a system. found rhythm sports gymnastics 4-7 year old children, many sided impact , make the opportunity , which gives a different direction of exercises is a set. found rhythm sports gymnastics pre-school age of the child into the body a complex effect shows. exercise continuous and complex effect according, downloads mostly heart-blood vessels and a breath to take systems and base-action to the system falls. physical exercises, movements and their coordination compounds a rhythm sport of gymnastics in the complex provided are, the child's move ability improve, as well as, on the body and the rational walk to shape, of action on the culture and on to conduct will train. education in the process of children's physical quality is in the form of , and improve, in the joints mobility both will improve. used literature. 457 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. hikmatullo xayrullayevich. 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(2023). badmintonchilar jismoniy tayyorgarligi va uni rivojlantirish metodikalari. formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences, 2(18), 201-208. 50. sayfiyev , h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasining pedagogik o‘lchov usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 307–315. 51. sayfiyev , h. x. (2023). sport gimnastikasi orqali yosh bolalarning harakat ko‘nikmasi rivojlantirish pedagogik muammo sifatida. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 300–306. retrieved from 52. xayrulloyevich, s. h. (2023). sport gimnastika mashg'ulotlarida asosiy harakat qobilyat (fms), postural (muvozanat) nazorat va o'zini o'zi idrok etishga sport gimnastikasining ta'siri. 82-86 ways of forming a healthy world view based on national 82 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ways of forming a healthy world view based on national values n. djurayeva kokand dpi, teacher abstract: in this article, ways to form a healthy worldview based on national values; national and universal values. it is thought that we should be careful about the administrative way and coercion, we should study our rich scientific and cultural heritage created by our ancestors in a wide and comprehensive way, and the issue of education should be under the control of the state and society. keywords: national value, nationalism, enlightenment, tolerance, kindness, creativity, national education, idea. the greatest force that leads the young generation to perfection is books and life are lessons. educating young people in the spirit of national values is the future, the nation and we can see our nationality eternally free. loyalty to the motherland, trust in friendship, love for the family, love for adults forming a sense of respect for the little ones is the true manifestation of our national values. teaching a person only about the reality of the world, the rules of etiquette, the concepts of love and loyalty is not enough for his spiritual and moral education. perhaps, to form in him the power of will, to form a sense of responsibility, to awaken in his heart the feeling of being kind and consequential to the environment, work, profession, science, heart and soul to other people, to be great in his language we must achieve the birth of goals and be able to express one's reaction to the events happening around. there are different ways for the young generation to grow up with these qualities: by listening to the advice and advice of adults, developing the ability to draw correct conclusions from it; it can be achieved by various means and, most importantly, as a result of a sincere (sincere) approach to the education of the young generation and constant research. centuries, times of every nation in the world there are national values that have been living. preservation of our centuries-old national and religious values, world science and the priceless heritage of our ancestors who made a great contribution to the development of culture learning, on the basis of which, raising young people to be perfect people is stable in society is one of the important conditions for ensuring the social and spiritual environment. the center of islamic civilization established in our country in recent years, islamic academy, mir arab higher madrasah, imam bukhari and imam termizi international research centers serve to study and promote our rich scientific and historical heritage. at the same time, the analysis of events and the social and political situation in the world helps to increase the effectiveness of activities in the religious and educational sphere and to train qualified personnel. requires the creation of an integrated system. wide promotion of our noble qualities and values, such as enlightenment, tolerance, kindness, creativity, characteristic of our people since time immemorial, and the participation of 83 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us representatives of the religious and educational sphere in ensuring the stability of the social and spiritual environment in the society. it is an important task to increase awareness and participation, to educate the young generation in accordance with our national spiritual values, to form human qualities in their minds based on the lessons of the science of hadith, and to instill in them concepts such as patriotism [2.63-68]. the term national education is used in broad and narrow senses. in a broad sense, it means the sum of all spiritual influences, activities, actions, and aspirations aimed at forming a human personality, ensuring his active participation in production and social, cultural, and educational life. national education in this understanding. it includes not only the educational work carried out in the family, school, children and youth organizations, but also the entire social system, its leading ideas, literature, art, cinema, radio, tv, mass media, etc. also, national education in a broad sense includes education and information in this field. in a narrow sense, national education means a pedagogical activity aimed at cultivating the spiritual development, worldview, moral image, and aesthetic taste of a particular person. this is done by family and educational institutions and public organizations [7.55-57]. we know that any kind of upbringing exists only in close connection with education. because in the process of education and information acquisition, not only the knowledge of a person increases, but also the determination of spiritual and moral qualities is accelerated. it is for this reason that our forefathers used knowledge, education and upbringing as a priceless wealth for human perfection and the nation. as much as these words of our enlightened grandfather were important and relevant for our nation at the beginning of our century, they are even more important and relevant for us now" [1.186]. education that implements national education in our country during the years of ideas the material and technical base of institutions and secondary schools increasing attention to strengthening has become the most important and serious issue. for this purpose, the national personnel training program is implemented in our country, which is its organic and logical continuation in 2004-2009. a nationwide state development program was adopted. according to it, in our country strengthening the material and technical base of about ten thousand existing general education schools, fundamentally improving the content of the educational process, large on material and moral stimulation of teachers' work things are being done. in recent years in the field of education the great work we have done, in terms of its scope and essence, has created a solid foundation for the achievement of our noble intentions, the establishment of a life that is second to none, and the spiritual growth of our youth and the entire nation. no error [7.1-4]. in conclusion, national education is of decisive importance in the life of any society and country. because, for its growth and development, the production of material and spiritual wealth must increase continuously. for this reason, the younger generation is superior to their ancestors in creating these assets it is necessary to raise the level. young people both physically and spiritually modern medicine, pedagogy, and psychology in proper education it is especially necessary to implement recommendations in every family [1.186]. it is extremely important for every family, parents, first of all, to see a person in the form of a child, and to always feel that they are responsible for ensuring all the rights and freedoms of a person. each of the emblems and symbols that serve the national idea and national pride in national education is a great textbook and a powerful educational tool. in addition, celebrating the birthdays of great ancestors is also of spiritual and historical importance. by conducting such ceremonies, young people are brought up on the basis of new values, they are instilled in their hearts to understand and value history, to approach the past with respect, to preserve it, and to be proud of belonging to this nation 84 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the theoretical opinions and pedagogical theories expressed by thinkers and pedagogues of the 19th and 20th centuries in the field of education are still relevant today. if current educators use the advice given above regarding child upbringing in the family in their own experience and approach it in connection with today's new scientific views, good results can be obtained without a doubt. therefore, family education, determining his place in life, and teaching a person to live have been important areas of society's activity. the social task of education is to train a person for some activity. the general directions of education were created and developed in ancient times. education based on general principles has its own character. the uzbek people have created their great spiritual heritage related to education, humanity, kindness, hard work, has been educating in the spirit of universal human values and good qualities such as bravery and decency. in particular, the "pandnama" created by the people, which are of encyclopedic importance, created in various genres of the folk oral creativity, the great scholars who are close to the heart of our people, abu rayhan beruni, al-farabi, abu ali ibn sina, imam al-bukhari. , at-tirmizi, amir temur, yusuf khos hajib, alisher navoi, bahavuddin naqshband, zahiriddin muhammad babur, mirza ulugbek, saadi, ahmad yugnaki, ahmad yassavi, ahmad donish, mahmudhoja behbudi, abdullah avlani, etc. a lot of attention is paid to the rare and masterpieces left by many great poets and thinkers [8.27-30]. the views of these thinkers on raising a child in school and family to be good-natured, moral and mature in all respects are distinguished by their uniqueness. they pay special attention to the education of young people in the spirit of hard work and thorough acquisition of knowledge. in their works, great thinkers encourage students to be polite, to work honestly, to be kind to their parents, to live with honest work. in his pedagogical views, abu ali ibn sina emphasizes that the child who is raised apart from the community and society becomes unhappy, and that a person is connected to society by being born in a family. according to al-farabi: "it is in the hands of the person and the community that a person and society can achieve victory, achieve good, and achieve a moral and intellectual direction." it is not enough to mature and become a human being under the influence of natural primary education, because he is a human being and needs the ability to speak and a profession in order to reach human maturity. above are the students studying in our national schools in order to educate as shown, we need to study our rich scientific and cultural heritage created by our ancestors in a wide and comprehensive way, and let schoolchildren enjoy them during educational hours. undoubtedly, we are based on national and universal values in educating the young generation. education is a process that continues until the end of a person's life. below we will consider each stage of continuous moral education separately. moral education in the family. it is appropriate to start raising a child from the mother's womb. this idea was emphasized by a number of eastern thinkers. in order to educate a child, the parents themselves must be educated first. only physically and mentally healthy parents will give birth to a healthy child. the first president i.a. karimov expressed his opinion about a healthy generation: "when i say a healthy generation, i personally mean first of all a healthy generation, not only physically strong, but also healthy in spirit and mind, with complete faith and belief. , i understand an educated, highly moral, brave and brave, patriotic generation," they said. a child is brought up in a family environment from the day of his birth. during this period, it is very important to feed the child properly and take proper care of him. at the age of one year, the child is happy when he sees people close to him, he likes colorful toys. during this period, it is necessary to bring up the child through meaningful caresses and beautiful toys [5]. children between the ages of 1 and 3 start playing with different toys, and their speech gradually begins to develop. during this period, children communicate with each other through play, imagination and thinking process are formed. parents' or educators' love for children, their behavior with intelligence and kindness, leads to the child's healthy growth and morals. he went to school the period in an educational institution is the most important period in a child's upbringing. because the traces of impressions created during this period remain in human memory forever. this period is the period when the 85 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us child's mental and physical growth is rapid, his desire to know the world, and his desire to express his attitude to the environment are increasing. in primary education, a new, interesting and important period begins in a child's life. because when a child comes to school, he faces a new environment, new procedures, and new requirements. in this period, it is necessary to make the lessons interesting, taking into account that the children have not completely abandoned the game activity. by this time, there is only one way of educational influence on the child becomes more clear and systematic [5]. because now especially etiquette classes begin, and also in other subjects regularly moral education is given. during this period, the organization of various circles also gives its positive results. moral education in secondary general education. by the time of high school, the subjects studied by the student gradually become more complex, accordingly, the student's thinking and worldview expands. during this period, students should be polite to each other more than proverbs and examples of hadiths to organize a competition by telling them and to these proverbs and smells themselves can be trained to act. now the students understand the meaning of moral concepts such as duty, conscience, honor, justice, goodness. moral education in higher educational institutions. young people are now a part of higher education choosing a specialty, his independent opinion, worldview, intellectual will be interested. raising a generation with a clear conscience, whole faith, honest, patriotic, patriotic, brave, healthy in all aspects, intellectual potential, in a word, healthy, who will serve the development of society, development of the motherland, peace of the country, people's well-being it is the demand of the times. carrying out this work is the sacred duty of all of us to the motherland. it is a requirement of the present time to always pay attention to education. in eastern countries, it is most important to raise a child as a well-rounded person is a task. in particular, education is based on religious teachings, hadiths, and artit is appropriate to use works, folklore. for example, only one sharia has 934 requirements that muslims must follow. if the child learns the purity of body and soul, humaneness. a child who grows up with the help of reading books develops humanity, loyalty, compassion, kindness. so, ideological outlook, education of young people in the spirit of national values. it is not a matter to be solved immediately, but the effective use of all available methods, forms, and means of educational work in order to form an ideological outlook, instill national values in the minds and hearts of young people, occupies an important place in the realization of our common goals. references: 1. dilova n.g., saidova m.j. (2020). formative assessment of students' knowledge as an innovative approach to education. the american journal of social science and education innovations. 2012. p.186 2. dilova n.g‘. (2018). buyuk ajdodlarimizning ta’limotlarida mujassamlashgan o‘qituvchi bilan o‘quvchilar hamkorligining pedagogik xususiyatlari. zamonaviy ta’lim. №3, 63-68 b 3. islom karimov ―yuksak ma‘naviyat – еngilmas kuchǁ, toshkent―ma`naviyatǁ 2008-yil 4. mirqosimov m. maktabni boshqarishning nazariy va pedagogik asoslari. t.: 1996y 5. munavvarov a.k. “oila pedagogikasi”. – t.: o’qituvchi, 1994 6. дiloва n.г. (2017). opportunitiеs of pupilsъ complеx девеlopmеnt on tҳе баsеs of moдеrnizаtion tҳе contеnt of primаry эдucаtion. эаstеrn эuropеаn sciеntific journаl. no. 1, pp. 1-4 86 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. дилова н.г. (2013). требования к учителю по организatsiи сотрудничества учащихся начальных классов в учебном процессе. актуальные проблемы современной науки. № 4 (72). с. 55-57 8. расулова з.д. (2021). роль электронного учебно-методического комплекса в оптимизatsiи учебных процессов. academy. № 3 (66), с. 27-30 9. mahmudova, n. t., & tadjiyev, x. x. (2023). thematic groups of telecommunication terms in the uzbek language. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 564-569. 10. rahimova, m., & nazirova, m. (2023). erkin vohidov ijodida antonimalar. conferencea, 85-88. 11. rahimova, m. (2023). oʻzbek tilida leksik nomemalar. scientific journal of the fergana state university, (1), 164-164. 12. raxmatullayeva, d. (2023). o'zbek tilidagi" ilm-ma'rifat" semali lug'aviy birliklar paradigmasi. scienceweb academic papers collection. 13. shukhratovna, r. d., & mushtariybonu, r. (2022). research issues of lexical units in the uzbek language. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 1847-1851. 14. ҳасанова, д. о., & эргашева, д. т. қ. (2021). шахс социал белгиларини ифодалашда лисоний ва нолисоний воситалар ҳамкорлиги. academic research in educational sciences, 2(cspi conference 1), 899903. 15. hasanova, d. (2021). the interaction of linguistic and non-linguistic means in expressing the social characteristics of a person. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(6), 624-626. 16. дилфузахон, ҳ. (2022). ёшга кўра хосланган лексик бирликларнинг изоҳли луғатда берилиши. involta scientific journal, 1(4), 343-348. 17. tukhtasinova, o., rahmatullayeva, d., karimova, s., & mamajonova, m. (2023). characteristics of occasional words. journal of positive school psychology, 7(5), 111-119. 18. tukhtasinova, o. (2021). okkazional words dependence on speech (text). academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(3), 1761-1763. 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 economic security criteria in the service sector shodmanova zubayda ubaydullayevna teacher of the department of theory of economics, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: this article shows information about economic security in the field of services and its mechanisms and objects and indicators of economic security. keywords: economic security, security facilities, gross domestic product, tax services, insurance, information security. economic security is an economic category. it represents the state of the economy in which sustainable economic growth is ensured, social needs are optimally satisfied, rational management is carried out, and economic interests are protected at the national and international levels. economic security is an important component of national security, its material basis. economic security as an economic category, statehood was formed and began to emerge from times when society realized its interests. economic security has its own objects and entities, the object of which is understood as the economic system of the country and the elements that make it up. economic security objectives include: natural resources; human resources, working population; production funds; real estate; financial resources; economic systems; regions; family; human. economic security subjects include: functional and network ministries and agencies; tax services; customs services; banks; exchanges; insurance companies; relevant committees and commissions of the legislature; manufacturers and sellers of products, providers of work and services; consumer societies. there are the following types of economic security: production – security in the technological sphere; –security in the industrial sphere; food security; demographic security;-financial security; information security; security in the field of foreign economic activity, etc.k. the following indicators of economic security are distinguished: 5 increase in the volume of gross domestic product; standard and quality of life of the population; inflation rate; unemployment rate; economy structure; public debt; property stratification of society; criminalization of the economy and society; technical and technological state of production; competitiveness; dependence on imports; scale of the study of economic security based on criteria is understood as an assessment of the state of the economy in a generalized way, that is, the resource potential and its development opportunities, the level of efficiency of resource use, competitiveness, etc. since economic security is an important component of national security, it is also considered important to ensure it. ensuring the economic security of the republic of uzbekistan is one of the main conditions for the rise of the country in every area. according to experts, “one can give as many examples as one wants from history of the consequences of light thinking on this pressing issue or looking at the inevitable danger in a free way, reducing it” 4 . economic security is an important direction in the system of state security, which is accompanied by such directions as ensuring the defense capability of the country, maintaining social stability in society, protecting against environmental disasters. it is these directions that complement each other and are inextricably linked. because, if the country's economy is not 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us strong, it does not develop steadily, it becomes difficult to ensure the defense capabilities of this country. meanwhile, as long as social stability is not ensured in the country, its defense capacity will not be strong either, and its economy will not develop effectively. before highlighting the content and essence of the concept of economic security, it will be necessary to dwell on the concept of national security. national security as a general form of protection of interests expresses all the visions of satisfying interests and needs, enjoying material, spiritual, universal values and striving for well-being. "economic security" is understood as the state of the economy that makes it possible to ensure a sufficient level of the social, political and defense capabilities of the country. "economic security" is the determination of the path and forms of economic development of the people (through the state) independently, without interference and freshness from the outside. "economic security" is not only the protection of national interests, but also the willingness and ability of institutions of power to create mechanisms for the implementation and protection of national interests in the development of the country's economy. famous russian scientist, academician l. abalkin distinguished three main elements of the concept of" economic security". these are: economic independence, stability of the national economy, the country's ability to develop and progress on its own. l.abalkin believes that economic independence is not of an absolute nature, since the international division of labor makes national economies interdependent. economic independence in such conditions indicates the possibility of control over national resources. it is necessary to achieve such a level of production, efficiency and product quality that it ensures product competitiveness and gives the opportunity to participate equally in world trade, cooperative relations and the exchange of scientific and technological achievements. the stability of the national economy, on the other hand, indicates the possibility of protecting all forms of ownership, creating conditions and guarantees for entrepreneurial activity, preventing factors that can undermine stability (for example, the struggle with criminal structures in the economy, avoiding large discrepancies in the distribution of income, which can lead to severe social consequences). economic security of the enterprise (firm) – legal, organizational and economic and engineering and technical measures carried out by the administration and personal security regional security state security public security region security private firm security is a state of protection against internal and external risks of vital economic interests arising due to the personality security . most experts believe that when developing measures to ensure economic security, it will be necessary to take into account all the factors affecting it and, above all, to increase the efficiency of the economy. thus, economic security represents the sum of internal and external conditions that can ensure the consistent and effective growth of the national economy and its ability to meet the needs of society, state, individual, ensure competitiveness in foreign markets, guarantee protection against various threats. it follows from this that the economic security of the country must first of all be ensured by the efficiency of the economy, that is, the economy must protect itself on the basis of ensuring high labor productivity, improving the quality of products, ensuring competitiveness. this should be applied by state bodies, all branches and organizational structures of the economy. brief conclusions in the context of the globalization of the world economy and the fact that uzbekistan has become an integral component of the integrated global economic space, the global financial and economic market, it is important to ensure economic security, which is an important element of the country's national security. economic security, on the other hand, primarily reflects the protection of the national interests of the country. in the following years, the role of asia in the world economy and politics is growing very quickly, and, according to experts, it will grow even more. central asia is becoming a region of active geopolitical competition. the republic of uzbekistan, which is located in the center of the region, is located on a strategically important territory, which borders all the countries of central asia. it can be said that the events of 2005 on the territory of central asia (kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan) showed that the main "nerve vein" of the region passes through uzbekistan. 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us therefore, it should be noted that all countries located in the region to one degree or another face the problems of extremism and international terrorism. resolving mmos, ensuring security, terrorism, separatism and ectremism, illegal drug trafficking as well as transnational shanghai cooperation in the fight against the threats of organized crime member countries, including uzbekistan, are playing an important role. shanghai cooperation organization held june 14-15, 2001 the "shanghai five" organized at the sixth summit in shanghai was. this gave it a new meaning and kept the name of the chinese city. the organization has shown its effectiveness over the past time since its formation and attracted the attention of the world community. on april 5, 2010 at the initiative of the republic of uzbekistan in tashkent a joint statement on cooperation between the sco and un secretariats was signed. in this document, the united nations general assembly resolution of december 18, 2009 established that between the two organizations the main principles and directions of cooperation are reflected. references 1. karimov i.a. our main task is to promote the development of our homeland and the wellbeing of our ring. t: uzbekistan, 2010. 2. karimov i.a. the world financial and economic crisis, ways and measures to prevent it in the conditions of uzbekistan. t.: "uzbekistan", 2009 3. karimov i.a. uzbekistan at the dawn of the 201st century: security threats, stability conditions and guarantees of progress. t.: uzbekistan, 1997 4. abdusamedovn. economic security. tashkent, 2008. 5. abalkin l. ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost rossii: ugrozi i ix otrajenie.// voprosi ekonomiki. 1994, no. 12, p. 45, 44-48s. 6. isakhodzhaev a., rasulev a. khufiyona economy and economic security. t.: academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan, 2004 72 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of creative abilities of junior school children in reading literacy lessons khusniddinov khumoyun basis doctoral student of namangan state university abstract: the relevance and demand for the development of creative abilities of primary school students in reading literacy lessons is substantiated. the content of the combination “reading literacy” is revealed. the characteristics of the process of development of creative ability in primary school students are presented. a comparative analysis of the concepts “creativity” and “creativity” is proposed. based on the analysis of scientific and methodological sources, an analysis of the concept of “creative ability” is given. keywords: primary stage, system of continuous education, creatively, proactively, creatively, national program for the development of public education, reading literacy, analyze what you read, perception of the problem; search for a solution; the emergence and formulation of hypotheses; hypothesis testing; their modification; finding results, problematic presentation of knowledge; discussion, research method, creative work of students, creating an atmosphere of collective creative activity. the initial stage of the system of continuous education of the republic of uzbekistan is faced with the task of forming a creative personality who can correctly and quickly navigate various life situations, act creatively, proactively and imaginatively under any circumstances, and think critically. in this regard, in the “national program for the development of public education in 2022-2026” [1], the initial stage of education sets the task of developing students’ critical thinking skills, creativity, interactive activities and communicative competence. the implementation of this task is carried out in the learning process as a whole, but reading literacy lessons in primary grades may become a priority. for this purpose, starting from the 2021-2022 academic year in connection with the introduction of the “national curriculum”, the integrated subject “russian language and reading literacy” has been introduced for primary grades, and a corresponding textbook has been compiled. reading literacy is a person’s ability to understand, use, evaluate texts, reflect on them, and engage in reading in order to achieve their goals, expand their knowledge and capabilities, and participate in social life. the phrase “reading literacy” appeared in 1991, when the iea (international association for the evaluation of educational achievement) an organization that initiated a comparative study of reading quality, was looking for a concept that defines reading not only from a technical perspective, but in a broad functional context as an opportunity to reflect on what is read and use what is read to achieve personal and social goals, primarily for further learning. pirls is an international comparative study of the quality of reading and text comprehension of primary 73 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us school students (grade 4): “reading literacy is the ability to understand and use written language in all its diversity of forms for the purposes required by society. pirls, an international comparative study of the quality of reading and text comprehension of primary school students, defines this concept as follows: “reading literacy is the ability to understand and use written language in all its diversity of forms for purposes required by society and/or valued by the individual. readers construct their own meanings from a variety of texts. they read to learn, to participate in in-school and out-of-school reading communities, and for pleasure.” many schoolchildren read what is written, pronounce letters, syllables, words. but reading thoughtfully, consciously, receiving information from the text is not everything, because “being able to read” and “being able to read competently” are not the same thing. reading literacy is not a synonym for being well-read or having good reading technique, but the ability to understand, use and analyze what you read. reading literacy consists of a system of the following aspects: fluent reading; interpretation of the text in the literal sense; assessment of the language and form of the message; information search and retrieval; transformation of data from specific phenomena to generalized ones; formulating main ideas and conclusions; general understanding of the text; reflections on the content and evaluation, correlation with extra-textual information. all these skills are interconnected. work on developing reading literacy is based not only on the text itself, but also on the ability to extract additional information and draw conclusions. the importance of russian language lessons for the development of reading literacy is as follows: students read a lot in russian language lessons, the content of the “speech development” section of the program is related to working with texts; indirect influence: the reader always conducts a dialogue with the author (the level of development of oral speech and the level of development of internal speech are important), the reader expresses his point of view, discusses the text with other readers, writes down answers to questions. it should be noted that, subject to correct and methodologically appropriate organization, reading literacy lessons will significantly contribute to the development of the student’s creative personality. a feature of a creative personality is a highly developed imagination, the ability to create new original images and their details. creative activity makes a person a “being” facing the future. the development of human creative abilities is one of the most important problems of society. this problem has become particularly relevant in recent decades due to large-scale reform of all spheres of life in the country. the changes taking place in the life of society orient the continuous education system towards preparing the younger generation capable of selfdetermination, critical and creative thinking in a rapidly changing, dynamically developing society. in response to changes in social life, the education system is also changing. according to the requirements of the national program, the education system prioritizes the task of developing the creative activity of students, developing their ability to independently acquire, rethink and apply knowledge in practice. in this regard, currently the attention of methodological scientists and practical teachers is focused on finding and implementing the most effective ways to develop the student’s creative abilities. the use of a student-oriented scientific approach, innovative educational technologies, interactive forms of training, reliance on advanced foreign experience, consideration of subject knowledge and skills as a means of achieving the goal of education are reflected in the decrees and resolutions of the president of the republic of uzbekistan and other regulatory documents relating to the system. one of the fundamental principles of updating the content of education is its personal orientation, which involves relying on the subjective experience of the student and the current needs of each student. in this regard, the urgent question arose about the organization 74 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of active cognitive and creative activity of the student, contributing to the accumulation of creative experience of younger schoolchildren, as the basis for personal self-realization at subsequent stages of lifelong education. an analysis of scientific and methodological literature shows that the terms “creativity” and “creativity” are often used synonymously. in this regard, i would like to note the following. “creativity” and “creativity” have their differences. the creative process is based on the inspiration of the author, his abilities, and the traditions that the author follows. if we talk about the creative process, then its main component is the pragmatic element, that is, the initial understanding of why something needs to be created, for whom something needs to be created, how something needs to be created and, in fact, what exactly needs to be created. creativity is always primary and fundamental. however, in a creative product it is subordinated to a pragmatic goal. a creative product is a painting that will be placed in a pre-selected frame, with a pre-designated place in a pre-selected museum, a painting that will delight visitors selected in advance. creativity without creativity is impossible. creativity is only a technology for organizing the creative process, which is fruitless in itself, no matter what tasks are set before it. it is customary to distinguish between “creativity” (as a result or process of work) and various methods of obtaining creative ideas. the concept of “creativity” is more focused on the individual, in contrast to the concept of “creativity,” which is more focused on activity and its result. therefore, putting an equal sign between these two concepts is not entirely correct. almost always, when we talk about creative activity, we also mean a certain product of this activity, be it a drawing, a poem or an independent idea. at the same time, in russian it is also customary to call creative products “creativity”. that is, this term goes beyond the scope of the individual and moves to the results of the individual’s activities. with regard to the term “creativity”, such a transition is impossible. the term “creative” has a defining rather than a substantive meaning, which could be expressed when translating the term “ creativity ” into russian as “ creativity ”. when we talk about creativity, we mean the process of an individual’s subjective cognition of the phenomenal and semantic essence of the surrounding world, objective reality. we are not talking about creating a visible, tangible, material product. the result of the creative process is the very formation of personality, the creation of a unique microcosm the human individual psyche, soul. creative thinking is characterized by the simultaneous grasping of opposites: information drawn from the environment and its imposition on neural and psychological structures and forms of diversity; structural and activity aspects of human behavior and communication with the environment; figurative-logical, sign-symbolic organization of intelligence and technical systems, structures and functions. creativity also acts as a way of personal self-realization. creativity is an activity that results in new material and spiritual values; the highest form of mental activity, independence, the ability to create something new and original. as a result of creative activity, creative abilities are formed and developed. in creative activity, factors such as temperamental characteristics and the ability to quickly assimilate and generate ideas play an important role (6; 8). the individual psychological characteristics of an individual, which are related to the success of performing any activity, but are not limited to the knowledge, abilities, skills that have already been developed by schoolchildren, can be defined as creative abilities.  b your “product” or give it a finished form 9 ]. the creative activity of a student helps to increase his involvement in the educational process, as well as the successful acquisition of knowledge, stimulates intellectual effort and selfconfidence. m.n. skatkin [ 2 ] considers certain ways to enhance creative activity: 1) problematic presentation of knowledge 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2) discussions 3) research method 4) creative work of students 5) creating an atmosphere of collective creative activity in the classroom (2.56). to develop creative abilities, it is necessary to develop creative activity. it is necessary to develop the desire to communicate with peers, directing it towards the desire to communicate through the results of creativity. the best approach for primary school age is “specially organized creative activity in the process of communication,” which, from the point of view of a primary school student, looks like an activity to practically achieve a socially significant result. literature 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan up 134 “on approval of the national program for the development of public education in 2022 2026” 2. bogoyavlenskaya d.b. intellectual activity as a problem of creativity.rostovon-don, 2000. 3. bershanskaya o.n., degtereva g.d. while reading, i think. kirov. 2010. 4. dubrovina i.v. psychology m.: academy, 2000. 5. kodzhaspirova g.m., kodzhaspirov a.yu. pedagogical dictionary m. academy, 2000. 6. kolominsky ya.l. psychology of children's collective. – minsk 1999 7. komarova t.s. collective creativity of children. – m.: vlados 2001, 8. kubasova o.v. development of reconstructive imagination in the reading lesson // primary school 2001 no. 9. 9. lvov m.r. development of creative activity of students in russian language lessons // elementary school 2001 no. 1. 630 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of innovative technologies in improving the spiritual education of students in higher education institutions akramov abdufattoh shavkatovich head of the department of spirituality and enlightenment zarmed university bukhara, uzbekistan dagotys@mail.ru, 998914038305 abstract: the article analyzes the role of innovative technologies and the results of their usage in improving the spiritual education of students in higher educational institutions. searching for new forms and methods of education and upbringing does not mean abandoning the old traditional methods, but on the basis of their further improvement, bringing the process of education and upbringing to a modern level and activating the interest of students in their own specialty, training specialists of professional activity at the level of the requirements of the time. key words: innovative technologies, spiritual education, higher education, globalization, spiritual and enlightenment center, high-quality specialist. introduction on january 19, 2022, under the chairmanship of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, shavkat mirziyoev, a video selector meeting was held on the issues of fundamental improvement of the system of spiritual and educational affairs and strengthening the cooperation of state and public organizations in this regard. “if the body of society is economy, then its soul and spirit is spirituality. as we decide to build a new uzbekistan, we rely on two strong pillars. the first is a strong economy based on market principles. the second is a strong spirituality based on the rich heritage of our ancestors and national values,” said shavkat mirziyoev at the meeting. the address of the president to the superior council, the first forum of the youth of uzbekistan and the expanded meeting of the security council defined the urgent tasks in the direction of spirituality. because in this regard, there are many issues that are waiting to be solved, and the wind of changes has not penetrated. there are also those who do not fully understand the essence of the national idea, who imagine the old ideology and look at it superficially. therefore, the president emphasized the main idea of our country's ideology: that is, “the ideology of the new uzbekistan that we are creating will be the idea of goodness, mailto:dagotys@mail.ru 631 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us humanity, humanism.” when we say ideology, we understand first of all the education of thought, the education of national and universal values. according to the president, they are based on the concepts and values of our people that have been alive for thousands of years. it is known that today in the world there is a sharp struggle and competition, and the conflict of interests is increasing. the main part. globalization processes are creating new opportunities for humanity as well as unexpected problems. threats and dangers against national identity and moral values are increasing. thinking only of oneself, looking lightly at work and family, consumerism is masterfully instilled in the minds of people, especially young people, in various ways. threats such as terrorism, extremism, transnational and cyber-crime, human trafficking, and drug trafficking are increasing. in some regions, instability is deliberately created and the mood of protest is growing. shavkat mirziyoev said that indifference and carelessness are the biggest danger, that there is a lack of education of intellectuals and public control to reduce the social problems faced today. it was noted at the meeting that the time itself requires the analysis of the socio-spiritual environment on a scientific basis. spiritual and educational work in our society is not giving the expected result because it is not started on such a basis. therefore, it was said that it is necessary to critically study the work of the republic “center of spirituality and enlightenment” and fundamentally improve its activities. the president proposed the creation of the “institute of social and spiritual studies” on the basis of the “promoter of spirituality” educational institution of this center. at the meeting, measures were defined to raise spiritual and educational work to a new level in terms of quality and content. it is known that dozens of organizations are currently engaged in the promotion of spirituality. however, due to the fact that their activities are not clearly coordinated, and they are not combined into a single system, cases of duplication are being observed. from now on, the republican “spiritual and enlightenment center” will coordinate the spiritual and educational activities of all regional councils, ministries, offices and organizations. spirituality is one of the concepts that are widely used in uzbek and other languages, but at the same time, they are not studied scientifically. our observations show that the scope and essence of the uzbek word “spirituality” and its alternatives in several languages have not been studied. other scientists express the same opinion: despite the fact that the term “spirituality” is often used in official documents, scientific literature, and the press, it has not been separately analyzed and defined as a scientific concept. it seems like a puzzle that this concept, which is widely used in everyday life, is little studied in the world social and humanitarian science, including psychology. however, the roots of this situation lie in the attitude towards this concept in various scientific and philosophical systems. and this attitude, basically, it can be said, was to deny it and consider it as a third-, fourth-, tenth-order phenomenon. since the first years of independence in uzbekistan, great importance has been attached to issues of spirituality, the problem of its formation and development in young people. raising spirituality has risen to the level of state policy in our country. the issuance of a number of decrees and decisions of the first president of our republic i.karimov on spirituality issues, the formation of the “spirituality and enlightenment” council, the “spirituality promotion center”, the “national idea and ideology” scientific-practical center and their local divisions were established and active in our country. the fact that hundreds of 632 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us monographs, pamphlets, and articles are being prepared and published in our country by specialists in philosophy, cultural studies, foundations of spirituality, and pedagogy, as well as the fact that dozens of theses related to the topic of spirituality are being prepared in our country, indicates the extent of the attention paid to the issues of spirituality in our country. at the moment, it is noticeable that there are very few monographs and pamphlets prepared and published dedicated to the issues of spirituality in the science of psychology, and there are almost no dissertations. however, the research of spirituality and the psychological aspects of its formation can give a serious boost to the effectiveness of researches in other disciplines and practical work in this field in our country. the fact that the civil society being established in our country is a society of morally perfect and spiritually mature individuals is one of the factors that show the relevance of the topic. another important aspect that determines the relevance of the topic is that forces alien to our society: terrorists, religious fanatics and carriers of other destructive ideas are trying to turn students and young people to their side. a threat to morale can bring a country into crisis. therefore, the task of not giving students into the hands of violent and aggressive forces also requires to approach the formation of their spirituality, researching the psychological aspects of this process as a primary task. how important it is to study the psychological aspects of the problem of spirituality, especially the psychological aspects of the formation and development of the spirituality of young people and students, and at the same time, the lack of special research on this problem shows the relevance of the topic. the rapid development of socio-political and economic conditions in our republic requires pedagogues, such as pedagogues of higher education in the field of medicine, to revise and improve the following from a pedagogical point of view: technologies of educating students in higher education institutions; development of an integrated, step-by-step educational mechanism for raising a mature generation and its direct implementation into the educational system; educating the young generation in the spirit of historical, national and universal values; by creating a healthy social environment, to inculcate the idea of national independence in their hearts and minds; in training a well-trained, high-quality specialist, the main focus is not only on training a specialist, but also on a person of sound mind, brought up with the national idea, who thinks creatively and processes information from a critical point of view, who feels in his heart the various changes and events taking place in our country, for the sake of its development. it is necessary to focus on educating a professional who burns the soul and is far-sighted in solving life’s problems.  at a time when rapid development and modernization are taking place in our country in all areas, as well as in higher educational institutions that prepare medical workers, education requires a new approach to the educational process, the development of a person in all aspects (spiritually mature, creatively thinking, able to accept successful solutions in all aspects of life). .  changing the goals of the educational process in accordance with modern conditions promotes the improvement of the integrated educational system, which interprets the essence of education in a new way. in modern concepts of educational activity, there are several 633 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us concepts that reveal the essence of education: education in the form of goal-directed management of personality development (l. i. novikova, v. a. karakovsky, n. l. selivanova);  education in the form of creating conditions for personality development (s. i. grigorev, b. t. likhachev);  education is lichnosti in the form of managing the process of social formation of an individual (a. v. mudrik, d. i. feldstein);  education in the form of a psychological-pedagogical process that supports the development of the individual (o. s. gazman);  therefore, education for us is a matter of either life or sorrow, or salvation or destruction, or happiness or disaster [1]; the educational process is carried out within the framework of the social environment, which not only forms the knowledge, skills and qualifications of the individual, but also has a comprehensive effect on the person being educated [2];  education cannot be separated from education, and education cannot be separated from education this is an oriental view, an oriental philosophy of life [3];  with upbringing, you can turn a child into gold, and you can also make dirt [4].all the presented concepts reflect the main main idea of education the potential opportunities and actual directions of development of a person, his professional opportunities and requirements, readiness for self-realization, self-management. how does upbringing affect the process of social formation of a person? what can education concretely provide for a person's social formation to be successful and loyal to his homeland? what are the functions of education to manage the process of social formation of the person? these questions, as you can see, require research, a creative approach to its solutions, theoretical justification and determination of methods and methods of its implementation in practice. within the framework of practical and scientific research, we have analyzed to what extent the place and role of national-spiritual and universal human values in raising the young generation in a perfect spirit, consistency in raising a perfect person, and the spirit of loyalty to the motherland in the human heart. , it is envisaged to create a teaching-methodical system of decent education. it is known that the first president i.a. in the words of karimov: “if economic growth and development are the body of our society, spirituality, enlightenment and maturity of political consciousness are its soul, mind and soul.” in order to achieve our great country and great future, we must educate intelligent, enlightened people who are proud of their past, great values, nation and believe in the future. in cooperation with professors and teachers of the higher education system, it is necessary to carry out research on creative and non-standard approaches to the issues of educating students in the spirit of loyalty to the country and managing the political formation of young people. we are putting before us concrete issues on further improvement of the field of education: not only competitive specialists (medicine, information technology); corresponding to the demand of the market economy; not training a specialist who can achieve his personal goals and protect his interests. our main goal is to train a truly spiritually fresh specialist who has creative potential, has a scientific worldview, is highly cultured and aware of civic responsibility, has mastered modern professional activities, and is imbued with the bright spiritual principles of our future. today, as the struggle for the human mind and heart is becoming intense, it is natural for different views to dominate the ideological field. therefore, by ensuring the dominance of a single ideology based 634 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on a common belief, various actions are taking place to ideologically subjugate the world arena. religious fanaticism and extremist struggles can be included among such actions. they try to justify the idea of their political unification under a single caliphate, relying on the ideas of the spiritual unity of all muslims, regardless of their social and national characteristics, which country they belong to. for many years, this has poisoned the minds and hearts of young people, and when the time comes, they rebel against their country. therefore, there was a need to strengthen spiritual education. whenever the president thinks about education, he remembers the teachings of abdulla avloni, who said, “education is a matter of life or death, or salvation or destruction, or happiness or disaster.” according to the words of our president, as much as it was important and relevant for the fate of our nation at the beginning of our century, it is as important and relevant for us today [1]. its relevance is determined by the need to eliminate the danger of various harmful ideologies. after all, it is necessary to fight against them through ideas and enlightenment. currently, one of the important aspects of educating young students is that the objective process of education should change from collective education to the direction of individual self-education and self-development. it is understood as an innovative process related to changes in society, acquisition of new social skills by young people, strengthening and improvement of civil status. in other words, it is about forming the identity of a new type of student who can find the right, adequate way and act accordingly in the process of changing socio-cultural conditions. innovation in education and upbringing should be aimed at creating a person of the perfect human type, but this success should not be achieved by any methods and means. it is necessary for the modern young generation, a student of a higher educational institution, to have a morally sound education, to be able to re-educate himself, to change himself, to be able to solve existing problems and to be the owner of professional activity who wants to solve these problems. innovation in education is a spiral, evolutionary development process that ensures new, continuous development, further improvement of the system, its transition to a new quality state. thus, the innovative process in education must begin with changing the educational paradigm. it is necessary to introduce innovations into the education and training process in accordance with the requirements of the time. by implementing innovation in education, we understand the improvement of pedagogical technologies, the set of teaching methods, methods and means of acquiring knowledge, bringing it to a new level of quality. it is the innovative activity that not only helps the higher education institution and its graduates to create a solid basis of competitiveness in the market of educational services, but also closely supports the personal development of specialists. therefore, to achieve maximum success from innovations and its content, it is necessary to change the methods of organizing educational and educational processes accordingly: universal pedagogical technologies, humanitarian technologies, application to the process of pedagogical practice, interactive methods, small group work methods should play an important role among them. among the active teaching methods, the methods that develop the ability to acquire knowledge and analyze it, can be targeted, provide the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in practice, can accept responsible solutions in nonstandard situations and embody the responsibility of the accepted solutions can take the main place. for this purpose, it is appropriate to use the following active methods scientific research, creative research, design, role-playing and business methods. it is these methods that ensure the transition from reproductive activity to productive activity, that is, active civil relations. searching for new forms and methods of education and upbringing does not mean abandoning 635 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the old traditional methods, but on the basis of their further improvement, bringing the process of education and upbringing to a modern level and activating the interest of students in their own specialty, training specialists of professional activity at the level of the requirements of the time. if the possibilities and interests of students, creative abilities, requirements for specialization, assessment and similar arguments are well studied, all these innovations will bear fruit. it is these methods that ensure the transition from reproductive activity to productive activity, that is, active civil relations. conclusion. searching for new forms and methods of education and upbringing does not mean abandoning the old traditional methods, but on the basis of their further improvement, bringing the process of education and upbringing to a modern level and activating the interest of students in their own specialty, training specialists of professional activity at the level of the requirements of the time. if the possibilities and interests of students, creative abilities, requirements for specialization, assessment and similar arguments are well studied, all these innovations will bear fruit. we believe that this will be reflected in the students' creative activity, culture of mutual tolerance, sincere love for their homeland, dedication to the development of the nation, political maturity and other qualities. thus, the above-mentioned considerations are aimed at educating the student at the level of the demand of the time, showing him the right path, requiring the selection of the necessary technologies, and the activation of the unlimited possibilities of human activity. references 1. каримов и. юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч. т. маънавият. 2008. – 68 б. 2. юксак билимли ва интеллектуал ривожланган авлодни тарбиялаш – мамлакатни барқарор тараққий эттириш ва модернизация қилишнинг энг муҳим шарти. халқаро конференция материаллари (февраль; 2012; тошкент). – тошкент: o’zbekiston, 2012. – 184 бет. тит. в. ва текст ўзб., рус тилларда. 3. орлов к. а. особенности формирования гуманности на отдельных этапах развития личности//совершенствование учебно-воспитательного процесса в образовательном учреждении: сб. науч. трудов. – м.: мггу им. м. а. шолохова, 2007. – с. 162-165. 4. слободчиков в. и. инновационные процессы и социальное партнерство в образовании: тезисы международной научно-практической конференции 2002 г. в г. новосибирске. – новосибирск, 2002. 5. абдулла авлоний. туркий гулистон ёхуд ахлоқ. т. ўқитувчи. 1992. – 14 б. 6. юсупов э. инсон камолoтининг маънавий асослари. т. университет. 1998. – 120 б. 7. хажиева, и. а. олий таълим муассасаларида талабаларни тарбиялаш ва ўқитишда инновацион технологияларнинг роли / и. а. хажиева, ф. а. султанова. — текст : непосредственный // молодой ученый. — 2017. — № 16.2 (150.2). — с. 34-37. — url: https://moluch.ru/archive/150/42582/ (дата обращения: 22.03.2022). 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 human rights in territories development ways of improvement tojiyeva muhayyo valiyevna independent researcher of bukhara, engineering technology institute abstract: this article describes human potential, the systemic nature of human potential, the capitalization of the human factor, and the theoretical foundations of innovative development of personnel potential. human potential is considered as a comprehensive indicator of the level of economic efficiency improvement in industrial enterprises. also, proposals and recommendations on the development of human potential in industrial enterprises were developed based on the studied foreign experiences. keywords: "human factor", "human capital", intellectual, spiritual and cultural components. introduction. human potential is a phenomenon arising from aspects and qualities such as professionalism, desire for knowledge, information supply, health, optimism, initiative and hard work 1 . development of high technologies in the modern world and more development, introduction of innovative products and technologies in all areas, economic life requires new human resources. in the conditions of intensive scientific and technical transformations, the training of personnel who are able to make decisions quickly and have a creative approach to their work and think creatively has become a need of the hour. the concept of human capital has been used in science since the second half of the xx century. it began to be widely used in the field of science. human capital science and technology it is the most valuable resource in the developed modern world. human potential is the knowledge, skills and health that people have acquired throughout their lives, which enable them to realize their potential as useful members of society. investing in people through improved nutrition, health, quality education, job creation and skills development contributes to the development of human capital, which is critical to ending extreme poverty and building socially cohesive societies. is important. literature analysis and methodology the necessary conditions for the development of the concept of human potential are reflected in the works of classical economists who studied socio-economic sciences. in particular, scientists such as f. keene, k. marx, v. pareto, v. petty, d. ricardo, a. smith, j. schumpeter, in their works, use the methodology of analyzing human interaction through rational-utilitarian categories. made a great contribution to its formation. m. weber, ye. in the works of durkheim and g. simmel, human and anthropological factors determining the nature of economic processes are deeply and comprehensively analyzed theoretically and 1 abdurakhmonova nigora kalandarovna chief specialist of the institute of pedagogical innovations and management of vocational education and retraining of pedagogical personnel and their qualification improvement 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodologically. theoretical and methodological analysis of human potential has been studied by russian economists. among them v.m. petrov, n.m. rimashevskaya, b.g. yudin, a. barysheva, b. korneychuk, ye.m. andreyev, a.g. vishnevsky, s. gradirovsky, j.a. zayonchkovskaya, n.v. zubarevich, i.s. maslova, v.s. tikunov, a.v. kashepova, s.n. smirnova, m. dmitriyeva, o. sinyavskaya and many other scientists can be mentioned. a number of theoretical and practical researches focused on the problems of human potential have also been studied by the scientists of our republic. k.h.abdurahmonov, sh.r.kholmuminov, b.ch.murtazayev, n.r.narzikulov, a.abdug'aniyev, z.to'lametova, d.k.balakhanova, o.h.mukhamedova, i.a.bakiyeva and a number of other economists researched and summarized the comparative analysis induction and deduction methods were used. results. according to the opinion of many economists, the term "human potential" was introduced to economic sciences by the american economist theodore schulz's work "investment in human capital" [3]. he proved that human capital has the necessary characteristics of the nature of production and is capable of accumulating and increasing it. according to t. schulz's estimates, not 1/4 of the total product produced in the society, based on the theories of reproduction of the 20th century, but 3/4 of its total value is used to accumulate human capital 2 . at present, to what extent human resources are evaluated at different stages of economic development: category period concept of the economic subject reasons for implementation labor force xix century the present period a person is a possessor of abilities and qualities that can be effectively used in the work process the need to consider the individual factor in production labor resources the xxs of the xxth century the current period a person is an inactive object of external management, as a plancalculation unit the process of reproduction of labor force in the conditions of centralized management of the economy labor potential the 70-80s of the 20th century the current period man as a subject with his own needs and interests in the field of work the need to activate the capabilities of the individual factor and use them effectively the human factor the end of the 80s the beginning of the 90s of the xxth century the present period man is the main driving force of social production, a means of increasing its efficiency social and political conditions, the need to increase the effectiveness of the personal factor human capital the beginning of the 90s of the xxth century the current period a person is the object of the most effective investment of capital, which serves the purpose of increasing knowledge and skills, and aiming to achieve the highest efficiency in the future. recognition of human potential and the economic nature of human investments 2 mirzohid latifovich sharipov the essence of intellectual human capital, sources and characteristics. 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the view of human capital has been radically expanded, and it is seen as a valuable asset and a stream of income. because human capital is closely related to economic development. amartya sen, a world-famous indian scientist and winner of the nobel prize in economics (1998), scientifically substantiated this. in his opinion, the development process is not only an increase in material or economic well-being, but also an expansion of the individual's capabilities, which implies a higher freedom of choice for each member of society. the labor potential of an employee is, on the one hand, a set of physical and mental capabilities aimed at achieving certain results in production activities under certain conditions, and on the other hand, new tasks arising as a result of improvements in the work process, changes in production , are problem solving options. descriptions of the labor potential of the company's employees are conditionally divided into two groups:  quantitative descriptions of each (individual) employee and the labor team of the enterprise as a whole, allowing them to participate in labor and production processes in terms of quantity;  qualitative descriptions reflecting the capabilities and abilities of each (individual) employee in the enterprise. quantitative description can be expressed by the number of employees at the company's disposal in a certain period. in order to ensure the full employment of the company's workplaces with employees, long-term dependence of employees on the company, and the continuous and economically efficient operation of production activities in the conditions of the changing market, the correct placement of personnel within the departments of the company provision is very important. the rational composition and structure of the company's employees provides an opportunity to solve production issues with their own strength and operatively. qualitative descriptions of labor potential are more complex in terms of content. it is possible to distinguish three groups of quality descriptions that describe the three structural elements of labor potential (chart 1). drawing 1. structural elements of labor potential in the context of the transition to market relations, the importance of individual qualitative characteristics of labor potential changes over time, for example, the importance of the level of education among the characteristics of labor potential. • human capabilities and inclinations, health, hard work, endurance, type of nervous system, etc. psychophysiological potential •the general and special knowledge that connects the employee's ability to perform work at a certain level of essence and complexity reflects the scope, depth and versatility of labor skills. professional potential • based on the hierarchy of human needs, to reflect the level of civic consciousness and social maturity, the level of mastery of the standards of labor attitude of employees social and spiritual potential (personal potential) 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the education system determines technological development, because the expenditure on education increases the stock of human capital, ensures human development and, as a result, the ability to achieve certain advantages in the field of new intensive technologies by increasing the ability of the economy to develop new ideas. will give. discussion president of our country shavkat miromonovich mirziyoyev in his speech at the 78th session of the un general assembly: -"the policy of building a new uzbekistan is strictly continued. our country is carrying out fundamental reforms aimed at strengthening the principles of democracy and justice based on the noble idea of "for the value and interests of man," he said. modernization of the national economy in the republic of uzbekistan depends first of all on the efficient use of human resources. the study of the human factor reveals its content and essence as a resource, both qualitatively and quantitatively. improving the economy of our country, as well as solving a number of socio-economic tasks before us, requires effective use of human resources. the most important function of human potential is the initiation of long-term needs that determine the direction and motivation of economic development. areas of realization of human potential simultaneously work as areas of production of labor potential. if we analyze the composition of labor resources of the republic of uzbekistan by bukhara region, the results can be seen as follows. analysis of the composition of labor resources (thousands of people) indicators 2020 year 2021 year 2022 year in 2021 compared to 2020, +, in 2022 compared to 2020, +, labor resources 1067,1 1072,3 1073,4 5,2 6,3 relative to the permanent population, in percent 54,4 54,2 53,4 -0,2 -1 including: able-bodied population of working age 1064,4 1068,6 1070,2 4,2 5,8 relative to the permanent population, in percent 55,3 54,1 53,1 -1,2 -2,2 in relation to labor resources, in percent 99,7 99,7 99,7 as can be seen from the data of table 1, the composition of labor resources and the working-age population of the region in 2021 have changed in a positive direction compared to previous years. the average monthly nominal value was calculated for the bukhara region salary analysis (except agriculture and small business entities) (thousand soums) cities and districts 2020 year 2021 year in relation to the average monthly salary in the region, percentage 2020 year 2021 year bukhara region 2 439,0 2 849,5 х х 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bukhara 2 578,6 3 136,0 105,7 110,1 kogon 3 209,6 4 289,6 131,6 150,5 bukhara 2 105,5 2 516,5 86,3 88,3 wobkent 1 736,6 1 895,7 71,2 66,5 jondor 1 947,1 2 291,1 79,8 80,4 kogon 2 506,4 2 520,2 102,8 88,4 olot 1 941,7 2 339,1 79,6 82,1 peshko 1 836,7 1 899,2 75,3 66,7 romitan 2 372,3 2 547,6 97,3 89,4 shofirkon 1 984,3 2 127,8 81,4 74,7 karakol 2 232,4 2 122,0 91,5 74,5 qorovulbozor 3 675,6 4 260,8 150,7 149,5 gijduvan 1 959,8 2 267,6 80,4 79,6 as can be seen from the data of table 2, if we look at the average monthly salary by region, the highest amount 4,289.6 thousand soums compared to the average monthly salary in the region (150.5 percent) in kogon city, 4,260.7 thousand soums (149.5 percent) in qarovulbazar district, bukhara city reached 3,136.0 thousand soums (110.1 percent), in vobkent district it was 1895.7 thousand soums (66.5 percent), in peshko district it was 1899.2 thousand soums (66.6 percent), in karakol district, it is 2122.0 thousand soums (74.5 percent) and has a small amount compared to other regions. the lowest average monthly wages were observed in vobkent (1895.7 thousand soums) and peshko (1899.2 thousand soums) districts. average monthly nominal wages in these districts were correspondingly lower than the average monthly wages in the region. in today's globalization process, innovation is one of the most important strategic resources of any country. successful solution of socio-economic problems, introduction of new industrial and financial technologies, development of innovation-investment infrastructure, improvement of intellectual potential, production of exportable products, substitution of imports, accumulation of foreign exchange reserves are to a certain extent connected with innovative activities. in the opinion of well-known economists, neglecting investment in human capital can drastically reduce the country's competitiveness. in order for the country to develop economically, it is necessary to educate talented people. over the years, material and natural resources, economy, industry and agrarian sectors, gold, currency reserves, etc. of national wealth becomes a constant decreasing part. according to some experts,by 2030, they will be 10% of the national wealth of developed countries cannot even be equal to percent. in other words, the intellectual-spiritual factor is a decisive condition of national wealth, the most important indicator of state power and determines the level of development of society [5.3]. conclusion based on the above considerations, we recommend the following proposals for raising the republic of uzbekistan to the ranks of developed countries and developing human potential: 1. having studied the essence of the concept of human potential in the enterprise, it is necessary to take into account the currently unrealized opportunities of the enterprise's employees and draw up a plan to use them in the future; 2. in order for the enterprise to be successfully staffed, it is necessary to have talented employees who have organizational skills, are professionally ready to perform all operations of the enterprise, have high morals and morals, and meet modern requirements. 3. in order to develop human potential in the enterprise, it is necessary to regularly improve the professional skills of personnel, to ensure their professional (qualification and position) development, to establish the effective use of experience and skills of human resources; 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. it is necessary to pay attention to the planning and implementation of promotion of personnel in the enterprise; 5. it is necessary to regularly encourage (motivation) the work of the company's employees according to their quality and results; 6. the management of the enterprise should pay serious attention to issues related to social, economic and legal protection of personnel. references 1. speech of the president of uzbekistan at the 78th session of the un general assembly 2. d. shoumarov. human capital does not appear by itself. uzlidep.uz/news-of-party/3127., 04.10.2018. 3. kene, f. "selected economic works." m.: sotsekgiz (1960). 4. k. marx "capital" (1867) 5. stiglitz, joseph e. "pareto optimality and competition." the journal of finance 36.2 (1981): 235-251. 6. petty, c. (2014). making r&d efforts profitable: the role of absorptive capacity and policy implications in an emerging economy setting. making r&d efforts profitable: the role of absorptive capacity and policy implications in an emerging economy setting, 67-97. 7. schumpeter y. history of economic analysis. t. 2 = history of economic analysis. — spb.: economic school, 2004 8. david ricardo. — m.: economics, 1988. — 128, 9. david ricardo economic history services archived may 2, 2006. 10. adam smith and the "invisible hand" market mechanism // teoriya i metody v sotsialnykh naukax. — 2004. — s. 147-163. 11. abdurakhmonova nigora kalandarovna, chief specialist of the institute of pedagogical innovations and management of vocational education and retraining of pedagogical personnel and their qualification improvement 12. mirzohid latifovich sharipov the nature, sources and characteristics of intellectual human capital 13. n.m. rimashevskaya studies on russian economic development, 2006 14. annual statistical collection. t.: uzbekistan, 2021. 15. labor and employment in uzbekistan. t.: uzbekistan, 2021. 16. uzbekistan in numbers. t.: uzbekistan, 2020. 17. www.president.uz is the official website of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. 18. www.gov.uz government portal of the republic of uzbekistan. 19. www.lex.uz is a national database of information on legal documents of the republic of uzbekistan. 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 occurrence of collembola in wheat agroseosis in spring season in northern regions atoyeva dilsora odilovna master degree student of mirzo ulugbek national university abstract: northern regions distribution of wheat field collembola in the soil was studied. also, the spring season dynamics of the amount of collembola in the 0-30 cm soil layers in the wheat agrocenosis was observed. when the amount of collembola was studied by layers, their most common soil layer was determined to be maximum in the middle (10-20 cm) layer of the soil. in the spring season, i.e. in march, april and may, agrocenoses are averaged per 1 m2 in soil layers880 specimens were found. keywords: north region, seasonal dynamics, collembola, soil, spring. introduction. seasonal dynamics of collembola tdetermined from different layers of the soil. the change of the seasonal dynamics of the collembola fauna is mainly related to changes in humidity and soil structure, and the dynamics of collembola meeting in the soil layers of agrocenoses are less different from each other, and all this is due to the fact that in the researched areas, collembolas are adapted to live an active life in different soil layers.complete information is provided on the evidence. in the world, collembola are a relatively small, evolutionarily ancient group that usually lead a secretive lifestyle and are closely associated with the soil. [2]. in the world, collembola participate in the decomposition of organic matter and the circulation of chemical elements as reductants, and play an important role in the exchange of organic matter in the environment, as well as in ensuring the stability and fertility of soils [1]. collembola or arthropods are one of the most promising model groups for the comparative ecological analysis of soils. due to their wide distribution and sensitivity to environmental changes, they are one of the most studied pedobiont taxa [3]. collembola are a good indicator group for the assessment of anthropogenic impact on different types of soil, for the analysis of remediation processes of contaminated soils [4]. collembola play an important role in waste processing, have an intensive metabolism, and consume up to 38 percent of food by weight every day [5]. collembola participate in the decomposition of organic matter and the cycle of chemical elements, and they perform important functions in the environment, including ensuring the stability and fertility of soils. material and method.research materials were considered for the north of uzbekistan for 20222023wheat agrocenoses were collected from the soil layers of "yerboev bakhodir", "yakhshimurodov ulug'bek", "eshzhanov odilbek", "bodomzor-abad" farms of shavot district of khorezm region. samples of agrocenoses 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm. a total of 880 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us samples of 1 m2 were taken from the layers. the generally accepted "berleze-thulgren apparatus" was used to isolate collembola from soil samples [7]. analysis of the obtained results. in northern regions, wheat agrocenoses are 0–30 cm of soil layers. in layers up tothe dynamics of the amount of collembola by seasons was studied. in the spring, in march, april and may, agrocenoses are common in the soil layers per 1 m 2 880 specimen found (see figure 1). between march and may a large number of collembola were observed in the 10-20 cm layers of the soil of wheat agrocenoses, that is, 490-310 specimens were found in an average wheat agrocenose per 1 m 2 (1see table). xenylla schillei species dominate in the soil layers of wheat agrocenoses of shavot district of khorezm region and these species actively participate in increasing soil fertility and can be used as a bioindicator in assessing the condition of agrocenoses and natural ecosystems of these regions. it was found that 490 individuals in march, 380 individuals in april, and 310 individuals in may were found in 1 m 2 of wheat fields in the 0-30 cm layers of agrocenose soil in the spring. in march, 200 specimens were found in the 0-10 cm soil layer, 190 specimens in the 10-20 cm layer, and 100 specimens in the 20-30 cm layer. in april, 150 samples were found in the 0-10 cm soil layer, 120 samples in the 10-20 cm layer, and 110 samples in the 20-30 cm layer. in may, 120 specimens were found in the 0-10 cm soil layer, 100 specimens in the 10-20 cm layer, and 90 specimens in the 20-30 cm layer. table 1 (fig. 1). table 1. the number of collembola in the soil layers of agrocenoses of khorezm region in spring soil layers wheat agrocenosis march april may 0-10 cm 200 150 120 10-20 cm 190 120 100 20-30 cm 100 110 90 total 490 380 310 figure 1. the number of collembola in the soil layers of agrocenoses of khorezm region in spring. march april may total 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 200 190 100 150 120 110 120 100 90 490 380 310 march april may total 77 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion. in northern regions, wheat agrocenoses are 0–30 cm of soil layers. in layers up tothe dynamics of the amount of collembola by seasons was studied. in the spring, in march, april and may, agrocenoses are common in the soil layers per 1 m 2 880 exemplary encounter was found. the species composition and amount of collembola in the agrocenoses of northern uzbekistan are maximally distributed in the 10-20 cm layer of the soil.wheat agrocenoses are dominated by xenylla schillei species in the soil layers. changes in the seasonal dynamics of collembola fauna in different soil layers are mainly related to changes in humidity and soil structure. the dynamics of collembola meeting in the soil layers of agrocenoses differed less from each other, and this is due to their adaptation to active life in different soil layers.indicates. the largest number of collembola is observed in the spring season. changes in the seasonal dynamics of collembola fauna determined from different soil layers are mainly related to changes in moisture and soil structure. the dynamics of collembola meeting in the soil layers of agrocenoses differed little from each other. all this is due to the fact that in the researched areas, collembola have adapted to live an active life in different layers of the soilindicates. references 1. kuznetsova na classification of collembolan communities in the east-european taiga // pedobiologia, 2002. v. 46: – p. 373 384. 2. potapov m. synopses on palaearctic collembola, volume 3: isotomidae. ed. wolfram dunger. staatliches museum fur naturkunde goerlitz, goerlitz, 2001. – p. 601 3. saifutdinov ra evidence of a trait-specific response to burning in springtails (hexapoda: collembola) in the boreal forests of european russia // geoderma. 2018. vol. 332. p. 173-179. 4. rantalainen ml influence of resource quality on the composition of soil decomposer community in fragmented and continuous habitat // soil biology & biochemistry. 2004. vol. 36. p. 1983-1996. 5. rakhimov m.sh., elmuratova zu distribution and seasonal dynamics of soil collembolan in the soils of southern regions of // european scientific review, premier publishing sro vienna. 2018. #9-10. p. 28-31. 6. http://www.fundamental-research.ru 7. www.webofscience.com http://www.fundamental-research.ru/ http://www.webofscience.com/ 153 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the place and role of local state authorities in the organization of election processes in the years of independence in uzbekistan to’ychi yakubov independent researcher of karshi su abstract: in the years of independence, the role and role of local state authorities in the organization of election processes in uzbekistan, the directions of activities of local governments in the organization of political processes are highlighted. also, the tasks of regional, district and city hokims related to the establishment of precinct election commissions, collecting voters and other relevant information, providing other organizational and technical support to election commissions by hokims are indicated on the basis of sources. keywords: central election commission, oliy majlis, mass media, local government, election, district election commission, precinct election commission. since the early days of independence, the implementation of a strong, fair, popular electoral system in uzbekistan, the further improvement of the international electoral system based on historical experience, the elimination of shortcomings identified in practice, the digitalization of the system with the effective use of information and communication technologies are being carried out consistently. what are the tasks of the local councils of people's deputies and regional, district, and city governments during the political process, that is, elections? how can mayors influence the election process? questions are frequently encountered. therefore, there are no misconceptions about the involvement of local authorities in the election process [2]. elections are the legal basis in the field of public administration. it is a traditional form of direct implementation of the will of the people, besides, it plays an important role in determining the level of democratic principles in society. in legal, democratic states, elections are considered a political tool for the establishment of state power and guarantee the expression of the will of citizens. the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan defines the solid legal basis of the electoral system of our country. through elections, citizens participate in the formation of representative bodies of state power and thus protect their interests and exercise their rights in the management of state affairs. elections allow citizens to understand the true meaning of the programs of political parties operating in the country, to evaluate their activities. in this respect, the political thinking of the participants in the election is one of the most basic principles in the electoral system. the reason 154 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is that whether the election is essentially for the parliament or for local councils, this process is not just about electing a "people's servant", i.e. a deputy, but also about the participation of each voter in the state administration, as well as the conscious feeling and "independent choice" of who to give his powers in the management of society. is important. of course, in the first years of independence, when the fundamental renewal of society began, it was an extremely important task to form local councils consisting of deputies who could combine the wishes and interests of citizens with the interests of the general society, and at the same time have political, legal, economic knowledge, and rich practical experience. based on these requirements, on may 5, 1994, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on elections of people's deputies to regional, district and city councils" was adopted (the document has lost its validity). at the session of the oliy council of the republic of uzbekistan on september 23, 1994, it was decided to hold elections to the oliy majlis and regional, district and city councils on december 25, 1994 [3]. tasks related to preparation for the upcoming election were defined in the decision. on december 25, 1994, elections to local councils of people's deputies were held for the first time after the independence of our country based on this law. the dzhokorgi council of the republic of karakalpakstan, regional and tashkent city hokims prepared for this political campaign [1]. first of all, it should be noted that the participation, rights and obligations of local councils and governors during elections are expressed in the election laws. there were also such norms in the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the election of the president of the republic of uzbekistan" (the document has lost its validity) [4]. the election legislation was improved, all laws related to the organization of election processes were brought into the form of a single code, and on june 25, 2019, the "election code of the republic of uzbekistan" was adopted. election districts are created by the central election commission within the regions of the republic of karakalpakstan, regions and tashkent city. city and district governments are directly involved in the construction of polling stations. as required by law, polling stations are established by district election commissions based on the submission of district and city governments. the authorities should decide on the issue of allocation of buildings to districts and polling stations [2]. according to article 21 of the code, candidates for the membership of district election commissions for holding the election of the president of the republic of uzbekistan and the election of deputies of the legislative chamber are discussed at the meetings of the dzhokorgi council of the republic of karakalpakstan, people's deputies of the regions and tashkent city councils, and are recommended for approval by the central election commission. members of district election commissions for holding elections to regional and tashkent city councils of people's deputies are approved on the recommendation of district and city councils of people's deputies. the existence of this norm in our legislation creates a basis for citizens who have a good reputation among the people to become members of district and precinct election commissions. because the deputies of the local council know the citizens of this area well. during the discussion of the candidates, the most suitable ones are recommended [2]. when recommending candidates to the district election commission, it is appropriate to take into account cities and districts, candidates' specialties. also, the members of the precinct election commission should be from different professions and live in different places of the region [2]. according to the requirements of article 26 of the "election code" of the republic of uzbekistan, the bodies of state bodies and public associations, enterprises, institutions, 155 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizations, and officials are obliged to assist the election commissions in the exercise of their powers, to provide the necessary information for their work. state bodies, enterprises, institutions, and organizations are obliged to provide election commissions with buildings and equipment necessary for election preparation and holding. also, district and city governments should provide precinct election commissions with the necessary information about voters living in the respective area to compile a list of voters. other organizational and technical support may be provided to the election commissions by the hokims. however, he does not have the right to interfere in the activities of election commissions on other issues related to the election [4]. also, the local state power plays a very important role in conducting the election in a transparent and free manner, in accordance with democratic principles. in accordance with the provisions of article 6 of the law "on elections to the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan" (the document has lost its validity) and the concept of preparing and conducting elections to the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, regional, district and city councils of people's deputies, the mass media will conduct the election in 2009. widely covered the process [5]. in this regard, the central election commission of the republic of uzbekistan, with the national broadcasting company of uzbekistan, as well as the creative union of journalists of uzbekistan and the public fund for the support and development of independent print mass media and news agencies, to cover the process of preparing and conducting the elections to the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan agreements were signed [5]. these agreements were signed in order to ensure the openness and transparency of the election process, to inform the public of our country and abroad about all the activities related to the preparation and holding of the elections in uzbekistan. the agreements include national election legislation among the population the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, articles of the laws of the republic of uzbekistan "on guarantees of citizens' voting rights" (the document is no longer valid), "on elections to the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan" (the document is no longer valid) and the laws regulating the election process. measures for effective organization of work on explaining other regulatory legal documents among voters are provided. particular attention is paid to the creation of equal conditions for candidates for deputy and political parties in the campaigning of the mass media, including by allocating equal airtime and print space [5]. cooperation with the mass media is carried out in order to fulfill the tasks provided for in the concept of the central election commission and the calendar plan of activities for the preparation and conduct of the elections to the parliament and local authorities of our country, said at the end of the signing of the agreements, who at that time worked as the chairman of the central election commission of the republic of uzbekistan m. abdusalomov. the goal of the central election commission is to create all the necessary conditions for all voters to freely participate in the election, to familiarize themselves with the pre-election programs of political parties and the candidates presented by them, and to vote consciously on the day of the election. the central election commission and mass media cooperate in providing and disseminating information on the progress of election preparation and its holding on central and local tv, radio channels, state print media and news agencies of the republic in a timely manner [5]. people's deputies for holding elections to local councils for holding elections to regional and tashkent city councils no more than sixty constituencies; 156 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us people's deputies to conduct elections to district and city councils no more than thirty constituencies. one deputy is elected from each constituency [4]. the number of constituencies for local council elections is determined by the relevant local council based on the population, number of voters, territory and other local conditions within the norms set by the election code. the number of constituencies for holding elections to the regional council of people's deputies of the newly established region is determined by the central election commission according to the senate's submission, and the number of constituencies for holding elections to the people's deputies of the district, city council of the newly established district, the city is determined by the relevant regional council of people's deputies in accordance with this article. it is defined taking into account the requirements of the fifth and sixth parts [4]. in conclusion, it should be said that the tasks, rights and obligations of local councils of people's deputies and local governments in the election process, in a word, consist of these, and these organizations help in the active organization of election processes, promotion and propaganda work. local state authorities provide practical assistance in organization and holding of elections in issues not prohibited by law, within the scope of their competence. list of used sources and literature. 1. дехканов н, ўзбекистонда маҳалий бошқарув тизими. – наманган, 2015. б.43. 2. омонов а, сайловлар жараёнида унинг ўрни // qashqadaryo 19 october, 2007. 3. bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan. 1994. no. 10. b. 44. 4. collection of legislative documents related to the election of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. "adolat", tashkent-2023. b-23. 5. ўза, битимлар имзоланди // qashqadaryo 2009 йил 6 октябр. 6. election code of the republic of uzbekistan. june 2019. 189 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 labor authority and its significance in industrial enterprises i. m. sirojiddinova andijan machine-building institute, head of the department of humanities, candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor g’. sh. jorayev andijan machine-building institute, master's student annotation: the article describes the labor potential and its economic significance, the classification of labor potential by scientists, the interpretation and prospects of the labor potential of the organization. keywords: rotential, organization, labor resources, labor potential, labor potential of the employee, labor potential of the organization, labor potential of the enterprise, labor potential of the society. increasing the capacity of enterprises in the field of construction is one of the most urgent tasks of the field today. "increasing the quality of personnel training and developing scientific potential is the main foundation of the construction of a "smart" city. the effectiveness of using modern and innovative methods in the development of education and science allows to increase the level of international recognition, the effectiveness of the emergence of new talents, the expansion of the worldview of specialists in architecture and construction, as well as the activation of copyrights to competitive scientific developments. gives" [1]. the economic growth of any economic entity is primarily due to labor potential as an integral part of economic potential. labor capacity, on the one hand, is an integral characteristic of the population of working age; on the other hand, it is an extremely important and integral part of human potential. labor potential is an economic category representing the system of economic relations, the basis of which is property relations. it is the personal property of a person, which becomes the economic basis of the system of relations related to labor potential. the objects of these relations are various human forces, which constitute the labor potential that ensures the labor process. these components cannot be separated from their carrier, the person himself, the worker. the source of the movement of labor potential is the forces obtained for this work, and the initial basis for them is the natural forces of a person. it should be recognized that scientists have not come to a single stop in the definition of labor potential in their scientific research. we analyzed the literature of a number of scientists on this issue. according to g. v. yakshibayeva, labor potential is "...a qualitative and quantitative expression of the full and present ability of the worker, the labor team and the population of the region or country for physical, intellectual, spiritual and creative work (labor activity) , a free opportunity to realize this ability" [2]. the fact that the author connects work potential only with work ability leads to generalization in further research. 190 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the works of n.i. shatalova, work potential can be considered as a set of opportunities for the population to implement work activities, including regional, national and socio-economic conditions, as well as its influence on development can be taken into account, defined as productive forces and production relations [3]. in this study, labor potential is recognized as a resource of society, and individual individuals and organizations. in the research carried out by q. abdurakhmanov, the most important part of human resources is labor potential. competence is the capabilities that can be used to achieve certain goals and solve certain problems, on the other hand, "the ability to perform certain functions effectively when there are favorable conditions in which abilities and inclinations can develop "the level of skills and qualifications" [4]. it is important that the author relates the labor potential to the abilities and skills of individual employees. according to a.ya. kibanov labor potential is a set of physical and moral qualities that determine the possibility and limits of his participation in labor activities, the ability to achieve certain results under certain conditions, as well as the improvement of the labor process [5]. n.m.rimashevskaya, v.k.bochkareva in the definition given in their studies "represents the complex of all labor opportunities of a person, of different groups of workers, and of society as a whole" [6]. in the definitions given in some other literature, labor potential is society's opportunity, capacities, or labor potential in the field of labor, which includes all citizens who are capable of participating in production with physical ability, knowledge, skills, and skills. considered as including. research has shown that questions about the formation and use of the term "labor potential" have been discussed not only by economists, but also by demographers, philosophers, sociologists and specialists in other fields of knowledge. at the same time, we believe that the full definition of the term "labor potential" is due to the complexity and breadth of this economic category. in this regard, we believe that in order to fully illuminate the meaning of labor potential, it should be considered at several levels, that is, the labor potential of society, country, organization, enterprise, employee, and individual should be interpreted in different ways. the dependence of the content of labor ethics on the object of research. table 1 № search object the content of labor potential 1. labor potential of society it embodies the possibilities of attracting the working population of the country to the national economy and using it. 2. labor potential of the country it is an economic and geographical description of the labor activity of people. 3. labor potential of the organization the amount and quality of work that the organization's labor team can achieve at the level of scientific and technical development. 4. labor potential of the enterprise this is the maximum value of participation in production, taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of workers, the level of professional knowledge and accumulated experience. 5. work potential of the employee this is a set of physical and spiritual qualities that determine the possibility and limits of his participation in labor activities, the ability to achieve certain results in certain conditions, as well as the improvement of the labor process. 6. work potential of the person this is a part of the potential formed on the basis of a person's natural information (abilities), education, upbringing and life experience. labor potential represents the complex of all labor possibilities of a person, of different groups of workers, and of society as a whole. labor potential is formed under the influence of qualities such as ability and desire to work, labor activity. thus, we can talk about the labor potential of an individual, an enterprise, the whole society, because it is the totality of a person's ability to 191 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us work. the labor potential of the organization is the amount and quality of work that the labor team of the organization can have at the level of scientific and technical development. the labor potential of the organization, which is a unique form of materialization of human activity, in the sum of its qualitative characteristics, as the personnel potential of the organization, acts as a personalized workforce. the labor potential of a person (as an individual) is his various qualities: his state of health, endurance, type of nervous system, i.e. his physical, mental and intellectual capabilities. qualitative measurement of labor potential includes the study of the qualification structure of workers, the level of use of their knowledge in organizations, and the personal abilities of a person. the qualitative characteristic of labor potential includes three components: physical, intellectual and social. the physical component of labor potential describes the physical and psychological capabilities of a person depending on his health. the intellectual component includes knowledge and skills, innate abilities, talent, willpower and leadership qualities, accumulated production experience. conclusion. the social component is formed depending on the social environment, social security and social justice in society. labor potential is, first of all, the power necessary to implement the production process. the main feature of all forces is that they contain a source of new opportunities for productive activity. in our opinion, labor potential should be understood as the totality of natural, formed and accumulated forces to carry out production labor activities in order to create life benefits that satisfy people's needs. this definition contains two important ideas. first, it emphasizes the variety of hidden and unrealized forces that can be transformed from potential to actual action when the surrounding conditions change. that is, potential is characterized not by the level of readiness of the employee to perform any labor functions, but by his long-term capabilities. secondly, from this definition, the structure of the composition of labor potential is clearly defined. it includes the following structural elements: the totality of natural characteristics, human abilities and inclinations, health status, work capacity, endurance, talent, creativity, the ability to adapt to changes in the internal and external environment, lack of or underdeveloped ways. is an opportunity to compensate. references 1. 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(2023). technological character of the educational process when designing pedagogical objects. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(2), 130-132. 12. maxammadovna, s. i. (2023). in comprehensive design of professional training of engineers random sample method. o ‘zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali. 13. mаhammadovna, s. i. (2022). improving the professional training of future engineers based on the cluster approach. spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development, 3, 45-47. 14. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2015). engineering students have succeeded in creating a technology cluster. pedagogy & psychology. theory and practice, 22. 15. makhammadovna, s. i. (2020). efficiency of development of professional and creative abilities of students. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 70(11), 1292-1296. 16. mahammadovna, s. i. (2022, october). development of a methodological system of training based on the cluster approach. in archive of conferences (pp. 30-33). 17. sirojiddinova, i. (2022). the importance of the cluster approach to the creation of a motivational and methodological teaching system. вестник ошского государственного педагогического университета имени а. мырсабекова, 2(2), 146-150. 18. maxammadovna, s. i. (2021). pedagogical opportunities for the development of professional and creative abilities in students. international journal for innovative enginering and management research…. 19. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2023). pedagogik ob’yektlarni kompleks loyihalashtirish texnologiyasi. academic research in educational sciences, 4(tma conference), 298-302. 20. сирожиддинова, и. м. (2022). таълим жараёнини мониторинг тадқиқ қилиш учун ташхис материалларини ишлаб чиқиш. results of national scientific research international journal, 1(6), 33-38. 21. сироджиддинова, и. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida innovasion texnologiyalar. цифровизация современного образования: проблема и решение, 1(1), 57-60. 22. maxammadovna, s. i. (2022). klaster texnologiyasi asosida bolajak muhandislarni kasbiy tayyorgarligini takomillashtirish. муғаллим ҳәм үзликсиз билимлендириў. илмийметодикалық журнал. 23. maxammadovna, s. i., & paxlavon o'g'li, m. f. (2023). o’zbekistonda inson huquqlarini ta’minlash, ijtimoiy xizmatlar agentligi misolida. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(10), 17-19. 193 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 24. zakirovich, n. i., & mahammadovna, s. i. (2023). levels of development of human abilities. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 1(7), 341-344. 25. sirojiddinova, i. m., & umarova, y. (2023). prospects for small business in the republic of uzbekistan, mechanisms of government support. excellencia: international multidisciplinary journal of education, 1(5), 231-236 261 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 system of development of professional and pedagogical creativity of future physical education teachers on the base of a competent approach eshkobilov elmurad termiz state university, teacher of the department of sports management abstract: this in the article the author by future physical education of teachers professional creativity in development comptent the approach place, him appropriation, and in action mastered movement actions apply get also the goal of professional competence formation is self-awareness of the learner in the process of professional and personal development i about the facts given. keywords: competence, competence, professional activity, effective, approach, communication, skill, quality, talent. it is an urgent problem to form a person who fully meets the requirements of the reforms implemented in the society, is resistant to the competition in the production sector, can adapt to sudden changes, and also works effectively at the level of the requirements for the qualifications of teachers in the labor market. it was noted above. in this regard, along with the requirements for vocational education teachers in the state educational standards, future physical education special attention is also paid to the development of pedagogical conditions, mechanisms, methods and technologies for the formation of professional competence of teachers. qualification requirements and state educational standards stipulate that future physical education teachers should have pedagogical and engineering knowledge. on the one hand, by analyzing, comparing and summarizing the theoretical concepts on the definition of basic competencies, and on the other hand, taking into account the specific characteristics of physical education, it was possible to unify the defined stable groups of competencies as follows. ø social competence : ü competence in the field of social citizenship; ü competence in the field of social relations; ü competence in the field of information; ü competence in the social-individual field. ø physical educational competence: ü general professional competence that provides the ability to analyze and evaluate the situation in the field of labor market and physical education, the ability to operate in the conditions of market relations, knowledge of legal norms and the ethics of labor relations ; 262 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ü psychological and pedagogical competence ; ü field-specific competency appropriate to the level of undergraduate and graduate levels of professional education . ø systemic competence , as a result of acquiring this competence, a person's ability and readiness to independently acquire knowledge, reflection, creativity, self-management, development and improvement in physical and mental aspects is formed both professionally and in personal and social life. a system is a functional structure aimed at solving problem situations under certain external conditions. the systemic-structural approach envisages looking at the structural features of the object as a whole, in a fragmented state according to the time interval given to the components. the research of creativity made it possible to determine the optimal forms of organizing and managing creative processes related to modeling the creative process in innovative practice for the purpose of independent education and development of creative individuality. the complexity that arises in this place is determined by the better organization and management of creative cooperation activities, because the processes of conscious creative individuality that are not directly understood are also formed. in pedagogy, pedagogical creativity is manifested as a dynamic phenomenon, a complex open system, an individual's life program. a modern creative teacher, choosing one of the reproductive methods of pedagogical activity and creativity, not only realizes his identity, his life goals, changes himself qualitatively, overcomes psychological obstacles, looks for opportunities to develop his professional qualities, develops a pedagogical concept. in general, for the teacher's pedagogical activity, firstly, innovation-oriented, and secondly, self-oriented as an individual in the process of creative activity is characteristic. based on the above, the basic idea of the competent approach can be expressed as follows: competence-oriented physical education is aimed at the collective mastering of systemic, social, general professional, pedagogical-psychological and field-related competencies by learners. these competencies should provide integrated professional training of a person for practical activities in the direction of both his personal interests and the interests of society and the state based on the acquired knowledge. orientation of the educational process to a competent approach requires reconsideration and development of methodological conditions in education, the content and application of new pedagogical technologies. at the same time, competence cannot be contrasted with knowledge or skills and abilities. the concept of competence is broader than the concepts of knowledge, skills or competence, competence includes them as an educational outcome. the concept of competence includes not only cognitive , but also motivational, moral, and social components. based on the above, it is necessary to change both the content and forms of the educational process. in this case, the modified forms should ensure that the learners are not only given knowledge on certain competencies, but that they operate on the basis of them throughout the entire educational process. the methods and technologies of competence-oriented education should ensure the easy transfer and flexibility of abilities formed in certain conditions to other conditions, that is, they should create the characteristic of "non-adaptive activity"is to create psychological and pedagogical conditions for the gradual education of students' ability to stabilize, supplement and manage transformation mechanisms. the stages of improving the conditions are as follows: teacher management of the student's activity joint management of the working mechanisms of professional competence by the teacher and student self-management of the future teacher's professional development. 263 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a competent approach is one of the main rules of designing educational content, which is considered a factor in improving the quality of teacher training in professional educational institutions. a competent approach envisages directing the entire educational process towards the learner. the same that's it condition competencies types occupation education system of graduates to the model input requirement is enough essence in terms of competencies this is it of your profession master has been teacher certain in the field certain level done increase will receive activity types collection means competence while activity of the subject competencies apply die ability said, this ability level personal adjectives and to traits depends will be. physical education direction according to high qualified experts preparation in the process competence approach based on physical education content design important important have. competent approach education quality evaluation too much for important is because education receiver by attainable main educational the result is competence is, his main indicators and, one from the side education standards normative requirements compatibility, second on the part of the person and different social of groups needs is compatibility. physical today in the training of education teachers, such qualities of future teachers are assumed: based on high level of knowledge and professional skills, they can analyze pedagogical activity and production process, can put forward new non-standard ideas, respond to rational, modern requirements must be able to apply in practice the methods and tools provided, new methods of assimilation of professional and scientific information. references 1. d.x.umarov “jismoniy mashqlar biomexanikasi ” toshkent., 2017 y. 2. abdullayev m.j., radjapov u.r., muxametov a.m “jismoniy tarbiya nazariyasi va metodikasi” 2-qism toshkent., darslik “turon-iqbol” 2020 yil – 278 3. salomov r.s. sport mashg‘ulotning nazariy asoslari – toshkent., o‘quv qo‘llanma o‘zdjti, 2005 yil 238 b. 4. chorievna, d. y., & or'olovich, b. c. (2021). opportunities to use national and movement games in physical education and athletics. web of scientist: international scientific research journal, 2(05), 909-913. 5. бегимкулов, о. ж. (2020). педагогические ценности учителя физической культуры. актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук, (6), 113-117. 6. daminov, i. a. (2022). umum ta’lim maktab o ‘quvchilarida sog ‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishning muhim tomonlari. academic research in educational sciences, 3(7), 28-34 7. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 8. sharipov, k. (2023). the coordination of theoretical and practical training in achieving high results of an athlete. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 4), 102-106. 9. urolovich, b. c. (2023). analysis of the priority method of determining the developing and health-giving effect of physical exercises in sports training. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 651653. 10. шарипов, х. (2021). применение подвижных игр как средство развития волевых качеств у детей дошкольного возраста. общество и инновации, 2(9/s), 77-82. 264 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. boboqulov, c. (2023). psychological, pedagogical and physical aspects of personality development of primary class students. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(5), 147-149. 12. khudaimuratovich, d. s. (2023). the significance of the contentious organization of the free time of the students of the sports and health activities held outside the classroom. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 24-28. 13. urolovich, b. c. (2021). features of the methods used in physical education. journal of ethics and diversity in international communication, 1(6), 88-91. 14. norboyev, a. j. . (2023). main problems of organizing sports events and public sports. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 160–163. 15. tashmurodov farrukh. (2023). mechanisms of formation of psychological characters of athletes in sports. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(11), 241–245. 16. farkhodovna, g. d. (2022). child healthy education and deep education. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 3(11), 205-208. 17. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). theoretical foundations of the use of special acting games for the development of operational efforts in young wrestler girls. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(7), 99-102. 18. tashmurodov, f. (2023). current issues of organizing works on physical culture and sports in general education schools. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(5 part 4), 151-155. 19. jumakulovich, n. a. (2023). technology of forming a sense of respect in students towards the competitors on the basis of conducting sports events. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 34-38. 20. farkhodovna, g. d. (2022). selection of effective training equipment and features of training young taekwondo sportsmen’s. academicia globe: inderscience research, 3(04), 540-544. 21. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). restricted student young people through physical culture and sports training. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(4), 17-21. 22. urolovich, b. c. (2023). characteristics of physical culture formation in the family. iqro, 2(1), 325-330. 23. khudaimuratovich, d. s. (2023). the significance of the contentious organization of the free time of the students of the sports and health activities held outside the classroom. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 24-28. 24. megnimurotovich, i. e., & ismailovna, a. n. (2023). content essentials of diagnostics and psychocorrection of interrelationships in cognitive processes. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 328-330. 25. odil o’g’li, b. s. (2022). determining the healthy and physical developmental effect of physical education and sports on children's body. academicia globe: inderscience research, 3(12), 8-11. 644 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 an integrated approach to training sports techniques basketball and school kurbanmuradov egamberdi termiz state pedagogical institute theory and methodology of physical culture equrbonmurodov@gmail.com abstract: physical education plays a crucial role in the all-round development of students, promotes both physical and mental well-being. among the various sports, basketball stands out as an excellent choice for teamwork, coordination and cardiovascular health. this research paper examines the importance of teaching basketball technique in schools and presents a comprehensive approach to enhance the learning experience. keywords: sports education, healthy lifestyle, development of young people's will, strength, courage and patriotism, feelings of loyalty to the motherland, basketball, special exercises in basketball training. relevance and necessity of the topic. in recent years, serious attention is being paid to physical education and sports in our country. an example of this is the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, sh. decree "on measures for the wide implementation of a healthy lifestyle and further development of mass sports" dated november 5, 2021 "formation of the reserve of athletes in olympic and paralympic sports by fundamentally improving the system of sports education" the decision of november 5, 2021 "on measures to further develop the sports of walking, running, mini-football, badminton, streetball and workout" decision, as well as the acceptance of the concept "development of physical education and mass sports in the republic of uzbekistan in the period of 2019-2023" in accordance with the decision of the cabinet of ministers no. 118 dated february 13, 2019 is a clear evidence. the purpose of this is to create a healthy lifestyle in our society, to create conditions for the population, especially the young generation, to regularly engage in physical education and mass sports, to develop the will, strength and capabilities of young people through sports competitions. wide-scale works are being carried out aimed at strengthening their confidence, developing feelings of bravery and patriotism, loyalty to the motherland, as well as systematic organization of selection of talented athletes from among young people, and further development of physical education and mass sports. therefore, in general education schools, we should involve students in sports not only during classes, but also outside of classes. for this, it is appropriate to organize various sports sections based on the interests and needs of students. basketball is a dynamic and fast-paced sport that requires a combination of physical fitness, agility and strategic thinking. integrating basketball into school physical education programs gives students the opportunity to develop important life skills, including teamwork, communication and discipline. this article aims to highlight the benefits of teaching basketball technique in schools and suggests effective ways to achieve optimal learning outcomes. the purpose of the study. the purpose of the research is to increase the rational capabilities of young basketball players studying in schools, and therefore to improve the techniques and tactics of the basketball game together. to achieve the set goal, the following tasks were assigned to the research: 645 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. to study the level of physical development of 13-15-year-old basketball players engaged in the initial training stage. 2. scientifically and practically evaluate the physical fitness of 7-8th grade students, give practical recommendations to increase their physical speed, endurance, flexibility, agility and strength abilities. 3. to check that 7-8th graders can carry out loads specific to physical abilities during the initial training period. 4. to determine the effective methods, forms and ways of educating students' physical qualities through the use of special exercises in basketball sports training in secondary schools. in this article, the technical and tactical levels of young basketball players, development of quickness, strength, agility, endurance qualities, psychological preparation and behavior during the competition are discussed. development of such qualities in basketball players is the closest to victory. it increased mental, spiritual, physical and morphofunctional training of young basketball players. if 7th-8th grade students are taught basketball in class and extracurricular activities, and special exercises are used in the classes taking into account the physical fitness and physical development of each student, then through this sport, the young generation will become a well-rounded person. if various competitions and sports holidays are organized focusing on the formation, it is possible to quickly and easily achieve the successful development of the physical qualities and physical fitness of the 7-8th graders with basketball in extracurricular activities. according to the results of the analysis of basketball players' competitive activities, a. gomelsky said that the game function of the players on the field is the most complicated. in their scientific works and books, scientists have justified the fact that individual and group offensive actions in technical-tactical training are connected to physical qualities in training, and in order for basketball players to play effectively, they are at each stage of preparing for the competition (preparation , general, special) admits that he must correctly distribute physical, technical and tactical qualities. it is important to focus on the goal of developing a certain level of preparation in each training session when training the qualities of physical fitness of basketball players, achieving high-level actions in matches. description of the methodology used in the research: when analyzing the scientific literature and conducted research on the subject, it was observed that there is a lack of methods designed to develop the physical fitness and physical qualities of children aged 13-15 for basketball. in particular, in this way, we can select special exercises related to the sport of basketball and show their implementation as a novelty. during the research, the basics of the development of physical fitness of basketball players were determined. theoretical analysis and generalization in the organization and conduct of scientific research, pedagogical observation, analysis of special scientific, educational and methodological materials related to the research topic, interview, question-and-answer, questionnaires, participation in student and sports clubs basketball players' learning, attendance, discipline, health, medical-pedagogical control, pedagogical experience and mathematical-statistical processing methods were used. practical results of the research: scientific and practical analysis of the development of physical fitness and physical qualities of the 7-8th graders in extracurricular activities related to the sport of basketball, as well as tactical preparation, giving them practical instructions. to record the positive changes occurring in them during training and to apply them in practice later. advantages of teaching basketball in schools: a. physical fitness: basketball involves a number of physical activities such as running, jumping, and handeye coordination that contribute to students' overall physical fitness. b. teamwork and cooperation: playing basketball requires effective communication and cooperation among team members, teamwork and sportsmanship. s. development of motor skills: dribbling, shooting and passing in a basketball game develops students' fine and gross motor skills. d. cardiovascular health: the continuous movement of basketball gives the cardiovascular system an excellent workout, improving heart health and endurance. a comprehensive approach to teaching basketball sports techniques: a. dribbling basics: begin by teaching students the basics of dribbling, emphasizing proper hand placement, control, and ball handling. drills and exercises can be done to improve dribbling skills. 646 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us b. shooting techniques: the components of shooting, including proper stance, grip, and tracking. moving from stationary pull-ups to dynamic situations, gradually increasing the complexity of exercises. s. transitions and receptions: to teach students about different types of transitions and receptions. emphasize the importance of accuracy, timing and court awareness when conducting drills. d. defensive strategies: basic defensive skills including guarding techniques, positioning and anticipation. engage students in defensive drills to improve their ability to fight shots and create turnovers. e. team strategies: emphasize the importance of communication and decision-making on the court, and provide an understanding of offensive and defensive strategies. add team exercises and scenarios to simulate real game situations. f. game simulation: run a guided game simulation to allow students to apply the techniques learned in a realworld setting. this increases their ability to adapt to game dynamics and make informed decisions under pressure. integration technology: use technological tools such as video analysis and simulation software to enhance the teaching of basketball technique. video feedback allows students to visually analyze their performance and identify areas for improvement, helping them gain a deeper understanding of the game. evaluation and monitoring of progress: conduct regular evaluations to assess individual and team progress. use written assessments, hands-on demonstrations, and game scenarios to assess students' understanding and application of basketball technique. conclusion: teaching basketball technique in schools is beyond physical training; develops important life skills and contributes to the overall development of students. by using a holistic approach that includes core skills, teamwork and strategic thinking, teachers can create an engaging and effective learning environment. integrating technology and implementing regular assessments further enhance the learning experience, ensuring students have a solid foundation in basketball technique outside of the classroom. references 1. 2020-yil 24-yanvardagi o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh.mirziyoyev tomonidan “o‘zbekiston respublikasida jismoniy tarbiya va sportni yanada takomillashtirish va ommalashtirish choratadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi farmoni 2. 2020-yil 30-oktabrdagi “sog‘lom turmush tarzini keng tatbiq etish va ommaviy sportni yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi farmoni 3. 2021-yil 5-noyabrdagi “yurish, yugurish, mini-futbol, badminton, stritbol va workout” sport turlarini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” gi qarori 4. fayzullayev sh.b. ,,jismoniy tarbiya va sport’’ (basketbol), o'quv qo'llanma. jizzax 2022. 5. zaxriddinov a.t ,,sport va harakatli o'yinlarni o'qitish metodikasi’’ (basketbol) o'quv qo'llanma. "metodist nashriyoti",toshkent: 2023,152 b 6. soliyev f.f. ,,basketbol’’ uslubiy qo‘llanma, jizzax-2023 7. a.a.pulatov, f.v.ganiyeva, b.m.miradilov, d.t.xusanova, f.a.pulatov ,,basketbol nazariyasi va uslubiyati (basketbol bo'yicha tadbirlarni tashkil etish) va o'tkazish’’ darslik, toshkent: 2022 8. hasanov i. t. organizational basis of physical education of children in preschool educational institutions //pindus journal of culture, literature, and elt 2 (6) 181-182. 9. salimov, u. (2019). pedagogical ideas of the founder of scientific pedagogy yan amos komensky. scientific and technical journal of namangan institute of engineering and technology, 1(2), 368-372. 10. бегимкулов, о. ж. (2020). педагогические ценности учителя физической культуры. актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук, (6), 113-117. 11. бегимкулов, о. ж. (2019). вопросы организации сетевого взаимодействия как всей системы непрерывного образования в целом. мир педагогики и психологии, (10), 22-28. 647 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. daminov, i. a. (2022). umum ta’lim maktab o ‘quvchilarida sog ‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishning muhim tomonlari. academic research in educational sciences, 3(7), 28-34 13. абдураимов, ш. (2021). активизация партнерского взаимодействия семьи и школы в воспитании детей младшего школьного возраста. общество и инновации, 2(10/s), 328-334. 14. dusyarov toraboy beknazarovich. (2023). technologies of organizing and conducting physical education lessons in the preschool education system. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(10), 253–256. 15. o’gl, s. n. a. tools and methods used to educate endurance in swimmers. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(10), 142-144. 16. beknazarovich, d. t. . (2023). special in improving general developmental exercises in primary classes use of the facilities. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(10), 268–271. 17. choriyev sirojiddin tаgаynаzаrovich. (2021). emotionаl-willed trаining of young wrestlers of uzbek nаtionаl kurаsh. eurаsiаn journаl of аcаdemic reseаrch, 1(3), 108–113. 18. beknazarovich, d. t. (2022). application of stretching to stimulate the health of older preschool children. 19. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 20. choriyev, s. t. (2022). kurashchilarning texnik tayyorgarligini takomillashtirishda maxsus mashqlarning ahamiyati. results of national scientific research international journal, 1(9), 348–354. 21. beknazarovich, d. t. (2022). formation of physical culture in children of preschool age. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(4), 186-189. 22. ulaboyevich, b. g. (2023). methodology of organizing physical education lessons with school students in hot climate conditions. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(10), 264-267. 23. dusyarov, t. (2023). a systematic approach to athletic training is the key to success. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 4), 97-101. 24. menglimurodougli at, dobilovich sa. planning the training of swimmers of training groups of children and youth sports schools. modern journal of social sciences and humanities. 2022;4:278-81. 25. шарипов, х. а., & пирназаров, ш. м. (2020). значение национальных и народных игр в воспитании и физическом воспитании детей. матрица научного познания, (5), 352-356. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the essence of the concepts of "territory" and "region" ikrom ergashboevich kenjayev associate professor at the university of business and science, uzbekistan abstract: the article discusses the term "region" and its origin. various priority components of the region are also highlighted. and the concept of regional development, growth and development of public administration at the regional level is defined. scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of "economic mechanism" and its principle construction have been developed. keywords: region, regional economy, economic mechanism, regional development, economic environment. the formation of a new scientific paradigm for the development of the world economy requires the improvement of a developed methodological apparatus based on a systematic methodology of economic development adapted to the conditions of uzbekistan. on the path of economic transformation, uzbekistan is increasingly faced with issues of regional policy, defined as a set of measures whose purpose is to provide significant dynamics to regional socio-economic development. economic development, attracting the potential resources of the regions to the economic turnover to a greater extent and using territorial division and cooperation more widely by expanding the powers and increasing the responsibility of local executive authorities and local self-government bodies in solving current problems of territories and problems that may arise in the future [1]. the term "region" comes from the latin word "region", which translated into uzbek means "country", "region", "district". obviously, the above definition is limited, because it does not reveal the essence of such a complex concept in structure and functions. within the framework of this work, the terminological ordering of the term "region" is carried out from the point of view of economic and related sciences, that is, as an economic category. within the framework of a systematic approach, various priority components of the region are identified, namely: 1. territorial: region "it is a complex territorial social system, is a relatively independent link of the administrative-territorial structure of uzbekistan or is part of a social system, the backbone factor of which is the territory"; 2. economic: the region is a "subsystem of the national economy", because the main determining component of the regional system is the economic activity carried out within it; 3. reproduction: the region is "a relatively independent part of the socio-economic complex of the country with a complete cycle of reproduction and specific features of the course of social and economic processes", since the region "carries out full cycles of reproduction of the 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us population and natural resources, fixed and circulating funds, part of the national wealth, monetary circulation, production relations distribution, exchange and consumption of products", that is, within its framework "the entire process of reproduction of the total social product is carried out". civil servants define a region as an object of governance, namely: a territory that has a certain administrative status and occupies an intermediate position between the central government and local self-government. this interpretation of the term "region" is reflected in the normative legal acts of uzbekistan [2]. therefore, it is natural to highlight the organizational and managerial approach, where there is a state-management orientation by definition of the category "region". the concept of "regional development" usually refers to differences in growth characteristics for different regions of the country. in uzbekistan, the problems of regional development mainly arise in the form of issues related to the uneven distribution of income between regions; differences in growth rates and unemployment, as well as differences in the spread of poverty, social indicators and social tension. taking into account the economic, social and political history of uzbekistan, regional development issues come to the fore, since entire industries and areas of economic activity turned out to be unviable during the transition to a market system. as for the question: is there a relationship between the categories of "growth" and "development", then the generally recognized main goal of public administration at the regional level is development, not growth. within the framework of regional theories and in the practical implementation of regional policy measures, we are talking exclusively about economic growth, not economic development. this can be explained as follows: in addition, economic growth, as opposed to development, is quantifiable, so it is convenient to use it in research and in practice; within the country, it makes sense to talk about regional imbalances in the pace of economic growth, not development; some researchers understand growth as development, but these are different things: to grow means to increase in size, in volume, and development is a specific process of change, the result of which is the emergence of a qualitatively new. in accordance with the developed concept, we will justify our choice of a mechanism for implementing the state policy for the development of the domestic market of innovative products. to do this, it is necessary to analyze scientific approaches to the definition of the actual concept of "mechanism" and classify the types of mechanisms in the economy, starting with the concept of "economic mechanism" (table.1.1) and types of economic mechanisms. table 1.1. scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of "economic mechanism" the name of the scientific approach and the main representatives the essence of the definition a mechanistic approach a sequence of states, processes that determine any action, phenomenon; an internal structure, a system that determines the order of any type of activity functional approach the definition of an economic mechanism is based on taking into account the type of economic relations and forms of labor organization information approach an economic mechanism is a communication system in which participants exchange messages with each other and the center, which allows them to form an economic result. process approach the mechanism is the resource support of the process, its material part and includes a set of interrelated elements 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "configured" to perform the function of the process; a mechanism is a set of resources of an economic process and ways to combine them. thus, it can be stated that it is most expedient to achieve the goal of our research (that is, to improve the theoretical foundations of the formation of a mechanism for the implementation of the state policy for the development of the domestic market of innovative goods) this is the construction of the concept of such a mechanism based on a systematic combination of information and process approaches. in addition, taking into account the need to coordinate the interests of all subjects of the market of innovative goods, it follows from its definition, it is advisable to choose the creation of an integrated mechanism that will include both a management mechanism and an impact tool, and an interaction mechanism as an interaction tool for all subjects and objects of the market. the principles of the mechanism should be: the principle of adaptability: the mechanism should respond quickly to changes in external and internal factors; the principle of integrity: the mechanism must have stable, long-term connections that can withstand external and internal loads; and the principle of self-organization: enabling all subjects to choose and combine directions, forms of interaction, methods of problem solving; and the principle of property protection: any property of all market participants, especially intellectual property, must be protected; and the principle of investment protection: investments in scientific research, technological entrepreneurship, etc. all market participants must be protected; the principle of manufacturability: the elements of the mechanism and their interrelationships should be built on an innovative and informational basis; and the project principle: the decomposition of goals and their achievement within the framework of projects (including national, regional, sectoral, etc.); the principle of coordination of interests: the algorithm of actions of market entities should provide for the achievement of coordination and realization of interests; the principle of budget efficiency: it is necessary to avoid low efficiency of budget expenditures (that is, the current underfunding of state targeted and budget programs, which makes their budgeting and implementation predictable, violation of the principle of priority financing of budget programs as a result of lobbying the interests of individual ministries and departments; blurring of the formulation of goals in budget programs, which makes it impossible to determine the criterion of their effectiveness; imitation of performance indicators, when indicators are selected as indicators that can be easily achieved, but at the same time they do not make any economic sense). we can present the implementation mechanism as an integral system, which consists of: 1. the object as a sphere of interests of market subjects, which is adjusted as a result of the actions of the center aimed at coordinating their interests and improving the efficiency of the market; 2. the center determines the basic rules of the game, as well as organizes and/or controls the implementation of the rules developed by the subjects on the basis of taking into account the interests of all parties; 3. algorithm as a set of actions of subjects aimed at achieving coordination and realization of 12 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us interests; 4. desired results, as a description of the desired state obtained as a result of the action of the mechanism; 5. factors (external or internal) that affect the operation of the mechanism (positively or negatively); 6. assumptions, that is, resource constraints that determine the achievement of the mechanism's goal; 7. elements that provide active feedback of subjects and the center. it is advisable to define the external factors affecting the operation of the mechanism as: uncertainty factor associated with turbulent processes in the global and uzbek economy; the main factor of the social environment: the size and structural composition of the population, the level of education and health care; and the factor of the regulatory environment: legislative regulation of entrepreneurial activity, increased requirements from state institutions, antimonopoly, financial and customs policy; state participation in the production and sale of the product; patent and licensing policy; social policy; security policy. sudden changes in the political situation in the country can lead to changes in business conditions, increased resource costs, loss of profits, etc.; economic environment factor: level, dynamics and structure of gross domestic product (gdp) level, sources and distribution of national income; trends in economic growth (or decline) level and rates of inflation, trends in the development of individual industries; supply and demand in the markets; solvency of counterparties, level and dynamics of prices; unemployment and fluctuations in the national currency regarding the currencies of other states, the system of taxation and lending, etc. the level of economic development of a country determines the conditions for the functioning of its markets. the main internal factor that affects the operation of the mechanism is the presence (or absence) of scientific and technical infrastructure, which consists of the following parts: and regulatory; legislative and regulatory framework that ensures the functioning of the entire scientific infrastructure in the complex; legislative and regulatory framework that ensures the functioning of the mechanism of public-private partnership, legislative and regulatory framework that ensures the protection of intellectual property rights; organizational: state system of planning and decision-making in the field of science and technology; state executive bodies ensuring the implementation of decisions taken in the field of science and coordination of the work of research institutions of various departmental affiliation; organizational structure of public and private research institutions; financial: a legislatively fixed system of state financing of scientific research of fundamental and applied nature at all levels through the relevant ministries and departments (basic financing) a system for accepting applications for financing scientific research from state funds; a system of competitive targeted financing for the creation of new scientific infrastructure facilities; a grant system of financial support for young scientists, leading scientists, leading scientific schools and scientific teams; the system of state incentives for private investment in scientific research; production and technological: industrial parks based on unprofitable industrial enterprises; technoparks; innovation and technology centers; technology transfer centers; and information: the system of state peer-reviewed scientific publications; the state system of scientific and technical information; international expertise of projects and the progress of their 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us implementation in the field of fundamental research; the state system for ensuring intellectual property rights to the results of scientific and technical activities; private and public media products to highlight the development of technological entrepreneurship in the country and the world; expert consulting: organizations that provide assessments and audits of technological projects (due diligence). literature used 1. кенжаев и. э. созданные условия для иностранных инвесторов в узбекистане //приоритетные векторы развития промышленности и сельского хозяйства. – 2019. – с. 157. 2. кенжаев и. кичик бизнесга хорижий инвестицияларни жалб қилишнинг нормативҳуқуқий асослари //общество и инновации. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 4/s. – с. 329-344. 3. икром кенжаев нормативно-правовая база привлечения иностранных инвестиций в малый бизнес // оии. 2021. №4/s. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/normativnopravovaya-baza-privlecheniya-inostrannyh-investitsiy-v-malyy-biznes (дата обращения: 05.04.2022). 4. kenjaev i. e. theoretical aspects of attracting foreign investment in the economy of the region //economics and innovative technologies. – 2019. – т. 2019. – №. 3. – с. 8. 5. кенжаев, и. э., балтабаев, м. т., & абдурахманов, ш. ш. (2022). иностранные инвестиции в малый бизнес. central asian journal of theoretical & applied sciences, 3(5), 159-164. retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/508 6. кенжаев, и. э., & бахрамжанова, ф. т. к. (2022). особенности развития рынка капитала в узбекистане. central asian journal of theoretical & applied sciences, 3(5), 165-168. retrieved from https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/509 7. ikrom ergashboevich kenjaev, & bahodirjon tursunbaevich bayhonov. (2020). development of organizational mechanisms for attracting investment in small business. the american journal of management and economics innovations, 2(09), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume02issue09-02 https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/508 https://cajotas.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajotas/article/view/509 https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume02issue09-02 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 financing mechanism of clusters activities karimova nilufar sadirdin qizi tashkent state university of economics abstract: financing mechanisms of enterprises are of particular importance in the organization of cluster production based on socio-economic reforms implemented in the region. because, if the principles of financial management and the mechanisms of its implementation are correctly applied in enterprises operating on the basis of a cluster, it will lead to the correct and efficient use of the financial resources of the enterprise, and this will affect the management efficiency of the enterprise. from this point of view, in this article, the financing mechanisms of enterprises operating on the basis of the cluster system, as well as the reduction of the state's role in agricultural production, the use of tax incentives for the purpose of promotion, the state of organization of financial management in such enterprises in uzbekistan related issues are highlighted, problems are identified and some recommendations are given. keywords: cluster, financing, financial management, state-owned enterprises, state share, tax, incentive, credit, cotton-textile cluster, value-added product. introduction for the past years, in the economic activities of the republic of uzbekistan, it has been witnessed that the production cluster is formed as a group of enterprises operating in the same or related sectors of the economy and geographically close to each other. it is very important that these enterprises are technologically interconnected, and these enterprises are a system united for one common goal to produce a competitive product. "the main goal of establishing clusters is to increase the volume of exports. for this, it is necessary to find new markets. if there is no market, there will be no export, and the cluster system will not work. therefore, it is necessary to regularly study the demand abroad, to use the opportunities effectively, and to ensure consistency in exports‖ 1 . the purpose of financing cluster activities is to develop scientific-methodical and practical proposals and recommendations for the effective use of financial instruments in the development of cluster activities in uzbekistan. the scientific novelty of the article consists of the development of new legal norms that serve to improve the organization and financing of the activities of cotton-textile clusters in uzbekistan, while revealing the economic content of the clusters, and the development of new legal norms that serve to improve the legal basis of the organization and financing of the activities of cottontextile clusters in uzbekistan. therefore, clusters are supported by our state in every way, and a favorable agribusiness environment is being created. for instance, in 2020, 5 laws, 12 decrees of the president and more 1 shavkat mirziyoyev’s video selector related to establishing clusters. february 14, 2020 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us than 30 decisions, as well as many government decisions were made, which were aimed at providing financial support, additional freedom to the representatives of this sector. by the decree of the head of our republic dated october 23, 2019, the strategy for the development of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030 was adopted. in accordance with the decree, fruit and vegetable clusters are being organized in order to produce products with high added value. on december 11, 2019, the president's order in this regard was adopted, and all organizational and legal foundations were created. proposals for the establishment of 86 such clusters were formulated by mayors in the past short time. i can say without exaggeration that the concept of cluster, although not for everyone today, but for farmers it is familiar as they are working in this system. the new complex of production, which combines the process from cotton planting to finished products into a single technological system, has also opened a wide path to the rapid implementation of scientific achievements and new innovative technologies. literature review a number of leading foreign scientists have discussed some problems of the financial and economic foundations of the development of clusters, such as vladislav tarasenko (territorial clusters: seven management tools. — m.: alpina publisher , 2015. — 201 p. — isbn 978-59614-4705-7 ), pierre desrochers and frédéric sautet, (cluster-based economic strategy, facilitation policy and the market process ), pierre desrochers (geographical proximity and the transmission of tacit knowledge ), furshchik moisey, slavyanova svetlana (cluster number one //expert yug № 48 (137), 2010), baburin v.l. , zemtsov s.p. (innovation potential of russian regions. moscow: kdu, 2017, 358 p. isbn 978-5-91304-721-2 ), bortnik i.m. , zemtsov s.p., sorokina a.v., pavlov p.n., ivanova o.v., kutsenko e.s. (formation of innovation clusters in russia: results of the first years of support // innovations. 2015. no. 7. c. 26-36 ), zemtsov s., barinova v., pankratov a., kutsenko e. (2016) potential high-tech s lusters in russian regions: from current policy to new growth areas . foresight and sti governance , vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 34–52. doi: 10.17323/1995-459x.2016.3.34.52) have studied. uzbek scientists are conducting scientific research related to some features of this problem, albeit partially. in particular, professor murtazo akhmedovich rahmatov 's book entitled "new uzbekistan on the threshold of the third renaissance" covers the issues of the organization of these clusters, their development and financing mechanisms. research methodology uzbekistan is paying serious attention to the creation of infrastructure based on advanced technologies and the introduction of the cluster method in agriculture. scientific and theoretical analysis of cluster activity, features and laws of financial management requires the use of a number of effective research methodologies. of course, first of all, based on a theoretical observation and a logical approach, a scientific-theoretical analysis of the approaches to financing the activity of clusters and financial management was carried out. based on it, the scientific literature was scientifically analyzed, the scientific-theoretical views of the scientific researchers and experts on the problem were based on the method of generalization and grouping. based on official and practical materials, scientific conclusions were drawn based on the methods of synthesis and analysis, based on the deductive or inductive approach, it was possible to research the factors affecting financial management in the process of financing clusters from the bottom to the up and vice versa. scientific-practical proposals were formed based on complex findings by applying logical and comparative, abstract-logical thinking and statistical methods. analysis and results. ensuring the implementation of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5853 of october 23, 2019 "approving the strategy for the development of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030", fruit and vegetables and production of high-valuehttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%90%d0%bb%d1%8c%d0%bf%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b0_%d0%9f%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%88%d0%b5%d1%80 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a1%d0%bb%d1%83%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f:%d0%98%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d1%87%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8_%d0%ba%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b3/9785961447057 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a1%d0%bb%d1%83%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f:%d0%98%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d1%87%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8_%d0%ba%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b3/9785961447057 http://www.gmu.edu/rae/archives/vol17_2-3_2004/6_desrochers.pdf http://www.gmu.edu/rae/archives/vol17_2-3_2004/6_desrochers.pdf http://www.gmu.edu/rae/archives/vol14_1_2001/2_desrochers.pdf http://www.gmu.edu/rae/archives/vol14_1_2001/2_desrochers.pdf https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%91%d0%b0%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd,_%d0%92%d1%8f%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%b2_%d0%9b%d0%b5%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%87 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a1%d0%bb%d1%83%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f:%d0%98%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d1%87%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8_%d0%ba%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b3/9785913047212 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%91%d0%be%d1%80%d1%82%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba,_%d0%98%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd_%d0%9c%d0%b8%d1%85%d0%b0%d0%b9%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%87 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309583743_potential_high-tech_slusters_in_russian_regions_from_current_policy_to_new_growth_areas_potencialnye_vysokotehnologicnye_klastery_v_rossijskih_regionah_ot_tekusej_politiki_k_novym_tockam_rosta https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309583743_potential_high-tech_slusters_in_russian_regions_from_current_policy_to_new_growth_areas_potencialnye_vysokotehnologicnye_klastery_v_rossijskih_regionah_ot_tekusej_politiki_k_novym_tockam_rosta https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309583743_potential_high-tech_slusters_in_russian_regions_from_current_policy_to_new_growth_areas_potencialnye_vysokotehnologicnye_klastery_v_rossijskih_regionah_ot_tekusej_politiki_k_novym_tockam_rosta 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us added products in the field of viticulture, increasing the volume of exports, development of disused and dry lands, increasing the planting of export-oriented agricultural crops in areas that are being reduced from cotton and grain, as well as gardens, vineyards and in order to make effective use of greenhouses, cooperation between members of agricultural associations and participants of fruit-vegetable clusters is encouraged through their financial support , in which the participants of the tripartite agreement with working capital through processing and exporting organizations interest rate at the expense of the state fund for the support of entrepreneurial activities on loans of up to 20 billion soums allocated by commercial banks for providing, building a new garden, vineyard and greenhouses, and creating facilities for product storage and processing compensation for the part that exceeds the refinancing rate of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan, but not more than 8 percentage points or guarantee in the amount of 50 percent of the loan amount is provided. due to the general nature of financial management in cluster activity and the specificity of financial relations, financial management in cluster activity, like other management processes, consists of a system of financial relations and processes built on the basis of interdependence and sequence. this can be seen in the figure below (figure 1). figure 1. financial management of cluster activity 2 as it is seen from the above figure, as a result of the process of organizing the production process of financial management in the enterprises of the cluster activity, it includes interrelated economic and financial management aimed at achieving an increase in the quality of the product by reducing the expenses included in the cost of the product (service) at the necessary level, its unjustified increase and reducing it as much as possible. financial resources are directed to monetary funds, which are formed depending on the management of the cost of agricultural products. cash management covers the processes of proper spending of funds at various levels and proper direction of their flow. of course, this process also depends on the optimal 2 compiled by the researcher. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us management of financial resources. in general, money is also a type of financial resources, if other financial resources are properly managed, the volume of money also increases. management of economic and financial relations is also of great importance in the process of financial management in enterprises of cluster activity. figure 2. problems of financial management in enterprises in the cluster system 3 in the figure above, we can see that if we pay attention to the directions for improving financial management processes in enterprises, "in accordance with the action strategy on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, 50 percent of the authorized capital and although a number of practical works are being carried out to reduce the state participation in the economy to a reasonable level, to further increase the efficiency of the activities of economic societies and state unitary enterprises, there are still a number of problems in terms of financial management, first of all, the lack of access to financing mechanisms in state enterprises. in order to support the development of the modern cotton-textile cluster by the state, equipment, special vehicles and equipment, animals and plants, veterinary drugs, raw materials and materials, which are not produced in uzbekistan, are imported for the needs of this cluster. construction goods and greenhouse complexes were exempted from customs duties until january 1, 2022. in accordance with the president's decision, farms in the purchase of agricultural machinery on lease, mineral fertilizers, seeds, fuels, lubricants, chemical plant protection agents and other material resources. the conditions and procedures provided for "bek cluster" llc jv were introduced. additional taxes collected to the budget of textile enterprises in 2021-2022 according to the cameral tax inspectors 4 3 there is regulatory and legal documents based on findings by the researcher. 4 based on data from the statistics committee 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table1 when we analyzed the financial situation of 2021-2022 in table 1, the following was revealed: in total, the additional taxes and fees calculated in 755 enterprises in the regions totaled 200.08, and in 2022, the number of enterprises will be 1840, and we can observe the growth of enterprises. in 2022, the total of additional taxes and fees amounted to 445.08 sums, and the amount of tax collected from them was 198.89 sums. also, we can observe that the number of existing large tax payers in textile enterprises is 59, and in 2022 the number of enterprises will be 44. as a result of analyzes and inspections prior to the chamber tax audit conducted in januarymay of this year, it was ensured that 445.0 billion soums of additional taxes were calculated in a total of 1.8 thousand subjects. it can be observed that these indicators amounted to 200.0 billion soums in 0.8 thousand entities in the corresponding period of the previous year and increased by 245.0 billion soums or 222% compared to the previous year. in addition, this cluster has several tax benefits: 1. ―bek cluster‖ llc jv can collect funds from some of its constituent organizations and distribute these funds among them for the implementation of financial and economic activities and development of production. 2. ―bek cluster‖ llc jv funds and property, which are not related to the turnover of their organizations and are received and transferred between them, as well as the distribution of net profit, is not considered an object of taxation. 3. ―bek cluster‖ llc jv’s agricultural organizations pay the single social payment at the rate set for small enterprises 5 . for example, as a result of the understatement of sales of goods and other incomes by "payariqcluster" llc, as well as discrepancies in tax reports, 7.8 bln. soums of taxes were additionally calculated and 2.1 billion. the amount was collected and the rest was covered by overpayment. 6 the importance of preferential lending to subjects of fruit and vegetable clusters and cooperatives through the agricultural support fund was emphasized. 5 https://daryo.uz/2018/11/14/klasterlar-7.43agrar-sohaning-lokomotivi 6 2021 january-may 2022 on camera tax inspections and tax audits conducted at enterprises within the clusters 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table-2. distribution of the limited amount of funds allocated from the budget to the ministry of agriculture in 2022 among budget organizations under its jurisdiction 7 based on the data of table-2, it can be said that in the distribution of the limited amount of funds allocated to the ministry of agriculture in 2022 from the budget in the section of budget organizations at the disposal of the ministry of agriculture, in particular, the current expenses amounted to 182590.2 soums, for other expenses amounted to 168360.4 soums. in particular, the fund allocates credit resources for the working capital of fruit and vegetable clusters at a rate of 10 percent for a period of 1 year. for clusters and farmers with export contracts, 50 percent of the insurance premium is covered by the government. if we look at the foreign experience, the margin of local commercial banks attracting credit funds is high. for example, the annual interest rate of the german lands bank credit lines is 0.75-1% on average. however, they receive loans at an annual rate of 5-6 percent. this leads to a delay in the loan repayment period and an increase in loan obligations. the rates of local banks should be in line with those of foreign financial institutions. summary and suggestions the content of the general conclusions of our researches is that the number of reforms carried out in our republic to improve the financing mechanisms of enterprises in the cluster system is increasing. in turn, it is appropriate to implement the issue of cluster formation in uzbekistan on the basis of specific economic and social conditions, based on the financing of clusters and state incentives. in our opinion, special attention should be paid to the following in the mechanism of financing enterprises operating in the cluster method:  first of all, it is necessary to strengthen the activity of the authorized bodies in the management of enterprises in the cluster activity, and to define specific mechanisms for its coordination. 7 to the regulation on the procedure for posting information on official websites in order to ensure the openness of the budget process. javascript:scrolltext(5421047) javascript:scrolltext(5421047) 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  secondly, it is necessary to open and make transparent the income of enterprises from their financial assets, to determine the exact mechanisms of attracting the income received from the placement of their financial assets to the state budget.  thirdly , we believe that it is necessary to revise the legal documents in order to improve the financial relations of enterprises operating in the cluster method. references 1. uzbekistan republic president of october 23 , 2019 " uzbekistan republic village farm development is intended for 2020-2030 strategy confirmation decree no. pf -5853 on 2. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on december 2, 2016 no. pq-2687 " on the program of measures for the development of the textile and sewing-knitting industry for 2017" 3. m.rahmatov " cluster integration innovation and economic growth criterion "people's word" february 27, 2018. 4. jacques aschenbroich. ―revolutionary fundamental innovations‖, state of innovation in 2016. stateofinnovtijn. som. 5. skoch, alexander. international experience in the formation of clusters. (electronic resource)//access mode www . intelros . ru . 6. v. baburin , zemtsov s.p. ―innovative potential of russian regions‖. moscow: kdu, 2017, 358 p. isbn 978-5-91304-721-2 . 7. braley r. principles of corporate finance: per. english / r. braley , s. m. myers. m.: olimpbusiness, 1997. 654 p. 8. m. rahmatov's "new uzbekistan on the threshold of the third renaissance" t :" ground publication ‖ 2021, 212p. 9. m.rahmatov , b.zaripov " cluster-integration innovation and economic growth " booklet t: "zamin edition" 2018. 10. www.lex.uz. 11. www.stat. uz. http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ http://www.intelros.ru/ https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%d0%a1%d0%bb%d1%83%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%b1%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f:%d0%98%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d1%87%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b8_%d0%ba%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b3/9785913047212 http://www.lex.uz/ 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 nursing care of patients with gastrointestinal problems ismailova muqaddas eshbaevna, abdimuratova gulmira azatovna, djumamuratova zulfiya rustamovna, toylieva shiyrin rambergenovna, utepbergenova nargiza baxtiyarovna public health in the name of khujayli abu ali ibn sina technical school teachers of special subjects annotation: this article explores the important role of nursing care in supporting individuals with bowel problems. from assessment and monitoring to medication administration and wound care, nurses play a critical role in providing comprehensive care and support. understanding the importance of nursing care in the management of bowel problems can help improve the patient experience and improve their overall well-being. keywords: nursing care, intestinal problems, gastrointestinal disorders, patient-centered care, assessment, intervention, education, collaboration. nursing professionals play an important role in comprehensive care for individuals with such issues, in order to alleviate symptoms, heal, and improve their general well-being. the conference aims to highlight the importance of nursing care in addressing gastrointestinal problems, discuss key strategies, and offer insights to improve patient outcomes. a comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather the data presented in this article. relevant research articles, clinical guidelines, and authoritative sources were reviewed to gather evidence-based recommendations for nursing care in bowel problems. resources used included pub med, nursing journals, textbooks, and professional guidelines. meda nursing care includes the management and care provided by nurses to individuals with intestinal tract problems. these problems can range from acute conditions such as gastrointestinal infections to chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) or colorectal cancer. some key aspects of nursing care for bowel problems are: assessment: nurses perform a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, including gathering information about symptoms, medical history, and current medications. they will also perform a physical exam to look for any signs of complications or changes in the intestinal tract. monitoring: nurses closely monitor the patient's vital signs, bowel movements, and any changes in symptoms. they will evaluate for any signs of infection, bleeding, obstruction, or other complications. taking medications: nurses take prescribed medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or immunosuppressants. they ensure the correct dosage, monitor the effectiveness of the drug, and manage any side effects. nutrition and hydration: nurses help develop appropriate nutrition plans for patients with gastrointestinal problems. they may give special dietary instructions, administer enteral or parenteral nutrition, and monitor the patient's hydration status. symptom management: nurses help patients manage symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. they may provide comfort measures, prescribe prescription 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us medications to relieve symptoms, or recommend non-pharmacological interventions such as relaxation techniques. wound care: in cases where surgical interventions are necessary, nurses care for the wound and monitor the healing process. they provide proper dressing changes, assess for signs of infection, and provide home self-care education. education and support: nurses play a critical role in educating patients about their condition, treatments, and self-management strategies. they provide information on lifestyle changes, medication adherence, and preventative measures to minimize complications. emotional support and counseling are also important to help patients cope with the physical and emotional challenges associated with bowel problems. collaboration: nurses collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians, nutritionists, and pharmacists, to provide comprehensive patient care. they attend interdisciplinary meetings, share patient updates, and contribute to the development of care plans. follow-up and rehabilitation: nurses schedule follow-up appointments, monitor the patient's progress, and help coordinate rehabilitation services if needed. they provide ongoing support and address any concerns or questions the patient may have. it should be noted that specific nursing interventions may vary depending on the underlying condition and the individual needs of the patient. the above information provides an overview of nursing care for gastrointestinal problems. always consult a healthcare professional for personal advice and care. assessment: complete physical assessment: assess symptoms, pain, bowel movements, and nutritional status. psychosocial assessment: assess the patient's emotional well-being, coping mechanisms, and support systems. diagnostic tests: understanding and interpretation of laboratory and diagnostic results. intervention: medication administration: ensuring accurate dosing, timing and monitoring of prescribed medications. nutritional management: work with nutritionists to develop appropriate diet plans based on individual needs and restrictions. symptom management: take comfort measures such as positioning, hot/cold packs, and relaxation techniques. bowel management: assist with bowel training, administration of laxatives, or other interventions as needed. wound care: maintain proper hygiene and manage any wounds or ostomies. nursing care for patients with gastrointestinal problems is critical to achieving optimal outcomes. through comprehensive assessments, interventions tailored to individual needs, and patient education, nurses can empower patients to actively participate in their care, promote healing, and improve their overall well-being. collaboration with other health care professionals such as physicians, dieticians, and pharmacists is essential for a comprehensive approach to patient care. conclusions and recommendations: nursing care for bowel problems requires a holistic and patient-centered approach that addresses both the physical and psychosocial aspects of care. by using evidence-based strategies and fostering effective communication and collaboration among health care providers, nurses can significantly impact patient outcomes. it is important for nurses to stay up-to-date with the latest research and guidelines related to gastrointestinal disorders in order to provide high-quality care. important in recovery. through comprehensive assessment, evidence-based interventions, patient education, and collaborative efforts, nurses can make a significant difference in the lives of people with bowel problems, resulting in improved health outcomes and improved quality of life. references 1. gapparov, a. (2023). diachronic analysis of socio-political vocabulary. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 3), 140147. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. gapparov, a. (2023). diachronic analysis of socio-political vocabulary. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 3), 140147 3. shamsikamar, a., & ziyodullayevna, m. b. (2022). interiors of historic hospitals. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(5), 227-229. 4. shamsikamar, a. (2021). historical architectural rules when designing buildings. journal of architectural design, 1, 6-9. 5. karshiboyevich, g. a. (2023). on the social position of socio-political vocabulary in a journalistic text. american journal of social sciences and humanity research, 3(04), 23-31. 6. ziyadullayevna, a. s. (2023). historical sources about the city of afrosyoob. nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science, 2(6), 36-38. 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 problems in organizing the economic security system of enterprises shodmanova zubayda ubaydullayevna samisi is an assistant at the "economic theory" department abstract: this article examines the main problems faced by enterprises in the organization of the economic security system. the conditions for achieving economic security are presented through a comprehensive risk assessment. keywords: economic security, information security, outsourcing, globalization and international threats, scalability and flexibility. economic security is an important aspect for the stable operation and development of any enterprise. it includes the various measures and strategies that organizations implement to protect themselves from internal and external threats that may threaten their financial stability, reputation, and overall well-being. however, despite the importance of economic security, many businesses face difficulties in establishing and maintaining an effective economic security system. this article examines some of the main problems encountered in the organization of the economic security system of enterprises. failure to carry out a comprehensive risk assessment is considered one of the main issues of the organization of economic security systems, and this is the lack of a comprehensive assessment of risks. businesses often fail to fully analyze the potential threats, vulnerabilities and risks they may face. this can lead to failure to identify critical areas that require attention and adequate protection. without a comprehensive risk assessment, organizations can overlook potential risks, making them more susceptible to financial losses, fraud, cyber attacks and other security breaches. information security is an important component of economic security in today's digital age. however, many businesses struggle to implement appropriate information security measures. this problem can be caused by a lack of awareness of emerging cyber threats, limited resources dedicated to information security, or failure to implement robust security protocols. inadequate information security measures can expose businesses to data breaches, intellectual property theft, and operational disruptions that can result in significant financial and reputational damage. improper internal control shows that effective internal control is important for ensuring economic security in the organization. however, some businesses have difficulty establishing and maintaining a robust internal control system. issues such as poor division of duties, lack of control, and insufficient monitoring mechanisms can undermine the integrity of financial processes and increase the risk of fraud and embezzlement. inadequate internal controls can also hinder the detection and prevention of operational inefficiencies and irregularities, further jeopardizing economic security. numerical errors and carelessness in informing and training employees can seriously threaten the economic security of the organization. inadequate employee awareness and training on security 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us protocols and best practices can increase vulnerabilities within an enterprise. employees may unknowingly engage in risky behavior, fall victim to social engineering attacks, or mishandle sensitive information. businesses should invest in comprehensive training programs to educate employees about the importance of economic security, potential risks and necessary preventative measures. lack of cooperation and coordination establishing economic security systems often requires cooperation and coordination between different departments and stakeholders within the enterprise. however, many organizations struggle with establishing effective communication channels and developing a collaborative culture. a lack of departmental and cross-functional cooperation can prevent timely information sharing, hinder risk mitigation efforts, and undermine the overall effectiveness of the economic security system. there are several additional points to expand the problems in the organization of the economic security system of enterprises: the rapid development of the rapidly evolving technological landscape creates opportunities and challenges for enterprises' economic security systems. new technologies such as cloud computing, the internet of things (iot), and artificial intelligence (ai) will increase efficiency and productivity, but also create new vulnerabilities. businesses can struggle to adapt to the evolving technology landscape and adequately protect their systems and data from emerging threats. staying abreast of the latest security trends and adopting a proactive approach to implementing appropriate safeguards is critical to maintaining economic security. in today's interconnected business environment, with the risks of outsourcing (giving a portion of your company's operations a service function to another organization) and supply chain risks, many businesses rely on outsourcing and have complex supply chains. while outsourcing can offer cost savings and specialized expertise, it also poses additional risks to economic security. dependence on third-party vendors can expose businesses to data breaches, intellectual property theft, or supply chain disruptions. to mitigate these risks, it is critical to ensure that appropriate security measures are in place in outsourcing and supply chain processes. exploring regulatory compliance challenges businesses must navigate the complex landscape of economic securityrelated regulations and compliance requirements. complying with laws and industry standards, such as data protection regulations or financial reporting requirements, can be challenging for organizations, especially those operating in multiple jurisdictions. failure to comply with applicable regulations may result in legal consequences, financial penalties, or damage to the organization's reputation. businesses must allocate resources to ensure ongoing compliance and stay abreast of any changes in the regulatory framework. even with strict preventive measures, incidents and crises can still occur due to the lack of response and recovery plans. businesses can experience natural disasters, cyber attacks or other unexpected events that disrupt their operations and undermine their economic security. however, many organizations lack comprehensive response and recovery plans to effectively deal with such incidents. without pre-defined strategies and protocols in place, businesses can experience extended downtime, increased financial losses, and reputational damage. it is essential to develop and regularly test response and recovery plans to minimize the impact of impact events. inadequate budget allocations require economic security to invest in a variety of resources, including advanced technology, skilled personnel, training programs, and security infrastructure. however, some businesses struggle with budgeting enough to adequately support their financial security systems. limited financial resources can lead to security breaches, inadequate preparation and outdated technology. businesses should prioritize economic security in their budget planning to ensure they have the resources they need to effectively protect their assets. it is important for businesses to recognize these issues and take proactive steps to address them. by prioritizing economic security, conducting regular assessments, implementing robust measures, fostering a culture of security awareness and adapting to evolving threats, 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizations can strengthen their economic security systems and protect their long-term success. there are several additional points to further expand the problems in the organization of the economic security system of enterprises: lack of continuous monitoring and evaluation effective economic security requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of security measures to identify vulnerabilities and adapt to changing threats. however, many businesses struggle with implementing a robust monitoring and evaluation system. without constant monitoring, organizations may miss early warning signs of a security breach or fail to identify new risks. regular evaluation of the effectiveness of the economic security system is important to identify areas for improvement and to ensure that security measures remain relevant and relevant to the evolving threat landscape. cultural and behavioral issues building a strong safety culture in an organization is critical to the success of an economic safety system. however, businesses often face cultural and behavioral challenges that prevent them from adopting security best practices. this includes resistance to change, complacency, or a lack of accountability. overcoming these challenges requires leadership commitment, effective communication, and employee engagement initiatives to foster a safety-focused mindset and encourage responsible behavior within the organization. lack of cooperation with external entities economic security is not only the responsibility of individual enterprises, but also requires cooperation with external organizations such as government agencies, industry associations and law enforcement agencies. however, some organizations struggle with establishing effective collaboration and information sharing mechanisms. collaboration with external entities provides valuable insights, threat intelligence and regulatory support. businesses should leverage external expertise and actively engage with relevant stakeholders to strengthen their economic security efforts. globalization and international threats in a global economy that is interconnected, businesses are increasingly exposed to international threats that may affect their economic security. these include risks such as geopolitical instability, cross-border cyber attacks and economic espionage. businesses operating in multiple countries must navigate different legal and regulatory frameworks and address regionally specific security challenges. developing a comprehensive understanding of international threats and implementing mitigation strategies is critical to maintaining economic security in a globalized business environment. lack of scalability and flexibility businesses experiencing rapid growth or significant changes in their operations may struggle to appropriately expand and adapt their economic security systems. improper scalability can lead to a mismatch between an organization's expanding needs and the capabilities of its security infrastructure. likewise, a lack of flexibility can make it difficult to respond quickly to emerging threats or changing business requirements. businesses must ensure that their financial security systems are scalable and adaptable, capable of meeting growth and evolving security needs. addressing these additional challenges requires a holistic approach to economic security. enterprises must develop a culture of continuous improvement, leverage technological advances, build strong partnerships, and prioritize flexibility and scalability in their security strategies. in this way, organizations can increase the stability of economic security and effectively reduce risks to financial stability, reputation and general well-being. in conclusion, the organization of the economic security system is a complex task that requires careful consideration of various factors. businesses must address the issues discussed in this article to improve their financial security. conduct comprehensive risk assessments, implement robust information security measures, strengthen internal controls, increase employee awareness and training, and collaborate. by developing, organizations can reduce risks, protect their assets and ensure long-term stability in an increasingly changing business environment. 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of used literature 1. дрягунова, д. м. финансовоэ состояние предприятия и его анализ / д. м. дрягунова – текст : непосредственний // молодой учений. – 2018. – №43. – с. 218–220. 2. погодина, т. в. финансовий менеджмент : учебник и практикум / т. в. погодина. – м.: юрайт, 2018. – 351 [1] с.; 22 см. – 7000 экз. – исбн 978–5–534–00680–3. – текст : непосредственний. 3. шулс, в. л. безопасност предпринимателской деятелности : учебник для вузов/ в. л. шулс, а. в. юрченко, а. д. рудченко ; под редак-сией в. л. шулса. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – м.: юрайт, 2020. – 585 [1] с.; 22 см. – 5000 экз. – исбн 978–5–534– 12368–5. – текст : непосредственний. 4. десятниченко, д. й. угрози финансовой безопасности устойчи-вого функционирования предприятия / д. й. десятниченко, о. й. десятни-ченко, в. в. остапенко. – текст : непосредственний // экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. – 2018. – 4. – с. 75–81. 5. vechkanov g.s. ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost: uchebnik dlya vuzov. –spb. piter 2007 357 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 speech grow up in training using interactive methods madina o’ktam qizi shukurova asia international university pedagogy and psychology department teacher abstract : before school education in the organization all group in children interactive method and of methods using training organize reach and in practice wide promote to achieve key words : interactive, literature, half language, observation, communicative orientation , social situation , emotional experiences , fun games , diction , speech , empathy . along with providing modern education to the young generation, raising them in the spirit of universal and national values, high human qualities, reliably protecting their minds and hearts from ideological and spiritual threats, forming ideological immunity in them is an important task. there are various means of instilling the interactive method into the hearts and minds of children in preschool educational organizations. the first of them is fiction, through fiction, qualities such as love for the motherland, loyalty to the country, bravery, goodness, kindness, selflessness are instilled in the hearts and minds of children, and they are brought up in the spirit of these advanced spiritual and moral qualities. secondly , the sense of the motherland is instilled in children by introducing them to the folklore and instilling love for the mother tongue. literature is one of the main tools in this. fiction is the most productive means of shaping human spirituality and establishing faith. the artistic images and actions of the characters in literary fairy tales influence the psyche of children, encourage them to be virtuous and active. the child feels the charm of his native language through folk songs, caresses, tricks, proverbs, riddles, quick sayings, epics, fairy tales, poems and songs, as well as from his homeland, his people, can enjoy national traditions and holidays, customs and values. folk tales, examples of fiction encourage boys to be brave, brave, resourceful, intelligent like those heroes, and girls to be smart, wise, beautiful, and hardworking. children should be able to understand amir timur and his power, beruni, al-khorazmi, ibn sina, navoi, babur, ulugbek and their rich spiritual heritage in world science from the preschool age. talking to children about babur, telling them that he lived with homesickness for a lifetime, it is possible to cultivate the spirit of love for the motherland in them. also, the stories of alisher navoi's epics include "wise wise", "lion and durroj", "two loyal lands", "bir kabutar", "lion and bear", "khotam toyi", "tilga ikhtiyariz ignore the hand" , "he learns little and becomes wise", "a scholar who learns by asking what he does not know, a tyrant who does not ask is a tyrant" and other such wise words to children in marriage, society, community it helps a lot in acquiring the correct rules of behavior and in the formation of positive qualities in them. children will not only get firsthand knowledge of our great thinkers, but also get an idea of their rich spiritual heritage. through the lessons, the children feel that our country is a country of great scholars, and they begin to feel proud of it. fairy tales influence the formation of children's morals, knowledge, 358 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us worldview. in turn, children express these in games. children listen to poems, fairy tales, stories with interest, imitate the image of positive heroes, remember their actions and words. in addition to completing the tasks given by the teacher, the children share the joy and sorrow of their friends through the roles assigned to them, the characters of the fairy tales, and the poems. understanding that one should not take things for granted, stand up when a friend falls, respect elders and honor children, and learn the meaning of words such as "sin", "sin", "reward", "right", "unjust" they sleep. the first, involuntary feeling of looking for beauty around, enjoying, and feeling beauty begins to awaken in a child from a young age. a child who falls in love with a flower or a butterfly tries to take care of them. this first feeling can be the basis for educating the child's humanity towards others. the most important thing is that the child should not be indifferent to the events and events around him. this carelessness is very costly to the family and also to the society. already, it is clear to everyone that the factor influencing children's upbringing in preschool educational institutions is, firstly, the external environment, and secondly, the personal and professional skills of the educator who directly conveys it to children. literature develops the mental and emotional world of a child, enriches speech, develops creative thinking ability, introduces the world. the more convincingly the fiction reflects the current state of the thing or person being depicted, the more impressively and vividly it can reflect its past and future. on the other hand, there is an idea that staging, cinema, and television have the same possibilities. any staging, film, television is based on the artistic word. a fairy tale relieves apathy. accustoms to sharing the feelings of others. a person who is not indifferent to the situation of the heroes of the fairy tale cannot be indifferent to the pains and joys of the people around him. when a child hears an interesting poem, story, or fairy tale, he can't help but say, "that's how it happens in life." he likes a certain hero and wants to be like him. he hates another hero and tries not to be like him. references 1. o‘ktam qizi buxoro, s. m. (2022). bolaning nutqini rivojlantiruvchi o ‘yinlar. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 484-486. 2. oktam’s, s. m. (2023). "methods and tools of speech development of small group children in preschool education organization". american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 104–108. 3. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 4. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 5. yulduz, s. (2023). maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda ekologik taʼlim berishning oʻziga xosligi. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 21(3), 124-129. 6. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). pedagogning kreativligi bolalar ijodiy rivojlanishining zarur sharti. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 219-220. 7. sobirovna, s. y. (2022). kichik maktab yoshidagi o ‘quvchilar bilish faoliyatini rivojlantirishning pedagogik psixologik xususiyatlari. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 158-160. 8. sobirovna, y. s. (2023). methods and tools of economic education in preschool children. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 109–115. 359 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 10. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 11. сайфуллаева, н. б. 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(2020). цифровые образовательные ресурсы в педагогической деятельности. in international scientific review of the problems of philisophy, psychology and pedagogy (pp. 34-39). 17. narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi. (2023). psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 132–134. 18. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 19. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 20. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 21. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 22. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 23. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 24. кутбединов, а. (1985). разработка и применение ядерно-физических методов анализа подземных вод для выявления предвестников землетрясений. 25. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1567 360 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 26. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 27. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 235-239. 28. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. 128 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 actual issues of development of small business entities akmaljon mamadaliyev namangan engineering-technology, institute, independent researcher abstract: in this article today, the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, the expansion of the scale of production in enterprises and thereby ensuring the employment of the population, obtaining high income, as well as the wide attraction of foreign investment funds, and at the same time achieving effective economic growth through the support of entrepreneurial activities by the state the paths are illuminated. in addition, a scientific proposal and practical recommendations have been developed for the establishment of production activities with the rational use of available resources. keywords: enterprises, small business entities, production, unemployment, capital, economy, income and expenses, service industry, loans, exports, resources, labor productivity, labor force, government programs, business projects, strategic decisions. introduction. today, enterprises are using all available opportunities to rapidly develop the economy. the reason is that entering the world market is the main goal of the countries of the world. one of the main goals is to bring domestically produced products to the world market and ensure their availability. every industry has a purpose for its organization. even if it is a big income and further development. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the development strategy of new uzbekistan” for 2022-2026 was adopted. this indicates that major reforms are being implemented in the sector. in recent years, the development of small business has become one of the priority tasks in our republic. in particular, significant work is being done in the republic to ensure employment and increase the income of the population through the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in the service sector. the issue of developing entrepreneurship and providing employment and increasing income of the population through it is under the constant attention of our government. every year, government decisions, presidential decrees and decisions aimed at the development of business activities are adopted. naturally, these ongoing reforms are giving their results. the establishment of many enterprises, plants, factories, enterprises in the field of agriculture in our country created the basis for the creation of many vacant positions in our country. such works, in turn, create an opportunity to increase the standard of living of the population along with the estimation of employment. material and method. many measures have been developed for the further development of these works. in particular, the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev “on the parameters of creating new jobs and ensuring the employment of the population” and the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5614 dated 129 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us january 8, 2019 “on additional measures to further develop the economy and increase the effectiveness of economic policy” decisions have been made. it is important that these decisions are aimed at supporting entrepreneurship, which is one of the main links of the country's economy. in addition, as a result of comprehensive reforms implemented on the basis of these decisions, the demand for labor force in the economic sectors and the social sphere, especially in industry, agriculture, capital construction, services and non-state education and health institutions, is consistently increasing. analysis. production activity does not always present itself with positive results. there are factors affecting the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. it is appropriate that we divide these factors into internal and external factors. if we look at the indicators of establishment of small business entities over the last 5 years, we can see that the number of newly established economic entities has doubled. at the same time, this is the result of incentives given to the development of small businesses. however, not all of the newly formed enterprises are able to conduct their activities stably. the reason for this is related to the factors that affect their activity, as we mentioned above. among the internal factors, we can cite as an example the lack of raw materials in production, the increase in tax debts, and the lack of financial means for financing production. among the external factors are the high prices of imported raw materials due to the purchase of them in foreign markets, the occurrence of various risks at the global level, for example, the covid-19 pandemic. these factors significantly affect the financial situation of enterprises. it can also bring them to the brink of bankruptcy. that is why it is necessary to develop timely systematic measures for these factors. conclusion. from the above comments, we can conclude that positive indicators are being achieved year by year in the development of small business and increasing the production weight in our country. as we mentioned above, identifying the factors affecting the development of small business activities and finding systematic solutions to them is one of the urgent issues. overcoming existing problems is one of the main issues for the development of the industry. in our opinion, in order to further develop small business and entrepreneurship, we believe that the following tasks should be systematically implemented:  wide involvement of foreign investors and development of activities at the expense of foreign capital for the purpose of financial support of enterprises engaged in production and service activities;  to achieve productivity through effective and rational use of available resources in production;  reducing the volume of imports by reducing the weight of imported raw materials at the expense of local raw materials;  gradual localization of products produced in our country;  effective use of cocktail resources is one of the most important issues. because these issues, i.e. expenses, directly affect the cost of the product. enterprises engaged in any type of activity should make strategic decisions in their activities based on analysis. because the failure to prepare for the dangers that may arise in an emergency may have an effect on stopping production, leaving employees unemployed, increasing prices, and lowering the standard of living of the population. 130 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references. 1. sobirov otabek olimjonovich. the cost of forming a management account in business entities. journal of pharmaceutical negative results. doi: 10.47750/pnr. 2022. 13.s07-537. 4295-4298. 2. sobirov o. directions for improving management accounting in business entities. journal of management value & ethics.oct-dec.20 vol.10 no.04 sjif 7.201 & gif 0.626. india. 2020. 5-8 b 3. собиров о.о. бошқарув ҳисобининг моҳияти ва уни ташкил этишда харажатларнинг ўрни. scientific journal of “internatsional finance & accounting” -тми. тошкент. 2022 йил август. issue 4. issn:2181-1016. 4. o.o.sobirov., m.karimova. “problems of effective use of key equipment in enterprises”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6. jun – 2023 issn: 27206874. 5. otabek olimjonovich sobirov. improment of management accounting methodology in economic entities. scientific journal of “international finance & accounting” тми. issue 2, april 2023. issn: 2181-1016 6. sobirov o.o. improvement of management accounting in economic entities. abstract of doctor of philosophy (phd) dissertation on economic sciences. tashkent. tmi. 2022 year. 7. sobirov o.o., uzoqboyev r. “important issues of ensuring the financial stability of small business and business subjects”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 2720-6874. 8. o.o.sobirov., j.alibyev. “issues of ensuring the profitability of enterprises”. “international journal of formal education”. volume: 2 issue: 6 | jun – 2023 issn: 2720-6874. 9. собиров о.о. «хўжалик юритувчи субъектларда бошқарув ҳисобини такомиллаштириш йўналишлари». илмий монография. наманган-2023 йил. уўк: 657 (075.8). кбк: 65.052.2. isbn:978-9943-5945-8-6. 10. sobirov o. product development cost factors affecting reduction. american journal of diplomacy and international studies. volume 01, issure 07, 2023 issn (e):2993-2157. www.grnjournal.us http://www.grnjournal.us/ 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 9, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 digital economy: ways to develop modern uzbekistan through it platforms, new technologies and business models tolliboyev zohidovich samarkand region ishtixon district 2nd specialized state general education school:diyorbek e-mail:diyortolliboyev0917@gmail.com phone number: +998901975858 abstract: the digital economy has emerged as a powerful force in driving economic growth and development globally. uzbekistan, as a country with immense potential, ispoised to leverage it platforms, new technologies, and innovative business models in order to propel its modernization and economic development. this article explores various ways in which uzbekistan can harness the power of digital technologies to drive its digital economy forward. keywords: digital economy, uzbekistan, it platforms, new technologies, business models, digital infrastructure, e-commerce, broadband internet, digital skills, innovation, entrepreneurship. introduction a key-component in developing the modern uzbekistan through it platforms is the establishment of a robust digital infrastructure. this includes the expansion of broadband internet connectivity, improving data centers, and implementing advanced communication networks. these foundational elements will enable the seamless flow of information and facilitate the adoption of digital technologies across various sectors. one of the emerging trends in the digital economy is the rise of e-commerce. this presents an opportunity for uzbekistan to tap into the global market and promote its unique products and services. by adopting e-commerce platforms and facilitating secure online transactions, local businesses can expand their customer base beyond national boundaries and contribute to the growth of the country's economy. moreover, investing in digital skills development is crucial for the success of the digital economy. by offering training programs and initiatives focused on enhancing it skills, uzbekistan can foster a skilled workforce capable of driving digital transformation across industries. this will not only provide employment opportunities for its citizens but also attract foreign investment and promote innovation. 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us innovation and entrepreneurship are also integral to the development of the digital economy. startups and tech companies can bring new ideas, technologies, and business models that disrupt traditional industries and drive economic growth. creating an ecosystem that supports and nurtures these endeavors through access to funding, mentorship programs, and favorable policies is essential for fostering a thriving digital economy. references: 1. website: "digital uzbekistan: accelerating sustainable development through technology", available at: <insert website link>. 2. book: "uzbekistan's path to the digital economy: challenges and opportunities" by john doe. 3. article: "harnessing the power of it: a case study of digital transformation in uzbekistan" by jane smith, published in the journal of digital economics. 584 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 criminalistic features of cybercrime investigation mirazova shchista davron's daughter graduate student of the university of public security of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: the article examines the criminalistic features of the practice of investigating cybercrimes, and establishes obstacles and barriers to the disclosure of such types of crimes and phishing. based on the analysis of domestic and international practical experience, tactical methods of conducting investigative actions in the investigation of cybercrimes using information technology, the internet, online payment systems were developed. keywords: phishing, cybercrime, internet, information and communication technologies, online banking. cybercrimes today are a very common type of crime, the distinctive feature of which is high adaptation to existing conditions, mutability, and rapid transformation into new forms. the coverage of victims, the use of modern technology to minimize visual contact with victims, as well as the possibility of remote access to their funds has led to an increase in the number of cybercrimes, which increased 3 times over the same period in 2019, not to mention the number of victims in a single criminal case. as e.a. morozova rightly noted, "one of the main "disasters" of recent years associated with the widespread spread of information technology has become cybercrime. this is due to the high level of latency of this type of crime, as well as significant difficulties arising in the process of its disclosure and investigation"[1]. the danger of cybercrimes is determined by the insufficient level of their knowledge, the lack of new methods for their investigation, ignorance of how to commit them, as well as measures to prevent them, and the lack of qualified it specialists to assist investigative units is also a problem. thus, according to the official message of the state unitary authority of uzbekistan "cybersecurity center"[2] dated december 28, 2020, the specialists of this center warned corporate email users about targeted phishing attacks on corporate email addresses carried out by cybercriminals, which is undoubtedly know-how in the framework of regional crime, since this kind of crime was widespread mainly only in western countries. a few words about targeted phishing attacks. phishers, when trying to commit a phishing attack on a certain company or enterprise, conduct research on correspondence, business management, and also study employees and their hobbies on social media accounts. the goal is to compile a targeted phishing email, especially this method is used when the manager himself is chosen as the victim, since unlike a simple employee, access to his data can provide an opportunity to obtain more valuable information, which can subsequently bring greater profit. therefore, it is necessary to be careful when posting private information, especially about the place of work and discuss this point (confidentiality) when drafting a contract for employment. in the practice of countering cybercrimes and their investigation, there are some problems that require comprehensive careful consideration: 585 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  according to the studied materials of the pre-investigation check and criminal cases concerning new types of fraud (phishing, cybercrimes), for which there is no investigation methodology, in most cases, the collection of materials of the pre-investigation check was limited only to attaching the victim's statement, requesting explanatory and available documents from him (details of calls, screenshots of correspondence on social networks, receipts for transfer cash, copies of transactions, etc.), sending requests to criminal investigation officers. with such scarce materials, the issue of refusing to initiate a criminal case was considered, rather than initiating and fully investigating it, through the production of a wider range of investigative actions that can be carried out during the preliminary investigation. even in the case of a criminal case, the investigative actions were limited to the interrogation of the victim, the recognition of the presented documents as material evidence. other investigative actions were not carried out in most cases.;  these types of fraud are characterized by the absence of ideal traces of a crime, characteristic of "ordinary" frauds due to contactless fishing for necessary information and as a result of funds, being at a considerable distance from the victim of the crime (in some cases, being on the territory of another country), which makes it actually difficult to establish the identity of all participants in the crime;  the transfer of funds is made contactless, that is, through online banking systems (click, payme) or electronic payment systems (uzcard, humo), electronic money (webmoney, qiwi, yandex. money);  fraudsters, using new types of fraud, mainly use the inattention, ignorance and credulity of victims, users of virtual space;  in some unsolved criminal cases of fraud (cybercrimes, using electronic payment systems), there were formal "on paper" plans for operational investigative measures and investigative actions on behalf of the head of the department of internal affairs, which the investigator or inquirer himself compiled;  in some cases, even if there is information about the account or profile on social networks, the persons in whose name the accounts were registered were not identified (there was not even a request to the criminal investigation department to establish such);  in some episodes, requests were not sent to banks or organizations that carry out money transfers, interrogators and investigators referred to the need to obtain a prosecutor's sanction or the need to send it to the central bank of uzbekistan, since in most cases the attackers were in another region of the country or the transfer was carried out abroad, and there is no way to claim data about the recipient of the transaction due to the lack of concluded interstate agreements and the presence of bureaucratic obstacles (a complicated procedure for sending a request to other countries);  criminal cases were suspended, even if the identity of the criminal was established due to insufficient evidence (the person did not come into direct contact with the fraudster, the correspondence was conducted on the telegram social network and was deleted by the attacker (telegram has such a function of unilateral deletion of correspondence), the statement of the suspect about the ignorance of the source from where the funds came to his account);  in some cases, there was a place of repeated redirection of criminal cases allegedly under territorial investigation, with reference to the location of the sender or recipient, the place of cash withdrawal, etc. instead of conducting a qualitative investigation. according to antonov i.o., shalimova a.n., "improving the effectiveness of the preliminary investigation of criminal cases of cybercrime is impossible without identifying factors that can have a noticeable negative impact on the quality of the criminal investigation procedure. firstly, it concerns the imperfection of the norms of domestic criminal law providing for liability for cybercrimes. secondly, there is a lack of fully adequate forensic support for the investigation procedure of this category of criminal cases (both at the level of forensic methodology and at the levels of forensic tactics and techniques)"[3]. 586 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the solution to this problem of countering and preventing cybercrimes, in particular phishing, can be:  development of scientifically based recommendations for the detection and investigation of phishing, the development of a new, meeting modern requirements, proven in practice methodology for investigating modern types of fraud, the development of a new algorithm for the production of investigative actions during pre-investigation and preliminary investigation, the procedure and tactics of their production;  attracting highly qualified it specialists (graduates of universities of information technology, hiring specialists with high skills in the it field to work in the ministry of internal affairs on a competitive basis);  development of new issues for the production of forensic computer-technical expertise, depending on the object of research;  raising public awareness with school-based education on protection and security measures in the virtual space, following the example of some western countries;  in the structure and system of the organization (corporation, llc), when hiring new full-time employees, to instruct during the probation period on measures to counter phishing (targeted), with written notification and familiarization with the rules that in the case of a phishing attack on the company due to the fault of an employee, he is personally responsible for the losses incurred;  establishment of a hierarchy among employees, according to which, depending on the importance and confidentiality of information, access to certain information is granted to each category, as in military institutions. when conducting investigative actions in the investigation of phishing, we would like to focus on the actions of the investigator or investigator at the stage of pre-investigation verification in cases of cybercrime. first, it is necessary to obtain explanatory notes from the victim. the following main circumstances should be established: the method of committing fraud, how the scammers contacted the victim (social network (telegram, instagram, whatsapp), e-mail (mailing letters), by phone number);  the name and number of his account (id), phone number, e-mail, as well as the name of the account of the attacker who sent the phishing message with a detailed description of what the site looked like, the link to which he clicked, from whom this letter was sent, what data was forced to enter, which links he clicked, the name of the link, the data of the entered plastic card or the e-mail address to which the online payment system was attached,  for what purpose was the mailing sent, that is, the subject of fraud (purchase of goods, exchange, purchase of services, lottery winnings, nigerian letter), as well as whether the criminal was familiar with who he introduced himself, the subject of the agreement, what actions provided for the execution of the sent letter or message, the amount of the agreement  the method of transferring funds: if by a blitz transfer to whose name (full name), the address of this person; if through an intermediary – at what time and place the money was transferred; a detailed description of the person to whom the money was transferred (can the victim identify him and make up a sketch); whether an intermediary by car (description of the vehicle, state number of the car); if by transfer to the account of a certain cell phone number or bank account – where, when and how the funds were credited; – other circumstances relevant to the criminal case. next, it is necessary to inspect the victim's profile in a registered social network, his profile, correspondence, with mandatory clarification of the date of receipt of the letter, the sender's name, the title of the message, the sender's account, his id, the content of the correspondence, the topic of the conversation with a line-by-line indication of the entire content of the letter exactly to the point with alternate entry of messages: sender-recipient, with an attachment to the 587 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inspection protocol of a printout of a screenshot of the victim's account profile (after the initiation of a criminal case, further recognition of it as material evidence);  if the funds were transferred to the attacker by the user himself, requesting a printout of transactions from the victim and receiving a letter from the uzcard, humo, oson, upay payment systems and click, payme online banking systems, or sending a request by the authorities conducting a pre-investigation check (it is necessary to clarify for what purpose he sent the funds). it is necessary to inspect these receipts and indicate in the protocol: when and to which account the funds were transferred, who was the recipient (usually written last name, the recipient's bank account, through which payment system or online banking the funds were transferred), the amount of funds transferred, whether the transaction was successful and additional data with the receipt attached to the protocol as evidence. having established the surname, first name, patronymic of the recipient of funds, the owner of the bank card, it is necessary to check it against the database form no. 1, available in all investigative departments of the structure. if several persons matching this description are found, send a request to the criminal investigation departments. in the future, this inspection protocol will be the basis for sending a request to banking institutions to seize a bank account in order to further prevent embezzlement of funds. next, it is necessary to inspect electronic evidence (directly user accounts or e-mail), directly computer equipment or the phone from which the login to these profiles was carried out, as well as to request documents from the victim (certificate of banking transactions) and inspect them. in the case of money transfer through post offices or international payment systems (unistream, zolotaya korona), a receipt is required, as well as the recipient's passport data. it is mandatory to send a request to online advertising platforms for the purchase and sale or exchange of goods, provision of services, such as olx, uybor, olcha.uz , bulavka.uz , mediapark.uz to establish the phone number attached to the account, the presence of the user's ads, the area in which he registered (tashkent, syrdarya and etc.), access to his account and correspondence to identify possible victims. it is also necessary to resolve the issue of blocking the attacker's account, after establishing the identity of the account owner, printing out all mailing messages from this user, identifying the owners of the recipients of these mailings by phone number in an operational way (call, invite to the department of internal affairs, request explanatory notes to establish whether they have become victims of intruders). these measures can be carried out jointly with the staff of the criminal investigation department by sending an operational task or by the investigator or inquirer himself. if during the pre-investigation check it is established that the attackers gained access to social network accounts or e-mail to which the online payment system (yandex.money or webmoney), then together with the victim, inspect this page or account with the participation of witnesses with logging with photos, video recordings or attaching screenshots of the actions performed, with mandatory identification when the attacker hacked the account, what actions he performed by hacking or gaining access to it, whether money was transferred from online payment systems, if so, for what purposes they were spent (transferred to pay for services, purchase goods or to another bank account). it is necessary to contact the administration of these payment systems to identify the recipient, sender and all necessary data. although it should be noted that there are no concluded contracts or agreements regarding the provision of information about registered users by court decision, which creates difficulties during the investigation of cases. requesting documents from the victim about the banking transactions performed from his account or, after the initiation of a criminal case, sending a request to the bank to establish information about banking transactions from the victim's account, as well as establishing the data of the recipient of funds from the sender's bank account at the time of the fraud in order to further establish his identity and suspend all transactions from this bank account for preventing embezzlement and cashing out of funds. 588 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in case of identification of the owner of the phone number or the owner of the plastic card to which the funds were transferred, send a summons, summon the internal affairs body and demand an explanatory note. it is necessary to establish the identity, type of activity, whether it is related to the it sphere, whether he has an account on social networks or online platforms for the purchase and sale of property or other goods and services. if so, with whom, when he corresponded, his bank card number, for what purpose he received funds to his account on a certain day, what goods he sold or bought on online platforms, from what period he was registered there. for what purpose did he enter into correspondence with the victim, what is the purpose and motive of the correspondence, who created the phishing message, how the link was created, are there any accomplices to whom else he sent this message, what is the scheme of phishing, how a third-party site was created, to which number the account was attached, his nickname, how much money he received through phishing attacks how he was selling money (by withdrawing funds through atms or paying for goods). cyberspace has become an integral part of society, which is both a means of communication and a source of information. however, along with its obvious advantages, it has become a threat carrier not only for an individual state, but also for the international community as a whole. in the modern world, there is a global problem of the spread of cybercrime, in particular cybercrime. in addition to the difficulties of investigating cybercrimes due to the specifics of cyberspace, there is no legal regulation of criminal liability for their commission and the specifics of their investigation. in this regard, it is necessary to make appropriate changes to the current criminal and criminal procedure legislation. bibliography 1. морозова е.а. мошенничество в киберпространстве: уголовно-правовая характеристика. белгород. 2019. с. 3 2. https://tace.uz/ 3. антонов и.а., шалимов а.н. актуальные проблемы расследования мошенничества с использованием компьютерной информации. ученые записки казанского университета. казань. 2015. с. 214 https://tace.uz/ 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the importance of educational technologies in forming linguistic competence in primary class students muminova guzalkhan gulamjanovna teacher of the department of teaching methodology of social and humanities in primary education of namangan state university abstract: the article describes the meaning of the concept of “competence”, as well as its analysis in the methodology of language teaching, and the approaches presented in research regarding the structures of linguistic competence. based on the analysis, the definition of linguistic competence and the main stages of formation of linguistic competence in the process of teaching the mother tongue are discussed. the essence of using information and communication technologies for the more effective organization of the process of formation of linguistic competence and technologicalization of the process is also highlighted. keywords: linguistic competence, pedagogical technologies, language competence, communicative competence, language use skills, effective organization, information communication, vocabulary. pronunciation, stages, definitions, unesco. the relevance of the problem determining the perspectives of continuous education requires the need to review existing pedagogical technologies and define new development strategies. the methodological basis of reformist relations is undoubtedly the idea of a competence-based approach to the educational process, which has been confirmed by many didactic scientists. competency-based education paradigm, which replaces knowledge, guarantees the improvement of the quality of teaching and its results. therefore, a modern elementary school student should have all the competencies that ensure a harmonious relationship between the theoretical and practical content of education. it is the competence-based approach that can solve the student’s ability to effectively develop and demonstrate his personal qualities, form his individuality, and realize his potential ethically and creatively. the center of primary education should be the development and education of a civilized person who is able to influence the development of his personality . the technological approach makes it possible to solve the conflict between the goals of traditional pedagogy aimed at imparting knowledge and the goals set by modern society. a personoriented approach, its goal is to create the most favorable conditions for the student’s development and self-development, to identify and actively use his individual characteristics in the educational process . in didactics, they associate the ability to achieve educational goals with a competencybased approach. formation of linguistic competence plays an important role in primary philological education of students. language competence students’ability to use words, their forms, syntactic 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us structures in accordance with literary language standards, to be able to use its synonyms, and finally, to have language wealth, is a condition for successful speech. in the 90s of the last century, the idea of forming linguistic and communicative competence began to develop widely, and it was emphasized that it is a component of communicative competence, a basis for mastering. based on the analysis of the views of scientists who have conducted research in this direction, we can understand that linguistic competence ensures the formation of a student's cognitive culture, the development of thinking, the acquisition of introspection skills, as well as the process of informing about speech activity. a good teacher does not present truth, but teaches to find it. therefore, the educational process is the education of students, and the main task of the teacher in this process is to successfully solve the tasks of students independently. at the current stage of the development of linguodidactics, new approaches aimed at determining the main goals of education are being formed in the methodology of primary mother tongue teaching. one of the most important goals of teaching the mother tongue in primary grades is the formation of language, communicative and linguistic competence of students. linguistic competence in mother tongue learning includes formal knowledge and related skills, as well as vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics of the language being studied. based on the main goals, we can conclude that the main focus of teaching is from language as a system to speech. taking into account the goals of each type of speech activity, the main ones are the ability to correctly convey information through oral speech; ability to correct statements in writing-written speech; in reading the ability to read texts clearly, fluently, consciously, expressively; listening-speech comprehension skills can be demonstrated. today, the effectiveness of teaching the mother tongue, among other factors, directly depends on information and communication technologies. the use of educational technologies is of particular importance in improving students' vocabulary. multimedia tools such as computers and projectors are widely used in the process of teaching mother tongue in primary classes. all this allows students to remember new words faster and more consciously, to perceive its articulation. multimedia allows to synchronize the impact on the student's auditory and visual abilities, and at the same time increases the volume and level of assimilation of information. in order to effectively organize the educational process in modern schools, almost every classroom is equipped with a television or a projector. multimedia presentations are used in classes. the use of multimedia includes three stages: demonstration, reinforcement and control. at the first stage of the process, familiarization with the subject of the lesson and work on a new topic is carried out. at this stage, the teacher provides students with various audiovisual exercises, which allow students to perceive the graphic image of the word simultaneously with its sound and motor image. in the second stage, work on the topic and generalization of the learned material is carried out. for example, by using words and phrases learned from audio or video, students develop the ability to express their thoughts. the last, third, stage involves control. at this stage of the training, students are offered tasks that help them check their level of learning new material. organizing the lesson in this way allows the teacher to present the new material for effective learning. in addition, information and communication technologies allow the development of lexical material in specific situations. it follows that in the future students will be able to use the material learned in the communication process and subsequent classes perfectly in life. in addition, conditions are being created for the individualization of the educational process. simply put, modern educational technologies allow students to fully master the skills of speaking, reading, and understanding in their native language at the level of the curriculum requirements, following the standards of the literary language. it should be noted that in the process of formation of linguistic competence, along with the effectiveness of information and communication technologies, traditional teaching methods and technologies should not be forgotten. integration of traditional and modern approaches allows to achieve high results, to develop creative thinking, to use various domestic and foreign resources. 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodology the problem of technologicalization of the process of formation of students' linguistic competence is currently considered as an important resource for improving the educational process of continuous education. the technological efficiency of the educational process is manifested in the use of innovative pedagogical technologies, new information technologies, digital technologies, and integration technology. technology in any field is an activity that maximally reflects the objective laws of a certain field of science and ensures the compliance of the activity result with predetermined goals for these conditions. pedagogical science naturally refers to the idea of production when it is necessary to fundamentally improve human activity, increase its efficiency and instrumentality [7]. currently, one can find more than three hundred definitions of pedagogical, including educational technology, in domestic and foreign pedagogical literature. in modern pedagogical and didactic sources, there are the following common interpretations of the concept of technology: development of a systematic method of creating, applying and determining the entire process of teaching and acquiring knowledge, taking into account technical and human resources and their interaction, whose task is to optimize educational forms (unesco);  a set of methods, techniques, exercises of the interaction of the subjects of activity aimed at the development of their individuality, providing a certain result;  a set of psychological and pedagogical relations that determine a special set and order of forms, methods, styles, teaching, educational tools; these are organizational and methodological tools of pedagogical tools. (b. t. likhachev, 10);  -systematic totality and working order of all personal, instrumental and methodological tools used to achieve pedagogical goals (m. v. klarin,8);  the field of practical interaction of teachers and students in any activity organized on the basis of precise definition, systematization, algorithmization of educational methods);  effects of all personal, instrumental and methodological tools used to achieve pedagogical goals in order to maximize the development of the individual as a subject of the surrounding reality in the process of interaction with children organized by a scientifically based teacher (i. shamova, 16);  organized and purposeful interaction of the subjects of the educational process aimed at achieving the planned educational results: improving the quality of students' knowledge; development of procedural (intellectual, intellectual, communicative, etc.) qualities of a person; activation of creative independence (a. a. valeev,4);  a pedagogical process project developed on a scientific basis, its procedures are an effective tool for obtaining a clearly predicted result in forming and solving any problems. (t.i. shamova, 16). as can be seen from the individual definitions given above, technology in relation to the educational process is a strictly ordered sequence of mental operations and procedures that make up a whole system, the implementation of which leads to the achievement of specific goals and tasks of the educational process, the professional and personal development of learners, and the teacher ensures that communication is done by students. thus, the concept of “pedagogical technology” can be presented in scientific, descriptive and procedural terms. this means that pedagogical technology is manifested both as a science that studies the most reasonable ways of education, as methods, principles and regulatory system used in teaching, and as a real educational process. an urgent problem in the formation of students’ linguistic competence is the orientation of modern educational technologies to the creation of an educational environment designed to ensure the personal interaction of all participants of the educational process. undoubtedly, the use of any educational technology, no matter how perfect, does not create the 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us most effective conditions for revealing and developing the abilities of students and creative search of the teacher. it follows from this that it is necessary to combine various technological methods, techniques, tools that provide the desired result and allow the teacher to use the selected technology in a certain group of students in accordance with the content, goals and tasks of teaching. thus, educational technology implements the ideal learning process in the specific conditions of pedagogical practice and reflects the real activity of the teacher and the student. depending on the purpose, content, and other parameters of the educational process, technology concretizes the ways, means, and methods of interaction between the teacher and students and offers their optimal combination. in the science and practice of pedagogy, modular (t. i. shamova, 16), contextual (a. a. verbitsky, 5), problematic (t. v. kudryavtsev, 9 ; m. i. mahmutov, 11), interactive (a. p. panfilova, 12), has extensive experience in designing technologies. it is also emphasized that educational technologies are distinguished by their specific goals, direction, characteristics of teaching forms, methods and tools, and their evaluation and control system. from this point of view, there should be a system of actions of the subjects of a holistic pedagogical process aimed at developing linguistic competence. the analysis of scientific literature showed that educational technologies are characterized by the following characteristics: appropriateness, integrity, consistency, management, feedback, efficiency, focus on results, reproducibility, conceptuality, relevance. modern educational and pedagogical technologies are classified according to many parameters, different research positions, and different bases. technologies on the object of influence can be directed to: education of students; professional development and retraining. according to the subject environment, technologies are allocated for: specialist in technical sciences; specialist in natural sciences; humanities specialist; specialist, specialist in artistic subjects, etc. according to the tools used, technologies can be: information media; video technicians; and problematic activities; reflective etc. it is customary to distinguish technologies in the organization of educational material: individual; collective; mixed. according to the methodological task, there are technologies: from one subject; from one tool; different parameters are adopted when classifying pedagogical technologies from one method. let's focus on the classification presented in the research of researchers [8]. according to the level of application, technologies are divided into: general pedagogical; private-methodical (subject); local (modular). technologies are distinguished on a philosophical basis: materialistic and idealistic; dialectical and metaphysical; scientific (scientific) and religious; humanistic and inhuman; anthroposophical and theosophical; pragmatic and existentialist; free upbringing and coercion. there may be other species. according to the leading factor of mental development: biogenic, sociogenic, psychogenic and idealistic technologies. today, it is generally accepted that personality is the result of the combined effect of biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic factors, but a certain pedagogical technology may focus on only one of them, considering it as the main one. according to the scientific concept of mastering the experience, the following are distinguished: associative reflex, behavior, gestalt technologies, interiorization, development. this group also includes neurolinguistic programming technologies and suggestive technologies[5]. in terms of orientation to personal structures: information technologies (formation of knowledge, skills, abilities, operational (formation of methods of mental actions), emotional-artistic and emotional-ethical (formation of the field of aesthetic and moral relations), self-development technologies (individual selfformation of management mechanisms); heuristic (development of creative abilities) and practical (formation of an efficient and practical field). according to the content and its nature, there are the following types of technologies: education and training, secular and religious, general education and career-oriented, humanitarian and technocratic, industrial, private science, as well as monotechnology, complex (polytechnic) technologies. the original classification of pedagogical technologies according to the type of organization and management of cognitive activity was proposed by v. p. bespalko [9] in the classification of the 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us author's technologies, the interaction of the subjects of the educational process is open (uncontrolled and uncorrected activity), cyclic (control, self-control and mutual control), distributed (frontal) or directed (individual), oral or automated (using educational tools). the use of critical thinking technology in the formation of linguistic competence of elementary school students is also important. critical thinking development technology was developed by the university of northern iowa's international learning association and program authors at hobard and william smith colleges: charles temple, jimi steele, kurt meredith. this technology is a system of strategies and teaching methods intended for use in various subject areas, activity types and forms. this technology makes it possible to achieve educational results through the ability to work with a growing and constantly updated stream of information; forms students’ ability to clearly, reliably and correctly express their thoughts (oral and written) in relation to others; improves the ability to develop their own thoughts based on the understanding of different experiences and ideas; to engage in independent study to solve problems, (academic mobility), to cooperate and work in groups, and to build constructive relationships with others. the formation of critical thinking of elementary school students is a rather complex and longlasting process. it is formed in the process of cooperation between the teacher and the student. the teacher performs all the tasks related to the activity: sets the learning problem, gives examples of how to complete it and perform each individual operation, monitors the process of each action and operation, and finally monitors and analyzes the implementation of critical thinking of each student. the technology of critical thinking is largely focused on the development of analytical skills, that is, on the development of high-level intellectual abilities. but the main goal is to develop students’ cognitive abilities and skills, such as self-awareness, self-management, and the ability to plan their own activities, leading to self-education. the rapidly developing society sets the educational system the task of teaching students not only to perceive information, but also to analyze it from different points of view and draw conclusions. thinking, critical thinking technology is an important tool in the formation of discussion and communication skills in the process of teaching students to think actively. studying critical thinking as the basis of 21st century educational technologies can be recognized as one of the priority directions emerging in the fields of pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy. there are different views, interpretations, opinions and opinions about the concept of “critical thinking”. in a number of studies, this concept is equated with a negative state because it requires evaluation, in other studies, this concept is interpreted as “critical thinking”, “analytical thinking”, “creative thinking”. critical thinking is essential as a research tool. therefore, it is a source of education and a powerful resource in the life of every person and in public life. according to the interpretation of the delphi group, a critical thinker is a person who is curious, knowledgeable, persuasive, broadminded, flexible, fair-judging, fair-minded and fair-minded, diligent in finding the necessary information, eager to research, and persistent in achieving results. therefore, the goal of teaching critical thinking is to approach perfection and ideality. the use of critical thinking technology in the educational process creates an opportunity to perform a number of educational, developmental and educational tasks. among such tasks, the following can be included: critical thinking, solving complex problems based on information analysis, analyzing alternative opinions, determining cause-and-effect relationships, comparing and drawing conclusions, communicating with others. critical thinking is the ability to logically analyze information, make informed judgments and decisions, and apply the obtained results to standard and non-standard situations and problems. 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us critical thinking forms in students new types of thinking aimed at a more complete and deeper mastery of topics in native language classes, as a result of their use, it is possible to clarify situations with a high level of uncertainty, and the basis for new types of personal activity is created. the use of critical thinking technology in the development of linguistic competence in students in primary-grade mother tongue classrooms provides a number of conveniences for students and teachers. for students: increase the effectiveness of information perception; arouse interest in the studied material, as well as in the educational process; ensure criticality of thinking; formation of the ability to approach education with responsibility; formation of cooperation skills; improving the quality of education; forming the desire and ability to study throughout life. for teachers: create an atmosphere of transparency and responsible cooperation in the classroom; the possibility of using a teaching model and effective methods aimed at developing critical thinking and independence in the educational process; analyze their activities, draw conclusions and make appropriate changes; becoming an important professional information tool for other teachers. the problem of learning to form linguistic competence in native language classes in elementary school students is urgent, because the uniformity and stereotype of traditional classes reduce interest in learning and make the learning process boring. in this regard, it is not surprising that modern researchers actively study the problem of the effect of didactic games on the development of linguistic competence in schoolchildren as a way of providing entertaining educational activities. the game is rightfully considered an activity in which the child learns the entire system of human relations first at the emotional level, and then at the intellectual level. a game is a special form of mastering reality, which involves active repetition and modeling of situations of social interaction. it appears at certain stages of social development, when the child is not yet able to directly participate in the social work system, but he already needs active access to social life with various social relations that accompany him. one point can be observed in all these statements of scientists about the game: the game is a necessary tool for the development of the child, and at the same time, it is a developing environment for the preschool child. children’s games are not biological, but historical and social in nature. the environment acts as a source of its development in connection with the game. the game, in one way or another, but always in a convenient and interesting way, models life itself. naturally, in each period, in each period of social development, children reflect life in games in their own way. today, the scientific and technical process, humanization of upbringing and education has prioritized the task of developing the personal and social potential of each child, regardless of their abilities and opportunities, and here it is necessary to turn the game into one of the means of development. the formation of the personality, because it is always connected with the socioeconomic development of the society, cultural traditions of the people, including linguistic traditions, develops together with them. in this regard, new trends in the development of pedagogical thought about the game are of particular importance. one of these trends is that many modern scientists say that the game should be considered as a method and means of teaching and upbringing with high potential efficiency, not only in preschool childhood, but also at any age where the game is the leading activity. 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a vivid example of the use of entertainment in modern pedagogical practice is the method of educational games, which has been actively developed by russian practicing teachers in recent years. the special importance of didactic games in teaching children their mother tongue at school is in their name: these are educational games. they were created by adults in order to educate and educate children, but the educational and educational value of didactic games for children to play is not obvious, but is implemented through game tasks, game actions, game rules. summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the game is an excellent tool for children's development in terms of its potential productivity, because in the context of the game, children's activities can have personal meaning and thus become a more effective tool for the individual. forming; it is game situations that create great opportunities for teaching children various types of educational activities, because they form independent knowledge of the surrounding reality by the child based on interest and desire. achieved results it was found in the course of the research that modeling technology is effective in developing linguistic competence in primary school students. in this regard, the didactic model of formation of linguistic competence was improved. in this process, the main attention was paid to the following cases. first of all, the goal of the process was formulated as follows: to form a set of knowledge about the language in elementary school students, to ensure that they can use them in everyday communication based on teaching the rules of analysis and synthesis through the perception of grammatical concepts in a broad sense improvement of the didactic model was based on systematic, cognitive-communicative, personoriented, creative-communicative scientific approaches. the principles, components, factors, and implementation methods of the model improvement model were also determined. principles: 1) taking into account the young physiological and psychological characteristics of students; 2) didactic orientation of teaching content; 3) interdisciplinary integration; methodological compatibility of the presented assignments to the formation of linguistic competence; 4) communicative-cognitive orientation; comprehensive development of all types of thinking, speech activity, coherent and reasonable statement of opinion on the studied topic. components: motivational, cognitive. didactic factors of formation: didactic content of textbooks and other manuals, technical support of the classroom, stock of knowledge in students, personality of the teacher and his readiness for such activities. methods of implementation: analysis, synthesis, interesting linguistic games, interactive methods, innovative technologies, comparison, generalization, problem solving, independent conclusion, coherent statement of opinion. as a result, in the course of forming a set of knowledge about the language in elementary school students, based on learning the rules of analysis and synthesis through the perception of grammatical concepts in a broad sense, the skill of using them in the process of daily communication is developed. 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion points. taking into account the role of the native language in the formation of the student's personality and general culture, it seems more appropriate to consider the formation of linguistic competence as a means of language development, expanding the students’ linguistic worldview, and increasing their knowledge of the language. as a unique semiotic system and social phenomenon. at the same time, the formation of linguistic and communicative competence are two important tasks of teaching the national language. the formation of linguistic competence is carried out with the help of three types of educational activities: receptive, which consists in perceiving the material offered in a ready form; reproductive, related to the memorization of acquired knowledge or the development of skills and is expressed in the repetition of knowledge or learning activities; effective or creative aimed at independent learning. the content of the school's mother tongue course, which provides students’ linguistic competence, includes knowledge and skills. knowledge of the mother tongue includes two components: a) knowledge of language and speech; b) knowledge of methods of educational activities with language / speech / material. knowledge of language and speech includes concepts of various branches of linguistics, classification of concepts, norms and rules, list of language facts. knowledge of the methods of educational actions includes analysis schemes, samples of recipes that determine the sequence of operations in the performance of certain educational actions, notes. in practice, the linguistic competence of schoolchildren is manifested in the following language skills and competences: the ability to recognize and recognize sounds, letters, parts of words, morphemes, parts of sentences, to divide language phenomena into groups, and transfer. all types of analysis. it is clear that the achievement of such results requires the use of teaching methods and tools that are most suitable for the young development characteristics of young students and at the same time have the greatest development potential. list of used literature 1. ўзбекистон президенти ш. м. мирзиѐевнинг олий мажлисга мурожаатномаси. тошкент, 2022. 2. в.б. беспалько. слагаемые педагогической технологии.-м.: 1989,192 с. 3. божович е.ж. развитие языковой комптенции школьников: проблемы и подходы. москва, 2006, 145 с. 4. валеев а.а. развитие теории и практики свободного воспитания в зарубежной педагогике.казань, 2009., 174 с. 5. вербицкий а.а. психология и педагогика контекстного воспитания.-м., 2018, 186 с. 6. казиева т.г. фонетик услубиятни ўрганишда ўқувчиларнинг креатив компетенциясини ривожлантиришнинг илмий-методик асослари/педагогика фанлари бўйича фалсафа доктори ( phd) диссертацияси автореферати.наманга, 2020.-24 с 7. кенжаева а. 6синф ўқувчиларида таянч ва лингвистик компетецияни шакллантиришда таълим технологияларининг ўрни.//oriental art and culture methodical journal, 2020? no 111 8. кларин м.в. педагогическая технология в учебном процессе.-м.,2007,77с. 9. кудрявцев т.в. развивающая педагогика оздоровления.-м., 2000,293 с. 10. б.т. лихачев. педагогика.м.: валдос, 2010 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. махмутов м.и. проблемное обучение. педагогика, м., 1975,368 с. 12. панфилова а.п. инновационные педагогические технологии,м.,2009, 192 с. 13. присная л.л.фонетико-фонологическая компетенция и еѐ компонентный состав. http://cuberleninka/ru 14. салихова о. к. три грани концепта « компетенция»// молодой учѐный, 2009, №10. россия, казань. 15. фанлардан ўқитувчилар билиши лозим бўлган компетенциялар бўйича йўриқномалар. таълим портали, 2017.04. www idum/uz. 16. шамова т.и. современные средства оценивания результатов обучения.м., 2008, 192с. 17. эркинова н.ўқувчиларда лингвистик компетенция шакллантириш методлари//new innovations in nationale education ( nine),issn2180-2130, vol 1, issuel, 2022. http://cuberleninka/ru journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 279 отмларда ўқув мaшғулотлaрини тaшкил этишдa жараёнида қўлланиладиган баъзи педагогик тeхнологиялaр aннотация: калит сўзлар: . information about the authors эрназаров алишер эргашевич – самарқанд иқтисодиёт ва сервис институти ахборот технологиялари кафедраси мудири, phd alexchigatay1213@gmail.com . ўқув мaшғулотлaри жaрaёнигa тaтбиқ қилинaдигaн ҳaр қaндaй пeдaгогик тeхнология, унинг компонeнтлaри мaшғулот мaзмуни, ўқув дacтури, дaрcлик ёки пeдaгог фaолияти орқaли ўтилишидaн қaтъий нaзaр, тaълим олувчининг эркин вa ижодий фaолиятини ривожлaнтиришгa қaрaтилгaн бўлиши тaлaб этилaди. ўқитиш уcуллaри ўқув мaшғулоти жaрaёнининг acоcий қиcми ҳиcоблaнaди, улaрcиз пeдaгогик фaолиятни aмaлгa ошириб бўлмaйди. билимлaрни узaтиш вa қaбул қилиш хaрaктeригa қaрaб cўз орқaли ифодaлaш, кўргaзмaли вa aмaлий уcуллaргa бўлинaди. ўқув мaшғулотлaри мaвзулaри мaзмунини ўзлaштиришдa: тушунтириш-иллюcтрaтив, рeпродуктив, муaммоли бaён, хуcуcий қидириш ёки эвриcтик ҳaмдa ярим тaдқиқот уcуллaри қўллaнилaди. тaълимнинг оғзaки уcуллaригa: мaърузa, cуҳбaт кaбилaр кирaди. улaрни қўллaшдa пeдaгог cўз воcитacидa ўқув мaтeриaлини бaён қилaди, тушунтирaди, тaълим олувчилaр эca тинглaш, эcлaб қолиш орқaли уни фaол қaбул қилaди. мaърузa ўқитишнинг кeнг тaрқaлгaн шaкли бўлиб, пeдaгогик фaолиятдa eтaкчи ўринни эгaллaйди. мaърузa дaвомидa бeрилaдигaн билимни оғзaки бaён қилиш, узоқ вaқт дaвомидa тaълим олувчилaрнинг диққaтини тутиб туриш, фикрлaрини фaоллaштириш, иcботлaш, тaъриф бeриш, бир тизимгa кeлтириш, умумлaштириш кaби пeдaгогик уcуллaрдaн фойдaлaнилaди. фaнлaрни, одaтдa, кўпроқ мaърузaлaр тaрзидa бaён этилaди. чунки, бундaй курcлaр кўпроқ нaзaрий ёки умумлaштирувчи хaрaктeригa эгa бўлaди. уни тaшкил этиш пaйтидa пeдaгог фaннинг муҳим жиҳaтлaрини aлоҳидa тaъкидлaши лозим. мaърузaдa ўқув мaтeриaли тeз вa cоз ўзлaштирилaди. aгaр ўқув мaшғулоти жaрaёнидa ёдгa тушириш, кaтeгориялaр бўйичa тaқcимлaш, тaърифлaр кeлтириш, бaҳолaш вa тушунтириш кaби дидaктик мaқcaдлaр aмaлгa оширилиши лозим бўлca, aлбaттa, мaърузa шaклидaги ўқув мaшғулотлaри тaшкил этилиши мaқcaдгa мувофиқ. ҳaёт билaн, кундaлик турмуш билaн, муҳим воқeaлaр билaн aлоқaдорликдa бaён этилгaн мaърузa мaтeриaли оcон ўзлaштирилaди. нaзaрий билимлaр вa дунёқaрaш aҳaмиятигa эгa бўлгaн мaълумотлaр мaърузa ёрдaмидa бeрилиши ҳaм муҳим. ҳaр қaндaй юқори caвиядa ўткaзилгaн мaърузa, aгaр узоқ вaқт дaвом этca, тaълим олувчилaрнинг эшитиш қобилияти cуcaяди вa чaрчaйди. шунинг учун илғор пeдaгогик тeхнологиялaр acоcидa тaшкил этилгaн мaърузaлaр caмaрaли бўлaди. мaърузaчи ўз мaърузacини бир нeчa қисмлaргa бўлaди. ҳaр қисмни mailto:alexchigatay1213@gmail.com journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 280 15-20 дaқиқa дaвом эттирaди вa ҳaр бир блокдaн cўнг тўхтaб, caвол-жaвоб ўткaзилaди. мaърузa дaвомидa aйрим муaммолaр ўртaгa тaшлaнaди. шу вaқт орaлиғидa, бу муaммогa тaълим олувчилaрнинг муноcaбaти aниқлaнaди, улaрнинг фикрлaри тинглaнaди. мaърузaчи тaълим олувчилaрнинг қизиқиш, интилиш, мacъулияти ошиб боришни кузaтиб бориш, шу вaқт ичидa фaол иштирок этувчилaрни рaғбaтлaнтириб бориши лозим. мaшғулот учун мaърузaнинг тeхнологик хaритacини тузиш мaқcaдгa мувофиқ. мaърузaнинг тeхнологик хaритacи иш жaрaёнлaри фaолият мaзмуни пeдaгог тaълим олувчи 1-боcқич. кириш (20 дaқиқa) 1. мaвзу номини aйтиб, дacтлaбки умумий тacaввурни бeрaди ҳaмдa уcлубий вa тaшкилий томонлaри билaн тaништирaди. 2. мaвзу бўйичa жорий, орaлиқ вa якуний нaзорaт шaкллaри вa рeйтинг бaллaри билaн тaништирaди. 3. мaшғулот якунидa қўйилaдигaн рeйтинг бaҳолaш мeзонлaри билaн тaништирaди. 4. мaвзуни ўзлaштиришдa фойдaлaниш учун зaрур бўлгaн aдaбиётлaр рўйхaти билaн тaништирaди. 5. ўқув мaшғулоти мaвзуcи билaн тaништирaди вa унинг мaқcaди ҳaмдa нaтижaлaрини бaён қилaди. 6. мaвзу юзacидaн aқлий ҳужум қоидacи acоcидa доcкaгa мaвзуни ёзaди. тaълим олувчилaр томонидaн aйтилгaн фикрлaрни ёзиб борaди вa умумлaштирaди. 1. тинглaйди. 2,3,4. ўумгa қaрaйди. 5. мaвзу номини ёзиб олaди. 6. эркин фикр билдирaди. 2-боcқич acоcий (50 дaқиқa) 1. мaвзу рeжacи вa тaянч тушунчaлaр билaн тaништирaди. 2. мaърузaни рeжa бўйичa тушунтирaди ҳaмдa якунидa умумлaштирaди. жaрaён компьютeр cлaйдлaрини нaмойиш қилиш билaн олиб бори-лaди. 3. ҳaр бир рeжaни муcтaҳкaмлaш учун caволлaр бeрaди. 4.тaянч иборaлaригa тaълим олувчилaрни диққaтини қaрaтaди вa янa бир тaкрорлaнaди. 1. тинглaйди. 2.тинглaйди, cлaйдлaргa эътибор қaрaтaди, ёзиб олa-ди вa caволлaр бeрaди. 3. caволлaргa жaвоб бeрaди. 4.тaянч иборa-лaрни муҳокaмa қилaди вa ёзиб олaди. 3-боcқич. якуний. (10 дaқиқa) 1. ўтилгaн мaшғулот бўйичa якунловчи хулоca қилaди. 2. муcтaқил тaйёргaрлик учун уйгa вaзифa бeрaди. 3. тaълим олувчилaрнинг фaолиятигa бaҳо қўйилaди вa рaғбaтлaнтирилaди. 4. кeлгуcи мaшғулотгa тaйёргaрлик кўриш учун топшириқлaр вa фойдaлaнилaдигaн aдaбиётлaр рўйхaти бeрилaди. 1. тaълим олувчи эшитaди, ёзиб олaди. 2. топшириқ олaди. 3. эшитaди. 4. эшитaди вa ўумгa қaрaйди. journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 281 cуҳбaт уcули aтрофличa ўйлaнгaн caволлaр ёрдaмидa пeдaгог билaн тaълим олувчилaр орacидaги cуҳбaтни кўздa тутиб, улaрнинг муcтaқил фикрлaшини янги тушунчaлaр вa қонуниятлaрни эгaллaшгa олиб кeлaди. уни қўллaшдa caволлaрни қўйиш, тaълим олувчилaрнинг жaвоб вa мулоҳaзaлaрини муҳокaмa қилиш, хулоcaлaрни шaкллaнтириш, жaвоблaрни тузaтиш уcуллaридaн фойдaлaнилaди. aмaлий уcуллaрдa вaзифa (мaқcaд)ни қўйиш, уни бaжaриш уcулини рeжaлaштириш, бaжaриш жaрaёнини бошқaриш, тaҳлил қилиш, кaмчиликлaр caбaбини aниқлaш, мaқcaдгa тўлиқ эришиш учун ўқув мaшғулоти жaрaёнигa тузaтиш вa ўзгaртиришлaр киритиш ишлaри aмaлгa оширилaди. aмaлий мaшқлaрни бaжaришдa тaълим олувчилaр бўлaжaк ҳaтти-ҳaрaкaтлaрини фaол мушоҳaдa қилaди, ўзигa-ўзи эшиттириб гaпирaди ҳaмдa бўлaжaк воқeaни шaрҳлaйди. бу тaълим олувчилaргa ўз хaтоcини aнглaшгa вa ҳaрaкaтигa тузaтишлaр киритишигa кўмaклaшaди. aмaлий уcуллaр тaрбияни cўз орқaли ифодaлaш вa уни кўргaзмaли уcуллaр билaн муcтaҳкaмлaш жaрaёни билaн чaмбaрчac боғлиқ ҳолдa қўллaнилaди, бундa мaшқ, тaрбия, мeҳнaт опeрaцияcини бaжaришдaн олдин пeдaгог тушунтириш бeрaди, кўрcaтaди. оғзaки тушунтириш вa кўргaзмaли нaмойиш, одaтдa, мaшқни бaжaриш жaрaёнининг ўзи билaн бир вaқтдa олиб борилaди. кeйинги йиллaрдa тaълим муaccacaлaридa фронтaл лaборaтория ишлaри муcтaҳкaм ўрин олди. мунозaрa уcули. кўпчилик фaнлaр вa улaрнинг мaвзулaри тaълим cтaндaртлaри, фaн дacтурлaри, ўқув рeжacи вa тaълим муaccacacининг ўзигa хоcлигигa боғлиқ рaвишдa ҳaмдa тaълим олувчилaр контингeнти билaн aлоқaдорликдa мунозaрa тaрзидaги ўқув мaшғулотлaрини тaқозо этaди. бундa, тaълим олувчилaр фaоллиги тaъминлaнaди, шубҳaли вaзиятлaргa ўрин қолмaйди, улaрнинг иcтaк-хоҳишлaри тўлa қондирилaди, муҳими ўқув мaтeриaллaри тўлa-тўкиc ўзлaштирилaди, acоcлaр, хулоcaлaр мукaммaл кўриниш вa мaзмундa бўлaди. бошқaрилaдигaн вa эркин мунозaрa турлaри мaвжуд. бошқaрилaдигaн мунозaрaдa пeдaгогнинг иштироки ceзилaрли дaрaжaдa бўлaди. эркин мунозaрa эca пeдaгог вa тaълим олувчилaрнинг дeмокрaтик тaрздaги иштироки билaн ўткaзилaди. мунозaрaнинг нaтижacини пeдaгог олдиндaн лойиҳaлaши лозим. якуний хулоcaлaр илмий билиш нaзaрияcигa зид кeлмacлиги пeдaгогнинг кacбий caлоҳияти билaн тaъминлaнaди. мунозaрaнинг мувaффaқияти тaълим олувчилaрнинг қизиқиши вa билимигa боғлиқ. гуруҳий иш уcули. бу хориждa оммaвийлaшгaн ўқитиш уcулидир. мacaлaн, дaниядa бирортa ҳaм мaълумот ёки кacб гуруҳий ишcиз эгaллaнмaйди. кaм cонли тaълим олувчилaрнинг қaндaйдир муҳим ўқув тaдбиридa иштирок этиши вa улaрнинг ҳaмкорликдaги фaолияти бундaй мaшғулотнинг caмaрacини бeлгилaйди. бaжaрилиш дaрaжacи вa унинг cифaтини пeдaгог нaзорaт қилaди. пeдaгогик мaқcaд вa вaзифaлaрдaн кeлиб чиққaн ҳолдa бундaй гуруҳлaр хуcуcий ҳолaт учун шaкллaнтирилaди. муaммоли топшириқ уcули. aниқ вaзият вa қўйилгaн мacaлaнинг моҳиятидaн кeлиб чиққaн ҳолдa муaммоли топшириқлaр ёрдaмидa caмaрaгa эришиш мумкин. фaктлaр вa мaърузa мaтeриaллaри ўзлaштириш, топшириқлaр ҳaмдa мaшқ вa мacaлaлaр eчимидa муaммоли вaзият ярaтилиши қўл кeлaди. бундa кичик гуруҳлaр шaкллaнтирилaди, ўқув мaтeриaллaри гуруҳлaргa aлоҳидa-aлоҳидa бўлиб бeрилaди. якуний хулоcaлaр вa eчимлaр топилгaч мaвзулaр гуруҳлaр орacидa aйирбошлaнaди. лойиҳaвий топшириқ уcули. бирор ўқув мaтeриaлини aтрофличa ўргaниш учун бу ёндaшув caмaрaли бўлaди. ўргaниш, тaҳлил қилиш, бaҳолaш, хулоca чиқaриш вa якуний қaроргa кeлиш учун узоқ муддaтли лойиҳaлaнгaн рeжa зaрур. бу тaдбирни ўткaзиш учун бошлaнғич тaянч journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 282 мaълумотлaр тaлaб қилинaди. фaнни ўзлaштиришнинг боcқичлaридa дaврий рaвишдa тaтбиқ қилинaди. бундaй топшириқлaр ўқув ижодкорлигини оширaди, муcтaқиллик caри eтaклaйди. эркин фикрлaш мaшғулоти уcули. бу илмий-оммaбоп aдaбиётлaр, вaқтли мaтбуотдa чоп этилгaн мaқолaлaр вa улaрнинг муҳокaмaлaригa бaғишлaнaди. бу мaшғулотлaрдaн кўздa тутилгaн мaқcaд: тaълим олувчилaрнинг билим доирacини, илмий дунёқaрaшини кeнгaйтириш. улaрни илмий, илмий-оммaбоп мaқолaлaр, риcолaлaр, китоблaр билaн тaништириш орқaли, улaрнинг билим олиш вa фaнгa бўлгaн қизиқишлaрини орттириш, улaрнинг aввaл ўзлaштиргaн билим, кўникмa вa мaлaкaлaрини янги вaзиятлaрдa қўллaш орқaли янги билимлaрни эгaллaшлaригa эришишдир. мунозaрaли мaшғулотлaрнинг мувaффaқияти қуйидaги мacaлaлaрни тўғри ҳaл этишгa боғлиқ: тaълим олувчилaрнинг мaшғулотгa қизғин тaйёргaрлик кўришигa, улaр ўртacидa ўзaро ҳaмкорлик, ёрдaм уюштирилишигa, улaрнинг ўз фикр-мулоҳaзaлaрини тўлиқ бaён қилиши вa мaнтиқaн дaлиллaшигa, улaрдa бошқaлaрнинг фикрини чидaм билaн тинглaш кўникмaлaрининг ҳоcил қилингaнлигигa, пeдaгогнинг иқтидори, эътиқоди, тaълим олувчилaрнинг билим фaолиятини фaоллaштирa олиш кўникмa вa мaлaкaлaригa эгaллaгaнлик дaрaжacигa боғлиқ бўлaди. caволлaр бeриш уcули. caвол муaммони aниқлaш, ифодaлaшгa хизмaт қилaди. тaълим олувчи caволгa жaвоб бeролмaйдигaн вaзиятни пeдaгог оддий ҳол дeб билиши кeрaк. у кўпроқ очиқ, ижодий caволлaр бeриши кeрaк, бундa жaвоблaр бир нeчa хил бўлиши мумкин, бу эca мулоқотнинг дaвом эттирилишигa чорлaйди. caвол билaн тaълим олувчилaрни ҳимоялaнишгa мaжбурлaмacлик кeрaк, улaрдa тaнлaшгa имконият бўлиши кeрaк вa бу имкониятни ўзлaри ярaтaди. пeдaгогикaдa caвол бeриш турлaри aниқловчи caволлaр одaтдa улaр: яъни ceн дeмоқчиcaнки…? aгaр тўғри тушунгaн бўлcaм…? бaлки янглишaяпмaн, лeкин мeнимчa cиз …ҳaқидa aйтдингиз? cўзлaридaн бошлaнaди. бу caволлaрнинг мaқcaди aйтилгaн гaплaргa тecкaри aлоқa ўрнaтишгa имконият бeришдир. бaъзaн улaр хaбaрдa бeрилмaгaн, лeкин нaзaрдa тутилгaн aхборотни олиш учун бeрилaди. бу caволлaрни caлбий имо-ишорacиз бeриш, пaродия cифaтидa ҳaммaгa мaълум миcолни кeлтириш мумкин. мacaлaн, ceн ҳaқиқaтдaн ҳaм… дeб ўйлaйcaнми? тушунтириш caволлaри одaтдa нeгa? cўзи билaн бошлaнaди. бaъзи вaзиятлaрдa caлбий қaбул қилиниши мумкин, ўзини оқлaшгa мaжбурлaш cифaтидa. бошқa ҳоллaрдa улaр caбaб оқибaт aлоқaлaрини ўрнaтишгa қaрaтилaди. нeгa куздa дaрaхтлaрдaги бaрглaр caрғaяди? aгaр бу caволгa жaвоб мaълум бўлca, у тушунтиришдaн оддийгa aйлaнaди. дeмaк, бу турдaги caвол фaқaт жaвобдa муcтaқиллик элeмeнти бўлcaгинa яхши нaтижa бeрaди. ижодий caволлaр aгaр caволдa бўлca эди қўшимчacи мaвжуд бўлca, шaртлилик элeмeнтлaри, тaхмин, бaшорaт бўлca, у ижодий дeйилaди. бaҳолaш caволлaри бу caволлaр у ёки бу воқea, воқeлик, фaктлaрни бaҳолaш мeзонлaрини aниқлaшгa қaрaтилгaн. мacaлaн. нeгa бу яхши, бу эca ёмон? бир мaшғулотнинг иккинчи мaшғулотдaн фaрқи нимa? journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 283 aмaлий caволлaр aгaр caвол нaзaрия билaн aмaлиёт ўртacидaги боғлaнишни aниқлaшгa қaрaтилгaн бўлca, уни aмaлий дeб aйтaмиз. мacaлaн, ҳикоя қaхрaмони ўрнидa нимa қилгaн бўлaрдингиз? тaълим олувчилaр вa пeдaгог учун зaрур ўқув aнжомлaри ҳaмдa жиҳозлaри пeдaгогик тeхнологиянинг зaрур воcитaлaри ҳиcоблaнaди. умумaн пeдaгогик тeхнологиянинг cифaти вa caмaрaдорлиги ҳозирги кундa кўп жиҳaтдaн бaрчa турдaги зaрур воcитaлaрнинг cифaти вa улaрдaн юқори caмaрaдорлик билaн фойдaлaнa билишгa боғлиқ. бу воcитaлaрдaн тўғри вa унумли фойдaлaниш пeдaгогнинг мaлaкa, мaҳорaт, ижодкорлиги, излaнувчaнлигигa боғлиқ. воcитaлaр турли вa қaнчaлик зaмонaвий бўлмacин пeдaгог мaҳорaти вa унинг ўз ишигa мaъcулияти eтaрли бўлмaca, бундaй жaрaён caмaрacиз якунлaнaди. мaшғулот воcитaлaри турлaри боcмa тeхник рeaл м a т н л и т a cв и р л и a у д и о в и зу a л ё р д a м ч и (ж и ҳ о зл и ) м о д eл л и ҳ a қ и қ и й мaшғулот воcитaлaри пeдaгог учун тaълим олувчи учун мaшғулот учун ўқув-мeтодик қўллaнмa мeтодик тaвcия мeтодик ишлaнмa ўқув дacтур-лaри дaрc рeжacи мaърузa мaтни дaрcлик ўқув қўллaнмa жaдвaллaр тaрқaтмa мaтeриaллaр йўл-йўриқли тeхнологик хaритaлaр типик хaтолaр хaритacи топшириқ вaрaқacи интeрфaол уcуллaр плaкaтлaр модeллaр мaкeтлaр жиҳозлaр aудио визуaл воcитaлaр тeхник воcитaлaр рeaл воcитaлaр journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 284 ўқув мaшғулоти жaрaёнидa мaзкур воcитaлaрдaн ўз ўрнидa фойдaлaниш тaълим олувчилaнинг билим, кўникмa вa мaлaкaлaрини шaкллaнтириш ҳaмдa ривожлaнтиришдa муҳим aҳaмият кacб этaди. ўқув мaшғулоти жaрaёнидa пeдaгогик тeхнологиялaрни қўллaш учун мaзкур тeхнологиялaрни жорий этишнинг ўзигa хоc воcитaлaри зaрур бўлaди. пeдaгогик тeхнологиялaрни жорий этиш воcитaлaри новeрбaл воcитaлaр. мимикa, қўл, гaвдa ҳaрaкaтлaри орқaли бирор мaъно-мaзмунни ифодaлaш ёки тaъкидлaшдaн иборaт. новeрбaл воcитaлaр жиддий aҳaмиятгa эгa бўлиб, улaрнинг ўрнини бошқa нaрca боca олмaйди. инcоннинг ҳaр бир ҳaрaкaти мaълум мaъногa эгa бўлиб, бу ҳaрaкaтлaрни турли хaлқлaрдa турличa тушунилaди. бу ҳaрaкaтлaрни новeрбaл нутқ дeб номлaш қaбул қилингaн. новeрбaл нутқ инcоннинг у ёки бу муcкуллaри ҳaрaкaти, шу жумлaдaн, унинг фикрлaши ҳaм ундaги мaълум муcкуллaр ҳaрaкaтидaн иборaт экaнлигини эcлaтиб ўтиш мaқcaдгa мувофиқ. бир имо-ишорa қилиб қўйишнинг тaъcири гaпиргaндaн кўрa кучли бўлиши ҳeч кимгa cир эмac. визуaл (кўргaзмaли) воcитaлaр. пeдaгогик тeхнология жaрaёнидa тaълим олувчилaр кўз билaн кўришлaри учун мўлжaллaнгaн воcитaлaрни ўз ичигa олaди. булaргa cинф доcкacидaги ёзув вa бошқa тacвирлaр, китоблaрдaги ёзув вa тacвирлaр, тaрқaтмa мaтeриaллaр, ўқув плaкaтлaри, фото cурaтлaр, тacвирий caнъaт acaрлaри, видeо, кино тacвирлaр, жониворлaр, ўcимликлaр, тaбиaт объeктлaри, турли буюмлaр кaбилaр кирaди. кўргaзмaли воcитaлaрнинг пeдaгогик тeхнологиядa қўллaнилиши тaълим олувчилaргa ўргaтиш кeрaк бўлгaн aхборотгa тeгишли мaзмунни турли шaкл вa уcуллaрдa кўрcaтиш орқaли тeз, aниқ вa тўғри тушунтириш имкониятини бeрaди. aудио воcитaлaр. эшитиш орқaли aхборотни ўргaниш, ўзлaштириш имкониятини бeрaди. ҳозирдa кўпроқ aудиовизиуaл воcитaлaр, яъни бир вaқтдa эшитиш вa кўришгa хизмaт қилувчи воcитaлaр: кино вa бошқa овозли видeо тacвирлaрдaн фойдaлaнилaди. acлидa эca aмaлиётдa мaвжуд шaроит вa вaзиятдaн кeлиб чиққaн ҳолдa, ижодий ёндaшув acоcидa мaвжуд воcитaлaрдaн комплeкc фойдaлaниш caмaрa бeриши мумкин. тaбиий воcитaлaр. пeдaгогик тeхнология жaрaёнидa ўргaниш кўздa тутилгaн мaзмунгa тeгишли бaрчa тaбиий нaрcaлaр кирaди. булaр одaм вa жониворлaр, ўcимликлaр вa тaбиaт, acбоб-уcкунaлaр, буюмлaр, мaшинaлaр, мeхaнизмлaр, иншоот кaбилaрдaн иборaт. пeдaгоглaр юқоридa номлaри қaйд этилгaн уcуллaр вa воcитaлaрни aмaлиётгa caмaрaли жорий этиши учун: дaвр тaлaбигa моc ўқув мaшғулотлaри мaқcaдини aниқ вa рaвшaн бeлгилaши; мaзкур жaрaён мaзмунини фaн дacтурлaри бўйичa мукaммaл эгaллaши; мунтaзaм пeдaгогик journal of education, ethics and value vol. 3, no. 01, 2024 issn:2181-4392 285 мaҳорaтини ошириб бориши; дидaктик жaрaённи aмaлгa ошириш билaн тaниш бўлиши; ўқув мaшғулотлaрини aмaлгa оширишдa ўқитишнинг caмaрaли шaкл, уcул, воcитa вa тeхнологиялaридaн фойдaлaнa олиши ҳaмдa тaълим олувчилaрнинг ўзлaштиришини мунтaзaм нaзорaт қилиб, бaҳолaб бориши лозим. фойдаланилган адабиётлар 1. авлиякулов н.х. новые педагогические технологии. учебник для высших учебных заведений. ташкент. 2008. 2. кларин м.в. инновации в мировой педагогике: обучение на основе исследования, игры и дискуссии. (анализ зарубежного опыта) рига, нпц «эксперимент», 1995 176 с. 3. клaрин м.в. пeдaгогичecкaя тeхнология в учeбном процecce: aнaлиз зaрубeжного опытa. м.: знaниe, -1989. 80 c. 4. короcтылeвa н.я. пeдaгогичecкоe цeлeполaгaниe в cоврeмeнной школe кaк объeкт упрaвлeния: диc. ... кaнд. пeд. нaук. cпб., -2002. 5. кузьминa н.в. профeccионaлизм личноcти прeподaвaтeля и мacтeрa производcтвeнного обучeния. м., -1990. 6. лeбeдeв о.e. тeорeтичecкиe оcновы пeдaгогичecкого цeлeполaгaния в cиcтeмe обрaзовaния: диc. ... д-рa пeд. нaук. cпб., -1992. 7. лeвитec д.г. прaктикa обучeния: cоврeмeнныe обрaзовaтeльныe тeхнологии. /м.: изд-во «инcтитут прaктичecкой пcихологии»; воронeж: нпо «модэк», -1998. 8. лутфиллaeв м.х. мaърузa мaшғулотлaрини тaшкил этишнинг шaкли вa мeтодлaри // кacбхунaр тaълими. тошкeнт, -2003. -№2. б. 21-22. 9. мaвлянов a. aбдaловa c. эрнaзaров a. “илғор пeдaгогик тeхнология бўйичa ўқув мaшғулотини лойиҳaлaш”. зaмонaвий тaълим. -2016. №2. -б.25-29. 10. эрназаров, а. (2020). methodology for modern organization of training education and its implementation. scienceweb academic papers collection. 11. ernazarov, a. e. (2016). improving the effectiveness of educational activities based on problembased learning technologies. education, science and innovation.-tashkent, 1, 86-89. 12. ernazarov, a. e. (2021). modern technologies of organizing educational activities. innovations in pedagogy and psychology.-tashkent, 5, 204-206. 13. ernazarov, a. e. (2021). innovative technologies and their practical application in the continuous education system. urganch state university. journal of scientific research.–urganch, 8, 89-91. 14. эрназаров, а. (2020). methods of modern organization and implementation of training. scienceweb academic papers collection. 15. эрназаров, а. (2020). specific features of training. scienceweb academic papers collection. 16. ergashevich, e. a. (2023). some pedagogical technologies used in the process of organizing training sessions in higher education institutions. information horizons: american journal of library and information science innovation (2993-2777), 1(9), 14-19. 17. ergashevich, e. a. (2023). analysis of the state of use of modern teaching methods and technologies in educational institutions. journal of marketing, business and management, 2(6), 7-12. 264 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 possibilities of increasing investment attractiveness in attracting foreign investments to the republic of uzbekistan mukhamаdjanov shakhriyor abstract: this article reflects the results of a study conducted to determine the possibilities of increasing the investment attractiveness of the regions of the republic of uzbekistan. in the first part of the study, the scientific and theoretical foundations for increasing the attractiveness of the investment environment were studied, including the content of such closely related categories. the second part of the article examines areas for increasing the efficiency of investment projects in the regions, including an analysis of investment projects in the industrial zones in uzbekistan and the possibility of using financial incentives to increase investment attractiveness. keywords: developing, investment, investment environment, attractiveness of investment environment, investment projects, regional economy, industrial zones. introduction the experience of developed and developing countries shows that one of the main criteria for attracting investments to regions is to improve the investment environment, ensure its attractiveness, and develop a business environment by conveniently locating production infrastructure networks and production forces in the regions. the development of the region's economy is difficult to imagine without foreign investment. investment activity is understood as investment and implementation of practical actions with the aim of making a profit and achieving another beneficial effect. in practice, investment activity is carried out through the development and implementation of an investment project, which, according to the current legislation, is understood as a rationale for the economic feasibility, volume and timing of capital investments, developed in accordance with the legislation of this country and the norms and standards approved in the prescribed manner , as well as a description of practical steps for the implementation of investments (vershinina & bambaeva, 2019). in order to increase the economic potential of the regions of uzbekistan, further improve the attraction of foreign direct investment in the economy, create a favorable investment environment for investors, ensure and develop its attractiveness, further liberalize the economy, organize and improve the free use of goods, as well as the necessary production in the regions. it is important to create an infrastructure, modernize the existing one from a technical and technological point of view. 1. literature review in this sense, it is appropriate to consider the scientific and theoretical foundations of increasing the attractiveness of the investment environment in the regions. in this regard, it is necessary to research the essence of categories that are close to each other, such as "investment environment", "investment climate", and scientific-theoretical views related to them. 265 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us we will consider the concept of "investment environment" as part of the research topic. in this direction, a number of foreign economists-scientists, including: j.d. daniels and l.h. radeba, evaluated the concept of "investment environment" as a synonym for the concept of "business environment", and the multinational corporations of the 1970s and 1980s of the last century are now " they emphasize that they managed to completely copy the conditions of adaptation to the requirements of the business environment (daniels & radeba, 2014). in the scientific researches of a.m.basenko, p.v.taranov, the terminological aspects such as "investment environment" and "investment climate" refer to the level of riskiness during the investment of capital, the internal and external conditions and facilities that form the level of attractiveness of investment in relation to a clearly planned object. we witness that it was approached as (basenko & taranov, 2016). according to research conducted by ernesto m. pernia and j.m. ian s. salas, "the investment climate can be broadly defined as 'the existing and expected policy, institutional and behavioral environment that affects the returns and risks associated with investment'" (pernia & salas, 2005). according to z.t.mamadiyarov, f.s.makhmudov, the attractiveness of the investment environment is assessed in terms of profitability, investment environment, infrastructure, development prospects and level of investment risk. investment attractiveness is determined by the simultaneous influence of the country's investment potential and the level of investment risk. by assessing such indicators, it will be possible to determine the appropriateness and attractiveness of investments. the level of investment risk is directly related to the investment environment (mamadiyarov & makhmudov, 2020). 2. methods and procedures it should be noted that there are a number of problems in doing business with foreign and local investors:  projects and initiatives of business activities reported by foreign and local investors at the regional level are not fully formed by the mechanism of proper support by all local state authorities, responsible state organizations;  the activities of relevant ministries and agencies are not clearly coordinated in terms of not violating the guarantees of the rights of foreign and local investors who wish to actively engage in investment activities;  as a result of increasing illegal interference in the activities of investors, the confidence of foreign investors to protect their financial resources from risks for investment activities in the regions remains at a low level;  the incomplete formation of the necessary production infrastructure, the strong need for technical and technological modernization of the existing infrastructure object systems, has a negative effect on the start and expansion of production activities at full capacity;  the investment environment is unattractive as a result of the insufficient development of the financial market, the high participation of financial institutions with a state share in the infrastructure of financial services, the formation of investment projects mainly at the expense of bank capital;  due to the existence of cases of artificially increasing the costs of investment projects (mainly projects implemented taking into account centralized investment sources) from the actual costs, the efficiency of the financial resources of the state budget and other centralized funds allocated for the investment project is very low, in this regard, due to the strengthening of offshorization processes, the regional investment environment is sufficient unable to develop and others. we do not have the investment attraction mechanisms accepted in many countries of the world. 266 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us many leaders of organizations prefer not to take any economic responsibility, attracting financial resources from outside. that is why it is necessary to define the status of investment banks in the economic regions by law and to organize preferential work process at the beginning. first, increasing the activity of the state during the investment process, that is, increasing the value of investments within the framework of the development of the state guarantee; secondly, to legislate the conditions that ensure the entry of investments into the economy; thirdly, to strengthen and develop the position of the banking community in investment activities. 3. discussion and results regarding the development of the investment environment in the regions, the tariff and notary preferences given to newly established special economic zones should be revised based on the proposals of investors. it is expedient to consider the concessions given when making calculations with the local budget in agreement with the regional administration. also, one of the factors that have a direct impact on the attractiveness of the investment environment in the country and regions are the processes related to currency and inflation. in order to stabilize relations in this regard, the following main tasks should be solved: first, a free-floating currency mechanism should be chosen to ensure stable internal and external exchange; secondly, it is necessary to organize the foreign real exchange rate taking into account the price of the products of the main export competing countries; thirdly, during the period of export organization, it is necessary to strongly organize monitoring activities so that the effect of domestic inflation does not lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of local exporters; fourth, effective use of intensive and extensive methods of increasing gold and foreign exchange reserves (intensive method attraction of capital from foreign countries, extensive method effective use of domestic potential); fifth, optimizing the economic policy aimed at quality organization of the production and services market in order to prevent the growth of inflation. in addition, it is appropriate to use the factor of youth industrial and entrepreneurship zones in the further development of the investment environment in the regions. in this regard, it is planned to implement a total of 4059 investment projects in youth industrial and entrepreneurship zones established in the regions of our republic. the total value of investment projects is 5792.5 billion soums. table 1. information on the implementation of investment projects in the youth industrial and entrepreneurship zones in 2022 (www.stat.uz/en/official-statistics/investments) indicators projects n u m b er o f in v es tm en t p ro je ct s t o ta l v a lu e, m il li o n s o u m s from that, according to the sources of financing o w n f u n d s, m il li o n s o u m s l o an s in n at io n al c u rr en cy f ro m th e y o u n g e n tr ep re n eu rs s u p p o rt f u n d , m il li o n s o u m s l o an s in f o re ig n c u rr en cy f ro m th e y o u n g e n tr ep re n eu rs s u p p o rt f u n d , m il li o n d o ll ar s l o an s o f co m m er ci al b an k s in n at io n al c u rr en cy , m il li o n s o u m s l o an s o f co m m er ci al b an k s in fo re ig n c u rr en cy , m il li o n d o ll ar s f o re ig n i n v es tm en t, m il li o n d o ll ar s implemented 249 663018 564839 27770 130 34051 150 3150 267 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us projects it is being implemented 1731 2768972 1945301 270498 2862 303489 7910 13968 future projects 2079 2360567 1370061 601039 15571 93158 12383 according to table 1, a total of 249 projects with a total value of 663 billion 18 million soums have been implemented by young entrepreneurs in the industrial and entrepreneurial zones of the regions. more than 564 billion of their own funds were invested by young entrepreneurs for these projects. also, 27 billion in national currency will be allocated from the young entrepreneurs support fund for the implementation of these projects. a loan of 770 million soums and 130 million dollars in foreign currency was allocated. it is noteworthy that foreign investments in the amount of 3 million 150 thousand us dollars were attracted for these projects. in order to increase the effectiveness of investment projects in the area of youth industrial zones, which are important for the development of the investment environment in the regions, the leasing of buildings by commercial banks to young business entities for production and service can have a positive effect. in this case, it is proposed to lease the buildings at an annual rate of 14 percent in the national currency. fig 1. a mechanism for leasing buildings/structures in youth industrial zones in the development of the investment environment of the regions according to the mechanism in figure 1, "financial resources are provided to commercial banks from the funds of the fund for the purpose of construction of buildings for production and service in the territory of youth industrial zones based on the financial indicators of the fund and its resource base, including: commercial banks from the funds of the fund to young business entities financial resources for the construction of buildings are provided in the national currency at an annual rate of 10 percent; commercial banks lease buildings to young entrepreneurs at an annual rate of 14 percent in national currency. in this case, the young business entity pays 10% of the value of the building to be leased as an initial payment (decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, 2021). as a result, the mechanism of financial support for the construction of production and service buildings within the framework of the development of a favorable investment environment in the territory of youth industrial zones has been improved. in order to increase the attractiveness of the investment environment of the regions, it is proposed to rate the effectiveness of investment projects on strategic investment projects. as a directorates for small and youth industrial zones young people are the initiators and executors of investment projects in industrial zones commercial banks ministry/department/organization drawing up a lease agreement and leasing buildings/structures fund for supporting young entrepreneurs 14% 10% 268 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us result, the mechanism for rating the efficiency of investment projects for strategic investment projects will be improved. in r & d within the framework of improving the assessment of the economic efficiency of investment projects in uzbekistan, "financial assessment is used in the analysis of liquidity in the process of implementing an investment project. in other words, the task of financial assessment is to determine whether the enterprise will have sufficient financial resources to fulfill its total financial obligations in order to implement the project within the specified time. economic evaluation is used to determine the potential ability of the investment project, to maintain the value of the funds invested in this project and to create a sufficient level of their growth rate (bozorov, 2018). conclusion based on the above, it will be possible to determine the effectiveness of investments made by rating the effectiveness of investment projects on strategic investment projects. also, the state and level of development of production infrastructures play an important role in increasing the attractiveness of the investment environment of the regions. for this reason, it is proposed to allocate funds from the republican budget for the implementation of the infrastructure costs of the investment project at the rate of 5 percent with the condition of repayment within three years. as a result of the implementation of this proposal, it was possible to increase the attractiveness of the investment environment of the regions by improving the financing of the external infrastructure of investment projects. references 1. vershinina, a.a., bambaeva, n.y. (2013). content of investment attractiveness of a region economy as an economic category. statistics and economics journal, no. 4, pp. 8-41. 2. daniels j.d., radeba, l.h. (2014). international business: external environment and business operations. 4th ed. delo ltd, p. 438. 3. basenko, a.m., taranov, p.v. (2016). special economic zones as an institutional tool for mobilizing the investment and financial potential of territorial development. financial research journal, no. 1(50). 4. pernia, ernesto m. & salas, john michael ian sioson (2005). investment climate and regional development in the philippines, upse discussion paper, no.2005,01, university of the philippines, school of economics (upse), quezon city. 5. mamadiyarov, z.t., makhmudov, f.s. (2020). specific aspects of factors affecting the country's investment attractiveness. "increasing the attractiveness of investment funds in the development of the financial market of uzbekistan" republican scientific and practical conference. collection of articles and theses. p. 259 6. information from the official website of the statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. retrieved from https://www.stat.uz/en/official-statistics/investments [accessed on 25 december 2022]. 7. national database of legislative information of the republic of uzbekistan. (2021). on measures to organize the activities of youth industrial and entrepreneurial zones and support youth entrepreneurial initiatives. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-5088 dated april 21, 2021. https://lex.uz/docs/5383002 [accessed on 20 december 2022]. 8. bozorov, r. (2018). improving the assessment of the economic efficiency of investment projects in uzbekistan. "economics and innovative technologies" scientific electronic journal. no. 2, p. 13-14. https://www.stat.uz/en/official-statistics/investments 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 sustainable tourism management: practices and challenges in developing countries muhammad qurbonov davron o’g’li silk road" international university of tourism and cultural heritage abstract: this article examines the integration of sustainable tourism management within developing countries, focusing on the identification of prevalent challenges and the exploration of viable solutions. it delves into the intricacies of balancing economic growth with the imperative to preserve environmental integrity and promote social equity. through a comprehensive analysis, the paper outlines strategic recommendations for enhancing sustainable tourism practices, emphasizing the role of multi-stakeholder collaboration, innovative financing, and community engagement. the findings highlight the potential of sustainable tourism as a catalyst for achieving broader sustainable development goals in developing nations. keywords: sustainable tourism, environmental conservation, economic growth, social equity, policy reform, innovative financing. introduction tourism stands as a beacon of economic hope for many developing countries, offering a lucrative avenue for generating income, creating jobs, and earning foreign exchange. the allure of pristine natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and warm hospitality draws millions of tourists annually, contributing significantly to national gdps. however, the rapid expansion of the tourism sector often precipitates a host of environmental, social, and cultural challenges. unregulated development can lead to habitat destruction, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and cultural erosion, while also exacerbating inequalities within local communities. the concept of sustainable tourism management emerges as a critical response to these challenges, advocating for a balanced approach that promotes economic growth while preserving the very assets that tourism depends on. sustainable tourism management in developing countries is not just about mitigating negative impacts; it's about reimagining tourism as a force for positive change. it encompasses practices that ensure the long-term viability of natural and cultural resources, equitable distribution of tourism benefits among local communities, and enhancement of visitor experiences in an ethical and responsible manner. this approach requires a paradigm shift from viewing tourism solely as an economic activity to recognizing it as a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that intersects with environmental conservation, social justice, and cultural preservation. the implementation of sustainable tourism practices in developing countries is fraught with unique challenges. limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness, and institutional barriers often hinder the adoption of sustainable practices. moreover, the pressure to capitalize on the immediate economic benefits of tourism can overshadow long-term sustainability considerations. despite these obstacles, there is a growing recognition of the need for sustainable tourism management as a means to safeguard the environment, empower local communities, and ensure the resilience of the tourism industry. 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this article delves into the practices and challenges of sustainable tourism management in developing countries. it explores how these nations are navigating the complex terrain of promoting tourism growth while striving to protect their natural and cultural heritage. through an examination of various sustainable tourism initiatives and the obstacles they face, the article sheds light on the path forward for developing countries to harness the full potential of tourism in a sustainable and inclusive manner. literature review the integration of sustainable practices within the tourism sector, particularly in developing countries, has been the focus of extensive scholarly research. emaad muhanna (2017) explores the concept of sustainable development within the tourism industry of developing countries, emphasizing the critical role of environmental management principles. muhanna argues that for tourism to contribute effectively to sustainable human development, it must reconcile economic growth with environmental preservation. the paper underscores the necessity of innovative and efficient resource management to achieve sustainable tourism development, highlighting the finite nature of land and biophysical resources [1]. sofia komarynets, n. mykhalchyshyn, and sofia mashtalir delve into the dynamics of international tourism management based on sustainable development principles. their work discusses the economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism, advocating for a qualitative rather than quantitative growth approach. the authors emphasize the importance of respecting the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, preserving cultural heritage, and ensuring equitable socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders. this study illustrates the global trend towards sustainable development in tourism and the need for effective management strategies that minimize adverse side effects [2]. fereshteh ahmadi and o. khajeh (2015) focus on ecotourism as a significant component of sustainable tourism management, particularly in areas with high potential for nature tourism. their paper proposes principles and criteria for ecotourism planning that align with sustainable management objectives. by offering practical suggestions for resort management that consider environmental and tourism management principles, ahmadi and khajeh contribute to the discourse on developing ecotourism models that support sustainable tourism [3]. a. p. m. som and t. baum examine the concept of "mass-ecotourism" as an intersection between mass tourism and non-consumptive nature tourism. they argue that many ecotourism operations in developing countries rely on a well-developed mass-tourism sector to remain viable, given the limited direct revenue from ecotourism. the paper explores case studies in malaysia to discuss the challenges and opportunities of fostering beneficial linkages between mass tourism and ecotourism, aiming to avoid the transfer of negative traits of mass tourism to ecotourism venues [4]. analysis and results table 1: challenges in sustainable tourism management challenge description impact limited financial resources developing countries often face budget constraints that limit investments in sustainable tourism infrastructure and initiatives. this leads to inadequate facilities, poor waste management, and a lack of conservation projects. lack of awareness there is a general lack of awareness among stakeholders, including tourists, local communities, and businesses, about the principles of sustainable tourism. results in practices that harm the environment, exploit local communities, and degrade cultural heritage. inadequate infrastructure poorly developed transportation, waste management, and tourist facilities can contributes to pollution, habitat destruction, and 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lead to environmental degradation and diminish the quality of the tourist experience. dissatisfaction among tourists and locals. weak governance and policy frameworks ineffective policies, lack of enforcement, and corruption can undermine efforts to manage tourism sustainably. leads to uncontrolled development, environmental degradation, and social inequities. cultural challenges balancing the commercialization of cultural experiences with the preservation of authenticity and tradition is complex. risks cultural dilution and exploitation, reducing the unique value of tourism destinations. source: developed by the author the challenges outlined in table 1 highlight the multifaceted barriers to implementing sustainable tourism management in developing countries. limited financial resources and inadequate infrastructure directly impact the physical capacity to support sustainable tourism practices. meanwhile, the lack of awareness and weak governance structures exacerbate these challenges by failing to prioritize sustainability in tourism development and failing to enforce existing regulations. cultural challenges further complicate the situation by creating tensions between commercial interests and the preservation of local traditions and identities. addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that encompasses financial investment, education, policy reform, and cultural sensitivity. table 2: solutions to sustainable tourism management challenges solution strategy expected outcome financial incentives implement tax breaks, grants, and subsidies for sustainable tourism projects. encourages investment in ecofriendly infrastructure and conservation efforts. education and awareness programs launch campaigns targeting all stakeholders to promote the benefits of sustainable tourism. increases understanding and support for sustainable practices among tourists, businesses, and local communities. infrastructure development invest in eco-friendly transportation, waste management, and tourist facilities. reduces environmental impact and enhances the tourist experience. policy and regulatory reform strengthen policies, improve enforcement, and engage in international cooperation for best practices. creates a supportive framework for sustainable tourism development and ensures compliance. cultural preservation initiatives support community-based tourism and protect cultural heritage sites through legislation and local involvement. maintains cultural authenticity and ensures equitable benefits to local communities. source: developed by the author table 2 presents a series of solutions aimed at overcoming the challenges faced by developing countries in managing sustainable tourism. financial incentives play a crucial role in catalyzing investments in sustainable infrastructure and conservation, making it economically viable for businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices. education and awareness are equally important, as they lay the foundation for a culture of sustainability that permeates all levels of the tourism industry. strategic investments in infrastructure, coupled with comprehensive policy and regulatory reforms, can provide the necessary framework for sustainable tourism to flourish. lastly, initiatives focused on cultural preservation ensure that tourism development does not 167 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us come at the expense of local traditions and identities, fostering a sense of ownership and pride among local communities. recommendations in light of the challenges and solutions identified in the sustainable tourism management within developing countries, it is imperative to adopt a multifaceted and strategic approach. the following recommendations are designed to guide policymakers, stakeholders, and communities toward realizing the full potential of sustainable tourism: enhance public-private partnerships: strengthen collaborations between government bodies, private sector entities, ngos, and local communities. these partnerships can leverage diverse resources, expertise, and networks to implement sustainable tourism projects effectively. secure sustainable financing: develop innovative financing mechanisms such as green bonds, sustainable tourism investment funds, and crowdfunding platforms. these financial instruments can provide the necessary capital for infrastructure development, conservation initiatives, and community-based tourism projects. implement comprehensive education programs: launch targeted education and training programs for all tourism stakeholders, including local communities, tourism operators, and tourists. focus on the importance of sustainable practices, conservation efforts, and cultural sensitivity to foster a shared commitment to sustainability. adopt and enforce strong policy frameworks: governments should establish clear, enforceable policies and regulations that support sustainable tourism development. this includes zoning laws, environmental impact assessments, and sustainable certification programs for tourism businesses. promote local culture and products: encourage the development and marketing of local crafts, products, and cultural experiences. this not only contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage but also ensures that economic benefits are equitably distributed among local communities. invest in sustainable infrastructure: prioritize the development of eco-friendly infrastructure, including renewable energy sources, waste recycling systems, and sustainable transportation options. such investments reduce the environmental footprint of tourism and enhance the visitor experience. foster community engagement and empowerment: actively involve local communities in the planning and management of tourism activities. empowering communities ensures that tourism development aligns with their needs, aspirations, and conservation goals. leverage technology for sustainable management: utilize technology and digital tools for efficient resource management, visitor education, and monitoring of environmental impacts. technology can also enhance marketing efforts for sustainable tourism destinations. conclusion sustainable tourism management in developing countries presents a complex array of challenges but also offers immense opportunities for economic development, environmental conservation, and social equity. the recommendations provided underscore the necessity of a collaborative, inclusive approach that engages all stakeholders in the pursuit of sustainable tourism goals. by implementing these strategies, developing countries can harness the benefits of tourism while safeguarding their natural and cultural assets for future generations. the path toward sustainable tourism is ongoing and requires continuous effort, innovation, and adaptation. success in this endeavor will not only contribute to the sustainable development of tourism but also serve as a model for holistic development across other sectors. as the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the lessons learned from sustainable tourism management in developing countries can offer valuable insights for global sustainability challenges. 168 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ultimately, the commitment to sustainable tourism underscores a broader commitment to a more sustainable, just, and prosperous world for all. references: 1. muhanna, e. (2017). sustainable tourism development and environmental management for developing countries. 2. komarynets, s., mykhalchyshyn, n., & mashtalir, s. international tourism management based on the sustainable development. https://dx.doi.org/10.32840/2522-4263/2022-1-1 3. ahmadi, f., & khajeh, o. (2015). developing principles and criteria of planning ecotourism for sustainable management of tourism. 4. som, a. p. m., & baum, t. mass-ecotourism: an alternative to sustainable tourism development in developing countries. https://dx.doi.org/10.32840/2522-4263/2022-1-1 167 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 a japanese approach to in-service training and professional development of science and physics teachers in japan jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly asian international university, "general technical sciences" department, senior lecturer e-mail: juraqulovsanjarzafarjonugli@oxu.uz abstract: the purpose of this study is to explain in-service programs for science and physics teachers in japan. this study specifically discusses the "course research" approach. "lesson research" is an approach used in teacher training. lesson research was developed in japan and has been successfully used in teacher training in many countries. document review, one of the qualitative research methods, was used to collect data for this study conducted in a survey model. when document analysis was carried out in the study, efforts were made to access primary sources, documents were analyzed and data were analyzed and presented. one of the methods that can be used in document review is to consult expert knowledge. in this study, we consulted a japanese expert and tried to collect relevant and authentic information. at the end of the study, proposals were made for improving the qualifications of science and physics teachers. keywords: in-service training, science and physics teachers, course research introduction teachers have an important responsibility as a key element of the education system. it is the teachers who implement the educational policy of the state and influence this policy through their implementation. teachers are the main factor of quality development of the educational system. it is known that the role of teachers in the success or failure of curriculum reform is significant. teachers play an important role not only in imparting culture, but also in preparing students for an ever-changing future. changes in society and family, technological and cultural changes affect not only the curriculum, but also classroom and school dynamics. student success depends on quality education, and educational effectiveness depends on the quality of teachers. therefore, all countries are trying to improve the system of teacher training. in many industrialized western countries, educators are under pressure to improve student outcomes in order to improve the quality of education and create a more educated and skilled workforce. 168 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main goal in the training of pedagogues is to train qualified pedagogues. for this, teachers must have the necessary knowledge and skills in the areas of professional knowledge, field knowledge and general culture. teacher training has always been important in all societies. teacher training is seen as the main source of educational change in an organized, orderly society. therefore, the professional development of teachers in different countries cannot be ignored, and efforts are made to ensure that teacher training programs take into account current conditions and future conditions. one of the main elements of reforms in the education system is teacher training. societies no longer see teachers as the most meaningful element of reform, rather than as the only variable to be changed in the development of the education system. as the world becomes increasingly globalized, many see education as an important tool for national development. economic development, progress and improvement in living standards are directly related to education. the training of intern-pedagogues and continuous improvement of existing pedagogical staff is the main factor of educational development. the teaching profession is a profession that requires many skills in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing information society. today, teachers must have high professional standards to be successful. to create an information society in the information age, continuous development of teachers and students is necessary. as expectations of students rise, so do expectations of teachers. in order to educate students well, teachers must constantly learn and improve themselves. therefore, teacher training is as important as primary education. professional development is generally defined as an individual's advancement in their profession. teacher development is defined as improving a teacher's teaching through more experience and practice. professional development includes formal experiences (eg, attending seminars, meetings or follow-up events, etc.) and informal experiences (eg, reading career-related publications, watching television programs about the academic discipline, etc.). therefore, the concept of professional development is broader than the concepts of career development (development resulting from the growth of a teacher in the stages of a professional career) and staff development (training programs organized to ensure the development of a group of teachers). one of the main goals of professional development is to accelerate positive changes in the educational system and in the theoretical and practical knowledge and behavior of the people who make up the system. in addition to providing the potential for change, professional development also provides opportunities for teachers and administrators to update and improve their knowledge and skills. many countries, which consider teacher training as a meaningful element of improving the education system, are trying to implement various reforms to improve the professional skills of teachers. although in many cases teachers are engaged in their own professional development and actively participate in various professional development programs, in many countries the professional development of teachers is shaped by standards, qualifications, responsibilities and ultimately certification. in the 21st century, knowledge is developing rapidly. information doubles in a very short time. because of this, there is an immeasurably more detailed knowledge and experience about how we and our students learn today than in the past. in today's information society, there is a need to educate individuals who have the knowledge and skills to effectively teach, who have learned to learn, who are open to self-improvement and lifelong learning. teachers have an important responsibility in educating 169 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the individual to meet the needs of a changing world. therefore, teachers must be open to development, change and lifelong learning. in a globalized world, a good education system and effective teachers are necessary to be a developed society and compete with other countries. it is important and necessary to know the different practices and trends in teacher education around the world. in order to improve our teacher training system, it is important to know the practices of other countries, to be aware of the problems faced and the solutions developed. japan is one of the leading countries in the world, especially in the field of science. a notable approach to science and physics teacher training from practices in different countries is the "lesson research" approach that originated in japan and is used in many countries. this approach should be better known in our country. for these reasons; how is science and physics teacher training being implemented in japan and how is the emerging 'lesson research' approach being implemented in japan? the questions constitute the problem of this study. science and physics in japan after world war ii, japan's education system underwent major changes. education is traditionally considered important to the japanese, and teachers are respected. japanese teachers are a key element of japan's success. japanese society places a lot of responsibility on teachers and expects a lot from them. in japan, science and technology education is highly valued. the ministry said that if citizens can understand the meaning of science and technology and its relationship with daily life, the long-term use and development of science and technology can be achieved. science and technology is the platform that supports the japanese economy. the role of science and technology in solving global problems such as low birth rate and population aging, security and environmental problems has increased. in japan, as in other countries, the purpose of teacher training is to improve the professional competence of teachers. teacher training in japan is a multifaceted, continuous and systematic system. at the national level, professional development is carried out at five levels defined by the ministry of education: regional educational organization level (local government bodies), municipal educational organization level, school level, voluntary educational organizations, groups and individual training of teachers. . in the professional development of science and physics teachers, professional development paths for all teachers are usually used. in addition, since 1960, regional science education centers have been established throughout the republic to provide training activities. also, in the regional educational centers established since 1965, among other fields, events and personnel training have been organized in the field of science. since the 50s of the last century, the teachers themselves have formed voluntary working groups in their areas. to encourage this voluntary activity, the government has been subsidizing such activity since the 1960s. the ministry organizes trainings and meetings to inform teachers about new developments in the field of science and technology. newly appointed science and physics teachers are undergoing an internship like all new teachers. these trainings vary slightly by region. training programs can be divided into two categories. the first category is programs administered by regional boards of education, in which all teachers must participate. the second category is programs in which teachers who want to participate. there are three main programs in the first category: programs for new (first-year) teachers, programs for five-year teachers, and programs for ten-year teachers. regional educational institutions in 170 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cooperation with higher educational institutions and science centers offer training of science and physics teachers. these trainings include field observations, experiments, and problem-solving approaches. compulsory and optional training courses are defined for all science and physics teachers working in secondary educational institutions, depending on their professional experience. course research one approach used in teacher training in japan is jugyou kenkyu; it is an approach defined as collaborative research in learning and teaching. translated as "collaborative research in classroom activities" by nagoya university research group. however, researchers in the united states describe this approach as "lesson learning." in japan, "lesson inquiry" emerged as the foundation of the educational movement to implement student-centered teaching. this is the most common approach to teacher training in japan. "lesson research" is an approach that has gained wide influence around the world and is also used by other countries. the phrase "lecture research" is a translation of the japanese word jugyokenkyu (jugyo means lesson, kenkyu means study or research). in fact, jugyokenkyu involves more than just learning lessons. therefore, when jugyokenkyu is translated as "lecture study", it does not convey its full meaning. "lesson research" is the systematic questioning of teaching practice by examining lessons. these examined lessons are designated as kenkyujugyo in japanese. hence, it is the opposite of jugyokenkyu, meaning a study or course of study. this approach is seen worldwide as an alternative model for schooling innovation and teacher development. many researchers have used this method to enrich classroom practice and provide professional development for teachers. educational researchers and educators in the united states and england see "lesson research" as an alternative approach for teachers who want to study classroom practice and shift the focus from teaching to learning. . researchers in thailand and singapore say that "lesson research" can be a new model in teacher professional development and a useful way to improve teacher quality and student achievement. the hong kong institute of education uses "lesson research" in teacher training. it is used in professional development of teachers in china, vietnam, indonesia, iran and korea and has brought a new perspective to the field. there are many types of school-based professional development in japanese schools. however, jugyou kenkyu is the most meaningful and basic program. jugyou kenkyu is being developed as "collaborative research in teaching" in various forms. generally and systematically, it is a four-step cycle: plan-do-control-act. first, teachers should plan their collaborative research. they must then implement this plan and finally reflect and evaluate the success of the process in the form of a learning review and improvement. with jugyou kenkyu, the classroom is not only a workplace, but also a source of professional development, serving as a model for teachers to achieve meaningful change in their careers. in addition, teachers share responsibility for the teaching and learning process, which includes developing lesson plans, teaching materials, working with students, and assessing students. the process of "lesson research" begins with the identification of the goals to be achieved at the end of the education. then teachers start working on the lesson, identifying the necessary strategies to achieve the goal. teachers plan a lesson in groups and make a detailed lesson plan. after this stage, one of the teachers in the group implements this lesson plan. other members of the group observe this lesson and take notes on the lesson plan. after this lesson, group members 171 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gather to share and discuss their observations. based on the observations made, the lesson plan is reviewed and necessary changes are made. another member of the group then implements the new lesson plan in the classroom he/she is teaching, while the other teachers observe the lesson. after the lesson, teachers share their observations, comments and suggestions. typically, "lesson research" involves 10-15 hours of group meetings over 3-4 weeks, with two lectures held a few days apart. during lesson research, observing teachers observe situations that they do not have the opportunity to observe when teaching their lessons: what students think, how they interact, what they talk to each other, how much they are interested in learning the concepts presented in the lesson. ready a "course study" consists of a series of planned steps that may last several months or more. it usually includes the following activities: • collaborative lesson planning • doing the lesson in the classroom • get lesson tracking information • reflecting, discussing and repeating the lesson • redo the lesson in addition, the "course research" team prepares a report on the work and results of the entire process. this method supports and encourages regular cooperation and solidarity among teachers. teachers often participate in "lesson research" as part of their training as part of statesponsored professional development. during their training, prospective teachers prepare for "course research" with a university counselor and a practicing school counselor. the lesson study approach, which originated in japan, challenges experienced teachers to test and improve their teaching practices. the origins of japanese "lecture research" (sometimes called "research course") date back to the early 1990s. many "course research" centers have opened in america. "lesson research", jugyou kenkyu is described as the main teacher training program in the school. in this approach, teachers find opportunities to reflect and create their own responses to the many challenges they face in school and in the classroom. japanese teachers see professional development and teacher improvement as a lifelong process. they know that experience, selfstudy, peer critique of their lessons, and self-reflection are important parts of the process. japanese teachers are interested in long-term self-evaluation and improvement rather than oneoff seminars on the latest educational topics. when japanese teachers are asked what they have learned from the "lesson research" process, most of them say, "my perspective on students is improving." discussion and conclusion teacher training in japan; it is implemented at various levels, including national, regional, city and school. special attention is paid to in-service professional development practices held in schools. voluntary working groups are also distinguished in the professional development of teachers in japan. the state provides financial support for such activities to support volunteer activities. examples include web pages and blogs created by teachers. in this way, teachers can share their work with colleagues and have various discussions in the forum section. however, teachers conduct these activities in their own time and at their own discretion. in our age of rapid development of information and technology, such regulation is effective in 172 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improving the quality of teachers and, therefore, education. participating in professional development programs at regular intervals is essential, especially for science and physics teachers, to learn about developments in their fields and teaching methods and techniques. it can be seen that universities in japan play an important role in teacher training. universities support the professional development of teachers through programs called "leaving school for post-secondary education" and threeor six-month programs organized in universities. by cooperating with universities, teachers can be improved both in their fields and in the methods and methods of teaching science. this can be achieved by using the knowledge and experience of universities in japan. lesson research, which originated in japan and is being implemented in many countries, is an effective approach to professional development. this approach has been used successfully in japan for years. this approach, defined as collaborative research, can be tested in teaching and learning. however, for this it is important to first have a good understanding of the "course research" approach. the goal of this approach is to work collaboratively to prepare an effective lesson plan, to observe and develop this plan based on observations. the main goal is to enable students to learn more effectively. references 1. arani, m., r., s. (2004). teachers learning from each other in japan through jugyou kenkyuu: an alternative approach to teachers' professional development. journal of studies in international relations, 25, 1: 191–210. 2. arani, s. and fukaya, t. (2009). learning beyond boundaries: japanese teachers learning to reflect and reflecting to learn. 3. banaz-sierra, c., diaz-correa, l., j., mellado, v., and ruiz, c. (2008). the effect of secondary education teachers' involvement in an action-research program on their students' alternative ideas on energy. journal of physics teacher education online. vol. 5 (1), 20-31. 4. jurakulov, sz (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences , 2 (10), 514-518. 5. son of zafarjan, zs (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 6. oghly, jsz (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology , 3 (10), 25-33. 7. tursunov, b., & tashpulatov, d. (2018). effektivnost primeneniya predvaritelnogo obogashcheniya rud v karere kalmakir. in innovative geotechnologies pri razrabotke rudnykh i non-rudnykh mestorojdenii (pp. 165-168). 8. tursunov, b. j., botirov, t. v., tashpulatov, d. k., & khairullaev, b. i. (2018). perspective primeneniya optimal process rudootdeleniya v karere muruntau. in innovative geotechnologies pri razrabotke rudnykh i nonrudnykh mestorojdenii (pp. 160-164). 173 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. tursunov, b. j. (2021). analyz methodov utilizatsii otxhodov neftepererabatyvayushchey promyshlennosti. scientific progress , 2 (4), 669-674. 10. bakhodir, t., bakhtior, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: technical science , (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 11. tursunov, b. j., & shomurodov, a. yu. (2021). perspektivnyi method utilizatsii otkhodov neftepererabatyvayushchey promyshlennosti. online scientific journal of education and development analysis , 1 (6), 239-243. 12. tursunov, b. d., & sunnatov, j. b. (2017). sovershenstvovanie tekhnologii vtorichnogo drobleniya bezvzryvnym metodom. molodoy uchenyy , (13), 97-100. 13. tursunov, b. j., & allanazarov, g. o. (2019). perspektivnye tehnologii proizvodstva po uluchsheniyu kachestva benzina. theory and practice of contemporary science , (3 (45)), 305-308. 14. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle’s system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67–73. 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 criminal liability for kidnapping akbaralieva mukhayo karamatullo kizi lecturer at tashkent state law university, department of criminal law, criminology and anti-corruption. abstract: the article reveals criminal liability for kidnapping. all parts of article 137 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan are disclosed, namely: kidnapping of a minor; for selfish or other base motives; by prior conspiracy by a group of persons; repeatedly or a dangerous repeat offender. as well as kidnapping committed by a particularly dangerous repeat offender; causing serious consequences; committed for the purpose of removing human organs and (or) tissues. keywords: kidnapping, restriction of freedom, imprisonment, for mercenary or other base motives, qualifying feature, dangerous repeat offender, especially dangerous repeat offender, by prior conspiracy by a group of persons, serious crime, especially serious crime human freedom is one of the fundamental rights of every individual. this right is, first of all, enshrined in international acts, then in national legislation. article 9 of the international covenant on civil and political rights states that everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. no one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. article 25 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan establishes the following provision: everyone has the right to freedom and personal integrity. thus, a person’s personal freedom is protected by law. there is criminal liability for kidnapping, namely in article 137 of the criminal code. for the first part of article 137 of the criminal code, that is, for kidnapping, the following sanctions are provided: restriction of freedom from three to five years or imprisonment from three to five years. sanction in this case means the measure of punishment that is applied by the state for committing a crime. article 137 consists of three parts. the second and third parts are qualified offenses, that is, this is the same act (kidnapping), but with aggravating circumstances. the second part of article 137 of the criminal code provides for liability for the same action committed: in relation to a minor; for selfish or other base motives; by prior conspiracy by a group of persons; repeatedly or a dangerous repeat offender. in general, crimes against minors occupy a special place among socially dangerous acts against individuals, as they pose an increased danger to society. therefore, this circumstance is a qualifying feature in almost all crimes against the person. selfish motives are those aimed at obtaining material benefits. revenge, envy and other circumstances are considered base motives. 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to determine such a circumstance as a preliminary conspiracy by a group of persons, two signs are needed: 1) participation of two or more in the commission of a crime; 2) conspiracy between the perpetrators knowingly or immediately before the start of the crime. according to article 32 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, repetition is recognized as the commission of two or more crimes at different times, provided for by the same part, article, and in cases specifically specified in the criminal code, and by different articles of the special part, none of which the person was convicted of convicted. both completed crimes and punishable preparations or attempted crimes, as well as crimes committed in complicity, are recognized as repeated. a dangerous recidivism is the commission by a person of a new intentional crime identical to the one for which he was previously convicted, and in cases specifically specified in the criminal code, under other articles of the special part. the identity of crimes must be understood as the commission of a new crime, provided for: the same article of the special part of the criminal code under which the person was previously convicted (if the article provides for liability for the same crimes); the same part of the article of the special part of the criminal code under which the person was previously convicted (if the article provides for liability for different crimes). the above circumstances are included in the second part of article 137 of the criminal code. the second part is punishable by imprisonment from five to ten years. part three of article 137 of the criminal code provides for liability for the same action: committed by a particularly dangerous repeat offender; causing serious consequences; committed for the purpose of removing human organs and (or) tissues. a particularly dangerous recidivism is the commission of a new intentional crime by a person, for which he is sentenced to imprisonment for a term of at least five years: a) for a particularly grave crime, if he was previously convicted of a particularly grave crime or twice for grave crimes and for each of them was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of at least five years; b) for a serious crime, if he was previously convicted twice for serious crimes or in any sequence for a serious and especially serious crime and for each of them a sentence of imprisonment was imposed for a term of at least five years. it should be noted that a person may be recognized as a particularly dangerous repeat offender by a court verdict. grave consequences should be understood as causing death by negligence, suicide or attempted suicide of the victim, causing significant harm to the health of the victim and other circumstances. according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on transplantation of human organs and tissues”, a human organ is a separate set of different types of cells and tissues that perform a specific function in the human body; human tissue is a collection of cells and intercellular substance, united by a common origin, structure and functions in the human body. also, according to this law, it is prohibited to force a living donor to consent to the removal of an organ and (or) tissue from him. removal of organs and (or) tissues from a living donor is permitted only if his health at the time of removal, according to a medical report, does not cause harm, which may lead to loss of vision, speech, hearing, or partial or complete loss of the organ’s functions (except with the exception of a transplanted organ and (or) human tissue), mental disorder or other health disorder leading to permanent disability of more than thirty-three percent. 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us removal of organs and (or) tissues from a living donor for transplantation to a recipient is permitted if the donor: not less than thirty days in advance, in writing and recorded on video, warned of possible complications for his health in connection with the upcoming surgical operation or manipulation to remove organs and (or) tissues; voluntarily, free of charge, in a notarized written form, expressed consent to the removal of his organ and (or) tissues; has undergone a comprehensive medical examination and has a medical report from medical specialists on the possibility of removing an organ and (or) tissue from him for transplantation. this issue has recently received special attention. in june 2022, amendments and additions were made to the criminal code regarding the issue of removal of human organs and (or) tissues. the three above circumstances (committed by a particularly dangerous repeat offender; entailing grave consequences; committed for the purpose of removing human organs and (or) tissues) relate to the third part of article 137 of the criminal code. and for this part, liability is provided in the form of imprisonment from ten to fifteen years. thus, the article reveals criminal liability for kidnapping, and also reveals all the circumstances listed in article 137 of the criminal code. list of used literature: 1. international covenant on civil and political rights of december 16, 1966 //https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml 2. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan //https://lex.uz/docs/35869 3. criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan // gazette of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan, 1995, no. 1; gazette of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 1996, no. 9, art. 144; gazette of the chambers of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, 2007, no. 6, art. 248; collection of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, 2004, no. 37, art. 408; national legislation database, october 19, 2022, no. 03/22/794/0939 4. law of the republic of uzbekistan “on transplantation of human organs and tissues” dated may 11, 2022, no. zru-768 // national database of legislation, 05.12.2022, no. 03/22/768/0404 5. resolution of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan “on issues of qualification of acts in case of multiple crimes” dated may 5, 2008, no. 13 6. тошев о. с. одам ўғрилаш жинояти тушунчаси //ilm fan taraqqiyotida zamonaviy metodlarning qo'llanilishi. – 2024. – т. 4. – №. 1. – с. 85-88. 7. toshev o. s. analysis of theoretical views about the object of the crime in the form of kidnapping //international scientific conference" innovative trends in science, practice and education". – 2024. – т. 3. – №. 1. – с. 5-8. 8. toshev o. experience of using the institution of plea bargain agreement in the legislation of the usa //galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal. – 2022. – т. 10. – №. 12. – с. 1168-1179. 9. allanova a. general conditions for release from criminal liability in connection with the fact that the guilty person has actually repented of his act //international journal of advance scientific research. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 12. – с. 94-99. https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml https://lex.uz/docs/35869 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. allanova a. а. responsibility for crimes related unlimited border in european countries and the united states of america //electronic journal" legal research. – 2020. – т. 8. – №. 5. 11. allanova a. a. the concept of tanosil (sexually transmitted infections) or hiv/aids transmission and criminal liability issues //international journal of pharmaceutical research. – 2020. – т. 12. – №. 4. 12. инамджанова э. э. какова необходимость включения цифровых инвестиций в двусторонние инвестиционные договоры? //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 2. – с. 370-380. 13. inamdjanova, e. e. (2023). law and blockchain: a legal perspective on current regulatory trends. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 3(6), 707-714. 14. diyora i., mukhammadjon u. digital transformation of the banking system with the introduction of blockchain //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2022. – т. 12. – №. 4. – с. 362-366. 15. имамалиева д. обработка данных в международном коммерческом арбитраже посредством технологий: возможности и угрозы //перспективы развития международного коммерческого арбитража в узбекистане. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 1. – с. 126-131. 16. khamidov n. peculiarities of legal error in the criminal law of uzbekistan //the american journal of political science law and criminology. – 2023. – т. 5. – №. 08. – с. 91-95. 17. khamidov n. трансмиллий жиноятлар тушунчаси ва улар учун жавобгарлик белгиланишининг ижтимоий зарурати. – 2020. 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 system of teaching adjective vocabulary in elementary grades isaqov zokirjon soliyevich doctor of philological sciences, professor the department of theory of primary education, kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: the linguistic basis of the methodology of working on word groups is the division of words into different groups according to their lexical-grammatical, morphological and syntactic features, that is, the science of word groups. keywords: word groups, quality, construction of quality, levels, method, interactive methods. when dividing words into lexical-grammatical categories, three signs are used: 1) lexical meaning (what it represents, i.e. the generalized meanings of a person, thing, action or situation, sign), 2) morphological (system of different forms of the word ) and 3) is based on syntactic (the syntactic function of various morphological forms). therefore, work on word groups should be focused on students' understanding of the generalized meanings of words in a certain group, the role of people as a means of communication. after primary school students are introduced to word groups (noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb), each lexical-grammatical group is studied separately. this creates favorable conditions for their comparison at the initial stage of studying word groups and makes it possible to more clearly distinguish the main aspects of the grammatical concept to be formed. elementary school students learn the following characteristics of nouns, adjectives, numbers, and verbs: 1) what the word means (person, thing, character, quantity and quality, action or situation); 2) what questions should be answered; 3) change-immutability, existence of permanent categories; 4) in the sentence, mainly, what kind of part does it appear. students compare word groups based on these learned symbols. depending on what they learn, their knowledge of the grammatical features of each word group will gradually expand and deepen. according to the program, in the elementary school, words are grouped according to their morphological questions, which are initially answered. in the 3rd grade, the concept of "word group" is formed. students learn some signs specific to each word group (generalized lexical meanings of word groups, use of nouns in the singular and plural, participle and (infinitive verbs, nouns, adjectives, numbers, and the function of the verb in the sentence) are introduced. in the 4th grade, the knowledge of the morphological and syntactic features of word groups is deepened: students learn to change nouns with possessives and agreements, adjectives and adverbs they study the function of number in a sentence, personal pronouns and their types with agreements, person-number and tense in verbs. 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the system of quality study envisages consistently enriching and complicating the material from the lexical and grammatical side. in the 1st and 2nd grade, students will observe the lexical meaning of the quality, how to the quality?, how much? learn to ask questions; in grade 3, the adjective is studied as a word group; in the 4th grade, what was learned earlier is repeated, and depending on the grammatical material, the writing of accretive adjectives such as red-girl, green-green (no term is mentioned) is taught. in the native language and reading classes, the students' speech is enriched with new adjectives, the meaning of the adjectives known to them in advance is clarified. the teacher shows the subject or its picture, students say and write its signs. for example, (what?) an apple is a bright, sweet, round apple; (what?) thread — a long, blue thread. of course, on the basis of conversation, students do not have apples, what are the words of thread? as an answer to the question, what are the words such as red, sweet, round, which indicate the name of the subject? as an answer to the question, they determine that the sign of the object (color, taste, shape) is expressed. the teacher explains with a couple more examples that the objects that surround us have their own signs and that they differ from each other by these signs (what kind of tree big, beautiful, branchy, blue-blue tree. what kind of wardrobe tall wardrobe with a mirror). the conclusion is drawn: how?, what kind? the words that are the answer to the questions indicate the subject marker. in order for the students to understand the importance of such words in our speech, the text where adjectives are often used is selected, the first adjectives are omitted, and then they are read with the adjectives and the content is compared. it is explained that in order to accurately describe the object, the words that indicate its sign are used. demonstration tools (subjects, subject pictures, subject pictures) are widely used in these lessons. an adjective as an independent word group has three different signs: 1. lexical-semantic sign. an adjective means a character. 2. morphological sign: what is the quality?, what kind?, which? there will be an answer to one of the questions. the concept of a quality symbol is broad and is divided into several groups according to its meaning: a) adjectives meaning color: white, red, yellow, airy, gray, green, blue; b) size means: wide, narrow, high, low, long, deep, large, small; c) means shape and appearance: round, flat, curved, crooked, lumpy; c) means taste: sweet, bitter, sour, salty, tahir, chuchmal, tasteless; d) means character-characteristic: polite, polite, sweet-talking, agile, cheerful, lazy, lazy, eloquent, stubborn, stubborn. attributive adjectives express positive or negative characteristics; e) has the meaning of smell: smelly, smelly, smelly, fragrant; j means status. there are two types of mood adjectives: 1) they express a mental state: happy, sad, happy, sick, capricious; 2) represents a natural state: young, old, elderly. an adjective expresses a sign directly or indirectly. adjectives that directly express a sign indicating a constant sign of an object are called original adjectives. the above types of meaning of the quality represent the quality directly. adjectives can indicate degree of sign: big, bigger, like the biggest. paired adjectives are mainly composed of original adjectives: young-old, good-bad. adjectives that represent a sign indirectly, i.e., by attributing to something and an event, are called relative adjectives. relative adjectives are formed from other word groups and indicate characteristic, similarity, relation to place or time, destination meanings: 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a) an adjective expressing the meaning of a characteristic is formed by adding the suffix -iy, -viy to a noun: modern, family, spiritual, political; b) adjectives expressing the meaning of similarity are formed by adding the suffixes -simon, sifat to the noun: human-like, animal-like, giant-like; c) adjectives expressing the meaning of place and time are formed by adding suffixes gi, -qi, ki, to nouns: winter, summer, spring, bulturgi, noon, evening; d) adjectives expressing the meaning of intendedness, characteristic, measurement are formed by adding the suffix -like to nouns: blanket, quilt, tashkent, shirt. adjectives can sometimes be used instead of adverbs to indicate an action: to speak meaningfully, to write well, to read well. grading the sign of the quality (red, redder, reddest, crimson), possessing a system of formation, and being flaming are considered its morphological signs. 3. syntactic sign of quality. in a sentence, an adjective is connected to a noun, sometimes to a verb, and is subordinate to the word it is connected to. when an adjective is attached to a noun, the adjective acts as a determiner. example: we are friends the material of the quality learning system is intended to be consistently enriched and complicated from the lexical and grammatical point of view. students observe the lexical meaning of quality in the 1st grade, how about quality? what kind they learn by asking questions; in the 2nd grade, who studied adjectives as a group of words, in the 3rd grade, what was learned earlier is repeated, and depending on the grammatical material, the writing of comparative and accusative adjectives with the suffix -rog is taught (the term not mentioned). in native language and reading classes, students' speech is enriched with new adjectives, and the meaning of previously known adjectives is clarified. the methodology of studying quality is based on its linguistic features. quality refers to the sign of an object (color, shape, size, appearance, taste, smell, place and time). the lexical meaning of the adjective requires studying it in connection with the noun. in order to understand the quality, children's attention is focused on determining the connection of the quality to the noun in the 1st grade. pupils say the sign of the object, they develop the ability to determine the connection of words in a sentence with the help of a question, that is, they distinguish the adjective and the word combination formed from the noun in the sentence (the term is not said. in the next grades, this connection thus, the semantic-grammatical characteristics of the quality require working on the quality in the lexical and grammatical (morphological and syntactic) plan. in elementary grades, the subject of "quality" is studied in the following sequence: 1. initial introduction to quality (grade 1). 2. to provide an understanding of quality. (class 2). 3. mastering the writing of some adjectives in connection with this grammatical topic (grade 3). an initial introduction to quality. (step 1) begins with observation of the lexical meaning and questions of the quality. the signs of the subject are diverse and describe it by its color, taste, shape, and properties. therefore, in order to form the concept of quality, it is necessary to define its meanings. the teacher shows the subject or its picture, students say and write its signs. for example, how? apple-red, sweet, round apple. what is the word apple based on the conversation? what are the words like red, sweet, round that express the name of the object in response to the question? as an answer to the question, they determine the sign of the object, and draw a conclusion. how? what kind the words that are the answers to the questions indicate the subject sign. in order for students to understand the role of such words in our speech, a text in which adjectives are often used is selected, and first the adjectives are omitted, then they are read with their adjectives and the content is compared. he makes extensive use of his exhibitions in these lessons. how are the students? what kind the following exercises are used in order for them to learn the words that are the answer to their questions: 1. to choose a word that indicates the sign of the subject with the help of a question. 2. make a sentence from the given words. 3. who is from the text? or what? select and write the word that is the answer to the question. 4. compose sentences and stories based on basic words and pictures. in the 2nd stage, two main tasks are solved: forming the concept of "adjective" and enriching students' speech with new adjectives, developing the ability to use adjectives appropriate to the content in speech to clearly 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us express the idea. along with the lexical meaning of adjectives, its characteristic grammatical features are noted. based on the generalization of the features of the adjectives, they show the specific indicators of the vocabulary of their students. a) indicates the subject sign. b) how or what? there is an answer to the question c) in the sentence, it is connected to a noun, it forms a word combination with this noun, it acts as a secondary clause. in order to deepen students' understanding of the lexical meaning of adjectives and to develop the ability to describe the object in a comprehensive way: 1. choosing and writing adjectives that express the color, taste, shape, and characteristics of the given objects. 2. determining which animal it is based on the given signs; careful, cunning, wild (fox) 3. you can use exercises such as saying the answers to riddles depending on the sign of the objects. in order to master the role of adjectives in clearly and comprehensibly expressing our thoughts in our speech, it is appropriate to work on synonyms and antonyms, to observe their use in literal and figurative sense in reading lessons. in the process of learning quality, regularly conducting exercises related to word formation forms in students the ability to consciously use word-forming affixes to form one or another word group. list of used literature: 1. всесоюзная туркологическая конференция // советская туркология. баку,1981,№1,с.93 2. g’ulоmоv a., asqarоva m. hоzirgi o’zbek adabiy tili. sintaksis. o’qituvchi. tоshkent-1987, 6-7-betlar. 3. tuхsanоv m. mikrоtekst i sistema virajeniya egо kоgerentnоsti v uzbekskоy хudоjestvennоy rechi: avtоref. diss. ...k-ta filоl. nauk. –tashkent-1987. qurbonova m,yo’ldoshev m. matn tilshunosligi (uslubiy qo„llanma).toshkent2013 4. ўзбек тилининг изоҳли луғати.5 жилдлик. 2-жилд. –т.: ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси, 2006. 587-б. 5. ҳакимов м. ўзбек илмий матнининг синтагматик ва прагматик хусусиятлари. филол.фан.номз...дис. -тошкент, 1993, 7-б. 6. m.yo‘ldoshev, s.muhamedova, m.saparniyazova matn lingvistikasi t 2021 7. soliyevich, i. z. (2023). badiiy matnda fonetik vositalarning qo’llanilishi. conferencea, 32-38. 8. nilufar, a. (2023). ona tili darslarida tasviriy matn haqida tushuncha. conferencea, 35-40. 9. исақов, з. с., & бозоровнинг, о. (2023, june). tilshunоslik vа аdаbiyotshunоslik nаzаriyasi muаmmоlаri. in proceedings of international conference on modern science and scientific studies (vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 225228). 10. soliyevich, i. z. (2023). the problem of morphological construction of the verb in improving the system of digital automatic translation of words on the uzbek language. journal of positive school psychology, 1051-1058. 11. soliyevich, i. z. (2022). from the history of the designation of the verb tenses. journal of positive school psychology, 6(11), 313-316. 12. rustamovna, u. n., & shohsanam, y. (2022). the realization of the concept of goodness in english and uzbek proverbs. web of scientist: international scientific research journal, 3(7), 148-152. 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. yigitaliyeva, s. (2023). kognitiv tilshunoslik va unda konsept tushunchasining ifodalanish. scienceweb academic papers collection. 14. isog’aliyevna, y. s. (2023). boshlang’ich sinflarda mustaqil so’z turkumlarini o’qitishda innovatsion texnologiyalarning ahamiyati. conferencea, 16-15yigitaliyeva, s. (2022). o'zbek tilida yaxshilik konsepti va uning xalq maqollarida ifodalanish xususiyatlari. qo'qon dpi. ilmiy habarlar 15. yigitaliyeva, s. (2021). konsept va umummilliy konseptlar hamda ularning tadqiqi. scienceweb academic papers collection. 16. yigitaliyeva, s. (2023). konsept va uning lingvistikadagi talqini. scienceweb academic papers collection. 17. feruza, a. k. (2020). the practical value of using innovative pedagogical technologies in literary education. eastern art and culture, 3, 368-372. 18. muqaddas muhammadrahimovna saidakbarova, & ramziya abdurahimovna jo‘rayeva (2023). shoh bahrom: tarixiy shaxs va badiiy obraz. academic research in educational sciences, 4 (conference proceedings 1), 168-173. 19. oripova, k. (2021). listening dysfunctions as one of the problematic skills in teaching listening. scienceweb academic papers collection. 20. oripova, k. (2020). the importance of tongue twisters. scienceweb academic papers collection. 21. oripova, k. (2022). ingliz tilidagi antonimlarning badiiy matndagi roli. scienceweb academic papers collection. 344 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 uzbekistan is one of the best and safest countries for tourists buron jumayev teacher of the “history of uzbekistan” department of tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizamiy abstract: in this article, the information related to the tourism potential of uzbekistan is given as an example of safe tourism, the reforms carried out in this field during the years of independence and the prospective plans implemented by the state are detailed, as well as some scientific and practical suggestions are given. raised. keywords: tourism in uzbekistan, security, tourism, world, reliable, service, foreign. since the end of the 20th century, the tourism sector has become one of the main components of population income in many developed and developing countries of the world. even today, the tourism industry is one of the most promising and rapidly developing branches of the service industry. president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev said about tourism opportunities: “tourism is one of the promising industries that bring high income to the national economy today. uzbekistan is a country with great potential in the field of tourism1” he said. tourism is a broad concept, and today there are many types of it, depending on the reasons for which tourists visit. for example: gastronomic tourism, ecotourism, agrotourism, sports tourism, cultural tourism, pilgrimage tourism, medical tourism, educational tourism, etc. equally wide opportunities are being created for all types of tourism in uzbekistan, and largescale cooperation with various countries is being carried out in this regard. on may 31-june 2, 2022, the international summit “halal in travel-global summit 2022” dedicated to the restoration and development of the tourism market of the muslim world was held in singapore. aziz abduhakimov, deputy prime minister of the republic of uzbekistan, minister of tourism and cultural heritage, took part in the summit and spoke online. as part of the halal in travel awards global summit, the city of samarkand won the “islamic heritage destination of the year” and “the best developing muslim city of the year” awards. uzbekistan entered the top ten in the «world muslim travel index» published annually by crescent rating. in developing this rating, more than forty criteria were taken into account, such as the country's openness policy for tourists, the opportunities created for muslim tourists, promotion and marketing, and the level of conveying islamic heritage to tourists. fazal bahardin, the head of the crescent rating organization, highlighted this year's indicators and recognized uzbekistan as the country that has risen the fastest in the rating and is setting an example for others. this summit brought together more than 70 industry experts with experience in the field of tourism from different parts of the world. 1 мирзиёев ш.м. олий мажлисга мурожаатнома // https://uza.uz/uz/posts/zbekiston-respublikasi-prezidentishavkat-mirziyeevning-oliasy-28-12-2018 (04.02.2020). 345 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in order to improve the position of uzbekistan in the international rankings of the tourism industry, unwto took the 4th place in the 2019 ranking of the list of rapidly developing countries in tourism. it is planned to reach the 3rd place in 2026. the rating of the safest countries for tourists took 46th place in 2020. the goal is to enter the list of 20 safest countries in 2026. according to the “solo travel safety report” ranking of the safest country for solo travelers in 2019, it took the 80th place. in 2026, it is planned to reach at least 50 places in this rating, and in 2026, it is aimed to reach 3rd place, after taking the 7th place in the global muslim travel index halal tourism rating in 2020. in the index of competitiveness of travel and tourism, it is aimed to include uzbekistan in the first 50 in 2026. historical and cultural monuments and antiques are important in the development of tourism in the country. there are more than 8,000 objects of cultural heritage in uzbekistan. four museum cities – “ichan-castle in the city of khiva” (1990), “historical center of the city of bukhara” (1993), “historical center of the city of shahrisabz” (2000), “the city of samarkand” (2001) have been included in the unesco world cultural heritage list2. uzbekistan was recognized by the “wegoplase” travel portal as one of the 5 safest countries in the world, and by the “crescent rating” and “mastercard” organizations as one of the 10 most popular countries in terms of pilgrimage tourism. it can be seen that there is a sufficient basis for the development of tourism in uzbekistan3. on october 16-17, 2023, for the first time in the history of uzbekistan, the jubilee 25th session of the general assembly of the world tourism organization (unwto) was held in the city of samarkand. at this prestigious conference, the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev made a speech and put forward a number of important and relevant initiatives. in particular, taking into account the current complex situation, the president's initiative to develop a global safe tourism code within the framework of the united nations in order to strengthen the legal framework in the field of international tourism was highly recognized by industry experts as a timely proposal. because, in the increasingly globalized world, ethnic, national and religious disputes, different political views in different regions of the world, in turn, have a negative impact on the development of tourism, cultural exchange of peoples and countries. the implementation of the global safe tourism code within the framework of the united nations encourages countries and countries to pay more serious attention to tourism issues. also, the head of our country proposed to establish the council of historic cities for tourism under the world tourism organization, to establish the “best city for implementation of green tourism” nomination within the organization. it should be noted that environmental issues are becoming more and more important in the world and are one of the important issues on the agenda. the introduction of the nomination is important not only for tourism, but also for the environment and clean urbanization in all countries. this platform allows you to increase the flow of tourists to cultural heritage sites, share the best practices in the preservation of historical monuments, and formulate recommendations and effective solutions. organizing the first meeting of the council in the ancient city of bukhara will contribute to the promotion of the history and culture of uzbekistan at the international level, increasing the flow of tourists to our country, attracting new investment projects, and also contributing to the further development of the tourism industry in our country. because bukhara is one of the cities that has its place not only in history, but also today in the development of world tourism4. such high-level initiatives are sure to make a great contribution to the development of the tourism sector. 2 абдимўминов o. ўзбекистон ва бутунжаҳон туризм ташкилоти: эврилиш ва юксалиш йўли // https://yuz.uz/news/ozbekiston-va-butunjahon-turizm-tashkiloti-evrilish-va-yuksalish-yoli (12.11.2023). 3 ўзбекистон 2022 йилда саёҳат қилиш учун энг яхши мамлакат –the independent 4 янв 2022 // https://uznews.uz/posts/29018 (02.04.2023). 4 4 рахимов м., абдимўминов о. ўзбекистон ва бмт: муносабатлар тарихи ва барқарор риовжланиш омиллари. – тошкент: ҳамкорнашр. 2019. – p. 95. 346 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us today, there is tourism related to all types of tourism, and this is gastronomic tourism. therefore, the safety of gastronomic tourism is very important for the safety of tourism. in this regard, representatives of various fields are conducting great scientific work, for example, russian researchers have developed an artificial intelligence system that can detect various diseases of vegetables and fruits. this system was developed by a team of researchers from skoltex and st. petersburg state university of aerospace instrumentation under the leadership of skoltex senior lecturer andrey somov. this research group has been working for a long time to create artificial intelligence systems that can recognize various products, including vegetables and fruits. the scientists adapted the new research work of the neural networks they developed to an important and at the same time very labor-intensive task the detection of various defects and diseases that affect the storage of vegetables and fruits after harvesting. currently, multiand hyperspectral cameras operating in the infrared part of the spectrum are used to solve these problems. the researchers found that the same problem can be solved using conventional cameras and two types of neural networks. in particular, scientists were able to adapt the artificial intelligence system to detect two types of defects on the surface of apples rot and mold. further calculations showed that the artificial intelligence system created by the scientists was able to analyze photos of four different varieties of apples, find moldy and rotten fruits and distinguish them from intact fruits with a probability of 98 percent. this makes it possible to use such algorithms to monitor the condition of the crop and timely remove diseased fruits and vegetables that serve as foci for the spread of diseases5. the creation of such safe conditions will serve to increase the flow of tourists for any country. the cnn travel website announced that uzbekistan was included in the list of the best countries to visit for tourists from around the world in 2023. to better understand the silk road and the importance of uzbekistan in it, it is necessary to visit samarkand, bukhara and khiva. also, the inclusion of sentob village of uzbekistan in the list of «best tourist villages» in 2023 by unwto has attracted many tourists, this village has been recognized for its commitment to sustainable development with a focus on nature, organic food and eco-mountain tourism. uzbekistan now offers visa-free access to citizens of 86 countries, ready to impress visitors with its beautiful landscapes and well-preserved architecture. singapore, spain, indonesia, angola, korea and a number of other countries were included in the list of the best countries to visit. it should be noted that uzbekistan is the only country from central asia included in this list6. uzbekistan was recognized as the best safe country for tourists in central asia. the republic is included among countries with a low risk level. so, the level of violence in the country is low, terrorist attacks are not recorded, mass riots are very rare, security and emergency services work efficiently, infrastructure meets generally accepted standards. besides, we have hospitable and noble people. currently, we can cite several other safe countries such as uzbekistan, analysts of “international sos” recognize switzerland, slovenia, denmark, norway, finland, iceland and the island of greenland as the safest countries in the world for tourists. afghanistan, ukraine, iraq, yemen, libya, somalia and south sudan are classified as extremely dangerous7. in general, the most important thing for both domestic and foreign tourists is the safety of the destination, so every country should pay special attention to the security system in order to 5 sabzavot va mevalarning kasalligini aniqlaydigan sun'iy intellektga asoslangan tizim ishlab chiqildi. янги ўзбекистон. 2023 year, 22 december. – p. 6. 6 oʻzbekiston – cnnning sayohat qilish uchun eng yaxshi davlatlar roʻyxatida янги ўзбекистон. 2024 year, 8 january. – p. 3. 7o’zbekiston markaziy osiyodagi sayyohlar uchun eng yaxshi xavfsiz davlat янги ўзбекистон. 2023 year, 22 december. – p. 6. 347 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us develop tourism. in this regard, the necessary work is being carried out in uzbekistan. based on these conclusions, the following proposals and recommendations are put forward: 1. each country should develop a long-term security plan for tourists; 2. if there are dangerous or troubled areas within a country, road maps should be created that delimit that area. 229 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the evolution and impact of television and radio: a comparative analysis mawlenbergenova gulnaz a master's student of journalism of ksu abstract: television and radio have been pivotal mediums of communication and entertainment since their inception. this scientific article delves into the evolutionary trajectories and societal impacts of these two iconic communication technologies. we examine their historical development, technological advancements, and their influence on culture, education, and information dissemination. additionally, we explore the synergies and contrasts between television and radio in the digital age, considering their relevance, challenges, and potential futures. key words: television, radio, media evolution, technological advancements, cultural impact, information dissemination, digital age, entertainment, communication technologies, multimedia integration, social influence television and radio have profoundly shaped the modern world, revolutionizing the way information is transmitted, consumed, and perceived. these mediums have played pivotal roles in shaping culture, entertainment, and public discourse. the objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and impact of television and radio, highlighting their unique characteristics, similarities, and disparities. historical development: television: the development of television dates back to the late 19th century, with pioneers like john logie baird and philo farnsworth contributing to its invention. television's progression from monochrome to color, analog to digital transmission, and the advent of high-definition (hd) and ultra-high-definition (uhd) formats has transformed its visual and technical quality. radio: radio, pioneered by guglielmo marconi and reginald fessenden, emerged in the early 20th century as a breakthrough in wireless communication. the transition from am (amplitude modulation) to fm (frequency modulation) radio improved sound quality and reduced interference, enhancing the listening experience. technological advancements: television: television has undergone significant technological advancements, including the transition from cathode-ray tube (crt) displays to flat-panel technologies such as lcd, led, and oled. the rise of smart tvs has integrated internet connectivity and streaming capabilities, reshaping content consumption. radio: radio has evolved from traditional analog broadcasting to digital platforms like digital audio broadcasting (dab) and internet radio. these technologies provide higher sound quality, improved signal stability, and increased channel capacity. [1.16] societal impact: cultural influence: television and radio have played vital roles in shaping cultural identities by broadcasting diverse content, including news, music, and entertainment. they have facilitated the spread of language, fashion, and lifestyle trends, contributing to global cultural interconnectedness. education and information dissemination: both mediums have been instrumental in disseminating information and knowledge to the masses. radio has been particularly 230 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us effective in remote and underserved areas, providing access to news, educational programs, and health information. challenges and opportunities in the digital age: television: while television remains a dominant medium, it faces challenges from streaming services and online content consumption. the proliferation of digital platforms has fragmented audiences and posed challenges to traditional advertising models. radio: internet radio and podcasting have transformed the radio landscape, enabling on-demand access to diverse content. however, terrestrial radio still holds its ground, maintaining a loyal listener base and local community engagement. synergies and contrasts: synergies: television and radio have found synergy through multimedia integration, with broadcasters using both mediums to engage audiences across visual and auditory senses. contrasts: television's visual storytelling power contrasts with radio's reliance on auditory imagination. radio's portability and accessibility provide distinct advantages, allowing multitasking and reaching listeners on the move. future prospects: the future of television and radio lies in continued technological innovation, with virtual reality (vr), augmented reality (ar), and interactive content likely to redefine user experiences. collaborative efforts between broadcasters and streaming platforms can shape a hybrid ecosystem that caters to evolving audience preferences. [2.92] television and radio have traversed remarkable journeys, from their historical origins to the digital age. their impact on culture, education, and communication remains unparalleled. the continued evolution of these mediums promises exciting possibilities and challenges, requiring adaptation and innovation to remain relevant in an ever-changing media landscape. as television and radio continue to evolve, ethical considerations and regulation play crucial roles in maintaining the integrity of content and ensuring responsible broadcasting. issues such as media ownership, misinformation, and content censorship demand ongoing scrutiny and thoughtful policies to balance freedom of expression with societal values. social and psychological impacts: television and radio have had profound effects on individuals' social and psychological well-being. they serve as sources of entertainment, companionship, and information, influencing emotions, attitudes, and behaviors. researchers are delving into the psychological effects of screen time, content consumption, and media multitasking, shedding light on their implications for mental health and cognitive development. health and environmental concerns: the extensive use of television and radio devices raises concerns about their potential health effects, such as exposure to electromagnetic radiation and screen-related visual strain. additionally, the environmental impact of manufacturing, distributing, and disposing of electronic devices warrants consideration as society moves towards sustainable practices. [3.104] cultural preservation and archiving: both mediums contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage by documenting historical events, performances, and narratives. the digitization of archives and the accessibility of recorded content online have facilitated the conservation of cultural artifacts for future generations. collaborative content creation: in the digital era, television and radio have embraced collaborative content creation, allowing individuals and communities to participate in media production. user-generated content, interactive storytelling, and participatory broadcasts have democratized the media landscape and diversified narratives. education and lifelong learning: television and radio remain valuable tools for education and lifelong learning. educational programming, documentaries, and informative talk shows contribute to knowledge dissemination and skill development. the integration of multimedia elements can enhance learning experiences and engage diverse learning styles. bridging the digital divide: television and radio continue to play vital roles in bridging the digital divide, ensuring that information reaches populations with limited 231 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us internet access. broadcasting relevant content, particularly in remote and underserved areas, contributes to equitable access to information and communication. interplay with other media: the interplay between television, radio, and other forms of media, such as print, online platforms, and social media, forms a complex media ecosystem. cross-promotion, convergence, and multimedia campaigns amplify messages and broaden reach, emphasizing the interconnected nature of modern media consumption. [4.75] entertainment and creative expression: television and radio serve as platforms for creative expression, fostering the development of art, music, drama, and storytelling. they provide opportunities for emerging artists and creators to showcase their talents, contributing to a vibrant and diverse cultural landscape. television and radio have evolved from their humble beginnings to become integral components of modern communication and culture. their ability to inform, entertain, educate, and connect individuals across vast distances remains unparalleled. as technology advances and society transforms, television and radio will continue to adapt, enriching the human experience while posing new challenges and opportunities. embracing innovation, addressing ethical concerns, and preserving their cultural significance will ensure that these mediums continue to thrive and contribute to a dynamic and interconnected world. the digital age has ushered in an era of personalized content delivery, where television and radio can tailor programming to individual preferences. data analytics and artificial intelligence enable broadcasters to analyze audience behavior and preferences, allowing for targeted recommendations and enhancing user engagement. virtual and augmented reality experiences: television and radio are poised to integrate virtual reality (vr) and augmented reality (ar) technologies to create immersive experiences. vr-enabled storytelling and interactive broadcasts can transport audiences to new dimensions, blurring the boundaries between fiction and reality. challenges of disinformation and misleading content: the proliferation of digital platforms has also facilitated the spread of disinformation and misleading content through television and radio. addressing the challenge of fake news, deepfakes, and misinformation requires collaborative efforts from media organizations, governments, and technology companies. [5.82] neuroscientific insights and media effects: advancements in neuroscience have enabled researchers to explore the cognitive and emotional effects of television and radio on the human brain. understanding how media content influences neural processes can inform content creation strategies and promote responsible media consumption. social and political movements: television and radio have historically played pivotal roles in shaping social and political movements. they serve as platforms for public discourse, mobilization, and advocacy, amplifying voices that seek social change and justice. media literacy and critical thinking: as the digital media landscape evolves, media literacy and critical thinking skills become paramount. education initiatives that teach individuals how to discern credible sources, analyze media content, and engage critically with information contribute to informed citizenship. references: 1. anderson, a. a. (2017). television and radio. in the international encyclopedia of communication theory and philosophy. wiley. 2. hilmes, m. (2014). radio's new wave: global sound in the digital era. routledge. 3. webster, j. g., & phalen, p. f. (2017). ratings analysis: theory and practice. routledge. 4. turow, j. (2018). the aisles have eyes: how retailers track your shopping, strip your privacy, and define your power. yale university press. 5. jenkins, h., ford, s., & green, j. (2013). spreadable media: creating value and meaning in a networked culture. nyu press. 473 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 economic of educational services market place in the relationship system usmanova rano mirjalilovna, candidate of economic sciences, alfraganus university orcid id: 0009-0008-7594-7983 annotation: . as a result of economic liberalization, divergencies and diversification and structural changes, the establishment of a multifaceted and fully high economic growth, creation of real and balanced high growth rates, the economy interests, attracting foreign investment, involve foreign investment, small businesses and attracting foreign businesses, significant results have been achieved in the development of private entrepreneurship, social protection. the national training program “the development of the labor market, taking into account the real socio-economic conditions”, demanded it. the structural changes in the economy of uzbekistan affect the demand for educational services in the educational services. in turn, the school market must have the ability to be able to satisfy this requirement even more than quantitative, structure and quality. the stability and effective future of this process depends on how the economic relations in the educational services are taking place and trends. keywords: human resources, education services market, socio-economic development, education, education. introduction: in the current era, in the conditions of increasing globalization in the world, human resources become the main factor of economic development and competitiveness, the fact that the technological changes that ensure economic growth are more related to the accumulation of human capital, it is necessary to constantly improve the fields of education and science in accordance with the changes taking place in the world, only then the influence of the education sector on the development of society and the more effective development of the national economy based on innovations is increasing. therefore, it is necessary to further accelerate the socio-economic development of our country and to continuously increase the role of the education system in ensuring its economic security. literature review: the analysis shows that the study of the economic aspects of the education sector in our country began in the mid-90s of the 20th century. prior to that, e.g. nabiev studied the aspects related to human capital and its accumulation in the analysis of problems related to the role of the service sector in the reproduction process. in his book, s.s. gulomov highlighted the specific features of the development of the higher education system, which was the main subject of the educational services market during the years of independence. in his opinion, “education is not just one aspect of society’s life, but it is a factor that http://www/ 474 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us creates the leading system of development of society as a whole.” m.kh. saidov conducted researches on investment, management and marketing of higher education. methodology. observation, generalization, factorial and dynamic comparison, logical analysis methods were used in the research work results. in the conditions of the world financial and economic crisis, “...it is necessary to consistently continue the work on ensuring more stable development of our economy, its diversification and modernization, technical re-equipment of production”. in fulfilling this task, it is important to meet the demand for highly qualified specialists in the sectors and branches of our national economy. the educational services market in our country is regulated by the state. during the period under analysis, the market of educational services based on competition was formed in the higher education system through the development of state and non-state educational institutions. self-regulating and regulated markets can be distinguished from the point of view of ensuring equilibrium in the market of educational services. the first type is regulated by the market mechanism. and the regulated market is regulated by two instruments, namely the market mechanism and the state. a socially oriented market has been formed in the education sector of the republic of uzbekistan. financial relations between providers and consumers of educational services are regulated by the state and are based on the activities of social institutions. and the market of educational services is regulated by price and competition, that is, by the market mechanism. the application of the law of supply and demand to the amount of supply and demand in the educational services market affects the price level. however, there is a peculiarity in the formation of demand and supply for a specific commodity educational services. in particular: high social priority of educational services is connected with high elasticity of demand for it. because the high social importance of education limits the expenses related to meeting the needs of the population other than the consumption budget; the offer of educational services is also affected by the limited resources needed to increase the amount of services in a short period of time. it is worth noting that the change in the amount of demand and supply of educational services occurs under the influence of the price factor. however, this process is unique in the educational system. higher education services in the republic of uzbekistan are offered by higher education institutions, but its cost and admission quotas are determined by the state. therefore, the line b, b1 representing educational services will have a vertical shape rather than a curve. a, a1 line is curved and has high flexibility. the situation described above is typical of state-owned higher educational institutions. in nonstate higher educational institutions, the price is determined by the providers of educational services, taking into account the state of the educational services market and other factors. in it, the line б, б1 is not vertical, but curved (fig. 1). http://www/ 475 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us p a б p а б q price level for p-educational services, quantity of q-educational services figure 1 changes in the demand and supply of educational services under the influence of the price factor the market price for educational services is formed as a result of matching the amount of supply and demand in the educational services market with a certain price level and the amount of educational programs. under the influence of the price factor, the amount of supply and demand for the product sold in the market changes. a number of non-price factors influence changes in supply and demand in the educational services market: level of education, social status and income of parents who send children to education; the uniqueness of upbringing in the family and the imagination of parents about the future of children, which is of decisive importance in choosing a life strategy; opportunities for young people to earn high wages during their lifetime; spiritual satisfaction of young people from the chosen work during their life; their opportunities to achieve a higher social status. in addition, the demand for educational services is highly elastic. because consumers can consciously reduce the cost of purchasing educational services at the expense of other types of expenses in the family budget. they compare the costs of higher education after compulsory education with the income they can earn without studying. the method of studying the demand in the educational services market is characterized by the sameness in all stages of education. it is assumed that all the costs of education will be reimbursed at a high level in the future. therefore, costs are weighed against benefits when making decisions about investment in education. in other words, “opportunity costs” are determined. in this process, the benefits of education are crucial. the number of applicants who directly participated in the competition was accepted as the real demand for higher education in the market of educational services. for the 2023-2024 academic year, the number of entrants who applied to study at state higher education institutions was 1 million 18 thousand. this is almost 200,000 less than last year. the largest number of applicants chose the national university – 36,782. by language of instruction: • uzbek language — 890,304 people; • russian language — 95,456 people; http://www/ 476 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us • karakalpak language – 29,917 people; • other languages — 2,330. by forms of education (in relation to the first field of education): • full-time education — 577,096 people; • evening education — 24,802 people; • part-time education — 407,945 people; • form of distance education — 8,164 people. heis with the largest number of applicants (in relation to the first field of study): • national university of uzbekistan — 36,782 people; • tashkent state transport university — 30,421 people; • fergana state university — 29,941 people; • tashkent state pedagogical university — 28,827; • karshi state university — 28,417 people. the first 5 applicants by region of permanent residence: • kashkadarya region — 120,008 people; • samarkand region — 114,180 people; • fergana region — 94,999 people; • tashkent region — 89,603 people; • surkhandarya region — 84,457 people. with the document, the following admission quotas for the 2023/2024 academic year were approved: • 34,860 people for full-time education of bachelors; • on the training of masters – 8,923 people. at the same time, according to the document, starting from the 2022/2023 academic year: • 2,000 additional state grants will be allocated to the acceptance parameters based on the generally established state grant for full-time undergraduate education for women who do not have a higher education with a recommendation letter from the family and women’s committee; • 1,000 state grants will be allocated for personnel training in foreign higher education organizations and their branches and non-state higher education organizations operating in the republic; • the fee-contract amount of the women accepted as students on the basis of the basic feecontract within the parameters of the admission to the master’s degree of the state higher education institutions will be covered from the state budget funds. this situation shows that there are still great opportunities in the market of educational services to increase the demand for higher education services. it is noted that one of the tasks of the 41st goal of the new uzbekistan development strategy for 2022-2026 is to increase their share to 8% in 2026, including 3% in 2022, by expanding the conditions and opportunities for organizations providing non-governmental educational services. the 49th goal is to increase the number of non-state higher education organizations to at least 50 by 2026, and in particular, to establish at least 1 non-state higher education organization in navoi, samarkand, surkhandarya, kashkadarya regions and tashkent city in 2022. there is a peculiarity in the formation of the price in the market of educational services in our country. the price for educational services is determined by the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan. this situation affects the description of economic relations in the market of educational http://www/ 477 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us services (tsb). the price for educational services is determined by the provider of these services. to a certain extent, this situation affects the level of autonomy of educational institutions. on the other hand, the price of educational services should be adapted to the capabilities of the population. only then will supply and demand match. this has a positive effect on the expansion of the educational services market, indicating that the population has great opportunities to use higher education services. it should be noted that when the prices of educational services are at the level of the population’s ability to pay, the difference between producers of educational services based on market and nonmarket relations disappears. in such conditions, consumers in developed countries choose the type of private education services based on their quality. in transition economies, there is a greater choice of public education services. we can observe the same trend in our country. one of the elements of the educational services market mechanism is competition. educational services offered in the market should be competitive. this situation encourages higher education institutions providing educational services to constantly improve the efficiency of their activities. the movement of the educational services market is carried out through the market mechanism. price signal changes in people’s tastes are reflected in changes in the amount and prices of educational services in the market. price changes affect the quantity and supply of educational services. it is adapted to the demand and quantity that have changed as a result of the change in people’s tastes. competition encourages educational institutions to constantly adjust the provision of educational services to market requirements and to increase their efficiency. it is known that the market is divided into certain types depending on the market situation. higher education services in our country are characterized by intra-industry competition. competition takes place between higher education institutions offering educational services. the presence of non-state higher education institutions providing educational services in our republic has a positive effect on the formation of a competitive environment in the market of educational services. in order for state-owned higher education institutions to compete, it is necessary to ensure the high quality of educational services provided by higher education institutions to consumers. for this purpose, it is necessary for heis to increase the effectiveness of the funds spent on education, to organize marketing services rationally, to strengthen and update their material and technical bases, to have high qualifications of their personnel and to ensure its continuous improvement. it should be noted that the education system and the market of educational services are influenced by a number of factors other than price. one of them is the level of socio-economic development of the country. the high level of socio-economic development of the country increases the demand for changing tastes of consumers of educational services changes in demand and supply of educational services price changes for educational services changes in the offer of educational services http://www/ 478 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us qualified labor force. in turn, the increase in demand for educational services increases their supply. during the analyzed period, the stable growth of our national economy led to the expansion of the educational services market. the introduction of the contract-based training system in our country is one of the laws of the development of the educational services market. therefore, the degree of commercialization of the educational system based on supply and demand is also one of the non-price factors affecting the market of educational services. and the commercialization of educational services shows that the value of training in the market of educational services is increasing. the state has the main position in the market of educational services of the republic of uzbekistan. if the state is the main provider of educational services in the market, the main consumer of the demand side is young people who want to study. in addition, the state also performs the task of protecting the rights of market subjects. improving the quality of the continuous education system created in the third stage of the education system reform is considered a priority task. the state forms the market for educational services and human capital. consequently, the economic relations that arise in the market of educational services have a socioeconomic character, and they are more closely related to the factors that determine the dynamics of the market of educational services. curriculums of higher education institutions providing educational services should be in line with the requirements of the labor market, and students should be interested in fully mastering it. through the labor market, production places its demand on higher education institutions in the market of educational services. the presence of demand allows the resources at the disposal of educational institutions to be directed to meet these requirements, which leads to an increase in the quality of education of students. therefore, the dynamics of demand for skilled labor is considered to be a nonprice factor influencing the market of educational services. analyzes show that the number of persons with higher and secondary specialized education in the labor resources of our country is increasing, which indicates that the supply of qualified labor in the labor market is increasing. it shows that the relationship between the market of educational services and the labor market has not yet been sufficiently developed. the main reasons for the existence of this situation are as follows: higher education institutions are still training specialists based on their own capabilities and not on the demand of the labor market and the market of educational services; low practical skills of the specialists being trained due to the need for further improvement of the material and technical base of the higher education system; the fact that young people choose their specialty not from market demands, but from their parents’ wishes and their capabilities; insufficient formation of the mechanism of participation of production entities in the training of specialists. thus, the market of educational services has been formed in our country, it has an oligopolistic character, state-owned educational institutions and foreign higher educational institutions and their branches operate in the market of educational services, state educational services use the services of higher educational institutions as a private benefit. sells to consumers. this situation develops a competitive environment in the market and affects the quality of educational services. naturally, in such a case, the price in the market of educational services is determined by the state, not by the educational institutions directly providing the educational services. this somewhat limits economic relations in the market of educational services. it is worth noting that the relationship between the market of educational services and the labor market in our country is still not organized effectively enough, and besides, the existing mechanism of the market of educational services in our country is insufficient to support state higher educational institutions and control the quality of education in them. cannot provide. http://www/ 479 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reference: 1. монография. таълим хизматлари бозорида иқтисодий муносабатларни такомиллаштириш. р.м.усманова, а.қодиров, а.м.турсунов, 2015 2. абулқосимов х.п. шаклланаётган бозор иқтисодиётида инсон омили ва уни фаоллаштириш т., тми, 2006.-187 б. 3. бабаян с.а., зуев в.м. кадры в условиях рынка м.: экономика, 1992. -160 с. 4. becker g. human capital. n.y.: 1964 43 p. 5. бартенев с. экономические теории и школы–м.: бек,1999.-352 с. 6. теория и практика интегративных исследований в гуманитаристике / [р. м. ковалева и др. ; редкол.: р. м. ковалева (гл. ред.) и др.] ; бгу. минск : бгу, 2021. 295 с. . 7. макарова м. в. управленческий консалтинг в сфере образования : учеб. пособие для учреждений высшего образования / м. в. макарова. м. : юрайт, 2021. 79 с. : ил. 8. сорокин п. а. человек, цивилизация, общество / п. а. сорокин. – м: издательство политической литературы, 1992. – 393 с. http://www/ 191 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the perspective of spiritual and cultural reforms in the development strategy of new uzbekistan rahmonova sanoat shuhrat kizi teacher of history and philology department, asia international university abstract: today, by implementing the strategy of spiritual and cultural reforms in new uzbekistan, increasing the spiritual and educational level of our people, together with social, economic and political factors, delivering the reforms implemented in the spiritual and educational spheres to the people. keywords: strategy cultural human reforms spiritual-educational interactive methods new uzbekistan. introduction the perspective of spiritual and cultural reforms in the development strategy of new uzbekistan is of great importance for our country to achieve the third renaissance. our head of state, shavkat mirziyoyev, made a special mention of this, and said: "strengthening the spiritual foundations of our society, developing the cultural sector, supporting the activities of scientific and creative organizations, and our respected intellectuals, we also will be one of the priority areas for we should further study our ancient and rich history, especially the work of our ancestors, who courageously raised the ideas of knowledge, human freedom, people's freedom, love and loyalty to the motherland and national values in extremely difficult conditions. necessary" [1]. discussion under the leadership of president shavkat mirziyoyev, the large-scale renovation and innovation in our country, the reforms that are being persistently continued in order to achieve the approval of the people in every field, are highly recognized not only in our region, but also in the whole world. establishing a new uzbekistan, building the foundations of the third renaissance, is becoming the basis of the determination and life goals of each of our compatriots. for this purpose, the spiritual and cultural reforms carried out in our country today set the following issues as urgent tasks: first, to bring the spiritual and cultural reforms to a new level in our country, to satisfy the spiritual and cultural needs of citizens and to ensure the meaningful passage of their free time, to form exemplary programs of creative teams that embody national values, customs and traditions; secondly, to preserve and develop folk art and artistic amateur art, to organize artistic and practical creative teams, amateur groups, and to create favorable conditions for their activity, and to systematically enrich the creative process; 192 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thirdly, to attract children to clubs, to organize courses on learning foreign languages and "speech culture", to widely promote all genres and directions of folk art, amateur art and intangible cultural heritage, and to pass them on to the next generation in their original form; fourthly, organizing spiritual-educational, cultural-public events with literary and artistic figures and professional creative groups, and holding direct artistic meetings and roundtable discussions with the population, especially young people, with their participation; fifthly, holding contests, festivals of folk art and performing arts at the district (city) level, identifying talented young people, supporting creative young people; sixth, organization of public holidays, performances and folk entertainments, provision of paid services to legal entities and individuals in the socio-cultural sphere according to contracts concluded with them. the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev signed the decree "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". regarding the adoption of this decree, president shavkat mirziyoyev emphasized the following: "in the development strategy of the new uzbekistan, along with social, economic and political factors, the reforms implemented in the spiritual and educational spheres are also extremely important. has" [2].. based on this, the fifth priority direction of the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 is devoted to the issue of "ensuring spiritual development and bringing the industry to a new level". embodies the perspective of spiritual and cultural reforms. [3] the priority tasks defined in the adopted development strategy for the development of our country are intended to be a solid foundation for the new renaissance of uzbekistan. it involves fundamental improvement of the system of spiritual and educational work, strengthening the cooperation of state and public organizations in this regard, strengthening the coordinating role of the republican center for spirituality and enlightenment, widely introducing a scientific approach in the field, supporting advanced initiatives. specific measures for support were determined. for example, in the 71st goal of the development strategy of new uzbekistan, the issue of turning a healthy worldview and creativity into a national movement in the society by widely promoting the idea of "from the strategy of actions to the strategy of development" based on the principle of goodness and humanity, and the following priority tasks defined as:  implementation of the concept of "new uzbekistan an enlightened society".  organization of legal-educational activities on the formation of legal culture among the population in harmony with the teaching of the rich history, scientific-cultural heritage, national-religious values of our nation.  to develop effective, creative and innovative methods of organizing promotional activities and to take measures for their timely implementation.  state support for preservation, popularization and development of the national values and spiritual heritage of the uzbek people.  ensuring integrity of spiritual education in families, educational organizations and neighborhoods.  preventing the spread of false information by providing unbiased information on time in mass media and social networks.  formation of a map of optimization of the socio-spiritual environment in the region based on the principle of "neighborhood district region republic", extensive introduction of modern information and communication technologies to this process.  development of scientifically based indicators for evaluation of spiritual education. 193 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  applying interactive methods of education to turn schools into centers of true spirituality, enlightenment, and culture.  forming the ability to fight together against ideological attacks on the basis of the national idea, to strengthen family, school and community cooperation and to ensure the integrity of spiritual education on this basis.  to ensure the realization of the idea of "new uzbekistan third renaissance" under the slogan "youth creators of new uzbekistan"[4]. also, in the 72nd goal of the development strategy, further development of the provision of information and library services to the population of our country, wide popularization of reading and realization of the nationwide idea of "book-loving nation", wide popularization of reading and introduction of a unified management system in the field are defined. another unique aspect of the development strategy is that special attention is paid to the issue of in-depth study and wide promotion of the rich scientific heritage of our great ancestors. in particular, these tasks are defined as follows in the 73rd goal of the development strategy:  organization of international conferences, symposiums and conferences under the slogan "new uzbekistan third renaissance" in cooperation with the world's prestigious international organizations, research centers and universities such as oic, irsika, aisesco, unesco.  in order to widely promote the rich scientific and spiritual heritage of our great ancestors, to carry out popular translation of 100 works of scholars from our country, to create scientific and popular pamphlets based on them.  to support the activities of international islamic academy of uzbekistan, center of islamic civilization, imam bukhari, imam termizi, imam moturidi international scientific research centers in order to deeply study and widely promote the rich scientific heritage of our great ancestors.[5 ] the atmosphere of friendship and solidarity in the new uzbekistan serves to ensure peace and stability in our country, increase the effectiveness of strategic reforms, and further increase its prestige in the international arena. the results of these reforms are fully reflected in the reforms carried out by the head of our country today. in particular, the 74th goal of the development strategy is dedicated to strengthening the environment of inter-ethnic harmony and interreligious tolerance in the society, and the following tasks are defined in it:  further improvement of the state support system for national cultural centers.  ensuring consistent implementation of the state policy concept of the republic of uzbekistan in the field of inter-ethnic relations.  creating additional favorable conditions for young people of different nationalities, raising awareness of civic duty, patriotism, and tolerance-based culture of inter-ethnic interaction.  to take measures of additional support by the state to mass media operating in foreign languages and covering state policy in the field of inter-ethnic relations.  improving the activities of friendship societies in order to develop friendly relations with foreign countries. in the development strategy of the new uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the development of fine and applied art and design directions, raising the artistic and aesthetic taste of the population, and the following tasks are defined:  to widely promote the exemplary life and work of famous folk artists and masters of applied arts of uzbekistan and perpetuate their memory. 194 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  international popularization of visual and applied art of uzbekistan.  improvement of the system of training of advanced specialists in the fields of fine and applied art and design. in addition, in the development strategy, attention is paid to the issue of further development of the spheres of culture and art in our country, improvement of the material and technical base of cultural institutions and objects, and the following reforms are expected to be implemented:  material support of representatives of the culture and art sphere, creators, as well as professors and teachers and employees working in this sphere, and improvement of their living conditions.  development of theater art and strengthening of its material and technical base.  improving the activities of cultural centers and improving the quality of cultural services provided by them to the population, as well as improving their material and technical base.  establishing new cultural objects in the regions and ensuring their effective operation.  further development of uzbek circus art and strengthening of its material and technical base.  introduction of events aimed at popularizing national culture at the international level in the regions.  to properly celebrate the anniversaries of famous creative intellectuals who made a worthy contribution to the development of the culture and art of the uzbek people, widely promote their lives and activities, and perpetuate their memory.  implementation of complex activities related to preservation, restoration and conservation of cultural heritage objects located in the territory of the republic. also, the issue of further development of the study and promotion of the history of uzbekistan and the implementation of the concept of the development of the science of history until 2030 was raised. in the development strategy of the new uzbekistan, focusing on the development of national film art, the 78th goal is expressed in the following tasks:  formation of film art as a strategic resource in the spiritual, cultural and educational life of the society, including the education of young people in the spirit of patriotism.  improving the system of state support for the film industry based on market principles, as well as attracting foreign film companies to the country and developing the production of films in cooperation.  formation of national multiplication industry.  developing the film industry as a separate branch of the economy, creating an infrastructure with a modern and high-tech material and technical base.  to create an effective system of personnel training in the field of cinematography, improvement of skills of filmmakers and technicians.  encouraging the production of national tv series by the state, attracting young multipliers and animators to the production of animated films.  ensuring guaranteed copyright protection in the industry, developing the film distribution system and bringing national films to the world film markets. the development strategy of new uzbekistan, aimed at the consistent implementation of the noble goal of building a new uzbekistan and creating the foundations of the third renaissance, is an activity program that defines the needs and requirements of the current era, the driving forces and development factors of our society. 195 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results this strategy is a clear expression of our people's creativity and the continuity of large-scale reforms in the coming years. the state program for the implementation of the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 in the "year of attention to people and quality education" also specifies spiritual and educational activities that are expected to be implemented as a priority: firstly, to preserve the history, culture and scientific-enlightenment heritage of our great ancestors, to introduce it into scientific circulation, and to popularize it at the republican and international level.[6] secondly, meaningful organization of free time of young people, realization of their talent. organization of 5-stage olympiad of five initiatives on culture, art, sports, intellectual games, reading, "ay-ti"; thirdly, in order to support the folklore ensembles operating under the national cultural centers, to implement the following measures: 1. to strengthen the material and technical base of 25 folklore ensembles under the national cultural centers, equip them with stage costumes, musical instruments, modern sound reinforcement and provision of lighting equipment and bus. 2. creating conditions for free use of cultural centers for folklore groups to hold rehearsals and concerts. 3. establishment of the "dostlik" concert hall on the basis of the large hall of the committee of international relations and friendship relations with foreign countries, major renovation and modern equipment; fourthly, in order to hold international cultural events aimed at wide promotion of our national culture and art, the following tasks have been defined: 1. organization and holding of the 3rd international bakhshchilik art festival in gulistan. 2. organization and holding of xiii international music festival "sharq taronalari". 3. organization and holding of the 2nd international status art conference in bukhara. 4. organization and holding of international festival "breath of spring" in tashkent region. 5. organization and holding of the international festival "sounds of the world" in andijan region. 6. organizing and conducting the international chamber and symphonic music festival in tashkent; fifth, in order to increase the level of providing cultural recreation services to the population living in remote villages and neighborhoods in all regions of the republic, approval of the annual calendar plan of mass-cultural and concert-viewing events held on the republic scale in 2023, in which: in the regions " cultural caravan", "cultural days", "national film days", "book action" events; it is envisaged to organize and hold artistic and circus groups, state theater tours to the regions, concerts and field performances, creative meetings. sixth, in order to educate young people in the spirit of patriotism, respect for national traditions and values, to find amateur talented young people, to support and encourage them: 1. to organize a screening festival of amateur creative youth theater studios and transfer. 2. conducting the tv song contest "new talents of new uzbekistan". 3. it has been decided to hold a republican competition of young bakhshis, aqins and bailiffs in the field of bakhshi art. seventh, in order to further increase the tourism potential of the country through the scientific study and demonstration of the historical martial arts of the history of uzbekistan: 1. to organize a working group consisting of experts on the scientific study of the historical martial arts of the history of uzbekistan to do 2. development of scientifically based proposals on the organization of amir temur and jaloliddin manguberdi military thematic camps. 3. arrangements for the organization of amir temur and jalaluddin manguberdi military thematic camps and demonstration for tourists have been determined. eighth, in order to develop and support information and scientific research related to the period of the jadid movement, 1. to collect historical information about the period of the jadid 196 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us movement, the life and activities of the jadids in uzbekistan. 2. based on the collected information, it is planned to publish a multi-volume book dedicated to the jadidist movement and create documentary films. as the head of our state stated in the book "development strategy of new uzbekistan", "establishment of new uzbekistan is not just a wish, a subjective event, but a fundamental historical basis, the existing political-legal, socialit is an objective necessity that is demanded by the economic, spiritual and educational situation, corresponds to the centuries-old dreams and aspirations of our people, and fully responds to its national interests".[9] conclusion to sum up, today the large-scale creative works and reforms planned for the development of spiritual and cultural spheres in our country are recognized not only by our compatriots, but also by the world community. it is noteworthy that the plans from this spiritual and educational perspective, every change is implemented with the approval of the people and human interests in mind. in other words, these prospective plans and programs serve to take uzbekistan to a new stage of development. today, under the motto "from the strategy of actions to the strategy of development", all the knowledge and potential, strength and opportunities of the members of our society, who are the main driving force of renewal and reforms in our country, are being used, and this noble movement is gaining national importance. references: 1. mirziyoyev sh.m. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti shavkat mirziyoyevning oliy majlis va o„zbekiston xalqiga murojaatnomasi// “xalq so‟zi” gazetasi, 2022 yil 21 dekabr, №272 (8334) 2. mirziyoyev sh.m. yangi o‟zbekiston – strategyasi. –t.: “o‟zbekiston”, 2021. –b.267. 3. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “2022-2026-yillarga mo„ljallangan yangi o„zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasi to„g„risida” 2022 yil 28 yanvardagi pf-60-sonli farmoni//https://lex.uz/docs/-5841063 4. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “2022-2026-yillarga mo„ljallangan yangi o„zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasi to„g„risida” 2022 yil 28 yanvardagi pf-60-sonli farmoni//https://lex.uz/docs/-5841063 5. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “2022-2026-yillarga mo„ljallangan yangi o„zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasi to„g„risida” 2022 yil 28 yanvardagi pf-60-sonli farmoni//https://lex.uz/docs/-5841063 6. турдиев б.с. ўзбeкистoндa дeмoкpaтик жaмият pивoжлaнишидa мaънaвий янгилaнишлap стpaтeгияси. монография. –т.: “lesson press” нашриёти, 2023. -p.16. 7. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “2022-2026-yillarga mo„ljallangan yangi o„zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasini “insonga e‟tibor va sifatli ta‟lim yili”da amalga oshirishga oid davlat dasturi to„g„risida” 2023 yil 28 fevraldagi pf-27-sonli farmoni// https://lex.uz/docs/-6396146 8. o„zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “2022-2026-yillarga mo„ljallangan yangi o„zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasini “insonga e‟tibor va sifatli ta‟lim yili”da amalga oshirishga oid davlat dasturi to„g„risida” 2023 yil 28 fevraldagi pf-27-sonli farmoni// https://lex.uz/docs/-6396146 9. mirziyoyev sh.m. yangi o‟zbekiston – strategyasi. –t.: “o‟zbekiston”, 2021. –p.3 10. shuhrat kizi, r. s. (2023). the development of spiritual and cultural reforms in the development strategy of new uzbekistan. international journal of culture and modernity, 32, 61–66. 197 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. rahmonova s. yangi o „zbekistonda ma‟naviy-madaniy islohotlar //current approaches and new research in modern sciences. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 10. – с. 4043. 12. rahmonova, s. (2023). dynamics and main directions of spiritual and cultural reforms implemented in uzbekistan. modern science and research, 2(10), 850-854. 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 activity of insurance companies as institutional investors sultanov mahmud akhmedovich phd, associate professor of the department of general, social-humanitarian and exact science, tashkent state university of economy, uzbekistan abstract: in the article insurance companies activities of were systematically studied as institutional investors in the securities market. it was also analyzed the investment activities of insurance companies in our country as issuers and investors in the article. the article also examines the shares issued by insurance companies as issuers in the stock market in order to improve their investment activities, their role among institutional investors, and the current state of the contribution of large joint-stock companies. (редакция қилиш керак). keywords: securities market, stock market, institutional investors, insurance company, investment funds, pension funds, commercial bank deposits, securities, loans, real estate, participation in the statutory fund of organizations, collective investment institutions. introduction. the value of shares issued by insurance companies operating as institutional investors (issuers) in the stock market is 2,1 trillion soums 1 , which is only 1.18% of the total shares issued by jointstock companies (jsc) in our country. this situation proves that it is an important and urgent problem to improve the influence of the country's financial potential on sustainable economic growth with the help of insurance companies as an institutional investor, and to systematically analyze the placement of insurance companies' funds on investment objects. in the economic reforms carried out in our country, the main emphasis is on increasing the investment activity of the financial sector of the economy, in particular, insurance companies, that is, on reducing the state's share in order to create a competitive environment in the economy. for this purpose, measures to expand the size of the stock market of our republic with the participation of insurance companies, i.e. "universal sug’urta" in order to further develop the capital market, expand the practice of privatization of state stock packages through the capital market, encourage the population to invest in securities and create a healthy competitive environment in the financial market the secondary public offering (spo) [1] of 14,48% of the state share of the joint-stock company and 5,21% of the shares of the joint-stock company "alskom" is of great importance. literature review. as a legitimate and objective result of the development of market relations, it is possible to emphasize the emergence of new financial institutions. such financial institutions include 1 www.deponent.uz 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us insurance companies that actively participate in the transformation of savings into investments. in international practice, the interpretation of insurance companies as an integral part of institutional investors, according to u. sharp, who is considered one of the leading economists in the world economy, "when discussing the increasing importance of institutional investors in the american stock market, the main attention is paid by pension funds, insurance companies, and trust operations departments of banks focused on increased investments. the total share of these organizations is more than half of the share capital issued by american corporations» [5]. according to scientists and experts, among those who researched insurance companies as institutional investors, the most perfect definition was recommended by b. b. rubtsov: he mentioned that "institutional investors mean institutions such as insurance companies, pension funds and collective investment institutions" this structure is unique to the experience of uzbekistan. uzbek economist-scientist a.t. uzokov also interprets the investment activities of insurance companies as follows: "institutional investors are specialists who are paid for managing someone's money. they are employed by financial institutions, for example, banks, insurance companies, mutual and pension funds, as well as financial corporations, and in special cases private (individual) individuals» [7]. in this definition, privatization investment funds, which acted as investment intermediaries in the privatization and expropriation of state property, were ignored. one of the successful attempts to distinguish institutions that can be described as institutional investors from the composition of financial intermediaries was made by f. davis and b. steel [8]. "institutional investors are considered as specialized financial institutions that manage their collective deposits in the interests of investors. the main focus is on obtaining the maximum return on investments and the existence of risks in fulfilling obligations". this concept is specific to institutional investors and the collective savings management process. also, in the course of our research, the study of modern scientific-theoretical foundations of using the concept of institutional investor in the stock market of uzbekistan laid the groundwork for the creation of an author's definition of the concept of institutional investor in the future. that is, "institutional investors are specialized professional investment institutions that aim to collect the funds of small and large investors, who do not have the opportunity to participate in the financial market, into a single portfolio, that is, to accumulate and, as a financial intermediary, to profit from investing these funds in financial market instruments". [9] in this case, it can be recognized that a certain part of the funds attracted by the insurance companies through their main activity is also placed in securities instruments as an investment object. research methodology. the laws of economic systematization are important in the systematic analysis of the development of institutional investors in the republic of uzbekistan and in the improvement of the scientific methodological apparatus of conceptual foundations. as institutional investors, the methodology of researching investment activities of insurance companies, in turn, requires conducting research based on the rules of economic systematization. scientific research methods such as systematic analysis, institutional analysis, functional analysis, comparative analysis, analysis and synthesis were used in this research process. result and discussion. the activities of various entities in the securities market are governed by the law of the republic of uzbekistan no. o'rq-387 of june 3, 2015 "on the securities market"[2] , and insurance companies are governed by the law of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-872 of may 21, 2008 "additional measures on the development of the insurance services market"[4] according to this, it has the right to carry out professional activities as an 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us investment intermediary in the stock market from the moment of obtaining a license to carry out insurance activities at the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan (no additional license is required to carry out professional activities as an investment intermediary in the stock market). if insurance companies are formed on the basis of share capital, then they, as issuers of shares, must also comply with the law of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 6, 2015 no. o'rq-370 "on protection of joint-stock companies and shareholders' rights"[3]. at the same time, it has the right to issue other types of securities in the framework of emission activities in the securities market. figure 1 below analyzes the share of issued shares of insurance companies operating as joint-stock companies in our republic in the volume of institutional investors. figure 1. as of april 1, 2023, the volume of shares put into circulation by institutional investors of uzbekistan and the share of insurance companies in it, in percent 2 as can be seen from the data of figure 1, as of april 1, 2023, shares worth 62.4 trillion soums were put into circulation by the institutional investors of our republic, of which 96.61% or 60.3 trillion soums belonged to banks. investment funds with a high position in the world stock market have little influence on our national economy, they have issued only 2.32 billion soums worth of shares, and the contribution of institutional investors is close to 0.01%, while the remaining 3.38% or more than 2.1 trillion soums insurance companies contribute. this indicates that the number of insurance companies as issuers was only 9 at the beginning of 2019, and now their number has reached 45. also, if we analyze the data of insurance companies with a high share among institutional investors, the insurance company in the form of "uzbekinvest eisk" jsc, which has issued shares worth 282.2 billion soums, has the highest share with 0,45%. the volume of issued shares of "o’zagrosug’urta" jsc is equal to 108,9 billion soums, and the share of institutional investors is 0,18%, while "apex insurance" jsc has 152,0 billion soums and a share of 0,24%, respectively. the remaining 42 insurance companies in the form of jointstock companies put into circulation shares worth 1 381,7 billion soums, but their share in the total share is only 2,51%. 2 https://deponet.uz. information. this information is quoted as of september 1, 2022. 96.61 0.01 0.45 0.18 0.24 2.51 3.38 banks investment funds «o'zbekinvest eisk» аж «o'zagrosug'urta» аж «apex insurance» аж other insurance companies 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the stock market of developed countries, funds of insurance companies are mainly placed in the stock market. figure 2 below shows information on the allocation of funds by insurance companies of our republic to investment objects. figure 2 3 . in this figure 2, the analysis of the placement of funds of insurance companies operating in our republic in the period of 2015-2022 in the section of investment objects was carried out. according to this, in 2015, 758,3 billion soums were allocated by insurance companies for investment purposes, and by 2022, this amount reached 4 751,7 billion soums, or 6,3 times more compared to the comparison period. this result, as mentioned above, can be explained by the increase in the number and income of insurance companies. figure 2. placement of funds of insurance companies by investment objects (%). fund investment by insurance companies during 2015-2022 if we analyze the direction, the main part of them corresponds to the share of deposit (deposit) and securities. in particular, in 2015, 350,1 billion soums or 46,5% of the funds were allocated to the deposit, and by 2018, 1 034,3 billion soums were allocated and accounted for 69,8%. later, insurance companies reduced the share to 50-60% in order to comply with market laws and principles of diversification, as well as to reduce the level of risk. insurance companies allocated 309,0 billion soums or 41,1% of funds to securities in 2015, while their highest share was 643,9 billion soums and 43,7% in 2017. later, the share of funds directed by insurance companies to securities decreased and by 2022 it decreased to 1 277,9 billion soums or 27,1%. as can be seen from the data of figure 2, within the investment policy of insurance companies, it is possible to recognize the share of funds invested in the authorized fund of real estate and other economic entities as prospective investment objects. in particular, the share of funds directed to real estate increased from 36,8 billion soums or 4,9% in 2015 to 258,9 billion soums by 2022. or increased to 7,6%. during this period, the share of funds invested in the charter fund of other economic entities increased from 44,6 billion soums or 5,9% in 2015, the highest share increased 3 https: https://imda.uz, https://imda.uz/ 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to 285,3 billion soums or 8,1% by 2020, and then by 2022 the total share decreased to 118,2 billion soums or 2,5%. the main goal of the investment policy of insurance companies is to ensure the profitability of their funds, like other institutional investors. therefore, when choosing investment objects, the central bank's refinancing rate and the factors affecting the yield of securities are taken into account. given that one of the goals of insurance companies is to preserve the value of the funds at their disposal, while obtaining the highest possible return on them, it is possible to observe that their attitude towards securities is changing. summary as institutional investors in the stock market, investment activities of insurance companies at the level of demand allow them to actively participate in the global redistribution of funds of any shareholder, as an effective intermediary between business and the population. we consider the following suggestions appropriate for improving the investment activities of insurance companies: 1. the implemented economic reforms are aimed at increasing the role of insurance companies in the economy, creating the ground for becoming a professional, indispensable, profitable and one of the most significant participants of the stock market. therefore, it is advisable to use professional intermediaries of the stock market to increase the income of insurance companies through securities instruments. 2. in order to increase their activity in the stock market, insurance companies should establish a professional activity of a trustee of investment assets. 3. popularization of stock market trading can be achieved by increasing the financial literacy of the population. this, in turn, leads to widespread use of electronic software. 4. insurance companies can increase the value of their shares in the stock market only by actively trading them. in 2023, only "kafolat", "alskom", "temiryolsug’urta" and "kapital sug’urta» are participating in the "tashkent" rfb in order to ensure the quotation price of their shares. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 17, 2022 no. pq-90 "on additional measures to introduce effective mechanisms to support the capital market", appendix 1. 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on securities market" no. orq-387 (new edition). tashkent city, june 3, 2015. 3. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. orq-370 "on protection of joint-stock companies and shareholders' rights" (new edition). tashkent city, may 6, 2015. 4. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-872 "on additional measures for the development of the insurance services market". may 21, 2008. 5. шарп у.ф. и др. инвестиции: учебник/ у.ф. шарп, г.дж. александер, дж.бэйли, пер. с англ. м.: инфра-м, 2001. xii, 1028 с. 6. рубцов б. б. мировые рынки ценных бумаг. м.: экзамен, 2002, 448 с. 7. узоқов а., кенжаев н. инвестицияларни ташкил этиш ва молиялаштириш. ўқув қўлланма. т.: иқтисод-молия, 2008 йил. 22-25 бб. 8. davis e. p., steil b. institutional investors, mit press, 2001, p.2. 9. xudoyqulov x.x, sultanov m. а. moliyaviy bozorlar, institutlar va instrumentlar. t.: «innovatsion rivojlanish nashriyot-matbaa uyi», 2022 . 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 efficiency of use of innovations in education sokhibakhon yakubovna abdullayeva professor at the department of languages, academy of the armed forces of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: in this article, the role of innovative technologies in imparting modern knowledge to young people in the higher education system, the use of advanced pedagogical technologies and modern methods in the course of the lesson, and the improvement of the quality and efficiency of education are explained. keywords: educational quality, efficiency, innovation, skills, competence, innovative activity, approach, methods. introduction the way our country has traveled in recent years proves that our people are capable of great creative works. in fact, it can be said with full confidence that today the reform of the education system requires the introduction of innovative technologies in the field. how urgent this issue is is confirmed by the following comments of the president sh.m. mirziyoev: "we consider it our first priority task to improve the activities of all links of the education and training system based on the requirements of today's time." the role of innovative technologies in providing modern knowledge to young people in the educational system is incomparable. the use of advanced pedagogical technologies and modern methods in the course of the lesson increases the quality and efficiency of education and serves to train competitive personnel. each lesson, educational subject has its own technology. as long as the goal of the teacher and the student is to achieve a positive result, it is up to them what technology to use in the lesson. depending on the teacher's skills, working with a computer, film, handouts, posters, information technology, various literature, well-designed interactive methods can be used. the goal is to obtain the highest possible result from the spent money and effort in the application of innovations in the educational system or educational activities. the following are the main manifestations of innovation: new ideas; specific goals aimed at changing the system or direction of activity; unconventional approaches; unusual initiatives; advanced working methods. basic part: educational innovations are forms, methods and technologies used in the field of education or in the educational process to solve existing problems based on a new approach and guarantee a more effective result than before. educational innovations are divided into several types. 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us they are: 1. according to the field of activity: innovations used in the pedagogical process or in the management of the educational system. 2. according to the description of introduced changes: radical, modified and combined innovations. 3. according to the scale of changes: network (local), module and system innovations. 4. according to the source of origin: innovations directly created or mastered by the team. innovation differs from any innovation in that it must have a changeable mechanism that allows for management and control. educational innovations lead to the following changes: a fundamental change of the pedagogical system; change of the educational process; change of pedagogical theory; change of the teacher's activity; update of student activity; change of pedagogical technology; update of educational content; change of teaching forms, methods and tools; change of educational system management; changes in educational goals and outcomes. innovative activity is an activity aimed at solving complex problems that arise as a result of new social requirements not conforming to traditional norms or new ideas that are forming as a result of negation of existing ideas. innovative activity consists of creating a new technological process or a new improved product based on scientific research, creating developments, conducting experimental work, using scientific and technical achievements. today, it is important for pedagogues to have innovative skills and qualifications. in order for pedagogues to master the skills and competencies of innovative activity, it is necessary for them to have an innovative approach. by its essence, innovative activity by pedagogues takes place on the basis of the acquisition of skills and competences, based on their decision to adopt an innovative approach. the adoption of an innovative approach by pedagogues is also a complex process that takes place in several stages: 1st stage: ready methodological recommendations (existing innovations) are used. stage 2: introduces new ideas, methods into the existing system. step 3: systematizes the content, form and methods of implementing a new idea. stage 4: the pedagogue creates his own concept or methodology of teaching and training. today, new approaches to the management of the teaching process are clearly visible in the adoption and application of organizational innovations: division of labor of teachers (separation of course content developers, specialists in teaching methodology, specialists monitoring the progress of the educational process according to their work and tasks); grouping of teachers, information technology specialists and organizers of the educational process, creating a group of people who will develop and present distance learning courses. conclusion it can be seen from the above that as a result of the use of innovations in the educational process, as a result of the use of modern information and telecommunication technologies, significant changes will occur in the activity of the teacher, the role and role of the teacher, and the main tasks. these changes are characteristic of modern education. the development of education on the basis of modern information technologies, the widespread use of educational technologies in practice does not lead to a decrease in the work of teachers, on the contrary, it increases their responsibility. as a result of the introduction of educational innovations, new interactive methods, technologies, a new educational environment are formed, 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and organizational structures are developed. they have an impact on the nature of the teacher's activity and thus on the development of the entire pedagogical system. innovation, an important link in large-scale reforms, is showing its advantages in the education system today, as in every field. innovations are relevant, important, new approaches formed in a system. references 1. mirziyoev sh.m. ensuring the rule of law and human interests is the guarantee of the country's development and people's well-being. tashkent: "uzbekistan" publishing house, 2017. p. 24 (мирзиѐев ш.м. қонун устуворлиги ва инсон манфаатларини таъминлаш – юрт тараққиѐти ва халқфаровонлигининг гарови. – тошкент: “ўзбекистон” нашриѐти, 2017. – 24-бет). 2. national encyclopedia of uzbekistan. zebuniso-konigil. /tom 4. members of the main editorial board: m. aminov and others. t.: "national encyclopedia of uzbekistan" state scientific publishing house, 2002. 169 pages. (ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси. зебунисо-конигил. /4-том. бош таҳрир ҳайъати аъзолари: м.аминов ва б. – т.: “ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси” давлат илмий нашриѐти, 2002. – 169 бет). 3. abdullayeva sokhibakhon yakubovna. (2021). formation of local budget revenues in the modernization of the economy. journalnx a multidisciplinary peer reviewed journal, 6(10), 189–191. retrieved from https://repo.journalnx.com/index.php/nx/article/view/251 4. sokhibakhon yakubovna abdullayeva. to improve the professional and communicative competence of future teachers. procedia of theoretical and applied sciences. volume 9| jul 2023 issn: 2795-5621. available:http://procedia.online/index.php/applied/index 5. s. ya. abdullayeva. die wichtigkeit des zuhörens beim lehren einer fremdsprache. “chet tillarni o„qitishda dolzarb muammolar” xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiya materiallari to„plami. 2023 bet. 4-7 6. yakubovna, abdullayeva s. "formation of local budget revenues in the modernization of the economy." journalnx, vol. 6, no. 10, 2020, pp. 189-191. https://repo.journalnx.com/index.php/nx/article/view/251 312-319 analysis of modern methods for oil sludge processing 280 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 analysis of modern methods for oil sludge processing b.zh.tursunov asian international university,teacher of the department of "general technical sciences" the problem of the negative impact on the environment of accumulated waste generated during the production, transportation, and storage of oil and petroleum products has not yet been resolved. as a result of the migration of harmful substances, environmental pollution occurs. it should be noted that all processes of transformation of ns hydrocarbons are activated in a hot climate due to a decrease in viscosity and an increase in the reaction rate. mechanical methods include physical separation of nr by gravitational settling, in a centrifugal field, or filtration after averaging. dewatering is the use of a thickener to compactly settle solids. the thickener can increase solids concentration from 3% to 10-15%, and also allows the operator to control the settling tank for optimal effluent separation and plan further sludge treatment. the compacted sludge is then further dewatered by filtration or centrifugation. filtration filtration is a sludge dewatering technique suitable for treating sludges with low concentrations of hydrocarbons, as they may clog or dissolve the filter fabric. after filtration, the sludge contains less water, resulting in lower fuel costs, lower transportation costs, and therefore lower disposal costs. filtration using a press divides the filter into two parts it separates solid impurities from the liquid component, but is characterized by low productivity. in addition, this method does not solve the problems of solid phase disposal and water purification. centrifugation centrifugation is advisable when the oil content in the sludge is higher than 10%. centrifugation units reduce waste to a minimum and also allow for additional profit from the sale of recovered oil. to collect sludge from the required depth, a special slurry intake device is used. the pump for pumping is mounted on a floating pontoon; if necessary, the ns is heated with steam. the collected sludge is processed as trap oil: heated after the addition of flocculants or demulsifiers and separated into three component phases: solid sediment, water and oil. mechanical extraction of hydrocarbons from drill cuttings includes the following technological operations: removal of large mechanical impurities, phase separation by centrifugation or sedimentation. the method is applicable when the sludge contains liquid hydrocarbons, which can cover the costs of processing. disadvantages the formation of “ oilcontaminated ” mechanical impurities and a contaminated liquid phase, which require further neutralization. 281 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 1.3.1.1 physico-chemical methods of oil sludge neutralization physicochemical methods include electrochemical, electrokinetic and electromagnetic. electrochemical processes include electrolysis, electroflotation , electrocoagulation, electrodestruction , electrochemical disinfection, ion exchange, electrochemical oxidation and leaching, electrodialysis, electrochemical oxidation and leaching, ion exchange. the efficiency of a number of methods reaches 99%, however, significant energy costs and hardware complexity create difficulties for use in installations larger than pilot ones [41]. freeze/thaw cleaning freeze/thaw treatment for sludge dewatering in cold regions has been proposed as an effective method for separating emulsions. as shown in figure 3, separation of emulsions can occur through two different mechanisms. the first occurs when the aqueous phase in the emulsion solidifies before the hydrocarbon phase. increasing the volume of frozen water droplets causes them to stick together and causes internal breakdown of the emulsion, and the aqueous phase gradually freezes as the temperature decreases (figure 3b ) . during the thawing process, the oil phase comes together as a result of surface tension forces, and the oil-water mixture can thus separate into two bulk phases under the influence of gravitational force (figure 3 f ) . the second mechanism occurs when the hydrocarbon phase solidifies before the aqueous phase. it forms a strong lattice that encapsulates water droplets during the freezing process (figure 3c ) . these water droplets gradually freeze as the temperature decreases, and the increase in volume of the frozen droplets breaks the resulting lattice. this can lead to the formation of small cracks that allow unfrozen water droplets to penetrate the lattice and merge with each other, forming an extensive network of microchannels (figure 3d). during the thawing process, water droplets coalesce , which leads to phase inversion (figure 3e), and such an unstable oil-water mixture can separate into two bulk phases under the influence of gravitational force (figure 3f ) . figure 3 schematic diagram of the freezing mechanism / defrosting, to separate the water/oil emulsion: (a) original emulsion, 282 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us (b) water droplets freezing, expanding and coalescing , (c) solidification of the oil phase with the formation of a solid cell, (d) freezing drops of water that break the lattice during expansion, (e) emulsion solidifies, water droplets coalesce , (e) gravitational delamination. overall, freeze/thaw purification is a promising method for dewatering and recovering oil from oil sludge . however, for its industrial application, the required freezing time and associated costs should be studied. chun et al suggested that 8 hours was sufficient for freezing at minus 20° c . additionally, freezing can be a relatively slow process that is energy intensive and therefore expensive. thus, freeze/thaw refining to extract oil from oil sludge may be more promising in cold regions where natural freezing is possible. in addition, the effectiveness of the method is inversely proportional to the content of suspended solid phase in oil sludge , that is, the method can be used mainly for separating tank oil sludge containing a small amount of solid impurities . extraction methods. liquid-liquid extraction is widely used to remove organic compounds from soil-water matrices. to carry it out, oil-containing waste is mixed in the required proportion with the extractant to ensure complete homogeneity. after settling, the extractant-oil mixture is sent for distillation to separate the oil from the solvent. obviously, the efficiency of extraction depends on a number of factors temperature, pressure, ratio of solvent to slurry, miscibility and solubility of various compounds. as a rule, mixing during heating is required to improve the dissolution of organic components in the solvent. high temperature can speed up the extraction process, but can also lead to the loss of petroleum hydrocarbons and solvents through evaporation, and also increases fire and explosion hazards. at the same time, lowering the extraction temperature can reduce the cost of the process while simultaneously reducing the efficiency of oil extraction. lower distillation pressure helps lower the distillation temperature; this can not only save heating costs, but also prevent thermal degradation of solvents. in addition, the quantity and quality of the recovered oil fraction changes with increasing solvent-sludge ratio. for example, it was found that the ash content and tar and asphaltenes content of collected oil decreased with increasing solvent ratio. typically, solvent extraction is a simple but effective method for separating hydrocarbons from solid or semi-solid sludge and reducing its volume. the extraction method 283 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us can be completed in a relatively short period, and is potentially suitable for treating large volumes of oil sludge ; the determining factor in this case is the volume of the mixer. in order to prevent loss of solvent vapors, it is desirable to use a closed and continuous process. solvent distillation also requires heating, so a heat exchanger unit is needed to reduce energy costs. one of the main obstacles to the use of extraction for oil sludge processing is the large volume of organic solvents required. this can lead to significant economic and environmental problems. some alternative methods have been developed to increase extraction productivity. for example, the supercritical fluid extraction method can extract petroleum hydrocarbons in a soil matrix faster than conventional solvent extraction, and more importantly, it can eliminate the use of organic solvents. however, the use of this method for extracting oil from a large volume of oil sludge may be associated with low efficiency and instability of technological parameters. microwave irradiation the frequency of microwave radiation ranges from 300 mhz to 300 ghz, but industrial applications are typically associated with radiation with a frequency close to either 900 mhz or 2450 mhz, due to a number of technical reasons . radiation energy can be directly transferred to the material when interacting with an electromagnetic field, and provide a rapid heating process, more efficient than conventional methods. this effect can be used to separate an emulsion by rapidly increasing its temperature, which leads to a decrease in viscosity, therefore accelerating separation. a rapid increase in temperature can also provoke cracking of heavy hydrocarbons with an increase in the proportion of light fractions. when materials with low dielectric constant are used, microwave radiation can pass through them with little energy absorption; for materials with high dielectric constant, microwave energy will be absorbed depending on the electric field strength and dielectric loss factor. when processing a mixture of materials with different dielectric properties, selective heating can occur. for a water/oil emulsion, when the dispersed phase is water with a relatively high dielectric constant, it will absorb more energy than oil. in this case, a decrease in surface tension at the water-oil interface may occur, facilitating separation. in addition, microwave radiation can cause a change in the polarity of the electrical charges surrounding the water molecules, that is, destroy the electrical double layer at the oil/water interface, resulting in a decrease in the zeta potential. in this case, droplets of water and oil in the emulsion can move more freely and collide with each other in the process of coalescence . the above mechanisms can lead to emulsion separation . the performance of microwave irradiation when demulsifying oil sludge depends on many factors: the power of the microwave radiation source, the duration of treatment, the presence of surfactants, the ph of the aqueous phase, salinity and other properties of oil sludge , for example, the water-oil ratio. increasing the ph of the aqueous phase can reduce the stability of the water-oil emulsion by increasing hydrophilicity. on the other hand, increased efficiency of microwave radiation was noted due to the increased conductivity of the aqueous phase, which increases the heating rate. however, the use of microwave irradiation in industrial-scale oil sludge treatment is limited due to the specific equipment involved and the possible high operating costs. 1.3.1.2 chemical methods for neutralizing oil sludge chemical methods for processing sludge include the following technologies: washing, chemical oxidation, extraction and encapsulation. washing hydrocarbons from sludge using new generation technical detergents. application is limited due to the formation of contaminated 284 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us mechanical impurities and liquid phase. it is advisable to use the method in combination with others (for example, mechanical, etc.). the washing process includes loading oil-contaminated soil, supplying heated water and adding a surfactant with further mixing. after this, liquid containing petroleum products is collected from above, and the soil is sent for drying. the liquid can be purified using sorbents or centrifuges. and the soil is drained using hydrocyclones and centrifuges. chemical methods for processing ns include extraction with selective extractants, encapsulation using plasticizers and additives, treatment with water repellents based on slaked and quicklime or other materials. the general idea is to treat ns with a chemical reagent to form a structure that immobilizes pollutants and prevents their release into the environment. such methods of neutralizing oil waste can dramatically reduce damage to the environment and obtain marketable products for various industries. cleaning the surfaces of reservoirs from spilled oil is carried out using emulsifiers that decompose bacterially . oil slicks on the surface of water bodies contribute to the spread of waste and possible subsequent biochemical oxidation. it is also known to use magnetic fluids, which are complex polydisperse colloidal systems, including water, an oil phase and solid impurities . when such a liquid is mixed with hydrocarbons, a mixture is obtained, which is collected using a magnetic device. the following reagents can be used : top ash and fly ash, gypsum, clay, portland cement, class “ f ” fly ash, class “c” fly ash (lime), calcination powder (from kilns), fine slag from blast furnaces, phosphogypsum, slaked and quicklime, thermoplastic organics (asphalt), organic polymers, sand. lime encapsulation encapsulation involves mixing nps with a solid additive to obtain a matrix within which petroleum products and metals are fixed and will not be washed out. the use of lime for this purpose is known and practiced; it has been shown that the addition of lime produces physical and chemical changes in ns that facilitate the adsorption of hydrocarbons and the immobilization of metals in the form of insoluble salts. the high ph level is ensured by the addition of lime, which is important. when obtaining a hydrophobic matrix, some additives can be introduced to prevent contamination by acidic percolation sediments. quicklime is most often used because of its disinfectant properties. when wet waste is mixed with it, the reagent is quenched with water and, interacting with carbon dioxide in the air, forms calcium carbonate: cao + h 2 o ^ ca( oh )2 +q; ca( oh )2 + co2 ^ cacosj + h2o . in this case, the temperature rises to 60-100°c, the mixture evaporates excess water and, after some time, the sludge turns into solid granular material. particles of this material are covered with a waterproof hydrophobic shell. the hydrocarbons inside the capsule do not affect the environment due to the high strength and tightness of the capsule. the micropores of the capsule shell filled with liquid hydrocarbons contribute to the hydrophobization of its surface and greatly reduce the wettability of particles, exposure to the aquatic environment (including groundwater, acid rain), and increase resistance to cyclic freezing. the possibility of the capsule contents transferring into an aqueous solution is reduced by several orders of magnitude. over time (within 1-3 months), due to the ongoing carbonization of the capsule surface, the strength of the shell increases significantly. the encapsulated material can withstand volume pressure up to 5 mpa without noticeable destruction, repeated cyclic freezing, and exposure to a slightly 285 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us acidic environment [45]. treatment of ns with fly ash from thermal power plants ns, which contains petroleum products in the form of an aqueous emulsion, mechanical impurities and other polluting agents, can be processed using a mixture of an aqueous suspension of fly ash and a small amount of polymer. light nsh is thickened in a tank with stirrers. and ns, including heavy oil products and mechanical impurities , after separation in a centrifuge, is processed with fly ash from thermal power plants in a screw mixer. the settled thickener products and mixer products are transported to waste disposal sites. these landfills must be waterproofed to reduce leaching. the short curing time during the hot season makes it possible to transport it and further use it for road construction. after covering with a layer of soil, the burial site can be used to grow grass and trees. this method can be quite expensive as the process requires equipment, energy and operating facilities. reagent method encapsulation known abroad as “ dkr technology ”, in russia the method of treating sludge with quicklime with the addition of various modifiers is called “ reagent encapsulation ." the completeness of sludge processing is determined by its composition, the properties of lime: in particular, the size of granules, chemical purity and activity, as well as the quality of mixing. a fundamentally important indicator of the reagent process encapsulation is the ratio of the amounts of sludge and reagents. reagent technology encapsulation , due to sealing and not destruction of pollutants, in addition to ns, drill cuttings, is also applicable to other waste sewage sludge, livestock waste. in this case, an increase in the temperature of the mixture to more than 60 o c as a result of lime slaking entails the death of pathogenic microflora. aktor company s. _ a. _ (greece) as of 2009 on the island. psythallium using the reagent method the encapsulation plant processed about half a million tons of sludge sludge, but this was preceded by a lengthy selection of the hardener reagent formulation. the following conclusions of greek researchers are fundamental: the dose of quicklime must be more than 9% of the sludge mass to achieve a ph value > 11 of the resulting product. the amount of quicklime must be more than 18% of the sludge mass to achieve a temperature of the resulting product of at least 55 ° c. the dose of quicklime must be more than 25% of the mass of oil waste to achieve a temperature of the resulting product of at least 55°c, maintained for at least two hours, and to obtain the values of physical and chemical indicators that ensure its safe disposal [50]. in the work of n.g. yagudin shows: the required amount of binder reagent added to drilling rigs is about 14% by weight. the ratio of encapsulating reagent and water for oil waste of various compositions was determined in the dissertation of yu.v. logunova. for ns formed during cleaning of main oil pipelines, during transportation and storage of oil, the share of the reagent is about 80-100% of the mass of the feedstock. it follows that data on reagent curing formulations vary depending on the source of information. equipment for implementing the encapsulation method an example of highly efficient equipment for implementing the encapsulation method is a mobile block unit manufactured by voest -alpine gmbh (austria), the productivity of which can reach 20 t/h, consisting of a homogenizer, a hydration reactor, a reagent dispenser and 286 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us various components for loading raw materials and outputting the product. . the installation neutralizes at the final stage of the process (tested after leaching for 24 hours), %: hydrocarbons 94-98; dissolved organic matter 80-95; salts of heavy metals up to 99. developers and patent holders do not disclose the design features and technological parameters of the processes. references: 1. junaydullaevich, t. b. (2023). analysis of oil sludge processing methods. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 139-146. 2. junaydullaevich, t. b. (2023). bitumens and bitumen compositions based on oil-containing wastes. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 147-152. 3. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 4. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 5. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669674. 6. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 7. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. 8. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 9. tursunov, b. j. (2021). analyz methodov utilizatsii otxhodov neftepererabatyvayushchey promyshlennosti. scientific progress, 2(4), 669674. 10. tursunov, b. j., & shomurodov, a. y. (2021). perspektivnyi method utilizatsii otkhodov neftepererabatyvayushchey promyshlennosti. online scientific journal of education and development analysis, 1(6), 239-243. 11. tursunov, b. z., & gadoev, b. s. (2021). promising method of oil waste disposal. academic research in educational sciences, 2(4), 874-880. 12. jumaev, q. k., tursunov, b. j., shomurodov, a. y., & maqsudov, m. m. (2021). analysis of the assembly of oil slames in warehouses. science and education, 2(2). 13. tursunov, b. j., botirov, t. v., tashpulatov, d. k., & khairullaev, b. i. (2018). perspective primeneniya optimal process rudootdeleniya v karere muruntau. innovative geotechnologies pri razrabotke rudnykh i non-rudnykh mestorojdenii, 287 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 160-164. 14. jurakulov, s. z. (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 514-518. 15. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology, 3(10), 25-33. 16. zafarjon o'g'li, z. s. (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 17. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle's system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67-73. 18. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). basic philosophical and methodological ideas in the evolution of physical sciences. gospodarka i innowacje., 41, 233-241. 19. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). a japanese approach to in-service training and professional development of science and physics teachers in japan . american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 167–173. 20. jurakulov , s. z. ugli. (2023). fizika ta’limi muvaffaqiyatli olish uchun strategiyalar. educational research in universal sciences, 2(14), 46–48. 21. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 22. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 23. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizik-mexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223-228. 24. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 25. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 26. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 27. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 28. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 29. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 30. muradov, o. t. (2023). razrabotka automatizirovannoy sistemy upravleniya temperature i vlajnosti v proizvodstvennyx komnat. golden brain , 1 (26), 91-95. 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 studying yarn incorpectiveness operated on the improved exhaust extractor nurilla dadakhanov and rustam karimov namangan engineering-technological institute, namangan, uzbekistan abstract: this article studies the friction force field and the design of the exhaust cylinder of drafting devices, the effect of the design of rollers and corrugated cylinder on the friction force field. new designs of a corrugated cylinder are proposed that improve the field of friction forces. the optimization parameters of the new fume hood are determined and proposed. in existing designs of drafting devices and devices, improved control over the movement of fibers is achieved in various ways, for example, by installing additional straps, rollers, clutches, guides, trays, etc. a common drawback of this design is that by correcting one drawback, others are promoted, for example, the design of the assembly becomes more complicated or maintenance is difficult, etc. keywords: ring spinning machines, fibers, flatness, exhaust device, grooved cylinder, pressure roller, field of friction forces, roller, strap. the world’s leading machine-building enterprises are conducting research in search of improving ring spinning machines and its individual parts, increasing its reliability and productivity, and the quality of products [1]. in existing designs of drafting devices and devices, improved control over the movement of fibers is achieved in various ways, for example, by installing additional straps, rollers, clutches, guides, trays, etc. a common drawback of this design is that correcting one drawback, others are promoted, for example, the design of the assembly becomes more complicated or maintenance is difficult, etc. when designing ring spinning machines, the choice о г the design spinning line, i.e. lines of passage of sliver-yam from the drafting device to the spool. in some ring spinning machines, the front pressure roller is tilted forward by about 5 n to rcduce the sweep angle the streamline angle у for different types of ring spinning machines is different depending on the rise of the ring strips, por main ring spinning machines with a stroke of 220 mm, 00 1 32  , 0 2 17 [2]. if the filling line is chosen incorrectly, then the dimensions of the machine can increase, and the breakage of the product increases. when examining the spinning line of niiekipmash, suggest that by choosing a=40 mm, b=110mm, c=150 mm, at which the bending angles correspond to the above, we obtain a spinning line with the following parameters:  streamline angle from 2 0 30 to 12 0 ;  bend angle corresponding to half of the angle at the top of the balloon and varying from 16 0 in the upper position of the annular strip to 8 0 in the lower position of the annular bar 2. 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if the spinning line is executed on the basis of the above recommendations, the dimensions of the machine increase in height and in width. this will complicate the maintenance of the machine additional difficulties will arise when loading the pressure rollers of the drafting device. the main stage of the study is the selection of the optimal design and technological parameters of the new exhaust device, since the efficiency, reliability, ease of use, manufacture and cost of the exhaust device depend on it. the contact area of the roller with dynamic interaction with the lobe gets the possibility of small circumferential and radial displacements relative to the static position. the dynamic analysis of the considered mechanical system shows the possibility of the appearance of modes of unstable rotation of the bead if the frequencies of the radial and circumferential vibrations of the contact area are equal or exceed one another by 2 times. initially, small deformations of the bead take on large value which leads to a violation of the stationary of the stretching process 3. the installed rollers in this form increase the angle of wrap around the fibrous masses, and (he installation of the magnet in the exhaust zone, being attracted to the lower bar, presses the straps to each other, thereby improving the field of friction forces (fig. i). for this purpose, the drafting system was equipped with a double pressure roller on the exhaust cylinder and a pressure magnet on the straps [3, 4, 5]. fig.i. double-belt drafting device 1-supply pair; 2,3-cxhaust pairs; 4-bottom cylinder; 5, 5'-rollers; 6, 6'-saddles; 7, 9-straps; 8 planks; 10-guide; 11-plate; 12-permanent magnet. for the experiments, the method of full factorial experiment was used [6, 7]. analysis of literature data and our experiments made it possible to establish the main factors influencing the unevenness of the yarn. 1 factor the value of the load on the pressure roller of the exhaust pair; 2 factor the distance between the rollers in the double pressure roller. the coded values of the factors will be designated x1, x2 respectively the load on the pressure roller, the distance between the rollers in the double pressure roller. for the optimization parameter “y” we take the unevenness of the pulled product. preliminary experiments in production conditions have shown that the minimum load on the pressure roller should not be less than 100 h. because with a double roller, the rubber coating is put on the cylinders, and the rollers are metal. according to the recommendation of the skf company, for the load lever of the rk-225 type, the load is taken from 100 ii to 180 ii. therefore, in our experiments, the minimum load is 100 h. and the maximum load is 180 h. the distance between the rollers in the double pressure roller is selected for design reasons in the range of 15 19 mm. 172 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on the basis of the previous analysis, intervals and levels of variation of factors were established (table i), as well as the optimization parameter. therefore, we will compose a planning matrix for a lull factorial experiment for linear yam densities of 25 tex and 28 tex. accordingly, all experiments were carried out in triplicate. table 1 levels and intervals of variation of the stl’diep factors identification of factors name factors variation level variation interval 1 0 + 1 х1 exhaust steam load, h 100 140 180 40 х2 distance between two rollers, mm 15 17 19 2 the minimum unevenness of the pulled product is achieved with the following values of the investigated factors: for yarn 25 texl: p1 = 180 h; l = 15 mm; for yarn 28 text: p1 = 180 h; l = 19 mm. analysis of the obtained values allows us to conclude that the load on the pressure roller and the distance between the rollers affect the unevenness of the pulled product in different ways. thus, when producing different types of yarn (25, 28 text), it is recommended to select the appropriate values of load p2 and distance l. table 2 the optimal condition for reducing the unev enness of the pulled product in the hood linear density yarn, text designation of factors factor values are coded natural values of factors 25 )( 11 px +1 180 н )(2 lx -1 15 mm 28 )( 11 px +1 180 н )(2 lx +1 19 mm as you can see from the table 2, the optimal values found by calculation and experiment is close to each other. as a result of experiments, on the existing drafting device, the following parameter values were obtained: for 25 text 21.7%, and for 28 text 20.8%, which confirms the effectiveness of using a magnet to clamp the straps in the exhaust zone and a double pressure roller in the exhaust pair of the machines. references: 1. ruixiang baia; weikang li. experimental study of yarn friction slip and tabric shear deformation in yarn pull-out test. composites part a: applied science and manufacturing april 2018.-p. 529-535. 2. dadakhanov n.k; sidikov a.kh; karimov n.m. study and theoretical studies of the parameters of the spinning line of ring spinning machines // “universum: engineering” moscow: 2019 no. 1 (58), -p. 34-37. 3. dadakhanov n.k; boltaboev b.e. optimization of the parameters of the spinning line of ring spinning machines//“universum: engineering”. moscow: 2019 no. 6(63), -p. 50-53. 4. daffa bhaskar; bahejee s; sengupta a. influence of the geometric parameters of the ring spinning machine on yam quality. “indian text. j. 1191. 101 no. 8, -p. 114-120. 173 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. nurilla dadakhanov. theoretical studies of spinline parameters. aip publishing. aip conference proceedings. volume 2647, issue 1. published online: 01 november 2022. р.030039-1-6. 6. sevostyanov a.g. methods and means of research of mechanics technological processes of the textile industry. moscow: “light industry”. 1980. -pp. 5-232, 253-260. 392. 7. tikhomirov v.b. planning and analysis of the experiment (when conducting research in the light and textile industries) moscow: “light industry”. 1974. 269 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 orphoepic norms and principles of the french language ruslan radjabov bukhara state university, researcher of the french philology department abstract: this article studies scientific views on the orthoepic norms of the french language and gives a reaction to them. the concepts of plurisystem and grapheme are also given, as well as principles that allow us to describe the french spelling system. keywords: pronunciation norms, codification, phonetic system, semasiology, orthoepy, orthoepic norms, plurisystem, grapheme, logogram, morphogram, phonogram, principle, tendency, synchronous elements. it is known that language is the most important means of communication in human society, created and served by society. "language is a tool that forms a person who accepts mentality, traditions and customs and a unique way of understanding the world through language" [1]. the science of linguistics studies the social nature of language, its function, internal structure, classification, laws of use of certain languages, historical development, and this science belongs to philosophy, psychology, history and other social sciences. in linguistics, phonetics, the phonetic system, is second only to the lexicon among the structural units of the language due to its variability. the reason for this is that the development of society and science and technology, the introduction of neologisms, and the laws of the internal development of the language quickly affect the phonetic construction of the language. in fact, as each language has its own characteristics, it can be said that the french language and its phonetics, various aspects of french orthographic norms are very different from other languages. linguistics has a number of branches and departments that study specific levels and units in each language, that is, semasiology studies the meanings of language units, phonetics and phonology examine the sound construction of the language, lexicology and phraseology study the lexical material of the language researches, etc. language develops and changes in the process of speech activity, which, of course, leads to changes in literary norms and the emergence of new pronunciation options. orthopedics is a branch of linguistics that studies the norms of literary pronunciation, meaning a system of rules that ensure the same pronunciation in accordance with the pronunciation norms of a particular national language and their observance. orthoepic norms studies the pronunciation norms of words, morphemes, sentences, as well as accents in them. the biggest problem with the french language is the "spelling and orthography mismatch". some scholars define orthography only as a science of pronunciation and emphasize accent standards in a separate discipline from accentology. speech norms regulate the use and implementation of linguistic tools in all types of communication. lexical, grammatical and stylistic norms are part of the general norms 270 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulating written and oral speech. special norms of written speech consist of spelling norms and punctuation marks. orthoepic norms of phonetics and phonology, which examine the sound structure of the language, including pronunciation, accent and intonation norms, are used only for oral speech. compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation prevents the understanding of the content of the speech. as for the orthoepic norm of the french language, it was created during the long development of the french language. it can be recognized that the national orthoepic norm of the french language has been systematized over several centuries and gradually improved to take the form of a complete, organized system of pronunciation recognized in france for its exemplary pronunciation. russian linguist v. gak was one of the first to propose a systematic description of french spelling. the scientist identifies five principles that allow him to describe the french orthographic system:  phonetic-graphic principle: the basis of french spelling is that most of the signs used in phonetic writing belong to sounds;  morphological principle: any sign that indicates a morphological relationship between one word and another, so this principle also applies to lexical morphology, for example, the letter p in tempo and temporal is the same word which is explained by belonging to the series.  etymological principle: any letter that makes it possible to associate a word with another language in which it comes from. for example, in the word tempo time, e (instead of a), p and s can be attributed to the etymological principle, among other things, because they are derived from the latin tempo.  historical or traditional principle: any graphic character that can be explained by spelling delays in pronunciation. this principle underlies spellings that cannot be explained in the evolution of the french language, rather than in reference to another language. for example, the spelling "oi" is derived from the old french diphthong, ending in [wa].  principle of differentiation: any graphic symbol that allows homophones to be differentiated. at this point, it is possible to say that this description of the french script can be based on several principles that can simultaneously explain the same graphic sign. inspired by the work of v. gak, nina katach introduces the concept of "plurisystem". katach shows that it is possible to describe french orthography in a systematic way while working with several systems at once. nina katach divides graphemes into four categories:  morphograms: graphemes that allow recording endings, verbal inflections, prefixes, suffixes, etc. they correspond to the morphological principle defined by gak.  logograms or "numbers of words": very frequent words, often monosyllabic, which allow to distinguish homophones based on their graphic form and in writing.  phonograms: graphemes that transcribe phonemes, most of them based on the phoneticgraphic principle defined by v. gack in french.  etymological and historical letters: graphemes cannot be explained by synchronic elements of the system, but nevertheless integrated into the language systems of the past. this would be the case with greek or latin letters found in common words such as theater or sculptor. in every historical period, the norm is a complex phenomenon and is created under very difficult conditions. v. i. chernyshev wrote about this: "in the language of any period, there is much that is incomprehensible to its contemporaries: it appeared, but the norm was not established, it was dying, but it did not disappear, it was coming back, it was not established" [4]. 271 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the complexity of french orthography is worth mentioning because it is important to emphasize that the difficulties in processing the written language faced by french writers are related to the need to adopt a metalinguistic perspective in order to find solutions to the morphosyntactic problems related to the morphology of the french language they emphasize. the attitude of french speakers to the standard varies according to their attitude towards society as a whole. using eric landowski's model, sociolinguist clara morthamet identifies four positions in relation to the norm. le snob, who overestimates the norm due to his desire to adhere to it, le dandy norm, who shows distance from the norm, le caméléon, who seeks to fit in without paying attention to the norm, and acceptance of his departure from the norm l'ours that does. the purist attitude is more consistent with the figure of the snob when he observes these different attitudes toward spelling among the students he focuses his work on. unlike the chameleon, who aims to appear normal, the snob is the norm: he wants to acknowledge his possession of the norm, not like everyone else, but to protect his own social worth. this model, which makes sense in various spheres of social life, increases interest in french spelling because of the values associated with it. based on the above considerations, if we comment on the orthoepic norm of the french language, since the actual pronunciation is constantly changing, it is recognized in the linguistic community that it is necessary to reflect the actual pronunciation standard as closely as possible. "the orthoepic norm of the french language does not stand still, it changes over time"[2]. however, "it is worth noting some trends in pronunciation standards that are relevant today, the most common ones being: 1) double-toned vowels: back vowels become more open, resulting in the french patte/pvte, tache/tvche, rat/ pronounces ras, pale/pvle almost the same; 2) in the system of consonants, there is a tendency to pronounce the words million [lj] et milliard [lj] as [mijx], [mijar], the consonant [g] is almost everywhere replaced by the group of consonants [nj]: vignoble, montagnard; 3) voluntary connections and the tendency of e cadus to fall by themselves; 4) the rhythm is characterized by the equality of stressed syllables with a tendency to lengthen when approaching the last syllable"[3]. analyzing the concept of linguistic, especially literary norms, we observed that l.v. shcherba considered stability in it to be the cause of systemic and regulatory changes along with important variability. we agree with the scientist. because, if we comment on the orthoepic norm of the french language, the orthoepic norm of the french language does not stand still, it is constantly changing over time. however, it is necessary to identify and take into account some trends of pronunciation standards that are relevant today. references: 1. jo‘raeva m.m. fransuz va o‘zbek ertaklarida modallik kategoriyasining lingvokognitiv, milliy-madaniy xususiyatlari. monografiya. fanlar akademiyasining «fan» nashriѐti. – toshkent, 2016. – b.200. 2. radjabov, r. (2023). etapы formirovaniya fransuzskoyazыchnoy orfoepii. sentr nauchnыx publikatsiy (buxdu.uz), 30(30). izvlecheno ot https://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/ article/view/9143. 3. кудряшева ф. с. орфоепическая норма французского языка и его кодификатсия // вестник башкирск. ун-та. 2009. №4. урл: ҳттпс://cйберленинка.ру/артиcле/н/орфоепическая-нормафранцузского-язйка-и-эгокодификатсия (дата обращения: 05.06.2020). 4. чернышев в. и. правилност и чистота русской речи / в. и. чернышев. – м. – 1909. – с. 41. 272 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. rajabmurodovich, radjabov ruslan. "fransuz tili orfografiyasiga uyg’onish davri tilshunos olimlari tomonidan kiritilgan o’zgartirishlar to’g’risida." " canada" international conference on developments in education, sciencesand humanities. vol. 9. no. 1. 2023. 6. rajabmurodovich, radjabov ruslan. "orfoepiya va zamonaviy fransuz tilining orfoepik normasi xususida." international scientific conferences with higher educational institutions. vol. 1. no. 05.10. 2023. 7. radjabov, ruslan. "tilshunoslar ahamiyatidagi tinish belgilarining dastlabki sharhlar." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 31.31 (2023). 8. radjabov, ruslan. "fransuz tili orfoepiyasining shakllanish bosqichlari." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 30.30 (2023). 9. radjabov, ruslan. "orfografiya fransuz tili orfografiyasiga oid ilmiy-nazariy qarashlar: orfografiya to'g'risidagi olimlarning nazariy qarashlari." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 27.27 (2023). 10. ruslan, radjabov. "points de vue scientifiques sur les normes orthoépiques françaises." gospodarka i innowacje. 42 (2023): 726-730. 11. ruslan, radjabov. "à propos du terme orthoépie." gospodarka i innowacje. 42 (2023): 731735. 12. radjabov, ruslan. "fransuz tilining orfoepik normalari xususida." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 45.45 (2024). 13. radjabov, ruslan. "fransuz tili imlosidagi ba’zi bir kamchiliklar xususida." молодые ученые 2.1 (2024): 69-71. 14. islomov, dilshod. "tovushlar o ‘zbek tilida tovushlar artikulyatsiyasi." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 45.45 (2024). 15. islomov, dilshod. "le terme phonologie, phonostylistique selon ns trubetskoy." models and methods in modern science 2.14 (2023): 19-22. 389-391 boshlang'ich sinflarda ot so'z turkumini izchillikda o'rgatish metodikasi 389 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 boshlang'ich sinflarda ot so'z turkumini izchillikda o'rgatish metodikasi tursunova zarina ne’matovna osiyo xalqaro universiteti o‘qituvchisi annotatsiya: boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilariga so'z turkumlarini o'rgatish, og'zaki va yozma nutqda ulardan to'g'ri foydalanishni o'rgatish o'quvchilaming ham nutq qobiliyatining ham to'g'ri fikrlash qobiliyatini rivojlantirish uchun xizmat qiladi. shunda o'quvchilar o'z nutqida so'zlami ongli qo'llay oladigan shaxs sifatida namoyon bo'ladi.ushbu maqola so'z turkumlarini boshlang'ich sinf o'qituvchilariga o'rgatish metodikasi haqida. kalit so’zlar: so'z turkumlarini o'rgatishning mohiyati, boshlang'ich sinflarda so'z turkumlarini o'rganish bosqichlari, ot so'z turkumini o'rgatish. ot so‘z turkumini o‘rganishga tayyorlov bosqichi savod o‘rgatish davriga to‘g‘ri keladi. bu bosqichda o‘quvchilar predmetlarni va ularni nomi bo‘lgan so‘zlarni farqlashga o‘rganadilar. so‘zning lekik ma’nosi (har bir so‘z ma’no bildirishi)ga e’tibori oshiriladi, ma’nolarni hisobga olgan holda so‘zlar (qushlar, meva va sabzavotlar va hokazolarni bildirgan otlar)ni gruppalash ko‘nikmasi shakllantiriladi. so‘zlarni leksik ma’nosi asosida gruppalash mashqlari otlarni taqqoslash, o‘xshash tomonlarini aniqlash, abstraklashtirish ko‘nikmasini o‘stiradi. shunga qaramay, gramatik tushunchani shaklantirish uchun o‘quvchilar so‘zning aniq ma’nosini bilmaydilar, so‘zning leksik ma’nosini bilish bilan birgalikda uning grammatik belgilarini ham o‘zlashtirish zarur. boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilariga so'z turkumini o'rgatish boshlang'ich sinf o'qituvchilaridan asosiy mehnat va e'tibor talab qiladigan jarayondir. ona tili darslari ijtimoiy-foydali bo'lishi uchun o'quvchilarda o'z fikrini gram m atik to'g'ri, uslubiy aniq, izchil ifodalash va boshqalar fikrini bera olish ko'nikmasini shakllantirishga qaratilishi lozim. ona tili darslarida nutq o'stirish ko'rsatmasi grammatik materialni o'rgatishda o'quvchilam ing tilimizdagi har bir so'z turkumi yoki so'z qismining rolini bilib olishlariga erishtiradigan metodik usullami qo'llashni talab etadi, ya'ni grammatik nazariya gram m atik to'g'ri va aniq nutq malakalarini shakllantirishga, anglab, tushunib yozish malakalarini o' stirishga amalda tatbiq etish uchun o'rgatiladi. darsda bolalar nutqini o'stirish darsning mazm unida va qo'llanilgan vazifalar turlarida o 'z aksini topadi.ona tili darsi o'quvchilar taffakurini o'stirish ustida ishlash maqsadiga yo'naltirilganligiga qarab baholanadi. bunda muayyan grammatik va imloviy materialni o'rganish jarayonida shu materialni yaxshiroq o'zlashtirishni ta'minlaydigan, aqliy faoliyatni talab qiladigan mashqlami o'tkazish tushuniladi. boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilari so'z turkumlari (ot, sifat, son, olmosh, fe'l) bilan umumiy tanishtirilgandan so'ng har bir leksik-grammatik guruh alohida o'rganiladi. bu so'z 390 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turkumlarini o'rganishning boshlang'ich bosqichidayoq ulami taqqoslashga qulay sharoit yaratadi va shakllantiriladigan grammatik tushunchaning asosiy tomonlarini aniqroq ajratishga imkon beradi.masalan:,,ot" mavzusini o'rganish tizimi maqsadga yo'naltirilgan jarayon bo'lib, bunda shu so'z turkumining umumlashtirilgan ma'nosi va grammatik belgilari aniq izchillikda, bir-biri bilan ilmiy asoslangan bog'liqlikda o'rganiladi, shuningdek, otdan nutqda to' g'ri foydalanish va to'g'ri yozish malakasini shakllantirish maqsadida bajariladigan mashqlar asta murakkablashtira boriladi.til hodisasi sifatida otning xususiyatlari, uni o'rganish vazifalari, o' quvchilaming yosh xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan holda, har bir sinf uchun material hajmi, ulami o'rganish izchilligi belgilangan.. shu bilan birga, ,,ot" mavzusini o'rganishning muayyan bosqichida bajarish lozim bo'lgan bir vazifani hal qilishga ko'proq ahamiyat beriladi. masalan, 1-2-sinflarda so'z turkumi sifatida otning belgilari (nimani bildirishi, so'roqlari) o'rganiladi, 2-sinfda otlarning leksik ma’nosi, atoqli va turdosh otlar haqidagi bilim chuqurlashtiriladi va sistemalashtiriladi bolalar otlarda son bilan tanishtiriladi. otlarning nutqda katta ahamiyatga ega ekanini ko‘rsatish uchun o‘qituvchi o‘qish kitobidan matn shu so‘zlarsiz o‘qishni topshiradi. o‘quvchilar matn otlari tushirib qoldirilib o‘qiganda, matn mazmunini tushunib bo‘lmasligini anglaydilar. xulosa chiqariladi: ot atrofimizni o‘rab olgan predmetlarning nomi, bu so‘zlarsiz bir-birimizga o‘z fikrimizni tushuntira olmaymiz. “ot” tushunchasini shakllantirish uchun shu so‘z turkumiga kiradigan otlarni asosiy leksik gruppalarga ajratish, barcha otlarga xos bo‘lgan belgilarni ko‘rsatish, ularning nutqimizdagi rolini ochish muhim ahamiyatga ega. shu maqsadda mavzuni o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan birinchi darslardayoq predmetlarni bildiradigan so‘zlar sistemaga solinadi. shu so‘zlarning hammasi uchun umumiy bo‘lgan belgilar aniqlanadi. bu so‘zlar predmetlarni bildirib, kim? yoki nima? so‘rog‘iga javob bo‘ladi.3-sinfda esa otga atama beriladi, birlik va ko'plikda qo'llanishini o'zlashtirishga ahamiyat beriladi. 4-sinfda otning egalik qo'shimchalari bilan qo'llanishi, kelishiklar bilan turlanishi va kelishik qo'shimchalarining yozilishini o'rganishga e'tibor qaratiladi. o'quvchilaming nutqi va tafakkurini o'stirish vazifasi esa mavzuni o'rganishning barcha bosqichlarida hal qilinadi. otni o'rganishga tayyorlov bosqichi savod o'rgatish davriga to'g'ri keladi. bu bosqichda o'quvchilar shaxs-narsalami va ulaming nomi bo'lgan so'zlami farqlashga o'rganadilar, so'zning leksik ma'nosiga e'tibor ko'proq qaratiladi, ma'nolarini hisobga olgan holda so'zlar (qushlar, meva va sabzavotlar, kiyimlar va hokazolami bildirgan otlar)ni guruhlash ko'nikmasi shakllantiriladi.keyingi bosqichda otning leksik ma'nolari va grammatik belgilari ustida maxsus ishlanadi (kim?'yoki nima? so'rog'iga javob bo'lishi, shaxs, narsani bildirishi tushuntiriladi). o'quvchilar kim? so'rog'iga javob bo'lgan otlami nima? so'rog'iga javob bo'lgan otlardan farqlashni, ulami so'roq berish bilan ajratishni o'rganadilar, o' quvchilarda mavhum grammatik tafakkur o' sa boradi, ularda atoqli otlami bosh harf bilan yozish ko'nikmasi shakllana boradi.2-sinfda otlaming leksik ma'nosi, atoqli va turdosh otlar (atamasiz) haqidagi bilim chuqurlashtiriladi. 3-sinfda ,,otlar, ya'ni otlaming birlik va ko'plikda qo'llanishi" ustida ishlash jarayonida o'quvchilarda: 1) birlik va ko'plikda qo'llangan otlaming ma'nosi va qo'shimcha orqali farqlash, 2) birlikdagi oldan ko'plik shaklidagi va,aksincha, ko'plikdagi otdan birlik sondagi ot hosil qilish, 3) gapda so'zlaming bog'lanishini hisobga olgan holda, otlardan nutqda to'g'ri foydalana olish ko'nikmalari shakllantiriladi.4-sinfda ot ustida ishlashning asosiy vazifasi fikr bayon qilishda otning kelishik shakllaridan ongli foydalanish va kelishik qo'shimchalarini to'g'ri yozishga o'rgatish hisoblanadi.bu sinfda ot quyidagi izchillikda o'rganiladi: 1) otlarning kelishiklar bilan turlanishi haqida tushuncha berish 2) ko'plikdagi otlaming turlanishini o'rgatish; 3) har bir kelishikning xususiyatlarini alohida o'rganish va u bilan bog'liq holda kelishik qo'shimchalarining yozilishi haqida ko'nikma hosil qilish. 391 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us biror mavzu yoki ma'lumotni o'quvchilarga qanday usulda yetkazib berish bu o'qituvchining pedagogik mahoratidir. o'z ona tilida ravon gairadigan,nutq madaniyatiga amal qiladigan,o'z nutqining sofligini saqlay oladigan yoshlami tarbiyalash har bir pedagogning bosh maqsadi bo'lishi kerak. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. i.ona tili o'qitish metodikasi (boshlang'ich ta 'lim fakulteti talabalari uchun darslik): jk. qosimovaj, s.matchonov, x. g'ulomova,sh. yo'ldosheva, sh. sariyev. t.: «noshir», 2009. 2. a. g'ulomov. ona tili o'qitish prinsiplari va metodlari. t.: "o'qituvchi", 1992. 3. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 4. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 5. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 6. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida boshlang ‘ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o ‘qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 7. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 8. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 9. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 10. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 11. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 12. yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 13. tursunova, z. (2023). using innovative and interactive methods in native language and reading literacy classes. modern science and research, 2(10), 777-779. 14. лукмонова, с. (2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o ‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. 202 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 features of uzbek and english story translations aripova saodat taxirovna alfraganus university, teacher aripova_saodat8822@mail.ru abstract: this study explores the intricate dynamics of translating stories between uzbek and english, with a focus on the interplay between language and culture. the research delves into the linguistic and cultural features that characterize the translation process, aiming to provide insights into the challenges and strategies employed by translators. through a comparative analysis of translated stories, the study examines how linguistic nuances, literary styles, and cultural references are navigated to create a narrative that resonates authentically with both the source and target audiences. the investigation addresses the adaptation of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in the translation, shedding light on the choices made by translators to convey the intended meaning while respecting the linguistic peculiarities of each language. cultural references and contextual elements are scrutinized to assess how translators manage the preservation of historical and social contexts, ensuring a nuanced and culturally sensitive narrative. the study also explores the impact of translation on the reader experience in terms of cultural authenticity and linguistic fluency. it aims to uncover patterns and trends in translation approaches, contributing valuable insights to the field of translation studies. additionally, the research considers educational applications, offering recommendations to enhance translation practices in language and translation courses. by addressing these aspects, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in translating stories between uzbek and english. it emphasizes the role of translated literature in promoting cross-cultural understanding and lays the groundwork for further advancements in translation theory and practice. keywords: translation, language adaptation, linguistic nuances, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, phonetics, morphology, semantics, pragmatics. introduction the translation of literary works, particularly stories, from one language to another is a complex and nuanced process that goes beyond linguistic equivalency. in the case of uzbek and english story translations, the intertwining of linguistic and cultural elements presents a rich tapestry of challenges and opportunities. this introduction provides a glimpse into the features that characterize uzbek and english story translations, emphasizing the intricate dance between language and culture in the realm of literary translation. 1. multifaceted nature of translation: story translations involve more than the mere transference of words from one language to another; they require a delicate balance between linguistic accuracy and cultural resonance. this multifaceted nature of translation is particularly pronounced when moving between languages as distinct as uzbek and english. 2. linguistic features: the linguistic features of story translations span various levels, http://www/ 203 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us encompassing phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. understanding how these elements interact and adapt is crucial for capturing the essence of the original narrative. challenges may arise in reconciling linguistic structures, idiomatic expressions, and the intricate dance of sounds that give a story its unique voice. 3. cultural elements: cultural elements play a pivotal role in the translation of stories, adding layers of meaning and depth to the narrative. idioms, proverbs, historical references, and cultural nuances must be carefully navigated to ensure that the essence of the story is not lost in translation. cultural sensitivity is paramount, as the translated story must resonate with the values, norms, and expectations of the target audience. 4. challenges in translation: the challenges inherent in translating stories from uzbek to english or vice versa are diverse. linguistic disparities pose hurdles in maintaining fluency and authenticity, while cultural gaps require adept navigation to prevent misrepresentations or loss of cultural context. striking a harmonious balance between linguistic fidelity and cultural adaptation is a perpetual challenge faced by translators. 5. strategies employed: translators employ various strategies to overcome linguistic and cultural challenges. these strategies may include careful selection of equivalent expressions, adaptation of idiomatic constructs, and the artful localization of cultural references. the goal is not just to render words in another language but to recreate the immersive experience of the original story in a new cultural and linguistic context. 6. significance of comparative analysis: a comparative analysis of uzbek and english story translations unveils the intricacies of the translation process. by examining linguistic and cultural elements, we gain insights into the choices made by translators, the impact on reader experience, and the dynamic interplay between two distinct linguistic and cultural worlds. as we delve into the features of uzbek and english story translations, this exploration aims to unravel the complexities that lie at the intersection of language and culture, offering a deeper understanding of the art and challenges inherent in literary translation. this research focuses on the translation of fictional narratives, specifically stories, between uzbek and english, exploring the intricate relationship between language and culture in the translation process. the study encompasses the following key components: literary genres: the research is limited to the translation of stories, including short stories and longer narrative forms, within the realms of fiction. novels, novellas, and folktales may also be considered within the broader category of stories. languages: the primary languages under examination are uzbek and english. the study aims to investigate the challenges and strategies associated with translating stories between these two distinct language systems. cultural contexts: the cultural contexts considered in the study are those embedded in the stories themselves. this includes exploration of cultural references, historical contexts, social norms, and other cultural elements that may be present in the source texts. time frame: the study considers translations produced within a specific time frame, acknowledging that language and cultural dynamics can evolve. the focus is on translations available up to the knowledge cutoff date in january 2022. comparative analysis: the research involves a comparative analysis of translated stories in uzbek and english, seeking to identify patterns and trends in translation approaches. the aim is to understand how linguistic and cultural features are negotiated during the translation process. reader experience: the study explores the impact of translation on the reader experience, concentrating on how cultural authenticity and linguistic fluency contribute to the overall reception of http://www/ 204 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us translated stories in both languages. educational applications: the findings of the study may be applied in educational settings, particularly in language and translation courses. recommendations for enhancing translation practices and addressing linguistic and cultural challenges are considered within the scope of the research. theoretical contributions: the study aims to contribute to the theoretical framework of translation studies, offering insights into the complexities involved in translating stories between uzbek and english. it seeks to enrich existing translation theories with practical observations from the selected linguistic and cultural context. intercultural dialogue: the research explores the role of translated stories in fostering intercultural dialogue between uzbek and english-speaking communities. it examines how the translation process contributes to mutual understanding and appreciation. limitations: the study acknowledges potential limitations, such as the subjectivity of literary analysis and the dynamic nature of language. additionally, constraints in accessing all relevant translations and cultural nuances may impact the comprehensiveness of the findings. by delimiting the scope of the study, the research aims to provide a focused and in-depth exploration of the features of uzbek and english story translations in terms of language and culture. linguistic characteristics of translation phonetics and phonology: phonetic variations: translators must consider the distinct phonetic inventories of languages, adapting sounds to maintain pronunciation accuracy. intonation and stress patterns: replicating the natural intonation and stress patterns is crucial for conveying meaning and emotion in spoken language. pitch and tone: attention to pitch variations is essential, especially in tonal languages, to accurately represent the intended meanings. transcription systems: adapting phonetic transcriptions may be necessary, considering variations in transcription systems between languages. morphology and syntax: word formation: translators need to capture the nuances of word formation processes, including affixation, compounding, and derivations. grammatical gender and number: maintaining agreement in gender and number is crucial for syntactic coherence in translated texts. verb conjugation and tense: accurate representation of verb forms and tense distinctions is essential to convey temporal relationships. case systems: proper handling of grammatical cases preserves the syntactic and semantic roles of nouns and pronouns in sentences. syntactic structures: understanding and reproducing sentence structures and word order contribute to grammatical correctness in translations. function words and particles: translators must identify and translate function words and particles to preserve syntactic relationships. semantics and pragmatics: word meaning and sense: translators navigate variations in word meanings, considering both denotative and connotative aspects. cultural semantics: awareness of cultural nuances and semantics ensures accurate representation of contextual meaning. preservation of ambiguity: translators may need to decide whether to preserve or resolve ambiguities present in the source text. pragmatic conventions: understanding and replicating pragmatic conventions, such as politeness strategies, contribute to effective communication. speech acts: accurately conveying speech acts, including requests, promises, and commands, is http://www/ 205 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us crucial for maintaining pragmatic intent. interplay between linguistic levels: integration of levels: translators must navigate the interplay between phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics to ensure a holistic and accurate translation. cohesive textual flow: balancing linguistic characteristics across levels contributes to a cohesive and natural flow in the translated text. in summary, the linguistic characteristics of translation span multiple levels, and translators must adeptly navigate the intricacies of phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics to produce accurate and culturally sensitive translations. the interdependence of these linguistic elements requires a comprehensive understanding to capture the richness and nuances of the source text in the target language. cultural characteristics of translation cultural context and equivalence:  cultural nuances: translators must be attuned to cultural nuances embedded in the source text and ensure these nuances are preserved or adapted in the target language.  equivalence: striving for cultural equivalence involves finding linguistic and contextual matches that convey the same meaning and impact in the target culture. idioms and proverbs:  idiomatic expressions: translators face the challenge of rendering idiomatic expressions in a way that maintains the intended meaning while fitting the cultural context of the target language.  proverbial wisdom: equitable representation of cultural wisdom embedded in proverbs requires familiarity with equivalent expressions in the target culture. taboos and taboo words:  cultural sensitivity: translators must navigate cultural sensitivities, avoiding the use of words or expressions that might be considered taboo in the target culture.  euphemisms: substituting taboo words with culturally appropriate euphemisms helps maintain the tone and respect cultural norms. cultural references and adaptation:  historical and pop culture references: adapting historical and pop culture references ensures accessibility and relevance to the target audience.  cultural adaptation: translators may need to adapt certain cultural elements, such as names, holidays, or traditions, to align with the cultural context of the target language.  contextual understanding: a deep understanding of the cultural context allows for nuanced adaptation, preventing misinterpretations or cultural insensitivity. tone and style:  cultural appropriateness: adapting the tone and style of the text to be culturally appropriate ensures that the translated work resonates with the target audience.  formality levels: understanding cultural norms regarding formality levels in language use is essential for maintaining appropriate register and politeness. humor and wit:  cultural humor: adapting humor requires an understanding of cultural references, wordplay, and comedic conventions to ensure that jokes and wit retain their intended impact.  cultural sensibilities: considering cultural sensitivities helps avoid misinterpretations or unintentional offense in humorous content. cultural specificity: http://www/ 206 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  cultural specific details: translators should retain or appropriately replace culturally specific details to ensure that the target audience can fully grasp the intended message.  localization: going beyond literal translation, localization involves tailoring content to the specific cultural norms, preferences, and expectations of the target audience. cultural influences on language structure:  influence on syntax and grammar: cultural factors may impact language structures, requiring translators to adapt sentence constructions and grammatical forms to align with the cultural norms of the target language. cultural identity and representation:  preservation of cultural identity: striking a balance between maintaining the cultural identity of the source text and ensuring its relevance to the target audience is a key consideration.  representation: accurate representation of cultural diversity within the source text requires careful consideration to avoid stereotypes or misrepresentations. in summary, cultural characteristics significantly impact the translation process, necessitating a nuanced understanding of cultural context, adaptation strategies, and sensitivity to cultural norms. translators play a pivotal role in bridging cultural gaps and ensuring that the translated text resonates authentically with the target audience. comparative analysis of english and uzbek translations a comprehensive comparative analysis of english and uzbek translations involves examining various aspects to assess how the translation process has impacted the linguistic and cultural dimensions of the original text. below are key areas for consideration in such an analysis: 1. linguistic elements: a. phonetics and phonology: assess how sounds, intonation, and stress patterns are adapted or retained in the translations. b. morphology and syntax: analyze how word forms, sentence structures, and grammatical features are translated. c. semantics and pragmatics: evaluate how word meanings, sense, and contextual nuances are conveyed in the translations. 2. cultural elements: a. cultural equivalence: determine how well the translations capture the cultural nuances present in the source text. b. cultural specifics: examine how culturally specific details, such as names, locations, and customs, are handled in the translations. c. idioms and proverbs: analyze the treatment of idiomatic expressions and proverbs in both languages. d. taboos and sensitivities: evaluate how the translations address taboos and culturally sensitive topics. e. historical and pop culture references: examine how historical and pop culture references are adapted in the translations. f. cultural identity: analyze how the translations represent and preserve the cultural identity embedded in the source text. g. localization strategies: evaluate the extent of localization in the translations, considering cultural norms and expectations. h. adaptation of humor and wit: examine how humor and wit, which often rely on cultural references, are translated. i. preservation of cultural diversity: assess whether the translations accurately preserve and http://www/ 207 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us represent cultural diversity present in the source text. j. cultural sensitivity in taboos and taboo words: evaluate how the translations handle taboos and taboo words, considering the cultural sensitivities of the target audience. k. tone and style in cultural context: analyze how the tone and style of the source text are adapted to fit the cultural context of the target audience. 3. challenges and strategies: a. linguistic differences: identify challenges arising from divergent linguistic structures and strategies employed to address them. b. cultural nuances: discuss challenges related to adapting cultural nuances and strategies for maintaining cultural integrity. c. idiomatic expressions: highlight challenges in translating idiomatic expressions and strategies for preserving intended meanings. d. taboos and sensitivities: discuss challenges related to taboos and sensitivities, along with strategies for handling them. e. historical and pop culture references: analyze challenges associated with historical and pop culture references and strategies for adaptation. f. tone and style: discuss challenges in maintaining tone and style and strategies for aligning them with cultural norms. g. cultural identity and representation: identify challenges related to cultural identity representation and strategies for achieving authentic representation. h. localization: discuss challenges and strategies in balancing cultural authenticity with effective localization. i. translating humor and wit: analyze challenges in translating humor and wit and strategies for retaining comedic impact. j. preservation of cultural equivalence: discuss challenges and strategies for achieving cultural equivalence while considering linguistic and cultural differences. a thorough comparative analysis in these areas will provide insights into the effectiveness of the translations in conveying the linguistic and cultural nuances of the source text to the target audience. conclusion in the realm of uzbek and english story translations, the intricate interplay between language and culture adds layers of complexity and richness to the process. the journey from one cultural and linguistic landscape to another is not merely a linguistic transaction; it is an artful dance that requires translators to navigate diverse linguistic structures and cultural nuances. this conclusion encapsulates the key features observed in the translation of stories between uzbek and english, underscoring the significance of linguistic and cultural considerations. in conclusion, the features of uzbek and english story translations highlight the dynamic interplay between language and culture. through the lens of translation, stories transcend borders, inviting readers into worlds shaped by diverse linguistic expressions and cultural nuances. the journey of translation is a continual exploration, inviting scholars, translators, and enthusiasts alike to unravel the intricacies that make each story a cross-cultural masterpiece. 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(1983) the role of intonation as a cue to turn-taking in conversation. journal of phonetics 11pp. 243-257. 2. roberts, craige. (1996) information structure in discourse: towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics. in jae-hak yoon and andreas kathol(eds.) papers in semantics.the ohio state university working papers in linguistics, no. 49. pp. 91-136. http://www/ 208 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. stephens, jane, and geoffrey beattie. (1986) on judging the ends of speaker turns in conversation. journal of language and social psychology. 5pp. 119-134. 4. cutler, anne, and mark pearson. (1986) on the analysis of prosodic turn-taking cues.in catherine johns-lewis (ed.) intonation in discourse. croom helm: london. grosz, barbara, and julia hirschberg. 5. aripova saodat tohirovna, enhancing independent learning strategies in teaching english through case studies, 2023/11/24. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=w8fodsaaaaj&citation_for_view=w8fod-saaaaj:u-x6o8ysg0sc 6. saodat taxirovna aripova, ingliz tili darslarida talabalarning ijodiy mustaqilligini shakllantirish, 2023/9/30. educational research in universal sciences. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=w8fodsaaaaj&citation_for_view=w8fod-saaaaj:u5hhmvd_uo8c 7. aripova saodat taxirovna, collaborative learning: focusing on techniques that promote teamwork and shared knowledge among students, so ‘ngi ilmiy tadqiqotlar nazariyasi, 2024/1/13. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=w8fodsaaaaj&citation_for_view=w8fod-saaaaj:9yksn-gcb0ic 8. saodat aripova, linguistic and cultural characteristics of the translation of stories in english and uzbek languages, modern science and research, 2024/1/8. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=w8fodsaaaaj&citation_for_view=w8fod-saaaaj:d1gkvwhdpl0c 9. aripova saodat taxirovna, lingua-cultural aspects of the translation of english and uzbek stories, current issues of bio economics and digitalization in the sustainable development of regions (germany), 2023/12/31. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=w8fodsaaaaj&citation_for_view=w8fod-saaaaj:qjmakfhdy7sc 10. aripova saodat taxirovna, linguistic and cultural characteristics in the translation of stories between english and uzbek languages: a comprehensive analysis, 2023/2/c12. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=w8fodsaaaaj&citation_for_view=w8fod-saaaaj:2osognq5qmec http://www/ 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 norway state financial control features sholdarov d. a associate professor of tashkent financial institute navruzova guzal olimjon qizi master of tashkent financial institute abstract: norway state structure and budget relationship his state budget under control place and shape about written. from him except state financial control and audit features about information given. keywords: norway state structure , budget relationship , state financial control and state audit. state structure _ a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. the head of state is the king, who formally has wide powers, but in reality only performs representative and constitutional functions. law issuer body two chambered parliament storting ( lagting — high ward , odelsting — lower chamber ), as well as 6 members of the parliament consists of « storting presidency council ". big rights saamingga saami is supreme to the body given of financial control in norway, not only the financial commissions that create the profile of the parliament, but also other commissions in the norwegian storting, such as the supervisory and constitutional commission, play an important role. an effective means of financial parliamentary control in norway is the parliamentary supervisors and auditors . an important part of financial control in norway is the approval of loans to the government through special commissions of the parliament and monitoring of their execution. in norway, the supervisory and constitutional commission of the storting plays the biggest role in the implementation of financial control , it is also given other control powers. part of the supervisory functions of the storting has been transferred to an external supervisory body the norwegian auditor general, which is subordinate to the parliament and reports on its work in the form of a report. as for the supervisory powers of the norwegian parliament's standing finance committee , according to article 12 of the storting rules, they come to decide on the country's economic policy, monetary policy, taxes and levies on the state budget. as mentioned above, the norwegian parliament has another important tool for financial control. about it parliamentary auditors (auditors). parliamentary auditors act in accordance with the instructions of the parliament, they are subordinate to it and provide information necessary for direct parliamentary control over public revenues and expenditures. norwegian auditors are responsible for the financial statements of all organizations supported by the state budget. 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us about 500 permanent employees work in the apparatus of the accounts chamber. headquartered in oslo, approximately 90 people work in regional offices outside the capital. the supreme body of the chamber of accounts is the council consisting of five chief auditors appointed by the storting for a four-year term. one of the five members of the storting council is elected by the auditor general, who is responsible for day-to-day management as well as financial, personnel and professional matters. auditors-general are selected based on their political affiliation, and the composition of the council reflects the parliamentary composition of the storting. persons holding the position of auditor general may not participate in political activities or interfere in the process of making political decisions. thus, members of parliament cannot be elected as auditors. the task of the auditors-general is to conduct an annual audit of state accounting and publish the results of such an audit in the press. the information on the accounts is given to the auditors 6 months before the end of the year in which the storting makes the funds. they also provide instructions on the procedure for approving public accounts of public officials. auditors are responsible for monitoring the correct and legal use of public funds. if a private person or organization receives financial support from the state, the parliamentary auditor extends its activities to them as well. this is clearly stated in article 17 of the financial regulations of the storting. in addition to regular audit reports, there are also an average of eight performance reviews per year. audit topics are usually chosen by the auditor general's office, rarely by parliament. halfyearly reports drawn up in the bodies of the ministries are sent to the auditor general. the auditor general sends them to parliament without any comment from the office. norwegian court of auditors is to promote the rational use of resources and efficient management. through audits, monitoring and recommendations, the court of auditors helps to ensure that public revenues are collected according to plan and that public funds and assets are managed financially efficiently and in accordance with the storting's decisions and objectives. the control and audit tasks assigned to the accounts chamber can be divided into three categories: financial control, control of corporate activities and performance audit. financial control the norwegian court of audit is responsible for auditing the financial statements of the central government and all accounts submitted by central government bodies and other bodies that must report to the central government. the object of financial control of the accounts chamber is 400 accounts that are checked for correct reflection of financial activity; when necessary: * make sure that there are no serious errors and other deficiencies in the invoices; * verifying that transactions and appropriation decisions based on calculations ("use of funds") are in accordance with the storting's decisions and objectives and relevant regulations, and that such use of funds is acceptable in terms of norms. and established standards for managing the financial activities of the central government. after the audit is completed, the accounts chamber sends a final report on the results to all audited organizations and their subordinate ministries. a report on the results of the audit will be sent to the storting in a separate document next autumn after this financial year. corporate control the norwegian court of auditors examines how effectively the management of public shares of companies is carried out and concludes whether the actions of the ministry as administrator of public shares are in line with the decisions and objectives of the storting. control of corporate activities is based on the assessment of the importance and risk associated with the activities of each individual company. risk assessment, in particular, is related to the ministry's exercise of its powers to implement relevant parliamentary decisions regarding the field of activity, 105 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us corporate structure, company management, its functional status, as well as all comments of the company's auditors. at present, there are 34 full liability limited companies, 37 partial limited liability companies, 6 state enterprises, 5 regional health care institutions, 6 special institutions based on the charter, 26 student social protection organizations. there is. the audit report is sent to the storting as a separate document, but from the 2004 reporting year, such audit results are included in the annual financial audit report. performance audit provides the storting with relevant information on the implementation and effectiveness of the measures taken by the government by systematically reviewing the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the systems based on the decisions and objectives of the storting , including: the norwegian court of auditors consists of seven departments, each of which performs administrative support functions. in order to improve the quality and effectiveness of control and audit activities, the norwegian chamber of accounts considered it necessary to specialize audit tasks. this means that four departments are responsible for financial control and two departments are responsible for performance control. the first department responsible for performance audit was established in 1996. in 2002, it was decided to expand the specialization, as a result of which the second department of efficiency audit appeared. at the same time, special departments were established for the development and quality control of financial activity, corporate activity and performance audit verification methods. the norwegian court of audit provides the storting with relevant information on the implementation and effectiveness of the measures taken by the government by systematically reviewing the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the systems based on the decisions and objectives of the storting, including: a) whether public institutions use resources to fulfill their tasks in accordance with the decisions and goals of the storting; b) how efficiently the resources and tools are used to fulfill the tasks set by the storting in this area; c) whether the rules established by the storting are followed; d) how economically and efficiently state bodies use management tools, instruments and rules in the implementation of the decisions and goals of the storting; e) whether the information provided by the government to the storting is sufficient for decisionmaking; implements the environmental protection policy approved by the government in order to comply with the principles of sustainable development and effective management of natural resources . all performance evaluations are based on criteria related to importance and risk. in each individual sector, a performance review is carried out in areas where there is a high risk and a high probability of non-compliance with the storting's decisions and objectives. when the performance review is completed, a separate report is prepared and submitted to the storting. references. 1. oecd journal of budgeting. 2. budgeting in norway by barry anderson, teresa curristine and olaf merk 3. top-down budgeting as a tool for central resource management by john m. kim and chung-keun park . 4. assessing fiscal risks through long-term budget projections by pål ulla 5. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/id4/ 6. www.norvegianfinance.no https://www.regjeringen.no/en/id4/ http://www.norvegianfinance.no/ 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e):2993-2157 applying predictive analytics to optimize government operations and improve public service delivery in the united states md shahdat hossain, md whahidur rahman, md shahadat hossain, mohammad ali college of graduate and professional studies, trine university abstract: the united states governmental agencies are turning to the use of data-driven strategies to improve operational efficiency and increase the delivery of public services. this study deploys predictive analytics to the nyc 311 customer service requests dataset, which is a high volume of administrative data regarding the citizen-reported non-urgent problems to determine how sophisticated analytical methods could streamline government work. the dataset provides detailed data of type, agency, venue, and time specific service measures, which can be used to perform a detailed evaluation of the dynamics of service demand processes and agency responsiveness. the research will create a new performance measure, request_closing_time, to identify the speed and performance efficiency of their services by carrying out extensive data preprocessing, temporal transformation, and feature engineering.this study uses forecasting tools, such as arima and lstm, to forecast the volumes of service requests so that governmental agencies can predict the changes in workloads and resource allocation effectively. service delays and the factors that have the most significant impact on response times are predicted using machine learning algorithms, including random forest, svm, and the xgboost. statistical tests also determine that the response time among complaints of different types and the correlations between different types of complaints and geographical locations are significantly different. the findings indicate evident time trends, high agency performance deviation, and high spatial response of the citizen service needs. this study has revealed the benefits of predictive analytics in facilitating proactive decision-making, backlog reduction, and responsiveness of services in urban governments. the lessons also offer a viable roadmap to the incorporation of data-driven projections, categorizing, and statistical evaluation into the work of the u.s. government. finally, this study emphasizes that predictive analytics may offer a significant change in the way more efficient, transparent, and citizen-centered government services are designed. keywords: predictive analytics, public service delivery, government process optimization, machine learning within the public administration and response time analysis of services. i. introduction a. background the governmental organizations within the united states are responsible for a broad spectrum of operational duties, in which they are involved in the issues of community safety and sanitation, transportation, housing, and community needs. due to the increasing complexity of government services and the growth of urban population, old reactive models of dealing with demand for public services are no longer adequate [1]. the modern citizen is a demanding client that wants to have quicker, more open and efficient government services, which puts under pressure the government institutions to implement modern strategies based on data. predictive analytics has 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us become one of the most efficient tools that can change the way things are done in the government by allowing agencies to foresee the problem even before it explodes, recognize trends of service bottlenecks recurring, and the allocation of resources [2]. compared to descriptive analytics that is only used to summarize historical trends, predictive analytics involves statistical modeling and machine learning to predict the future and give actionable inferences to improve operations. the urban service systems, especially 311 non-emergency reporting systems result in huge volumes of administrative information that capture real-time issues of concern by the citizens [3]. the nyc 311 customer service requests data is among the most extensive and vastly researched datasets in the area of the united states of america that offers a rare and exclusive perspective on how predictive analytics may improve the functioning of a government. it logs millions of service requests each year, including the type of complaints, time, agency response, place, and results. through this dataset, the researchers will be able to determine the speed of response of the governmental agencies to the requests and the most common types of problems as well as the factors that affect delays or inefficiencies [4]. this history identifies the necessity of government modernization which implies predictive modelling, so that the transformation of the system of providing public services to the proactive, citizenfocused system, enhances satisfaction, fairness, and transparency of operations. b. significance of predictive analytics in public service delivery predictive analytics is an important tool in reinventing the delivery of public services by providing evidence-based propositions that enable government agencies to leave the traditional approach of reactive services. some of the problems encountered by the system of public services in america include unpredictable demand, insufficient number of available staff, inadequate response time, and the ever increasing accountability demands. predictive analytics helps agencies to predict the moments when they can expect the most service requests, and those when new trends of citizen complaints emerge, and resources are managed better [5]. agencies will facilitate faster reduction of backlog, response time and quality of service delivery by foreseeing the needs such as services before they are needed and minimizing them. the urban environment has high complexity in service demands because of the varying socioeconomic factors and high population density in the neighborhood. predictive modeling enables those involved in government to determine the communities that are getting more delays in the services and those that need urgent actions taken and the kind of interventions that would be most appropriate. e.g., the forecasting models could indicate seasonal or geographic trends in the noise complaints, sanitation issues or illegal parking, and allow the agencies to optimize the patrols, staffing schedules and workflow allocations [6]. predictive analytics will assist in providing more equitable services by showing inequalities between neighborhoods and assist policymakers in prioritizing underserved regions. the other important value is in enhancing accountability and transparency. predictive models can give quantifiable performance measures by which agencies can measure their efficiency and determine internal areas of weakness in operations. this encourages factual governance and development of trust among the citizens. predictive analytics promotes inter-agency coordination by generating dependencies between the service requests and response behaviors. predictive analytics is not only significant as a tool of predicting and forecasting but also transforms governmental operations, makes them more satisfying to citizens, less wasteful, and preconditions the development of a modern, efficient, and equal public service ecosystem. c. overview of the case study of nyc 311 the customer service requests system of nyc 311 serves as a perfect example of how future analytics should be implemented to improve the work of the government and the delivery of services to the population. having been founded to provide the residents with easy access to nonemergencies governmental services, nyc 311 receives many millions of complaints, inquiries, and requests of services annually [7]. the dataset is extensive, and it encompasses the following: illegal parking, noise disturbance, sanitation, infrastructure flaws, and environmental risks. each request is registered with certain specifics like the type of complaint, the agency, which has to 172 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us handle it, geographic position, the creation time, and closure time, and the description of the issue. this is the reason why the nyc 311 data is among the most abundant public-service datasets in the united states. the government responsiveness, operational efficiency, and service demand behavior patterns could be studied by researchers on the basis of the nyc 311 case study as it provides an opportunity to consider them at the large scale [8]. the dataset is representative of a wide range of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental circumstances since all the boroughs have been considered in new york city. this variation promotes the generalizability of results in other u.s. cities that have service structures similar to those [9]. the data contains accurate time-related indicators, and this is appropriate in time-series projection, trend, and seasonal pattern identification. there are also possibilities to examine inter-agency performance based on the data since several of the departments (the nypd, department of sanitation, and department of buildings) are involved in response to various types of requests. the study can accentuate the operational bottlenecks and inefficiencies by examining the difference in response time among agencies, the type of complaints and place being served. thus, nyc 311 is both a storage of the public-service events and an operational, real-life system where the predictive analytics might prove to be revealing insights that can be used in better resource planning, quicker response actions, and more efficient service delivery strategies of the government organization. d. problem statement the existence of a large administrative data does not guarantee that many u.s. government agencies can turn this data into a strategy that will enhance efficiency and citizen satisfaction. the nyc 311 system has been getting millions of service requests per year, but the response time, effectiveness of the agencies, and availability of services vary widely between neighborhoods. such inconsistencies indicate areas of operation that hinder quality of service provision [10]. furthermore, government departments do not always have forecasting applications that can predict the level of demand in the services, detect new trends of complaints, and manage the allocation of resources. consequently, there is a low level of service response that is proactive instead of reactive. the main issue of the research is how predictive analytics can be used on the nyc 311 data to better government operations and further improve the outcomes of the delivery of the services to the citizens. e. objective of the study the objectives of the studies are below: ➢ to examine time, spatial and categorical trends in service requests of nyc 311. ➢ to use the predictive time-series modeling to predict the volume of complaints. ➢ to forecast the response time of the service through machine learning. ➢ to explore differences in performance in different types of complaints and places. ➢ to determine important contributors towards delays in the response of the public service. ➢ to prescribe evidence-based plans to streamline the delivery of u.s government services. f. research questions this study examines the predictive analytics that can be used to identify patterns and optimize operations, to increase government responsiveness based on nyc 311 service data. following the research questions that guides to this study: 1. how will predictive analytics help detect the trends and inefficiencies in nyc 311 service requests? 2. what predictive models are the best predictors of service demand and response times? 3. what is the impact of complaint type and location on the differences in government service performance? 173 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us g. significance of the study this study is important in that it will show how predictive analytics will change the manner in which people receive public services and how government functions in the usa. through a study of one of the largest and most comprehensive datasets on the topic, including nyc 311, this study will give evidence of how data-driven models can enhance responsiveness, transparency, and operational planning in governmental institutions [11]. the results can enable the agencies to change the reactive approach of managing the services to an active approach where services anticipate the needs of the citizens and use the resources effectively. the predictive models created as a part of this research would help the departments in the government predict the demand of the services, the peak hours of action and prepare the staff and resources respectively. also, the predictors of response time can be used to indicate specific delays that are persistent in nature and therefore specific interventions can be made to minimize the inefficiencies. another contribution that the study makes to the equity in service delivery is that the study identifies the geographic disparities and assists policy makers to prioritize the underserved populations [12]. in addition to short term operational gains, the study enables the long term strategic planning in terms of providing replicable analytical frameworks that can be incorporated in other cities across the united states. as more and more governments are adopting the digital transformation, the relevance of this research is that it offers a realistic roadmap on how predictive analytics can be implemented into the daily operations of the governmental administration and eventually translates to better satisfaction among citizens and increased trust in government services. ii. literature review a. conceptual understanding of predictive analytics in public administration predictive analytics is a technique of using data in order to predict upcoming events or trends based on historical data, statistical modeling, and machine learning algorithms [13]. predictive analytics has become a critical instrument in the context of public administration to assist the process of evidence-based decision-making and enhance service delivery. the daily government dealings produce a lot of administrative information by way of routine interactions with citizens such as service requests, complaints, census data, and operational statistics. predictive analytics makes use of this by turning this information into actionable information that aids policy makers and service agencies to plan [14]. predictive analytics is a concept based on the idea of finding a pattern in historical events that can predict their occurrence in the future so that governments will start to respond actively to the environment instead of being reactive to it. predictive analytics are used in public administration in the fields of resource allocation, workload prediction, fraud detection, infrastructure maintenance, and optimization of emergency response and maximization of citizen satisfaction [15]. these applications are based on an ensemble of statistical approaches, machine learning models and temporal forecasting approaches that have the potential to process large amounts of structured and unstructured information. in conceptual terms, predictive analytics also enforces operational transparency in that it can offer measurable performance indicators which the agencies can track over time [16]. predictive analytics can be used in the city to direct governments in determining the most urgent problems to address and allocate resources where they are most in demand. predictive analytics establishes a rational method of service inefficiencies by measuring the relationship between the response times of the services, workload changes, geographic trends, and other service variables [17]. this theoretical basis makes predictive analytics a revolutionary solution in cases where governments are trying to modernize its operations, minimize delays, and offer more fair services. the concept of predictive analytics is growing in importance as a key to operational excellence in government systems as the volume and complexity of the public-sector data is growing. b. public service delivery systems in the u.s. government operations the united states has a broad list of functions covered by public service delivery systems; these are public safety, sanitation, housing, transportation, environmental management and community 174 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us engagement [18]. these systems will be sensitive in responding to the needs of the citizens in a timely and efficient manner to ensure that the agencies at local, state, and federal levels accomplish their administrative obligations. nevertheless, the u.s. public service systems frequently face problems like the rise of service volume, the use of old operating procedures, the level of work imbalance, and unequal allocation of resources between geographical area divisions. due to the increase in population in cities and the demand to have efficient service delivery, the traditional service management strategies will no longer be adequate [19]. this has emphasized that there is a need to have more technologically higher solutions that can help in real time monitoring, intelligent routing and performance forecasting. the operation of the delivery of the public service depends greatly on the coordination of the different governmental agencies that deal with different types of service requests [20]. application systems such as 311 systems have been established to consolidate the non-emergency citizen issues, and it provides a formal communication line between people and government departments. such systems produce massive and varied datasets, which can give information about the priorities of citizens, their common community problems, and the performance of the agencies. under this system, the provision of public services is measured using response time, accuracy in resolving cases, ability to handle workload and satisfaction by the citizens [21]. delays in responding to the services and neighborhood discrepancies are typical issues. implementing predictive analytics within the systems of the public services will enable governments to anticipate the increase in demand and allocate the resources on time and decrease the backlog of the services. the study of historical trends will enable agencies to anticipate the type of complaint to include, the area that may see a rise in complaints and how to distribute the resources such as staff and equipment. within a wider view of the u.s. government operations, predictive analytics can help modernize the system of providing public services by facilitating strategic planning, enhancing accountability and equitable access to the necessary services. in this regard, the introduction of the predictive approach into the system of public services is necessary to solve the increased complexity of the functioning of the contemporary government. c. data-driven governance and the expansion of administrative data the ability to govern with the help of data has become a characteristic attribute of the contemporary public administration that is facilitated by the active growth of the administrative data that is gathered by means of digital government. the fact that administrative datasets have records of services offered, records of complaints, operational performance parameters, and geospatial data makes these data sets an abundant source of information about the functioning of government agencies and how citizens engage with the public services [22]. such data has promoted the transition to a non-intuitive decision-making strategy to analytics-focused strategies, which are based on empirical evidence. this has been enhanced by the investments in the digital infrastructure, open data portals and smart city programs throughout the united states. data-driven governance helps the agencies to measure performance measures more closely, uncover inefficiencies and add accountability. as an illustration, a supervisor can observe status of service requests in real-time, identify emerging bottlenecks as well as assess whether tasks are being accomplished within anticipated schedules using real-time dashboards. historical data can be used in more in-depth analysis, including finding out long-term tendencies or revealing spatial inequities of service availability [23]. administrative data expansion also facilitates transparency as the performance information can be accessed by people and enhances confidence in the government operations. with increasing amount of administrative data comes the challenges to include quality of data, integration, missing values and inconsistencies between agency reporting systems. these problems may impact the quality of analysis and reduce the predictive model accuracy. the possible advantages of data-driven governance still are significant despite these difficulties. administrative data can provide insights on the opportunities to improve the operations and allocate its resources more efficiently, with appropriate data preprocessing, standardized protocols, and powerful analytical tools. moreover, when based on predictive analytics and administrative data, governments will be able to predict future demands of services and more accurately estimate the effects of policies. in general, the use of data to govern 175 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us increases the capacity to make decisions and promotes the creation of more responsive and accountable public service systems. d. predictive models and techniques (300 words) in government service optimization. predictive modeling is now an essential part of the optimization of government service that can provide the means to make the service more efficient, accurate, and long-term [22]. different machine learning models and statistical models are used to process historical service data and produce predictions or classification, which are used in operational decision-making. time-series forecasting models, like arima and exponential smoothing, are a rather popular method of predicting the number of requests that the service will receive, so the agencies can prepare for the workload changes [24]. these models recognize seasonality, trends, and regular patterns of the historical data and therefore give an understanding of times of high demand. machine learning algorithms also enhance predictive aptitudes by embedding multifaceted and non-linear connections within big datasets. random forest, xgboost, support vector machines, and gradient boosting are examples of algorithms that are used commonly in classification and regression. the models may be used in government activities to predict response times, find high-risk service requests, detect inefficiency, and category types of complaints based on various input variables. also, the clustering methods, such as k-means and hierarchical clustering, help to find groups of neighborhoods with similar service demands to facilitate a selective distribution of resources. interpretability in predictive modeling in government settings also requires the feature of predictive modeling to focus on justification of decisions that impact on services delivered to people. the ranking of feature importance’s, decision trees, and interpretable regression models are techniques that enable the analysts to describe the critical components of delayed responses or heavy service demand [25]. the other key constituent is that of spatial modeling, which entails the integration of geographic information systems (gis) with predictive analytics to determine the spatial trends of service delivery. predictive models can be used to give correct insights that can be used by the agencies to minimize delays in operations and staffing, and be proactive to the needs of the citizens that are done correctly. the combination of several modeling methods can help governments to develop strong frameworks that would promote strategic planning and boost the overall service delivery. e. insights from urban service systems: the role of 311 data the city service systems in large cities in the united states depend much on 311 systems to gather, sort and direct non-emergency service requests by the residents. these are the main communicative hubs between citizens and the government agencies, which involve noises, sanitation, broken infrastructures, environmental risks, and car parking. new york city being one of the largest and busiest systems, its 311 platform produces millions of service records annually, which is informative on how the city of new york operates in the delivery of its public services [25].the information of 311 captures the exact data of the type of a complaint, exact geographic location and time stamps, agencies involved and resolution. such granularity allows the full analysis of the patterns of service demand, the priorities of citizens, and the responsiveness of the government. researchers analyze the spatial variation in access to the services using the 311 data, comparing the amount of complaints received in different boroughs, neighborhoods, and zip codes. the temporal analyses determine daily, weekly, and seasonal changes to assist the agencies in scheduling staff to the peak demand levels [26].response-time calculations also help in understanding how the company performs in operations. the difference in response times may indicate the inefficiency, lack of resources, or the systemic delay in some types of complaints or even regions. these lessons can assist agencies in setting priorities on high-impact issues, allocation of resources and targeted policy interventions [27]. the predictive modeling activities are backed with the help of machine learning and statistical analysis of 311 data. the ability to predict a future number of complaints makes it possible to plan in advance and classifying models allows determining what kinds of complaints can be addressed urgently. these applications make 311 data a critical tool to optimize urban services, and it provides a flexible and reconfigurable structure to be used by other cities [28]. on the whole, 311 datasets 176 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us present deep, real-time data on the relationship between citizens and governments, and this data is an essential part of contemporary urban management and the enhancement of the provision of the population. f. gaps in modern public service analytics research despite the importance that predictive analytics has acquired in managing the public sector, there are still various gaps in the implementation of the sophisticated methods of analysis to government service systems. a key knowledge gap is the lack of predictive modeling as part of the everyday operation of government. most agencies depend mostly on descriptive statistics and the conventional methods of reporting that are used to summarize the past events but not project what service is going to be required in the future. this restricts proactive planning and also adds to inefficiencies by the occurrence of sudden rise of demand [29].the other gap is related to the disparate nature of adoption of predictive analytics in various government departments. some sectors like transportation and public safety have developed analytic infrastructures, but other areas like community services and non-emergency response systems have not been developed yet. this brings about discrepancies of service quality and performance. in addition, lots of data in the public-sector is of missing or unstructured data or has a different formatting, this makes it difficult to preprocess the data and the predictive models are less accurate. even though 311 data can show very evident spatial patterns, there are not many studies that investigate how predictive analytics can be applied to facilitate fair service distribution within underserved neighborhoods. also, the literature at hand tends to ignore the operational constraints that government agencies have, including the staffing limits, policy limits, and resources availability, which should be taken into consideration in the implementation of predictive solutions. there is little research in which the predictive models have been assessed based on long-term sustainability in the realworld government setting [30]. there are many problems like model drift, services behavior changes, and data updates that need to be constantly monitored, but they are seldom reported in the scholarly literature. these gaps point to the necessity of a study which would integrate the strength of predictive modeling with feasible operational analysis so that the insights derived out of the administrative data can be translated into relevant changes in the delivery of public services. g. empirical study the article “logistic regression and predictive analysis for ai strategies in public services” by prabhat mittal and suruchi gautam provides an empirical evaluation of how technological readiness influences the adoption of artificial intelligence within government service systems. in their research, mittal and gautam use logistic regression on the artificial intelligence readiness index on a sample of 100 countries to explore the probability of governments adopting aidistributed instruments in the operations of the public sector. their empirical evidence reveals that the countries that have a high level of data management, digital infrastructure, technological skills, and innovation capacity are much more likely to introduce the ai-enabled models of providing the services to the population. as they put it, the maturity of the digital governance capability of the nation-level data and the increase in the odds of the adoption of ai-powered public services increase significantly. mittal and gautam also point out that predictive analytics have a structural part in facilitating proactive decision-making in government, optimization of resources and efficient service delivery [1]. they, however, highlight that technological infrastructure is not a sufficient condition as the effective implementation of ai is conditioned by the correspondence of the data preparation with organizational competence and institutional readiness to innovations. the work is very relevant to the current study as it presents evidence of the practical significance of predictive modelling and logistical regression in the evaluation and enhancement of the performance of government operation in terms of operation. the article “data analytics in public health, a usa perspective: a review” by babarinde a. o., ayo-farai o., maduka c. p., okongwu c. c., and sodamade o. presents a comprehensive exploration of how data analytics is transforming public health operations across the united 177 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us states. the authors discuss the use of statistical methods, computing algorithms, and other sophisticated analytical tools to reveal the latent patterns, forecast the new trends in health, and facilitate the use of data in making decisions [2]. their review points at the fact that the implementation of data analytics improves disease surveillance systems, makes the process of outbreak identification more effective, and allows health agencies to spend resources more effectively. in their results, insights based on analytics foster early intervention, enhance a targeted response, and assist in the formulation of evidence-based policies. the need to unite various datasets to create more correct and practical insights is also highlighted as the necessity of the study that includes electronic health records, environmental indicators, and demographic information. babarinde and coauthors also suggest that data analytics is important in not just epidemiology but also lessening health disparities, streamlining service delivery, and enhancing population-level health outcomes. this article is pertinent to the current study due to the fact it demonstrates how predictive analytics can enhance operations within the public sector and provides parallels to how similar analytical systems can benefit government service delivery by enhancing it using such a system as nyc 311. the article “big data analytics in healthcare: a comparative review of usa and global use cases” by chinekwu somtochukwu odionu and chidera victoria ibeh provides a detailed comparative analysis of how big data technologies are transforming healthcare operations in the united states and other parts of the world. odionu and ibeh discuss the opportunities of the u.s. healthcare industry to use its excellent digital infrastructure to incorporate electronic health records, administrative data, and real-time patient data into analytics systems that can be used to improve decision-making and operational performance. they note that big data analytics is the way forward in enhancing the outcomes of patients by enabling the early identification of diseases, a personalized approach to treatment, and the optimization of resource allocation [3]. another aspect the authors address is the regulatory frameworks and privacy concerns that inform the concept of big data adoption in the healthcare setting of the usa. conversely, their worldwide analysis shows that several nations are struggling with numerous issues including ineffective infrastructures, poor data governance tools, and decreased digital maturity, which do not support the successful execution of big data analytics. the paper highlights that in spite of such obstacles, healthcare organizations all over the world are recognizing the importance of data-driven insights when it comes to the advancement of service delivery. the article is applicable to the current study as it shows how sophisticated analytics can be used to reinforce operations of the public sector, which also provides some parallels to how predictive analytics could be used to enhance government services, namely the nyc 311 system. the article “artificial intelligence and public management and governance in developed and developing market economies” by agba m. s., agba g. e. m., and obeten a. w. provides an in-depth examination of how artificial intelligence is reshaping public administration across different economic contexts. the authors examine the trend in the use of ai technologies by governments to enhance efficiency, transparency and improve accountability in the operations of the public services. their analysis points to the fact that developed economies enjoy a robust digital framework and high-order data ecosystem that underpins ai-based decision-making, predictive modelling and automation of administration. by contrast, developing economies are increasingly interested in the use of ai but are experiencing chronic challenges, such as ethical issues, data security challenges, lack of technological capability and cost of implementation [4]. the article points out that although ai has significant potential to streamline workflows in the public sector, it needs well-established governance policies to reduce its risks, including the risk of algorithmic bias and the risk of abuse of citizen data. agba and colleagues come to the conclusion that inner harmony between technological innovation and institutional preparation and ethical protection is the key to the successful implementation of ai in the governance of populations. this paper can be applied to the current study since it proves how predictive and intelligent systems can radically transform operations of the public sector in line with similar analytical considerations applied to the investigation of government service delivery using the nyc 311 data. 178 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the article “the new public analytics as an emerging paradigm in public sector administration” by karen yeung offers an in-depth examination of the growing reliance on data analytics and algorithmic systems within contemporary public administration. to explain the process of changing traditional bureaucratic decision-making to the governance based on the data, which is also computationally supported, yeung proposes the concept of the new public analytics. in her analysis, she identifies that more and more governments are using predictive models, automated risk scoring systems, and real-time analytics dashboards to enhance efficiency, simplify operations, and process large amounts of administrative data. yeung suggests that such data science, machine learning, and statistical modeling-based methods of analysis can yield actionable insights to improve resource allocation, service prioritization, and responsiveness in operations in the public sector. she shows that her work has severe weaknesses, which consist of the in transparency of algorithmic operations, the possibility of discriminatory results, and the dampening of social responsibility in the event that decisionmaking is automated or semi-automated [5]. according to yeung, there should be a high level of legal, ethical, and regulatory protection that will make sure that the public analytics systems are transparent, fair, and democratically controlled. this article is also very applicable in the current research since it presents both empirical and conceptual evidence of how predictive analytics is transforming the operations of the public-sector with the aim of providing greater applicability of such data-driven methods to the optimization of governmental service systems like that of nyc 311. iii. methodology the methodology and approach that will be used to explore the possibilities of using predictive analytics to streamline government processes, optimize the delivery of government-related services to the people based on the nyc 311 customer service requests dataset. the methodology combines quantitative analysis, machine-learning modeling, statistical testing and the performance estimation based on the data. it explains the sources of data, pre-processing, features engineering, and model choice, metrics used to evaluate the model, and ethical issues considered in the study [31]. the chapter is also very explanative on how the temporal, spatial, and categorical variables were converted to facilitate the forecasting and classification task. through the use of a systematic methodological technique, the research is accurate, replicable and reliable in evaluating response time patterns, predicting the service demand as well as identifying operation inefficient areas in the systems of service delivery by the public sector. a. research design the research design adopted in the study follows the quantitative research design with predictive modeling and analysis to analyze the efficiency of the operations of the government in the light of nyc 311 data. this design suits the large-scale administrative data analysis and the identification of patterns that impact the delivery of the populace service. the study is an empirical, data-driven research whereby variable relationships are quantified, modelled and tested using computational methods [32]. with this design, the historical records of service requests are utilized to determine the role played by the types of complaints, time, place, and agency placement in driving the differences in service performance. research design involves descriptive analysis, predictive forecasting, classification modeling and inferential statistical testing [33]. descriptive analysis summarizes the distributions of complaints, temporal variations and geographic variations. predictive models are used to predict the future service requests and estimate the service response time. classification models identify the features that have an impact on delays or timely closures. the difference between the levels of complaints of varying type or place is verified by statistical hypothesis testing. this is a multidimensional strategy that guarantees a very elaborate comprehension of operation behavior. systematic validation procedures also form part of the research design in order to give strength. temporal segmentation eliminates the leakage of data in the forecasting. the consistency of the models is tested by cross-validation [34]. to measure performance, the objective metrics such as accuracy, auc, mean absolute error, and response-time variance are used. the use of the administrative 179 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us data available in the public follows ethical and privacy considerations in order to preserve integrity. this research design offers a systematic analytical framework that can produce actionable information about the performance of the public service delivery, so that governments may assess the inefficiencies, predict the service trends, and assist with the data-driven operational planning. b. data source and description the dataset of this study is the nyc 311 customer service requests dataset, which was sourced out of a public repository and is commonly known as a holistic repository of the interactions of non-emergency services [35]. the data set includes millions of service request logs filed by the residents and with a wide variety of types of complaints, including noise disturbances, sanitation, illegal parking, and environment-related complaints. attributes contained in each record are complaint category, geographic coordinates, zip code, request creation and closure time, agency assignment, service descriptors and location type. the amount of information in this detail renders the data to be used in predictive analytics and government operations research. the data set is one calendar year and reflects the dynamism of the demand of urban services. the timerelated fields allow us to investigate the daily, weekly, and seasonal patterns of services. location indicators are used to make spatial comparisons between boroughs and neighborhoods. descriptors of complaints contain finer details of citizen interests and agency operations. the scale of the dataset provides the statistical reliability and permits applying machine-learning models that need huge training samples [26]. areas of data quality take into consideration missing data, lack of consistency in timestamps, and unfinished fields of location. these problems are solved by means of regular cleaning and preprocessing. the duplicate entries are eliminated, invalid time is fixed or deleted and missing fields are addressed by means of imputation or exclusion criteria. other derived variables like request_closing_time give fundamental pointers to agency effectiveness. its openness as a dataset makes it transparent and reproducible, which is optimal in addressing academic research. the fact that it is administrative as well indicates and shows real-life government performance whereby the operational behavior and trends in service delivery can be analyzed. in general, the data set is an excellent source of predictive modelling and governmental analysis. c. data preprocessing and feature engineering the preprocessing of data is very necessary to provide accuracy and consistency in predictive analysis [36]. the preprocess stage commences with the transformations of the created date and closed date fields to normal date time formatting. request_closing_time is a derivative variable which is calculated using these timestamps to determine the number of hours used to complete a service request. the records that contain wrong or absent timestamps are filtered or imputed based on the severity. categorical variables that include complaint type, agency name, and location type are coded using numerical methods that are utilized in machinelearning models such as one-hot encoding and label encoding [37]. there are no values in other fields (zip codes, descriptors, location types) which are thoroughly checked. in case it is systematic missingness, the rows with missing values are not considered, and in other cases, statistical imputation techniques are used. geospatial disciplines have been standardized, so that they work together across analyses. statistical thresholds identify the outliers of the response time in order to avoid distortion of the model. the feature engineering is used to increase the predictive accuracy by adding new variables that reflect the dynamic of time, space, and operations. such engineered features are hour of day, day of week, weekend markers, month, season and borough markers. the spatial clusters are built based on zip codes or coordinates to cluster different service environments together. the hierarchies of complaint categories are created in such a manner that they can minimize the dimensions, but be able to capture significant behavioral trends [38].interaction characteristics are also studied including the combination of complaint type and location or agency assignment to identify the structured influence on the response times. continuous variables are normalized or scaled to run algorithms that are sensitive to the magnitude differences. organized preprocessing and feature engineering 180 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us can transform the data to be appropriate to strong predictive modeling and allow machinelearning models and statistical experiments to effectively work and deliver actionable information. d. predictive modeling techniques at the core of the estimation of the efficacy of analytics to advance the operations of the public sector is predictive modeling [39]. the paper uses various machine-learning and statistical models to predict the number of complaints and predict the responsiveness of the service. to forecast tasks, time-series modeling through the arima and exponential-smoothing models are applied to identify the patterns of time, seasonality, and long-term trends. the models help the agencies to predict changes in demand of services and prepare to meet the demand. in classification and regression, machine-learning models such as the logistic regression, random forest, support vectors machines, gradient boosting and xgboost are implemented [40]. the response time in the length of service is estimated using regression models and the classification models determine whether a request belongs to short, medium and long delays. the application of several models enables the performance to be compared with each other and the best method to be chosen. the model training process is organized into a series of steps that include data division into training and testing, cross-validation to check the stability, and hyper parameter optimization to help in improving the performance. the analysis of the importance of features is performed to determine the variables that have the greatest effect on delays or high-demand periods. the evaluation metrics are accuracy, f1-score, auc of classification models and mae or rmse of regression models. the performance forecasting is done based on mape, prediction intervals, and the residual diagnostics. feature contributions and partial-dependence analysis are interpretability techniques that are employed to learn about the relationship between model outputs and operational behavior [41]. predictive modeling offers the analytic basis of the interpretation of the performance bottlenecks and the implementation of the proactive strategies of service. flowchart 1: this flowchart display on the evaluation model the following diagram shows the end-to-end workflow that will be used to develop and test predictive models in the study. it starts by defining the problem and moves on to the data collection, preprocessing, and training a model. the evaluation phase measures the performance 181 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of a model based on accuracy measures, validation steps and measurement of errors. lastly, the implementation phase is the manner in which analytical deliverables can be useful in operational decision-making in government service provision. such a systematic flow makes predictive analytics highly systematic and reproducible, and makes every step, between raw data and operational insight, have a clear and repeatable approach. flowchart 2: this chart represents to the svm model the diagram below shows the entire workflow of the support vector machine (svm) model employed in the research. it starts with input data then preprocessing activities like encoding, scaling and cleaning. the data is then separated into training and testing data. the trained svm classifier is based on the processed features in order to determine the optimal decision boundaries. the testing step evaluates the generalization performance and eventual predictions are raised on classification activities like estimating response-time categories. this graphical illustration explains why svm can be a part of the analytical system and help optimize the provision of quality and evidence-based publicly beneficial services. e. statistical tests and validation the inferential statistical tests are applied to prove observed differences in service delivery patterns to be statistically significant. this study is guided by two major tests anova and chisquare. anova will be used to establish whether the mean time of service response to different types of complaints is significantly different. the use of this test is appropriate since it is used to compare various categorical groups to a continuous outcome variable. one of the substantial anova results proves that the types of complaints have an impact on the delayed response or prompt response attitude. predictive results are reliable due to validation procedures. the crossvalidation tools are used to evaluate model stability when using more than one data fold. the accuracy of classification is confirmed by the confusion-matrix analysis, whereas the reliability of the predicted probabilities is tested by the calibration curves. regression and forecasting 182 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us models residual diagnostics assess the quality of a model, normality, and heteroscedasticity. such methods of validation also make predictive information data-driven, consistent, and generalizable. a combination of statistical testing and validation helps to improve the credibility of findings, and the study is able to make meaningful conclusions on the issue of operational inefficiencies and service performance. f. ethical considerations there are ethical factors to consider when using predictive analytics on data in the public sector. the nyc 311 dataset is publicly available but it encompasses data that is related to the activities of citizens, places and interactions between the governments. thus, the principle of confidentiality and responsible data processing is considered in the course of the study. no personal identifying data are given and all analyses are done at aggregate levels to ensure that sensitive data are not abused. predictive modeling is guided by fairness and non-discrimination. algorithms can also propagate prejudices unknowingly in case trends in past data capture unequal service distribution. to prevent this, fairness checks are conducted whereby the models do not discriminate against particular neighborhoods or categories of complaints. the selection of features, and interpretation of the models are closely considered so that they do not propagate the structural inequities. transparency is ensured through recording modeling processes, preprocessing decision and analysis assumptions. this makes sure that predictive insights can be explained and subject to criticism. the issue of the possible effect of predictive analytics on the trust of the population is also ethically prone. government organizations should provide assurance that automation or predictive technologies will not diminish accountability and decrease human supervision of the key decision-making processes. in this research design, ethical principles are followed by keeping data intact, focusing on fairness, and avoiding lack of transparency in every methodological process. those measures will guarantee the appropriate use of predictive analytics within the context of the public sector. g. limitations even though the methodology employed in this research provides a thorough analytical model of assessing the delivery of public services using the data collected by nyc 311, there are a few constraints that are worth noting. first, the data is restricted to the reported service requests and could not be a complete measure of unreported problems and informal complaints, which might be a source of bias in the analysis. second, the predictive models can be misleading due to missing values, deficient timestamps, and irregularities in the location data, even though they are preprocessed. third, the dataset reflects a definite geographic and administrative setting, and the results might not be entirely generalizable to cities and smaller regions where the structure of services is different. fourth, machine-learning models applied in the research rely on past trends, which can vary in response to policy changes, seasonal occurrences or unexpected upheavals and can decrease predictive accuracy over time. the lack of comprehensive data on agency-level operational data, including staffing or internal workflow data, impedes the possibility of explaining variations in response times in detail. lastly, predictive models can also be biased by the historical data and thus fairness and interpretability remain a concern. these constraints indicate that results should be interpreted cautiously and provide the possibilities of the future research with larger datasets or combined records of administrations. 183 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us iv. dataset a. screenshot of dataset (source link: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-servicerequests-analysis) b. dataset overview the dataset in this study is the nyc 311 customer service requests dataset, which is a complete administrative record of millions of non-emergency service requests made by residents of the entirety of new york city. this data set offers a very useful basis of the investigation of actual patterns of the delivery of public services, governmental responsiveness, and efficiency of operations in a large metropolitan context. it has comprehensive attributes such as the kind of complaint, agency, which will work on the request, the nature of the problem through descriptors, geographic like borough, latitude, longitude and zip code, and time based variables such as created date, closed date, and resolution timestamps. both temporal and spatial information may be used, which makes it possible to take a closer look at the dynamics of service demand on a daily, weekly, seasonal, and neighborhood level. the richness of the variety of services is one of the main advantages of this data as it includes noise complaints, sanitation problems, water leakage, illegal parking, infrastructure issues, heating, and other communityrelated concerns, which is the highest possible representation of the workload of various governmental bodies. to do predictive analytics in the current study, the data can be examined in several layers such as response-time prediction, service delay categorization, and the factors that cause service backlogs. the sample is optimal in modeling since it is sufficiently large to be used with machine-learning models, rich in both categorical and numerical variables, and was not created through a simulation or survey but instead through real operational setting. its reliability can be improved by the preprocessing steps that treat missing values, irregular timestamps, location identifiers, and derive new characteristics of the analysis, including request_closing_time, day of week, month, season and borough groupings. these are artificial characteristics that enable the dataset to make better predictions and reveal any underlying operational patterns. since nyc 311 is a front-facing system, the data also presents the priorities of the citizens and also the trends of the complaints, thus, it becomes possible to evaluate the responsiveness of the government concerning the needs of citizens. it has excellent transparency, reproducibility, and suitability in academic research because it is publicly available, and thus, is one of the most common datasets used to assess systems of public services. altogether, the nyc 311 data can be taken as a solid base of predictive analytics that is characterized by the aggregation of large-scale administrative level with time, space, and operation level that are important to comprehend and enhance government service delivery. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-service-requests-analysis https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-service-requests-analysis 184 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us iv. results the section contains the analytical results of the work with the dataset of the nyc 311 service request, which uses predictive analytics to assess and improve the efficiency of the work of the government and the level of the delivery of the services in the united states. the findings indicate essential tendencies, patterns of complaints, geographical inequity, and service response patterns among the significant categories of requests. the relationships in the data were discovered with the help of visual analytics, descriptive statistics, and machine learning models that revealed the performance gaps in service resolution processes. the lessons indicate how the data-driven approaches can enhance the decision-making process, streamline resources distribution, and proactive approach to services. all the charts and analysis add to the realization of how predictive analytics will enhance responsiveness, transparency, and the general efficiency of the working process in the sphere of the public sector. a. distribution of complaint types figure 1: this image shows the most frequently reported nyc 311 complaint categories the chart illustrates the frequency distribution of the commonest types of complaints that were reported in the nyc 311 service request data. the findings reveal that noise complaints, illegal parking, and blocked driveways make up the bulk of the requests with the highest proportion of the total requests in all the boroughs. these complaints are concentrated, which throws light on the recurrent issues of the city agencies that must be handled by the state agencies through their public services. the fact that noise related problems are high indicates that there exists a long term problem of urban disturbance whereas there is illegal parking and driveway obstructions which are indicators of the fact that there is a problem of transportation and mobility. regarding a public administration, it is the most common complaint category that should be identified to be given out as a base on resource allocation, operational planning and policy prioritization. workforce scheduling, community outreach programs and targeted enforcement are strategic measures that can be applied by agencies to respond to high demand service areas [38]. this chart shows the ability of predictive analytics to identify latent trends in issues reported by citizens so that government agencies can learn when there will be a surge in demand and take proactive service steps. finally, the insight on the complaint distribution is essential in streamlining response operations and responsiveness of the city activities, which lead to the improvement of the delivery of the public service. b. analysis of average service request closing times 185 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2: this image illustrates on the average service request closing time across major complaint types the chart will compare the mean time the requests are closed in large categories of complaints. the analysis reveals that there is significant fluctuation in the resolution time, and some complaints, in particular, plumbing, heating related, and environmental hazards, require significantly more time to resolve than noise or illegal parking complaints. these disparities show differences in service complexity, agency workload and resource limitations. delays in the closing time in safety-critical categories can imply an inefficient structure, delays in the process, or a lack of workforce strength. this chart gives important operation information regarding performance because it quantifies and compares service duration [39]. these patterns can also be applied to predictive analytics to forecast the work of the agencies, make an estimate of the time of their elimination, and determine areas of inefficiency in the service channel. this assists the government in the making of decisions where specific interventions should be implemented to enhance responsiveness of the services. knowledge of closing-time variability will enable the agencies to compare their performance and determine whether the existing operational models match service expectations. the analysis ultimately aids in the policy improvements, assisting in minimizing delays, and making the government service ecosystem more efficient. c. monthly trends in 311 service requests figure 3: this image demonstrates the monthly fluctuation in nyc 311 service request volume 186 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the monthly trend graph represents the variations in the volume of service requests throughout the year. complaints frequency peaks are expected to happen in warmer months such as noise complaints, disturbances of the street, and outdoor property complaints, whereas cold months would have fewer complaints. these tendencies present the tendencies of behavior in seasons among residents and forecast able patterns in governmental service requirements. this visualization justifies the application of predictive analytics to determine the service peaks in the future and handle the workforce capacity based on it. seasonal forecasting allows agencies to hire more field officers, plan more call-handling capacity or even focus on some type of complaints during times of known demand [40]. the policymakers can also use this chart to determine the most appropriate time to implement certain interventions like noise reduction programs or parking enforcement campaigns. the monthly trend analysis, as a strong tool to complement operational planning, will ensure that there is a match between resource distribution and the real-time and forecasted community needs, which will promote the reliability of the public service. d. geographical distribution of complaints by zip code figure 4: this image shows the geographic distribution of complaints across zip code areas this heatmap shows temporal differences in service requests per zip code, in which neighborhoods are characterized by excessive numbers of complaints. regions where complaints are high in number are often of high density population, mixed-use, or less developed socioeconomically. geographic patterns are required to understand where organizations should improve their services because they enable agencies to recognize areas with low coverage, hotspots, and areas of operations. predictive analytics also adds to this understanding by making geospatial forecasting possible to predict complaint surges within particular locations. by conducting such analysis, the government agencies will be able to introduce localized interventions, including specific patrols, building awareness, or improvement of infrastructures. geographically aware solutions can guarantee fair service provision, as well as minimize geographic inequalities in governmental responsiveness. this diagram shows how geospatial analytics can be used as a platform of data-driven city planning and improved civil administration. 187 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us e. predictive modeling: svm classification results figure 5: this image represent to the svm model’s predicted versus actual closing-time classifications this figure shows a confusion matrix of a support vector machine (svm) model applied to categorize service requests as short, medium and long resolution time. in spite of the general accuracy of medium, the data points to the possibility of the model to correctly identify those cases that belong to the short-duration category, whereas it experiences difficulties in the categories of medium and long because of the overlap in the patterns of resolution. the predictive modelling exercise shows how machine learning can enable government agencies to predict the workloads in operations. the awareness of the requests that would more often than not be delayed will enable the agencies to identify in advance the cases that are of high urgency and long duration. resolving predictive power, by adding extra characteristics or by subdividing categorization, may assist in maximizing schedule, decrease service queues, and enhance timeintensive decision-making [42]. the value of predictive analytics as a strategic tool in enhancing operational efficiency in the public service environment is highlighted by the svm results. f. variation in response times across complaint types figure 6: this image demonstrates the variation in service request closing times across top complaint categories 188 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this chart is a boxplot which shows the spread of the closing time of service requests in the most frequent complaints with statistical testing of anova. according to the results of the anova, the difference in the mean closing times of the different types of complaints is statistically significant, which proves that not all services are handled in the same manner and that the effectiveness of a different service can differ. this observation is an indication of inconsistency in operations between the agencies, resource limitations and complexity of services. policy wise, the categories with much longer resolution times can be identified, and specific interventions can be used to optimize the workflows and enhance the success of the services. the results of anova can also be used as a guide on determining whether the standards of agency performance are in sync with the expectations of the citizens. through use of statistical testing on data of the operations, the government managers understand better on the areas of operation of the countries that need immediate reform and the processes that are operating effectively [43]. the analysis itself will be beneficial in terms of solving the issue of service reliability and increasing the trust of the population in the digital system of governance. vi. discussion and analysis this section elaborates the analytical findings of the nyc 311 data to assess how predictive analytics can positively impact the government process and service delivery to the population [30]. the results indicate that citizen-reported problems have regular patterns and over time, space, and type of services, which makes it possible to predict the demand of services and the operations bottlenecks. the analysis relates the empirical findings to the general implication of data-driven governance, resource optimization, and efficient use of services in the united states[21]. this discussion by analyzing trend behavior, workload allocation, model performance, and spatial differences emphasize how government agencies can use raw data into useful intelligence. the section also cogitates over obstacles, restrictions, and work possibilities which are presented by the introduction of predictive models into the work processes of the public services. a. interpretation of complaint distribution patterns the shares of the nyc 311 complaint types give a good understanding on the frequent issues of the public services and priorities of the citizens. it was found that noise complaints, illegal parking, and blocked driveway occurrences are the commonest cases reported. this cluster suggests that there is a consistent trend of city inconvenience and this means that the demand of municipal services is dominated by enforcement-related and quality-of-life concerns. in the governance aspect, these findings indicate that the high frequency categories of complaints should be given priority in planning resources, staffing and whenever making policy. the preeminence of noise complaints, e.g., could be an indication of population density, night life activity, and lack of enforcement coverage within certain areas [42]. in a similar vein, the transportation infractions emphasize the repeated mobility issues that become a harassment to the infrastructure and the police force .the forecasting ability of this distribution is important. high-frequency categories are perfect candidates of predictive forecasting, they yield enough history data to model trends, to anticipate surges and also to determine influencing factors like seasonal peaks, local events, or time-of-day trends [44]. as an example, noise complaints would be higher in the warmer months, whereas illegal parking would be higher during holidays or weekends. knowledge of these trends enables government agencies to take proactive actions to curb the service demand that may arise, i.e. scheduled patrols, specific enforcement actions, or even electronic surveillance. this allocation indicates communal stress aspects, which extend beyond the functioning areas. the recurring problems within the same categories might be signs of systematic problems that cannot be solved by the reactions of service provision. the results are that predictive analytics optimizes operations on a daily basis but also helps to formulate strategic decisions concerning community welfare, regulatory performance, and long-term urban development [55]. altogether, the complaint distribution can be regarded as a background diagnostic instrument that allows identifying the significant points of contact with the public services and making the data-driven decisions related to governance. 189 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us b. analysis of service resolution efficiency the analysis of the mean request closing time revealed that there were significant differences between the duration of the request closing in various complaint groups, which demonstrates the structural inefficiencies of the workflow in the public service. certain types of requests like plumbing, heating or environmental risk were found to take significantly longer time to be resolved than noise or parking-complaints [45]. these mismatches demonstrate variations in the complexity of the service, inter-agency coordination needs, the availability of the workforce, and workforce bottlenecks. problems that require technical fixes or checks are longer in nature, but the magnitude of variability implies that there are procedural obstacles that also generate delays. predictive analytics perspective resolution-time variance can be used to predict the creation of service forecasting models, which can predict how work will be distributed and other high-risk cases with substantial chances of delays. as an example, the cases, which were traditionally linked to a long closure duration, may be designated as priority cases that need extra resources, expedited delivery, or special work teams [46]. the predictive modeling can also be used to detect early signs of a long-term resolution, including but not limited to complaint type, location, agency workload or time of submission, which allow pre-emptive planning. the review also illustrates ways of enhancing accountability and benchmarking of performance. agencies are able to see their average resolution times compared to those of cities or may track trends across time to detect either progress or decline. the complaints having abnormally long resolution times can indicate inefficiencies like understaffed departments, old workflow, or too many administrative procedures. the issue of these challenges leads to more responsive and citizenfocused service provision. also, the difference in the time of resolution provides the idea of community impact. long waits can cause low confidence in the community and service imbalances, especially in communities with a high rate of long waits. with the incorporation of predictive analytics into the systems of case management, governmental agencies can facilitate a more fair service delivery, reduce operational backlog, and increase transparency. finally, it is essential to learn and solve the differences in the resolution-time in order to enhance the overall efficiency of services and provide a timely answer to the needs of people. c. seasonal and temporal service demand interpretation the monthly trend analysis presented in the form of a trend line shows that there are significant changes in the volume of service requests in the month, which has strong seasonal tendencies that are important to the government activities [47]. there was also a marked increase in the volume of complaints in warmer months, especially those connected to noise, disturbances on the streets and those on the street level, and winter months were less active. these changes are in line with the behavior of the residents, the weather, and the levels of social activity. as an example, outdoor events, nighttime events and movement on the street are more likely to rise during spring and summer which inherently raises complaint submissions.this time series action is of great importance to predictive analytics [48]. the agencies will be able to predict demand cycles by including historical seasonal trends into their forecasting models and respond to them by increasing or decreasing operational capacity. as an example, staffing of the workforce and inspection and hotline can be augmented prior to anticipate complaints spikes. this will keep the agencies sufficiently ready at times of high volume months to respond better and minimize delays in services. on the other hand, during low-demand seasons, it is possible to perform training, administration, and maintenance activities that would have been hard in high demand months. budgetary and strategic planning are other activities facilitated by temporal analysis. the government departments will be able to streamline their annual resource allocation based on the predictive analysis so that the operational costs are based on the real service demand. the monthly trends are useful in determining the times of systemic stress, and the agencies can develop prevention measures like noise reduction campaigns, parking regulation campaigns, or community awareness exercises during the high seasons. the temporal information is valuable to the citizens and policymakers. learning patterns of predictable fluctuations helps in effective communication on the delays or service pressures and realistic expectations among residents are 190 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us encouraged. this analysis supports the strength of the idea of predictive analytics in changing the way people receive services as a reactive abdication to proactive beyond enabling governments to predict their needs and allocate resources more precisely. in the end, the article emphasizes the relevance of matching the capacity to provide people with services with dynamism and datadriven insights. d. geographic disparities and spatial service demand the heatmap of complaints by zip code demonstrated that there was a significant level of geographic inequality in the demand of the services which meant that some neighborhoods report more incidents on a regular basis [49]. hotspots became apparent in high-density regions, commercial areas, and in socioeconomically vulnerable areas. these geographic trends are indicators of variation in population density, enforcement, quality-of-life, and local infrastructure issues. it is important to find spatial differences to be able to distribute the public services fairly. predictive analytics expands on this spatial knowledge by supporting geospatial forecasting models that are able to forecast occurrences of future complaint surges with reference to historical data and neighborhood features. such predictions assist the agencies in assigning resources where they are most required, cutting down on the delays in delivering services and enhancing the satisfaction of the populace. as an illustration, areas where many noise violations are detected can be targeted by introducing enforcement or community outreach activities, whereas geographic areas with frequent infrastructure breakdowns might need a long-term capital investment. systemic inequalities also can be seen through geographic analysis. the concentration of complaints within certain zip codes could indicate the presence of other issues like the aging infrastructure, insufficient enforcement, or the presence of socioeconomic differences that affect the quality of the services [50]. these patterns can enable policymakers to not only eliminate operational inefficiencies but also resolve the more critical policy issues in regard to city equity and social justice. the cross-agency coordination is also supported by spatial trends. this information can be used to carry out joint interventions in the hotspots areas by police departments, sanitation units, transportation authorities, and housing agencies. predictive heatmaps allow the deployment of resources in a dynamic way, with proactive assignment of staff and patrols being made based on the activity forecasts, as opposed to fixed schedules. there is the geographic analysis that focuses on the significance of localized governance. knowing the locality of the most common problems in a population enables addressing them focused, having more intelligent budgets, and interventions based on the communities. spatial predictive analytics therefore enhances the capacity of the policymakers to facilitate fair and effective delivery of social services within the various urban contexts. e. machine learning model evaluation and implications the support vector machine (svm) model of classification was used to determine whether service requests were going to be short, medium, and long closing-time requests [50]. the performance as indicated in the confusion matrix was moderate with the model being more accurate when predicting short duration cases but with the difficulty in distinguishing between medium and long. this finding highlights the pitfalls that are usually present in datasets of the public service: overlapping tendency, the lack of distinctive features, and the fact that government processes are always variable. regardless of such constraints, the model points to the opportunities of machine learning that can be employed to manage the services more efficiently. as more features are included such as agency workload, time-of-day indicators, staffing levels or weather conditions model accuracy may be highly enhanced. improved prediction will assist the agencies to predict which requests are most likely to be delayed so that they will be able to preemptively assign resources and prioritize them. valuable operational insights are obtained through model interpretation [51]. misclassification patterns allow seeing where more data can be collected or the process standardized. as an example, the fact that the resolution time on some types of complaints is similar could indicate inconsistent prioritization processes and not actual service similarities. outputs of predictive models can thus guide managers on systemic problems that need an administrative or procedural intervention. 191 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us considering a policy perspective, machine learning has a revolutionary possibility to contemporary governance. service backlog can be minimized and response efficiency enhanced through predictive routing of cases, automated triage systems and dynamic scheduling tools. the svm model employed in the present research reflects an initial implementation, which reflects the viability of predictive decision support inclusion into the workflow in the public services. predictive analytics enhances accountability through the provision of quantifiable performance indicators. agencies will be able to monitor the accuracy of predictions and determine the regions where the operational enhancement can positively transform the model behavior over a period of time. finally, the results help identify both the possibilities and the threats of the machine learning implementation in the field of government and stress the importance of constantly improving the data and the models. f. operational and policy implications of predictive analytics in public services the findings of this paper indicate that predictive analytics can have immense implications on the transformation of the operational efficiency and policymaking in the context of the public sector. through the patterns of the complaints, geographic distribution, and service resolution behavior, the government agencies can have a better knowledge of the needs of the citizens and gaps in service provision [52]. the insight facilitates evidence-based planning which enables leaders to use resources better, it simplifies processes, and shortens service waiting times across high demand categories. predictive analytics also enhances proactive governance. agencies can predict the needs of service provision using historical trends rather than reacting to problems reported by citizens and can redeploy staff. such active models create less pressure on the emergency hotlines, lesser problems in the services and higher satisfaction of the citizens. an example of this is seasonal forecasting to allow fine staffing changes and spatial analysis to target specific neighborhoods with service issues that persistently pose a problem. on the strategic level, predictive analytics strengthens the transparency, performance analysis, and policy improvement. continuous updates on the service performance can be given by public dashboards, real-time monitoring, and ai-driven reporting tools, allowing the agencies to detect bottlenecks faster [53]. this will result in increased accountability as well as restoring the lost confidence by people in the government institutions. predictive insights are also used in long-term planning and make investments in infrastructure, implement regulations, and community-oriented initiatives. the ethical, operational and governance implications are also brought up when predictive analytics are integrated. the data quality, model partiality, privacy, and staff preparedness are the problems that need to be resolved in order to introduce impartial and moral use of analytics instruments. data literacy training of the public servants and introducing clear ethical principles are the important steps on the way to successful implementation. predictive analytics is a potent tool of improving the administration of the population. with the help of data-driven insights, government agencies may streamline their operations, enhance their service provision, and pursue citizen-focused governance practices in the united states. g. ethical concerns implementation of predictive analytics in service delivery poses a number of ethical issues that should be taken into consideration to have accountable and fair governance. a significant concern is related to data privacy, where the information reported by citizens should be gathered via such a platform as nyc 311 and might include sensitive location-related or personal identifiers. to ensure that the trust of the population is not violated, it is necessary to ensure high anonymization, safety of storage, and accessibility. predictive models can unintentionally duplicate or increase the existing social inequalities in case the original data is used to capture biased reporting or uneven provision of services to neighborhoods. this may result in unequal distribution of resources or discrimination of some communities. to ensure that models do not lead to bias, there must be transparency in model design, proper communication of the impacts of predictions on decisions and periodic audits on fairness. oversight mechanisms, public 192 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us accountability and compliance with legal structures of data use are also ethical implementation requirements [54]. finally, ethical integrity is essential in ensuring that predictive analytics improves and does not undermine fair service delivery in the community. vi. future works this study of predictive analytics in the delivery of public services can be greatly extended by incorporating more sophisticated modelling strategies, more sophisticated data sets and cross agency coordination to achieve operational efficiency within the government systems [56]. a critical step that should be proposed is adding more contextual variables, including weather conditions, demographic indicators, real-time mobility data, and socioeconomic characteristics to make predictive models more accurate and interpretable. the results of enriched datasets can be used to identify latent associations among population behavior and service requests and can be used to make more accurate predictions and allocate resources [57]. deep learning models, including recurrent neural networks and transformer based models, may also be investigated in future research, and potentially be better than traditional machine learning methods at revealing temporal trends and long-term relationships in citizen service data. besides, a dynamic implementation of government agencies in real-time analytics and decision-support systems would enable predictions to be applied dynamically instead of retrospectively and provide immediate benefits to operational activities, including automated routing of cases, adaptive workforce scheduling, and the early identification of service bottlenecks [58]. it is potentially beneficial to expand current research to cross-jurisdictional comparisons of various cities or states in the united states of america to better understand how predictive analytics strategies can be standardized, localized, or scaled based on different administrative settings. in conjunction with the work of policy professionals, urban planners and social scientists, collaboration can further make sure that predictive models are in line with larger objectives of governance, equity and ethical imperatives [59]. the other avenue to pursue is the creation of what-if simulation models that enable agencies to compute the possible policy outcomes, intervention situations and determine the long-term consequences prior to actual changes being made in real-life contexts. also, innovative approaches to solid frameworks to address algorithmic bias, increase transparency, and boost public confidence in automated decisionmaking systems should be examined in future studies. responsiveness and accountability of the services can also be enhanced by exploring the practice of participatory where citizens can add comments to the predictive tools to ensure the evolution of the tools is more precise. finally, making predictive analytics an inherent aspect of bigger smarter city empires, which will be connected to iot sensors, mobility systems, and digital government platforms, is the future direction of work as governments move beyond reactive to proactive service provision on a citywide basis [60]. collectively, these lines of inquiry indicate that predictive analytics have great potential to become a fully developed part of the contemporary state administration, enhancing fairer, more efficient, and people-oriented systems of the government. viii. conclusion this study illustrates the disruptive nature of predictive analytics in improving the operations of the government and reinforcing the delivery of services to the people in the united states. through the analysis of the nyc 311 service request data, the research findings can be used to offer empirical data to support the idea that data-driven strategies may reveal useful trends, enhance the efficiency of response, and foster more effective decision-making within the community of the public agencies. the results indicate that the frequency of complaints, response time, and geographic differences can be a good way to understand the needs of citizens and can therefore assist the government to distribute resources in a more effective manner and structure specific interventions. the study establishes using predictive modeling, with support vector machine (svm) and so forth that machine learning approaches are reliable in the classification of service request behaviors and predicting the outcome of resolutions, which presents significant automation opportunities, service delay early detection, and performance optimization. this study also demonstrates the necessity of using visual analytics as the tool to 193 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analyze complicated data so that policy makers and the leaders of various agencies could perceive trends in a straightforward and practical way. seasonality, differences between neighborhoods, differences between different types of complaints, and so on all raise the need to have nimble and responsive work in government. the lessons learned here confirm the importance of predictive analytics as a diagnostic tool and a proactive process that enables the use of predictive analytics by predicting the demands of services prior to the need arising by the citizens seeking them. this study also mentions the obstacles, which are such concerns as the quality of the data, possible bias in the algorithms, and the necessity of the strong ethical frameworks that could be used to ensure the fairness, transparency, and accountability of the automated decision-making process. this study outlines the importance of predictive analytics in making the public sector more responsive, efficient, and citizen-focused. the application of machine learning and data science to operational procedures is going to be a more necessary factor as governments keep adopting digital transformation. through big data initiatives by the government, like nyc 311, agencies will be able to change reactive patterns of their services into proactive ones that avert problems, minimize delays, and enhance community performance. this paper finally supports the idea that predictive analytics is not only a technological adornment, but a competitive power that can reshape the way governmental organizations conceive, operate, and provide services to their citizens during the current times. ix. references 1. mittal, p., & gautam, s. 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(2022). open innovation during the covid‐19 pandemic policy responses in south africa and kenya. politics & policy, 50(5), 1008-1031. 51. alahi, m. e. e., sukkuea, a., tina, f. w., nag, a., kurdthongmee, w., suwannarat, k., & mukhopadhyay, s. c. (2023). integration of iot-enabled technologies and artificial intelligence (ai) for smart city scenario: recent advancements and future trends. sensors, 23(11), 5206. 52. taiwo, e., akinsola, a., tella, e., makinde, k., & akinwande, m. (2023). a review of the ethics of artificial intelligence and its applications in the united states. arxiv preprint arxiv:2310.05751. 53. goloshchapova, t., yamashev, v., skornichenko, n., & strielkowski, w. (2023). egovernment as a key to the economic prosperity and sustainable development in the postcovid era. economies, 11(4), 112. 54. kim, s., wellstead, a. m., & heikkila, t. (2023). policy capacity and rise of data‐based policy innovation labs. review of policy research, 40(3), 341-362. 55. nasution, d. a. d. (2023). navigating public sector asset management: a study of the government of the republic of indonesia. tec empresarial, 18(2), 1264-1281. 56. schoeman, i., & chakwizira, j. (2023). advancing a performance management tool for service delivery in local government. administrative sciences, 13(2), 31. 57. mccarthy, r. v., mccarthy, m. m., ceccucci, w., halawi, l., mccarthy, r. v., mccarthy, m. m., ... & halawi, l. (2022). applying predictive analytics (pp. 89-121). springer international publishing. 58. boobier, t. (2022). ai and the future of the public sector: the creation of public sector 4.0. john wiley & sons. 59. alahmari, n., mehmood, r., alzahrani, a., yigitcanlar, t., & corchado, j. m. (2023). autonomous and sustainable service economies: data-driven optimization of design and operations through discovery of multi-perspective parameters. sustainability, 15(22), 16003. 60. escobar, f., almeida, w. h., & varajão, j. (2023). digital transformation success in the public sector: a systematic literature review of cases, processes, and success factors. information polity, 28(1), 61-81. 61. dataset link: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-servicerequests-analysis 62. source link: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-servicerequests-analysis) https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-service-requests-analysis https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/shubhammore12/nyc-311-customer-service-requests-analysis 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 analysis of the methods of using modern technologies in the activities of museums tojiakhmedova muyassarkhon khaydarovna teacher of namangan state university annotation: this article provides detailed information about reforms in the field of culture and art in the republic of uzbekistan, methods of using modern technology in the activities of museums, and the activities of museums in our country. keywords: internet, museum reserve, computer equipment, electronic system, people’s museum, ikom, new technology. it is not only a natural phenomenon, but also a vital necessity that the advanced achievements of scientific and technical development enter into the work of the museum along with all other areas. in particular, with the creation of computers in our current understanding in the 90s of the 20th century, the possibilities of forming an information system in the field of museums and providing full information expanded. in particular, the acquisition of a computer by museum specialists and the creation of a single network created many conveniences in documenting museum funds. in particular, the image of the exhibits is entered directly into the computer through a digital camera. their analysis and other information are attached, and if necessary, additions and corrections are made by experts. this ensured a sharp improvement in the quality of the catalog and card file, which is in constant motion in the work of the museum. music education is also carried out in certain organizational forms, such as classes, excursions, practical and laboratory training, lectures, seminars, dictation, control tests, etc. over the past period, the republic of uzbekistan has adopted a number of normative and legal acts on the development of culture and arts[1]. in particular, the resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pd 3391 of november 17, 2017 “ on measures to further develop the art of the uzbek national makom”, of may 30, 2019 “ on the organization of the activities of the state museum-reserves sarmishsay”, “shakhrisabz”, “termez” and “kokand” resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 443 of april 21 [2] , 2020 “on measures to further increase the efficiency of the fine and applied arts” resolution no. pd 4688 of may 26, 2020 “culture decree no. pd-6000 of may 23 [3]. the introduction of the internet has activated this process at the international level. now you can enter the “museums” and “culture” sections in it to “walk” around any museum of the world, in addition to general information about museums, about fund exhibits, news, special events and scientific conferences, addresses of specialists and employees in the field, their e-mails and other information can be obtained on the internet. according to the information distributed by the amiko consortium in the united states, there is a file system on the internet with pictures of more than two and a half million museum exhibits. museums of uzbekistan are also working on creating their own sites on the internet. in the bukhara state architectural and art museum-reserve, the issue of providing museum 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us employees with personal computer equipment is gradually being positively resolved.[4] in the museum, some work is being done on connecting to the internet, creating a site and establishing a database. as a first step, the works of copying the collection of manuscripts in the museum fund to an electronic laser disc have been started. but, in fact, the work in this field is going very slowly in the museums of our republic. it is known that the main task of the museum is to collect, store and display. today, museums can ensure the preservation of their exhibits by using modern information technologies. because accurate accounting guarantees the right to keep and own the museum’s treasures. today, historians, art historians, museological researchers and other representatives of the social sphere face some problems in the full scientific study of museum treasures. first of all, the procedures and rules introduced in our large museums often lead to disagreements and sometimes opposition between the foreign expert-scientist and the museum administration. in practice, such phenomena are observed that the researcher who applied with the official referral letter of the scientific institution where he works is only allowed to get acquainted with the card files in the departments; some museums offer a paid service. this type of service may be appropriate for commercial publications by researchers from foreign countries.[5] however, conditions should be created for employees of the republic's scientific institutions to study our cultural wealth without any obstacles. because, first of all, they are not allocated additional funds from the state budget for such research. secondly, such research is carried out for the sake of the scientific, spiritual and cultural development of our republic, including the benefit of those museums. due to the above problem, 70% of the museum fund exhibits in uzbekistan are waiting for their fundamental research. the publications available in the libraries cover only 10% of them at most.[6] however, at present, we are witnessing that the work of the museum in the world has advanced a lot. almost all of the world's leading museums are constantly making presentations through the internet, regularly filling their sites with new information. if we look at the practice of russia alone, there are a number of associations and centers engaged in the activities of museums. all aspects of museum life are covered in detail on the “museums of russia” server, “all-russian register of museums” and other sites on the internet. since 1997, the state museum of history (moscow) has been displaying its exhibits through the internet system. more than three thousand exhibits of the museum are included in the pan-european “museum online” network. the state hermitage museum also exhibits more than four thousand works in its reserve in this way. the rubinski art museum made progress in its field and on march 10, 2000, presented an electronic site consisting of 45,000 cards in moscow. a number of scientific and practical conferences are held on the introduction of the electronic system in museums, the form, order, appearance, structure of the sites displayed in it and other issues of the field. among them, adit (automation of museum activities and information technology) association, in cooperation with non-governmental organizations and agencies, is doing a lot of work in bringing modern communication networks to the museum field. in particular, the association holds scientific conferences every year in different cities of russia. on may 28-june 1, 2001, a scientific conference on “museums and information space: problems of informatization and cultural heritage” was held in tula.[7] in addition to museum specialists, library, archival university, electronic publishing and technical firms, representatives of many foreign organizations and specialists of other fields related to the problem will participate in the conference. the conference included the following topics: “the mission of adit as a national association for museum documents”, “information management”, “information of accounting and storage activities”, “introduction of automatic networks to scientific research and exposition-exhibition 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us activities of museums” , section meetings on the topics of “dissemination of information in working with the audience” were held. also, samples from sd-zom electronic publication and internet sites for museums were presented. currently, as in other scientific research institutions, republican museums are faced with big financial problems, precisely the issue of publication. museums, libraries and archives of europe and america are trying to solve this problem through wide use of the same internet network. for example, german specialists have published on a special website the materials of the iv international “museum work, assembly, repair and technology for exhibitions” held in munich on june 19-22, 2001. russian museologists published part of the collection of articles entitled “museum of the future: information technology and cultural heritage” and other publications on the internet. some of them are in russian, making it convenient for specialists of our museums who do not know other foreign languages. based on the above, we believe that the establishment of a special center consisting of specialists who create electronic programs for museums under the foundation of the republic “uzbek museum” is an urgent issue on the agenda of supporting museums. because it is through such a center that it is possible to introduce a unified system of information dissemination and creation of sites in the museums of uzbekistan. our major museums can create an electronic information collection based on international standards by attracting foreign investments. however, in this case, different methods and forms of data collection are created in museums, which is likely to cause some confusion. taking this into account, if more than 80 museums of different directions of the republic prepare a single template of sites, accounting and card files, it would be very useful in publishing a single catalog of the museum fund of the republic later. therefore, we should accept it as a natural state and a requirement of the times that our museums, along with other cultural institutions, should be included in the world's information flow with their electronic publications. after all, by disseminating information, the museum can advertise itself in the society, increase the number of visitors, and establish fast and convenient communication with foreign colleagues. the introduction of the electronic information distribution system plays a positive role in promoting the wealth of our museums to the general public, especially among young people. in 1986, when the international year of peace was celebrated, the international museum of peace and solidarity was opened in samarkand, and in 1989 it was named “people’s museum”. this museum, which acts as a unique information and communication center, hosts many educational programs, international projects and art exhibitions, and also has a permanent exhibition. the museum has more than 20,000 exhibits-posters, paintings, tapestries, flags, pennants, books, badges, video films, audio cassettes, cds and many other items brought from all continents. among them, a fragment of the house roof tiles that melted as a result of the atomic bomb explosion in nagasaki, the soil of the stalingrad battlefields, auschwitz, and the peace park in hiroshima were placed among them. capsules, a piece of the berlin wall, a clock of the destroyed american nuclear missiles “pershing-2”, a gift of astronaut r. furrer, which he took with him on the flight “challenger”; the paintings of denis legri, a french artist born with a disability, with a spirit of beauty and love for life are amazing. the museum has extensive contacts with many international and national (intergovernmental and non-governmental) organizations and well-intentioned people on all continents. institutions of the un, osce, european council, european union commission, unesco, icom, nato, international pen club, norwegian nobel institute, world council of churches, world bank, international committee of the red cross and other organizations send their publications to the museum. exhibitions in the museum fund, which is a member of the international peace bureau in geneva and the global network of world museums, were shown in cyprus, france, holland, russia and 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other countries. his work has been reflected in many articles, tv and radio programs. at the right time, it should be mentioned that the first issue of 2000 of the magazine published by the international council of museums in paris in english, french and spanish languages opened with an article dedicated to the activities of the international museum of peace and solidarity in samarkand. this is the only way to achieve spiritual maturity and a rich cultural and spiritual heritage.[8] during the past period, the museum was able to show its promising potential as a unique unique museum in the cis and baltic countries. however, due to the lack of sufficient material and technical conditions, its huge potential is not fully utilized. all the work of the museum is carried out mainly with the help of its activists and friends. currently, the society of friends of the museum, which supports the initiatives of the museum, is being formed. references 1. mirkhakimova feruza kholdorjon kizi. activity of mutal burkhanov house museum. central asian journal of social sciences and history volume: 03 issue: 11 | nov 2022 (issn: 2660-6836). 76-81 pp. 2. topildiev odiljon rakhimjonovich, mirkhakimova feruza kholdorjon kizi. reform in the field of culture and art in the republic of uzbekistan. web of scientist: international scientific research journal. issn: 2776-0979, volume 3, issue 5, may., 2022.196-198 pp. 3. mirkhakimova, f. k. (2021). the state museum of history and culture of namangan region past and today. asian journal of multidimensional research, 10(8), 84-89. 4. 4.tojiakhmedova muyassarkhon khaydarovna. use of modern technologies in museum activities. ta’lim va innovatsion tadqiqotlar ilmiy va ilmiy texnik onlayn konferensiya. 2022. 06. 17. 120 122 pp. https://conf.sciencebox.uz/index.php/innovatsiya/article/view/114/107 5. бекмуродов м., рашидова м. музейшунослик. – тошкент, 2006. – с.102. 6. бартольд в.в. история культурной жизни туркестана. сочинение, т.ii. ч. 1. 1963. – с. 160-430; семёнов а.а. некоторые особенности материальной культуры прошлых эпох средней азии // известия средазкомстарис. 1928. вып. 1. – с. 12.; 7. лунин б.в. из истории русского востоковедения и археологии в туркестане. – ташкент: фан, 1958.-с. 10 8. мирхакимова, ф. (2023). музей как один из очагов культуры. общественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 2 (14), 9–11. извлечено от https://www.in-academy.uz/index.php/zdif/article/view/24049 434 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 laws of solon adhamkulov egamnazar jdpu named after a. qadiri faculty of history, 1st year a student of group 322-22 of the 1st year of the spiritual foundations of the national idea and the direction of legal education adhamqulovegamnazar@gmail.com annotation: in this article, solon's laws and a little of his life in athens are covered, and information such as the division of the population into classes is mentioned. in addition, the period of solon's travels and poetry is also covered. mentioned. key words: solon, plutarch, areopagus, sisakhfia, pentacosiomedimna, hippa, zeugits, feta, egypt, cyprus, lydia, cleisthenes, archon, athens, codrids, byzantium. solon was the first athenian poet, and by 594 bc he had become the most influential politician in athens. the author of a number of important reforms that influenced the formation of the athenian state. solon was born in 640 bc. in athens. he came from a noble family of codrids. when he became an adult, he was forced to engage in maritime trade due to financial difficulties. some biographers say that solon's lover in his youth was his relative pisistratus. at the same time, the same plutarch wrote that the ruler had a weakness for beautiful girls. historians did not find any information about solon's descendants. obviously, he did not just have children. at least in later centuries, no trace of his ancestors has been found. his poetry shows that solon was very religious. it is interesting that he did not blame the gods for all the problems and misfortunes, but his own desires sought to satisfy, and also seen in the people themselves, distinguished by vanity and arrogance. apparently, solon was the first athenian poet even before his political career. many parts of his works of various contents have survived to this day. in total, 283 poems with more than 5000 lines have been preserved. for example, the elegy "to me" has reached us in its entirety in the "ecologlari" of the byzantine writer stobey, and 3 fragments of the 100-line elegy "salamis" have been preserved. their number consists of only 8 lines. the young man traveled a lot, showed great interest in the culture and traditions of different nations. some biographers say that he was known as a talented poet even before he became a politician. in his biography, there was an unstable situation in his homeland at that time. solon died in 560 or 559 bc. ancient documents contain conflicting information about the sage's death. according to valery maximus, he died in cyprus and was buried there. in turn, elian solon wrote that he 435 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us was buried near the city wall of athens at the expense of the state. perhaps this information is the most appropriate. according to fanius of lesbos, solon died in his native athens at the beginning of the 7th century bc. athens was one of many greek city-states that operated under the political system of the archaic athenian city-state. the state was governed for 9 years by a collegium consisting of archons (i.e. chiefs or elders), who served for one year. the athenian demos directly depended on the aristocracy, which caused discontent in society. at the same time, the athenians fought with megara for the island of salamis. constant disagreements between representatives of the aristocracy and the enslavement of the demos had a negative impact on the development of the athenian police. wars in which solon took part mentioned in documents relating to the war. although the poet's compatriots were tired of long military conflicts, he urged them not to give up and fight for the territory until the end. in addition, solon even created the elegy "salamis", which speaks about the need to continue the war for the island. as a result, he defeated the enemy and personally led an expedition to salamis. after the successful expedition, solon began his brilliant political career. it is worth noting that this island, which was part of the athenian polis, played an important role several times in its history. later, solon started between some greek cities and the city of chris, who took over the management of the delphic temple. participated in the war. the conflict, in which the greeks won, lasted 10 years. the beginning of solon's reforms. according to the position of 594 bc, solon was considered the most influential politician supported by the oracle of delphi. it should be noted that both aristocrats and ordinary people showed kindness to him. at that time, in his biography, he was elected to the title of archon, who had great power in his hands. at that time, the archons were appointed by the areopagus, but solon was elected by the people's assembly, probably due to a special situation. according to ancient historians, politics had to reconcile the warring parties in order for the state to develop as quickly and efficiently as possible. solon's first reform, called sisakhfia "the removal of the burden", that is, the removal of the stones of debt from the mortgaged plots of land of the poor, he called it his most important achievement. thanks to this reform, all the debts of the state were canceled. and debt slavery was banned. this led to the elimination of a number of social problems and economic development. after that, the ruler ordered to limit the import of goods from abroad in order to support local merchants. then solon focused on the development of the agricultural sector and handicraft production. interestingly, parents who failed to train their sons in any profession were forbidden to ask their elders to take care of their children. started during this period of his biography, solon was engaged in the development of monetary reform, introducing a european coinage for money. the new currency helped improve trade between the neighboring polities. during the reign of solon, very important social reforms were implemented, including the division of the police population into 4 property classes pentakosiomedimna, hippa, zevgits and fetas. 1) pentakosiomedimny (five hundred meters) 500 medimns of grain or wine or olive oil citizens with an income of more than 500 the richest athenians; 2) riders citizens who could keep a war horse (their income was more than 300 medim); 3) zevgits (from "dzevgos" community) middle peasants with an income of 200 medim and more; 4) feta the poor with an income of less than 200 medim. some positions could be held only by pentakosiomedimnas (archons, treasurers), most of whom were 436 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us citizens of the three. higher categories. feta could not be elected to public office, but had the right to vote (the election of all the most important positions was now carried out by the people's assembly). a council of four hundred, elected by filaments, was also established, which had the right to discuss laws and proposals in advance, which were then passed by the people's assembly. according to plutarch, the newly formed council prepared bills for the people's assembly and the areopagus supervised all proceedings and guaranteed the protection of the laws. even solon became the author of the decree, according to which any childless person had the right to bequeath his inheritance to whoever he wanted. to maintain relative social equality, the politician signed a decree to introduce the maximum amount of land. since that time, wealthy citizens will not be able to own plots of land in excess of the law. during the years of his biography, he became the author of a number of important reforms that influenced the further formation of the athenian state. after the end of the archonship, solon's reforms were often criticized by various social strata. the rich complained that their rights were limited, and the common people demanded more radical change. many advised solon to establish a tyranny, but he strongly rejected such an idea. since many cities were ruled by tyrants at that time, autocracy (greek: autos self, kratos power) the voluntary relinquishment of the sole authority of a single person, not limited by any law or legal norms, was a unique situation. solon o he explained his decision by the fact that oppression would bring shame to himself and his descendants. in addition, he was against any kind of violence. as a result, he decided to leave politics and travel. during the ten years (593-583 bc), solon traveled to many mediterranean cities, including egypt, cyprus, and lydia. after that, he returned to athens, where his reforms continued successfully. according to plutarch, after the long journey, solon became less interested in politics. solon says: "i gave the people such power that they reduced what they had, now they have become rich ... those who are rich and high, my advice is also saved from shame, before them i hold my shield of power, and do not touch someone else's right! every athenian youth had to undergo two years of military training and remain a soldier until he reached the age of sixty. in case of war, he had to arrive with his weapons. according to legend, the laws of solon were written on large wooden boards (kirbs). they are placed on a large shield that rotates around its axis. over the past centuries, the tree has turned to dust, so it is still unclear which of the laws were established by solon and which belong only to him. solon set a mandatory ten-year term for his laws and left athens. according to some sources, the legislator was afraid of the anger of angry citizens after all, he compromised, not fulfilling the hopes of both the rich and the poor. in one of his elegies, he says that the poor hoped for a complete redistribution of land, and the rich hoped for the repayment of all debts. there is a thought attributed to solon in the works of plutarch: "it is difficult to make everyone happy in great works." under the pretext of expanding trade relations, solon visited egypt, lydia and cyprus. excerpts from his impressions of visiting the palaces of the legendary croesus, a contemporary of solon, have survived to this day. but political tension forced him to return to athens. several political parties began to compete for power, and solon tried to resist the establishment of an autocratic regime. in the end, the tyrant pisistratus won state power. after the victory of his political rival, solon remained in athens, but did not 437 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us live long. the main thing in solon's laws is a successful attempt to equalize the rights of all citizens, leaving aside the issues of descent and tribal hierarchy. the decisive actions of this politician formed a new political and social system in the country. new criteria social relations made it possible to form a new political elite without resorting to old tribal traditions. despite a good start, solon's laws did not completely eradicate the old prejudices. only 90 years after solon's reforms, the new politician cleisthenes continued the democratic initiatives of his predecessor. cleisthenes enjoyed the broad support of the demos, so he was able to finally undermine the rule of the aristocrats and establish power in the state based on new, democratic principles. references: 1. jb bury. greek history plutarch's life of solon 2. richard hooker (wsu.edu/ ~dee/greece/athens.htm) ancient greece: athens 3. john porter's solon 4. keele university of classical athenian democracy (www.keele.ac.uk/depts/cl/iahcla~7.htm accessed 02/02/2000) 5.history of greece vol ii by george grote (1872). 6. journalovik.ru 7. linforth, ivan mortimer (1919): solon the athenian, vol. 6, university of california press. 8. john w.a. (1983): the ancient greeks: a critical history, harvard university press. 9. kagan, donald (2003): the peloponnesian war, penguin books. 10. the athenian constitution, aristotle (~350 bc). commentary on the solonian constitution. 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 04, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх inventory of assets and liabilities shamsitdinova khonzoda student of the faculty of finance and accounting, tsue abstract: to ensure the reliability of accounting data and accounting statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities. during the inventory, not only the presence of property and liabilities, but also their condition and assessment are checked and documented. keywords: inventory, assets, liabilities, in-kind verification, documentary verification, commission. inventory is a method of checking the compliance of the actual availability of property with accounting data in accordance with the accounting law. the main objectives of the inventory are:  identification of the actual presence of property;  comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data;  verification of the completeness of the reflection in the accounting of liabilities. all property of the organization (fixed assets, intangible assets, financial investments, production stocks, finished products, goods, other stocks, cash and other financial assets) is subject to inventory, regardless of its location and all types of financial liabilities. in addition, inventories and other types of property that do not belong to the organization, but are listed in the accounting records (under safekeeping, leased, received for processing), as well as property not taken into account for any reason, are subject to inventory. an inventory of property is carried out at its location and materially responsible person. the number of inventories in the reporting year, the date of their conduct, the list of property and financial obligations checked during each of them are established by the head of the organization, with the exception of the following cases when an inventory is mandatory:  when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as when transforming a state or municipal unitary enterprise;  before preparing annual financial statements;  when changing financially responsible persons;  upon detection of facts of theft, abuse or damage to property;  in case of natural disaster, fire or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions;  in case of reorganization or liquidation of the organization;  in other cases provided for by the legislation of r.uz. 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inventories with collective (team) liability are carried out: when the head of the team (team leader) changes, when more than 50% of its members leave the team (team), and also at the request of one or more members of the team (team). the basis of any inventory is a complete or selective verification of the actual availability of material values, property rights and obligations by a commission specially created in the organization. there are two types of checks: natural and documentary. natural (material) verification consists in direct observation of objects and determination of their quantity by counting, weighing, measuring. fixed assets, inventories, cash and forms of documents of strict accountability are subjected to in-kind verification. during documentary verification, the presence in the organization of property rights (intangible assets, deferred expenses, receivables, etc.) and financial obligations is confirmed directly by documents. as part of a documentary audit, sometimes an accounting or book audit is distinguished, which is a comparison of entries directly in accounting registers (for example, when inventorying the amounts of accrued depreciation, estimated reserves). the procedure for conducting and processing the results of an inventory is determined by nas 19 "organization and conduct of an inventory" to conduct an inventory in the organization, a permanent inventory commission is created. the personal composition of permanent and working inventory commissions is approved by the head of the organization. the composition of the inventory commission includes representatives of the administration of the organization, employees of the accounting service, and other specialists (engineers, economists, technicians, etc.). the composition of the inventory commission may include representatives of the internal audit service of the organization, independent audit organizations. the personal composition of permanent and working inventory commissions is approved by the head of the organization. the document on the composition of the commission in the form of an order, resolution or order is registered in the book for monitoring the implementation of orders for inventory. an order (decision, order) is a written task specifying the content, scope, procedure and timing of the inventory of the inspected object, as well as the personal composition of the inventory commission. the order (decree, order) is signed by the head of the organization and handed over to the chairman of the inventory commission. before starting to check the actual availability of property, the inventory commission should receive the latest receipts and expenditure documents or reports on the movement of material assets and cash at the time of the inventory. the chairman of the inventory commission endorses all incoming and outgoing documents attached to the registers (reports), indicating: "before the inventory on" "year (date)",which should serve as the basis for the accounting department to determine the balance of property by the beginning of the inventory according to the credentials. financially responsible persons give receipts that by the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for property have been handed over to the accounting department or transferred to the commission, and all valuables that have come under their responsibility have been credited, and those that have been retired have been written off. similar receipts are also given by persons who have accountable amounts for the acquisition or powers of attorney to receive property. information about the actual availability of property and the reality of the recorded financial obligations are recorded in the inventory lists or inventory reports in at least two copies. 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the inventory commission ensures the completeness and accuracy of entering data on the actual balances of property in the inventories, the correctness and timeliness of the registration of inventory materials. the actual availability of materials, goods and containers during the inventory is determined by mandatory calculation, weighing, measurement. at the same time, the head of the organization must create conditions that ensure a complete and accurate check of the actual availability of property on time (provide labor for weighing and moving goods, technically sound weighing facilities, measuring and control instruments, measuring containers). for materials and goods stored in the supplier's undamaged packaging, the quantity of these valuables can be determined on the basis of documents with mandatory verification in kind (for a sample) of a part of these valuables. determining the weight (or volume) of bulk materials is allowed on the basis of measurements and technical calculations. when inventorying a large number of goods by weight, the plumbing lists are kept separately by one of the members of the inventory commission and a financially responsible person. at the end of the working day (or at the end of the reweighing), the data of these statements are compared and the verified total is entered into the inventory. acts of measurements, technical calculations and statements of plumb lines are attached to the inventory. the main form of primary documentation for accounting for the results of a natural inventory is an inventory list, documentary an inventory act. methodological recommendations provide for a special procedure for filling out inventory acts:  inventory lists can be filled in using computer and other organizational equipment, as well as manually. moreover, the inventories are filled in with ink or a ballpoint pen clearly and clearly, without blots and erasures;  the names of the inventoried values, their quantity is indicated in the inventories according to the nomenclature and in the units of measurement adopted in accounting;  on each page of the inventory, indicate in words the number of serial numbers of material assets and the total amount in physical terms recorded on this page, regardless of the units of measurement (pieces, kilograms, meters, etc.) these values are shown in;  errors are corrected in all copies of the inventories by crossing out incorrect entries and putting correct entries over the crossed out entries (corrections must be agreed and signed by all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons);  it is not allowed to leave blank lines in the inventories; on the last pages, blank lines are crossed out;  on the last page of the inventory, a note should be made on the verification of prices, taxation and calculation of totals signed by the persons who carried out this verification. the inventory is signed by all members of the inventory commission and financially responsible persons. at the end of the inventory, financially responsible persons give a receipt confirming that the commission has checked the property in their presence, that there are no claims against the members of the commission and that the property listed in the inventory has been accepted for safekeeping. when checking the actual availability of goods and containers in the event of a change of materially responsible persons, the one who accepted the goods and containers signs in the inventory in receipt, and the one who delivered them in the delivery of these material assets. separate inventories are drawn up for goods in safekeeping or materials received for processing. it is important to note that if the inventory is carried out over several days, then the premises where material assets are stored must be sealed when the inventory commission leaves. during breaks in the work of the inventory commissions (during the lunch break, at night, for other 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reasons), the inventories should be stored in a box (cabinet, safe) in a closed room where the inventory is carried out. in those cases when financially responsible persons discover errors in the inventories after the inventory, they must immediately (before the opening of the warehouse, pantry, section, etc.) report this to the chairman of the inventory commission. the inventory commission checks the indicated facts and, if they are confirmed, corrects the identified errors in the prescribed manner. at the end of the inventory, control checks of the correctness of the inventory can be carried out. they should be carried out with the participation of members of the inventory commissions and financially responsible persons before the opening of the warehouse, pantry, section, etc., where the inventory was carried out. the results of control checks of the correctness of the inventory are drawn up in an act (form no. inv-24) and recorded in the book of control checks of the correctness of conducting inventories (form no. inv-25). in the inter-inventory period in organizations with a large range of values, selective inventories of material assets can be carried out in places of their storage and processing. control checks of the correctness of the inventories and selective inventories conducted during the inter-inventory period are carried out by the inventory commissions by order of the head of the organization. it must be remembered that the absence of at least one member of the commission during the inventory is the basis for recognizing the results of the inventory as invalid. verification of the actual availability of material assets is carried out only with the obligatory participation of materially responsible persons. the results of the inventory are verified against the credentials. an inventory either confirms accounting data, or reveals unaccounted for values or admitted losses, theft, shortages. when deviations are identified for the property being checked, collation statements are drawn up the collation statement is compiled by the accountant in two copies, one of which is kept in the accounting department, the second is transferred to the financially responsible person. proposals on the regulation of discrepancies in the actual availability of values and accounting data identified during the inventory are submitted for consideration to the head of the organization, who makes the final decision on offset. the results of the inventory should be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which the inventory was completed, and for the annual inventory in the annual accounting report. the surplus of property identified as a result of the inventory is accounted for at market value on the date of the inventory, and the corresponding amount is credited to the financial results of the organization. shortage of property within the norms of natural loss is attributed to the costs of production or circulation (expenses), and shortages in excess of the norms to the account of the guilty persons. if the perpetrators are not identified or the court refused to recover damages from them, then the losses from the shortage of property and its damage are written off to the financial results of the organization. list of used literature: 1. republican law of april 13, 2016 no. zru-404 "on accounting". 2. tax code of the republic of uzbekistan 12/30/2019 3. ageeva, oa accounting and analysis in 2 hours. part 2. economic analysis: a textbook for academic undergraduate studies / oa ageeva, ls shakhmatova. moscow: yurayt publishing house, 2019. 240 p. 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. andreev, v.d. introduction to the accounting profession: textbook / v.d. andreev, i.v. lisikhin. m.: master, nits infra-m, 2013. 192 p. 5. voronova, e.yu. management accounting: textbook for bachelors / e.yu. voronova. m.: yurayt, 2013. 551 p. 6. gerasimova, ln professional values and ethics of accountants and auditors: a textbook for bachelor's, specialist's and master's degrees / ln gerasimova. moscow: yurayt publishing house, 2019. 318 p. 457 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 human rights are the main factor axmedova muqaddasxon tursunovna public safety university of the republic of uzbekistan professor of the department of civil and legal sciences, doctor of legal sciences axmedovamuqaddasxon81@gmail.com abstract: the article highlights the fact that human rights are the highest value, the fundamental rights and freedoms of a person must be protected and guaranteed by the state, and uzbekistan's commitment to international obligations in the field of human rights is emphasized. keywords: man, human rights, constitution, rule of law, supreme value, un, human rights and freedoms, international documents. in 2023, the international community will celebrate the 75th anniversary of the adoption of the universal declaration of human rights, which strengthened the basic democratic principles and requirements in the field of human rights and freedoms, and served as a political and legal basis for the formation of the entire system of international law in this field. according to the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, a person, his life, honor, dignity, rights and freedoms are the highest value. recognition and protection of human rights and freedoms is the main obligation of the state. this principle occupies a central place in the system of constitutional building foundations. its main feature is that human rights and freedoms are the supreme value of the formation of all other social relations, including state building. the priority of human rights as a principle of democratic statehood is included in the foundations of the constitutional system of the republic of uzbekistan and is integrated with other principles that arise as a result of it, namely separation of powers, ideological and political prejudice, multipartyism, social justice, self-government of citizens. it is not for nothing that this year was declared by the president as "the year of attention to people and quality education" and important and reasonable proposals were put forward. in recent years, at the initiative of our president, along with many subjects, the "human rights" training course has been taught in all educational institutions, which helps young people acquire sufficient knowledge and skills about their rights and obligations. after all, only if the population is sufficiently legally literate and legally cultured, human rights can be prevented from being violated and violated by others. mailto:axmedovamuqaddasxon81@gmail.com 458 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in fact, the head of state has a great contribution in the reforms carried out in the field of human rights and freedoms in our country. presidential decree no. pq-46 "on approval of the national education program in the field of human rights in the republic of uzbekistan" adopted on february 7, 2023 was an important step towards the implementation of the tasks undertaken by our country in this regard. this shows that the strong position of the head of our country, that "uzbekistan remains firmly committed to its international obligations in the field of human rights", is in practice. 2021 president shavkat mirziyoyev, in his speech on behalf of uzbekistan, which participated as a member of the un human rights council, said that "ensuring basic human rights and freedoms is the most important part of the reforms in uzbekistan, the goals of sustainable development are to ensure the rights and legitimate interests of every person in our country, and it is carried out on the basis of the principle of "not neglecting", who stated the important goals. the president of the republic of uzbekistan, sh. mirziyoev, in his speeches and writings, has been constantly noting that providing and protecting human rights and freedoms is the highest duty of the state. he calls on the activities of all authorities to ensure human rights in the first place. glorifying and honoring a person, ensuring his rights and freedoms in practice is the most important and urgent issue. therefore, great work is being done in the field of human rights protection in our country. because at the core of the reforms in uzbekistan is the vital idea that "human interests are above all else", the fact that uzbekistan is cooperating with many countries of the world and major international organizations in various fields in this regard is a clear proof of our opinion. in particular, the cooperation relations of our country with the un are becoming stronger and more active day by day. we all witnessed that president shavkat mirziyoyev, in his speech at the 46th session of the un human rights council held in geneva, put forward sharp and urgent initiatives aimed at ensuring human interests. it is no exaggeration to say that this historic speech was welcomed by the general public and international experts. in his speech, the head of state said that the provision of basic human rights and freedoms is the most important thing in the ongoing reforms in uzbekistan, and stated that the sustainable development goals until 2030 will be implemented on the basis of the principle of "leaving no one behind", which provides for ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of every person in our country. . these are not simple and lofty words, in fact, we all know that glorification of man, expression of his rights and interests, and all-round development have been made into the main idea of our constitution. the reason is that all countries that respect human rights and dignity are moving towards development today. in this speech of the president, the deepening of democratic changes in uzbekistan and the priorities of the council's activities were highlighted through the following seven issues: firstly, that the provision of basic human rights and freedoms is the most important in the reforms in uzbekistan; secondly, to strictly continue work aimed at radically increasing the role of women in the sociopolitical life of the country and in the field of business in terms of gender policy issues; thirdly, it is important to pay attention to ensuring the rights of people with special needs. 459 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us touching on all the above issues, the president emphasized that human rights and legal interests are guaranteed at the core of all our reforms, which is one of our main achievements. also, the adoption of the children's ombudsman law in 2021, i.e. the international year for the elimination of child labor, is a clear proof of our opinion that it is a truly historic event. we all know that in 2020 alone, nearly 50,000 of our compatriots were accepted as citizens of the republic of uzbekistan, and this year, the tasks in this direction will continue, more than 20,000 people will be granted citizenship, and by reducing the number of stateless persons in our country, their rights and legal is to ensure that their interests are fully protected. the human rights council was invited to consider the issue of developing universal principles of the activities of the judicial councils, the main purpose of which is to completely prevent any form of inhumane torture, which undermines the dignity of a person, within the framework of the introduction of a national preventive mechanism for the prevention of torture. it should be noted that regardless of who commits this type of crime, punishment is inevitable for them. the problem of combating torture will never lose its relevance throughout the world. the convention against degrading treatment, torture, cruel punishment was adopted in the last century in 1984 and has been implemented since 1989. the declaration on the protection of all persons from torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, adopted on december 9, 1975, is the basis of this convention. also, based on the fact that torture of imprisoned people is a phenomenon contrary to the provision of human rights, the un has adopted special agreements of global significance. the international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination, adopted on december 21, 1965, the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, adopted on december 19, 1966, the convention on torture and cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, adopted on december 10, 1984. it is appropriate to emphasize the introduction of conventions against types that degrade the value and dignity. indeed, in the 21st century, mankind has made great progress in ensuring human rights and freedoms. this can be observed in the fact that the un has become a prestigious international organization, the importance, position and priority of the legal documents adopted by it in the formation of national legal systems are increasing. it is not wrong to say that these international legal documents, conventions and agreements are the main obstacle and protection for inhumane, undemocratic events becoming a global reality. in his speech, the head of state announced the ratification of the optional protocol of the convention against torture, and also pointed out that preparations are being made to invite a special rapporteur on torture to uzbekistan in order to cooperate on these issues. uzbekistan remains firmly committed to its international obligations in the field of human rights. the supremacy of universally recognized rules of international law is implicitly recognized. where a person is valued, respected and has freedom, then and there there will be a mood of creativity, research, work on oneself and satisfaction with life. after all, the fact that the proposed ideas are aimed at solving the urgent and acute problems that are being thought about by mankind today shows how important the president's speech is. a person who considers himself a human being, who has a little love for his country and people in his heart, does not harm the honor, dignity and reputation of other people, regardless of who 460 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us they are. hurting someone's tongue, unjustly accusing, insulting, oppressing, oppressing and endangering someone, causing cold relations between two people, avoiding help and support in difficult situations, refusing and cheating, fraud and stealing, in a word in other words, oppressing people, regardless of their nationality and religion, is characteristic of people who do not have the virtue of humanity. after all, such vices are strongly condemned in the "holy qur'an" and in verse 135 of the "an'om" chapter: "undoubtedly, the oppressors will not be saved", which indicates that man is the greatest and dearest creature. conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that the president of the republic of uzbekistan needs to improve the activities of law enforcement agencies in order to prevent situations that demean the honor and dignity of people and citizens, to adapt the national legislation to the international standards that uzbekistan has joined in the field of human rights, to conduct regular monitoring in the field of human rights, to cooperate with international organizations, thoughts on strengthening are important. after all, increasing the legal culture of the population through measures aimed at strictly observing and respecting the protection of human rights is always in our focus. references 1. presidential decree no. pq-46 of february 7, 2023 on “approving the national education program in the field of human rights in the republic of uzbekistan”. 2. axmedova, m. (2023). о ‘zbekistonda nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlari va kasaba uyushmalari faoliyatining о ‘ziga xos jihatlari. development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences, 2(3), 113-116. 3. ахмедова, м. (2023). особенности деятельности негосударственных некоммерческих организаций и профсоюзов в узбекистане. реформы в сфере подготовки юридических кадров в узбекистане: анализ результатов и перспективные задачи, 1(1), 101-106. 217 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 views of world and uzbeki linguists on system-structural linguistics saydaliyeva dilzodaxon bohodirovna teacher of kspi annotation: in this article, the study issues of systemic-structural linguistics and the different views of world and uzbek linguists are highlighted. it is known that language is the most important means of communication between people. it is the main means of conveying information about certain events in objective existence. it turns out that there are other ways of information transfer. keywords: linguistics, comparative linguistics, structure, system linguistics, text, structuralism. language is among the above tools that serve to convey information. the common thing for all of them is to provide information, first of all, about oneself, and at the same time, about other known events in existence. such tools are called symbols. in the process of knowing the world around him, a person reflects the elements of the world in his mind through images, and the elements of the world reflected in this mind are expressed through symbols. any material representation of social information is a symbol. the fact that the language is a sign system is its main feature. until the end of the 19th century, philosophers were mainly engaged in the theory of symbols. only from the end of the 19th century, this issue attracted the attention of psychologists. the philosophical theory of symbols has a long history. the ancient greeks were secretly based on the concept of signs in their scientific debates about the essence of things and their naming. under the influence of philosophers, in almost all linguistic works devoted to the general theory of language from the 19th century, the word began to be interpreted as a sign with a dual character. in the works of v. humboldt, a. schleicher, l. breal, a. maye, f. fortunatov, i. a. baudouin de courtenay, n. krushevsky, the word is approached from the point of view of signs. but f. de saussure clearly explained the sign nature of language. he even emphasized that there is a separate science dealing with the theory of signs the science of semiology, and that linguistics should also be part of semiology. on the one hand, due to the success of structuralism, and on the other hand, due to the development of the science of semiotics, interest in the problem of signs has increased since the 50s. the study of linguistic problems in the semiotic aspect led to a change in the position of linguistics itself. it has also become a central science in the system of human knowledge. in the history of linguistics, the period before systematic-structural linguistics is often referred to as traditional linguistics. an important aspect of traditional linguistics is the descriptive study of the studied object based on the specific noun given by the senses. some scholars understand "traditional linguistics" as the opposite of "modern linguistics". in particular, the same idea was expressed by r.a. budagov more than 20 years ago. he emphasized that the use of the terms "traditional linguistics" and "modern linguistics" as if they mean "old, backward linguistics" and "new, advanced linguistics" is completely foreign to marxist doctrine. in fact, "traditional linguistics" does not contradict "modern linguistics" or "modern linguistics". here, "traditional linguistics" does not only mean the purely chronological meaning, that is, the meaning of 218 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "linguistics up to now", but it is based on two stages of knowledge in the epistemological sense, and from the ontological point of view, the nature and essence of language is two different it is evaluated as an approachable science and contrasted with linguistics, which is called systematic linguistics. they are two equal areas of linguistics that differ from each other both in terms of approach to language ontology and in terms of the methodology and methods of its verification. these two directions of linguistics do not reject each other, but one is based on the results of the other. that's why both linguistics are taking steps now. dividing the history of linguistics into three periods, e.benvenist states that a new period of linguistics began in the first quarter of the 20th century, that is, the period of a systematic-structural approach to language. from this period, the attention of linguistics was not focused on the philosophy of language, nor on the evolution of language, but on the immanent (lat. immanens, im-manentis specific; private) reality of language. as a result, linguistics began to strive to become a formal, compact, systematic science. however, this should not lead to the idea that traditional linguistics has stopped and given way to structural linguistics. it was from this period that structural linguistics began to take root. true, signs of systematicity in uzbek linguistics up to the 70s and 80s cannot be denied. because each new scientific direction is formed in the bosom of the old one and grows out of it. f. mikush claims that any linguistic direction in a certain sense shows an element of structuralism. but any direction that does not determine the typical structure of the language and does not rely on it cannot be evaluated as a structural direction. in uzbek linguistics, since the methodology of systematic linguistics and the method of verification have been popular since the 70s, it is unnecessary to search for the principles of systematicity from earlier studies. l.s. barkhudarov also emphasized that traditional linguistics does not have strict scientific research methods such as distribution, transformation, binary opposition, as in structural linguistics. it is inappropriate to interpret systematic linguistics, which is opposed to traditional linguistics, as "advanced linguistics". first of all, the views of representatives of systematic linguistics are not the same, and in many cases they even contradict each other. in particular, f. de saussure himself divides linguistics into internal and external linguistics and thinks only about internal linguistics. foreign linguistics is beyond his attention. f. de saussure's view that language is not a substance, but a form, became the main idea of the glossematic direction of structural linguistics, and they interpreted language as a system of pure relations, separated from materiality. studying the relationships between the structural units of the language was considered the main task of linguistics. however, a number of issues such as language and society, language and speaker, language evolution, the relationship between literary language and folk dialects, language and thought, text linguistics, and language aesthetics remain out of his view. the direction of functional linguistics, while developing f. de saussure's view that speech activity consists of the interaction of language and speech, paid attention to the development of language through speech and the implementation of language-speech dichotomy at all levels of language. therefore, speech activity was approached from the point of view of both substance and form, and at the same time, a number of the above issues that were overlooked by glossematics attracted the attention of functional linguistics. with this, functional linguistics was connected with traditional linguistics. american generative linguistics has become even closer to traditional linguistics. from the 70s of the 20th century, structuralism began to enter uzbek linguistics. in this field, the services of professor sh. rahmatullayev, who divided the lexical units of the uzbek language into macro and microsystems and recommended a number of their microsystems to his students as a monographic research object, should be highlighted. i. kochkortoyev developed the ideas of sh. rahmatullayev and conducted extensive scientific research in this field. the research on the distinction between language and speech, the relationship between form and content in language units, and the linguistic concept of f. de saussure was of great importance in the formation and development of the structural direction in uzbek linguistics. wide spread of systemic-structural studies coincided with the 80s. during this 219 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us period, a number of works were published that researched the phonology, lexicology, and syntax of the uzbek language from the point of view of its systematic structure. the call for systematic and structural research of all units of the uzbek language began with the article published by h. nematov, n. mahmudov and a. nurmonov. as a result, it can be said that the period of attack on systematic research in uzbek linguistics has begun. after that, a. nurmonov's "phonology and morphology of the uzbek language" (1992), dedicated to the phonological system of the uzbek language, a. abduazizov's book of the same name (1994), devoted to the morpheme paradigmatics and syntagmatics of the uzbek language monograph by t. mirzakulov (1994), "basics of uzbek language system lexicology" (1995) by h. ne'matov and r. rasulov, devoted to the system lexicology of the uzbek language, r. rasulov's "o "semantic structure of verbs of the uzbek language" (1990), "theoretical grammar of the uzbek language" of the group of authors. morphology" (2001); "substantive syntax of the uzbek language", "theoretical grammar of the uzbek language" devoted to the syntactic system of the uzbek language. syntax", a. berdialiyev's "semantic-significant paradigmatics in compound sentence constructions with subordinate clauses" (2001), "structural syntax of the uzbek language" by m. qurbonova, r. sayfullayeva (2004), "introduction to functional syntax" by n. turniyozov (2003), h. ne'matov and o. bozorov's "language and speech" (1989) devoted to the dichotomy of language and speech, o. bozorov's "graduation in uzbek" (1997) devoted to the classification of linguistic units, linguistic a. nurmonov's works dedicated to the sign "linguistic sign and its characteristics" (2008) and several other monographic studies and scientific articles were published. conclusion. as can be seen from the above-mentioned principles, it incorporates the most rational aspects typical of all three branches of systemic-structural directions and the teachings of eastern philosophy about perceptual and perceptual knowledge of the object. this direction pays more attention to the internal structure and function of linguistic units. therefore, it is appropriate to call it "structural-functional direction". references 1. неъматов ҳ.ўзбек тили тарихий фонетикаси. – тошкент:ўқитувчи,1992. б.5. 2. shleyxer a. der ursprung der sprache. 1851; maye a. urushdan keyingi evropadagi lingvistik vaziyatning sharhini nashr etdi (1918); фортунатов ф. ф. о происхождении глаголицы. — спб., 1903; бодуэн де куртенэ и.а. национальный и территориальный признак в автономии. — спб.: типография м. м. стасюлевича, 1913; н.крушевский. избранные труды по языкознанию. м.: наследие, 1998. 3. будагов р.а. очерки по языкознанию. 1953. – c.19. 4. nurmonov a. struktur tilshunoslik: ildizlari va yo‘nalishlari. – toshkent: ta’lim, 2009. – b.31. 5. qo‘chqortoyev i. f.de sossyurning lingvistik konsepsiyasi. – toshkent, 1976. 6. yigitaliyeva, s., & yo’ldoshboyeva, o. (2023). oliy talimda ona tili fanini o ‘qitishning nazariy masalalari. общественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 2(8), 41-44. 7. yigitaliyeva, s. (2023). yaxshilik konseptining bilvosita ifodalanishi. mug'allim. 8. isog’aliyevna, y. s. (2023). boshlang’ich sinf o’quvchilariga ona tili darslarini o’rgatishning lingvistik konseptual asoslari. integratsiyalashgan ta’lim va tadqiqotlar jurnali. 9. yigitaliyeva, s. (2022). hayrat-ul abror dostonida so'z ta'rifi. scienceweb academic papers collection. 10. egamkulovna, a. m. (2023). using a spelling dictionary in studying literacy and correcting students'mistakes. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 11(2), 194-199. 220 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. egamkulovna, a. m. (2022). enhancing students' oral and written speech through educational dictations in primary school mother tongue classes. 12. egamkulovna, a. m. lexical devices used in lyrical works in the textbook. journalnx, 7(1), 88-90. 13. makhramovna, b. d. (2023). methodical views of nizamiddin mahmudov. world of science: journal on modern research methodologies, 2(3), 149-154. 14. boshmanova, d. (2023). nizomiddin mahmudovning lingvistik qarashlari. qo'qon dpi. ilmiy habarlar. 15. valieva, m. s. (2022). lingvoculturology and paremiological aspects of a language. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(12), 12231228. 16. валиева, м. с. (2022). лингвокультурология как особая научная дисциплина. экономика и социум, (5-1 (96)), 346-348. 17. soliyevich, i. z. (2023). lingvopoetikaning o’rganilish tarixi. conferencea, 199-204. 18. isaqov, z., & abduganieva, m. attention to literature is the attention to the owners of our bright future. international journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology. 19. isaqov, z. s. 2nd grade in the textbook” native language and reading literacy" the use of types of words according to the attitude of form and meaning. international journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology. 20. oripova, k. (2022). turli tillardagi antonimlarning strukturaviy jihatlari. scienceweb academic papers collection. 21. oripova, k. (2022). ingliz tilidagi antonimlarning o’ziga xos xususiyatlari. scienceweb academic papers collection. 22. andrew, j. s. (2023). artistic discourse and antonyms in it as a cultural factor. open access repository, 9(3), 409-411. 23. орипова, к. э. ўхшатишлар иштирокидаги бадиий матнларда антонимлар маданий омил сифатида. му аллим œўм зликсиз билимлендири², 52. 24. oripova, k. (2023). problems in the study of antonyms in comparative linguistics. scienceweb academic papers collection. 25. shahista, k., shohida, i., & saidaxon, m. (2023). comparative analysis of englsh and german languages. o'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 2(20), 46-49. 363 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the method of teaching the noun group in the primary grades in consistency tursunova zarina nematovna teacher of asian international university abstract: teaching vocabulary to elementary school students, oral and written in speech of them right to use to teach don't read serves to develop both speaking ability and right thinking ability. then students in his speech word conscious apply will receive person manifested as will be. this article word categories initial class about teaching methods to teachers. key words: the essence of teaching vocabulary, stages of learning vocabulary in elementary grades, teaching noun phrases the preparatory stage for learning nouns corresponds to the period of literacy training.at this stage, students learn to distinguish between objects and the words that name them. attention to the literal meaning of the word (each word has a meaning) is increased, the skill of grouping words (nouns denoting birds, fruits and vegetables, etc.) taking into account the meanings is formed. . the exercises of grouping words based on their lexical meaning develop the ability to compare nouns, identify similarities, and abstract. nevertheless, in order to form a grammatical concept, students do not know the exact meaning of the word, but together with knowing the lexical meaning of the word, it is necessary to master its grammatical signs. teaching vocabulary to elementary school students is a process that requires a lot of effort and attention from elementary school teachers. in order for mother tongue lessons to be socially useful, students should be focused on forming the ability to express their opinion grammatically correct, methodologically clear, and coherently, and to give the opinion of others. speech development instruction in mother tongue classes in teaching grammatical material my student ing in our language each one word category or word requires the application of a methodical method that allows them to learn the role of the part, i.e. grammatical theory helps to form the skills of grammatically correct and clear speech, to learn the skills of understanding and writing practical application of rubbing taught for. cultivating children's speech in the lesson in the content of the lesson and applied tasks in types o z finds the opposite.mother tongue the lesson is evaluated according to the orientation of the goal of working on the development of students' thinking. in this case, it is understood that in the process of studying certain grammatical and spelling material, it is necessary to carry out an exercise that ensures better mastering of this material and requires mental activity. after primary school students are introduced to word groups (noun, adjective, number, pronoun, verb), each lexical-grammatical group is studied separately. it creates a favorable environment for comparison at the initial stage of learning word groups and the main aspects of the grammatical concept to be formed. more precisely to separate possibility gives. for example: "the horse" topic learning system is a goal-directed process in which http://www/ 364 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this phrase is generalized meaning and grammatical signs are scientifically based on each other, in clear consistency in dependence is studied also from the horse in speech to gry use and the exercises performed in order to form correct writing skills are gradually becoming more complicated. .. at the same time, more importance is given to solving a task that must be performed at a certain stage of learning the subject of "noun". for example, in grades 1-2, the signs of a noun as a word group 'rocks') are studied, in the 2nd grade the knowledge of the lexical meaning of nouns, common and related nouns is deepened and systematized, children are introduced to numbers in nouns. to show that nouns are of great importance in speech, the teacher asks to read the text from the reading book without these words. when students read a text with nouns omitted, they realize that the content of the text cannot be understood. the conclusion is drawn: the horse is the name of the objects that surround us, without these words we cannot explain our thoughts to each other. in order to form the concept of "noun", it is important to divide the nouns belonging to this word group into main lexical groups, to show the signs typical of all nouns, and to reveal their role in our speech. for this purpose, in the first lessons devoted to the study of the subject, the words denoting the subjects are introduced into the system. signs common to all these words are defined. who are the subjects of these words? or what? there will be an answer to the question. in the 3rd grade, nouns are given a term, and it is important to learn how to use them in the singular and plural. in the 4th grade, attention is paid to the study of the use of nouns with possessive adjectives, their classification with agreements, and the writing of agreement adverbs. the task of developing the student's speech and thinking is solved at all stages of learning the subject. the stage of preparation for learning the horse corresponds to the period of teaching literacy. at this stage, students learn to distinguish between a word that is a person-thing and a word that is the name of a person, more attention is paid to the lexical meaning of the word, taking into account the meaning of words (birds, fruit and nouns that mean vegetables, clothes, etc.) are formed. at the next stage, special work is done on the lexical meanings and grammatical signs of the noun (being an answer to the question who? or what?, denoting a person, an object explained). who are the students? what is the answer to the question? they learn to distinguish between nouns that are the answer to a question, and to separate them from asking questions, students develop abstract grammatical thinking, they develop the ability to write proper nouns with a capital letter. in the 2nd grade the knowledge of the lexical meaning of the noun, proper and similar nouns (without a term) is deepened. in the process of working on "nouns, that is, the use of nouns in the singular and plural" in the 3rd grade, students will learn: 1) the meaning of nouns used in the singular and plural and distinguishing them through the suffix, 2) forming a plural form from a singular prefix and, on the contrary, forming a singular noun from a plural noun, 3) the ability to use nouns correctly in speech is formed, taking into account the connection of words in a sentence. in the 4th grade the main task of working on the noun is to teach the conscious use of the conjugation forms of the noun and the correct writing of the conjugations. in this class, the noun is studied in the following sequence: 1) to give an understanding of the classification of nouns with conjugations 2) teach the plural form of the noun; 3) to study the features of each agreement separately and to develop skills about the writing of agreement adverbs in connection with it. how to convey a topic or information to students is a teacher's pedagogical skills. the main goal of every pedagogue should be to educate young people who can speak fluently in their mother tongue, adhere to speech culture, and maintain the purity of their speech. references: 1. methodology of mother tongue teaching (textbook for students of the faculty of primary education): jk. kasimovaj, s. matchonov, kh. gulomova, sh. yoldosheva, sh. sariyev. http://www/ 365 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. t.: "publisher", 2009. 3. a. ghulamov. principles and methods of mother tongue teaching. t.: "teacher", 1992.3. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 4. 4.tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 5. 5.bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 6. 6.bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida boshlang ‘ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o ‘qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 7. 7.ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 8. 8.ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 9. 9.kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 10. 10.abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 11. 11.sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 12. 12.yulduz, s. (2023). kreativ yondashuvlar asosida bolalar nutqi va tafakkurini rivojlantirish. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 23(2), 87-92. 13. 13.tursunova, z. (2023). using innovative and interactive methods in native language and reading literacy classes. modern science and research, 2(10), 777-779. 14. 14.лукмонова, с. (2022). bo ‘lajak boshlang ‘ich sinf o ‘qituvchisining raqamli ta’lim resurslaridan foydalanishga tayyorligini shakllantirish: lukmonova salomat gafurovna, boshlang’ich ta’lim nazariyasi kafedrasi o’qituvchisi, buxoro davlat universiteti orcid 0000-0001-9040-0232. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 221-226. http://www/ 420 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 high math score and interval assessment madina polatovna sharipova teacher of the "general technical sciences" department of asia international university abstract: when it comes to mathematics, high scores are often indicative of a student's grasp of the subject matter. however, achieving high scores in math is not always easy, and it requires a strong understanding of mathematical concepts and the ability to apply them in various contexts. interval assessment, a method of evaluating a student's understanding of math at regular intervals, can be a powerful tool in fostering high math scores. keywords: math, score, interval assessment, understanding, evaluation, concepts. mathematics is often considered one of the most challenging subjects for students, and achieving a high math score can be a significant accomplishment. however, achieving high math scores requires more than just studying hard and understanding the material. it also involves regular assessment and feedback to identify strengths and areas for improvement. this is where interval assessment comes into play. interval assessment, also known as formative assessment, is a method of evaluating a student's understanding of a concept or skill at regular intervals throughout a learning period. unlike traditional summative assessments, which occur at the end of a unit or semester, interval assessment provides immediate feedback and allows for adjustments to be made in real-time. when it comes to math, interval assessment can be particularly beneficial. it allows teachers to gauge a student's understanding of mathematical concepts as they progress through the curriculum. this continuous feedback enables educators to identify areas where a student may be struggling and provide targeted support to help them improve. this personalized approach to learning can significantly impact a student's ability to achieve high math scores. moreover, interval assessment encourages active student engagement in the learning process. by regularly checking in on their understanding of math concepts, students are more likely to stay on track and address any misunderstandings or gaps in their knowledge early on. this proactive approach can lead to better retention of information and a deeper understanding of mathematical principles, ultimately contributing to higher math scores. in addition to its benefits for students, interval assessment also provides valuable insights for teachers. by regularly assessing student understanding, educators gain a clearer understanding of the effectiveness of their instructional methods and can make adjustments as needed. this feedback loop is essential for continuous improvement and can lead to more effective teaching practices, ultimately benefiting all students in the classroom. furthermore, interval assessment plays a crucial role in promoting a growth mindset among students. by receiving continuous feedback and support, students are encouraged to view challenges as opportunities for learning and improvement. this mindset shift can significantly impact a student's motivation and resilience, leading to increased academic success, including higher math scores. in conclusion, achieving high math scores is not solely dependent on understanding the 421 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us material; it also requires regular assessment and feedback. interval assessment provides the framework for this continuous feedback loop, allowing students to receive personalized support and for teachers to make informed instructional decisions. by implementing interval assessment in math education, students are better positioned to achieve high math scores and develop a deep, lasting understanding of mathematical concepts. mathematics is a fundamental subject that plays a crucial role in shaping a student's academic and professional success. high scores in math are often considered as a benchmark for a student's proficiency in the subject. achieving high math scores requires mastery of fundamental concepts, problem-solving skills, and the ability to think critically. however, simply achieving high scores in math is not enough; it is equally important to ensure a deeper understanding of the subject matter. interval assessment is a method that allows for the regular evaluation of a student's progress and understanding in mathematics, ultimately contributing to the attainment of high scores. another relevant study by johnson and brown (2019) focused on the effectiveness of interval assessment in enhancing students' mathematical understanding and achievement. the researchers highlighted that interval assessment not only provides a snapshot of students' progress but also helps in identifying misconceptions and addressing them in a timely manner. this targeted approach to feedback and support contributes to an increase in high math scores among students. a significant aspect of interval assessment is its ability to provide ongoing feedback, giving both educators and students the opportunity to identify areas of improvement and strategize accordingly. it encourages continuous improvement and fosters a growth mindset among students, ultimately leading to higher math scores over time. in conclusion, achieving high math scores is not simply about rote memorization and test-taking skills, but about possessing a deep understanding of mathematical concepts and the ability to apply them effectively. interval assessment plays a critical role in fostering high math scores by providing ongoing feedback, identifying areas of improvement, and supporting students in their learning journey. it is imperative for educators to incorporate interval assessment as a regular practice to help students achieve excellence in mathematics. this approach not only helps students perform well in tests but also ensures a more profound and enduring understanding of mathematical concepts. references 1. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). caputa ma’nosida kasr tartibli hosilalar va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 360-365. 2. sharipova, m. p. (2023). maxsus sohalarda karleman matritsasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 137-141. 3. madina polatovna sharipova. (2023). approximation of functions with coefficients. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 135–138. 4. madina polatovna sharipova. (2023). applications of the double integral to mechanical problems. international journal of sciearchers,2(2), 101-103. 5. sharipova, m. p. l. (2023). finding the maximum and minimum value of a function on a segment. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 245-248. 6. sharipova, m. p. (2023). funksiyalarni koeffitsientlar orqali funksiyalarni yakinlashtirish haqida ma'lumotlar. golden brain, 1(34), 102–110. 422 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). kasr tartibli hosila tushunchasi. scholar, 1(31), 263-269. 8. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 9. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 10. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 11. latipova, s. s. qizi . (2023). beta funksiya xossalari va bu funksiya yordamida turli masalalarni yechish. golden brain, 1(34), 66–76. 12. jurakulov, sz (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences , 2 (10), 514-518. 13. oghly, jsz (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology , 3 (10), 25-33. 14. oghly, jsz (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle's system. international journal of pedagogics , 3 (11), 67-73. 15. oghly, jsz (2023). basic philosophical and methodological ideas in the evolution of physical sciences. gospodarka i innowacje. , 41 , 233-241. 16. ugli jurakulov, sz (2023). strategies for successful physics education. educational research in universal sciences , 2 (14), 46-48. 17. oghly, jsz (2023). a japanese approach to in-service training and professional development of science and physics teachers in japan. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) , 1 (9), 167-173. 18. oghly, jsz (2023). strategies for successful learning in physics. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) , 1 (9), 312-318. 19. jurakulov, szo, & turdiboyev, h. (2023). relationships of physics with art in the field of education. golden brain, 1(33), 144–147. 20. jurakulov, szo, & turdiboyev, k. (2023). studying physics using a computer. golden brain, 1(33), 148–151. 21. jurakulov, szo, & nurboyev, o. (2023). level and position in the educational field of physics. golden brain, 1(33), 157–161. 22. jurakulov, szo, & nurboyev, o. (2023). the main significance of the departments of physics in the development. golden brain, 1(33), 162–167. 23. jurakulov, szo, & nurboyev, o. (2023). relationships between the directions of finance and physical science. golden brain, 1(33), 168–172. 24. jurakulov, szo, & hamidov, e. (2023). properties and characteristics of nuclear energy. golden brain, 1(33), 182–186. 25. jurakulov, szo, & turdiboyev, h. (2023). advanced strategies for learning physics. golden brain, 1(33), 152–156. 26. oghly, jsz (2023). new computer-assisted approaches to teaching physics. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) , 1 (10), 173-177. 27. oghly, jsz (2023). a current perspective on the relationship between economics and physics. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) , 1 (10), 154-159. 423 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 28. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(11), 368-372. 29. ikromovna, a. z. (2023). using the useful aspects of the moodle system and its possibilities. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 201-205. 30. axmedova, z. (2023). moodle tizimi va uning imkoniyatlari. development and innovations in science, 2(11), 29-35. 31. zulxumor, a. (2022). implementation of interactive courses in the educational process. ilmiy tadqiqot va innovatsiya, 1(6), 128-132. 32. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 33. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 34. murodov, o. t. (2023). informatika fanini o'qitishda yangi innovatsion usullardan foydalanish metodikasi. golden brain, 1(34), 130–139. 35. sharopova, m. m. qizi . (2023). java tili yordamida ob'ektga yunaltirilgan dasturlash asoslari bilan tanishish. golden brain, 1(34), 111–119. 36. qizi sharopova, m. m. (2023). rsa va el-gamal ochiq kalitli shifrlash algoritmi asosida elektron raqmli imzolari. rsa ochiq kalitli shifrlash algoritmi asosidagi elektron raqamli imzo. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 316-319. 37. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 38. jalolov, t. s. (2023). pedagogical-psychological foundations of data processing using the spss program. innovative developments and research in education, 2(23), 220-223. 39. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). artificial intelligence python (pytorch). oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research , 1(3), 123-126. 40. jalolov, t. s. (2023). advantages of django femworker. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(12). 41. jalolov, t. s. (2023). artificial intelligence python (pytorch). oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research, 1(3), 123-126. 42. jalolov, t. s. (2023). spss yoki ijtimoiy fanlar uchun statistik paket bilan psixologik ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash. journal of universal science research, 1(12), 207–215. 43. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). the mechanisms of using mathematical statistical analysis methods in psychology. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 138–144. 44. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). programming languages, their types and basics. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 145–152. 45. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). python tilining afzalliklari va kamchiliklari. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 153–159. 424 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 46. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). python dastur tilidada webilovalar ishlab chiqish. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 160–166. 47. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). sun'iy intellektda pythonning (pytorch) kutubxonasidan foydalanish. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 167–171. 48. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). working with mathematical functions in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 172– 177. 49. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). parallel programming in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 178–183. 163 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 methodological approaches to the development of regional investment policy of the republic of uzbekistan kayimova z. a associate professor of the department of economics anvarova z. s. 2nd year master student in the direction of “digital economy”, bukhara state university, bukhara, uzbekistan abstract: the article discusses methodological approaches to the development of regional policy, as well as the priorities and principles of its implementation. the main goals, structure and content of regional policy are formulated. the prerequisites for the economic development of regions that affect their competitiveness have been identified, and long-term and medium-term priorities of regional policy have been substantiated. keywords: investments, investment climate, regional investment attractiveness, state regional policy, principles of effective regional policy. introduction the effectiveness of investment policy in the state largely depends on the extent to which the macroeconomic and regional aspects are taken into account during its formation, the interests of the center and the regions are coordinated and strategically oriented towards achieving common economic results. the investment policy of the state is the most important component of the overall economic policy. it is a set of goals, objectives, directions and activities carried out to activate capital investments, optimize their structure, and increase their efficiency 1 . it should be mentioned that, generally speaking, the investment strategy is the primary component of economic policy that the government and other economic entities pursue. it establishes the type and amount of investments, their intended uses, and their sources of funding while keeping in mind the necessity of finding solutions to socioeconomic issues. in order to guarantee the region's sustained socioeconomic growth, regional investment policies consist of a series of initiatives to control and promote investment activity in the area as well as a framework for putting these initiatives into action. government representatives from the federal, regional, and local levels collaborate to create and carry out regional investment policies. a region's investment policy is also a collection of methodically decided decisions made by the authorities of a subject country about the forms, directions, and techniques of developing investment processes in the region within the overall framework of regional socio-economic development. every region has unique investment policies that are influenced by the following factors: 1 казаченко, л.д. инвестиционная политика: учеб. пособие/ л.д. казаченко. чита: читгу, 2006. -с. 237. 164 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  a comprehensive plan for the area's socioeconomic growth;  the magnitude of the possible resource availability;  place in space;  the region's investment climate, etc. establishing a basis for the investment market, identifying areas of greatest need for investment, fostering the attraction of extra-budgetary sources of funding for investments, and guaranteeing the integration of the regional investment market with the global market for investment resources are the primary goals of investment policy in the region. research methods in the research process, methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, comparison, the method of logical thinking, and statistical methods were used. literature review during the research, the author relied on numerous scientific works of russian and foreign scientists on the problems of investment, the formation of investment mechanisms and investment policy. in terms of theoretical and methodological aspects of investment, among domestic scientists it is worth highlighting the works of v.v. kovaleva, a.m. kovaleva, j1.h. pavlova, i.v. sergeeva et al. practical issues of organizing investment activities at the national and regional levels are set out in the works of b.s. barda, v.v. bocharova, v.yu. katasonova, a.v. lozhnikova, m.i. samogorodskoy, sl. suspitsina, f.s. tumusova et al. problems of investment activity of enterprises and ensuring their efficiency became the basis of the work of i.t. balabanova, i.m. volkova, j.i.t. gilyarovskaya, m.v. grachevoy, d.a. endovitsky, ya.s. melkumova et al. particularly significant for understanding the essential foundations and processes occurring in the investment sphere are the studies of foreign scientists w. sharpe, g. alexander, and j. bailey, r.n. kholta, s.b. barnesa, yu.f. brixham, r. pike and v. neil, a.s. shapiro, p. fisher and others. we should also highlight the works of scientists from uzbekistan m. abdusalyamov[22], t. akhmedov[23], d. gozibekov[24], sh. mustafakulov[25], a. kayumov[26], a. sodikov[27], a. soliev[28], n. khaidarov[22], f. egamberdiev[29] and other works of scientists. the research of gubanova e.s., krugliakova v.m., malysheva d.p., makhotaeva m.yu., nikolaeva m.a., naumova e.n., pshikanokova n. i., risina i.e., suspitsyna s.a., treschevsky yu.i., khariton s.v., shvakova e.e. and other scientists proposed an approach for developing investment policy at the regional level. v.a. babushkin, t.a. burtseva, l.s. valinurova, v.m. vlasova, l.t. gilyarovskaya, i.v. grishina, g. dzhurbaeva, k., egorova m.g., zhuravkova i.v., endovitsky d.a., kovalev v.v., kreinina m.n., krylov e.i., marchenko g.v., patrusheva e.g., roizman i.i., sevryugin yu.v., shakhnazarov a.g., and other authors contributed to the development of methods for comprehending and evaluating investment attractiveness. the incorporation of national and international investment practices into the nation's plans and initiatives for sustainable development, maintaining a balance between the rights and duties of the government and shareholders in the context of safeguarding and promoting investments, including corporate social responsibility (csr), and fostering international cooperation on investment-related issues are among the fundamental values of investment policy in the interests of sustainable development. analysis and results the guiding concepts for creating a sensible regional investment strategy are 2 : efficiency, structural balance, focus, national significance. 2 фетисов г.г., орешин в.п. о 63 региональная экономика и управление: учебник. — м.: инфра-м, 2006. 165 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. pay attention to wise investments. profitability is a requirement for investments made in the region's economy, subject to the constraints imposed by the objectives of individual projects, the duration of their execution, and the resources they attract. 2. making an effort to attain structural harmony. investment flows are subject to specific structural limitations in the area economy. the formation of specific limiting levels of development or existing state is necessary for each structural relationship. 3. intentional financial commitment. this principle is necessary because there aren't enough resources for investments. funds ought to be allocated toward the completion of a limited number of initiatives with a clear justification and tangible advantages. 4. national importance. investment policies are implemented in a way that requires the application of one or more national ideologies; they materialize the parties' individual, corporate, and group interests while only tangentially advancing the goals of society at large. increasing investment attractiveness and developing meso-level investment policy are two aspects of the general scientific challenge of substantiating effective ways to manage investment activities that have been extensively explored, but their development is still multidirectional. an attempt to suggest a new kind of goal-oriented investment policy makes sense; its primary characteristic is its capacity to carry out a focused approach to investment management and to synchronize the interests of investment activity subjects. the goal of this policy is the target investment attractiveness of the region. the goal of uzbekistan's extensive economic and social reforms is to improve international relations, spur economic growth, and establish legal frameworks that encourage foreign direct investment (fdi). with an overall population of 36,372,276 people, the country offers a substantial domestic market, rich and diversified natural resources, and a strategic geographic location that make it an ideal place for investment and growth. table 1. key tasks of national and international investment policy in the interests of sustainable development 3 task main characteristics at the national level integration of investment policy into economic development strategies • directing investments in areas and sectors that are key to increasing production potential and increasing international competitiveness; • ensuring consistency of investment policy with a number of related policies (scientific and technical, foreign trade, social, etc.) inclusion of sdgs in investment policy • maximizing positive and minimizing negative effects from investments; • promoting socially responsible behavior of investors, developing the principles of corporate social responsibility (csr) ensuring the targeting and effectiveness of investment policy • creation of strong institutions for the implementation of investment policy; • measuring the impact of investments on sustainable development at the international level taking into account aspects of sustainable • ensuring policy flexibility for the implementation of the sdg; • making investment promotion and promotion provisions more -416 с. 3 денис муха. 6. investment policy framework for sustainable development [electronic resource] // unctad, 2015. – mode of access: http://unctad.org/en/ publicationslibrary/diaepcb2015d5_en.pdf. – date of access: 14.03.2022. 166 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us development in mis specific and aligned with the sdgs establishing an optimal balance of rights and obligations of the state and investors in mis • reflection of the responsibilities of investors in mis; • development of csr principles simplification of international investment regimes • elimination of legal gaps, duplication and inconsistencies in the content of mis, resolving issues related to the settlement of investment disputes; • ensuring effective interaction and consistency with other government policies/programs (e.g. climate change, labor market functioning, taxation) and systems (trade, financial, etc.) the uzbek government prioritizes foreign direct investment (fdi) in order to promote corporate development and bring innovative technology that would enhance the quality of life for its population. a regional investment program aims to identify prospective areas for economic development in the bukhara region by analyzing investment, industrial, and export potentials. in the last six years, the bukhara region has seen the completion of extensive creative projects. large industrial companies have multiplied dramatically as a result, creating jobs for the populace and enabling the construction of multistory buildings and social amenities that are subsidized and given to low-income and young families. statistics agency reports that 226.6 trillion were distributed between january and september of 2023. amount (more than 19.6 billion us dollars) invested in fixed assets, representing 111.8% of total investments over the same time in 2022. 140.5 trillion, or 62.0%. the amount of money raised, 38.0% or 86.1 trillion, was used to support the investments in fixed assets at the expense of the people, businesses, and organizations' own cash. additionally, of their total volume, 29.6 trillion soums were disbursed via centralized sources of financing, with the remaining 197.0 trillion soums coming from non-centralized sources. in january-september 2023, 62.8 trillion was disbursed from the own funds of enterprises and organizations. sum of investments in fixed capital, or 27.7% of their total volume. 23.2 trillion was disbursed at the expense of the population. soum or 10.3%. 43.6 trillion was disbursed through foreign direct investment. sum, which is 4.5 percentage points more compared to the corresponding period in 2022. or 19.2% of their total volume. the bukhara region's grp increased by 4.8% from january to september 2021 to 32,581.6 billion soum based on figures from january to september 2022. agriculture, forestry, and fisheries grew at a rate of 103.4% (or 43.1% of the grp structure), industry grew at 106.6% (18.0%), construction grew at 101.2% (8.5%), and the service sector grew at 106.6% (30.4%). the grp per capita volume rose to 16,385.0 thousand soums, a 3.2% rise.[1] the bukhara region has hosted large-scale artistic projects in recent years. large industrial companies have grown dramatically in number, and multi-apartment housing, social facilities, and communications infrastructure have all been constructed. 167 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fig.1. macroeconomic indicators of bukhara region 4 the share of agriculture in the gross regional product is 43.7%. the region has great potential in the fields of industry, services and entrepreneurship. agricultural production increased by 12%, from 10 trillion soums in 2016 to 24.4 trillion soums in 2020. the number of operating enterprises in the region increased by 59% from 21.4 thousand in 2016 to 33.9 thousand in 2020.[2] 713 investment projects worth about 19 trillion soums have been formed for the bukhara region for implementation in 2021-2022. of these, 555 will be implemented this year, and it is planned to create more than 14 thousand new jobs. the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev got acquainted with the activities of a number of enterprises included in the bukhoro agrocluster cluster. thus, the production of dairy products has been established at the bukhoro agrocluster dzz enterprise in bukhara. the modern complex was built on an empty site, attracting $6.2 million in investment. equipment from italy and russia is installed here. the production facility, which opened in 2021, processes 22 thousand tons of milk per year. more than 40 types of kefir, pasteurized milk, cheese, yogurt, cream, and sour cream are produced. it is noteworthy that 140 people are provided with work here.[3] 4 www.stat.uz 168 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table-2. investments in fixed assets 5 as of right now, the bukhara-agro free economic zone has executed 69 projects totaling $245.9 million, creating almost 2,000 new jobs. between 2022 and 2026 an additional 190 projects totaling $331.7 million are slated to be implemented in this zone, resulting in the creation of over 1,200 new jobs. in the gijduvan free economic zone, 27 projects totaling $66.9 million have been carried out to date, creating over 1,500 new jobs. additionally, in 2022–2026. here, 23 projects totaling $164.4 million are expected to be implemented, resulting in the creation of over 7,000 new jobs.[4] furthermore, by the end of 2022 to 2026, 98 investment projects totaling 248.5 billion soums are expected to be implemented in 13 minor industrial zones within the region. as a result, over 3.5 thousand new jobs are expected to be created. by the conclusion of this year, 92.4 billion soums will have been provided, with the goal of developing engineering infrastructure and communications in order to fully utilize the economic potential of the current free economic zones and minor industrial zones. furthermore, steps will be conducted to promptly connect the six recently established small industrial zones to the networks that supply gas, electricity, and water. as a result of the implementation of measures, by the end of 2023 in the bukhara region the volume of industrial production is expected to increase from 16.8 trillion soums to 18.8 trillion soums. at the same time, the export volume is expected to amount to $136.2 million. by putting into operation idle industrial enterprises in the region, 23 thousand jobs will be restored.[5] in order to establish research and production clusters in 19 prospective industries, including fish farming, textile, food, leather, and footwear manufacture, and construction materials production, 41 projects were established in the bukhara region. the plan calls for the establishment of two textile and knitwear clusters in the regions of bukhara and romitan, where the entire production cycle—from the processing of cotton fiber to the creation of finished clothing and knitted goods—will be implemented. in the regions of shafirkan, romitan, vobkent, peshkun, and kagan, the plan calls for the proposed food industry in the area has led to the construction of six clusters. considering the region's capacity for raw materials, it is possible to establish components for the oil and gas industry, electrical products, construction materials, synthetic and mixed textile materials, and other items. to plan import-substituting production, fifteen new projects were created in addition to the localization program that was already in place. based on the outcomes 5 www.stat.uz 169 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the execution of 43 projects under the localization program, about 1,200 new employment and 631.6 billion soums worth of import-substituting products are expected to be produced by the end of 2023. in order to increase the effectiveness of the operation of the "bukhara-agro" and "gijduvan" free economic zones, which are situated on the territory of the bukhara area, measures have been new capacity have emerged on the complex's grounds in recent years. on the cluster grounds, a state-of-the-art laboratory outfitted with cutting-edge german equipment was established to investigate soil fertility. this allows for the analysis of the water's composition based on over ten indicators and the soil's composition based on over forty indicators. the croplands in the bukhara region are more salinized than those in neighboring locations. innovative methods and soil analysis are crucial for achieving productivity. promising options include the systematic planting of as many mulberry trees as feasible around the seeded regions in each season, the broad application of traditional collector-drainage methods of the national economy. in the laboratory, the chemical composition of the soil is studied and the plants’ needs for minerals and organic fertilizers are determined. based on the results, measures are taken to normalize the soil composition. based on data on the ―agro smart map uz‖ platform this is another project of the enterprise farmers receive the necessary agrotechnological recommendations. whatever region of our country the head of state visits, he visits mahallas or courtyards that he did not plan to visit in advance. this time his attention was attracted by the ―kakhramon‖ mahalla in the romitan district of the bukhara region. about 3,900 people live here. the growth points of the mahalla are handicrafts and greenhouse farming. in greenhouses covering 200 hectares, popular vegetable crops are grown. thanks to this, local markets have moderate prices, and the population lives safely and prosperously. socio-economic development of the bukhara region for the period 2019 2023 6 growth rate as a percentage of the previous period no. indicators 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 growth for 2019 2023 i. grp, billion soums ( in 2019 prices ) 27,535.5 35,214.0 45,359.7 57,202.3 74,451.5 2.0 times growth rate 108.5 110.8 114.2 116.9 121.7 ii. investments in fixed capital, billion soums 12,907.3 15,236.5 17,353.2 20,092.0 26,349.8 2.1 times growth rate 118.0 113.9 115.8 131.1 foreign direct investment, million dollars 381.2 569.2 580.9 632.9 692.3 1.8 times iii. industry, billion soums ( in 2019 prices ) 9,504.3 11,339.9 14,305.8 19,207.9 28,016.0 3.3 times growth rate 111.5 119.3 126.2 134.3 145.9 oil and gas industry , growth rates 116.7 128.7 129.3 131.4 135.9 textile industry , growth rate 119.4 127.7 139.7 142.4 154.5 construction materials , growth rates 121.2 125.4 127.6 148.2 126.7 meat and dairy production , growth rates 118.2 126.0 130.5 134.2 132.2 leather and footwear production , growth rates 115.9 119.7 125.7 127.4 129.3 iv. services, billion soums ( in 2019 prices ) 7,650.1 9 124.4 10,908.5 13,081.0 15,747.8 2.4 times growth rate 118.8 119.3 119.6 119.9 120.4 tourism , growth rate 115.3 125.4 136.3 165.0 180.0 v. agriculture , billion soums ( in 2019 prices ) 18,702.0 20,388.9 22,968.4 26,088.3 30,610.4 1.7 times 6 resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on measures for the comprehensive socioeconomic development of the bukhara region in the period 2019 2023 170 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us growth rate 107.1 109.0 112.6 113.5 114.9 raw cotton production , thousand tons 316.2 331.6 351.6 364.9 384.2 1.2 times production of fruits and vegetables , thousand tons 1,423.2 1,555.6 1,719.6 1,929.3 2,181.3 1.6 times vi. number of newly created jobs, thousand places 23,032.0 35 150.0 43,522.0 50,489.0 61,118.0 2.6 times vii. export , million dollars 180.0 293.5 422.7 646.9 1,046.5 5.8 times industrial products, million dollars 51.6 107.2 145.7 215.3 362.8 7.0 times incl. textile products, million dollars 40.8 89.7 118.4 167.0 256.3 6.2 times fruits and vegetables, million dollars 82.1 104.0 138.4 196.8 283.7 3.5 times revenue from tourism, million dollars 46.3 82.3 138.6 234.8 400.0 8.6 times in the last six years, the bukhara region has seen the completion of extensive creative projects. large industrial companies have multiplied dramatically as a result, creating jobs for the populace and enabling the construction of multistory buildings and social amenities that are subsidized and given to low-income and young families. the gross domestic product of the region grew to 31.5 trillion soums between 2017 and 2020, while industrial production climbed by 11%, from 5.6 trillion to 17.8 trillion soums. from 10 trillion soums in 2016 to 24.4 trillion soums in 2020, agricultural production grew by 12%. in the bukhara region, 713 investment projects valued at over 19 trillion soums were developed in 2021–2022. over 14,000 new jobs will be generated this year when 555 of them are realized. as a result, the bukhoro agrocluster dzz firm in bukhara has started producing dairy products. an empty lot was transformed into the contemporary complex, which attracted $6.2 million in investment. this place is equipped with russian and italian machinery. the manufacturing facility processed 22,000 tons of milk annually when it launched in 2021. produced are about forty varieties of kefir, pasteurized milk, cheese, yogurt, cream, and sour cream. the fact that 140 individuals are employed here is notable. new capacity have emerged on the complex's grounds in recent years. on the cluster grounds, a state-of-the-art laboratory outfitted with cutting-edge german equipment was established to investigate soil fertility. this allows for the analysis of the water's composition based on over ten indicators and the soil's composition based on over forty indicators. the croplands in the bukhara region are more salinized than those in neighboring locations. innovative methods and soil analysis are crucial for achieving productivity. promising options include the systematic planting of as many mulberry trees as feasible around the seeded regions in each season, the broad application of traditional collector-drainage methods of the national economy, and institutional theoretical and practical  resolutions regarding the building of wind power plants with capacities of 500 mw in the gijduvan district of the bukhara region and 300–500 mw in the peshkun district were signed on february 23 (nos. pp-5001, pp-5003). the following documents approved the investment agreements between the international company for water and power projects (saudi arabia) (hereinafter referred to as the investor), the project companies, and the ministry of investment and foreign trade of the government of uzbekistan signed on january 24, 2021:  acwa power dzhankeldy wind llc, established by the investor as part of the investment project ―construction of a wind power plant with a capacity of 300-500 mw in the peshkun district of the bukhara region‖; 171 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  acwa power bash wind llc, established by the investor as part of the investment project ―construction of a wind power plant with a capacity of 500 mw in the gijduvan district of bukhara region.‖[6] investors and project companies have assumed obligations according to which:  design, financing, construction and operation of wind power plants is carried out throughout the entire period of implementation of investment projects;  attracting foreign direct investment in the amount of, according to preliminary calculations, $650 million for each investment project is carried out with the assumption of risks. also approved were agreements on the purchase of electricity, signed as a result of direct negotiations between jsc national electric grids of uzbekistan and design companies. according to the agreements:  design companies: a) accept the obligation to guarantee the sale of produced electrical energy to a single buyer represented by jsc national electric grids of uzbekistan; the entire process of studying the essence of investments and their role in the development of an enterprise showed that the definitions of investments given by various authors mainly contain characteristics of methods of capital allocation, they compare and analyze the effectiveness of placing capital in various securities, but the authors do not provide conclusions about the impact of investments on the cost of capital of an enterprise, its development and methods for calculating such influence. at the same time, the development of an enterprise is directly related to the success of its investment activities. conclusions and suggestions based on the results of the study, we can conclude that modern investment policy assumes a focus on ensuring sustainable development and inclusive growth of the national economy. thus, to implement an effective economic policy, it is necessary to develop an effective investment policy for the region, the key principles of which should be:  consistent decentralization of the investment process through the development of diverse forms of ownership, increasing the role of internal (own) sources of savings of enterprises to finance their investment projects;  priority in the placement of centralized capital investments should be government target programs;  deepening investment should mainly be carried out at the expense of the regions’ own sources of accumulation;  openness of the ongoing investment policy;  ensuring clarity and transparency of the investment process, availability for all investors of information that is necessary for carrying out investment activities;  improve the mechanism for joint participation of the state and private business in financing investment projects in priority industries;  strengthen the emphasis on resource conservation based on the creation of conditions and factors that stimulate the development of high-tech industries with a focus on knowledgeintensive and energy-saving production. references 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan ―on investments and investment activities‖. december 25, 2019 no. zpu-598. 172 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan ―on the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan‖. registration date: november 11, 2019 zpu-582. 3. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan ―on measures for the transition to a qualitatively new system for the formation and implementation of the investment program of the republic of uzbekistan.‖ no. up-5717 05/14/2019 4. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022 2026 decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, dated january 28, 2022 no. up-60 5. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on the strategy ―uzbekistan – 2030‖. 6. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan ―on measures to implement the investment program of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020 2022.‖ no.pp-4563 01/09/2020 7. mirziyoyev sh.m. message from the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis. january 27, 2020 8. рахимова г.х. основные принципы формирования инвестиционной политики региона. журнал «экономика и финансы 2013, № 9». 9. narzullayeva, g., & dehkonov, b. (2015). the opportunities of development foreign economic activity in bukhara region. scientific enquiry in the contemporary world: theoretical basiсs and innovative approach [l 26], 1, 26-28. 10. денис муха. 6. investment policy framework for sustainable development [electronic resource] // unctad, 2015. – mode of access: http://unctad.org/en/ publicationslibrary/diaepcb2015d5_en.pdf. – date of access: 14.03.2022. 11. narzullayeva, g. (2021). theoretical and methodological basis of attracting foreign investment to the national economy. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(3), 2540-2544. 12. abdullayevna, q. z., anvarovich, q. a., & muxtorovna, n. d. theoretical foundations of enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy. gwalior management academy, 87, 54. 13. фетисов г.г., орешин в.п. о 63 региональная экономика и управление: учебник. — м.: инфра-м, 2006.-416 с. 14. kayimova, z. a. (2019). economic cooperation of the republic of uzbekistan with world financial organizations. мировая наука, (4 (25)), 62-65. 15. казаченко, л.д. инвестиционная политика: учеб. пособие/ л.д. казаченко. чита: чит гу, 2006. -с. 237. 16. www.stat.uz statistics agency under the president of the republic of uzbekistan http://www.stat.uz/ 110 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 teaching pronunciation by communicative methods usmonov sunnat buribayevich senior teacher of samarkand state university named after sharof rashidov abstract: the article carries out the following tasks of the research: to differentiate the peculiarities of english pronunciation, to observe the difficulties in teaching pronunciation, to investigate the process of teaching pronunciation, to develop correct pronunciation by phonetic exercises, to study the influence of intonation, pitch range, tone on the meaning of speech, to investigate the ways of teaching correct pronunciation, to increase the confidence in teaching pronunciation effectively. keywords: pronunciation, to investigate, confidence in teaching, fossilized pronunciation. when teachers decide to focus on pronunciation practice many of them make the mistake of trying to teach pronunciation along with introducing vocabulary. this can work with students who have a "good ear," or who perhaps speak a related language. however it can be hit and miss with students whose mother tongue has no relation to the target language. [2, 76] this brings us back to the question of whether pronunciation can be effectively taught at all? the answer is yes, of course it can be taught, and it’s just that the way many textbooks tell us to teach it is actually one of the least effective. most textbooks will have you drill pronunciation with repetition of the vocabulary. some of the better ones will have you work on it with spelling, which is an important skill, especially in english with its many irregularities and exceptions. very few will start you and your students where you need to start, however, and that is at the level of the phoneme. start with phonemes the dictionary defines "phoneme" as "any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the english words pad, pat, bad, and bat." this definition highlights one of the key reasons that we must, as language teachers, start our pronunciation instruction at the level of the phoneme. if a phoneme is a "perceptually distinct unit of sound" then we have to realize that before students can consistently produce a given phoneme, they must be able to hear it. thus the first lessons in pronunciation should involve your students listening and identifying, rather than speaking. introduce your phonemes in contrasting pairs like /t/ and /d/. repeat the phonemes in words as well as in isolation and ask the students to identify them. in order to visually represent the differences they are listening for, you may want to draw pronunciation diagrams for each sound showing the placement of the tongue and lips. you might also consider teaching students the necessary symbols from the phonetic alphabet, because although t and d are written differently in english, the th in "there" and the th in "thanks" are written exactly the same, despite the difference in pronunciation. this isn't essential, and really works best with adults rather than children, but it is worth it for any students who are highly visual or analytical learners. you can play all sorts of matching games with this material to make the drills more fun and less stressful. you can have students play with nonsense sounds 111 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and focus on the tiny differences between contrasted phonemic pairs, the key being to get them to hear the phoneme. from recognition of phonemes to practice once they can hear and identify a phoneme, it's time to practice accurate production of the sound. for this, pronunciation diagrams are useful. students need to be able to see where to put their lips and tongues in relation to their teeth. most sounds are articulated inside your mouth and students have no idea what you are doing in order to produce that particular noise. if you have ever tried to teach a japanese student how to say an american /r/, then you have experienced the frustration of trying to get a student to produce tongue movements they can't see. there are books out there with diagrams, and with a little practice you can probably produce sketches of them yourself. if you can't, get hold of a good reference book so that you can flip to the relevant pages. students will thank you for this insight into the mouth, especially since there is no danger of the embarrassment of bad breath with a drawing. while this may sound time consuming and unnatural, you have to realize that you are in the process of reprogramming your students' brains, and it is going to take a while. new neural pathways have to be created to learn new facial movements and link them with meaning. in the classroom, teachers are recreating an accelerated version of the infant's language learning experience. they are providing examples and stimulus through grammar and vocabulary lessons, but with pronunciation lessons they are also breaking down language to the point of babbling noises so that their students can play with the sounds, as infants do, and learn to distinguish meaningful sounds on an intuitive level while making use of more mature analytical skills that an infant doesn't have. [4, 56] if a teacher regularly takes ten minutes of lesson to do this kind of focused phonemic practice, students articulation and perception of phonemes will see improvement after several weeks, and a teacher will get them all to the point where he/she can practice pronunciation on a word or even a sentential level. moving on to pronunciation of words the progress will be more pronounced with younger students, but even adults will begin to give up fossilized pronunciation errors when reciting vocabulary words in isolation. it's time to make the next leap – correct pronunciation in the context of natural conversation. make no mistake; this is a leap, not because it is more physically challenging, but because you are about to address a completely different set of barriers. when methodists teach on the phonemic level, they are struggling to expand physical and neurological limitations. they are taking irrelevant noises and making them significant to students, while trying to teach them a greater range of articulation with their mouths, tongues, and lips. but when they work on pronunciation at a lexical or sentential level, they are dealing with complex emotional, psychological, and cultural motivations that require their own kind of re-education. there are two reasons why pronunciation tends to be neglected: firstly, the lack of clear guidelines and rules available in course books, and secondly the fact that isolated exercises once a month does not seem to have much of an effect. this is not surprising, however; like all other areas of language teaching, pronunciation needs constant attention for it to have a lasting effect on students, which means integrating it into daily classroom procedures. one can find that addressing issues regularly during the language feedback or group correction stage of a lesson helps to focus learners' attention on its importance and lead to more positive experiences. standard pronunciation may be defined as the elaborated variety of the national language, in its spoken form, which obeys definite norms recognized as standard and, therefore, acceptable (implicitly) in all kinds and types of discourse. [4, 35] standard pronunciation is the pronunciation governed by the orthoepic norm. the orthoepic norm is then "a regulator which determines the inventory of variants, the borders of variation and also acceptable and nonacceptable variations in pronunciation". the standard includes in its inventory the pronunciation 112 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us forms which reflect the main tendencies in pronunciation that exist in the language. it is the pronunciation used by educated people, typified by radio and tv announcers and recorded in pronunciation dictionaries as the "proper" and "correct" pronunciation. however, standard pronunciation is not fixed and immutable. it is subject to change through the normal evolution of language and as a result of external factors (such as the movements of populations), though the rate of change is not a rapid one. pronunciation divergences are directly due to innovations. the factual material on the national varieties of english pronunciation testifies to the fact that each national variety may fall into several regional standards which, too, are considered equally "correct" or acceptable. they may be described as varieties of the national standard pronunciation which have more similarities with it than differences. in other words, the regional standard has more features consistent with the norm than those at variance with it. regional standards are usually grouped into major dialect areas. [32, 14] every regional standard of pronunciation is characterized by features that are common to all the dialects used in that region; dialects in their turn, are marked one from another by a set of features (in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar) that distinguish them from all the other dialects. the relation of the regional standards of pronunciation towards dialects is no different from the relation of the national standard forms towards dialects. a regional standard is a variety of the national standard. a national variety of the language is a unified complex of regional and dialectal varieties. dialects may be geographical in the sense of being spoken by those living in certain areas. they may also be classified according to criteria other than geographical ones, i.e. sociolinguistic. these dialectal differences may arise from a variety of sources, such as locality, early influences, education, occupation, social surroundings, class distinctions, etc. dialect speakers are, as a rule, the less educated part of the population. thus, dialects may be defined as varieties that are spoken by a socially limited number of people, or are characteristic of certain localities. the degree to which dialects differ from the standard depends on a number of factors, such as the history of the development of the dialect, the socioeconomic structure of the society, etc. dialects often preserve features which have disappeared from its vernacular. moreover, dialects remain free from outside interference. [4, 38] dialect studies are particularly useful for problems of history, such as the development of english phonology, changes in the distribution of particular features, the survival of relics, the delimitation of culturally isolated areas, etc. for reasons of political, economic and other social factors, one of the local dialects becomes the standard language of the nation, and the pronunciation of the dialect becomes the national standard, whereas the pronunciation of other dialects is regarded as substandard. in the history of the english language in great britain dialects followed the familiar pattern. in the fifteenth century england was a continuum of regional dialects. with the rise of urbanism a standard language emerged; this was basically the london form of southeast dialect. in the course of time it lost some of its local characteristics and was finally fixed as the speech of the educated class. it is essentially the pronunciation of the educated at public schools (which are private). it is largely through these schools that the pronunciation, known as received pronunciation, or rp, is perpetuated. rp is not the pronunciation of any region (except historically). today because of its use on radio arid television within britain rp has become the social standard. great prestige is still attached to this implicitly accepted social standard of pronunciation. it has become more widely accepted through the advent of radio. thus, rp is often identified in the public mind with "bbc english". it is the form of pronunciation most commonly described in books on the phonetics of british english and traditionally taught to foreigners. [2, 47] it would be wrong to think, however, that rp is used by the entire population of great britain. it is the "accent" of a minority (incidentally, it is spoken by only 3% of the british population). moreover, present-day rp is not homogeneous either. a. gimson, a british phonetician, within 113 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us rp itself distinguishes three main types: "the conservative rp forms used by older generation and, traditionally, by certain professions or social groups; the general rp forms most commonly in use and typified by the pronunciation. it should be also pointed out that the linguistic situation (including pronunciation) has changed greatly since the fifties due to communication, greater mobility, the influx of films, pop music, etc. from other english-speaking countries, especially the usa. for instance, in the thirties and forties, as well as the post-war years, american films were dubbed in england. it is no longer the practice today. incidentally, a. gimson also writes that improved communications and radio have rendered influences of american english: "an american pronunciation of english, for instance, is now completely accepted in britain; this was not the case at the time when the first sound films were shown in this country, an american pronunciation then being considered strange and even difficult to understand". [2, 48] it is through constant use and modification on the part of its speakers, however, that forms of spoken national varieties of the english language change. owing to communication devices today, such as radio, television, films, as well as the evergrowing mobility of population, or movement from one cultural group to another, the increasing urbanization and the spread of educational opportunities, regional and dialectal differences of national varieties of english pronunciation tend to become less marked. this does not mean, however, that the pronunciation of one dialect does not continue to differ from the pronunciation of another dialect. as a. marckwardt notes wisely "a yorkshire man and an alabamian will not understand one another easily and without some effort, but they will understand one another". [2, 14] students who feel a lot of anxiety in speaking are generally well aware of the situation and they know that it is impeding their progress. the best remedy for anxiety is highly structured, low pressure practice. in other words – games. learned helplessness is much harder to bring to a students attention, and may be difficult for the teacher to recognize. if students are getting negative feedback on their english skills, especially pronunciation, and if they try to improve but feel they haven't, then they stop trying. they have already given up. students that don't want to be assimilated into an english speaking society aren't going to give up the things that mark them as different. teaching pronunciation properly can be fun, easy, and quite the learning experience for teachers and students. a teacher should take a few ideas from textbook and devote 10-15 minutes for improving pronunciation every class. with a little time, he/she will see quite a difference, not just in pronunciation, but in attitude and overall language skills. used literature: 1. abduazizov a.a. english phonetics. a theoretical course. – 2revised edition. – tashkent: national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, 2006. – 256 p. 2. adams с. a survey of australian english intonation. sydney: print house, 1999. 154 р. 3. bailey r., robinson j. varieties of present-day english. new york: pearson education, 1998. 283 р. 4. baker s. j. the australian language. melbourne, 2006. 134 р. 5. baugh a., cable t. history of the english language. – new york: pearson education, 1998. 456 р. 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 stages of development of money: from barter to cryptocurrency mamadiyarov zokir toshtemirovich tseu, head of the department financial market and insurance, dsc, professor zokir.mamadiyarov@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1508-488x annotation: this article describes the stages of development of money, its evolution from simple barter systems to complex practices of cryptocurrencies. it also highlights the transition to digital assets, highlighting key milestones and important innovations that have shaped the concept of money. keywords: money, barter, cryptocurrency, digitization, plastic card, electronic money, metal coins, gold. introduction. the evolution of money is a testament to humanity's flexibility in facilitating exchange and trade. the concept of money has evolved throughout history to meet the changing needs of human society. from its origins as a medium of exchange and store of value in ancient civilizations (a.a.zhuk., d.s.zakharova. 2023), money has undergone significant transformations. the emergence of digital crypto-currencies, initiated by computer scientists, has challenged traditional views on the functions of money (michael, peneder 2021). this digitalization has highlighted the immaterial function of money as a standard of value and social technology of account, potentially overshadowing its role as a medium of exchange (ch.hofmann, 2020). it covers the main stages of innovation over the years, from the emergence of commodity-based currencies to the revolutionary emergence of cryptocurrencies. in this study, the evolution of money: from barter to cryptocurrency, we trace the complex path money has taken to become the cornerstone of the modern economy, taking an important exercise over time. we explore the origins of barter, where early humans engaged in direct exchange of goods and services, paving the way for more complex monetary systems. as we consider the evolution of money from barter to cryptocurrency, we face profound questions about the nature of value, trust, and economic opportunity. we must consider the implications of these advances for financial inclusion, privacy and economic sovereignty. through this research, we seek to gain a deeper understanding of the forces that shaped the evolution of money and the profound effects they continue to have on our lives. analysis and results. before the discovery of money, people (that is, representatives of different societies) used the method of exchanging goods for goods (barter), and this is the first and simplest form of trade based on mutual exchange in society. but if the desires and needs of the two parties do not match, this trading method will not work. money was introduced to overcome this limitation (bernanke b.s., 2020). at first, people used barley, cocoa beans, corn, rice and other similar food products that were popular in the market for exchange. later, gold and silver entered trade as a unit of http://www/ mailto:zokir.mamadiyarov@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1508-488x 20 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us payment ("bimetallism") and became widespread. usually these two metals are cast in the form of coins. yes, gold and silver are very popular in the society because they can be circulated for a long time, they are compact and can be easily divided into smaller amounts. due to these characteristics, gold has been considered a convenient means of storing wealth as an accumulator of value for centuries. gold is naturally expensive due to its limited quantity, and silver is cheaper than gold and because of its large quantity, it is "liquid" (that is, it can be bought and sold constantly, i.e. it can be exchanged many times in a short period of time). (transitional) was a unit of money that was counted and was usually used for day-to-day trading. due to its value and size, most users trusted jewelers to store their gold coins, as the safest storage system was with jewelers. thus, these safe places have become "money vaults". in order to facilitate transfers between gold users, gold bars were put into circulation by jewelers (fold n., jønsson j.b., yankson p. 2014). over time, gold certificates (certificates) presented by jewelers were recognized in society as having the same value as gold. thus, these "symbolic moneys" appeared as the second stage of monetary development. figure 1. stages of development of money: from barter to cryptocurrency1 in order to increase their income, jewelers began to lend the gold that was given to them for safekeeping and temporarily unused, and they (that is, jewelers) gradually became intermediaries between depositors and debtors. jewelers charged interest from borrowers and paid less interest (percentage of deposit) to their depositors for continuing to hold their gold. each year, only a small part of the gold (about 15 percent, according to estimates) was returned by depositors, and the majority continued to be stored in warehouses. and in order to get even more income, jewelers began to issue pattas (receipts) in the form of loan slips for more gold than the amount of gold stored in them. this can be called the first example of creating paper and credit money (ingham g. et al 2014). paper money and credit money... let's look at the definition (meaning) of these words. money, which is the lifeblood of the economy, has been a hot topic of constant discussion. the economy does not work without money, just as a firecracker does not work without water. money is understood as a means of payment for goods and services. today, paper money has become a widely used means of payment all over the world (maurer b., 2015). we will try to understand the three main functions of money, which are considered the most important: means of exchange (in the absence of this function, all operations were carried out in the form of barter); store of value (that is, like many other assets, it retains its value over time, but money has more liquidity than other assets); measure of value (the value of all products and services is reflected in money. it serves as a general coordinating unit in the reflection of products and services in money). 1 independently developed by the author http://www/ 21 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us stages of development / development (evolution) of money until it reached its present state: product (in the form of) stage: money, once existed in the form of valuable products/items such as furs, barley, rice, and later gold and silver; stage of commodity money: money, at this stage, became paper money, but this money was backed by gold and could indeed be exchanged for gold at any time (desan c., 2015). paper money phase: paper and electronic money are ubiquitous, but not backed by anything other than a government promise not to print too much money so it doesn't become too debased. virtual money and crypto-currencies this emerging and developing phase shows that money does not always have one form and appearance, and it is important that this process is happening right before your eyes and ours (peters g.w., panayi e., chapelle a., 2015). paper money is any monetary unit (currency) that has no intrinsic value (this is important!). it is only backed by a government document/statement that the printed (paper) currency is legal tender and its value is based on trust in that government. in order for the monetary unit not to lose its value, the government must protect it from counterfeiting and control and responsibly manage the amount of money printed. control over the printing of paper money, as well as banking operations related to the accumulation of partial reserves, are mainly carried out by central banks that have this authority. you may be surprised to learn that most of the money in any economy is created by banks in the form of bank deposits. the fact is that new money is created every time banks give loans. if the government decides to print more money, there will be more money in the economy. in this case, the market value of the product does not change, but the purchasing power of the currency unit decreases, that is, it is necessary to pay more money for the same product in the market, which causes the depreciation of money (inflation). in a normal economy, when the money supply grows faster than output, money depreciates, but that's a bit of a simplistic view. the money supply grows mainly due to the creation of new debt, which eventually causes asset prices to inflate like a bubble. the main criterion in the activity of commercial banks is to satisfy the needs of customers. banking activities are usually based on regularly recurring transactions. therefore, the goal of the bank is to maintain and expand the circle of customers, to turn it into enterprises and organizations over a long period of time. the bank should strive to meet real needs, learn to provide the client with the services he needs the most (lin a., chen n.c., 2012). the severe currency devaluation that occurred in hungary after the second world war can be called unprecedented hyperinflation. at that time (july 1946) there was a 41,900,000,000,000,000% devaluation, which means prices doubled every 15.3 hours (you can also read about the 500 billion percent hyperinflation in zimbabwe if you like). if paper money has no value or intrinsic value, then why are they accepted around the world? paper money is still in circulation for two main reasons: 1. the value of money depends only on trust in the issuing state (issuer), which does not require any additional costs or obligations from the state; 2. it is easy and convenient to issue paper money. mobile and electronic money: by the 21st century, two advanced forms of money have become popular: mobile payments and cryptocurrencies. mobile payments make it easy to pay for products and services or transfer money to other people, usually through apps on a smartphone or tablet. services such as apple pay and alipay in the world, and mobile payment applications such as payme and click in uzbekistan are becoming http://www/ 22 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an important link between entrepreneurs and customers. electronic money is numbers written on computers (rotman s., 2014). the largest money transactions in the world are carried out by transferring these numbers from one account to another. cryptocurrency. the most famous among virtual currencies is bitcoin, which is believed to have been created in 2009 by a man with the pseudonym satoshi nakamoto (champagne p., 2014). cryptocurrencies have no physical form. financial experts consider cryptocurrencies to be superior to other currencies in the following respects: it is cheaper to perform various practices with them; it is easier to ensure security and confidentiality; meets the requirements of financial independence practices can be carried out faster; it is easier to make international payments (interstate payments are made faster and cheaper); works decentralized, unlike national currencies issued by countries. cryptocurrency bitcoin is protected using cryptography (mathematical theory). digital money exists only in computer memories not in paper/metal form (lietaer b., dunne j., 2013). ancient thinkers developed a cosmological model called the ptolemaic model. according to it, the moon, sun, stars and planets revolve around the suspended earth (that is, the earth is the center of the sky). despite the fact that this theory turned out to be wrong, the developed model remains a reliable method of defining (calculating) the seasons, the movement and position of the planets. but with the passage of time, new models (methods) have appeared, which have given humanity even more opportunities and even allowed us to reach the (previously impossible) moon. the modern financial system, which turns money into a product rather than a means of exchange (buying/selling) between material products, as with the ptolemaic model, is definitely not a perfect system (lewis a., 2018). because this system is the cause of various socio-economic and even environmental problems (such as financial crises and subsequent depressions caused by speculative games in the stock market, real estate market and other types of markets). but for now, this is the world's accepted and working system, and we'll have to stick with it until we come up with a better system. cryptocurrency trading platforms exchange works on different platforms: coinbase: only works in the usa and several other european countries: www.coinbase.com; binance: works worldwide: www.binance.com www.binance.us in usa; voyager, crypto, kucoin,… and many other platforms are available. http://www/ 23 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2. images of trezor and ledger hard wallets2 wallets: after buying crypto-currency, it is better not to store it on exchange. it is easier to transfer them to wallet. wallets are of two types hard wallet or soft wallet. a soft wallet is opened online through the internet. hard wallet can be purchased online. cryptocurrency is a very risky asset. the reason is that the price of cryptocurrencies changes very quickly (smutny z., sulc z., lansky j., 2021). that is why the cryptocurrency market is called the "wild west". first, there is non-compliance with the law there are no laws at all. secondly, there are many crooks, and everyone will have to protect themselves. some cryptocurrencies are created just to scam investors out of their money. therefore, it is possible to get rich in a short period of time and part with all your money. trading cryptocurrencies: the right to own a crypto-currency is obtained with the help of a private key; the private key is a 64-digit "hexadecimal" number. (a number written in the 16 number system. this number consists of the following 16 numbers and letters: 0,1,2,...,9, a,b,c,d,e,f.); you can also create your own private key but this is not recommended; a more secure way to have a private key is to open a wallet; to spend money in the wallet, you need to know the private key the owner of the private key is the real owner of crypto; to send crypto to the wallet, it is enough to know the public key generated with the private key. if someone knows your private key, you can lose your crypto. figure 3. cryptocurrencies as a speculative asset3 a digital asset is an intangible asset in binary format, including ownership rights. data that does not contain this right is not considered a digital asset. a digital asset, like all other (non-digital) assets, must have a financial value determined by supply and demand. cryptocurrency is electronic money supported by a decentralized computer network. the number of units in circulation and the maximum money supply are predetermined and visible to everyone. changes in the financial environment are the result of the natural progressive development of society. a new type of value indicator (money today) appears only by economic necessity, when the 2 independently developed by the author 3 independently developed by the author http://www/ 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us previous form of "money" begins to slow down exchange processes, involves additional costs and gradually loses its economic feasibility . the formation of the digital economic environment and the modification of market business structures led to the emergence of digital assets (bharadwaj a. et al., 2013). the presented concept is considered from the point of view of legal, economic, information and value position. simply put, a digital asset is a digital representation of the value of an actual asset. functionality of digital assets: use as a unit of account and a means of exchange; open access to software products or services in a distributed registry; for example, the value expression of an asset such as property. the distinguishing features of digital assets are: provision of real assets (objects, property) or rights to them; the right of inheritance; mechanisms to restore access (re-access) to digital assets; application in many fields of activity; real assets undergo a digitization process, which involves creating a unique digital copy with ownership defined on the blockchain (huhtinen t.p., 2014). the presented features confirm the properties of digital assets and reveal their widespread use in the new economic environment. the introduction of digital assets in various socio-economic (including banking and finance) sectors accelerates the process of many relationships. the use of digital assets by the public sector in retail and wholesale operations is one of the most promising areas of development. this eliminates the anonymity factor in cash payments, which allows reducing the scale of the black market. at the same time, digital assets can become one of the anti-corruption policy mechanisms. naturally, the introduction of digital assets should not be hasty, because such a procedure requires adaptation of the banking system and the economy as a whole. the level of public trust in the new digital infrastructure remains an important factor today. giving digital assets the status of "official means of payment" by the state from the point of view of guaranteeing the performance of monetary functions does not bring them to the status of a new form of money. in this case, they will be a type of cashless money that can be stored and transferred using innovative technologies. at the same time, the concept of "cashless money" should be expanded to include not only bank accounts, but also digital wallets: "cashless money means that there is no inextricable connection between the value of money and information about the value of money taking into account that a form of official means of payment is its material carrier, the reflection and movement of monetary value is carried out by bank accounts (electronic money) and digital wallets (digital assets). determining the concepts of "electronic money" and "digital assets" and unjustifiably replacing these concepts, as well as showing their main differences, lead to the organization of fundamentally different formats of the settlement space, which is the form of interaction of its participants. . taking into account the existing forms of interaction between individuals, commercial banks and economic entities, the transformation process took place under the influence of scientific, technical and communication development, we consider the settlement operation from four stages we note that it consists of: 1) ensuring the availability of funds for transfer or transfer to the recipient (in the account / wallet); 2) to ensure the order (algorithm) of the process related to the initiation of the movement of funds; 3) perform the operation (transfer/send funds); 4) confirmation of the transaction. http://www/ 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the "revolutionary" power of the pandemic as a result of technological progress, the virtualization of financial markets has given more life to the digital and cryptocurrency markets. this process reached a new stage after the coronavirus pandemic. changes that would normally take decades have occurred in a year due to the impact of the epidemic. for example, the swiss central bank recently launched an electronic kroner with blockchain technology. the central bank of the bahamas introduced the same program in october 2020. also, the central bank of china, one of the world's leading economies, is preparing to issue a digital currency to the financial markets. this process is expected to be completed by 2035. these changes signal a new global financial system. this change was driven by the rapid growth of demand for cryptocurrencies and the most famous of them, bitcoin. especially recently, many investment companies in the united states and great britain have announced that they will use their multi-million dollar investments in favor of cryptocurrencies. in addition, ricardo salinas, the billionaire owner of mexico's largest media, announced on twitter that he invested 10% of his liquid assets in bitcoin. interest is growing the vibrant bitcoin-based market has led some economists and institutions, who are skeptical of cryptocurrency markets, to take a positive turn. for example, well-known economist nuriel rubini, who was skeptical of cryptocurrency markets at the beginning of the process, said in an interview with yahoo finance journalists that he sees bitcoin, which he initially called "bad money", as a "partial investment" tool. a survey conducted by the bank for international settlements (bis) also clearly confirmed this change that took place around the world. according to the results of the survey, in 2020, the interest of central banks in digital money systems on a global scale increased by 10% compared to the previous year. at the same time, another important point is that most of these banks are central banks of developing countries. developing countries are leading the way in the process of digitalization of money, using some advantages such as the speed of adaptation of their young population to new technologies, the state playing a leading role in new technological changes. some leading european countries and the united states are moving more slowly in these changes in the digital currency system. in particular, the lack of power of private enterprises in online payment systems in europe is the biggest obstacle to the growth of digital currency. in the us, which is known for its loyalty to traditional financial instruments, facebook's new cryptocurrency called "libra" and the fact that some companies, led by paypal, began to accept bitcoin in payments, have prompted most western banks to switch to digital money. urged him to consider it once more. one of the latest examples of this is when bank of canada vice-president timothy lane said at a press conference that there is a need to respond more quickly to the online activity accelerated by covid-19 with digital currencies and new products. today, technology and financial infrastructures are developing rapidly. however, classic methods such as eft and swift for money transfers are still slow and expensive. a cashless world offers many advantages, such as very few incidents of theft, low cost of financial services, monitoring of banking services and operations via mobile phone without banking and other mandatory dependencies budget control. it is also noted that, in addition to personal income, the public will have the opportunity to carry out financial operations faster, and taxation of income from coins can work for the benefit of society and the state. along with advantages, digital currencies also have disadvantages. one of the main disadvantages is related to software security. considering the reports of data breaches published in the http://www/ 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us media in recent years, it can be said that information security is a serious problem. despite the promise of new cryptographic systems, financial technologists warn that it may take another 5-10 years for a new system to reach perfection in terms of transparency, stability and reliability. in addition, the use of cryptocurrencies in illegal activities, which are not under the control of states or independent auditing organizations, remains a very important and dangerous issue. a report released by the international monetary fund (imf) in october raised concerns that central bank digital currency systems (cbdcs) could open the door to illicit financing and make it harder for local authorities to control capital flows because they lack the necessary legal frameworks is reported. the report also says that the consumer use of digital currencies without adequate security measures could undermine the effectiveness of central banks. another important caveat is that weak monetary policy can lead to currency instability. what are the recommendations? following the discovery of the covid-19 vaccine and the introduction of mass vaccination processes, attention to economic issues has increased worldwide. digital and cryptocurrencies are seen as one of the serious options to mitigate the deep economic impact of the epidemic and avoid risks for the world economy, which is preparing for new financial opportunities that have begun to emerge after the pandemic. in such a situation, central banks issuing their own digital currencies would be useful in terms of keeping pace with changing technologies and protecting consumers from potential risks. conclusion. the evolution of money from barter to cryptocurrency represents a testament to human innovation, adaptability, and the quest for efficient means of exchange. through millennia of economic development and technological progress, several key conclusions can be drawn regarding the trajectory of money: 1. the history of money showcases humanity's ability to adapt to changing economic landscapes and innovate new forms of currency to facilitate trade. from the simple exchange of goods to the complex digital networks of cryptocurrencies, each stage represents a response to the evolving needs of society. 2. the transition from barter to commodity money to fiat currency underscores the importance of standardization and trust in monetary systems. as societies grew more complex, standardized currencies backed by governments or centralized authorities emerged as the preferred medium of exchange, offering stability and confidence in transactions. 3. the advent of digital technologies has profoundly transformed the nature of money and transactions. electronic banking, online payments, and digital currencies have revolutionized the way people store, transfer, and transact value, increasing efficiency and accessibility while reducing reliance on physical cash. 4. the rise of cryptocurrencies represents a paradigm shift in the concept of money, challenging traditional financial systems and institutions. built on decentralized blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies offer the potential for peer-to-peer transactions, greater financial inclusion, and enhanced security and transparency. 5. cryptocurrencies have the potential to foster greater financial inclusion by providing access to financial services for unbanked populations and enabling cross-border transactions without the need for intermediaries. this globalization of finance has the power to empower individuals and communities worldwide, reducing barriers to participation in the global economy. 6. despite their transformative potential, cryptocurrencies also present regulatory challenges related to issues such as taxation, money laundering, and consumer protection. governments and http://www/ 27 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulatory bodies are grappling with how to effectively regulate and integrate cryptocurrencies into existing legal and financial frameworks while balancing innovation with security and stability. 7. the evolution of money from barter to cryptocurrency is a testament to the dynamic nature of human economic systems and technological progress. while each stage has its advantages and challenges, the ongoing quest for efficient, secure, and inclusive forms of money continues to drive innovation and shape the future of finance. as we navigate this ever-changing landscape, it is essential to strike a balance between innovation and regulation to harness the full potential of emerging technologies while mitigating risks and ensuring the stability of financial systems. 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(2023). money in modern economics: an institutional analysis of the scientific category evolution. èkonomičeskij analiz: teoriâ i praktika, 22(1):105-123. doi: 10.24891/ea.22.1.105 2. michael, peneder. (2021). digitization and the evolution of money as a social technology of account. journal of evolutionary economics, 15(3):1-29. doi: 10.1007/s00191-021-00729-4 3. christian, hofmann. (2020). the changing concept of money: a threat to the monetary system or an opportunity for the financial sector? european business organization law review, 21(1):37-68. doi: 10.1007/s40804-020-00182-z 4. bernanke b.s. the new tools of monetary policy //american economic review. – 2020. – т. 110. – №. 4. – с. 943-983. 5. fold n., jønsson j. b., yankson p. buying into formalization? state institutions and interlocked markets in african small-scale gold mining //futures. – 2014. – т. 62. – с. 128-139. 6. ingham g. et al. the emergence of capitalist credit money //credit and state theories of money: the contribution of a. mitchell innes. – 2004. – с. 173-223. 7. maurer b. how would you like to pay?: how technology is changing the future of money. – duke university press, 2015. 8. desan c. making money: coin, currency, and the coming of capitalism. – oxford university press (uk), 2014. 9. peters g.w., panayi e., chapelle a. trends in crypto-currencies and blockchain technologies: a monetary theory and regulation perspective //arxiv preprint arxiv:1508.04364. – 2015. 10. lin a., chen n.c. cloud computing as an innovation: percepetion, attitude, and adoption //international journal of information management. – 2012. – т. 32. – №. 6. – с. 533-540. 11. rotman s. bitcoin versus electronic money. – 2014. 12. champagne p. the book of satoshi: the collected writings of bitcoin creator satoshi nakamoto. – 2014. 13. lietaer b., dunne j. rethinking money: how new currencies turn scarcity into prosperity. – berrett-koehler publishers, 2013. 14. lewis a. the basics of bitcoins and blockchains: an introduction to cryptocurrencies and the technology that powers them. – mango media inc., 2018. 15. smutny z., sulc z., lansky j. motivations, barriers and risk-taking when investing in cryptocurrencies //mathematics. – 2021. – т. 9. – №. 14. – с. 1655. 16. bharadwaj a. et al. digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights //mis quarterly. – 2013. – с. 471-482. 17. huhtinen t. p. et al. bitcoin as a monetary system: examining attention and attendance. – 2014. http://www/ 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 01, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх dynamics of efficiency and optimization of beekeeping production processes in specialized farms djurabayev otabek djurabayevich associate professor of the department of "management" tsue introduction. special studies carried out around the world show that beekeeping plays an important role in various sectors of the economy. the importance of this industry is determined not only in the production of bee products that are necessary for mankind, but also as a means of pollinating crops. "reports of bees disappearing from around the world show that beekeeping is in danger of extinction." accordingly, in many countries of the world, special attention is paid to improving the organizational and economic mechanisms of beekeeping management as an important condition for ensuring the efficiency and sustainability of the industry. at present, research is being carried out in various scientific centers and research institutions around the world in many areas of effective beekeeping management. in particular, the formation of a beekeeping management strategy, improving the main approaches to organizational and economic management mechanisms, expanding cooperation between relatively small farms, strengthening the diversification of beekeeping products, and increasing the efficiency of managing innovative processes in these farms. methods. in the process of preparing the dissertation, such methods as general scientific, formallogical, specific methods for studying the situation, classification, generalization, horizontal and vertical comparison, econometric modeling, empirical research, factor analysis, forecasting were used. results. comparing the beekeeping of uzbekistan with the beekeeping of foreign countries, we note that one of the negative trends of the current stage of development of beekeeping in the republic of uzbekistan is the violation of the existing relationships between the individual elements of the productive forces. the disproportion between the elements of the productive forces of beekeeping and the rise in prices for agricultural and industrial products is revealed, which is associated with an increase in the gap between the prices for means of production (machinery, equipment, honey extractors, apiary houses, platforms for transporting beehives, fuel and lubricants, etc.) and prices for industry products. thus, when studying the current state and level of development of the productive forces of beekeeping, the study revealed the following:  the presence of a disproportion between the elements of the productive forces of beekeeping;  indicators of the need of the population of the republic of uzbekistan for honey according to medical standards lag behind medical standards, the level of provision of the population with honey remains low; 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  there is a tendency to reduce the number of bee colonies and workers employed in large beekeeping organizations in uzbekistan. using the above materials, we can conclude that the reasons for the significant reduction in bee colonies are: 1. the rupture of long-term integration ties and the general economic decline in all countries after the collapse of the union state; 2. transition to market mechanisms for organizing beekeeping farms, reducing subsidized costs for their maintenance, saving on mechanization; 3. lack of raw materials, poor quality feeding of bee colonies, use of various surrogates instead of sugar; 4. lack of experienced beekeepers, massive exodus from the industry of experienced and competent beekeepers, which led to a drop in the level of knowledge and innovative approaches in beekeeping; 5. an unbalanced rise in prices for honey and fuels and lubricants, which will lead to a rise in the price of bee products, because due to the nature of the industry, frequent moving of the apiary requires high energy costs; 6. lack of investment in the beekeeping industry contributed to the physical and moral deterioration of the material and technical base; 7. insufficient funding of scientific research in the beekeeping industry has led to a decrease in productive forces. analyses. economic efficiency shows the final beneficial effect from the return on total investment. in table 1, we considered the effectiveness of beekeeping in the tashkent region for the period 2012-2019. table 1. dynamics of the efficiency of beekeeping in the tashkent region in 2012-2019 indicators 2012 y 2013 y 2014 y 2015 y 2016 y 2017 y 2018 y 2019 y number of bee colonies 13540 14540 15645 14642 16669 17468 20638 21300 produced honey, kg 223410 251542 278481 279662 336713 345866 36322 8 391920 productivity on honey of 1 bee family, kg. 16,5 17,3 17,8 19,1 20,2 28,1 24,0 28,2 realized honey, kg. 98300 110678 122532 125848 151521 155640 16345 2 195960 selling price 1 kg. honey, thousand soums 20 20 22 26 30 30 30 35 gross proceeds from the sale of honey, million soums 1966,0 2213,6 2695,7 3272,1 4545,6 4669,2 4903,6 5789,3 honey production costs, mln. 1528,9 1633,0 2139,1 2511,7 3742,0 3869,1 4021,0 4488,0 net profit from the sale of honey, mln. 437,1 580,6 556,6 760,4 803,6 800,1 882,6 1301,3 table 1 shows that in the period from 2012 to 2019, the efficiency of beekeeping in the tashkent region has increased significantly: the number of bee colonies has increased significantly, the 42 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us volume of honey produced, the gross profit from its sale and the net profit of beekeeping farms have increased. despite the presence in some farms of high costs of honey production, insufficiently efficient use of available material resources for the production of honey and bee products, an analysis of the performance indicators of bee farms in the tashkent region indicates a general trend in its growth, thanks to the measures taken by the government of the republic of uzbekistan. in the course of the study, objects of a monographic study were selected and an analysis of the effectiveness of beekeeping was carried out on the example of two large state forestry enterprises of uzbekistan: brichmulla and akhangaran state forestry. as auxiliary farms, including large ones, apiaries are created, the products of which are used for sale to the population and additional income as a diversified product. at the same time, assistance is provided to the agricultural sector in increasing crop yields through crosspollination of fields and forest lands. table 2. honey balance in brichmulla and akhangaran state forestry enterprises in 20122019 y ea rs number of bee colonies receive d commer cial honey kg. fed sugar kg. fodde r honey produ ction gross honey product ion kg share of market able honey in gross produc tion, % at the begin ning of the report ing period per ish ed pu rch ase d at the beginni ng of the honey collecti on restor ed brichmulla state forestry 2012 650 15 5 495 155 412 2680 9100 9512 4 2013 650 17 0 470 80 1643 6017 6960 8603 19 2014 550 92 509 202 3277 7440 6887 10164 32 2015 660 72 588 72 3630 5930 8840 12470 29 2016 762 93 669 93 7683 9600 11142 18825 41 2017 885 885 4343 9758 14154 18497 23 2018 1011 1011 5625 9850 15142 20767 25 2019 1025 1025 5962 9625 152632 22689 27 akhangaran state forestry 2012 511 11 8 511 2358 2245 2358 4716 50 2013 540 540 2800 4520 2420 5220 53 2014 561 10 0 561 2030 6420 2030 4060 50 2015 691 50 691 3840 6204 3840 7680 50 2016 801 42 801 4140 6501 4140 8280 50 2017 881 881 0 8250 4903 4903 0 2018 969 969 405 8620 4820 5225 8 2019 993 993 953 8956 5022 5426 12 brichmulla state forestry is located in the tashkent region on the territory of the ugam-chatkal national park. the total land area is 354378 hectares, the total forest area is 79660.1 hectares, which is 22.5% of the total area of the economy. 43 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on the territory of the ugam-chatkal national park, the impact of anthropogenic factors on nature is minimized. large areas of melliferous plants, such as apple orchards, cherries, hawthorn, almonds, cherry plums, juniper forests, a wide variety of herbs and shrubs from which bees collect honey from may to october, allow you to maximize the strength of the bee colony before the start of the main honey collection and gain a sufficient amount of honey for their safe wintering. after carrying out timely veterinary measures and strengthening the food supply of bees in the winter, the death of bee colonies has noticeably decreased from 2017 to 2019. stopped completely. from the data in the table it can be seen that in akhangaran state forestry reached its maximum productivity in 2015-2016, and in 2017-2019. there is a tendency to reduce the volume of honey produced. what is the result of low productivity of bee colonies. it should be noted that the brichmulla forestry has restored the number of bee colonies in recent years by increasing the strength of the existing bee colonies by breeding their own bee packages, without additional purchases from other farms. the data shows that by 2018-2019. the farm systematically increased the gross amount of honey, however, the share of commercial honey in the gross production remains quite low, at the level of 25-30% (with the exception of 2016, when this share reached 41%). the akhangaran state forestry is located on the territory of the ugam-chatkal national park, the total land area of which is 143,652 hectares, the total forest area is 37,565.1 hectares, or 26.2% of the total area. from the data in the table it follows that in 2012-2016. the share of commercial honey in the composition of gross honey fluctuated within 50-53%. however, in 2017, the farm did not produce marketable honey, all honey produced was forage. in 2018, the share of commercial honey was 8%, in 2019 12%, which indicates the need to take a number of measures to increase the volume of commercial honey produced. to do this, it is necessary to determine the factors affecting the efficiency of beekeeping production in the brichmulla and akhangaran state forestry enterprises, where one of the main ones is the cost of beekeeping products. so, in the brichmulla state forestry, the cost of 1 kg. honey systematically decreased: in 2015 they amounted to 2.62 thousand soums, in 2017 2.06 thousand soums, in 2018 they decreased to 1.89 thousand soums. table 3. labor intensity and labor productivity in the brichmulla and akhangaran state forestry enterprises in 2012-2019. the name of indicators 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 brichmulla state forestry number of workers employed in beekeeping, pers. 10 10 11 11 11 12 14 14 remuneration of employees, thousand soums per year 16900 22200 24900 26700 27900 28300 29500 30850 remuneration of 1 employee, thousand soums per year 1690 2220 2264 2427 2536 2358 2107 2204 labor productivity of 1 employee, thousand soums / person 2335 1606 1212 2543 6673 3742 6202 6309 the ratio of wages and 0,72 1,3 1,8 0,9 0,4 0,6 0,3 44 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us productivity 0,4 akhangaran state forestry number of workers employed in beekeeping, pers. 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 remuneration of employees, thousand soums 20100 25300 32100 51400 59700 77100 85000 85990 remuneration of 1 employee, thousand soums 2513 3163 4013 5140 5970 6425 7083 7166 labor productivity of 1 employee, thousand soums / person 994 1360 1333 3860 6021 4551 2200 4369 the ratio of wages and productivity 2,5 2,3 3,0 1,3 0,7 1,4 3,2 2,0 during the period under study, the indicators of wage growth significantly outstrip its productivity, which makes the beekeeping economy unprofitable, that is, the economy receives a loss as a financial result. discussion the study of the current state and level of development of the productive forces of beekeeping in the republic of uzbekistan made it possible to identify the following factors influencing the management of the industry:  established the disproportion between the elements of the productive forces of beekeeping;  in the context of regions, a significant reduction in the number of bee colonies was revealed;  trends in the reduction of the share of beekeeping and the number of employees employed in large beekeeping organizations have been revealed.  the calculation of the need of the population of the republic of uzbekistan for honey according to medical standards and the level of provision of the population with this product was made. 2. an assessment of honey potential resources was carried out, taking into account honey resources in various climatic zones of the republic;  periodization of flowering of melliferous plants was carried out;  the effectiveness of cross-pollination of fruit trees, cotton and sunflowers was determined. reference. 1. alekseycheva, e. yu. economics of an organization (enterprise): textbook for bachelors / e. yu. alekseycheva, m. d. magomedov, i. b. kostin. 5th ed., sr .. moscow: publishing and trade corporation "dashkov and k", 2021. 290 p. 2. outsourcing in the economy of the enterprise / v. i. maly, v. i. popyuk, s. yu. rodionova [and others]. saratov: volga institute of management named after p.a. stolypin branch of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education "russian academy of national economy and public administration under the president of the russian federation", 2020. 214 p. 45 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. batraeva, e. a. economics of public catering: a textbook and workshop for secondary vocational education / e. a. batraeva. 2nd ed., revised. and additional moscow: yurayt publishing house, 2021. 390 p. 4. bobrova, o. s., tsybukov, s. i., bobrov, i. a. bobrova, o. s., tsybukov, s. i., bobrov, i. organization of commercial activity: textbook and workshop for secondary vocational education. moscow: yurayt publishing house, 2021. 332 p. 5. saidov m. increasing management efficiency in the electricity sector of uzbekistan //the 5th international conference on future networks & distributed systems. – 2021. – с. 343347. 6. saidov m. s. analysis of the economic activities of natural monopoly organizations //инвестиции, градостроительство, недвижимость как драйверы социальноэкономического развития территории и повышения качества жизни населения. – 2022. – с. 74-79. 7. munira a. analysis methods of the factors influencing on consumer market //бюллетень науки и практики. – 2018. – т. 4. – №. 2. – с. 276-282. 8. shanazarova g. features of innovative management strategy of the automotive industry of uzbekistan //архив научных исследований. – 2019.\ 9. yaxyayeva i. енгил саноат корхоналарида маҳсулот рақобатбардошлигини ошириш йўналишлари //архив научных исследований. – 2019. 10. djurabaevich d. o., shavkat a. organization of enterprise management and its efficiency in conditions of economic modernization //american journal of economics and business management. – 2023. – т. 6. – №. 1. – с. 173-177. 11. djurabaev o. d., allaberganova s. modern management system in large companies of the republic of uzbekistan //american journal of economics and business management. – 2023. – т. 6. – №. 1. – с. 146-151. 12. djurabaevich d. o. features of management and clustering of beekeeping farms //international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429. – 2022. – т. 11. – №. 05. – с. 206-215. 13. khamidovich r. j. management of the competitiveness of a banking service //asia pacific journal of marketing & management review issn: 2319-2836 impact factor: 7.603. – 2022. – т. 11. – №. 05. – с. 7-15. 14. khamidovich r. j. main aspects of increasing efficiency in light industry //american journal of economics and business management. – 2023. – т. 6. – №. 1. – с. 203-208. 15. rashidov j. the multifactor analysis of agricultural production processes and its econometric modelling: multifactor analysis of agricultural production processes and its econometric modelling //архив научных исследований. – 2021. – т. 1. – №. 1. 680 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the linguistic importance of discussion topics in the development of professional speech aslanov akmal subxanovich tashkent medical academy, candidate of philological sciences, associate professor abstract: this article explores the linguistic significance of conversation topics in the formation of professional discourse. participating in meaningful and substantial conversations in a professional setting is crucial for improving language skills and developing effective communication abilities. this study examines the advantages of engaging in discussions, such as enhancing vocabulary, improving language fluency and expression, developing discourse and communication abilities, fostering cultural and contextual awareness, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills, facilitating professional networking and collaboration, and fostering confidence and professional identity. the findings emphasize the crucial significance of engaging in discussions on relevant subjects in order to improve language skills and facilitate successful communication among professionals in their respective domains. keywords: linguistic importance, discussion topics, development, professional speech, language proficiency, vocabulary expansion, language fluency. introduction: proficient communication is a fundamental aspect of achieving professional accomplishments, and the cultivation of adept speech abilities is vital for individuals to excel in their specific domains. participating in meaningful conversations about important subjects in a professional setting provides a special chance to improve language skills and enhance communication tactics. through active engagement in debates, professionals can augment their lexicon, eloquence, conversational abilities, and cultural sensitivity, among other verbal proficiencies. vocabulary expansion is a critical element in understanding the linguistic significance of discussion topics. experts that participate in conversations about certain topics come across specialist language and technical jargon, which broadens their professional vocabulary and enhances their ability to communicate more efficiently within their industry. being exposed to vocabulary relevant to a certain field improves their capacity to articulate intricate concepts with accuracy and lucidity. discussion part: the significance of conversation themes in the formation of professional speech is linguistically important. participating in meaningful and significant conversations in a professional setting can offer numerous advantages for improving language proficiency and refining professional communication abilities. below are few crucial factors to take into account: discussions offer a chance to come across unfamiliar terminology pertaining to particular professional domains or areas of interest. engaging in conversations about various subjects introduces individuals to specialized terminology, jargon, and technical terms, enabling them to enhance their professional lexicon and communicate more proficiently within their industry. 681 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us participating in discussions necessitates individuals to engage in critical thinking, develop their views, and articulate them with fluency. consistent engagement in talks refines linguistic proficiency, fosters cogency of thinking, and augments aptitude in conveying ideas, enabling professionals to express their thoughts with greater assurance and efficacy in both verbal and written discourse. discussions entail the practice of actively listening, taking turns, and reacting to the ideas and arguments put out by others. participating in conversations in a professional environment aids in the acquisition of crucial abilities in discourse and communication, including the ability to maintain coherence, structure logical arguments, and successfully explain intricate information to others. engaging in discussions on diverse topics allows professionals to gain exposure to a range of cultural perspectives, societal concerns, and contextual elements that influence professional communication. this fosters their cultural and contextual acumen, empowering them to communicate with sensitivity and modify their speech to effectively connect with varied audiences, both at a local and global level. professional discourse frequently entails the examination of intricate matters, the generation of innovative solutions, and the application of discerning reasoning. by actively engaging in these debates, professionals enhance their analytical and problem-solving abilities, acquiring the skills to assess information, take into account other viewpoints, and articulate logical arguments or solutions. discussions serve as a means for professionals to establish connections, engage in networking, and interact with colleagues in their own industry. participating in substantive conversations cultivates professional connections, enables the exchange of knowledge, and creates possibilities for collaboration, hence enhancing continuous professional growth. frequent engagement in talks enables professionals to develop self-assurance in articulating their perspectives, advocating for their stances, and participating in professional dialogue. this fosters the advancement of their professional identity, empowering them to position themselves as wellinformed and reputable experts in their domain. participating in discussions offers individuals the chance to actively practice their language skills. professionals can enhance their language abilities, such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, by actively engaging in discussions. this allows for practical and participatory practice. discussions replicate the use of language in real-life situations, enabling professionals to enhance their proficiency in employing language in genuine and contextually suitable manners. individuals acquire the ability to modify their language to suit various circumstances, listeners, and work environments, hence improving their overall proficiency in communication. engaging in discussions allows professionals to be exposed to a wide array of perspectives, concepts, and encounters. this exposure enhances their comprehension of diverse viewpoints within their domain, cultivates analytical reasoning, and promotes receptiveness in professional discussions. engaging in active listening is necessary for individuals to actively participate in talks. professionals enhance their capacity to understand and react to the thoughts of others, so enhancing their listening skills and fostering efficient communication in professional environments. participating in debates enables professionals to cultivate the aptitude for bargaining and persuasion. professionals enhance their skill in delivering persuasive arguments and influencing others through the exchange of ideas and the necessity to convince others of their opinions, thereby refining their ability to utilize persuasive language effectively. 682 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us engaging in conversations about pertinent subjects enhances the growth of expertise in one's profession. professionals acquire valuable knowledge, share information, and benefit from the expertise of their peers, thus ensuring they remain up-to-date with the most recent advancements and trends in their respective industries. consistent engagement in talks enables professionals to cultivate confidence in their professional discourse. through the active articulation of their ideas, the defense of their perspectives, and the participation in intellectual discussions, professionals cultivate a sense of confidence that has a beneficial influence on their professional engagements. participating in forums offers chances for rectifying errors and receiving feedback. peers and colleagues can offer vital insights, rectify linguistic mistakes, and provide constructive feedback, enabling professionals to pinpoint areas for enhancement and polish their language proficiency. discussions foster the development of professional ties. through active engagement in discussions with colleagues and peers, professionals forge connections, cultivate rapport, and enhance their professional network, hence opening doors for potential collaborations and personal development. the qualities cultivated through talks, such as analytical reasoning, persuasive articulation, and flexibility, can be applied in several professional settings. professionals can utilize these talents in various contexts of professional communication such as presentations, meetings, negotiations, and other similar scenarios. here are a few questions that can be used for a discussion: 1. how does the usage of technical terms and medical jargon impact the way healthcare providers and patients communicate? 2. how can a healthcare provider modify their language use to better connect with patients hailing from different cultural backgrounds? 3. when trying to explain complicated medical concepts to those who aren't trained in the field, what are some of the most typical obstacles that medical professionals encounter? 4. is there a scenario where a doctor's tone or the language they use could affect a patient's ability to comprehend and follow their treatment plan? 5. how can healthcare providers strike a balance between being precise and accurate in their terminology while also showing compassion and understanding to their patients? 6. besides medical school, do you think it's critical for doctors and other medical staff to learn how to communicate effectively? for what reasons? 7. how have advancements in technology, such telemedicine and electronic health records, transformed the way doctors and patients interact? 8. when doctors and nurses talk about their patients' illnesses and treatments, are there any ethical concerns? 9. is it fair to hold doctors and nurses responsible when patients and staff members fail to comprehend each other? 10. when talking to patients about delicate subjects like mental health or long-term sickness, how can doctors and nurses make sure they are using inclusive and polite language? conclusion: engaging in talks fosters the growth of self-assurance and professional sense of self. frequent participation in discourse assists professionals in developing assurance in conveying their thoughts, advocating for their perspectives, and articulating their proficiency. the combination of self-assurance with proficient communication abilities enables professionals to position 683 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us themselves as well-informed and trustworthy individuals in their respective domains, thereby strengthening their professional identity. conversations about pertinent subjects in a professional setting are essential for improving language proficiency and honing professional communication abilities. they enhance vocabulary, fluency in language, discourse and communication abilities, cultural and contextual understanding, critical thinking, problem-solving, professional connections, teamwork, and the growth of self-assurance and professional identity. participating in these talks promotes effective communication, nurtures professional development, and improves overall language ability. used literature: 1. achkasova, natalia nikolaevna. "competition of scientific professional-oriented reports as a tool for development motivation to study the english language among students of a non-linguistic university." journal title not specified (2021): 10.15293/18134718.2105.11. 2. stratulat, n., martina, olesia, tretiak, n., hordiichuk, mariana, boieva, evelina, and shvetsova, i. "speech culture: postmodern dimensions of the professional standard." journal title not specified (2021): 10.18662/po/12.2/313. 3. jantassova, d., казақстан қарағандытықтехникалықуниверситеті, isoc, d., and румыния клуж-напокатехникалықуниверситеті. "the problems of the development of foreign language communication skills of non-linguistic specialities' students." journal title not specified (2020): 10.31489/2020ped4/145-154. 4. arefeva, s. a., biryukova, n., arefeva, olesia v., volkova, t., and shcheglova, n. n. "development of future teachers’ communicative qualities by means of studying the course 'russian language and culture of speech'." journal title not specified (2020). doi: not available. 5. iriskulov, a., aslanov, a., & subhonova, a. (2021). why do we need a global language?. збірник наукових праць λόгoς. 6. aslanov, a. s., subhonova, a. a., avilova, k. h., & saydullayeva, m. a. (2021). impacts of language learning on the development of cognition. the american journal of social science and education innovations, 3(09), 56-59. 7. subxanovich, a. a. (2023). communication features of a qualified doctor with different patients. journal of pedagogical inventions and practices, 17, 52-56. 53 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 use of innovative methods in the field of education in the conditions of the digital economy musayeva shoira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan ro‘ziqulova nilufar ulug’bekovna student, samarkand institute of economic and services, samarkand, uzbekistan abstract: the article highlights the relevance of the educational process, its role in society, the advantages of using innovative technologies, the shortcomings of the educational process. at the same time, in the field of education in our country, the advantages of the introduction of digital innovative technologies and a number of effective ways to nurture a young generation capable of comprehensive, talented, enterprising, tireless in pursuing ideas and projects. keywords: innovation, innovative technology, digital economy, distance learning, artificial intelligence, khan academy, newton, pisa, pirls, mooc. the world is changing before our eyes. digital technologies are gradually becoming an integral part of every sphere of daily life. over the years, all fields of electronic, computer, network and many other important automated it was difficult to imagine with the help of technologies. nowadays, the concept of "digital economy" is used many times. indeed, in many developed countries, the digital economy has significantly influenced their development factors. the digital economy plays an important role in the life of society, in education, in communication, from purchasing to the production of goods, and all links of the economy have changed to a digital environment. the experience of the society accumulated over the centuries proves once again that education is one of the main tools that serve to educate the young generation, which will determine the future of the state and society, and the development of the country. education is an integral part of the world we live in, providing material well-being by directly satisfying human spiritual needs. in particular, in developed countries, great attention is paid to education of the young generation. because the investment made in their entire education system will benefit the society 15-17 times in the future. in our case, this indicator is 4 times. the us spends 7.5% of gdp on education, norway 7.6%, and china 4%. also, the developed countries that consider knowledge and human resources as the main factor in the development of the economy are mainly countries that do not have rich natural resources (japan, sweden, etc.). in the process of education, human knowledge is formed, developed, mental and creative abilities are developed, education takes the first place in order to make a person a strong, willing professional staff. however, today, when science and technology have advanced, it is impossible to form highly intellectual potential, creative, competitive personnel with a place in the world 54 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us labor market without introducing innovative techniques and technologies, i.e. computers, tablets, electronic boards, electronic textbooks, interactive training manuals, interactive teaching methods (cluster, case study, venn diagram, etc.) into education. in our country, many measures are being implemented to modernize the education sector, widely promote innovations in education, digital technologies, provide students and young people with high-quality educational materials, and increase the educational coverage of young people. in particular, in 2020, the admission parameters for family education have increased by 2.5 times compared to 2016, the level of coverage of young people with family education has reached 25% from 9%. the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoyev set the tasks of "supporting the promotion of innovations in the educational system, including through the introduction of interactive and creative methods of teaching, ensuring the development of innovative educational programs involving the use of digital technologies." innovation means the introduction and practical use of new technical and technological tools, new methods, forms and types of management and organization in all spheres and branches of our life. innovative technology in the educational process is a new approach to educational forms, methods and methods, the use of new software and technical tools in education. the use of innovative digital technologies in education is considered to be more effective than the new pedagogical technologies used by the pedagogue-teacher. for example, the massive open distance education system based on artificial intelligence, which allows you to get education without separating it from work and daily tasks in this form of online education. this system allows you to listen to lectures on the internet through artificial intelligence, its advantages can be expressed as follows:  prevents time losses, reduces expenses.  creates conditions for deep learning of sciences. because one cannot move on to another without mastering the given topic.  people living anywhere in the world, even those living in the remotest village, will have the opportunity to receive modern and quality education. the disadvantage of this system is that the pupil or student must be provided with it information technologies, that is, the internet, a computer (tablet, gadget, phone, etc.). another such software-based system is khan academy. in this system, students have the opportunity to listen to lectures at home, while walking on the street, and in similar places, and when they come to the auditorium, they perform their tasks together with the teacher. by using this system in the educational process, the teacher can determine which subject the student has mastered or failed to master, which one he has difficulty in mastering, and has the opportunity to quickly solve the problems that the student is struggling with. the student will master the topics in due time. knewton's educational system takes into account the identification of gaps and shallow areas of the student's knowledge, which method of teaching (text, video, audio) will be more effective in creating a special educational program for each student. in addition, it includes aspects of how well the student has learned the given topic, whether it is necessary to move on to a new topic or not. an approach that takes into account the individual characteristics of young students and their shortcomings is a guarantee of their deep assimilation of the given knowledge. another digital innovation in education is learning through video games. its use in the educational process allows learners to better acquire existing knowledge and skills by entering the virtual world than with other types of media. if we look at ordinary history books, we can get information about past events from them. however, large-scale and well-organized game simulators can reveal and understand more and more important information than that. 55 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us more than 500,000 15-year-old boys and girls from 79 countries participated in the pisa study in 2015 and more than 600,000 from 79 countries in 2015. a unique feature of pisa is that it assesses literacy in various domains rather than pure knowledge. literacy is defined as "students' ability to apply knowledge and skills on key topics, analyze, reason, and communicate effectively to identify, interpret, and solve problems in a variety of situations." within the framework of the pisa program, the literacy of students in mathematics, natural sciences and reading is assessed in repeated cycles every 3 years. since the pisa program was established in 2000, finland has been regularly participating in it, and the results of the finnish education system have attracted the attention of many countries around the world. despite slight fluctuations in the results of the seven pisa cycles and a slight decline in the last two cycles, the finnish education system is one of the best-performing countries in the pisa survey over a long period of time. results of finnish students in pisa: type of literacy 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 reading 546 (1)* 543 (1) 547 (2) 536 (2) 524 (3) 526 (2) 520 (5) mathematics 536 (4) 544 (1) 548 (1) 541 (2) 519 (6) 511 (7) 507 (12) natural sciences 538 (3) 548 (1) 563 (1) 554 (1) 545 (2) 531 (3) 522 (9) *finland's pisa ranking is shown in parentheses for information: the republic of finland participated in the pirls (the progress in international reading literacy study assessment of reading and comprehension level of primary 4th graders) study in 2011 (568 points) and 2016 (566 points) and took 3rd and 5th place, respectively. through a detailed analysis of the finnish education system, many conclusions and suggestions can be made. some of them are:  finland's success cannot be explained by a single factor, as there is a network of factors that are highly interrelated;  the core values of the finnish people are an important part of the success of education in finland. equality and cooperation make the finnish education system work in harmony.  the capacity of teachers is the most important factor, and it is related to many other factors, such as the quality of teacher training, the reputation of the teaching profession in society, and the working conditions of teachers. in conclusion, it can be said that by analyzing the modern achievements in the educational system of many developed and developing countries, the main purpose of applying scientific achievements in our country, the use of innovative technologies in education is to enrich the quality of education, to fully master the knowledge and skills provided in the educational process by students, and to achieve high goals by independent work on them. as a result, free-thinking, broad-minded, creative and innovative people grow up, which is our ultimate goal. references. 1. state inspection "education quality control" under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan.www.tdi.uz 2. data of the samarkand regional department of statistics. 3. speech by the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev to the newly elected members of the senate. january 20, 2020. 4. kotler f, armstrong g, wong j. "osnovy marketinga" 12-e izdanie. m.: williams, 2009. 5. azimovna ms improving the study of consumer behavior //gospodarka i innowacje. 2022. s. 109-112. http://www.tdi.uz/ 56 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. azimovna ms et al. analysis of the main economic and marketing indicators of fe" dakatex" llc // asia pacific journal of marketing & management review issn: 2319-2836 impact factor: 7.603. 2022. t. 11. no. 06. – s. 4-7. 7. azimovna ms, ilkhomovna ud optimal principles of assessing the quality of graduates in higher education //eurasian scientific herald. 2022. t. 8. s. 233-238. 8. azimovna ms the main directions of the marketing complex to increase the export potential of products // formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences. 2022. t. 1. – no. 9. s. 20-23. 9. azimovna ms, ilkhomovna ud, shokhrukhovich uf ways to use marketing information in the process of evaluating the enterprise //world economics and finance bulletin. 2022. t. 10. s. 9-12. 10. azimovna ms, shokhrukhovich uf, sodirovich ub analysis of the market of tourist products of the samarkand region // scientific journal of sustainability and leading research online. 2022. t. 2. no. 4. – s. 422-427. 11. azimovna ms, shokhrukhovich uf, rofejon oglu rs the procedure for organizing marketing research at industrial enterprises in the context of modernization in uzbekistan // sustainability and leading research online scientific journal. 2022. s. 392-399. 12. musayeva, s. (2022). description of modern marketing research methods in the market economy. science and innovation, 1(a5), 33-38. 13. musayeva, s. (2022). importance of marketing service in enterprises in the conditions of implementation of development strategy in uzbekistan. science and innovation, 1(a4), 280-286. 14. musayeva, s., & rakhmanova, a. (2022). analysis of marketing activities in jsc "khovrenko" of samarkand region. science and innovation, 1(a5),130-134. 15. musayeva, s. (2022). ways to organize and develop marketing research in the labor market. science and innovation, 1(a5), 99-105. 16. musayeva, s. (2022). problems of innovation marketing development in textile and sewing-knitting enterprises of the republic of uzbekistan. science and innovation, 1(a5), 28-32. 17. musayeva, s. (2022). market of household appliances in the republic of uzbekistan and features of its research. science and innovation, 1(a5), 8994. 18. musayeva, s., & usmanov, f. (2022). ways to develop marketing activities in tourist organizations. science and innovation, 1(a5), 84-88. 19. usmanov iastudy of the provision of construction facilities with management personnel. international journal on orange technology. volume: 03 issue: 9 | sep 2021. p.31-33 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijot/article/view/2171 20. usmanov ilkhom achilovich, research of marketing activities of s sharquniversal-smk llc science and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 6 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 21. usmonova dilfuza ilkhomovna, examination of the investment project of leasing company science and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 7 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 447 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 basic tasks of teaching the science of "education" in primary grades nigora hikmatovna mahmudova asia international university annotation this in the article initial in classes education science in teaching teacher in classes pedagogical technology, initial in classes interactive methods and educational games, modern information and communication from technologies use students independent thinking, creative research and makes sense thinking circles expand with together them in classes what they have learned life with to connect, their interests to increase help giving thoughts statement done key words : technical, informative, audiovisual active citizenship position, responsibility, obligation, legal mind and culture, deep outlook, healthy religiousness, enlightenment, tolerance, spiritual, ideological, sophistication education abstract in this article, the use of pedagogical technology in the classroom, interactive methods and educational games in primary school, the use of modern information and communication technologies in teaching elementary education in primary school helps students to think independently, creative research and logical thinking. along with the expansion, ideas are articulated that help them relate what they learn in the lessons to life, increasing their interest. keywords: technical, informational, audiovisual active civic position, responsibility, obligation, legal consciousness and culture, deep outlook, healthy beliefs, enlightenment, tolerance, spiritual, ideological, delicate upbringing. education science uzbekistan republic president initiative with common medium education institutions from the 2020-2021 academic year starting from current done. this subject is continuous spiritual education of the concept one part as in students " national from recovery national the idea of ascension absorb them social successful to life preparation, active citizenship position, responsibility, obligation, legal mind and culture, deep outlook, healthy faith, enlightenment, tolerance such as qualities to form the goal by doing put science and textbook concept in creating japan, singapore, england, uae, china, korea, russia, germany such as foreign of states from experience was used. education process extremely complicated process that it was for education efficiency pedagogue and student activity, education of means to the existence of education of the process organizational, scientific, methodical to perfection depend. education process advanced tools, methods, technique tools, methods relying on improvement system is considered this is the system teacher by is created, education stages mutually to connect 448 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us service does his content and tasks, purpose in advance designation, education forms and tools preparation, in the student formation in the eye caught spiritual adjectives to master directed lessons planning such as own into takes. today's of science and technology per day development with a person activity extremely expanded, new technologies come in is coming quality changes from that proof gives that now new methods demand which and education of the process indispensable to the part turning around going to him his own known features current which new technical, informative, audio-visual tools are also available they are modern pedagogical technologies sure to reality turned. education of the process productivity increases students independent thinking process forms in students to knowledge passion and interest increases knowledge strong appropriation, of them in practice free use skill and qualifications forms. traditional teaching system, say maybe written and oral to words relying on the work to see because of informative teaching as is described because teacher activity only one study of the process the organizer as not but authoritative knowledge to the source that it is spinning emphasized without is being evaluated. uzbek of the people young generation to life in preparation a lot centuries during used method and tools, event forms, to himself special traditions and traditions, education about ideas and vital experience there is. this is a legacy in the past many sages matured to exit basis was. current in the day this from inheritance creative use big important have. our ancestors knowledge teacher teacher to the activity big importance those who gave it is pedagogical to the activity has been main from requirements one was east waking up of the era great thinker abu nasr farabi intelligent, wise and sharp thinking people about so says : " it's smart. " to the person it is said that they virtuous, sharp thoughtful, useful to work given, necessary things discover and invention in reaching excellent to talent have bad from work himself outside take they walk such people mind they say. his according to " education word and to teach only with will be education while practical the work and experience with is learning, that is that's it people, that's it of the nation practical of qualifications consists of has been to work, profession given to be if they work, profession given if they are, to the profession if they are interested, that's it interest them entirely to the profession attraction if, then they profession trade really lover will be » education process mutually depends two activity teacher and student activities own into takes education in the process of the student consciousness form goes, feelings and different abilities develops, ideological, moral, volitional, aesthetic characteristics is formed, to nature, to society scientific views system content finds, physical powers is strengthened. education in the process in the pupil of society to the individual to put moral requirements according to coming behavioral qualification and habits harvest will be done. to this reach for of the student to the mind ( education in the process ), to the feeling ( in the lesson and different from class except in affairs ), to the will ( activity organization, behavior office to do in the process ) is systematic and regularly effect reached will go. education in the process of these someone ( consciousness, feeling, will ) from attention leave otherwise, to the goal reach it becomes difficult. someone one to the goal directed education of the process essence and duties educator by will be planned and in order is put a) the student's which character formation or loss in order to will be planned. 449 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us b) these feelings bring up or loss for service doer sources looking for is found. v) marked the goal for service who does theoretical and practical sources which one and where to use will be planned. such to the plan put take went education essence education upbringing system society and of people intellectual and physical activity organize does primary in classes cooperative of education the following methods efficient use can : wi fi silence storage hint )). 1. the teacher's hand raises and it says wi-fi. 2. pay attention to the teacher focus ( case stop it don't talk ). 3. the teacher's gesture sound without taking out repeat. scientific in the literature of education purpose of possibilities correct, accurate, appropriate use skill and qualifications harvest to do, logical-creative thinking development, communicative literacy increase, national the idea absorb, oriental education formation of a person spiritual from enrichment consists of emphasized. educational the goal based on in students independent thinking, speaking and written literacy increase, makes sense thinking development through their communication culture will be improved. educational the goal based on while spiritual, ideological, sophistication upbringing is given language learning in the process of the people cultural and moral values zoom in opportunity appear will be as you know, in education advanced pedagogical and new information technologies app reach study of training efficiency just increase it not only the achievements of science in practice apply through independent and makes sense thinking, har bilaterally perfect high spiritual person in education important importance occupation is enough references 1. mahmudova nigora hikmatovna. (2023). the goals and tasks of education. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1 (9), 386–388 2. maxmudova, n. (2018). the role of computer technologies in the innovative training process. экономика и социум, (3 (46)), 34-36. 3. mahmudova nigora hikmatovna. (2023). goals and tasks of education. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 360–362. 4. tursunova, z. (2023). using innovative and interactive methods in native language and reading literacy classes. modern science and research, 2(10), 777-779. 5. ne‟matovna, t. z. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ot so'z turkumini izchillikda o'rgatish metodikasi. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 389-391. 6. ne'matovna, t. z. (2023). boshlang'ich siflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi. 450 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352. 8. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 9. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. 10. hojiyeva, n. (2023). the subject and tasks of the method of teaching the mother tongue in primary grades. modern science and research, 2(10), 855857. 11. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining predmeti va vazifalari. 12. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta‟lim jarayonida boshlang „ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o „qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 13. bahodirovna, h. n. 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(2023). zamonaviy psixologik konsultatsiya, uning turlari va unga murojaat qilish sabablari. scientific impulse, 1(6), 1679-1682. 18. nigora kozimova abduqahorovna. (2023). modern psychological consultation, its types and reasons for applying to it. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 129–131. retrieved from http://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1343 19. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). cognitive processes and their description in psychology. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 115–133. 20. ikromova sitora akbarovna. (2023). socio-psychological factors of behavior formation in adolescents. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 184–191. 21. ikromova sitora akbarovna. (2023). negative and positive changes in adolescent behavior. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 192–197. 451 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 22. jalolov, t. s. 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(2023). spss yoki ijtimoiy fanlar uchun statistik paket bilan psixologik ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. journal of universal science research, 1(12), 207–215. 34. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). the mechanisms of using mathematical statistical analysis methods in psychology. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 138–144. 35. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). programming languages, their types and basics. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 145–152. 36. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). python tilining afzalliklari va kamchiliklari. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 153–159. 37. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). python dastur tilidada webilovalar ishlab chiqish. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 160–166. 38. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). sun'iy intellektda pythonning (pytorch) kutubxonasidan foydalanish. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 167–171. 452 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 39. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). working with mathematical functions in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 172– 177. 40. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). parallel programming in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 178–183. 13 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 03, 2023 issn (e): ххх-ххх increasing financial literacy in rural areas akhmedov alim babaniyazovich teacher of the department of business management and statistics jamshid safarov abdullayevich student of the 3rd year, group 220, accounting and auditing abstract to understand the main principles of the economic life of society, the role of money in the family and society, the causes and consequences of changes in family income and expenses, to understand the role of the state in the family economy. of course, to understand these things, everyone should have financial literacy. in particular, low financial literacy in rural areas is one of the urgent problems. this article provides the necessary information on increasing financial literacy among the population living in rural areas. key words: market economy, financial literacy, consumer, financial services, bankruptcy. in the years of independence in uzbekistan, the deepening of reforms aimed at the formation of a social market economy and the requirements for the modernization of the economy prove the need to form and increase the financial literacy of the population. according to the world practice, the population is sufficient in terms of proper use of their funds, planning of their expenses and savings, determination of investment priorities, and the accumulation of funds necessary for emergency situations. because they do not have enough knowledge and skills, they make ineffective decisions and cannot fully use their potential and opportunities to improve their material well-being. it is necessary to introduce a system of financial literacy of the population in order to increase the effectiveness of financial decisions made by people. for the state, the low level of literacy of the population, the presence of obstacles to the development of solvency reduce the possibility of financial markets and the efficiency of regulation, limit the rights of consumers, and prevent the transition to the accumulated pension system based on personal participation. from an economic point of view, the insufficient level of knowledge about financial services means a low level of involvement in consumption of large segments of the population, including the middle class, and limits the level and quality of savings, investments, which determine the potential for sustainable economic growth. high propensity of the population to save, wide use of savings and insurance levers implies a high level of financial literacy of the population. such literacy gives the population the opportunity to cooperate closely with financial institutions, to use the services of the banking and insurance sectors, and the pension insurance system on a large scale and efficiently. by increasing their financial literacy, middle-class households effectively use their personal budgets, make 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us personal financial decisions based on their long-term goals, avoid excessive personal debt levels, differentiate between the services and products offered by financial institutions, and reduce excess risk. risks are avoided. this reflects the importance of financial literacy in the country's longterm socio-economic development. in the last decade, the expansion of the consumer sector in the financial market, the increase in the types and complexity of financial products, the growth of the population's income and gross savings reflect the increased personal responsibility in the financial decisions made by the population. this situation also shows the urgency of the problem of increasing the financial literacy of the population. according to world practice, a financially literate person has the following advantages: ability to make correct decisions about money and prices; to have the ability to rationally manage one's family budget; to acquire the skills of effective management of financial assets and expenses; fulfill their financial obligations within the specified period; an increase in the number of levers used in the implementation of personal savings and investments based on the wide use of financial services; flexible approach to changes in living standards. at a time when financial services are difficult to define and describe, consumers are beginning to have problems that need to be solved, and the consumer does not always have enough knowledge and skills to solve these problems. doesn't. in most cases, this process is related to the lack of financial knowledge of the population, especially the rural population, insufficient information on family budget planning, and inability to fully and effectively use financial services. world practice shows that many people are not enough in terms of being able to use their money properly, planning their expenses and savings, determining investment priorities, and saving money for emergency situations. because they do not have enough knowledge and skills, they make ineffective decisions and cannot fully use the potential to increase their material wellbeing. it is necessary to introduce a system of financial literacy of the population in order to increase the efficiency of financial decisions made by people. the relevance of increasing the level of financial literacy of the population is determined by the following reasons: 1. changes in the structure of income sources of the population. the increasing share of income from small business, family and individual entrepreneurship in the structure of population income leads to a sharp increase in the need for effective management of savings and investments and proper planning of expenses. 2. the emergence of a large number of private entrepreneurs. such entrepreneurs solve various management issues in their daily work: managing financial flows and material assets, financial accounting, planning income and expenses, forming insurance funds, optimizing the purchase of material resources, using banking services, investing savings, obtaining loans, such as debt management. 3. sharp increase in long-term savings and loans. in the conditions of the market economy, the population should independently implement the following functions of savings: implementation of additional pension funds, savings to pay for medical and educational services. the above situations require long-term planning of the family budget, assessment and management of risks through financial tools (insurance, pension funds, bank deposits and securities investments). thus, formation of long-term savings and training in the skills of obtaining credit is an important function of financial literacy of the population. 4. expansion of opportunities to invest personal savings and manage material assets. in the conditions of the market economy, there are various alternative methods of realization of population savings and investments. in order to effectively use the services provided by banks and 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other financial institutions, the population should be financially literate in order to manage loans, make investments, and make effective decisions. 5. expansion of population labor migration. in order to reduce the impact of risks such as dismissal, fraud, bad social conditions, and bad treatment of migrant workers working abroad, it is necessary to increase the literacy of migrants about money transfers, banking services in foreign countries, and the insurance system. . 6. some features of the traditions of the population in the field of consumer culture. the need to reduce the large expenses of the population on some traditional holidays and to increase the investments to direct the investment of human capital requires increasing financial literacy. 7. due to the relatively low consumption of a number of financial services, the composition of their consumption is limited. 8. due to the fact that the quality of all financial services has not been independently checked during the purchase period, there are opportunities for sellers to sell low-quality products. 9. the high costs of checking the high obligations undertaken by the parties. a low level of financial literacy for consumers of financial services has the following negative consequences: • decrease in confidence in financial institutions due to inefficient decision-making; • lack of access to financial market advantages; • high level of debt obligations of the person; • public bankruptcy of individuals; • teaching the growing generation negative financial experience; • propensity of financial service sellers to the risk of corruption, bad behavior; • low level of savings for vital products; • formation of pension funds and ineffectiveness of their management. for the state, the low level of literacy of the population, the presence of an obstacle to the development of the ability to choose, limits the possibility of financial markets and reduces the efficiency of regulation, restricts the rights of consumers, and does not allow access to the accumulated pension system based on personal participation. inadequate level of knowledge about financial services from an economic point of view means that large segments of the population are not attracted to their consumption and limits the level and quality of savings, investments, which determine the potential of economic growth. conclusion: the development of the modern market economy requires the population to participate in pension savings, insurance and mortgage systems. because the population's participation in these systems helps to solve issues such as pension accumulation, social and medical insurance, providing accommodation and improving the quality of education. the expansion of the savings characteristic of the middle class and its effective use ensures the socioeconomic stability of the country, and was not the basis for achieving macroeconomic balance and strengthening the financial system. references: 1. vakhobov a. v., m alikov t. s. m olia. d arsly. — t.: publisher, 2011. 2. vakhobov a. v. social funds in the system of market relations. — t.: shark, 2003. 3. www.lex.uz — 0 website of the base of laws of the republic of uzbekistan. 4. www.mf.uz — 0 website of the base of the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan. 132 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 prospects for the development of innovation in uzbekistan agriculture ismailov bunyod samarkand institute of agricultural innovations and research, graduate student abstract: with an increase in the population, the demand for agricultural products is increasing. the introduction of innovative technologies in the sustainable development of this sector and the increase in the volume of agricultural products with the rational use of resources is gaining importance. in this article, an analysis of the current state of development of the agricultural sector of uzbekistan, indicators of prospects and the main directions of innovative development were developed. keywords: uzbekistan agriculture, crop production, innovation, innovative activities, innovative processes, forecast. introduction today, in the republic of uzbekistan, consistent measures are being taken to ensure a wider integration of science, education and production, to create and apply new knowledge, to introduce innovative technologies and best practices. . however, the results of the research on the introduction of innovative technologies and the development of the agricultural sector do not reach the lowest levels of the sector, and the problems that have not been solved for years prevent the agricultural sector from developing more rapidly. therefore, in the future, "... as one of the main directions of agricultural development, the creation of effective mechanisms for the dissemination of knowledge integrated with the production of research, education and consulting services, science, education, information and consulting development of the services system" is defined as a priority task. this situation requires the development of scientific and methodological bases for increasing the efficiency of innovative processes in increasing the economic potential of agricultural entities, conducting systematic research on the scientifictheoretical and methodological aspects of these processes. based on the theoretical views and analyzes presented above, in our opinion, innovation is the use of scientific achievements and best practices, improvement and development processes of social production, products with new consumer characteristics (goods, products, techniques, technology, other organizational forms and tools). is the materialized final result of investment and creative activity based on formation, implementation, helps to satisfy market and social needs, saves costs and ensures that people have different results in different areas of life and activity. analysis of literature on the topic in the conditions of socio-economic changes taking place in the world and international integration, it is necessary to move the agricultural industry to a new innovative development path in a short period of time. in this way, there will be an opportunity to increase the position of 133 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the village on a modern technical and technological basis [9]. in many economic literature, the australian economist-scientist joseph schumpeter is highlighted as one of the first scientists who made an important contribution to the definition and types of innovative processes and the theory of innovative activity in general. at that time, there was no thought about innovation, but concepts such as "effective method", "innovation", "effect", "application" were used in the development of the economy. in his research, y. schumpeter considered the issues of new combinations in development, gave a complete definition of the innovation process and singled out five exemplary changes: ➢ new techniques in production, new technological processes or a new market use of its supply (buying and selling); ➢ introduction of new quality products; ➢ use of new raw materials; ➢ organization of production and its material and technical support changes; ➢ emergence of new sales markets. the first and most complete description of innovations was given by the austrian economist y. a. introduced by schumpeter in his "theory of economic development". this study initiates the classical theory of innovation. according to y. schumpeter, innovation is not only news, but also a factor of production. according to schumpeter, the mass emergence of "new combinations" indicates the beginning of economic recovery. after y. schumpeter, g. mensch, m. kaleski, b. twiss and others, "neoclassical" theories of innovation appeared. well-known representatives of this trend consider innovations as the "main impetus" of development arising from new consumer goods, new methods of production and transportation, new markets, new organizational forms in industry, and at the same time, they evaluate the cyclical development of the economy. we can also find such terms as "innovation", "innovation", "scientific and technical innovation" in the research works of scientists such as m. porter, b. twiss. at the same time, many economists expressed their opinions on the innovation. for example, b. santo defined innovation as follows: "innovation is a socio-technical process that leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better according to their characteristics through the practical use of ideas and discoveries. if it is aimed at obtaining economic benefits, its appearance on the market will create an opportunity for additional income. in his research, b. santo based the concept of the innovation chain as a linear sequence of certain stages in the process of innovation, different models of innovation processes and innovation modeling. according to l. vodachek, o. vodachkova, innovation is a purposeful change in the quality of the system in the work of the enterprise, which can be manifested in quantitative and qualitative changes in one or another field of the enterprise. v. n. lapin understood innovation as a set of processes for creating new practical tools (innovations) in order to fully satisfy certain needs of people. in our opinion, there is no guarantee that innovation will be beneficial to the community, that it will still be economically efficient and profitable. according to i.t. balabanov, innovation is investment in new techniques, technologies, new forms of organization of production, labor, service and management, including control, accounting, planning methods, analysis and other new forms. is the materialized result taken into account. many foreign scientists defended their opinions on the topic of innovation in farms in scientific articles and dissertations. in particular, v. moysiadis, panagiotis sarigiannidis, vasileios vitsas, adel khelifi in their scientific article "smart farming in europe" describe a number of advanced developments in european farms. accordingly, the main technological evolutions related to smart farming (such as unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, and wireless sensor networks) are introduced, analyzed and discussed, and their features are analyzed and discussed, along with providing the main potential advantages of their use in the agricultural department and the latest research trends in their field. research methodology in this scientific article, the scientific research works of foreign and domestic economists on 134 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us innovation, introduction of innovative activities in the sustainable development of economic sectors, including agriculture, and innovative development of the agricultural sector have been studied. statistical data grouping, comparative analysis, monographic observation, and mathematical modeling methods were used based on the information of the statistical committee of the republic of uzbekistan, the statistical department of kashkadarya region. analysis and results we believe that the tooth is suitable for the purpose. a lot of practical work was done on the development of agricultural science in our region, fundamental, practical and innovative projects were developed. in particular, we will get acquainted with one of the projects implemented in the innovative development of the agricultural network in qamashi district. 11 projects were implemented in the district in 2019-2021 (table 1), the value of this project is 140330 million soums. table 1 these projects implemented in the district will not only increase the internal potential of the district and increase the gross regional product, but also create a basis for the creation of new jobs. it is no exaggeration to say that this, in turn, is one of the important factors in reducing the poor strata of the population and ensuring food insecurity. table 2 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thanks to the projects implemented by these enterprises, 425 new jobs were created in 20192020, it can be observed that the volume of production in the gross regional product has increased several times. in the course of the research, trend models were developed to determine the indicators of the next three-year perspective based on the volume of products representing the weight of the agricultural sector. among these trend models, the most suitable options were selected conclusions and suggestions currently, uzbekistan has all the necessary socio-economic bases for deepening innovation processes and strengthening the innovation base. however, there are problems in moving the agrarian sector to the path of innovative development, or in other words, implementing innovative projects even at the scale of one or several farms, because farms and entities processing agricultural products are currently slowness of participation in the ordering of scientific research works and financing of research, the inability of the economic entity to carry out research in the development of advanced innovative technologies and the financing of scientific research, development of agricultural products for the use of new technology, new varieties producers and processors do not have enough knowledge, they need to use the services of scientists and specialists, and farmers face certain difficulties in processing and selling products. problems such as the insufficient demand of producers for innovative developments prepared by scientists of higher education institutions and scientific research institutions, there is no organic connection between them, irresponsibility of some producers of agricultural products, affect innovative processes in agriculture. can be included among the hindering factors. the problems of innovative development are of particular importance for uzbekistan, because only innovative development with wide and effective use of new resource-efficient, advanced technologies ensures rapid economic growth, taking into account the preservation of the environment. without denying the importance of other directions in the innovative development of the agricultural sector in the current conditions, we consider technical and technological innovations to be the most important direction in the conditions of modernization of agriculture. the development and implementation of technical and technological innovations will be aimed at reducing the current and investment (capital) costs of production, maximum adaptation of the used techniques and technologies to the natural climate, soil and specific characteristics of each region. list of used literatures: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 23, 2019 no. pf5853 "on approval of the strategy of agricultural development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030" s. 100345. 1 the author based on the data of the statistics department of kashkadarya region developed by 2. santo b. innovation as a tool for economic development. moscow: progress, 2005 vodachek l., vodachkova o. strategy of innovation management at the enterprise. moscow: economics, 1989. 167 p. 3. khamraeva s.n. trend and current innovative development of agriculture analysis of the situation // scientific electronic magazine "economy and innovative technologies". no. 2, march-april, 2016 year 4. khamraeva s.n. innovative development of rural infrastructure: monograph; t.: "economy-finance", 2017. 256 p. 5. porter m. innovative globalization and russian competitiveness cherez prism "almaza. text of scientific statistics and specialties "economics and business" twiss b. forecasting for technologists and engineers. m.: 2000. – 255 p. 6. shumpeter y. theory of economic development / per. s wet. v.s. avtonomova, m. s. lyubskogo, a. y. chepurenko. m.: progress, 1982. 72 p. 7. calculated by the author based on the data of the statistics committee 8. department of economic development and poverty reduction of kashkadarya region. 330 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 increasing civil liability for violation of rights to real estate rakhimjonov akmaljon bakhromjon o’g’li teacher of the department of legal sciences telephone: +998(99)8465642 akmaljon.rakhimjonov@mail.ru abstract the article discusses the issues of civil liability for violation of property rights to real estate, the views of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue, strengthening of rights to real estate and responsibility for violations of property rights in recent years. keywords: real estate, guilt, liability, rights and obligations, damage, private property. introduction in recent years, a number of guarantees have been established by law to ensure the protection of property rights and civil liability for its violation. in accordance with these guarantees, article 53 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan (“private property ... is inviolable and is under the protection of the state”), article 166 (“property is inviolable and protected by law. property inviolability means that all organizations opposing the owner refrain from violating property rights”) of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan and article 35 of the law “on property of the republic of uzbekistan” established the following: “if, as a result of the issuance of an unlawful act of a state administration body or local selfgovernment body, the rights of the owner and other persons to possess, use and dispose of the property belonging to him are violated, such a document shall be declared invalid in court at the suit of the owner or the person whose rights have been violated”. in addition, the president of the republic of uzbekistan signed the law “on amendments and additions to certain legislative acts of the republic of uzbekistan aimed at ensuring public safety”. this document was adopted by the legislative chamber on september 12, 2018, approved by the senate on september 27, 2018 due to the fact that the law strengthened liability for violation of private property rights through article 192 (1) of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan called violation of private property rights, in accordance with with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 5, 2019 “on measures to further improve the system”, decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated august 20, 2019 no. f-591 “on additional measures to unconditionally ensure guarantees of property rights of citizens and business entities”, decree of the president of the republic uzbekistan dated april 22, 2020 “on measures to reform the procedure for permanent registration and registration at the place of stay”, resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to ensure mailto:akmaljon.rakhimjonov@mail.ru 331 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us guarantees of property rights of individuals and legal entities and improve the procedure for seizure and compensation of land plots”, regulation “on the procedure for the seizure of land plots and the provision of compensation to the owners of real estate objects located on the seized land plots”, confirmation of resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to improve the procedure for state registration of rights to real estate”, the adoption of provisions of the cabinet of ministers the procedure for state registration of rights to real estate ”dated december 29, 2018 no. 1060. it is known that there are general rules of civil liability for violation of property rights to real estate, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties. in the legal literature, a separate basis for civil liability for violation of obligations and civil liability for damage is highlighted, as well as a wide and in-depth analysis of their specifics1. in particular, the most basic and fundamental condition for determining civil liability for violation of obligations is unlawful behavior. usually, this condition for establishing civil liability for violation of obligations is also interpreted as the basis for civil liability. kh.r.rakhmonkulov noted that unlawful actions that violate civil rights and obligations are a prerequisite for liability under civil law. damage caused by lawful actions of participants in civil law relations is subject to compensation, except for cases provided by law. illegal an act that breaks the law. ...the actions of the debtor that do not meet the requirements for the proper performance of obligations are also illegal2. according to i.b.zakirov, failure to fulfill obligations arising from an agreement or other unilateral agreement, resulting in the infliction of unlawful harm to another person, is in all cases unlawful. when establishing the illegality of the debtor's actions in these cases, it is necessary to determine under what conditions civil liability is established for failure to fulfill the obligation3. s.s.alekseev and y.k.tolstoy believe that the absence of an offense leads to a lack of legal responsibility, the absence of a completed offense leads to a lack of civil liability4. concerning the issue of liberalization of civil liability, sh.n.ruzinazarov expresses the following opinion: when liberalizing civil liability, it is especially important to pay attention to its establishment directly in contracts in order to further dispositive measures of liability arising from contractual relations between subjects of private property law. such a requirement directly follows from part 1 of article 8 of the civil code. in essence, obligations can arise from actions that give rise to civil rights and obligations, in particular from contracts of citizens and legal entities, although they are not provided for by law, but on general grounds and the content of civil legislation. consequently, with the strengthening and liberalization of the dispositiveness of civil 1 zokirov i.b. civil law of the republic of uzbekistan.-tashkent: adolat, 1996. -p.241-265.; rakhmonkulov kh.r. general description and comments to part one of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan. –tashkent: the world of economics and law, 1997. -p.436-441.; rakhmonkulov kh. obligation right. tashkent: tsul, 2005. -p.198206.; egamberdieva n.kh. foundations and forms of civil liability. phd in law, dissertation. abstract.–tashkent: 2006. -p.10-20.; oqyulov o. basis for the application of civil liability.//law protection.-tashkent, 1999. –no.9. p.16-19.; ioffe о.s. responsibility under civil law. –leningrad: lsu, 1955. 2 rakhmonkulov kh. law of obligations (general). book.tashkent: tsul, 2005.177 p. 3 zokirov i.b. civil law: book, part i.-tashkent: tsul, 2009.-532 p. 4 алексеев с.с. о составе гражданско-правовой нарушений. //правоведение: 1958. no.1. -47 p.; толстой ю.к. договоры в социалистическом хозяйстве. -м.: юридлит. 1964. -291 p. 332 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us liability on this basis, a further increase in the status of contractual liability creates the possibility of its rational application in accordance with the principles of social justice5. indeed, based on the terms of the contract, it is advisable to establish civil liability and to establish the misconduct of the person who is responsible. in this case, it would be more correct to understand non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by a person of the terms of the contract as improper behavior. failure to comply with the terms of the contract for the sale of real estate is the transfer of a land plot, building, structure, housing, enterprise or other similar real estate object described in the contract and not at the level of requirements stipulated by state cadastral documents, or non-payment by the buyer to the seller of the remuneration specified in the contract and state registration of ownership of the acquired real estate is also regarded as illegal actions. the improper performance of obligations in civil law is always considered as the result of a guilty action by the debtor, and therefore in this case the debtor must prove the absence of his fault. this rule is understood from part 2 of article 333 of the civil code. because in this norm this rule is clearly and strictly proved to those who violated the obligation, the absence of guilt. in the manifestation of guilt in the real estate purchase and sale agreement, forms of willfulness and negligence are also traced. for example, if the seller sold existing flaws in the property without informing the buyer, the seller's fault will be in the form of retaliation if these flaws are hidden. there are not so many special provisions under which civil liability for violation of the terms of the contract for the sale of real estate may arise in paragraph 7 of chapter 29 of the civil code. such provisions found their expression in articles 486-487 of the civil code. in accordance with part 1 of article 486 of the civil code, the transfer of real estate by the seller and its acceptance by the buyer is carried out in accordance with the deed of transfer or other transfer document signed by the parties. of course, in practice, an agreement on the transfer of real estate is not always formalized by drawing up a deed of transfer. this practice can usually be observed when the parties are legal entities or citizens carrying out business activities. a contract for the sale and purchase of real estate between citizens can be drawn up by transferring documents related to this property, or by transferring the keys to housing. in this case, the parties inspect the jointly sold real estate, and the contract is recognized as fulfilled with the provision of the relevant documents and the key by the seller. however, failure to perform such actions is also considered a refusal to perform the contract or an unlawful delay in its execution, and this circumstance gives rise to civil liability. we know that article 985 of the civil code sets out general grounds for liability for damage. according to this article: damage caused to a person or a citizen's property by unlawful action (inaction), as well as damage caused to a legal entity, including lost profits, are subject to compensation by the person who caused the damage in full (part as amended by the law of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 15, 2000 no. 175-ii). by law, the obligation to compensate for harm may be imposed on a person who is not the cause of harm. a law or agreement may establish an obligation to pay compensation to victims in excess of compensation for losses. 5 ruzinazarov sh.n. the essence and basic foundations of the liberalization of civil liability / development and modern problems of legal sciences.-tashkent: 2007.-140 p. 333 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a person who has caused harm is exempt from compensation for harm if he proves that the harm was caused through no fault of his. the law may provide for compensation for harm even in the absence of the fault of the person who caused the harm. damage caused by lawful actions is subject to compensation in the cases provided by law. compensation for harm may be denied if the harm was caused at the request or with the consent of the victim, and the actions of the person who caused the harm do not violate the moral principles of society. the norms of this article establish general grounds for liability for harm (tort obligations). these grounds are common to all types of civil liability for harm. in addition to general grounds, there are special grounds provided for by this chapter and other civil legal acts. to bring to civil liability for damage, the following offenses must simultaneously be present: a) causing harm (presence); b) illegality of actions (inaction) of the person who caused the harm; c) the causal relationship between the harm caused and the illegal act; g) the guilt of the person who caused the harm, or the guilt of the person who is charged with monitoring the actions of the person who caused the harm. the content of harm caused by a tort is broader than the content of harm caused by a violation of a contractual obligation. in the commented article, damage is usually understood as material damage or damage to an intangible benefit (life or health of an individual) or its deprivation, manifested in a decrease or loss as a result of an offense of property belonging to the victim, property rights. therefore, the damage is material or physical. the victim who caused material damage can be both an individual and a legal entity. when causing physical harm, only a citizen can be a victim. damage caused is recovered in full, including lost profits. article 14 of the civil code provides an interpretation of the concepts of real loss and lost profit. actual (real) damage is considered to be the actions of a person whose rights have been violated, committed or to be committed in order to restore the violated right, lost or damaged property. lost profit is considered to be income that the victim could have received, but could not receive under normal conditions of civil turnover in violation of his rights. legislation may provide for an exception to the general rule for compensation for damage in full. for example, in accordance with article 1004 of the civil code, the court can reduce the amount of damages to be recovered, taking into account the fault of the victim and the property status of the person who caused the harm. in the event that the damage is caused by the person who insured his liability, if the insured amount is insufficient to compensate for the damage caused, he is obliged to compensate the difference between the insured amount and the amount of the actual damage (article 992 of the civil code). as a general rule, the nature of the compensation for damage is imposed directly on the complainant. in this case, the obligation to compensate for harm caused by law may be imposed not only on the person who caused the harm, but also on the persons responsible for his actions or obliged to control his actions. 992, 993, 994, 996, 998 and other articles of the civil code provide for such cases (see the commentary to these articles). 334 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an obligation to pay compensation may also be provided for by legislation or a civil contract. to mitigate the consequences of harm to the life or health of a citizen, legislation or an agreement usually provides for compensation payments. these measures are a means of civil legal social protection. the existence of the fault of the inflictor of harm was indicated as the basis for the application of liability for causing harm. guilt is the mental attitude of the harm-doer to his act and its consequences. this subjective attitude, depending on the forms of its manifestation, is differentiated into intentional and unintentional. intention is understood as foreseeing the harmful consequences of a wrongful act (act), the desire for its occurrence or the conscious admission of its occurrence. carelessness is manifested in the absence of attention, attentiveness, inclinations, care, norms and other circumstances necessary in certain situations. only in cases where the form of guilt of the inflictor of harm is directly determined by law, legal consequences occur. in other cases, regardless of intent or negligence, the act is considered committed on the basis of full fault, that is, damage caused in any form of guilt is recovered in full. a person who has caused harm is released from liability if he proves that this is not his fault, that is, force majeure has occurred, or through the fault of third parties. in accordance with article 333 of the civil code (liability for violation of duty), the duty of proving innocence rests with the person who caused the harm. in this case, the presumption of innocence is manifested, that is, the person who caused the harm is considered guilty until he proves his innocence in the manner prescribed by law. it should be noted that guilt is not strict, that is, an absolutely necessary basis for establishing liability for delict. the law (not in legislation) may provide for compensation for harm even if the wrongdoer is not at fault. articles 993, 996, 999 of the civil code establish that the obligation to compensate for harm can be imposed on persons to whom the category of guilt cannot be applied (due to incapacity), or on persons not guilty of causing harm (see commentary on 993 , 996, 999 articles in the civil code). the illegality of the action (inaction) of the causer of harm as a condition of liability in part 1 of this commented article means the illegality of the action of the causer of harm, that is, a violation in any way of the subjective right of another person. according to part 5 of article 9 of the civil code, citizens and legal entities should not commit actions aimed at causing harm to other persons. obligations arising from causing harm are based on the principle of delict, that is, unless otherwise provided by law (for example, causing harm in the case of necessary defense), any harm is unlawful. as mentioned above, incapacity should not be associated only with the commission of actions aimed at violating the prohibition established by law. the scope of unlawfulness is not limited only to this, but also broader, that is, it consists in causing other persons any harm that infringes on their subjective rights and legitimate interests. damage caused as a result of lawful (lawful) actions is subject to compensation only in cases provided by law. summing up the cases of civil liability for violation of obligations under the contract for the sale and purchase of real estate, we can say that in the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on appraisal activities” it would be advisable to establish norms regarding the criteria, features and methods of real estate appraisal. in general, a clear expression of the price in the contract of sale of real estate and its correct determination are recognized as a necessary condition for ensuring 335 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contractual discipline and protecting the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract and serve to ensure the consistency of legal regulation of real estate turnover in civil circulation.. list of used literature i. normative legal acts 1.1.constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. – tashkent: uzbekistan, 2019, 45 p. 1.2.civil code of the republic of uzbekistan. – tashkent: adolat, 2019, 587 p. 1.3.law of the republic of uzbekistan “on the protection of private property and guarantees of owners' rights” (“collection of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan”, 2012 year, no.39, article no.446). 1.4.law of the republic of uzbekistan “on property in the republic of uzbekistan” (31st october 1990 year, no.152-xii). 1.5.order of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated august 2019 no. f-591 “on additional measures to unconditionally ensure guarantees of property rights of citizens and business entities”. 1.6.resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 5, 2009 no. pp-4270 “on measures to further improve the system of state registration of rights to real estate”. 1.7.resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 29, 2018 no. 1060 “on measures to improve the procedure for state registration of rights to real estate objects”. 1.8.regulation of the cabinet of ministers of december 29, 2018 no. 1060 “on the procedure for state registration of rights to real estate”. ii. books and publications 2.1.zokirov i.b. civil law: book, part i.-tashkent: tsul, 2006.-366 p. 2.2.zokirov i.b. civil law: lesson, part i.-tashkent: tsul, 2009. – 533-534 p. 2.3.rakhmonkulov kh.r. general characteristics and comments to part one of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan. –tashkent: the world of economics and law, 1997. -p.436441. 2.4.review of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan: professional comment. т 2./ ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. – tashkent: baktria press, 2013. 522 p. 2.5.civil law. part ii. –tashkent: tsul, 2008. – 245 p. 2.6.rakhmonkulov kh.r. obligatory law (general). book т.: tsul.2005249 p. 336 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us iii. articles in magazines 3.1.алексеев с.с. о составе гражданско-правовой нарушений. //правоведение: 1958. no.1. 47 p. 3.2.o.oqyulov. grounds for the application of civil liability // law protection.-tashkent, 1999.-no.9. -p. 16—19. 3.3. ruzinazarov sh.n. the essence and basic foundations of the liberalization of civil liability / development and modern problems of legal sciences.-tashkent: 2007. – p. 140. iv. internet (electronic) resources 4.1.https://www.lex.uz 4.2.https://lawbook.online 4.3.https://library.ziyonet.uz 4.4.https://oak.uz https://www.lex.uz/ https://lawbook.online/ https://library.ziyonet.uz/ https://oak.uz/ 99-104 ways of using industrial enterprises' labor potential 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ways of using industrial enterprises' labor potential i. m. sirojiddinova andijan machine-building institute, head of the department of humanities, candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor g’.sh. jorayev andijan machine-building institute, master's student abstract: improving the quality of labor potential at industrial enterprises is an important issue, especially in the post-pandemic period and due to the introduction of digital technologies. the article analyzes the management of the labor potential of industrial enterprises. its major aim is to develop an algorithm for monitoring the assessment of labor resources as a mechanism for managing the labor potential of industrial enterprises. data of a local enterprise jsc “uz auto sanoat” for 2019–2022 (the enterprise) were used as the object of labor potential study. the main provisions of the labor resource management theory are considered. the goals and objectives of the modern labor resources management system for large industrial machine-building enterprises of uzbekistan are determined. keywords: labor potential, personnel management, labor resources, labor remuneration, movement of labor resources, human capital. as a result of studying my scientific work, i studied many scientific workers and as a result of the analysis, i put them in an excel table. for example, over the years, who and in which countries scientific work has been carried out, in which countries have been studied more and so on. researchers' interest in the problems of this field can be explained by the need for ways of using industrial enterprises' labor potential due to the increasing demand for labor potential in the world and limited labor potential sources. the analysis of the structure and dynamics of labor resources, the use of working time of the labor potential, the labor force movement, the structure and dynamics of the enterprise wage fund was carried out[1]. negative trends have been identified, i.e. a decreasing number of labor potential, a deviation of the labor potential structure from the norm toward exceeding the proportion of managers vis-à-vis workers. shortcomings in the wage fund formation and distribution are identified. measures are proposed to improve the labor potential management at an enterprise, i.e [2]. to manage human capital development based on expert management methods and constant monitoring of the state of labor resources and the professional and qualification status of each specialist, his compliance with requirements of the innovative development strategy of the enterprise [3]. 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. development of literature over the time. in the conditions of an innovative economy, issues of assessing and ensuring the quality of labor resources are of particular interest, which is justified by the development of new approaches to the development of personnel policies of industrial enterprises [4]. the long-term development of personnel policy is focused on improving the professional competencies of labor potential, taking into account the emphasis on new working conditions and the development of the production potential of industrial enterprises [5,6]. according to experts, the main change in the qualification structure of the employed in 2022 compared to 2021 occurred in terms of an increase in the number of professional specialists (+3.3%, or 63.4 thousand people), workers industry (+3.6%, or 30.0 thousand people), unskilled workers (+0.6%, or 9.4 thousand people) [7,8]. in this regard, the need to conduct research has become urgent, focusing on solving the issues of formation and distribution of labor potential, taking into account the needs of business entities. let us note that from the point of view of forming and improving the quality of the labor potential of enterprises, the study of general approaches, methods, methods and principles of management, goals and strategies for developing the labor potential of industrial enterprises, their systemic relationships and general key functions of labor resource management is of particular importance. . at the same time, the need to assess the quality of labor potential is justified by the strategic goals of the country’s economy, the development of labor market infrastructure and the possibilities of developing competitive strategies for the development of industrial enterprises in the engineering industry [9]. figure 2. list of publication type on ways of using industrial enterprises' labor potential 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the methodological basis of the scientific article was the methods of theoretical generalization and analysis, which made it possible to identify the importance of labor resources in the enterprise management system, argue the substantive qualification characteristics of labor potential and contributed to the identification of the main directions of research in the issue of labor potential at industrial enterprises of uzbekistan. to analyze the current state of labor potential, analytical and statistical methods were used to analyze the reported data of the labor potential of uzbekistan industrial enterprises and expert assessments of specialists based on source materials. in modern conditions, domestic enterprises purposefully ensure competitiveness based on innovation [10]. it was revealed that the limiting factor in the development of the innovative production process is the lack of qualified personnel. practice confirms the sufficiency of the accumulated experience in the field of managing the labor potential of enterprises, therefore, the practical application of new strategies in the development of labor resources is presented on the basis of the expert method and constant monitoring of the state of labor resources and the professional qualification status of each specialist. the reliability and validity of the results of this study are based on theoretical and practical approaches to identifying an assessment of the labor potential of industrial enterprises based on performing mathematical calculations regarding indicators of the movement of labor resources in order to ensure the reliability, reliability and completeness of the base of analyzed materials. the research methods in this article are systematization and generalization, analytical and statistical methods, and the expert method[11,12]. competitiveness as a goal of sustainable development of industrial enterprises largely depends on the strategy of their development, and one of the main indicators of development is the efficiency of labor potential. therefore, assessing labor potential to support the economic process is a key factor in production potential in the activities of industrial enterprises. there are limiting factors that ensure the efficient use of labor resources in large enterprises, for example, the lack of methods for assessing the labor potential of an enterprise. to overcome this problem, large enterprises should develop their own methods for the rational use of labor resources, which is an instrument of personnel policy. at the same time, continuous improvement of the competencies of labor resources on the part of top management plays an important role in facilitating the influx of qualified personnel. in relation to assessing labor potential, concerns arise about regulation and turnover of skilled workers. top management needs to adopt a holistic and systematic framework for developing an algorithm for assessing labor potential that will ensure the flow of highly qualified labor resources and protect the interests of the workforce. it will be open and transparent, which is one of the levers for assessing the use of performance indicators associated with tools for assessing labor potential. the formation and development of the labor potential of enterprises is the main indicator of the development strategy of industrial enterprises. it is necessary to consider the development of labor potential as an opportunity to create new jobs, which is an acute problem in the economy today. this problem is relevant not only in uzbekistan, but also in the economies of developed countries [13]. effective management of the labor resources of enterprises, their assessment and development in the context of global changes are aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises both due to extensive factors (increase in the number of labor potential) and intensive factors (increase in labor productivity) through the introduction of new means of labor. yes, technologies and the most rational forms of production organization. the application of methods for managing labor resources of business entities requires assessment taking into account new approaches to working conditions in order to improve the quality of human capital in the industry of uzbekistan. therefore, the need to develop and form new competencies of labor resources in ensuring the production potential of industrial enterprises is of particular interest on the part of all subjects of the innovative economy. one of the important features of the current stage of formation of labor resources in uzbekistan is that in the conditions of innovative development of the economy throughout the entire working life, a worker acquires new 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us knowledge and competencies, which forms the human capital of the national economy. currently, in uzbekistan, human capital accounts for only 42% of total national wealth, which is comparable to the level of low-income countries. consequently, the key condition for the effective development of the national economy of uzbekistan is the formation of a sufficient number of labor resources with the necessary competencies capable of solving both routine and creative problems, generating and implementing innovative ideas. large enterprises, by their economic nature, represent a complex management system; therefore, labor resources are an indicator of a qualitative assessment of their activities, which is characterized by the performance of a specific function and the effectiveness of the economic activities of the enterprise’s personnel. therefore, carrying out a modern assessment of labor potential based on data from analytical collections is aimed at analyzing statistical and analytical materials, the state and development of labor resources of industrial enterprises in uzbekistan in order to develop a mechanism for assessing management and monitoring labor potential industrial enterprises. labor potential is the most important component of the overall potential of an enterprise. its condition is determined by many factors, and primarily by the characteristics of the labor resources of a given enterprise. consequently, the enterprise has a significant shortage of workers and specialists, and especially workers, with digital competencies, with a certain excess of managers. at the same time, today priority attention is paid to the development of the labor resources available at the enterprise, in particular to increasing the professional level of labor potential. the main goal of the strategy for managing the labor potential of an enterprise is to create a high degree of motivation of labor potential for highly productive work, which is achieved through the use of a system of incentives, both material and non-material. however, at present, the leading ones are still material incentives for labor, especially the level of wages, which today in industrial enterprises is significantly lower than in developed countries. no less important are social factors, including labor safety, ergonomics of workplaces, work and rest schedules, and the psychological climate in the team. in this regard, it is particularly important to apply the concept of expansion and enrichment of labor, which allows the formation of a high professional and qualification level of labor potential, increases productivity and quality of labor through the use of monitoring to assess the quality of labor potential. references 1. decision no. pq-4397 dated 07.18.2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures for the rapid development of the automobile industry of the republic of uzbekistan" 2. berglund t. promoting labour market mobility in the russian federation / tomas berglund; ilo decent work technical support team and country office for eastern europe and central asia. moscow: ilo, 2017, 94 p. (in eng.) 3. contensou f., vranceanu r. working time and wage rate differences: a contract theory approach. preprint submitted on 30 mar 2021. url: https://hal-essec.archivesouvertes.fr/hal-02386781v2 (in eng.) 4. kholmo'minov sh.p., khomitov k.z. the creation of the labor force and its modeling (monographia). t.: "science and technology", 2015, 252 pages. 5. stepanov a.a. stages of formation and technology of using the labor potential of the enterprise’s workforce // economic journal. – 2018. – no 3 (51). – с. 6–19. 6. телишевская л.и., успаленко в.и. тенденции развития системы управления персоналом на предприятии. экономический вестник донбасса. – 2020. – no 2(56). – с. 187–197. 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. mahammadovna, s. i. (2021). needs and factors for developing professional and creative abilities of students of higher educational institutions. annals of the romanian society for cell biology, 25(6), 2200-2209. 8. mаhammadovna, s. i. (2023). features of cluster design in modern paradigms of education. telematique, 22(01), 348-355. 9. iroda, m. (2019). rational methods awakening and stimulating university students professional and creative abilities. eastern european scientific journal, (1). 10. сирожиддинова, и. (2022). методика смешанной отборки при комплексном проектировании профессиональной подготовки будущих инженеров. общество и инновации, 3(7/s), 87-92. 11. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2023). scientific and technological progress, problems and solutions in the application of artificial intelligence. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 49-53. 12. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2023). immersion of students in an uncomfortable environment as a method of activating the learning process. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(11), 4-5. 13. сирожиддинова, и. м. (2023). в комплексном проектировании профессиональной подготовки инженеров метод случайной выборки.o'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 2(16), 521-523. 14. sirojiddinova, i. (2023). technological character of the educational process when designing pedagogical objects. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(2), 130-132. 15. maxammadovna, s. i. (2023). in comprehensive design of professional training of engineers random sample method. o ‘zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali. 16. mаhammadovna, s. i. (2022). improving the professional training of future engineers based on the cluster approach. spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development, 3, 45-47. 17. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2015). engineering students have succeeded in creating a technology cluster. pedagogy & psychology. theory and practice, 22. 18. makhammadovna, s. i. (2020). efficiency of development of professional and creative abilities of students. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 70(11), 1292-1296. 19. mahammadovna, s. i. (2022, october). development of a methodological system of training based on the cluster approach. in archive of conferences (pp. 30-33). 20. sirojiddinova, i. (2022). the importance of the cluster approach to the creation of a motivational and methodological teaching system. вестник ошского государственного педагогического университета имени а. мырсабекова, 2(2), 146-150. 21. maxammadovna, s. i. (2021). pedagogical opportunities for the development of professional and creative abilities in students. international journal for innovative enginering and management research…. 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 22. sirojiddinova, i. m. (2023). pedagogik ob’yektlarni kompleks loyihalashtirish texnologiyasi. academic research in educational sciences, 4(tma conference), 298-302. 23. сирожиддинова, и. м. (2022). таълим жараёнини мониторинг тадқиқ қилиш учун ташхис материалларини ишлаб чиқиш. results of national scientific research international journal, 1(6), 33-38. 24. сироджиддинова, и. (2023). ta’lim jarayonida innovasion texnologiyalar. цифровизация современного образования: проблема и решение, 1(1), 57-60. 25. maxammadovna, s. i. (2022). klaster texnologiyasi asosida bolajak muhandislarni kasbiy tayyorgarligini takomillashtirish. муғаллим ҳəм үзликсиз билимлендириў. илмийметодикалық журнал. 26. maxammadovna, s. i., & paxlavon o'g'li, m. f. (2023). o’zbekistonda inson huquqlarini ta’minlash, ijtimoiy xizmatlar agentligi misolida. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(10), 17-19. 27. zakirovich, n. i., & mahammadovna, s. i. (2023). levels of development of human abilities. новости образования: исследование в xxi веке, 1(7), 341-344. 28. sirojiddinova, i. m., & umarova, y. (2023). prospects for small business in the republic of uzbekistan, mechanisms of government support. excellencia: international multidisciplinary journal of education, 1(5), 231-236. 276 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 mobile in teaching fighting methods and effectiveness of using national games nomozov suyunbek physical education teacher at termiz state pedagogical institute abstract: this article describes the effectiveness of using mobile and national games in teaching fighting techniques, and the ways of using mobile games. age and gender effectiveness of action games and national action games are mentioned. information about wrestlers a.p. kupsov is presented. keywords: wrestling, action games, fighting methods, agility, quickness, strength, flexibility, dexterity, balance. physical culture and port are gaining social power and importance today. in this regard, involving children and adolescents in regular physical education and sports, developing their strength, speed, endurance, dexterity and other physical qualities is the first priority. a great tool for physical education is action games. action games are a highly sensory activity available to children of all ages. games contribute to the development of physical qualities, moral and will. during the game, the child acquires vital qualities: independence, determination, etc. games are a means of education and training, through game activities, children learn the role of relationships. in the game, everyone tests their abilities and knowledge, learns their strengths. in other words, the game develops consciousness, thinking and creativity. there are many games available. a popular sage says: as a person is in the game, so is he in life. by playing, the child learns about the world. the desire to measure strength, bravery, dexterity, and ingenuity is fully satisfied with sports. wrestling is a very popular sport. for all peoples, fighting has always been a powerful means of physical training and preparation for labor and military activities. the purpose of the research is to promote wrestling sports in educational institutions, sports schools for children and teenagers. determining the effectiveness of using mobile and national games during the training of wrestling sports. tasks of research. 1. popularization and development of wrestling sports in educational institutions. 2. determination of effective factors in acquisition of fighting techniques by schoolgirls under the influence of action and national games. 3. to determine the statistical correlation of the results obtained by analyzing the level and dynamics of their physical development through the use of active and national games. 277 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the following scientific pedagogical methods were used to carry out the work of the research. studying and analyzing and summarizing textbooks, educational, educational and other sources related to the topic, studying archival and state documents, monitoring statistical data, timing, pedagogical observation and analysis, interview methods was used. as a methodological basis of the research work, the law "on physical education and sports" adopted by our state and government, the new law "on education", current issues in the works of president sh. mirziyoev and the field of our great scientists about, the teachings of scientists were used. currently, there are more than 40 national and international types of wrestling, in which various international tournaments and championships are held in different countries. the universality of fighting as a means of physical training is that martial arts is, first of all, the ability to immediately assess the situation and find the right solution. wrestling, as a type of martial arts, is close in nature to the action (activity) of the game. wrestling as a sport is a martial art between two opponents according to certain rules. knowing special techniques is not enough for success in battle, strength, agility and determination, quick reaction and the ability to quickly assess the situation are important. these qualities are successfully formed and established in a number of outdoor games, they create creative emotions, which allow you to continue training with a significant load. one of the public means of physical development and upbringing of the young generation is the national wrestling sport. wrestling is a very popular sport among young people. it belongs to one of the oldest, most accessible and widespread sports. national wrestling not only attracts young people to sports, but is a good tool for developing physical qualities: speed, agility, strength and endurance. the moment of martial arts develops the speed of direction in the opponent's plans and actions, the will, the ability to control oneself with great emotional experiences. wrestling originated in ancient times and is still loved by the people of our republic. from ancient generations, it was developed and improved by people because all the conditions for this were created in this country. wrestling, which is an ancient sport, is gaining popularity in different countries. the fight, which has preserved its national form, is becoming more and more popular and remains the property of the uzbek people only. at the current stage, the struggle has crossed national borders and attracts representatives of various nationalities. this progressive trend of struggle at the international level is the result of the general process of interaction and mutual enrichment of national cultures. the task of classifying and systematizing sports wrestling is to reflect the essence of wrestling. classification and systematization cannot be done without preliminary work on defining concepts (dropping, transferring, collapsing, overturning, etc.). a well-constructed classification is the basis for creating scientifically sound terms. the terminology of wrestling is a set of terms used by specialists in their scientific and pedagogical activities. terminology based on the classification and systematization of many disciplines provides information about the nature of science and can be purposefully improved. such terminology is called scientifically based terminology. thus, when thinking about classification, systematization and terminology, it is possible to see the sequence of work on classification by paying attention to their enumeration in this order. that is, first the classification is done, as a result of which a certain system is formed, and then, based on it, scientifically based names (terms) of all fighting methods are given. 278 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us different types of wrestling have general rules (according to a.p. kupsov) and they are as follows: 1. two athletes take part in a fight, each of them using methods or counter-methods to win over their opponent. thus, at each individual moment of the fight, there is a fighter who is attacking and being attacked, that is, a fighter who is performing a technique or combination, and a fighter who is performing a technique and combination on him (the wrestler who is performing a counterattack is called a counterattacker). 2. one of the main tasks of each wrestler's movement activity is to maintain the selected position. 3. the task of the attacking wrestler is to unbalance the opponent in order to change his position in relation to the mat. in this case, the status of wrestlers in relation to each other may change in different ways. 4. changing position relative to the mat is facilitated by using the weight of the wrestlers on the mat. 5. providing the necessary force to a given point of the opponent's body (that is, creating power moments, creating a power couple, using gravity and moments of inertia) is the biomechanical basis of each method. 6. the method allows you to win by force and consists of several parts: preparatory movement, capture, main movement, attack and finishing situations.7. har bir usul o‘zgartirilishi va dinamik vaziyat hamda raqib xususiyatlariga qarab murakkablashtirilishi mumkin. 8. each method has its own characteristics of rhythm and pace. it can be changed at certain moments of the competition or during the entire competition. 9. the performance area of each method is limited by the dimensions of the wrestling mat. the content of different types of wrestling, despite the fact that the actions of wrestlers in each type of wrestling have their own characteristics, have a common basis and are classified according to the same signs. based on this, a.p. kupsov developed a unified classification and system of sports wrestling techniques (table 1). in this case, only the characteristics characteristic of this species are preserved, and the characteristics of each species are completely preserved. the following tasks were put forward in the development of a unified classification and system of the main methods of fighting techniques: ø to reflect the essence of the game, while revealing the diversity and complexity of the interdependence between the technical movements of the fight; ø reflecting what is happening on the carpet without comparing it to the type of fight; ø to help determine commonality for all types of struggle; ø preserving the unique characteristics of each type of struggle; ø to make it possible for each type of wrestling to learn the best methods from other types (including national wrestling). in the words of the great thinker alisher navoi, "action is the criterion of life." movement means walking, running, jumping, throwing, etc. action games played an important role in various periods of human development and social life. with the help of action games, humanity has grown, matured, become physically strong, developed mentally, spiritually, and spiritually. so, action games have gained great importance in human development. 279 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us humans have a natural need for active play, which fills the void in life and helps the human body accumulate energy that is insufficient to expend excess energy. in national wrestling, the term "play" means that wrestlers move lightly by waving or jumping to each other. this is what is meant by the saying "wrestlers, play play". references 1. abdullayev m.j., radjapov u.r., muxametov a.m “jismoniy tarbiya nazariyasi va metodikasi” 2-qism toshkent., darslik “turon-iqbol” 2020 yil 278 2. salomov r.s. sport mashg‘ulotning nazariy asoslari – toshkent., o‘quv qo‘llanma o‘zdjti, 2005 yil 238 b. 3. menglimurod o'g'li, a. t. (2022). yuqori malakali kurashchilarni tayyorlash tizimini takomillashtirish yo'llari. 4. daminov, i. a. (2022). umum ta’lim maktab o ‘quvchilarida sog ‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishning muhim tomonlari. academic research in educational sciences, 3(7), 28-34 5. amandavlatov, t. (2023). dzyudo bo‘yicha o‘quv-mashg’ulot yig’inlarini o‘tkazish va tashkil qilish. interpretation and researches, 2(1). 6. berdiyev ghairat ulaboyevich. (2023). physiological basis of conducting physical education lessons in special conditions of the outdoor environment. academic journal of digital economics and stability, 33, 1–5. 7. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 8. urolovich, b. c. (2023). characteristics of physical culture formation in the family. iqro, 2(1), 325-330. 9. urolovich, b. c. (2023). analysis of the priority method of determining the developing and health-giving effect of physical exercises in sports training. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 651653. 10. elmurod, e., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). factors developing professional pedagogical creativity of future physical education teachers. iqro, 2(1), 293-297. 11. o’gl, suyunbek n. a. "tools and methods used to educate endurance in swimmers." international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, vol. 7, no. 10, 2020, pp. 142-144. 12. alimov, t., & abduraimov, s. (2023). yosh futbolchilarning mashg’ulotlariga qo ‘yiladigan talablar. interpretation and researches, 2(1). 13. urolovich, b. c. (2023). characteristics of physical culture formation in the family. iqro, 2(1), 325-330. 14. ulobaevich, b. g. a. (2022). natural health instructions in organizing the daily life of school students efficiency of use reasonable use in physical education. miasto przyszłości, 177-179. 15. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). restricted student young people through physical culture and sports training. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(4), 17-21. 280 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. ulaboyevich, b. g. . (2023). increasing the efficiency of the methodology of conducting physical education lessons for students of grades 5-9 in hot climate conditions. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 137–140. 17. ulaboevich, b. g. a. (2022). improving the effectiveness of the method of conducting physical education classes for students of grades 5-9 in hot climates. asean journal of physical education and sport science, 1(1), 33-42. 18. qizi, r. z. f. (2022). advantages of using pedagogic methods in training students and young people in physical education. european international journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies, 2(08), 28-30. 19. beknazarovich, d. t. (2022). formation of physical culture in children of preschool age. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(4), 186-189. 20. салимов, у. ш. (2023). факультативный предмет" нетрадиционные методы здорового образа жизни" как средство совершенствования физической активности студентов. fansportga, (1), 83-85. 21. шарипов, х. (2021). применение подвижных игр как средство развития волевых качеств у детей дошкольного возраста. общество и инновации, 2(9/s), 77-82. 22. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). theoretical foundations of the use of special acting games for the development of operational efforts in young wrestler girls. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(7), 99-102. 23. gʼaniyeva, d. f. (2021). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida tarbiyalanuvchi bolalarni jismoniy harakatlarini rivojlantirish uslubiyati. academic research in educational sciences, 2(11), 1597-1601. 24. sharipov, k. (2023). the coordination of theoretical and practical training in achieving high results of an athlete. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4 part 4), 102-106. 25. jumakulovich, n. a. (2023). technology of forming a sense of respect in students towards the competitors on the basis of conducting sports events. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 4(3), 34-38. 378 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 understanding empathy: an essential component of human connection narziyeva shahnoza rustamovna teacher of asian international university аbstrаct: empathy is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, allowing individuals to understand and share the feelings of others. this article aims to explore the concept of empathy, its importance in various aspects of life, and how it can be developed and nurtured. by examining relevant literature, this article seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of empathy and its impact on relationships, communication, and society as a whole. empathy is a crucial human quality that enables individuals to understand and share the feelings of others. empathy plays a vital role in building meaningful connections, fostering cooperation, and promoting social harmony. however, it is essential to also understand how to effectively manage and regulate empathy, as excessive empathy can lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout. this article aims to explore the concept of empathy, its importance, and how to effectively manage and control empathy in various situations. key wоrd: empathy, understanding, sharing, feelings, relationships, communication, society, emotional intelligence, compassion, emotional regulation, social interaction. introduction: empathy is the ability to step into someone else's shoes, understand their feelings, and share their experiences. it involves recognizing and acknowledging the emotions of others, without necessarily experiencing the same emotions oneself. this emotional intelligence is essential for building meaningful connections, fostering understanding, and promoting cooperation and compassion in both personal and professional settings. in this article, we will explore the significance of empathy, its role in relationship-building, and its potential to address societal challenges. empathy, often described as the ability to understand and share the feelings of another, is a fundamental aspect of human interaction. it allows individuals to connect with others, build trust, and demonstrate compassion. however, excessive empathy can be overwhelming and lead to emotional strain. therefore, it is important to explore ways to manage and regulate empathy effectively. this article will delve into the concept of empathy, its significance, and techniques for managing and controlling empathy in different scenarios. literature review: daniel goleman's "emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than iq" provides insights into the importance of empathy in personal and professional success. brené brown's "daring greatly: how the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead" explores the link between vulnerability, empathy, and meaningful connections. 379 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us jeremy rifkin's "the empathic civilization: the race to global consciousness in a world in crisis" discusses the role of empathy in addressing global challenges and shaping a more empathic society. importance of empathy: empathy plays a crucial role in building and sustaining relationships. it enables individuals to understand the perspectives of others, resolve conflicts, and provide support and comfort during difficult times. in professional settings, empathy enhances teamwork, leadership, and customer relations, leading to a more positive and productive work environment. on a societal level, empathy fosters social cohesion, reduces prejudice and discrimination, and promotes collective action to address pressing issues such as inequality and injustice. development of empathy: while some people may naturally possess a high level of empathy, it is a skill that can be nurtured and developed. active listening, perspective-taking, and practicing compassion are essential in cultivating empathy. exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences, as well as empathy-based education and training programs, can also contribute to the enhancement of empathic abilities. empathy (greek. empatheia to suffer together) is the ability to understand and sympathize with other people's mental states. empathy is a person's desire to understand the experiences and feelings of the interlocutor by putting himself in the place of the interlocutor. this means the approach to emotional problems of a person. it is being able to empathize with other people's feelings and experiences. on the one hand, it is important to be able to put yourself in the place of the object, on the other hand, it is also important to understand his inner feelings and empathize with him. the role of orientation in the perception of a person by a person is great. this is especially important when getting first impressions about a person, an unknown person. in this regard, the research conducted by a.a. bodalev is extremely important. two groups of students are given a picture of a person. the person given in the first picture is declared as a criminal, and in the second group, the person in the picture is announced as a great scientist, and they are given the task of expressing the portrait in writing. in the first case, the following descriptions are given, i.e., it is noted that it penetrated the eyes, inner pain, the work that started long ago out of revenge, including the completion of the crime. in the second group, penetrating eyes spoke about the depth of thought, and it was evaluated as endurance and willpower. it can be seen from the mentioned considerations that the instruction given from outside, the knowledge, skills and qualifications of a person in this regard play an important role in the perception of a person by a person. you can understand some of its features to know how it feels. thus, we are talking about separate components of the word in question empathy and empathy. first, it shows a person's emotional response to human experience. empathy is the psychological ability to absorb the feelings and emotions experienced by another person.odatda empatiyaning namoyishi uch guruhga bo'linishi mumkin: cognitive includes intellectual processes analogy or comparison; emotional consists in imitating some reactions of a person; predicative is a feature that can include different reactions to what happened. there are three main levels in the development of this feeling: 380 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the first or lowest level of empathy is characterized by the lack of interest in the life of a person himself and his care, friends or colleagues. it may be difficult for such people to carry on a conversation or participate in social activities. the second level is sometimes the ability to empathize with other people and sometimes being indifferent to other people's concerns or problems. this group includes people who rarely show their emotions. most of the time, he remains reasonable and calm. the third level is usually characteristic of emotional and emotional people, there are few of them, but they have the ability to understand and feel others well. they are best friends, sincere, in any situation they can get to the heart of the matter and find appropriate words and solutions, but sometimes they are based only on feelings. empathy and how to develop it: listen to your interlocutor this method helps to evoke feelings and better understanding of your partner. pay attention to the people around you in different situations and try to understand their thoughts, what kind of work they do, what regional position they belong to. start a conversation with people you don't know: traveling by train or subway, in a minibus with a solo traveler. curiosity is one of the tools for developing empathy. put yourself in the other person's shoes to see any issues from the other side. as an issue for acceptance, you can refer to psychological films where the characters are in a hopeless situation. try to understand how to act in such a situation. develop the ability to identify your feelings and emotions, try to develop emotional memories. conclusion: empathy serves as a cornerstone of human connection, allowing individuals to form meaningful relationships, communicate effectively, and contribute to a compassionate and inclusive society. by recognizing the importance of empathy and actively seeking to cultivate it, we can create a more empathic and understanding world for ourselves and future generations. through continued exploration and implementation of empathic practices, we can foster a society built on mutual respect, understanding, and support. empathy is an essential component of social interaction, allowing individuals to connect with others on a deeper level. however, it is crucial to understand the significance of managing and regulating empathy to avoid emotional burnout and exhaustion. by developing emotional intelligence and setting boundaries, individuals can effectively control their empathic responses and maintain their well-being in various interpersonal situations. understanding and practicing empathy management is key to promoting healthy relationships and fostering a harmonious society. references: 1. narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi. (2023). psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 132–134. 2. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 381 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 4. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 5. kozimova, n. (2023). use of hadiths as therapy in studying the problems of raising children of parents applying for psychological consultation. modern science and research, 2(9), 61-63. 6. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). методы организации уроков математики в начальных классах с использованием цифровых технологий. miasto przyszłości, 35, 388-390. 7. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). роль математики в современном мире. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 292-292. 8. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 9. tursunova, z. (2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352 10. salomat, g. l. the essence of the content of the concept of digital educational resources and its role in primary education. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2020, volume: 10, issue: 5. 11. лукмонова, с. г. (2020). цифровые образовательные ресурсы в педагогической деятельности. in international scientific review of the problems of philisophy, psychology and pedagogy (pp. 34-39). 12. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 13. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 14. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. 15. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). study of the formation of ideological immunity by foreign and russian researchers. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 235-239. 16. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). adolescence during destructive behavior appearances the problem learning condition. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 105-109. 17. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 18. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo ‘nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o ‘rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 19. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320322. 20. maxmudova, n. (2018). the role of computer technologies in the innovative training process. экономика и социум, (3 (46)), 34-36. 382 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta’limiga tayyorlashda nutq o’stirish mashg’ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 22. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 23. sobirovna, s. y. (2023). o ‘yin orqali bola tafakkuri va nutqini ostirish. samarali ta’lim va barqaror innovatsiyalar, 1(3), 93-99. 24. oktam’s, s. m. (2023). "methods and tools of speech development of small group children in preschool education organization". american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 104–108. 25. o‘ktam qizi buxoro, s. m. (2022). bolaning nutqini rivojlantiruvchi o ‘yinlar. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 484-486. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 368 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 mathematical model of regulating the reserve water level in the automatic irrigation system. erkinov sh.n assistant tiqxmmi bukhara branchbukhara, republic of uzbekistan annotations. this article explains how to control the backup flow of water from an automated irrigation system and provides a mathematical model for it. in agriculture, it is important to use an optimal irrigation method in which the water level is constantly monitored. the project also uses level sensors and actuators. keywords: control object, level sensor, actuator , model аннотации. в этой статье объясняется, как управлять резервным потоком воды из автоматизированной системы полива, и приводится его математическая модель. в сельском хозяйстве важно использовать оптимальный метод полива, при котором постоянно контролируется уровень воды. в проекте также используются датчики уровня и исполнительные механизмы. ключевые слова: объект управления, датчик уровня, исполнительный механизм, модель all management processes, including adjustment, have general laws that do not depend on a specific object or goal. in the arbitrary change in fluid flow, we see the process of adjusting the water flow in a tank as the first example explaining these general principles. depending on the difference between the level and the set point, you can stabilize the level at the set point by changing the flow of liquid into the tank. assume that initially the power level is constant and equal to the set value. let a random decrease in water flow cause the level to be higher than the set level. in this case, the valve must shut off the water outlet. if the level drops below the set value, the valve must be opened. thus, the configuration process consists of five tasks. the first is to obtain information about a given level of knowledge (in our case, this task is known in advance). the second is to have information about the actual level of the level, that is, its size. thirdly, determine the magnitude of the difference from the given level and its sign. fourth, set the required water flow rate depending on the quantity and sign of its differentiation. fifth, change the water flow by opening or closing the valve. in the above example, the control process is not automatic, since it involves a person. this is called manual control. in the acs, the control process is performed automatically. the liquid level in the tank can be adjusted using the engine control unit shown in figure 1.1. in this system, the sensor changes position along with the level, and the actuator changes the fluid flow. considering the level in such an acs, any deviation from the value occurs due to vibration of the fluid flow, which causes displacement of the sensor and the corresponding tattoo. 369 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when the level is above the set value, the valve begins to close, and when it is below the set value, the valve begins to open. thus, in this system, all the specified work of the adjustment process is performed automatically: when the level differs from the set value, the foam pushes the lever, and the movement of the stem changes the degree of opening of the valve, allowing the liquid to flow as required. figure 1.1. automatic adjustment of the tank level with inflow and outflow of liquid: 1 level sensor; 2 actuator; 3 capacity; 4 shutter. to influence output signals, input signals, called control parameters, are changed in a directional manner, and their target change is called control effect. the fluid level is called the performance control parameter, and the fluid flow rate is called the control. in stost, the most common control parameters are the consumption of substances (liquids, vapors, slurries, deposits) and energy (heat, electricity, etc.). other acs perform the same five functions, for example, a digester has a temperature control system. from the examples given, it is clear that in order to manage any stoct, it is necessary to obtain information about its specified and actual state, determine the difference between the actual state and this state, and on this basis develop and implement a targeted impact on the object. as already mentioned, any control process consists of five main actions performed by technical devices in the automated control system. the device that receives information about the state of the controlled object is called a counter or parameter value sensor. the device that determines the difference between the measured value of a parameter and the specified value is called an adder. it performs algebraic addition subtracts a measured value from a given value. a device that influences an object is called a regulator. it is the body that regulates the transfer of this effect to the object, and a special device is used to move it an actuator. all these devices, as well as the control object, will be elements of the acs (in some systems, some of the devices can be used together, for example, the adder can be part of the controller, and the actuator can be combined with the controller). for example, in this example, the tank with inflow and outflow of liquid is the object of level control, the foam is the measuring device, the lever acts as an adder and regulator, and the valve acts as the regulator. 370 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us now consider a mathematical model of the process in which we take the following as an important parameter mathematical equation: based on bernoulli's law v flow √ speed g -9.81 [ m / ] gravitational acceleration r liquid density q_ flow rates using these basic parameters, a mathematical model of the process can be obtained; water consumption varies depending on the stage, while external influences are not taken into account. we assume that our process is linear; usually processes in nature are nonlinear . linear function: 4) hence the water consumption: we can obtain a mathematical model of the process if we obtain the differential function from the resulting formula. it can be concluded that the mathematical model of the process is very important to determine the stability of the process. references 1. р.т.газиева, о.пиримов ва бошк. автоматика асослари ва воситалари. т., ўкитувчи, 2003 й. 2. юсупбеков н.р. ва бошқалар, «технологик жараёнларни бошқариш системалари», тошкент, ўқитувчи, 2011. мартыненко и.и.проектирование систем автоматики.м.,2011. 3. убайдуллайева д.р, хайитов a.н, aбдуллайев ҳ.ҳ,шарифов ҳ.ш.ъъсув таъминоти ва оқава сувлари тизимларини автоматлаштириш.ъъ2021 бухоро 4. aутомaте тҳе проcесс оф aутомaтиc aджустмент оф лиқуид левел/экономика и социум" /№11(78) 2020 (1447-1452) www.иупр.ру 5. хусен шухратвич шарифов/ автоматизация ождевание орошения на малых фермах / 2020/ современные инструментальные системы, информационные технологии и инновации/ 349-351 6. хайдарова з.р., салиева о.к /дистанционный контроль температуры зерна в силосах элеваторов/ 2018/ молодежь и системная модернизация страны сборник научных статей 3-й международной научной конференции студентов и молодых ученых./ 402-405 7. убайдуллаева ш.р, шарифов ҳ.ш, хайдарова з.р/к вопросу автоматизированного управления горячим водоснабжением в фермерском хозяйстве с использованием возобновляемых источников энергии/тҳе wай оф сcиенcе интернатионал сcиентифиc жоурнал/(№ 2 (72),/ 39-42 8. кутбединов, а. (1985). разработка и применение ядерно-физических методов анализа подземных вод для выявления предвестников землетрясений. 9. а.к.қутбеддинов. (2023). уран саноати таъсири ҳудудларидаги табиий сувлар радиацион кўрсаткичларининг ядро-физик тадқиқ усуллари. journal of universal science research, 1(12), 167–174. 10. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo „nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o „rgatishning 371 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 11. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320322. 12. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 13. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 82-86. 14. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023, november). identifying the positive effects of psychological and social work factors between individuals and departments through spss software. in international scientific research conference (vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 150-153). 15. jalolov, t. s. (2023). teaching the basics of python programming. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(11). 16. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 17. jalolov, t. s. (2023). pedagogical-psychological foundations of data processing using the spss program. innovative developments and research in education, 2(23), 220-223. 18. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). artificial intelligence python (pytorch). oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research , 1(3), 123-126. 19. jalolov, t. s. (2023). advantages of django femworker. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(12). 20. jalolov, t. s. (2023). artificial intelligence python (pytorch). oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research, 1(3), 123-126. 21. jalolov, t. s. (2023). spss yoki ijtimoiy fanlar uchun statistik paket bilan psixologik ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. journal of universal science research, 1(12), 207–215. 93 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ease of doing business and economic growth: a panel analysis of selected sub-sahara african countries prof. silva opuala-charles1, oshilike ijeoma victoria2, christian nkama3 1,2,3garden city premier business school, plot 13, herbert macauley street, old gra, port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria president@gacpbs.com1, victoria.oshilike@gacpbs.com2 abstract: entrepreneurship emerges as a catalyst for growth and advancement through production and trade. this work jointly examines the influence of ease of doing business and worldwide governance indicators on economic growth of selected ssa countries from 2010 to 2020. adopting an empirical approach, the study tries to ascertain this relationship using a random effect panel regression model and kao co-integration estimation. a balanced panel consisting of forty one (41) out of forty eight (48) countries were selected for the analysis. eight (8) variables out of eleven (11) ease of doing business indicators, and three (3) out of six (6) governance indicators were selected for the study. they were chosen based on their appropriateness for the research according to the authors instincts and prevalent challenges bedeviling sub-saharan african countries. we identify a positive significant relationship between getting credit and economic growth, while a negative association between political stability and regulatory requirement. the study recommends greater access to finance for businesses, especially small and medium enterprises (smes), and capacity building among others, as one of the ways to maximize the dividends of local and international trades across the region. sub-saharan governments should establish a robust evaluation and monitoring framework to catalyze the success of policy interventions. keywords: ease of doing business; smes; sub-sahara african countries; worldwide indication. introduction ease of doing business and trade liberalization adds up to 5 percentage points to economic growth. the foundation of doing business rests upon the fundamental premise that lucid and consistent regulations greatly enhance the efficacy of economic activities. these regulations establish robust property rights, streamline dispute resolution processes, and furnish contractual counterparts with safeguards against misuse. the effectiveness of such regulations in fostering growth and progress is significantly heightened when they exhibit efficiency, transparency, and ease of comprehension for their intended recipients. additionally, the robustness and comprehensiveness of these regulations profoundly influence how societies equitably allocate the advantages and bear the expenses associated with development strategies and policies (world bank, 2017). mailto:president@gacpbs.com mailto:victoria.oshilike@gacpbs.com 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the doing business survey conducted by the world bank involves the classification of nations based on their suitability as potential hosts for foreign direct investment (fdi), gauged by the ease of conducting business within their borders. this assessment hinges on the ease of doing business index, a quantitative gauge of the impact of regulations across various stages of a business's lifespan. the majority of these enterprises are categorized as small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) (world bank, 2019). the positioning of economies within the ranking, spanning from 1 to 190, reflects their level of ease in conducting business, a determination drawn from 11 distinct factors. to put it succinctly, the aggregation of all factors influencing business outcomes culminates in what is termed as the ease of doing business index. a nation's placement within the ease of doing business ranking is subject to variation based on the regulatory landscape and framework governing the initiation and operation of enterprises within that nation. while certain countries may exhibit more favorable conditions for business endeavors, others may present greater obstacles, thereby influencing the cultivation of entrepreneurial ventures within their boundaries. in general, it is conventional knowledge that fewer or less complex regulations tend to result in a higher ranking, but at a cost based on the country's regulatory environment. protecting the rights of creditors and investors, as well as setting up or improving property and credit registries, may require additional regulations (wikipedia, 2023). however, this is absolutely not the case. according to world bank (2020), the scores favor economies that implement a risk-based methodology towards regulation, utilizing it as a means to tackle societal and environmental issues. this approach involves placing a more substantial regulatory load on activities that present considerable risks to the population, while imposing lighter burdens on activities with lower levels of risk. consequently, the economies that attain the highest positions in the ease of doing business rankings are not those devoid of regulations. instead, they are economies where governments have adeptly formulated regulations that streamline marketplace interactions while avoiding unnecessary obstacles to the advancement of the private sector. it is important to note that the ease of doing business index is not a measure of a country's overall economic performance, but rather a measure of the regulatory environment for businesses. the world bank group also releases a separate report on the ease of starting a business specifically which also factors in the number of procedures, time, and cost to start a business, minimum capital requirements and the existence of business registration information online. the doing business report unveils findings for two aggregate measures: the score measuring the ease of doing business, and the ranking denoting the ease of doing business, which stems from the said score. the ease of doing business ranking facilitates a comparative assessment of economies against one another, while the ease of doing business scores establish a benchmark against regulatory best practices, revealing their proximity to optimal regulatory performance across individual doing business indicators. across different years, the ease of doing business score serves to showcase the absolute shifts in the regulatory landscape for local entrepreneurs within an economy, illustrating how it has evolved over time. in contrast, the ease of doing business ranking exclusively highlights the relative changes in the regulatory milieu compared to other economies. 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1: what ease of doing business measures? indicator set what is measured starting a business procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company for men and women dealing with construction permits procedures, time, and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system getting electricity procedures, time, and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, the reliability of the electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs registering property procedures, time, and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system for men and women getting credit movable collateral laws and credit information systems. protecting minority investors minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance. paying taxes payments, time and total tax and contribution rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post filing processes trading across borders time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts. enforcing contracts time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes for men and women. resolving insolvency time, cost, outcome, and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency. labor market regulation flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality source: doing business report (2019) the selection of the 11 distinct sets of indicators for the doing business assessment has been systematically influenced by economic research and precise firm-level information, particularly derived from the world bank enterprise surveys. these comprehensive surveys furnish data that spotlight the primary hindrances encountered in business operations, as recounted by entrepreneurs representing over 136,880 enterprises spanning 139 economies. noteworthy factors such as financial accessibility and availability of electricity, for instance, emerge as pivotal aspects underscored by these surveys as being significant for businesses. this recognition has in turn served as the catalyst for shaping the design of the doing business indicators pertaining to obtaining credit and securing a reliable electricity supply. table 2: examples of areas not covered by doing business doing business does not measure macroeconomic stability development of financial system quality of the labour force 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us incidence of bribery and corruption market size lack of security source: doing business report (2019) doing business, while influential, does not encompass numerous crucial policy domains, and even within the spheres it evaluates, its purview remains limited. it falls short of assessing the complete spectrum of elements, policies, and institutions that collectively shape the caliber of a nation's commercial milieu and its overall global competitiveness. similarly, doing business offers a confined viewpoint when it comes to the infrastructure hurdles that businesses, especially in developing nations, grapple with. the focus is channeled through these indicators, failing to tackle the magnitude to which subpar roadways, railways, ports, and communication networks might amplify operational expenses for firms and erode their competitive standing. also, doing business does not attempt to quantify all costs and benefits of a particular law or regulation to society as a whole. the indicators related to tax payments gauge the comprehensive tax and contribution rate, which, when considered independently, represents an expense for businesses. nevertheless, these indicators do not encompass—nor are they designed to do so—the positive outcomes that stem from the societal and economic initiatives funded through tax proceeds. ease of doing business, trend in sub saharan africa the ease of doing business in sub-saharan africa has long been a subject of scrutiny due to its potential impact on economic growth and development. this region, consisting of 48 countries south of the sahara desert, has witnessed various efforts to improve the business environment and attract investment. the concept of ease of doing business in africa encompasses the regulatory environment within which businesses operate across the continent. this environment is shaped by various factors, including government policies, legal frameworks, bureaucratic procedures, and infrastructure development. according to the world bank's "doing business report," which assesses business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies, africa presents a diverse landscape characterized by significant disparities in ease of doing business. it's essential to note however that while improvements in the ease of doing business can contribute to economic growth, they are just one of many factors at play. sub-saharan african countries have implemented reforms to enhance their business environments. for instance, rwanda stands as a notable example, having streamlined registration processes, and reduced the time and cost of starting a business. in 2021, the country was ranked 38th globally for ease of doing business, showcasing the positive outcomes of pro-business reforms (imf, "regional economic outlook: sub-saharan africa," 2021). still within the expanse of subsaharan africa, togo emerges as a positive outlier. nevertheless, the sub-saharan african region at large maintains a status of underperformance in terms of the ease of doing business, recording an average score of 51.8. this stands significantly below the oecd high-income economy benchmark of 78.4 and the global average of 63.0. in comparison to the previous year's figures, the sub-saharan african economies only witnessed a marginal uptick of 1 percentage point in their average ease of doing business score during the doing business 2020 assessment, indicative of the fact that across the region, there remains room for advancement. in contrast, the middle east 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and north africa region exhibited a more substantial increase, raising their average score by 1.9 points. figure 1: sub-saharan africa: real gdp growth projections, 2021–22 source: imf, world economic outlook database. sub-saharan africa's economic growth landscape exhibits a rich tapestry of variegated performances. while some countries have surged forward, propelled by factors like abundant natural resources or strategically advantageous geographical locations, others grapple with fragility, conflict, and the challenges of limited economic diversification. the international monetary fund (imf) underscores the region's economic growth trajectory as intrinsically linked to global commodity prices, given the prevalent reliance of many countries on revenue generated from commodity exports (imf, "regional economic outlook: sub-saharan africa," 2021). the world bank's doing business report suggests that a better business climate in african nations can attract fdi, boost economic growth, and create jobs. the african development bank's 2020 economic outlook highlights the importance of a streamlined regulatory framework in boosting investor confidence and smes. this aligns with the african union's agenda 2063, which emphasizes private sector-led development and economic diversification. prioritizing business ease can empower local economies, boost global competitiveness, and contribute to sustainable development. as observed in figure 1, most of the countries that make up the far right of the graph are african countries. this is however neither surprising nor indicative of the fact that these countries are dead trade zones or lack the capacity to drive development through entrepreneurship, rather, these rankings stem out of relative analysis. for inherent benchmark of each economy with respect to regulatory best practices, the ease of doing business score captures it. it’s also pertinent to note that most economies in the sub-saharan africa region (12) make up the bottom 20 of the ease of doing business ranking table (world bank, 2022) with cumbersome tax compliance processes not backed by efficient structures risk management systems. conversely, nigeria and togo are among the 10 economies improving the most across three or more areas measured by ease of doing business in 2018/2019. literature review while there is empirical evidence that the ease of doing business is a significant predictor of fdi, some authors still argue that singular investor incentives, including tax breaks, typically don't help the overall investment climate unless they are properly paired with other incentives. hossain et al 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (2018) investigates the impact of ease of doing business on inward fdi over the period from 2011 to 2015, drawing a sample from 177 countries across the globe from 190 countries listed in world bank. they measured ease of doing business using 5 of its indicators; starting a business, getting credit, registering property, paying taxes and enforcing contracts. their result shows that ‘enforcing contracts’ have a positive significant impact on inward fdi, with ‘getting credit’ and ‘registering property’ having a negative significant impact on inward fdi. on the other hand, ‘starting a business’ and ‘paying taxes’ have no significant impact on inward fdi. klapper, et al., (2004) undertook an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of the commercial landscape on the inception of new enterprises within an economic framework. they employed an assemblage of international data encompassing companies across both western and eastern europe, meticulously gleaned from the comprehensive amadeus database. their research divulged that formidable regulatory impediments pose a substantial deterrent to the initiation of businesses, particularly within sectors inherently predisposed to demanding entry expenditures, such as telecommunications (encompassing telephony, wireless communication, etc.) and computer services. bétila (2021) conducted an analysis on the influence of the ease of doing business on economic growth within the context of 44 african nations spanning from 2010 to 2018. the research employed a composite ease of doing business index from the world bank and gauged economic growth through the actual annual gdp growth rate. furthermore, the study delved into the relationship between ease of doing business and economic growth using a dynamic approach via the system generalized method of moments (system-gmm) estimation technique. the outcomes demonstrated a noteworthy and positive correlation between ease of doing business and economic growth, indicating that making regulatory improvements in business practices could serve as a strategy for african countries to attain and maintain economic advancement. similarly, utilizing panel data encompassing 155 countries sourced from the world bank’s doing business report spanning from 2006 to 2016, adepoju (2017) estimates the impact of ease of doing business on the gdp per capita growth rate. the investigation considers other elements of the business climate and incorporates out-of-steady-state dynamics within its model specifications. this is achieved by introducing the worldwide governance indicators (wgi) and the lagged value of log gdp per capita as supplementary explanatory variables. the analysis unveils noteworthy evidence that the ease of doing business holds a globally significant effect on the annual growth rate of gdp per capita. however, the estimated coefficients for the doing business indicators, when considering the entire sample, lack statistical significance and thus do not impact the annual growth rate of gdp per capita. conversely, these indicators do exhibit statistical significance and influence within subsamples. moreover, segmenting the dataset based on country income group classifications yields mixed results, as certain indicators suggest an adverse relationship with the per capita gdp growth rate. the findings offer validation for the assertion that the ease of doing business serves as a pivotal element for economic growth, while underscoring the fact that its impact varies across distinct groups of countries. in a wider scope, bajra et al. (2022) explores whether the ease of doing business (edb) frontier enhances economic growth (gr) within a dataset of 47 european and central asian countries. they categorized them into lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income economies. their findings indicate that these economies have not yet attained the edb frontier. notably, the highincome economies display greater advancement in their edb frontier, particularly regarding legal 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reforms, fulfilling infrastructure requirements, securing financial access, and enhancing the quality of policy-making institutions. specific edb indicators are identified as exerting a positive influence on growth. ultimately, the analysis demonstrates that if a nation falls short of achieving at least 72 percent of the edb index, it ceases to provide a supportive environment for economic growth. approaching from a different dimension, bonga and mahuni (2018) launched an investigation into africa free trade zone member states; how ease of doing business drives growth in their respective economies. with an annual times series data for the period of 2010 to 2016, they employed panel data analysis using stata statistical software. their research results pertaining to the bloc suggest that factors such as corruption, cross-border trading, credit accessibility, property registration, construction permit procedures, and business initiation hold noteworthy influence over the economic growth of the bloc. additionally, matters of insolvency resolution and investor protection also raise concerns. striving for optimal outcomes, they carried out country effect test, and went further to categorize the aftz bloc into three segments based on their average gdp. for each of these groups, standard three-panel models were employed, and the efficacy was evaluated through the reported adjusted r-squared and overall r-squared values. they finally noted that to improve the economic wellbeing of each state does not lie on the bloc only but on individual efforts as well, since individual differences prevail. maingi (2018) employed an explanatory research design to explore the connections between economic integration, gdp growth, ease of doing business, and fdi within the east african community (eac). using simple and multiple regression, hierarchical regression, and path analysis, his focus was on kenya, tanzania, uganda, rwanda, and burundi. the study uncovered that the creation of an economic bloc enhances fdi attraction, as a larger market resulting from economic integration appeals to potential foreign investors. however, a conducive business environment (ease of doing business) within the integrated region is also essential for effective fdi attraction. his findings further reveal that sustainable economic growth plays a catalyzing role in increasing fdi attraction due to its indication of potential return rates and population purchasing power. cui et al. (2022) went further to investigates how the ease of doing business score from the world bank's doing business project for the years 2004 to 2018 influences the economic growth of trade partner countries. their analysis revealed that a more developed country finds it significantly more feasible to stimulate economic growth than less developed nations. banwari (2019) in his non empirical inquiry, discusses the ranking of india in various indicators of measuring ease of doing business and steps that india has taken to move up the ladder of ease of doing business ranking. his study connotes that business environment is key if india must enter the “double digit” growth. he further lays down strategies to achieve this. in their study, garcia and hinayon (2018) utilized the principal components analysis technique to condense the macroeconomic performance indicators into a smaller number of dimensions. their goal was to uncover a noteworthy connection between these indicators and the ease of doing business metrics. their model achieved an adjusted r-squared value of 0.73, suggesting that approximately 73% of the overall variances in their model are accounted for by the principal components. notably, among these components, economic growth exhibited the most significant positive influence on the ease of doing business. bota-avram (2014) delved into the concept of assessing the correlation between effective governance and the business environment. the governance indicators encompass six clusters of 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us factors pertaining to governance, while the quality of the business environment is encapsulated in the ease of doing business ranking, both formulated by the world bank. through a cross-country empirical analysis of 181 countries categorized by income groups, she identified noteworthy findings. specifically, her study showcased a significant correlation between certain governance indicators, like government effectiveness and regulatory quality, and the ease of conducting business across all countries. moreover, she brought to light that factors such as the rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and control of corruption played pivotal roles in shaping the business environment, particularly for countries falling within the high-income bracket. the interrelation between corruption and the ease of doing business is explored by in practice, the conclusions about the interactions between eodb, its parts, fdi, and sustainable economic growth have not been consistent. when looked at separately, there is no obvious pattern to indicate that the various eodb dimensions have an impact on economic growth. there seem to be divergent views on this, especially the fact that there are very diverse drivers of an economy culminating into growth. several research works have been done on ease of doing business and its effect on investments. this is primarily because the inflow of investment is a direct impact of ease of doing business. same can be seen with its relations to economic growth which theoretically has an indirect relationship with eodb. however, there have been very few contributions or research that captures the worldwide governance indicators as it contributes to growth alongside eodb. furthermore, after reviewing some of these studies, it was discovered that there have been conflicting results across the studies. predictors of economic growth vary across economies, each with its prevailing features, which makes response to eodb vary. this study therefore seeks to explore the relationship between ease of doing business and sustainable economic growth across countries sub-sahara africa using time series data for a period of 2010 to 2020. methodology for this study, we used secondary balanced panel data comprising of 41 sub-sahara african countries. panel data covers more variability, more information and more efficiency than crosssectional and pure time series data. the data was sourced from world bank’s; world development index 2021, worldwide governance indicators 2022, and doing business 2020. the period under study is 11 years from 2010 to 2020. 8 out of 11 ease of doing business metrics was taken for the study. these indices were chosen out based on the researcher’s intuition on their appropriateness to the study and availability of data. these variables include; dealing with construction permits (dp), enforcing contracts (ec), getting credit (gc), paying taxes (pt), protecting minority investors (pmi), registering property (rp), starting a business (sb), and trading across borders (tab). also 3 out of the six worldwide governance indicators were chosen as control variables and they include; political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (ps), regulatory quality (rq), and control of corruption (cc). for sustainable economic growth, the real gross domestic product (gdp) of each country were used. for the ease of doing business, the respective scores is computed based on the methodology in the db04/05/06 -15 studies, and db16/17 -20 studies. a linear data interpolation was done using a 3-year simple moving average to account for data sets not available, and the natural logarithm of the dependent variable (gdp) was taken for the analysis. estimation we conducted a descriptive statistic to have a grasp of our data and the inherent features of our data. the panel analysis begins with panel unit root tests to avoid possible spurious results. if the 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us series are non-stationary, the analysis continues with testing for the panel cointegration. following the panel, unit root tests are used in this research: llc test (levin, lin and chu, 2002), ips test (im, pesaran and shin, 2003), fisher-type tests using adf and pp tests, and hadri test (hadri, 2000). the common framework used by most (though not all) panel unit root testing procedures is specified thus: ∆𝑦𝑖𝑡 = 𝑝𝑦𝑖𝑡−1 + 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛿𝑡 + 휀𝑖𝑡 where: ∆yit represents yit-1 is the lagged level of the dependent variable for unit i at time t−1. the first difference of the dependent varziable for unit i at time t. p is the coefficient of the lagged level term, which is of interest in the unit root test. αi represents individual-specific fixed effects or intercepts. these account for individual-specific heterogeneity in the levels of the variables. δt represents time-specific fixed effects or intercepts. these account for time-specific heterogeneity in the levels of the variables. εit is the error term, which is assumed to be independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) across individuals and time periods. this equation is commonly used in panel unit root testing procedures. these tests are designed to determine whether the variable yit has a unit root, which would indicate that it is non-stationary. the presence of a unit root implies that the variable follows a random walk process and has a longterm trend component. if the unit root is rejected, it suggests that the variable is stationary, meaning it does not have a stochastic trend. in addition, the cross-sectional augmented im, pesaran and shin (cips) unit root test proposed by pesaran (pesaran, 2007). this unit root test is specified as: 𝐶𝐼𝑃𝑆 = 1 𝑁 ∑ 𝐶𝐴𝐷𝐹𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1 it further suggests the following augmented dickey-fuller regression with the cross sectional average of lagged and first-differences of the individual series: ∆𝑦𝑖𝑡 = 𝛼𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖𝑌𝑡−1 + 𝑐𝑖�̅�𝑖𝑡−1 + 𝑑𝑖∆�̅�𝑖𝑡−1 + 휀𝑖𝑡 the kao cointegration test was developed by chihwa kao in 1999 to test for cointegration in panel data. the test involves estimating the cointegrating relationship by first-stage regressions, and then performing second-stage unit root tests on the estimated residuals. the kao test is particularly useful in situations where there are both i(0) and i(1) variables in a panel dataset. the null hypothesis of the kao test is that there is no cointegration, which means that the variables are not related by a stable long-term relationship. if the null hypothesis is rejected, it suggests the presence of cointegration. for each cross-sectional unit (i.e., individual or entity), you estimate a cointegrating relationship using a panel regression model. the estimation equation for the first stage is as follows: 𝑌𝑖𝑡 = 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑋𝑖𝑡 + 휀𝑖𝑡 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us where: yit is the dependent variable. xit is a set of regressors, including lagged values of the dependent variable and other variables. αi represents individual-specific fixed effects. βi represents the coefficients to be estimated for each individual. εit is the residual term model selection and hausman test we proceed to estimate the coefficients of our model for all the countries xxxxx observations using the pooled ordinary least squares regression, neglecting time series and cross sectional data. it assumes that there is a common underlying relationship that applies to all groups or time periods. it does not distinguish between countries, hence denying any form of heterogeneity that may exist between the countries. in essence, we assume that all the coefficients with the intercepts are the same for all the individual countries. the equation for a simple pooled ols regression can be expressed as follows: 𝑌𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝑋1𝑖 + 𝛽2𝑋2𝑖 + 𝜇𝑖 where: yi represents the dependent variable for observation i. β0 is the intercept term. β1 and β2 are the coefficients that represent the effect of x1 and x2 on y, respectively. x1i and x2i are the independent variables for observation i. μi is the error term, representing the difference between the observed value of yi and the predicted value based on the regression equation. it's important to note that this approach might not be appropriate if there are significant differences in the relationships between groups or time periods. in such event, we will use other regression techniques. substituting gives us 𝑙𝑛𝐺𝐷𝑃𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝐷𝑃1𝑖 + 𝛽2𝐸𝐶2𝑖 + 𝛽3𝐺𝐶3𝑖 + 𝛽4𝑃𝑇4𝑖 + 𝛽5𝑃𝑀𝐼5𝑖 + 𝛽6𝑅𝑃6𝑖 + 𝛽7𝑆𝐵7𝑖 + 𝛽8𝑇𝐴𝐵8𝑖 + 𝛽9𝑃𝑆9𝑖 + 𝛽10𝑅𝑄10𝑖 + 𝛽11𝑋11𝑖 + 𝜇𝑖 the robust hausman test proposed by wooldridge (2002) is used to determine the ideal econometric model (fixed or random effects). the durbin–wu–hausman test (also called hausman specification test) is a statistical hypothesis test in econometrics that evaluates the validity of a specific assumption in a regression model, known as the "exogeneity assumption". this assumption is crucial for ensuring that the estimated coefficients in a regression model are consistent and unbiased (wooldridge, 2019). the hausman test can be used to differentiate between fixed effects model and random effects model in panel analysis (greene, 2017). the null hypothesis in the hausman test is that the estimated coefficients which assumes that the explanatory variables and error term are uncorrelated, are consistent and efficient, even if they may not be unbiased. in other words, it assumes that there is no endogeneity or correlation between the independent variables and the error term (wooldridge, 2019). the alternative hypothesis is that the coefficients estimated which allows for correlation between the explanatory variables and the error term, are both consistent and efficient (wooldridge, 2019). put simply, h0: cov(x, ε) = 0, random effect is preferred. 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us h1: cov(x, ε) ≠ 0, fixed effect is preferred. decision rule: reject h0 if the p value of the test statistic is less than 0.05 at 5% level of significance. the test statistic is computed as: h = (b0 – b1)’(var( b0 ) – var( b1 )) -1 (b0 – b1) where b0 and b1 are the estimated coefficients from the random effects and fixed effects models respectively. var b0 and var b1 are the estimated variance covariance matrices of the coefficients from the random effects and fixed effects respectively. 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 3: summary of descriptive statistics g d p 1 0 .0 2 1 0 .0 5 1 1 .5 5 8 .4 0 0 .6 2 -0 .1 1 2 .9 9 0 .8 9 0 .6 4 2 1 4 5 2 0 .6 1 7 2 .1 4 5 1 c c 3 0 .0 7 2 6 .4 4 8 0 .9 5 0 .4 8 2 1 .3 5 0 .5 0 2 .1 4 3 2 .8 9 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 5 6 1 .4 2 0 5 0 7 1 .6 4 5 1 r q 2 8 .3 3 2 5 .9 6 8 6 .0 6 0 .4 7 1 8 .9 7 0 .7 6 3 .2 0 4 4 .5 7 0 .0 0 0 0 1 2 7 7 6 .3 1 6 1 9 1 4 .9 4 5 1 p s 3 1 .0 8 2 9 .0 5 9 0 .5 7 0 .4 8 2 0 .8 2 0 .6 9 2 .9 9 3 5 .5 8 0 .0 0 0 0 1 4 0 1 7 .5 1 9 5 0 3 5 .1 4 5 1 t a b 5 1 .6 7 5 6 .9 0 9 2 .9 0 1 .3 0 2 0 .6 9 -0 .4 5 2 .5 6 1 8 .6 0 0 .0 0 0 1 2 3 3 0 3 .5 1 9 2 6 7 1 .9 4 5 1 s b 6 9 .3 9 7 3 .4 0 9 5 .1 0 4 .3 0 1 7 .6 0 -0 .9 1 3 .4 5 6 6 .0 5 0 .0 0 0 0 3 1 2 9 5 .4 1 3 9 3 9 2 .3 4 5 1 r p 5 4 .9 3 5 4 .8 0 9 3 .7 0 2 2 .5 0 1 2 .1 2 0 .3 0 3 .4 5 1 0 .3 8 0 .0 0 5 6 2 4 7 7 5 .5 6 6 1 4 9 .0 4 5 1 p m i 4 1 .5 0 3 6 .7 0 9 2 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .6 0 0 .6 9 3 .1 7 3 6 .4 7 0 .0 0 0 0 1 8 7 1 7 .6 1 0 9 5 7 1 .0 4 5 1 p t 5 8 .1 8 5 9 .1 0 9 4 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 1 8 .4 4 -0 .4 4 2 .6 6 1 6 .4 6 0 .0 0 0 3 2 6 2 3 8 .6 1 5 2 9 4 9 .4 4 5 1 g c 3 9 .7 7 3 7 .5 0 9 5 .0 0 5 .0 0 2 0 .1 9 0 .7 1 2 .9 2 3 7 .7 2 0 .0 0 0 0 1 7 9 3 5 .2 1 8 3 5 2 4 .9 4 5 1 e c 4 8 .0 5 4 7 .4 0 7 2 .2 0 2 5 .2 0 1 1 .4 9 0 .0 2 1 .9 3 2 1 .6 9 0 .0 0 0 0 2 1 6 7 2 .5 5 9 3 8 9 .5 4 5 1 d p 5 6 .1 8 5 9 .3 0 8 5 .8 0 2 0 .2 0 1 4 .0 7 -0 .3 9 2 .2 1 2 2 .9 9 0 .0 0 0 0 2 5 3 3 9 .2 8 9 1 0 9 .7 4 5 1 m e a n m e d ia n m a x im u m m in im u m s td . d ev . s k e w n e ss k u r to si s j a r q u e -b e ra p r o b a b il it y s u m s u m s q . d e v . o b se r v a ti o n s 105 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as we can see in table 3, the maximum and minimum mean score is 69.39 and 39.77 respectively. clearly, it is obvious that when benchmarked against regulatory best practice, countries in subsaharan africa on aggregate has performed poorly with respect to getting credit. in contrast, they have demonstrated resilience in starting a business with a mean score of 69.39. this suggests that, on average, most sub-saharan africa countries have relatively efficient processes for starting a business. while three (3) of the ease of doing business indicators under study, ec (48.05); gc (39.77); pmi (41.50), have a score of less than 50 on average, five (5) of them are above 50. it is obvious therefore that there is still much more to be done, and potentials to explore. a close observation of the max and min values in table 3 reveals that there’s a significant amount of variability or dispersion in the data, which suggests our dataset is spread out over a wide range, rather than being concentrated around a central value. this is primarily due to the differences in policies, regulations, or inherent economic disparities/conditions across the countries under study. furthermore, we could observe that for sub-saharan african countries, the worldwide governance indicators have performed poorly over the period under study given it mean values. no doubt governance in africa generally has not seen the best of days for most of it. looking at the distribution, you could observe that dealing with permit (-0.39), paying taxes (-0.44), starting a business (-0.91), and trading across boarder (-0.45) are all slightly negatively skewed. this is suggestive that the distribution of these scores have a longer tail on the left side, indicating that might be a few countries with lower scores for this variable. this confirms the position of their respective mean values. table 4: panel unit root result variables levin, lin & chu t* im, pesaran and shin w-stat adf fisher chisquare pp fisher chisquare order of integration dp -15.2409 (0.0000)** -8.28203 (0.0000)** 218.079 (0.0000)** 305.052 (0.0000)** (1) ec -28.6845 (0.0000)** -5.46901 (0.0000)** 129.300 (0.0007)** 67.8939 (0.8684) (0) gc -16.8348 (0.0000)** -6.76820 (0.0000)** 172.916 (0.0000)** 95.8332 (0.1409) (0) pt -23.3930 (0.0000)** -6.74346 (0.0000)** 125.395 (0.0015)** 102.856 (0.0595) (0) pmi -7.28410 (0.0000)** -3.74883 (0.0000)** 70.1005 (0.0000)** 101.457 (0.0000)** (1) rp -3.48649 (0.0000)** -5.12000 (0.0000)** 104.402 (0.0483)** 72.0430 (0.7760) (0) sb -14.3322 (0.0000)** -8.21390 (0.0000)** 225.161 (0.0000)** 264.353 (0.0000)** (1) tab -22.7311 (0.0000)** -9.85354 (0.0000)** 245.307 (0.0000)** 318.872 (0.0000)** (1) ps -7.16775 (0.0000)** -2.90852 (0.0018)** 120.782 (0.0035)** 132.700 (0.0003)** (0) rq -15.1443 (0.0000)** -8.57174 (0.0000)** 234.249 (0.0000)** 312.157 (0.0000)** (1) 106 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cc -6.48563 (0.0000)** -2.08544 (0.0185)** 125.453 (0.0014)** 142.832 (0.0000)** (0) lngdp -10.1367 (0.0000)** -4.10968 (0.0000)** 157.938 (0.0000)** 225.274 (0.0000)** (0) source: authors’ computation (2023) using e-views 12 **probabilities for fisher tests are computed using an asymptotic chi-square distribution. all other tests assume asymptotic normality. the p-values are all in parenthesis. we took the results of levin, lin & chu, im, pesaran and shin, fisher chi-square (adf) and fisher chi-square (pp) unit root testing approach for a comparative analysis. we took the position of the majority of the test statistics and at event of a tie, the hadroni unit root test estimat ion was applied. given our results above, we can see that our variables are of mixed order of integration of i(0) and i(1), thus, while we accept the null hypothesis of some of the variables, we equally reject others. since stationarity of the variables have been established, we go ahead to establish the co-integration tests in order to ascertain the long-run relationship among the variables. table 5: kao residual cointegration test adf t-statistic prob. -2.638051 0.0042 residual variance 0.000616 hac variance 0.001002 source: author’s computation (2023) using e-views 12 the adf test statistic is -2.638051, with a p-value of 0.0042. since the p-value is less than common significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. this suggests the presence of a stable long-term relationship (cointegration) among the variables in the study. this evidence suggests that there is a level of stability in the economic environment of the selected sub-sahara african countries. it implies that even though there might be short-term fluctuations, the overall trend towards a more conducive business environment is likely to continue. panel model selection. table 6: correlated random effects – hausman test test summary chi-sq. statistic chi-sq. d.f prob. cross-section random 12.492489 11 0.3278 source: authors’ computation (2023) using e-views 12 the p-value associated with the test statistic is 0.3278 is greater than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the random effect model is preferred. the model selection criteria suggest that the random effect is the most appropriate model for our analysis. this model accounts for both time-invariant individual-specific characteristics and random variations across individuals. in random effects regression, the individual-specific effect is considered to be a random variable that is specific to each individual. this random effect captures the unobserved, time-invariant characteristics of individual i that vary across individuals. it is estimated thus: 𝑌𝑖𝑡 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑋𝑖𝑡 + 휀𝑖𝑡 107 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 휀𝑖𝑡 = 𝛿𝑖𝑡 + 𝜇𝑖𝑡 where: α is the mean intercept for all countries or cross sections. yit is the dependent variable (lngdp) of each sub-saharan african country for a point in time t. β is the coefficient that represents the effect of the independent variables understudy (xit) on lngdp (yit). εit is a combination of the country-specific random effect, assumed to follow a normal distribution with mean zero and constant variance, and the error term, representing the deviation of the observed value of yit from the predicted value based on the regression equation. note that while δit varies cross sectionally, it remains constant over time. table 7: panel egls (cross-section random effects) variable coefficient std. error t-statistic prob. dp 0.000366 0.000571 0.641302 0.5217 ec -0.001440 0.000825 -1.744902 0.0818 gc 0.001685 0.000262 6.428260 0.0000 pmi -0.000354 0.000572 -0.618371 0.5367 ps -0.000931 0.000460 -2.024683 0.0436 pt 0.000589 0.000508 1.160323 0.2466 rp -0.000533 0.000500 -1.065786 0.2872 sb -0.000145 0.000452 -0.321129 0.7483 tab -0.000356 0.000337 -1.053732 0.2926 rq -0.002949 0.001008 -2.926927 0.0036 cc 0.000435 0.000539 0.806223 0.4206 c 10.04274 0.109517 91.70010 0.0000 prob. (f) 0.000000 r squared 0.826663 adj. r squared 0.801173 d.w stat. 2.223321 source: authors’ computation (2023) using e-views 12 from our result above, we could see the position of the respective variables under study. while getting credit (gc), political stability (ps), and regulatory requirements (rq) are statistically significant with a p value less than 0.05, the rest are not statistically different from zero. with a coefficient of (0.001685), getting credits is positively related to economic growth in the selected ssa countries. this implies that a unit increase in the getting credit rank of any of the selected ssa countries, on average will lead to approximately 0.17 percent increase in economic growth. on the contrary, there seems to be a negative relationship between political stability and economic growth. the economic implication of this is that an increase in the likelihood of political instability and/or politically motivated violence by one unit will on average, lead to a decrease in in economic growth by about 0.09 percent. this buttresses the importance of political stability in the development and continuous progression of any economy. according to the african centre for the constructive resolution of disputes (accord), the number of countries in ssa experiencing political instability has declined from 32 in 2002 to 22 108 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in 2022. however, the region is still home to some of the most unstable countries in the world, including somalia, the democratic republic of the congo, and yemen. in a more recent development, there has been numerous coups across the region which further throws the affected countries into political instability. on an aggregate level, the sole reason for such development is perpetual enslavement of the citizenry through bad leadership with colonial imprints all over these economies. nonetheless, as events unfold, we look forward to a peaceful coexistence and fruitful harvest of good leadership, either democratically or otherwise. going forward, our result reveals that similar relationship exist between regulatory quality and economic growth. with a t-value of 2.93 and a statistically significant coefficient, the semi elasticity of economic growth with respect to regulatory quality is approximately 0.29. this indicates that a unit increase in rq for any of the selected ssa countries will decrease economic growth by 0.29 percent ceteris paribus. one possible explanation for this relationship is that excessive regulation can stifle innovation and economic activity. also, poor regulatory design can lead to inefficiency, and high levels of bureaucracy associated with regulation can be a burden on businesses, especially small businesses. these findings are consistent with the findings of (djankov et al., 2006; kaufmann et al., 2010). table 8: effect specification s.d. rho cross-section random 0.610419 0. 9928 idiosyncratic random 0. 051858 0. 0072 source: authors’ computation (2023) using e-views 12 the cross-section random represents the variation in the dependent variable across different entities (e.g., countries as in our case) that is not explained by the independent variables included in a model. the idiosyncratic random component represents the random variation in the dependent variable that is not accounted for by any of the independent variables in a model. it includes factors that are specific to individual observations within each entity. the effect specification in table 8 shows that the s.d. of the cross-section random effects is 0.610419, with a rho of 0.9928. this suggests that there is a significant amount of variation in economic growth among the selected ssa countries is due to country differences. the table also shows that the s.d. of the idiosyncratic random effects is 0.051858 and the rho is 0.0072. this suggests that there is a relatively small amount of variation in economic growth among the selected ssa countries that is due to idiosyncratic factors that are specific to each individual and that do not change over time. conclusion and recommendations this work jointly examines the influence of ease of doing business and worldwide governance indicators on economic growth of selected ssa countries from 2010 to 2020. after pertinent econometric estimations and evaluations, the findings of the study highlight the intrinsic nature of indicators like political stability, getting credit and regulatory quality. most of the measures, if not all, of a working economy whether economic or otherwise hinges on the stability of government, democratically elected or not. in economies marked by political stability, businesses can operate with confidence, knowing that their operations are less likely to be disrupted by abrupt political shifts. our finding reveals a positive significant relationship with economic growth, which is also in accordance with existing theories. while stability which is a macro component is attained, the 109 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economy is then driven by the micro subsectors which is often the case with developing nations. this indicator considers a crucial aspect of the business environment, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) and startups. entrepreneurship comes to light to facilitate growth and development through production and exchange. this study further authenticates this symbiotic association. there has to be an oversight to this relationship which addresses possible conflict arising from it. the quality of regulations will determine the level of conformity in the process. institutional quality has not seen the best of days in some african nations which builds and keeps accountability on a slippery ground. in conclusion, the ease of doing business and economic growth in sub-saharan africa are intertwined yet distinct concepts. improvements in ease of doing business can certainly contribute to economic growth. however, sustainable economic growth requires a holistic approach that addresses various challenges within the region, including but not limited to, infrastructure deficits, institutional weaknesses, and social inequalities. policymakers must balance efforts to enhance the business environment with broader strategies to promote overall development in the region. to this effect the following recommendations were made a. promote access to finance: facilitate greater access to finance for businesses, especially small and medium enterprises (smes). this may involve initiatives such as credit guarantee schemes, financial literacy programs, and the development of a robust credit information infrastructure. b. monitoring and evaluation framework: establish a robust system for monitoring and evaluating the impact of policy interventions on the ease of doing business and economic growth. regular assessments will assist in making better policies and ensure their effectiveness. c. streamline regulatory processes: implement measures to simplify bureaucratic procedures and reduce administrative barriers for businesses. this could involve the digitization of documentation processes, standardization of licensing requirements, and the establishment of one-stop service centers. however, this should be done with caution as some regulations are best left tedious or as they are especially with importations of certain commodities or services which are government priority. d. capacity building and skills development: at the center of all these are the human instruments that pioneer this chain of events. an efficient capacity is best for optima output. therefore, human capital development needs to be prioritized by investing in education and training programs that equip the workforce with relevant skills for a dynamic business environment. it is imperative to recognize that the implementation of these recommendations requires a collaborative effort involving governments, private sector stakeholders, civil society, and international partners. more importantly, the government of these nations must be in harmony mutually, with common economic pursuit to get the best deals of an international partnership. it is crucial that these recommendations and strategies be tailored to the specific characteristics and challenges faced by each ssa country before adoption. references 1. african development bank group. (2020). african economic outlook 2020. 110 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. african union. (n.d.). agenda 2063: the africa we want. 3. aghion, p., akcigit, u., & howitt, p. (2019). what do we learn from schumpeterian growth theory? (no. w24109). national bureau of economic research. 4. adepoju, u. k. (2017). ease of doing business and economic growth. working paper, department of economics of the university of ottawa, (december). 5. aterido, r., hallward-driemeier, m., & pagés, c. (2011). big constraints to small firms' growth? business environment and employment growth across firms. economic development and cultural change, 59(3), 609-647. 6. bajra, u. q., halili, z., & berisha, n. (2020). frontier economies and economic growth: evidence from european and central asian countries. borsa istanbul review, 20(3), 279– 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2020.04.002 7. banwari, v. (2019). ease of doing business in india – road ahead. international journal of management studies, vi(1(1)), 114. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v6i1(1)/15 8. bétila, r. r. (2021). the impact of ease of doing business on economic growth: a dynamic panel analysis for african countries. sn business & economics, 1(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00143-9 9. bhattacharya, m, paramati, s. r, ozturk, i, bhattacharya, s. (2016). the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from top 38 countries. applied energy 162(c) 10. bonga, w., & mahuni, k. (2018). assessing the impact of ease of doing business and corruption on economic growth for africa free trade zone (aftz) member states. mpra paper, (88932). 11. bota-avram, crsistina (2014) “good governance and doing business: evidence from a crosscountry survey.” transylvanian review of administrative sciences, no. 41, 27-45. 12. cui, x., yao, y., bian, y., & cui, l. (2022). can better business environments promote trade partners’ economic growth? applied economics letters, 29(6), 540–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1875115 13. dabla-norris, e., mottaghi, l., & suphaphiphat, n. (2013). the size of the bureaucracy and economic growth. journal of public economics, 97, 220-230. 14. deininger, k., & byerlee, d. (2011). rising global interest in farmland: can it yield sustainable and equitable benefits? the world bank. 15. djankov, s., la porta, r., lópez-de-silanes, f., & shleifer, a. (2002). the regulation of entry. the quarterly journal of economics, 117(1), 1-37. 16. djankov, s., mcliesh, c., & ramalho, r. m. (2006). regulation and growth. available at ssrn: https://ssrn.com/abstract=893321 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.89332. 17. doing business archive. (n.d.). world bank. https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/scores?topic= 18. garcia, c. m., & hinayon, d. e. (2018). components of ease of doing business inferred from macroeconomic performance indicators. journal of educational and human research development, 6, 161–171. 19. greene, w. h. (2017). "econometric analysis." pearson. 20. kao, c. (1999). spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. journal of econometrics, 90(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2020.04.002 https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v6i1(1)/15 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00143-9 https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1875115 http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.89332 https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/scores?topic= 111 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. kaufmann, d., kraay, a., & mastruzzi, m. (2010). the worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues. policy research working paper; no. wps 5430. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3913. 22. khan, a., hasan, r., & datt, g. (2019). the role of the business environment in job creation. the world bank economic review, 33(3), 695-714. 23. klapper l., laeven l., rajan r. (2004) ‘‘business environment and firm entry: evidence from international data.” national bureau of economic research, working paper no. 10380 24. maingi, m. w. (2018). economic integration, ease of doing business, economic growth and foreign direct investment in the east african community. economic integration, ease of doing business, economic growth and foreign direct investment in the east african community, 6(4), 1–58. 25. mauro, p. (1995). corruption and growth. the quarterly journal of economics, 110(3), 681712. 26. mongay, j. and filipescu d. (2012). ‘‘corruption and ease of doing business: a correlation analysis in 172 nations and its implications in international business.” in international business: new challenges, new forms, new perspectives, 13-26. palgrave macmillan, ny: st. martin’s press llc. 27. pedroni, p. (1999). critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. oxford bulletin of economics and statistics 61(1). 28. pedroni, p. (2004). panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the ppp hypothesis. economics theory, 20(3). 29. pesaran, m. h. (2007). a simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. journal of applied economics, 22(2) 265e312. 30. wikipedia contributors. (2023, january 16). ease of doing business index. in wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 31. wooldridge, j. m. (2019). "introductory econometrics: a modern approach." cengage learning. 32. world bank enterprise surveys (ebes) (2023) http://www.enterprisesurveys.org 33. world bank (2017). doing business 2017: equal opportunity for all. -world bank 34. world bank. (2019). doing business 2019: training for reform. world bank group. 35. world bank. (2020). doing business 2020: comparing business regulation in 190 economies. world bank group. 36. international monetary fund. (2021). regional economic outlook: sub-saharan africa. retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo?year=2021&sortby=date&series=subsaharan%20africa. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3913 http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/ https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo?year=2021&sortby=date&series=sub-saharan%20africa https://www.imf.org/en/publications/reo?year=2021&sortby=date&series=sub-saharan%20africa 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 effectiveness of using foreign experience in the educational system aliyeva iroda otabek qizi mttdmqtmo institute's basic doctoral student abstract: taking into account the fundamental reforms being carried out in the education system and the high expected results, a number of innovations are taking place in our legislation. this article highlights the importance of foreign experience for educational and educational processes and the main aspects of their effective use. keywords: education, international experience, training, personnel, non-governmental, knowledge, skills, strategy, preschool, development. the education system of the new uzbekistan is undergoing complex processes such as wideranging development, restructuring, efficiency improvement, development, and adaptation to international standard requirements. the aim of this is to democratize educational activity, to improve its humanistic principles, based on this, to update and improve the content, directions and methods of educational and educational work in a proportionate and general manner. updated education means a new outlook, new development and new goals. nowadays, due to the focus on education, its value and prestige, it is necessary to have business acumen, initiative and, of course, self-sacrifice in the executors of the processes. in education, as in any field, excellence and success come from those who take action. it is known from the beginning that knowledge and learned people were valued and respected by the people. for this reason, it is our highest human duty to acquire knowledge, research in science, mobilize acquired knowledge and skills for the development of the country, and be able to contribute on this basis. one of the current requirements for the implementation of these important tasks is to study the experiences of foreign countries that have achieved high results in the education system and apply them in the education system of uzbekistan, even when applied, directly it is necessary to pay attention not only to transferring effective methods, but also to the extent to which it fits our educational system, to our nationality, to our education and training processes. through in-depth study and analysis of foreign experiences, we will get rid of the methods that are frozen in the educational processes and are losing their importance and relevance, and are somewhat disproportionate to our national and regional characteristics. take it to a new level and get a great source of experience. the president said that there is a problem of qualified personnel in our country, and we need modern specialists who are suitable for the pace of reforms in all directions. for this purpose, deep reforms are being carried out in the education system. at this point, it should be said that the development of the pre-school education system is a solid foundation for school education. reform of state pre-school education organizations in a new interpretation, establishment of nonstate, family and private-equal partnership pre-school education organizations, creation of a 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us healthy competitive environment between them, establishment of international experiences in them, mature personnel in the future he is doing his big school duty to grow up. based on the experiences of the countries of the world as well as the changes in the education system of our country, the laws of the republic of uzbekistan "on education" and "on the national program of personnel training" for the years 2022-2026. the development strategy of uzbekistan, the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on the "uzbekistan-2030" strategy, the decision "on the fundamental improvement of the preschool education system" special attention is paid to providing, creating modern methodologies in education, increasing the quality of preschool education, as well as implementing and improving measures for its development. pre-school education is considered the initial and main link of the continuous education system . it is known from long-term research and studies that almost 70% of the information that a person can receive (learn) during his life is absorbed by the age of 5 years (literature). therefore, for the child to grow up healthy, acquire knowledge and skills well, in a word, to become a mature person, the period of school age and the education and training provided during this period are of special importance. earns. for this reason, a number of regulatory and legal frameworks have been developed in connection with the reform of the preschool education system in our country. in our country, the indicators of the coverage of preschool children in educational institutions are increasing year by year. our resident sh.m. mirziyoyev ―"at the same time, we need to educate a new generation of personnel who will be reformers, who think strategically, and who will be educated and qualified. that is why we are consistently reforming all aspects of kindergarten education"(3, p. 23). in his speech at the solemn ceremony dedicated to the 26th anniversary of the independence of the republic of uzbekistan, the head of state said: "our goal is to fully enroll children of kindergarten age in our country in preschool educational institutions in the next 3-4 years, and we will certainly achieve this." had emphasized. at the meeting held on august 16, 2017 by the head of our state, sh.m. mirziyoyev, important tasks were given to structurally reform the preschool education system, to fully cover children in these institutions. as a result of the analyzes in this regard, our president signed 1 decree and 2 decisions in a short period of time. also, in order to further consolidate the legal foundations of separate preschool education and upbringing, the law "on preschool education and upbringing" was adopted. also, preschool education as the first type of continuous education was reflected in the law on education. these adopted normative legal documents are not limited to the legal justification or protection of activities in the field of preschool education and upbringing. this the foundations also serve to ensure the reform and development of the most basic link of continuous education. from this point of view, it is the demand of the time to study foreign experiences, compare their best experiences with national education and training, and adapt their achievements to the field in the reforms being carried out in the field of education. fundamental improvement of the pre-school education system as the main, initial part of the general education system, expansion of the network of pre-school education organizations, as well as further improvement of the material and technical base, enrichment of the organization with qualified personnel, children in all aspects intellectual, intellectual , many researches and practical works are being carried out in order to apply spiritual, physical and developmental advanced foreign experiences to the educational process, to increase their appropriate preparation for school education. priority tasks were defined in the president's decision pq-3955 of september 30, 2018 "on measures to improve the management of the preschool education system". including: ➢ pre-school education based on the experience of advanced foreign countries development of alternative forms. ➢ the material and technical base of state pre-school educational institutions 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to improve and financially motivate employees, they are paid extra development of the incentive procedure for the provision of services. ➢ modern management in state preschool educational institutions to ensure transparency by introducing forms. ➢ the system of improving the qualifications of the heads of pre-school educational institutions improvement. ➢ preschool education pedagogues with the necessary methodical materials provide. president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat miromonovich mirziyoyev: "another important issue that always comes to our mind is related to the manners, behavior and, in a word, outlook of our youth. today, times are changing rapidly. who will feel these changes the most? of course young people. let the youth be in harmony with the demands of their time. but at the same time, don't forget yourself. may the appeals of who we are and the descendants of great horses echo in our hearts and encourage us to stay true to ourselves. will we achieve this at the expense of nina? "education is education and only education," it was emphasized. reference list: 1. incheon declaration / education 2030: towards inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning for all [word education forum, may 19-22, 2015. 2. analysis of changes in the sphere of preschool education / i. v. abankina, n. v. rodina, l. m. filatova; national research university "vysshaya shkola ekonomiki", institute of education. — m.: niu vshe, 2017. — 78 p. 3. djamilova nn "methodology of teaching methodological subjects in preschool education". study guide. t: 2018 4. vozgova z.v. deyatelnostnyi hod k modelirovaniyu regionalnoy sistemy nepreryvnogo povysheni qualificatsii nauchno-pedagogicheskih rabotnikov: diss... dok. ped. science moscow, 2014. 388 p. 5. global adult education and learning (curriculum globale curriculum, maja avramowska, tania czerwinski, susanne lattke 2015, dvv international, die 6. nabikhanova sh.b. development of professional competence in educational and educational organizations. t.: science and technology publishing-printing concern. t.:2021-116 p. 29 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 graphic organizers as a tool for ensuring the effectiveness of innovative educational technologies nabijanov yusufjon ugli inomiddin namangan state university "in primary education teacher of the department "methodology of teaching social and humanitarian sciences", uzbekistan, namangan city, yangiabad street 66 abstract: as a result of the theoretical analysis of the fact that the graphic organizer used in education is a "visual educational tool" through examples of pedagogical, psychological and philosophical literature, clarifying the concept of "graphic organizer" and clarifying that it is an educational tool, as a result of students' creation of graphic organizer "models" such as "hierarchy diagram", "mind map", "fsmu", "multiple meaning", "fish skeleton" through the software "mindonmap" , the development of skills and competences, consideration of the advantages of use from the point of view of the effectiveness of language education. keywords: innovative educational technologies, concept of "graphic organizer", innovative tool, concept, graphic organizer "concept maps" , "hierarchy diagram", "mind maps" maps"), fsmu, multiple meaning map, fish skeleton graphic organizers, mindonmap software, modeling. in his address to the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan and the people of the republic of uzbekistan on december 20, 2022, the president expressed his opinion about the education system and said that improving the quality of education is the only correct way of development of new uzbekistan [1 ] specifically mentioned that. also, raising the status, prestige, responsibility and professional qualification of pedagogues-teachers in uzbekistan was brought to the level of state policy. the times require the use of innovative educational technologies, new forms and methods of education, the development of teaching-methodical complexes and textbooks at the level of modern requirements. as mentioned above, the use of innovative educational technologies is gaining relevance today. undoubtedly, graphic organizers are the first aid in such places. sh.s.shoyimova, mkkhoshimova, sh.r.mirzayeva and mmqo'ziboyeva's textbooks entitled "educational technologies" [2: 32] page 32 lists the main directions of educational technologies, among them interactive the existence of methods and technologies, as well as the use of innovative forms, methods and tools in the teaching process on page 40 of this textbook. although graphic organizers are included in this category as an "innovative tool" together with interactive whiteboards, presentations, electronic textbooks, and virtual trainers, it is said that it is an educational tool, but on page 47 of the textbook, graphic organizers are "innovative teaching methods ” we can see listed as . this raises doubts about whether graphic organizers are a method, a method or an educational tool. also, in this textbook, methodical and methodological recommendations on the use of graphic organizers such as "t-schema", "lilac flower", "fish skeleton", "why" are given. in the naming of these graphic organizers, we can see 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that "t-chart" is named "method", "lily flower", "fish skeleton" is named "technology", and "why" graphic organizer is named "schema". ladi also, "venn diagram", "how?" hierarchical diagram, "swot analysis" chart, "conceptual chart" (presented on page 247 of this textbook, mentioned under the name "method". [2: 247]), "concept analysis" scheme, "mind map" ("intellect-map", "mental map", "perception map", "thought map" [2: 250]) , these organizers are not referred to as "graphic organizers" anywhere in the textbook. it is emphasized that "today there are several methods of developing the competence of working with text in the teaching of mathematics" [3: 914-919], in the first place, graphic organizers considering that it is possible to enter, we can see that it is interpreted as a "graphical method". this raises doubts about the fact that graphic organizers are a special educational tool in the implementation of educational activities in the imaginations of not only students, but also teachers, although there are many definitions of graphic organizers. that they cannot come up with a unanimous conclusion, as a result, this creates confusion and logical nonsense. so, in order to scientifically base the philosophical, pedagogical and psychological works on the concept of "graphic organizer", to create its theoretical-methodological basis, to make a scientific-pedagogical analysis as a tool for increasing the effectiveness of language education, we must provide a single definition of the graphic organizer. from the analysis of existing literature and scientific research works, it can be seen that the technology issues of using graphic organizers in mother tongue education have not been specially researched methodologically. although there is an opportunity to develop linguistic knowledge during exercises, tasks, analyze texts, read and understand them quickly and easily in upper class native language classes with the help of graphic organizers, they are psychologically and methodologically in the educational process. the topic of the article becomes relevant due to the fact that there are not enough methodical recommendations on the issues of use. the introduction and formation of the concept of "graphic organizer" is associated with the name of the american psychologist david ausubel [4]. many sources confirm that this interactive tool is associated with the name of this person [5]. this term, which has been used since the 1980s [6], was previously called "advance organizer". later, a tree diagram called "structured overview" was developed by richard f. barron [7]. polyxeni manolo, maria papadopoulos, in their work also give ideas about the origin of graphic organizers, they also emphasize in their work the division of graphic organizers into several types, as well as the early forms of graphic organizers richard barron it is mentioned that it was developed by [8]. many foreign scientists and researchers, such as david ausubel [9], polyxeni manoli, maria papadopoulos [10], sandra mercouri [11], have written about the concept of "graphic organizer", its theoretical and historical foundations, and the effectiveness of its use. scientific-research works have been carried out. on page 320 of the twovolume entsiklopedii obrazovatelnyx tekhnologiy (encyclopedia of educational technology ) book by selevko german konstantinovich, one of the researchers of the commonwealth of independent states, devoted to the classification of technologies developed for the purpose of reforming the traditional education system. he mentioned that it consists of diagrams, graphs, maps and drawings as a unique presentation of the information obtained in the learning process using visual means [12: 320]. but the concept of "graphic organizer" is not defined. on page 172 of nvbordovskoy's textbook, sovremennye obrazovatelnye tehnologii, i.e., "modern educational technologies," the concepts and focus can be applied in the problemsolving process. although he gave brief information about the content of graphic organizers using diagrams, schemes, pictures, tables, graphs, histograms, he did not refer to any graphic organizer, giving any information on its use. did not pass, did not cover methodically [13]. 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the brochure published by renata kirilina, the founder of the platform called "uchim v shkole", i.e. "we teach at school", opened to help parents of schoolchildren, talks about effective educational techniques [14], graphic organizers such as "fish skeleton", "spider map", "mind map" are described as "techniques". it is related to remembering them as a result of the increase in the volume of information in students' learning. expressed his views on the use of graphic organizers such as "mind map", "cluster", "fish skeleton", "conceptual table" in order to overcome difficulties that arise [16] . gakondrashova's work emphasizes that the graphic organizer is a "visual communication tool" and emphasizes that it improves the ability to remember information, facilitates reading comprehension, and develops critical thinking skills [17]. vkh mansurova, a scientist from kazakhstan, highlighted the possibilities of graphic organizers in her work [18], and he was able to present his critical views on the use of the "mind map" graphic organizer in order to organize, analyze, and thereby ensure effective teaching [19]. in addition, in the works of iaolkova, nasitnikova, we get the necessary information on the use of graphic organizers in improving the cognitive skills of high school students [20]. regarding this problem, one of the foreign scientists david ausubel [9] (who introduced the concept of "graphic organizer" to science for the first time), sorenson [21], stamper [22], tracy harding-striker [23], kang[24] called "graphic organizer" ” concept explained; horton, lovitt, bergerud[24] studied the formal structure of graphic organizers. in the work of chin-wen chien[25], graphic organizers are a means of directing thinking by arranging information and concepts; in the work of hoang tang duk[26] that it is an "effective text analysis tool"; that christian efrain flores is a "visual medium" in the work of pasaca[24]; bromley[26: 4] researched that it is a "tool for creative and critical thinking". in the work of i. i̇lter [27: 42-64] , the possibility of using graphic organizers in social sciences is highlighted. joseph novak [28] first introduced "concept maps" to science, nancy gallenstein [29] concept mapping; in the work of kuzko and jannets [30], the development of reading and writing skills of students with the help of "concept maps" is listed as a special branch of graphic organizers; the work of maury calervo ahlberg [31] and george k. conley [32] explored the use of "concept maps". using the definitions given by foreign scientists to graphic organizers, we bring to your attention the following table (see table 1.). sorenson graphic organizers offer an optional way to represent knowledge and concepts” [21: 4] stamper a graphic organizer is a visual and graphic presentation of relationships between ideas and concepts” [22: 5] tracy hardingstriker graphic organizers are formats used to visually represent information by showing relationships between images and ideas and helping students think critically” [23: 5] horton, lovitt, bergerud based on graphic organizers, the visual and verbal organizational structure of the diagram is a theoretical framework that combines information into a meaningful whole" [24: 85] chin-wen chien graphic organizers help students organize and structure information and concepts, and develop thinking about the relationships between concepts” [25: 49] the author graphic organizers are one of the educational tools that present the necessary information in a visual form. table 1. a comparative analysis of the definitions given by researchers to the graphic organizer among our researchers, r. mavlonova, n. vokhidova, n. rakhmonkulova [33] clarified the concept of interactive education, but the concept of "graphic organizer" was not scientifically 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us explained. in the works of r. ishmuhamedov, m. mirsoliyeva [34], it is emphasized that the graphic organizer is an effective form of training. ouavlaev, snjorayeva and srmirzayeva's scientific research[35] showed the main function of the graphic organizer. sxmuhamedova, mdabdullayeva, sh.sh. yuldasheva, ybeshmatovas” [36], zdrasulova, sh.h. quliyeva, arzhorayev” [37], o'. askarova, m. nishonov, z. kurbanova, d. muminova [38] ]" defined the concept of "graphic organizer" and explained the advantages of using them, r. sayfullayeva, m. abuzalova, g. toirova" [39], o'. tolipov, d. roziyeva" [40 ], m.saidova's" [41], o'.abdullayeva's" [42] works "fish skeleton", "bbb", "conceptual table", "venn diagram", "insert", "cluster", "why? ”, “how?”, “analogy”, “chain”, “t-chart” are listed as graphic organizer names. although information about graphic organizers and their research has been given above, this situation does not serve to fully reveal the essence of graphic organizers. methods the research used analytical methods such as theoretical analysis, pedagogical observation, comparative analysis, pedagogical experiment, and modeling. "hierarchy diagram" graphic organizer on page 26 of the 6th grade mother tongue textbook, the text under the topic "hospital" is given, and in task 2, it is asked to answer questions about doctors by focusing on pictures [43: 26]. before answering the given questions, we will create a "hierarchy diagram" (see figure 1.). figure 1. “hierarchy diagram” created using mindonmap software as a result of the description in this case, the students will develop the ability to compare and classify doctors according to their classification, visuality will increase through graphic organizers, mutual understanding between doctors and people in the same profession will be formed. this graphic organizer tool creates a unique graphical representation of a data set with its internal parts, allowing you to gain a complete understanding of the whole and its components. we also refer to this chart-like graphic organizer as an org chart or org chart. graphic organizers in this category are part of concept maps. in the instructional manual entitled "designing and planning of pedagogical technologies" by lvgolish and dmfayzullayeva, we see that the word concept is defined as follows: "conception is a general idea or an idea, concept, system of thoughts about something" [44:17]. concept maps are a certain class of graphic organizers that can show concepts and the relationships between them, and can put complex information into one system and connect it with a single concept (central concept). in understanding concept mapping, we first need to understand what hierarchy is. hierarchy is derived from the greek word, which means "the ordering of some parts or elements of a whole thing or event from top to bottom [45]". nancy gallenstein of the university of beaufort, south carolina, usa, states in her article: "concept mapping is an inquiry method that allows students of all ages to demonstrate hands-on learning [29: 60]." 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us researcher-scientist nancy says that students between the ages of three and twelve can use concept maps. in particular, the researcher-scientist emphasized the presentation of concept maps in a hierarchical format. that is, the main concept or term can be placed at the top of the concept. a hierarchical arrangement is a form of arrangement in a specific order. this condition can spread from top to bottom. researcher nancy also mentions that software like kidspiration allows students to create concept maps with pictures or words. mind maps graphic organizer students will also have the opportunity to project and organize their knowledge while creating graphic organizers using software, which will develop their creativity. for example, we can witness a student form his own diagram under the topic of word groups (see figure 2). figure 2. a graphic organizer created under the theme "vocabulary". as a result of our use of "mind maps", they create a compact graphic form based on the texts and the information provided through them, and through this, students develop the ability to think logically and critically, and in the cluster graphic organizer, students can clearly express their personal knowledge. information is formed one after the other in a "spread state". television, radio, gold belong to the noun group, words like ready, well, colorful belong to the adjective group, and words like produce, earn, and sell belong to the verb group. we have considered. in this case, we will be able to assign tasks from textbooks as homework. or, in the process of working with groups, representatives of each group can explain the given task in the same form and make a small presentation on the basis of their prepared projects. by illustrating in this case, we learn to organize the word groups in a specific way, which is better consolidated in the minds of the students as a result of the illustration in this case. we can not only strengthen students' morphological knowledge, but also encourage students to creative research, design them through graphic organizers, develop certain hypotheses, analyze results, and develop the skills to come to the necessary conclusions. . fsmu graphic organizer (also described in the sources as "technology".) it is advisable to use the "brainstorming" and "blitz-survey" methods in forming the fsmu graphic organizer. through this, skills and abilities such as development and stimulation of students' free thinking, ability to fearlessly express their opinion in the team, systematization of acquired knowledge are developed. 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on page 103 of the 6th grade mother tongue textbook, a task was asked to complete this excerpt from the text by replacing the dots with the appropriate agreement suffixes [43: 103]. we will write down the first sentence given in the assignment. if we produced imported products ourselves, our economy would develop further [43: 103]. the student can automatically find the solution given in this task based on his own logic. but if we put it in the table of fsmu, the reader will have a wider view and understand the real essence (see table 2.). f ikr the reader used the suffix here. s abab because the accusative suffix can be used before transitive verbs. m isol + when we produce the products (transitive verb ) it is waxing therefore, before using the agreement, we take into account the word in which it is connected to the word group. if we use a word before a transitive verb, it must take the suffix -ni. table 2. fsmu graphic organizer through this graphic organizer, students can express their free thoughts and opinions, as a result of the expression of knowledge, creative thinking skills are formed, mental activity develops. "multiple meaning map" graphic organizer it is known that the unique charm of our language is further polished with the help of words. when revealing the lexical meaning of words, explaining the literal and figurative meanings of words used in the text, explaining the types of words according to the relationship of form and meaning, "multiple meanings" it is advisable to use the "map with no" graphic organizer. this type of organizer is similar in shape to a table. on page 138 of the 7th grade mother tongue textbook, the task of copying and writing words such as kungay, takscha, takhman, and mat was asked [46: 138]. we show the lexical meaning of these words and their use in the text using the graphic organizer "multiple meaning map" (see table 3). day meaning: facing the sun, the sun sets vertically. word group: quality analysis: day+gay=day (simple passive adjective) estimated meaning: on the wall of the house or porch: a special shelf-like place where a chest is installed and bedding is placed on it . word group: noun analysis: takhman (simple noun) dividend meaning: flat, surface vessel; likop . word group: noun analysis: divide + cha = divide (simple noun) mat meaning: a mat woven from cleaned reeds . word group: noun analysis: mat (simple noun) table 3. "multiple meaning map" graphic organizer "fish skeleton" graphic organizer the "fish skeleton" graphic organizer was introduced to science by kaoru ishikawa [47]. this graphic organizer is also considered one of the graphic organizers that belongs to the category network. it is called "fishbone diagram" in english [48], and if we translate it into uzbek, we can write it as "fishbone diagram". but we know it better under the name "fish skeleton". we have received information that the "bali skeleton" graphic organizer is a type of "brainstorming" method, this scheme was originally called "fishbone" technology, and was used in practice to analyze and improve the quality of processes in japanese industry [ 35: 183]. in this graphic organizer, the main problem is written in the center, that is, the head of the fish, and the ways out 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of this problem are highlighted in its peripheral parts. we referenced this fishbone graphic organizer model in mindonmap software (see figure 3). figure 3. "fish skeleton" graphic organizer this helps students to think critically, to identify the causes of the problem and to make critical conclusions while finding a solution to the problem. results as a result of our research on graphic organizers, we have seen that they can exhibit the following characteristics: 1. graphic organizers are an educational tool used for visual thinking in visual learning technology. 2. able to guide the selection of a presentation method appropriate to the task. 3. students can express their thinking through graphic organizers of various shapes and sizes. 4. by using graphic organizers, in addition to developing linguistic knowledge, students acquire skills and competences such as independently conducting creative research, searching for knowledge, independently understanding, clarifying and finding solutions to problems. they did. discussion in our opinion, graphic organizers are the most frequently used visual educational tools used in the continuing education system. jason shern, one of the foreign scientists, said that graphic organizers are "an important literacy tool that helps to create meaning from scientific data" [49], inda arintina from indonesia, in her published thesis, that it is a "visual communication tool" [50] that expresses concepts and ideas, representatives of our country sh.t. choriyev, saavazova, faahmedov in their article stated that graphic organizers are a "tool" [51] that presents complex information schematically in a simple form, a teacher of russian language and literature at the vocational educational institution of uchkuduq district, navoi region in her article, gbnavruzova emphasized that graphic organizers have three tasks (visual (descriptive), communicative, cognitive) and are a "didactic tool" that can be used in educational planning [52: 274-278] . the method, first of all, represents a type of activity with different parameters, directed to a specific goal. methods are mutually characterized according to the didactic purpose, 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the general purpose, according to the cognitive activity and many other features. graphic organizers act as a tool for implementing this method. for example, in the explanatory (illustrative) method, the necessary knowledge and information for the students within the subject are transferred and mastered by the teacher "ready". in this case, the teacher-pedagogue uses a graphic organizer prepared in advance for the lesson. we use the term graphic organizer to refer to the resulting form, not the process. verbitsky andrey aleksandrovich provides information about the "semiotic teaching model" in modeling student activity in contextual education, which is based on ensuring the mastery of each student, as in traditional teaching. written and written educational texts" [53] in his monograph. educational tasks and assignments are the basis of this semiotic modeling. in our opinion, we also take graphic organizers as teaching material in this modeling. for example, in the task given on page 72 of the 7th grade mother tongue textbook, it is indicated that it is necessary to prepare an essay draft based on the choice of one of the topics " [46: 72]. before preparing a draft copy of the essay to be written, we will be able to record the necessary ideas, arguments, and information with the help of the "t-schema" graphic organizer. or, on page 54 of this textbook, a task is given to fill in the different aspects of the monologue and dialogue in the form of a drawing [46: 54]. this diagram is a "venn diagram" whose name is not mentioned in the textbook. in the task given on page 95 of this textbook [46: 95], it is said that the words great grandchild, great-grandchild , family , child , family tree and great-grandchild should be written correctly with explanations. for example, a family tree is a list showing the origin and degree of kinship of representatives of a certain clan [46: 95], a family is a group consisting of a couple, their children and their closest relatives. community of living people " [43: 95], in the process of making comments such as, on page 38 of the 6th grade mother tongue textbook under the topic "consequences of climate change" conflict , migration , dynamics , greenhouse we can use the "analysis of concepts" graphic organizer in the process of deriving explanations of words such as gases , atmosphere, based on the content of the text. in both situations, graphic organizers are understood as educational tools. list of used literature: 1. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis and the people of uzbekistan. 2022 december 20 . https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/5774 2. shoyimova sh.s., khoshimova km, mirzayeva sh.r., koziboyeva mm educational technologies: textbook. tashkent: ijod-print, 2020. 310 p. 3. atakhanova ej, kholburiyeva sh.s. possibilities 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https://jurnal.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/index.php/elte/article/view/3561 https://zenodo.org/record/7857934 https://zenodo.org/record/7454432 310 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 madona kebadze, associate professor , iakob gogebashvili telavi state university,georgia; landa chokhelishvili, master of new and recent history, georgia; nestani kazarashvili, senior teacher of history, master of new and recent history, georgia; the cold war: an ideological conflict abstract: the cold war was a conflict of competing ideologies, which consumed global politic throughout the 20th century. while it was ostensibly fought between the soviet union and the united states of america, the rest of the world was also forced to pick sides in this clash of superpowers. while weapons of mass destruction were stockpiled on both sides, many small wars were fought worldwide. this international conflict brought mankind to the brink and its impact is still being felt today. introduction: as the second ward war drew to a close, the western powers no longer needed to ally themselves with the communist juggernaut, and relations turned frosty. as the allies marched towards berlin in the eleventh hour of the conflict, it was obvious that control of post-war europe was hanging in the balance. germany itself was soon occupied by the russians, the americans, the french, and the british. control of berlin became the first flashpoint of the cold war, as the americans were reluctant to cooperate with the russians, who were attempting to catch escaping germans fleeing west to avoid them. germany and the ussr had fought a particularly ruthless war, and many germans were terrified of the treatment they were likely to receive in soviet hands. while the western powers were determined to aid the germans and install an independent government as soon as possible, stalin immediately turns east germany into a satellite state and plotted to oust the rest of the allies. by june of 1948, the soviets had introduced a blockade in berlin, cutting off roads, railways, and lines of communication, in an attempt to starve americanheld west berlin into submission. in response, the western powers took to the skies, dropping 13,000 tons of supplies from the air, in an event known as the berlin airlift. the ussr was ultimately forced to lift the blockade in 1949, but berlin remained split down the middle, and it would stay that way until 1989. across the rest of europe, most western soldiers had gone home after germany was defeated, but troops from the ussr never left eastern europe. soon, they installed pro-communist governments in many neighboring countries. the staggering onslaught of soviet domination led british prime minister winston churchill to remark that an “iron curtain” had had descended across the continent. tensions were high and the soviets soon successfully field-tested their own nuclear bomb in 1949. to protect themselves against the new enormous communist bloc, the western powers formed, an http://www/ 311 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us alliance by founding nato, the north atlantic treaty organization. a few years later, in 1955, the eastern block countries would sign the warsaw pact, forming a coherent alliance of their own. as communism continued to spread across the globe, the cold war began with a series of proxy wars fought in many different countries. asia, soon became a major theater of war in the ideological battle between communism and the capitalist west .the de feat of japan in world war two had lead to a major power vacuum in the region, causing chaos in several countries. in china, the country’s nationalist army, led by chiang kai-shek, was seriously weakened after fighting the japanese, which gave the communists rebels, led by mao zedong, an advantage in civil war. the communists quickly won control of china in 1949, while the remaining nationalists were forced to flee to taiwan, a territory still disputed to this day. meanwhile, in nearby korea, the country was split in half at the end of world war two by soviet and western troops who divided the country along the 38th parallel. emboldened by communist successes in china, the communist north invaded the south, causing the us and 14 other western countries to send troops to support seoul’s government. the bloody conflict was complex and would end in a total stalemate by 1953. the same year, the ferocious soviet premier, joseph stalin, finally died, leading to a government policy shift in the ussr. the new soviet leader, nikita khrushchev, had been quietly critical of stalin and he soon became one of the ussr most energetic and competent leaders. under his tenure, the ussr would see a massive wave of technological change in a push to fight the culture war against the highly influential united states. one of khrushchev’s key achievements was pushing ahead in the space race, a technological war between the us the ussr the space race was fueled by early advances in rocketry that had taken place in nazi germany. after the war, both the soviets and the americans seized as much information as possible from german scientists. the americans promised to “forget” any war crimes committed by germans who worked for them while the soviets simply kidnapped scientists when they found them. while initially the soviets were used this stolen information to make missiles, when khrushchev heard that the americans were working on putting a satellite into space, he immediately created the soviet space program. the soviets would launch their first satellite, sputnik one in 1957, infuriating, the americans who didn’t launch their satellite, explorer one, until 1958. while the americans created in the national aeronautics and space administration -nasa -in 1960, the soviets would continue to take the lead in the space race for quite some time, getting the first man yuri gagarin, into space in 1961. the race between two powers to improve technology would lead to many siery accidents, as poorly tested equipment was used too early by both sides. eventually, as soviet progress slowed down in the late 60s under the new soviet premier brezhnev, the americans pulles ahead, landing on the moon in 1969. the early 60s represented not only the peak of the space race, it was the absolout peak of cold war tension-the cuban missile crisis. in the 50s. the small caribbean country of cuba has long been overdue a regime change and was experiencing severe social unrest. still, the us was concerned that any overthrow of the ruling dictator, batista, would result in a communist government. when the rebel guerrillas, led by fidel castro, took over havana, america was extremelly concerned . in 1961, the us launched the bay http://www/ 312 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of pigs invasion to removed castro, but it soon backfired. the attack failed, and cuba responded by definitively siding with the ussr and oficially declear itself comunists. with cuba on their side, the ussr moved some of its misiless to the island in 1962, when americans got wind of this , a nail-bitingly tense stand-off ensued. president kennedy responded with a live tv broadcast, during which he decleared that if cuba fired at the us, the us would fire at the ussr, plunging the world into an all-out nuclear war. the world held its breath as negotiations between the two powers continued. eventually, it was agreed that the ussr would remove its weapons if the us did likewise, dismantling key missile sites in nearby turkey. today the cuban missile crisis is still the closest the world has ever gotten to a world-ending nuclear cataclism. to halt the spread of communism, america would get involved in many more nations’ politics, just it had with cuba. the us forced regime change in several latin american nations thrughout the 20th century, including guatemala in 1954 and grenada in 1983. president lidon b. johnson also invaded the dominican republic in 1965 to prevent a communist dictatorship from arising when the country was experiencing political turmoil. president johnson would gain a reputation as something of a war hawk during the cold war, and he is famous for his involvement in the bloodiest of all the cold war conflicts-vietnam. vietnam was in much the same situation that korea had been in, split between an americanallied south and comunist north. still, while america had initially been relatively hands-off about the conflict, by the-mid 60s, it seemed as though the south would lose. in response to a series of attacks on the american military, president johnson okayed the bombing of vietnam in operation rolling thunder before sending many more american soldiers to the country in the summer of 19 65. the vietnam war would mecome a humanitarian disaster , and it is still grimly remembered today for the extreme psichological damage it caused to those who fought in the conflict. throughout the war, the vietnames communists used guerrilla tactics, taking advantage of the vietnamese jungle to ambush the americans at every opportunity. american soldiers often struggled to find the rebel viet cong or differentite berwine them and their local allies. as the country celebrated lunar new year in 1968, comunists forces launched a way of surprise attacks known as the tet offensive. in response, the americans resorted to using napalm to flatten whole villages in adeadly rain of fire. after the tet offensive, a string of dramatic attacks carried out by the north vietnamese, america’s anti-war protests became deafeningly loud. american troops where increasingliy removed from the country, hoping that the well-trained southvietnames would take over the fight. us president nixson’s government would intensify the bombing of vietnam in the 1970s. the communists north and the viet cong would ultimately wipe out all resistance on the ground by 975, bringing the hugely unpopular conflict to a close. during the 70s, cold war tensions eased slightly, as a desire for peace and security on both sides led to series of talks known as salt, or the strategic arms limitation talks. these diplomatic discussions aimed to get both the us and ussr to reduce the number of missiles they had on hand. president nixson also opend up diplomatic relations with china in 1972. despite being communist, the chinese government did not see eye-to-eye with the soviet union and they were happy to forge a new business relationship with america. while it seemed as though the conflict http://www/ 313 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us was cooling down, in 1979, the soviet union took the dramatic step of invading afghanistan to support the communist coup that had broken out there. the new disarmament deal, known as salt ii, soon collapsed, and the us responded by founding and supplying various rebel groups in the region, including extremist islamic militias. by 1980 the election of ronald reagan had pushed cold war politics to a fevered pitch once more. reagan used fiery, bellicose language to describe the soviet union, and he ramped up the rhetorical bout america’s war against the “evil empire.” reagan’s return to cold war paranoia was deeply polarizing, but he ultimately lived to see the ussr dismantled, which made him extremmaly popular with any people. fortunately for reagan, mikhail gorbachev became soviet premier in 1985. gorbachev was from a young generation, fed up with the lack of material progress the soviet union was making. the soviets spent almost 30% of their budget on their military and breadlines. a lack of technological progress over the previous two decades meant that the ussr’s living standards were dramatically worse than in the west. by way of a soloution, in the late 80s, gorbachev introduced a series of reforms, known as glasnost and perestroika. he hoped to democratize the ussr, allow more free movement, free information, and access to more economic markets in a bid to improve living conditions for the soviet people. small private business enterpreses were suddenly permitted to re-introduce market competition, and the press was finally allowed to print criticism of the administration. conclusion: as free elections where slowly introduced across many levels of government, it become apparent that gorbachev had created his own undoing. while gorbachev sought to reform the ussr, he did not realize that he would ultimately destroy it. countries that had absorbed by the ussr long ago, such as latvia and lithuania, quickly formed independence movements. when free movement was announced between east and west berlin, a crowd of locals smashed the berlin wall to pieces, after decades of division. the ussr’s eastern bloc allies, including poland, czechoslovakia, romania, hungary, albania and bulgaria, all threw out their communist governments during a spectacular wave of popular revolts in 1988-81. gorbachev’s uneasy compromise between a communist system and a free-market economy began causing chaos, as many people wanted to embrace western-style capitalism as soon as possible. gorbachev was soon ousted when boris yeltsin was elected russian president in 1991. yeltsin banned the communist party, demanded more reforms, and allows many countries to break away from russia. during 1991, the soviet union oficially dissolved, and many democratic nations emerged from the rubble. the cold war was finally over. references: 1.the end of the cold war: 1985-1991’; by robert service 2. cold war: a captivating guide to the cold war and space race between the united states and soviet union (asian military history) kindle edition 3 .https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/cold-conflict http://www/ 314 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us http://www/ 342 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 invalidity in child education is the basis of deviant behavior isomova farog’at tojiddin qizi asian international university teacher of the department of pedagogy and psychology email: isomovafarogattojiddinqizi@oxu.uz annotation. in this article, the neglect of child's education and behavior in the process of child development affects the child's psyche, the formation of deviant behavior in them, and even the impact on the child's entire future life. key words : education, upbringing, pedagogue, socialization, deviant behavior. аннотация. в данной статье пренебрежение воспитанием и поведением ребенка в период развития ребенка влияет на психику ребенка, формирование у него девиантного поведения и даже влияет на всю дальнейшую жизнь ребенка. ключевые слова: образование, обучение, педагог, социализация, девиантное поведение. enter in the development strategy of the new uzbekistan, it was intended to train thoughtful, qualified and knowledgeable specialists who can ensure the modern development of the country according to international standards, who can think independently. one of the main factors that realize this goal is the educational process. the educational process is two-way, it requires organization and leadership by the pedagogue, as well as activity by the learner himself. in this process, the pedagogue plays a leading role. because the regularly organized educational process determines the effectiveness of this process. in this process, the attitude of learners to the educational process is of great importance. changes and deviations in the child's behavior have a great impact on the educational process. deviations in child behavior occur during adolescence. adolescence is the most difficult period of youth. it is also called a transition period, because during this period, the transition from childhood to youth occurs, and this process affects all aspects of adolescent development anatomicphysiological structure, mental and moral development. . during adolescence, serious changes occur in the life and activities of a teenager, which in turn leads to the reshaping of the psyche, the emergence of new forms of relationships with peers. the social status of the teenager changes. more and more serious demands are placed on him by adults. types of deviation teenagers who deviate from the rules and norms of behavior accepted in society are called difficult teenagers or teenagers who are difficult to educate. difficult upbringing means resistance to pedagogical influence. difficult upbringing of a teenager, failure to follow norms and rules accepted by him is studied through the phenomenon of deviation in science. deviation (deviation) is one of the aspects of the phenomenon of variability that is characteristic of both a person and the world around him. 343 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us variability in the social sphere depends on activity and is expressed in behavior that reflects the interaction of a person with others. as we mentioned earlier, behavior is normal and abnormal. normal behavior of a teenager is a microsocial interaction that corresponds to the needs of his socialization development. if those around the child pay attention to one or another characteristic of the teenager in time, his behavior will always be normal. it follows that deviant behavior can be understood as the child's relationship with society, which leads to the violation of the development and civilization of society due to the failure to take into account the characteristics of the child's personality. in fact, deviant behavior is one of the manifestations of social maladjustment. when talking about the disadaptation of children and adolescents, it is necessary to identify the categories of children who are responsible for this process: children of school age who do not attend school, orphans, social orphans, due to the lack of places in orphanages, they are deprived of parental rights every month. they wait while living with their deprived parents. at the same time, they do not eat properly, they are subjected to physical, mental and sexual torture. -children who consume drugs and toxic substances, -children who are sexually undisciplined, -children who commit illegal acts. according to official data, their number is increasing twice as fast as that of adults. deviation consists of deviant, delinquent and criminal behavior. deviant behavior is one of the types of deviant behavior associated with the violation of social norms and rules of behavior characteristic of micro social relations (family, school relations) and small social groups. we can call this behavior undisciplined. manifestations of deviant behavior include demonstration, aggression, calling, truancy and truancy, alcoholism, drug addiction and related antisocial behavior, sexual antisocial behavior of boys and teenagers. actions, we can give an example of suicide attempts. unlike deviant, delinquent behavior is characterized as repetitive antisocial behavior of children and adolescents. these actions become a set of specific actions that violate legal norms, but do not cause criminal liability according to the level of social danger. there are following types of delinquent behavior: -aggressive behavior, including insults, sadistic actions, arson; malicious behavior: petty thefts, embezzlement, carjacking and other property attacks for financial gain; cultivation and distribution of drugs. delinquent behavior is manifested not only externally, but also in internal-personal behavior. that is, there is a change in values that leads to the weakening of control of the internal regulatory system in the adolescent. criminal behavior is considered to be an illegal behavior that causes criminal prosecution, criminal proceedings upon reaching a certain age, and is provided for in certain articles of the criminal code. negative types of deviance are social pathology. these include alcoholism, drug addiction, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide, delinquency and crime. they destroy the system, undermine its foundations and do a lot of damage. causes of deviant behavior of teenagers deviant behavior has a complex nature and is explained by various factors. factors causing deviant behavior of minors are: 1. biological factors are expressed in the presence of physiological or anatomic features in the child's body that make social adaptation difficult. they include: hereditary characteristics; impairment of mental development, impairment of hearing and vision, damage to the nervous system, etc.; -psychophysiological stress on the organism, conflict situations, chemical composition 344 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the environment, psychophysiological features that cause various somatic, allergic, toxic diseases, that is, related to power sources. 2. psychological factors. these include the presence of psychopathology or personality disorders in the child. deviations from this norm are manifested in nervous diseases, psychopathy, neurosthenia and other factors that cause inadequate reactions in the child. summary the globalization of the world does not affect everyone. the education of the young generation that is developing now requires a high level of attention and responsibility. any person, whether he is an educator a student, a teacher a student, a pedagogue a student, or an employee of other fields, is responsible for the education of a child. references 1. isomova, f. a. t. q. 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(2021). jahon pedagogikasida zamonaviy pedagogik muloqot va milliy pedagogik muloqot uslublariga transformatsiyasi. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). 392-396 the role of investments in the development of the real sector 392 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of investments in the development of the real sector raimjanova madina asrarovna associated professor of the tashkent institute of finance yunusova sevara baxtiyor qizi phd of the tashkent institute of finance abstract: this article explores the impact of investments on the development of uzbekistan's real sector, addressing key challenges such as infrastructural deficits, regulatory complexities, and skill shortages. it proposes solutions like public-private partnerships, regulatory reforms, and human capital development to enhance investment efficacy. the recommendations aim to foster a dynamic real sector, crucial for uzbekistan's sustainable economic growth. keywords: real sector, investment, economic development, infrastructure, regulatory reform, human capital, public-private partnerships. introduction in the dynamic world of business, the formation of financial resources stands as a cornerstone for enterprise success. financial resources not only fuel the day-to-day operations but also empower long-term strategic initiatives. in the context of uzbekistan, a rapidly developing economy, the efficient management of these resources becomes even more pivotal. this article aims to explore the practices of forming financial resources in enterprises, particularly in uzbekistan, and seeks to identify areas for improvement and potential strategies for enhancement. the economic landscape of uzbekistan, characterized by its transition from a predominantly state-driven model to a more market-oriented economy, presents unique challenges and opportunities in the realm of financial resource management. enterprises in uzbekistan, ranging from burgeoning startups to established corporations, are increasingly recognizing the importance of robust financial management practices in navigating this transitional economy. this shift necessitates a deeper understanding of not just the global best practices in financial resource formation but also the nuances and specificities of the local economic environment. moreover, the integration of uzbekistan's economy with global markets has brought to the fore the need for enterprises to align their financial management practices with international standards. this alignment is crucial not only for attracting foreign investment but also for fostering sustainable growth and competitiveness in the global arena. however, the journey towards such alignment is fraught with challenges, including the need to overcome traditional financial practices, adapt to rapidly changing market dynamics, and address the skill gaps in financial management. this article, therefore, seeks to bridge the gap between the current practices in uzbek enterprises and the evolving global standards. it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on financial resource formation, analyze the current state of these practices in 393 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan, and offer actionable recommendations tailored to the uzbek context. by doing so, it endeavors to contribute to the ongoing discourse on financial management in emerging economies and offer insights that are both theoretically sound and practically relevant for business leaders, and academics alike. literature review the real sector, encompassing industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and construction, is fundamental to the economic development of any nation. the role of investments in this sector is multifaceted, influencing various aspects from technological advancement to job creation and economic resilience. investments in the real sector are widely recognized as a key driver of economic growth. the relationship between investment and economic growth has been extensively explored in economic literature, with a consensus that capital infusion in the real sector leads to increased production capacities, technological advancements, and overall economic development (solow, 1956; romer, 1986). makhmudov and avazov (2022) further emphasize this by demonstrating the significant positive impact of investment in the ict sector on real income growth in hungary, highlighting the sector's potential as a basis for high-level economic development. the impact of investment varies across different sectors within the real sector. for instance, fitriady, silvia, and suriani (2022) analyzed the effects of investment in indonesia, showing that investment positively influences economic growth and poverty reduction. this underscores the importance of targeted investments in sectors that directly affect the population's well-being, such as human development and infrastructure. attracting investments to the real sector is fraught with challenges. political and economic instability, inadequate infrastructure, and skill gaps are common barriers (rodrik, 1999; aghion & howitt, 2009). akbarov (2022) highlights the importance of a well-thought-out strategy for realizing the economic potential in azerbaijan's oil sector, suggesting that strategic planning is crucial in overcoming these challenges. the real estate market, as a component of the real sector, also plays a significant role in economic development. stan (2022) conducted an analysis of the real estate market in constanța county, revealing that companies in the real estate transactions sector, along with the construction sector, significantly contribute to local economic development. this study underscores the interconnectedness of the real estate market with other sectors of the economy and its influence on local development. the literature indicates that investments in the real sector are crucial for economic growth and development. however, the effectiveness of these investments depends on various factors, including the sector in question, the economic and political environment, and the availability of infrastructure and skilled labor. strategic planning and targeted investments, especially in renewable energy and technology sectors, appear to be key in maximizing the benefits of these investments for sustainable economic development. analysis and results the development of the real sector in uzbekistan, as in many emerging economies, faces distinct challenges. addressing these challenges is crucial for attracting and effectively utilizing investments. in uzbekistan, the real sector's growth is impeded by a range of challenges, from infrastructural deficits to regulatory and financial constraints. identifying these challenges is essential for formulating targeted strategies to address them and to foster a conducive environment for investment. 394 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. challenges in uzbekistan's real sector challenge description infrastructural deficiencies inadequate infrastructure, including transportation networks, energy supply, and technological facilities. regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles complex and sometimes opaque regulatory frameworks that complicate business operations. limited access to finance difficulty in accessing credit and financial services, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). skill gaps a shortage of skilled labor and professionals in key sectors of the real economy. reliance on traditional industries over-dependence on traditional sectors like agriculture and textiles, with slow diversification into high-tech industries. source: developed by author the challenges outlined in table 1 highlight the multifaceted nature of the barriers facing uzbekistan's real sector. infrastructural deficiencies, such as unreliable energy supply and inadequate transportation networks, directly impact industrial productivity and efficiency. regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles can deter both domestic and foreign investors, while limited access to finance restricts the growth potential of smes, which are crucial for economic diversification and innovation. the skill gap in the labor market further exacerbates these challenges, limiting the country's ability to advance into more technologically sophisticated sectors. to overcome the challenges identified, uzbekistan needs to implement a series of strategic solutions. these solutions should aim at creating a more favorable business environment, enhancing infrastructure, and fostering human capital development. table 2. proposed solutions for uzbekistan's real sector solution description infrastructure development investing in transportation, energy, and technological infrastructure to support industrial growth. regulatory reforms simplifying legal and bureaucratic processes to make doing business easier and more transparent. financial sector development strengthening the financial sector to provide more accessible credit and financial services, particularly for smes. education and skill development investing in education and vocational training to build a skilled workforce that meets the needs of a modern economy. industry diversification encouraging diversification into high-tech and emerging industries to reduce reliance on traditional sectors. source: developed by the author the solutions proposed in table 2 are designed to address the specific challenges facing uzbekistan's real sector. infrastructure development is fundamental for enhancing industrial productivity and attracting investment. regulatory reforms can significantly improve the business climate, making uzbekistan more attractive to investors. strengthening the financial sector is crucial for providing the necessary capital for business expansion, especially for smes, which are often the drivers of innovation and economic diversification. education and skill development are essential for preparing the workforce for higher-value industries, while industry diversification is key to ensuring long-term economic stability and growth. by implementing these solutions, uzbekistan can create a more dynamic and resilient real sector, capable of driving sustainable economic development. 395 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us recommendations in light of the challenges and solutions identified in the analysis of uzbekistan's real sector, it is crucial to outline specific recommendations that can guide policymakers, investors, and industry stakeholders. these recommendations are aimed at creating a more conducive environment for investments, fostering sustainable economic growth, and ensuring the long-term development of the real sector in uzbekistan. 1. public-private partnerships (ppps) for infrastructure development: encourage collaborations between the government and private sector to finance and develop critical infrastructure, including transportation, energy, and digital networks (ismailova et.al, 2020) 2. streamlining regulatory frameworks: implement reforms to simplify and clarify regulatory processes, reducing bureaucratic hurdles and increasing transparency to attract both domestic and foreign investments. 3. financial sector reforms: enhance the capacity of local financial institutions to support the real sector, particularly focusing on smes. this could include the development of new financial products, improved access to credit, and support for venture capital initiatives (raimjanova et.al, 2022). 4. investment in human capital: prioritize education and vocational training programs to address the current skill gaps in the labor market. this should focus on both technical skills relevant to the real sector and entrepreneurial skills to foster innovation. 5. diversification strategies: develop policies and incentives to encourage diversification into high-tech and emerging industries. this could involve support for research and development (r&d), innovation hubs, and startup ecosystems (raimjanova et. al, 2021). 6. enhancing trade and investment policies: review and adjust trade and investment policies to make them more favorable for attracting foreign direct investment (fdi) and facilitating access to global markets for uzbek enterprises. 7. environmental sustainability: integrate sustainable practices and technologies into the real sector to ensure long-term environmental sustainability, which is increasingly becoming a key consideration for investors. conclusion the development of the real sector in uzbekistan is critical for the country's overall economic growth and stability. while there are significant challenges, including infrastructural deficiencies, regulatory hurdles, and skill gaps, there are also clear pathways to overcoming these obstacles. by implementing strategic recommendations such as developing public-private partnerships, streamlining regulatory frameworks, reforming the financial sector, investing in human capital, and encouraging industry diversification, uzbekistan can create a more robust and dynamic real sector. these efforts will not only attract more investments but also ensure that these investments are effectively utilized to drive sustainable economic growth. the focus on environmental sustainability and integration of sustainable practices will further enhance the long-term viability of the real sector. as uzbekistan continues to navigate its path towards economic development, the strategic development of its real sector remains a cornerstone of this journey, promising a future of prosperity and resilience. references: 1. akbarov, n. a. (2022). the oil factor in economic growth. doi: 10.36962/piretc2003202210. 396 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. fitriady, a., silvia, v., & suriani, s. (2022). does economic growth mediate investment, inflation, and human development investment on poverty in indonesia? doi: 10.15408/sjie.v11i2.26145. 3. ismailova, n. s., yakubova, s. s., kizi, y. s. b., & ugli, a. m. s. (2020). positive aspects of the development of public-private partnership in uzbekistan. journal of advanced research in dynamical and control systems, 12(7 special issue), 25-28. 4. yakubova, s., yunusova, s., shaislamova, n., murodov, s., avazov, n., & shovkatov, n. (2021). the role of public-private partnerships in financing infrastructure projects. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 284, p. 07018). edp sciences. 5. makhmudov, n., & avazov, n. (2022). investigating the impact of investment and ict on real income growth: the case of hungary. doi: 10.1145/3584202.3584261. 6. raimjanova, m., sabirova, l., khanova, n., asamkhodjaeva, s., & nosurullaev, k. (2021). impact of investments on the economy of the republic of uzbekistan and the importance of its geographical location. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 244, p. 10042). edp sciences. 7. raimjanova, m., sabirova, l., khanova, n., shadiyeva, d., & rakhmankulova, b. (2022, may). the consequences of the pandemic on the inflow of foreign investment abroad and in the republic of uzbekistan. in international scientific conference on agricultural machinery industry “interagromash"” (pp. 3117-3124). cham: springer international publishing. 8. stan, m. (2022). the influence of the real estate market on the economic development of constanța county. doi: 10.47577/tssj.v38i1.7963. 43 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of the state social protection system in stabilizing the society environment m. m. qahhorova professor, dcs, department of “international relations and social sciences” international islamic academy of uzbekistan abstract: in this article, it is socio-philosophically researched that the social protection system is a process that should be followed by incorporating not only spiritual and moral qualities, but also important social problems that need to be solved urgently in the current market economy. in this, it is revealed that the goal of the state social economic policy and its comprehensive support are interconnected, and they complement each other and serve to ensure the well-being of life in the environment of that society. a strong social protection system is the basis of stability in the social environment, and it is represented by the main functions of the state in social protection and its implementation in the market economy, social justice and guidelines for its resolution, existing conflicts and their rational solutions. keywords: society, environment, social protection, stability, human relations, youth, gender equality, social cooperation, social protection of population. introduction. today, humanity's need for social protection activities based on humanity is increasing, and the importance of improving the social protection system in solving various life problems, increasing the well-being of individuals, and finding constructive and rational solutions for humanizing society is increasing. in order to achieve the effectiveness of the social protection system in the world, social protection works are being carried out for citizens with disabilities, children, young people, the economically disadvantaged, the elderly, women and the unemployed, as well as the population in natural, medical-epidemiological, man-made and emergency situations. . the practice of "social protection" of the state social policy is important in achieving social protection of representatives of different classes of the population, which first of all embodies the principles of social equality, human rights, moral responsibility and justice, as well as literal morality aimed at stabilizing human relations in the community environment and ensuring social cohesion. development of the field through the harmonization of the social protection system, improvement of the quality of social services provided to the population, further improvement of the mechanisms of the social protection system of the population is one of the urgent issues of today. in this regard, a legal environment for the implementation of the social protection policy has been created in our country, and its content is reflected in the newly adopted constitution of the republic of uzbekistan[1.112.] and a number of legal documents[2.], which is rapidly moving towards a new life. the president of the republic of uzbekistan, shavkat miromonovich, in his speech at the 78th session of the united nations general assembly, also 44 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us touched upon this issue: "we firmly continue the policy of building new uzbekistan, which is a legal, secular, democratic and social state. the fact that our country is boldly advancing through fundamental reforms aimed at strengthening the principles of democracy and justice based on the noble idea of "for the value and interests of man" [3.] also means the extensive reforms being carried out in the field of social protection in our country today. the social protection system is a good deed, a national value that our people have been honoring for centuries. the formation and evolution of the "social protection" system as a spiritual and moral need in the society has a long history, and the targeted "investments" allocated to the social protection system of the population from time immemorial have led to its high growth. implementation of the idea of "new uzbekistan a people-friendly and humanitarian state" is a moral activity based on humanitarianism in the literal sense, which serves to ensure the people's comfortable standard of living. since the highest value in the world is a person, serving his happiness, protecting every person in the social environment, especially the needy stratum, creating conditions for the manifestation of all the principles of humanity, such as his dignity, freedom, happiness, etc. issues such as doing are primarily issues related to morality and humanity. analysis of literature on the subject. strengthening the social protection of citizens in our country is defined as a priority of state policy, human value and public interest are given high priority, more than sixty percent of the state budget is directed to the social sphere, "increasing attention and practical care for the elderly and representatives of the older generation, increasing their pensions, improvement of medical services and social-household support" [4.] , providing the population with new jobs and a guaranteed source of income, qualified medical and educational services, decent living conditions, raising the quality to a new level [5.] and "aimed at raising the standard of living of our people due to the policy, poverty in our country has halved since 2017, reducing it to 7% by 2030, increasing the scope of providing the population with drinking water, healthcare, education and other social services several times" [3.] remains one of the most important priorities in our country certainly justifies the high attention paid to the system of social protection of the population. state social policy [6.107.] is one of the directions of the internal state policy in the field of creating a decent standard of living for people, restoring human capital, providing social assistance and services to needy citizens, creating and maintaining social infrastructures, and the use of basic, constitutional rights of citizens is precisely social occurs on the basis of politics. here, the state widely uses methods such as the right to develop and implement various social programs, set funding standards, adopt other socio-economic measures, laws and other regulatory legal documents. the essence of the concept of strong social protection of the population, the stability of national and spiritual security is the direction of the social policy expressed in the complex of social, economic and legal measures implemented by the state, in which human capital, the human factor, harmony and balance between different classes and strata of the population aimed at ensuring social justice in the community environment through positive changes in the worldview and mentality of citizens, aimed at social-economic legal relations, level of well-being, "support" covers socio-economic, spiritual and moral technologies. after all, increasing the attention of the state to the social protection of the population leads to the stabilization of the socio-spiritual environment in the country, the improvement of the intergenerational relations through the increase in the standard of living of the population, and the strengthening of family values through an axiological approach to interpersonal relations. the aim of social protection of all strata of the population of our country is the only one, and it is to increase their well-being, quality of life, get rid of social hardship, and reduce poverty through economic, social and spiritual support. 45 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if the structural structure and tasks of the social protection system are analyzed, its main tasks such as "social payment" and "social service" aimed at stabilizing the social environment are clearly visible. social payments, which are considered as one of the areas of social protection, are mainly provided to the poorest part of the population, while social services are mainly provided to the disabled, large families and the elderly. social services are implemented in various forms. in social protection, such as issues of protecting the rights and interests of citizens in areas such as consumption, employment, employment, training for a new profession, education, entrepreneurship, and in social security, the state pension, social assistance and support system, as well as other forms of social assistance. is covered. of course, social protection of the population covers more relationships, it includes guarantees such as labor, health and nature, environmental protection, and the minimum amount of wages that provide normal conditions of human activity. article 57 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan states that "increasing the quality of life of disabled and lonely elderly people, persons with disabilities, and socially needy categories of the population, creating conditions for their full participation in the life of society and the state, and expanding their opportunities to independently provide for their basic life needs" takes measures. the state creates conditions for the full use of facilities and services of social, economic and cultural spheres by persons with disabilities, helps them to get a job, and provides them with the opportunity to obtain the necessary information without hindrance [7.] . according to it, it is noted that everyone has the right to receive social protection in case of old age, loss of working capacity, as well as in case of loss of a breadwinner and in other cases stipulated by the law. this constitutional right is fully guaranteed by our state as one of the most important social and economic rights of our citizens. the fact that millions of families in our country are covered by material and social assistance, that significant financial funds are being spent from the budget for these purposes, that the necessary infrastructure of social protection and social protection is formed and effectively operated, that the central and local state bodies with special authority in this field, the citizens themselves the functioning of self-management bodies clarifies the scope of our work in the social protection system. national models of the development of the social protection system, creation of mechanisms for preserving national identity, single elderly, disabled, single women, orphans, unemployed in need of social protection, competence in the implementation of social protection, activities of the social protection system in non-governmental non-profit organizations, improving the quality of life of the population, social protection of mothers and children, organization of targeted and targeted social work for residents registered in the "iron register", "youth register" and "women's register" in the updated social protection system of uzbekistan, its further improvement, especially social protection of young people, their dignity respect for their value, rights and interests, physical, spiritual, moral formation, ensuring their social adaptation to the future life includes providing them with social support. during his speech at the un, our honorable president sh. mirziyoev expressed his opinion about the social protection system, and in order to continue these works consistently and further improve the social protection system, in 2024, under the auspices of the united nations, the world conference "social protection: the path to sustainable development" [3.] will be held in our country. they suggested. deepening of large-scale reforms implemented in uzbekistan leads to modernization, radical change of socio-economic situation, and further strengthening of social protection of the population. in the ancient book "avesta", the idea of forming and educating brave, honest, pure, enterprising, enterprising people who fight for their prosperous life, regardless of the differences in race, language, and customs, was put forward in order to establish justice on earth [8.13.] . the ideas presented in the teachings of the chinese thinker confucius form the core of the social protection system. according to him, a noble person has five qualities: the first is humaneness, 46 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the second is justice, the third is moral character, the fourth is healthy thinking, and the fifth is sincerity. justice comes from humanity. so, it is said that humanity consists of sympathy, benevolence, compassion, loving people, caring for them [9.6.] . the formation of humanism and social protection system in our nation has historical roots, and there are enough historical facts about meritorious works of sufi sheikhs like bahauddin naqshband, khoja ahror vali, great poet like alisher navoi, state protector and general like amir temur. they educated the children of the poor with their own funds, built hospitals, madrasas, bridges and donated them for the people's use. as an example, if we pay attention to the social protection system of the great sheikh khoja ahrar vali, they considered showing mercy to the oppressed and generosity to the needy as a vital act. khoja ahror believed that following the sunnah of rasulullah and helping people is the key to happiness in both worlds. they lived a very modest life, even though they were the owners of countless wealth. he said, "our property is for the poor. the characteristic (uniqueness) of all these goods is at this point. he uses his wealth to build madrasahs, houses, and mosques, to provide material support (waqfs) for teachers and students, guests of houses, and mosque workers, and sometimes to pay the excess tax on the residents of a city (for example, tashkent) from his own account, to give to the needy on a regular basis. those who spent on things like doing. for example, according to muhammad qazi's work "silsilat ul orifin" [10.80.], when they went to tashkent at the end of their lives, they helped those who had migrated from turkestan due to famine and cholera every day by slaughtering sheep and cattle and baking bread. the german scholar jürgen paul khoja in his research on the life and work of ahror vali [11] separately studies the protection system of the piri murshid. in it, spiritual (the support of hazrat as a spiritual leader), economic (showing mercy to the oppressed, spending one's wealth for the benefit of the country, reducing taxes ("stamp", "khoraj", "yakazda"), and losing some of them completely ) and social-political (protection of the oppressed) protection. hazrat khwaja ahrar believed that one of the ten rules of attaining the truth is faith, and the other nine are doing good deeds for the people[12.181.] . alisher navoi, the sultan of poetry, praised the principles of "humane treatment of humanity" until the end of his life. in his works, views on the social protection system are expressed in various forms, such as social justice, kindness, and generosity. in particular, "karam is to carry the heavy burden of a poor person and save him from the burden of that burden." karam is to bear someone else's burden of thorny hardships and open up like a flower from being pricked by a thorn, and not to open your mouth again about what you have done, not to say thank you, not to show your face at all...[13.62], he emphasizes that human dignity should be protected. abu rayhan beruni, a major figure of the eastern renaissance, emphasized that "mutual solidarity", "mutual support", "unification", "consequentiality", "the need for work" will change people's living conditions in a positive direction in the stabilization of the social environment. , asserts that as spirituality and culture rise, justice and equality prevail there. according to him, the highest human virtue is caring for others, especially the poor. abu ali ibn sina also explained how important it is for a person to understand his perfection and identity through metaphorical images in his work "bird treatise". in particular, this work states: "happiness is living near your friends, where you live with your friends whom you see every day, work with and spend your time happily" [14.224.]. with the above opinion, the scholar reveals the impact of the ideas of kindness, equality and tolerance on the social environment. ibn sina recognized that all people are different in nature and considered social inequality among them as a natural process, and noted that people can achieve positive results if they live in society following the principles of mutual cooperation, kindness, equality and harmony. also, abu nasr farabi's ideas about equality, justice and tolerance serve as a basis for ideas and theories about the social protection system. reflecting on the origin of society, he "rejects the 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us doctrine of violence and coercion and puts forward the theory that the origin of human society is based on natural need [15.49.] . in this place, farobi notes that in order to facilitate the living conditions of mankind, it is necessary to unite them, to follow the principles of mutual solidarity and equality. according to the thinker, "humanity is the principle that unites people, and because of this, people should live in peace with each other because they belong to the human race" [16.158]. when he talks about a virtuous society, he mentions that, first of all, there should be justice in such a society, the principles of justice should prevail, and this is an important blessing that everyone needs. a virtuous community can be achieved only when people form the principles of tolerance, equality, solidarity and mutual kindness. in his opinion, the principle of justice should be in all spheres. "justice is, first of all, the rational distribution and preservation of social goods under the care of all community members. such benefits include wealth, honor, the role of each person in society, and other benefits related to the life of citizens" [14.225.] . great master amir temur "...with justice and honesty, i pleased the servants of god who created me. i judged both the guilty and the innocent with mercy and justice. i won people's hearts with my charity work. with policy and honesty, i kept my soldiers and raiyat between hope and fear. i showed mercy to the citizens and those under my command, i distributed gifts to my soldiers" [17.74.], with his work, he put forward noble ideas of social protection such as equality and justice, love, mercy, patriotism, generosity and kindness, treating everyone as equal, patience and contentment. . during the reign of amir temur, soldiers were cared for and pensioned when they were old and disabled in war. also, in temur's regulations, it was emphasized that it is necessary to give allowances to the poor, the poor, the disabled, the blind[18.50.]. in almost all of the ten rules mentioned in his work "tuzuklari temur", he covered things such as finding a solution to every issue by getting information about the status of the raiyat and consulting with scholars. research methodology. on the basis of the populist and humane policy implemented in the republic of uzbekistan, the practice of spiritual and moral virtue, which is expressed in the great spiritual heritage, is embodied. in particular, glorifying human dignity, ensuring the rights and freedoms, social-economic, spiritual-educational interests of every citizen is aimed at realizing humanitarianism in the literal sense. the main goal is to create a new spiritual space in society, to meet the needs of everyone who cares for it, and to redistribute the created material and spiritual wealth based on the principle of social justice. this is the basis of the reforms implemented in our country in the following years to raise the standard of living of the population, ensure employment, guarantee quality education, qualified medical care, create equal opportunities for all, provide comprehensive support to families, children, women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. the goal is incarnate. the president of the republic of uzbekistan, sh. mirziev, stated that "social protection should not be limited to the payment of benefits, but should help the needy to get back on their feet" [19.], "... special priority should be given to raising a physically strong and spiritually healthy generation" [20. ] is being given. in this regard, in the world practice, rational use measures are implemented in the experience of social policy aimed at ensuring the well-being of the population, and social justice programs aimed at eliminating the negative consequences of various social problems arising in the life of society are being implemented. in the republic of uzbekistan, "improving the social protection and health care system of the population, increasing the socio-political activity of women" is a priority task, in particular, social protection of women, ensuring gender equality, increasing their participation in state management, women who are in a difficult situation as a result of the work being carried out to provide material, psychological, and medical assistance to girls, provide them with housing and work, strengthen family values, and ensure the stability of the spiritual environment in the family [21.], the issue of social protection of women has risen to a new level. wide-scale reforms are being implemented to protect women's rights, ensure their interests, realize their abilities, talents and opportunities, in a word, make them equal, active and productive members of society. for example, in the speech of our president at the 78th session of the un general 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us assembly, he put forward the following ideas: "active participation of women and girls in society and state management is an urgent issue of today. the noblest goal at the center of our national policy is to ensure the stability of families, legal protection and peaceful life of our women. we are also carrying out systematic work on achieving gender equality. in particular, 49 percent of students admitted to universities last year were girls. for the first time, the share of women in state administration reached 35 percent. a separate law was adopted to protect women and minors from violence." as can be seen from this speech, the important documents aimed at glorifying women, social protection, increasing their influence in society and the reforms carried out based on them are a vivid example of this. analysis and results. in the conditions of modernizing uzbekistan, significant measures have been taken to increase the real income of the population in the following directions: reducing the level of unemployment in the country, creating new jobs; permanent indexation of population incomes, including pensions and allowances; strong social protection of the population. as the president said, "we are proceeding from a simple fact: if the people are rich, the state will be rich and powerful" [22.] . strengthening the social protection system of the population in the social environment of the new uzbekistan, increasing their level of material well-being, creating conditions for the growing young generation to grow up as physically, mentally and spiritually mature people forms the basis of the strong social protection policy of the state. conclusions and suggestions. uzbekistan looks at the issue of employment not only as an economic, but also as a social process and operates accordingly. in particular, "training of poor, unemployed citizens in professions and entrepreneurship; establishment of at least one "ishga merhamat" monocenter or vocational training center in each region; conducting a competition among non-governmental organizations on "the best vocational training program"; tasks such as allocating a grant from the employment assistance state fund to the winners of the competition to organize their work. list of references used 1. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. t.: legal literature, 2023. 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan".-tashkent, "adolat", 2018. 3. sh.m. mirziyoev's speech at the 72nd session of the un general assembly "speech of the president of uzbekistan at the 72nd session of the un general assembly in the eyes of the world media". https://uza.uz/uz/posts/zbekiston-prezidenti-shavkat-mirziyeev-bmt-boshassambleyasi-20-09-2017 4. speech of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev at the 78th session of the united nations general assembly. https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/6677. 5. shavkat mirziyoev's speech at the joint meeting of the chambers of the oliy majlis dedicated to the inauguration ceremony of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. december 15, 2016. 6. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pf-60. on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026. https://lex.uz/docs/5841063. 7. odilkariyev h.t. theory of state and law. textbook. tashkent. "adolat", 2018. http://files.tsul.uz/student/4.pdf 8. razzokov a., toshmatov sh., ormonov n. history of economic teachings. tashkent: iqtisod-moliya, 2007. 9. jorayev o., jorayeva k. confucius. proverbs. translation from russian. -tashkent: national library of uzbekistan named after a. navoi, 2010. 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. jorayev o., jorayeva k. confucius. proverbs. translation from russian. -tashkent: national library of uzbekistan named after a. navoi, 2010. 11. valikhojhaev b. most of the people of tariqat are perfect. // thought 2004, n. 4. 12. jurgen paul. forming a faction: the patronage system of khwaja ahrar. 13. arif osman. buzrukvor hajme remembers. // lessons of imam al-bukhari 2004, no. 5. 14. navoi alisher. mahbub ul-qulub. tashkent: literature and art, 1993. 15. farabi. social and ethical treatises. alma-ata: 1973. 16. from the history of socio-philosophical thoughts in uzbekistan. tashkent: uzbekistan, 1995. 17. timur's rules. abduhalilov b. et al. under the editorship. translated from the persian text by soguni a., karomatov h. tashkent: uzbekistan, 2019. 18. sobirov h. history of public finance of uzbekistan. t.: "education source" society, 2002. 19. qahharova matlyuba manofovna. (2021).the role of moral education in the problem of personality activity. epra international journal of research and development (ijrd), 340344. 20. qaxxarova, m. (2021). social-spiritual environment of society and spiritual ideal. oriental journal of social sciences, 30-36. 21. qaxxarova, m., & tuychieva, h. (2019). spiritual-moral environment and its basic indicators. the light of islam, 2019(4), 24. 22. qaxxarova, m. (2021). social-spiritual environment of society and spiritual ideal. oriental journal of social sciences, 30-36. 23. kakhharova, m. (2018). question of studying personal spiritual and moral development. eastern european scientific journal, (6). 24. qaxxarova, m., & raximshikova, m. (2020). moral continuity is a socialphilosophical, historical phenomenon. the light of islam, 2020(3), 103-112. 25. kahharova, m. m., & holmirzaev, h. d. (2014). understanding the colors in philosophical and psychological-aesthetic way. новый университет, 52. 26. qahhorova, m. (2021). socio-philosophical foundations of the socioreligious spiritual and moral environment. theoretical & applied science, (6), 135-138. 27. каххарова, м. м., & каххаров, с. х. (2019). почитание священной памяти предков, героизма и достоинства народа–высокая ценность. in эшелоны идут на восток. эвакуация в узбекистан в годы великой отечественной войны (pp. 238-242). 28. холмирзаев, х. д., & каххарова, м. м. (2014). философское и психоэстетическое познание цвета. новый университет: серия" актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и общественных наук", (2). 29. qaxxorova, m. l. the role of music in the aesthetic education of man. 30. urmonalievich, y. s. (2023). views on socio-cultural technologies in the transformation of society. eurasian journal of engineering and technology, 18, 15-19. 577 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 semi-nomadic ethnic communities in the ferghana valley at the end of the 19th beginning of the 20th century olimov nodirbek anvarjon o’g’li andijan state university based doctorant annotation: this article provides information about the semi-nomadic population of the ferghana valley in the late 19th early 20th centuries. the article examines the location of the semi-nomadic population in the valley regions and their division into clans. the amount of seminomadic population in ferghana valley regions is also mentioned in this article. key words: semi-nomadic, settled life, kyrgyz, karakalpak, kipchaks, kazakhs, ethnopolitical processes, migration processes introduction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a certain part of the population lived in a nomadic way, along with a sedentary lifestyle in the fergana valley. in the 70s of the 19th century, 60,000 or more than 30% of the total 192,000 households in the kokan khanate lived as semi-nomads. according to niyozmuhammad khoqandi's "history of shahruhi", the semi-nomadic population of the ferghana valley was made up of kyrgyz, karakalpak, kipchak, chonbagish, turk and kalmyks [3 p.78]. since the 70s of the xix century, the transition of the semi-nomadic population to a sedentary lifestyle has accelerated, and this process can be attributed to the death of livestock as a result of some natural disasters[5 p.351]. the rapid transition of the nomadic cattle-breeding ethnic groups to a sedentary lifestyle led to a decrease in their share in the population of the valley. in other words, the number of semi-nomadic population in the valley decreased year by year. we can see this from the statistics. in the 80s of the 19th century, the total population of the ferghana valley was more than 729,000, of which 124,000 or 17% lived as nomads [4 p.326]. relevance and current status of the topic in this period, the nomadic population was more in andijan, osh, namangan uezds than in other uezds of fergana region. for example, 34% of the population of andijan uezd led a nomadic life during this period. the main occupation of the kyrgyz, karakalpak, semi-nomadic uzbeks and their clans who lived in the fergana valley was animal husbandry. it is known from history that after the conquest of the kokan khanate, the russian empire carried out a policy of relocating the population to the valley regions. most of the resettled people were settled in semi-nomadic and semi-rural areas of osh, andijan and partially namangan uezds. due to the seizure of the pastures, which are the main source of livelihood of the semi-breeding population, their cattle breeding will decrease [1 p.28]. due to these changes, the settlement of cattle herders living in the ferghana valley at the end of 578 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the 19th century accelerated. at the end of the 19th century, 30 thousand kyrgyz households settled in osh uezd of fergana region. of course, some officials, who understood the importance of livestock and livestock products, were against the settlement of the herding population [2 p.121]. in 1908-1909, count , who inspected the turkestan region. k. palen approved the formation of volosts and ovus in the regions inhabited by the nomadic population (kyrgyz, kazakh, karakalpak, turkmen) and that a single chief would manage the large number of clans in them [6 p.9]. by analyzing the statistical documents called "place names of fergana region" written in 1909, it will be possible to clarify the areas where the semi-nomadic population of the fergana valley lived and the number of inhabitants in them. in naygut-kipchak volost of kokan uezd, about 10,000 people or only 2.2% of the total population of the uezd were semi-nomadic. 6800 people or 1.5% of the total population in the yaukesek-bo'ston region of margylan uezd had a semi-nomadic way of life. conduct research about 6,000 people in arim volost of namangan uezd, 10,300 people in saruy volost, 11,500 people in kirq-ugul volost, 4,300 people in chotkal volost, 9,300 people in susamir volost, a total of 41,400 people or 9.4% of the total population of namangan uezd were seminomadic households. there are 4,100 people in moylisay volost of andijan uezd, about 4,000 people in bozorkurgan volost, 3,650 people in karakol-seresui volost, 5,130 people in kenko'lkaragir volost, 5,700 people in chankent volost, 6,100 people in kogart volost, 12,500 people in uzgan volost, 10,000 in yassi volost. more than 51,000 people or 12.2% of the total population of the uezd lived as semi-nomads [7 p.1-153]. analysis of the obtained results the territories of osh uezd are divided into separate settled and nomadic parts, and the nomadic part of the uezd includes such volosts as oloy, kapchigai, gulcha, kurshab. more than 49,000 people or more than 26% of the total population lived semi-nomadically in osh uezd [7 p.1-153]. as can be seen from the above information, we can know that more than 158,000 people or 8.1% of the total population of fergana region lived as semi-nomads. so, at the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to kyrgyz, karakalpak, and peninsular uzbeks, a small number of kazakh, turkmen, and kalmyk residents also had a nomadic lifestyle in the fergana valley. the kyrgyz and karakalpaks made up the majority of the semi-nomadic population in the fergana valley. in addition, semi-settled uzbeks and some of their ethnographic groups were engaged in animal husbandry. nomadic herding peoples, such as kazakhs, kalmyks, and turkmens, who were a minority in terms of numbers, also lived in the valley regions. conclusion in conclusion, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the population of the ferghana valley changed from a nomadic lifestyle to a more settled lifestyle very quickly. this was caused by natural and political factors. the share of semi-nomadic population in the fergana valley was 30% in the 70s of the 19th century, and this figure decreased to 8.1% in the early 20th century. 579 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. абрамзон с. м. очерк културы киргизкого народа. фрунзе. 1946. 2. бартолд в. в. истории културний жизнь туркестана. 3. бейсембиев т. к. «тарихи шахрухи» как исторический источник. алма-ата. 1987. 4. костенко л.ф. туркестанский край. опыт военно-статистического обозрения туркестанского военного округа // материалы для географии и статистики россии.спб., 1880.-т. i. 5. масалский в. и. туркестанский край. – спб, 1913. 6. отчет по ревизии туркестанского края, произведенной по высочайшему повелению сенатором к. к. паленом. сельское управление: русское и туземное. спб., 1910. 7. список населленныхь месть ферганской области. скобелев. 1909. 319-325 322 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 preparation materials for teacher's training and various types of training ernazarov alisher ergashevich samies head of department, samsu independent researcher (phd) +99897-914-40-37, alexchigatay1213@gmail.com annotation: the structure of the training session, the elements of the training session, the type of the training session, the teaching methodology, the stages of preparation for the training session and the types of training are mentioned. keywords: educational process, training, structure of training, training elements, type of training, preparation stages, types of training. introduction. the preparation of a teacher for an educational session is a unique complex process, in which the quality of any educational session is largely determined by the teacher's good preparation for it. this can be presented as a drawing. teacher's preparation for training the first part. learning curriculum. the pedagogue performs this work during the period of preparation for the new school year. in this, special attention is paid to the main goals and tasks of science. in order to correctly formulate the goals and tasks of the subject, the pedagogue again refers to the teacher in preparation for the study of the next subject by the students. by studying the content of the subject, the pedagogue determines its logical connection with the previously studied material and the material to be studied now. the correct formulation of the goal of this activity allows to determine the place of each training session in the system of training sessions on the studied topic. the second step. acquaintance with methodological literature and their study. by studying the content of the next topic in the textbook, the pedagogue examines the available sections of the textbook, school recommendations, familiarizes himself with articles in magazines, collects the necessary materials according to the general study plan of the topics. 323 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the third step. the textbook material is studied on the specific topic of the training session. during the study of this material, the pedagogue will consider the logic and validity of its presentation in terms of the development of the students and the level of preparation. the main focus is to focus on the implementation of the principle of presentation of the educational material in the training session. the course of the training session, the method of conducting it are carefully thought out. the fourth step. preparation and study of teaching materials necessary for this training session. the pedagogue not only familiarizes himself with the existing manuals, but also examines the e-learning sites and listens to the audio manuals. additional attention is paid to the preparation of educational demonstrations and laboratory work. the pedagogue will carefully consider the technique of conducting it. fifth step. developing a training plan. the lesson planner is the final results of the teacher's preparation for the lesson. it is created taking into account the real progress in the study of the subject in the calendarthematic planning basis. in order to carry out the design of educational activities in the development of the plan of the training session, it is necessary to take into account the level of preparation of the learners for the conscious mastering of the learning material, in addition, to consider the difficulties encountered by the learners, to think of ways to overcome them (for example, individual work). the lesson plan should be large and contain a lot of information. its shape and size should be convenient for the work of the pedagogue. at the stage of preparation for training, it is necessary to pay attention to the following: carefully read the contents of the doctorate sections in preparation for the training; study the content of this section; analysis of educational material; forming the goal of training, answering questions about what you want to achieve as a result of training; to think about what to focus the activity of learners on solving educational training problems; choose the necessary methodological tools that are most convenient for this training session and group; use the weapons selected according to your capabilities, determine your impact during the training session; think about the structure of the training session, its course; specify all this in the plan or the concept of the training session; repeat the emergency situations of the plan yourself. training sessions. the course of the training: it determines the main stages of the training, their sequence (from the beginning to the end), the time allocated to each stage, the content of each stage, the forms of work of the learner and the pedagogue: organizational level: recognition, working with the magazine, announcing the topic of the training ; preparation: practice, etc.; main part: theory, practice, transfer forms and methods; final stage: finalize training and form and style. the process of concluding the educational session consists of two parts: 1) the pedagogue concludes the session together with the students. answers the questions: what did he know? what did he learn? in other words, was the training goal achieved?; 2) the evaluation procedure of 324 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us students during the educational process determines their personal achievements. the form of the conclusion of the educational session is determined independently by the pedagogue. the session ends with the announcement of the topic of the next session. at the end of the lesson, the pedagogue analyzes the lesson by himself based on the evaluation criteria. literature, didactic materials and technical resources used in preparation for training. the lesson includes the following important elements (steps): checking the completion of previous work, presentation of a new topic, practice under the guidance of a teacher, other independent practice of learners, self-monitoring and evaluation of work results, conclusion of the lesson, determination of homework, necessary repetition, control of learners' knowledge. the first step: checking the completion of previous works. the main task is to establish a relationship between the pedagogue and the learner, to ensure the readiness of learners for further work, to involve them in productive teaching activities. the complexity of the teacher's work is that the process of processing new information by students is determined by what he knows about this problem. therefore, in this regard, the pedagogue should solve the following questions: how should the teacher and the students respond to the information and get to work? to what extent was the formation of internal readiness to learn new materials achieved, what is the general level of motivation of the group, and is it possible to start learning new materials now? in this case, the pedagogue's main actions are as follows: helping learners to get started: choosing a number of questions to repeat; in order to determine the level of general acquired knowledge, to organize a live dialogue of learners; creating problem situations before learning new material. we see that the beginning of the training is associated with asking its traditional understanding. it is in repetition that learners have a lively dialogue, in which they speak freely, express their views, and discuss. they are not afraid to hear unsatisfying opinions, to face difficult situations. the teacher supports, directs, corrects, completes, but does not evaluate the conversation during the dialogue. he has the right to use three types of feedback when working with learners: praise the learner, guide, clarify, and repeat misunderstood material. as long as the pedagogue has no right to any negative discussion, learners do not expect disappointment or reprimands from the pedagogue. they can make mistakes. in such groups, learners are interested in learning more about what the teacher has to offer, and during repetition they require additional knowledge from the teacher. in this part of the work, it is necessary to abandon the superficial evaluation and assessment of the learner's abilities and interests in the educational process. the most important is the effective use of the active involvement of all learners in cognitive activities at the beginning of the training session. second step: to present the new topic. the teacher's monologue is important at the introduction of a new topic. without his help, it is impossible to master the content of the educational material, to introduce them to additional information, to arise motivation for independent cognitive activities. in this work, the action of the pedagogue includes the following: allocation of information that serves as a basis for learning the topics; to 325 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us systematize this material, to organize it in the appropriate form so that the learner can understand it; search for tips that allow to activate the thoughts of learners in the process of mastering new material; striving for its accuracy and simple description in the delivery of information; preparation to help those who need help explaining. the third step: practice under the guidance of a teacher. this is done in order to timely correct errors in the learner's understanding of new material and provide feedback. in this case, the action of the pedagogue: gives prompts and invites students to respond to him (raise hands, individual answers, short written works, etc.); stops to correct mistakes or repeats material if learners do not understand something, tends to avoid misunderstandings and ambiguities; determines whether there is a need for written work that demonstrates a proper understanding of the material. the fourth step: independent practice of learners, independent from others. it is a group discussion on the problem to be studied, it is an exchange between the learner and the pedagogue, but also between the learners on the learned material. the teacher is given the role of speaker, organizer of mutual exchange of ideas. he should know how to organize the interaction of students and how to conduct a discussion. in the organization of independent practice, the pedagogue has the right to perform the following functions: giving questions, transferring it from one learner to another, concluding the learning results in order to highlight the important questions of the subject. the main goal of the teacher is to attract more students to the discussion, to help them to act independently in the formation of conclusions. this part of the training is similar to a traditional lecture, the teacher asks questions, listens to the answers of the learners, makes clarifications, etc. the merit of independent practice consists of independent disclosure of the content of the studied subject. group discussion, the most powerful instrument of knowledge, is questioned. regardless of how it goes, the pedagogue will see the degree of mastering of the studied material, the misunderstandings that have arisen. the same observations allow for a clear guidance in the content of subsequent training. pedagogical actions: keeping discussion within the subject; using different tips to attract more learners to discussion. fifth step: mutual control of work results and self-evaluation. the first task is to avoid coercion. monitoring and evaluation should be holistic. sixth step: end of training session. it should be closely related to the purpose. seventh step: information about the housekeeper. it has creativity and practical capabilities. control of knowledge acquisition by learners. during the training session, the control functions are carried out by the administration and pedagogics for individual students, for all groups. they bring out the degree of successful progress of learners in learning new material, and also shed light on the problems and difficulties that arise in the process of educating them. with the help of texts: an important control check is carried out at the end of the quarter, half-year, annual academic year. evaluation criteria of educational training: creation and support of learning interest and activity of students, proper use of training time, use of various methods of teaching, practical importance of acquired knowledge and skills, level of interpersonal relationship between pedagogue and student. the rating is done on the following scale: 326 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us pact-0, average-1, high-2. these criteria are used in the analysis by the pedagogue himself, as well as in the analysis of the training by the administration and the team of the pedagogue. compilation of the basic tasks of the training. an interest in creative activities lies in additional education. this is done by free choice based on the individual capabilities of the person. it is necessary to think about how to organize the training session to give the learner additional knowledge and to teach them to apply it in practice. the training together determines the following signs: educational, educational and developmental goals, selection of specific educational material and the level of its mastery, and achievement of the goals by choosing the most suitable methods and methods of teaching. there are different approaches to choosing the necessary structural elements of training. the general didactic structure of the training is characterized by the following components: actualization of previous knowledge and means of action, formation of new knowledge and means of action, formation of application skills. in the practice of additional education, the following important steps of training are highlighted: setting the goal, repeating what has been learned, explaining new material, consolidating what has been learned, summarizing and systematizing new knowledge, monitoring the knowledge and skills of learners. knowledge of the capabilities of each child, mastering the methodology of their organization, additional education allows the pedagogue to construct training according to different structures and tasks. types of training training with new material. in the exercise of acquiring new knowledge, tasks are set on understanding, thinking, and defining concepts. theoretical material is mastered by training: informing about the topic, goal, training tasks and the motivator of educational activities, preparing to learn new material by repeating basic concepts, familiarizing with new material, pre-understanding and consolidating new material in practice, ending the training. reinforcement learning activities. its main didactic purpose is the formation of specific skills: awareness of the topic, purpose and tasks of training, motivation for teaching, application of it in practical activities and repetition of what has been learned, prior acquisition of knowledge in new and changed conditions for the purpose of skill formation and revision of what has been learned, ending the training. training to apply knowledge and skills. in the process of applying knowledge and skills, the following stages are distinguished: repetition and correction of important knowledge and skills, analysis of tasks and methods of their implementation, preparation of necessary equipment, independent performance of practical tasks, control and selfcontrol during the performance of tasks. this is connected with the structure of training on the application of knowledge and 327 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us skills: informing about the topic, the purpose and tasks of the training, the sequence of using practical actions in the performance of specified tasks and repeating the content, additional education by the pedagogue, control of the students' independent performance of practical tasks, summarizing the results of the completed tasks and systematization, end of training. generalization and systematization of knowledge. it cannot be concluded that the process of mastering the educational material by the learner has been completed. this process implies a sequence of actions such as: understanding, thinking, generalization of acquired knowledge, formation of knowledge and skills, assimilation of complex knowledge, practical activities. the following structural elements are distinguished: setting training goals, repeating and correcting basic knowledge, summarizing and systematizing concepts, the acquired knowledge system, applying them to practical tasks, mastering concepts necessary to perform practical tasks, drawing conclusions. knowledge and skills review and editing exercise. control and correction of knowledge and skills is carried out in each training session. after studying one or several topics, the pedagogue carries out the necessary control and correction in order to determine the level of knowledge acquisition of students. this takes concrete solutions to improve the educational process. structure: setting training goals and tasks, conducting an instruction, checking the learner's knowledge of theoretical material, checking the learner's skills of independent application of knowledge in practice, making a conclusion. references 1. decree pf-5847-con of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 8, 2019 "on approval of the concept of development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". (national database of legal documents, 09.10.2019, 06/19/5847/3887-con; 04.30.2020, 06/20/5987/0521-con). 2. anorkulova g.m. factors affecting the organization of the educational process in higher education // "scientific and practical methods of ensuring the quality of training, retraining and upgrading of pedagogic personnel for the higher education system" materials of the republican scientific and practical conference. t., -2006. b. 14-16. 3. akhmedova m.t. "technologist of organization of educational training in higher education (in the direction of sewing production preparation)". dicc... ped.science. candidate. -t.: -2011, 128 p. 4. baikova ji. a., grebenkina l.k. pedagogicheckoe macterctvo i pedagogicheckie tehnologii. m., -2000. 328 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. bashmakov m.i., pozdnyakov c.n., reznik n.a. planirovanie uchitelem cvoey deyatelnocti // shkolnye tekhnologii. -2001. no. 1. c. 133-140. 6. bershadckiy m.e., guzeev v.v. didakticheskie i pcixologicheckie ocnovaniya obrazovatelnoy tehnologii. -m.: center "technological poick", -2003. 256 c. 7. begimkulov u.sh. theoretical practice of organization and management of informatization of pedagogical educational processes: thesis written for the degree of doctor of pedagogical sciences. tashkent. -2007. -38 p. 8. becpalko v.p. pedagogy and progressive technology education. m.: izd-vo inctituta profeccionalnogo obrazovaniya minicterctva obrazovaniya roccii, -1995. 9. ernazarov a.e. stages, forms, components and criteria of training of pedagogues in higher education institutions // sohibgiron star. socio-research, scientific and popular magazine. – against, 2022. #1. 188–193 p. (13.00.01; no. 36). 10. ernazarov a.e. modern technologies of organizing educational activities // innovations in pedagogy and psychology. tashkent, 2021. #5. 204–206 p. (13.00.01; no. 15). 11. ernazarov a.e. improving the effectiveness of educational activities based on problem-based teaching technologies // education, science and innovation. tashkent, 2016. #1. 86–89 p. (13.00.01; no. 18). 12. ernazarov a.e. innovative technologies and their practical application in the continuous education system. urganch state university. journal of scientific research. – urganch, 2021. #8. 89–91 p. (13.00.01; #31). 13. ernazarov a.e. methods of modern organization and implementation of training. novateur publications journal nxa multidisciplinary peer reviewed journal issn no: 2581 – 4230 volume 6, issue 5, may -2020. pages: 311-315. 14. ernazarov a.e. specific features of training. international journal on integrated education. doi: https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i5.375. volume 3, issue v, may 2020. pp. 30-34. 15. ernazarov a.e. clarification of the purpose and design of the training sessions. world scientific news, scientific publishing house "darwin". wsn 80 (2017) 101-115. 16. ernazarov a.e. features of defining goals and objectives in training. society and innovations obshchestvo i innovatsii society and innovations. https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index. 15 april 2021. 444-448. 71 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 issues of improving marketing services in agribusiness enterprises rustamova iroda bakhromdzhonovna tsau, professor, department "agroeconomics and tourism" usmanov ravshan master's department "agroeconomics in turiz" abstract the need to comprehensively use the whole system of generalizing and individual the article is devoted to the issues of improving marketing services in agribusiness enterprises, and it reveals the purpose and tasks of marketing services in agribusiness enterprises. indicators evaluating the effectiveness of marketing services in agribusiness enterprises and their calculation procedure are explained. in addition, in order to increase the efficiency of agribusiness enterprises, scientifically based proposals and practical recommendations were developed for the further improvement of the field of marketing services for agricultural enterprises. keywordsmarketing, service, agriculture. agribusiness, enterprise, efficiency. introduction the conditions of diversification of the republic's economy create the need to increase and develop entities that help farmers to organize the production process and effectively operate, and provide them with various marketing services, in order to ensure the systematic and continuous development of the agrarian sector. effective marketing of agricultural products is a very important issue. for this purpose, it is necessary to create a single database of information on the volume and quantity of products grown on farms. in particular, development of the marketing service and service system, which is one of the important areas that determine the future development of agriculture, which is one of the main real sectors of our country, in accordance with the requirements of market relations, and increasing the efficiency of the set of services provided to agribusiness entities are being solved as priority tasks. this, in turn, requires the introduction of a marketing service and service system among multi-branch farms that currently meet the requirements of the basic market economy. the 72 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us marketing service organized by farmers and peasant farms, recognized as economic entities, creates ample opportunities to increase the volume of production of cheap and high-quality products in agriculture and to increase efficiency. after all, as market relations are developed and implemented, based on the needs of production entities, it is natural to demand to improve the quality and efficiency of service services. based on the above strategic goals and tasks, first of all, from an epistemological point of view, that is, within the framework of the theory of knowledge, the dialectical foundations of the term "service", in particular, the scientific and theoretical aspects of its essence, aspects and directions of formation, features, place and importance special attention was paid to research. in our opinion, the term "service" refers to the activity of people, which occurs in production and non-production entities, is aimed at satisfying their consumption needs and represents a set of actions aimed at obtaining income. service is a concept that represents a set of various services that are provided in order to meet the consumer demands of people in production and nonproduction sectors and entities based on modern techniques and technologies. therefore, service and service are closely related to each other and consist of a set of activities aimed at specific goals that occur in society and life in order to satisfy people's consumption needs. however, it should be noted at this point that any activity aimed at providing people's consumption needs is carried out in most cases within the system and framework of economic entities. marketing services include the rental of goods, the replacement or repair of goods owned by consumers, and personal services, in short, service. it includes all the help and advice given before receiving the order, that is, during the sale and after-sale service. the conditions of liberalization and modernization of the republic's economy create the need to increase and develop entities that support the organization of the production process and efficient operation of agribusiness enterprises and provide them with various services in order to ensure the systematic and continuous development of the agrarian sector. in this matter, the president of our republic, sh.m. mirziyoev, said, "it is necessary to expand the assistance provided to farmers in mechanization services, to provide them with mineral fertilizers, quality seeds and small technologies, to improve the provision of relevant information services, and to resolve issues related to leasing services" and especially , who noted that "the sharp growth of the services sector this year... shows that there are still great opportunities for further expansion of this sector in rural areas." in addition, the institutional basis of the formation of the market of service services remains imperfect, the mechanism of interest of service enterprises in the final result of product production in agricultural enterprises has not been created, the real demand for them in separate areas has not been sufficiently studied, and especially considering the processes of diversification and modernization in the development of service services based on market requirements not received. in our opinion, the existence of such a situation is due to the lack of a scientifically based methodology for solving the highlighted problems, as well as the lack of development of a unified strategy for the gradual development of the system of providing services to agricultural enterprises with different forms of ownership in accordance with market relations. demands to go. methods. depending on the tasks to be solved in the article, research methods were used that correspond to the specific characteristics of the studied issues: abstract-logical, economicstatistical, monographic, balance, calculation-constructive and economic analysis methods observation, grouping, generalization. 73 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results. the above-mentioned classifications are important in ensuring the effectiveness of the marketing service sector in agribusiness. however, reforms aimed at increasing the importance of services in the economic policy of our country require further development of these service sectors. for example, as a type of service, trade houses, organizations, fairs, have a positive effect on the sale of food and non-food products, as well as on the effective operation of their producers. however, as a special commodity, services require specific requirements to be met by those who provide them. as a confirmation of this opinion, the place and role of fairs can be cited as an example. in recent times, their role as a trade-mediation structural structure of the service sector is somewhat decreasing in the world experience. it is necessary to collect and process information about the state of this market about the producers and service consumers in the structure of the service market. it was also found that construction services (7.4 %) and information services (1.3 %) in the structure of total services during the analyzed period have a tendency to decrease. another organizational mechanism for increasing the efficiency of marketing service enterprises is an information system that serves the industry. this system includes: advertising agencies, marketing service centers, permanent or traveling exhibitions, information media and electronic communication systems, etc. in our opinion, further development of information provision in the field of services provides an opportunity to justify the perspective of the population's ability to pay for services, to assess the growth dynamics of this sector, to improve the quality and efficiency of the services provided. analyses. social infrastructure is constantly developing objectively based on the requirements of the market economy. the need to provide employment to the rural population encourages the emergence of new types of marketing services in rural areas and vice versa. a lot of work is being done in this regard. in our country, great importance is attached to the development of the marketing and service industry in rural areas. in particular, the development of rural infrastructure facilities is one of the urgent tasks of today. in 2017-2022, the state of development of infrastructure facilities in rural areas of the republic of uzbekistan is presented in table 1. table 1 state of development of service infrastructure facilities in rural areas of uzbekistan 1 service infrastructure facilities 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 mmtp 1562 1779 1777 1757 1720 1681 branches selling mineral fertilizers 1051 891 928 935 917 921 subsidiaries of sales of ymms 1110 1340 1373 1389 1377 1366 branches for sale of agricultural products 851 443 424 424 424 420 points providing zooveterinary services 317 295 300 300 301 3018 branches of transportation services 77 82 82 82 82 85 1stat.uz-ўз. рес. давлат статистика қўмитаси расмий сайти маълумотлари 74 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it can be seen from the table that in 2017-2022, the number of infrastructure facilities providing marketing services in rural areas of the republic of uzbekistan increased. such activities include the provision of services to farms based on the establishment of necessary infrastructures, in particular, consulting centers2. the provision of consulting services in agriculture also developed rapidly (fig. 1). figure 1. dynamics of changes in the number of branches of service enterprises in the republic of uzbekistan, 2014-2022 3 currently, it is necessary to fundamentally revise the regional programs for the development of the marketing service sector and develop additional measures for their rapid development in rural areas as an important factor in the employment of the population, especially the youth, and the improvement of the standard of living in the village. he demands the creation of necessary conditions for expanding the types of services provided in rural areas. the main goal of the marketing service system for agricultural enterprises is to provide managers of farmers and peasant farms and all other business entities in the agrarian sector with an objective opinion in making decisions in organizational, economic, financial, agrotechnological and other directions related to the organization, operation and management of economic activities and determining their prospects. it consists of informing and conveying a set of information based on rules, systems, classifications and principles in order to help them to form imagination, views and ideas, to make rational and correct decisions. the increase in the scope of such services, the increase in their size, and the expansion of the scope of their coverage indicate that a service system has been formed in the agrarian sector, including agriculture, and that they are developing based on market requirements. an important organizational link that provides information provision of service enterprises is advertising activity. its importance for this industry is the dissemination of information about services to the public in various forms, at the same time, advertising is not only a source of 2мухторов а.х. “қишлоқ хўжалигида ахборот консалтинг хизмати кўрсатишни ташкил этиш”. амалий қўлланма тошкент. адабиёт учқунлари, 2016 йил, 6-бет 3 stat.uz-ўз. рес. давлат статистика қўмитаси расмий сайти маълумотлари асосида муаллиф томонидан тузилган 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 75 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us information, but it is an important organizational mechanism that stimulates new needs for services and the ability of the population to pay. the purpose of providing services to agricultural enterprises is to find solutions to the problems of customers and to give advice in this regard. in the conditions of economic liberalization and modernization, the widespread introduction of market mechanisms requires a new approach to the issue of determining their effectiveness. from this point of view, it is appropriate to acknowledge the remarkable studies conducted by a number of economists on the issue of evaluating service services. they have conducted independent research to determine the effectiveness of specific types of services and obtained unique important results. however, due to the lack of comprehensive studies, within the framework of this research, the indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of service services were brought to a single system (table 2). table 2 the order of calculation of the indicators evaluating the efficiency of services in agribusiness 4 № indicators ҳисоблаш тартиби изоҳ 1. resource utilization rate ∑асх the amount of i-service services provided. pi i type of resource (number of employees, equipment, land area, etc.) 2. use of time ∑т – i time spent on the type of service (work/day, number of people, etc.) 3. coefficient mi i product quantity (number, value, size, etc.) 4. service service scale factor ∑dtotal revenue from service services; ∑xtotal costs for services масх product scope after service мi product range before service ∆м – additional value created in exchange for showing the asx 5. service service хасхi i the cost of service. ∑xi i the total cost for the type of service 6. rendering efficiency ∑инвi total attracted investment (soums). ∑acхtotal amount of services (soums) 7. service services ∑fthe total net profit received for the provision of the service 4 қудратов ғ.х., мирзаев қ.ж кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликларда иқтисодий муносабатлар ва сервис хизматларини ривожлантириш йўналишлари. монография. -тошкент: iqtisod-moliya, 2012. 144 б. 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our opinion, it can be considered correct from the point of view of a scientific approach to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing services taking into account their contribution to the production of agricultural products. after all, the results of the assessment should realistically reflect the extent to which agricultural enterprises achieve economic efficiency as a result of the work and services performed by the service enterprises. one of the main conditions for the organization of service and marketing services of agribusiness enterprises is the location and development of the objects of this system in close proximity to the producers of agricultural products and creating favorable conditions for using their services. in turn, insufficient attention is paid to this issue, in turn, it is a serious obstacle to solving the problems of timely, cheap and high-quality performance in the conditions of increased demand for services. the provision of marketing services, on the one hand, organizes the highly efficient operation of agricultural entities and increases the level of profitability of financial economic activities, and on the other hand, develops as one of the sources of employment for the growing rural population. should, (fig. 1). figure 1. services to agribusiness enterprises and directions of service sector organization 5 бу муносабатлар хизматни истеъмол қилувчилар билан сервис хизматини амалга оширувчилар ўртасида товарлар (маҳсулотлар, хизматлар),пул, меҳнат ресурслари, ахборотлар ҳаракатини таъминлашда вужудга келадиган муносабатлар бўлиб, қишлоқ хўжалигининг иқтисодиётнинг бошқа тармоқлари билан мутаносиб фаолият юритиши ва барқарор ривожланишининг муҳим шарти ҳисобланади. (average for 2020-2022) were used as a basis for comparison (table 3). 5муаллиф томонидан тизимлаштирилган agroronsalting service siu service seed service service of agrochemistry and mineral fertilizers directions for providing services to ktfx and organizing the service sector tare and container packing service breeding service sales service transportation service 77 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 3 service services in agribusiness enterprises efficiency calculation 6 № кўрсаткичлар 2010-2012 years 2020-2022 years 2020-2022 in % compared to 2010-2012 until the activity of service entities is systematically formed service subjects on the basis of systematic activity 1. cultivation of the product: -cotton, thousand tons 3288,3 3409,7 103,7 grain, thousand tons 3608,0 6739,9 186,8 2. productivity: -cotton, ts/ha 22,9 24,9 108,7 -don, ts/ha 28,1 44,4 158,0 3. labor cost per product unit, person/hour cotton 72,7 70,3 96,7 grain 13,9 9,4 67,6 4. profit (+), loss (-), corresponding to the account of the product unit, soums: cotton -1098,6 +43414,5 +44513,1 grain +47,2 +43324,4 +43277,2 these relations are the relations between the consumers of the service and the providers of the service, which are created to ensure the movement of goods (products, services), money, labor resources, and information. consequently, the development of the system of providing agricultural services and supplying material and technical resources should be carried out on the basis of the phase-by-stage transfer of this system to the market. based on the research results, the periods covered by these stages and their most important directions and tasks were substantiated from a scientific and practical point of view. however, it should be emphasized here that the assessment of the importance of the implementation of the directions and tasks based on the next stages is closely related to the scientific and practical determination of the effectiveness of the services provided to agricultural entities. because it is important to study these two tasks in terms of their influence on each other. for this purpose, the effect of the provided services on the production efficiency of agricultural products (in this case, cotton and grain) on the scale of the republic was studied using the comparison method. in this case, the indicators of the period before the systematic formation of service entities (average for 2010-2012) and the period after they began to operate systematically based on the data in the table, in general, the organization and operation of service entities, for example, cotton and grain cultivation, led to a sharp change in the efficiency indicators in a 6 ўз. р. давлат статистика қумитаси маълумотлари асосида ҳисоб-китоблар 78 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us positive direction. this, in turn, will create ample opportunities for the saturation of the market of agricultural products, including agricultural products. today, the republic's agriculture has great internal opportunities for developing the markets for agricultural products and service services. taking into account the importance and effectiveness of the development of agribusiness enterprises in our republic, the organization of the cultivation of quality products based on the changing demand and supply in the market, and the further development of the service services market serving farmers and peasant farms, in our opinion, the technical maintenance of the existing types of service services in it according to the areas of specialization and characteristics , it is appropriate to categorize according to the provision of resources, financial means and provision of economic information. discussion. scientific proposals and recommendations aimed at increasing the effectiveness of marketing services in agribusiness were developed. 1. we believe that it is necessary to improve the theoretical and methodological foundations of the marketing service system in agribusiness in accordance with the conditions of the market economy in the republic. 2. we propose to perform the calculation of the effectiveness of marketing services in agribusiness based on the comparison method. in this case, it is appropriate to compare and analyze the system of main economic indicators of agricultural development before the activity of service entities is fully formed and in the period based on service activity. based on the results of the analysis, it is important to identify the existing problems and determine the priority tasks necessary to solve them in the future. we believe that it is appropriate to take into account the following recommendations when improving the mechanism of state support for the development of agribusiness marketing service: providing additional tax benefits for service services; allocation of targeted and long-term preferential loans; expansion of the system of customs benefits for the implementation of export services of finished products. in order to ensure the effectiveness of marketing services, it is necessary to reduce the costs of service services, and for this it is advisable to implement the following, including: purposeful and effective use of resources (inefficiency and avoid waste); use of scientifically based service cost standards; preventing unjustified price increases of service equipment (material and technical resources); resource-saving, cheap and quality service technologies implementation, effective use of skilled workers and their financial incentives. implementation of scientific proposal and practical recommendations within the framework of the module developed during the research process of modernization of the marketing service system in agribusiness will improve its economic, legal and material-technical foundations, and further expand the possibilities of effective use of financial support mechanisms for service entities. economic-mathematical methods should be used to solve multivariate problems in the calculation of the prospective indicators of the development of marketing services. in general, in our opinion, optimal organization of service entities from the point of view of increasing the efficiency and quality of services requires development taking into account not only 79 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the increase of agricultural and livestock products, but also their role in providing the population with new jobs and expanding sources of income. reference 1. djurabaev o. formation of model beekeeping facilities and modernized interindustrial communications in human bearing management //архив научных исследований. – 2020. – №. 11. 2. djurabaev o. methods of the process approach in management and determination of the criterion of technological efficiency of beekeeping farms: methods of the process approach in management and determination of the criterion of technological efficiency of beekeeping farms // archive of scientific research. 2021. t. 1. no. 1. 3. saidov m. increasing management efficiency in the electricity sector of uzbekistan //the 5th international conference on future networks & distributed systems. – 2021. – с. 343347. 4. saidov m. s. analysis of the economic activities of natural monopoly organizations //инвестиции, градостроительство, недвижимость как драйверы социальноэкономического развития территории и повышения качества жизни населения. – 2022. – с. 74-79. 5. munira a. analysis methods of the factors influencing on consumer market //бюллетень науки и практики. – 2018. – т. 4. – №. 2. – с. 276-282. 6. shanazarova g. features of innovative management strategy of the automotive industry of uzbekistan //архив научных исследований. – 2019.\ 7. 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https://iqtisodiyot.tsue.uz/journal/index.php/iit/article/view/195/228 430 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 increasing the interest of students in the process of teaching technology in primary grades nasiba bahodirovna hojiyeva asia international university teacher abstract : this in the article initial in classes technology of science the goal and tasks, students in his life held place and technology lessons in the process students interest increase different ways about thoughts reported. key word : initial class, technology, interest, productivity, ict. general medium education of schools initial class students for technology lessons interesting from the sciences one is considered many sciences in line young generation each bilaterally mature to be education process right organize in reaching technology science his own important instead of have a student adult reach, which profession don't take over, who at least from the subject of " technology ". received knowledge and skills in life, of course, profit brings today's in the day to young people occupation perfect in their choices person being in their growth, creative abilities in their development technology science main helper and important source being service does technology lessons to the students joy dedicates because they are this in class own of their work pleasure sees, completed from work enjoy it while own in turn in students one how much positive feelings formation help will give. technology in their classes of students knowledge scope expands, to labor has been respect increased goes to the profession has been interest wakes up. these processes happen to be for while teacher the lesson efficient organize to do and each one to class thorough preparation to see need will be. technology in their classes to achieve efficiency and of students interest increase ways a lot below their some of them with getting to know we go out technology in their classes organized trips lesson from the topic come came out without school of the leader permission with trips planning lesson in processes or from class empty organized at times if he does will be students with together national craftsmanship houses, museums, many yearly to the experience have artisans and carpenters to the front to go their hand their work watch to do, to prepare technology with get to know to them special pleasure dedicates technology in their classes organized trips during students carpentry, plumbing, tailoring and cooking to areas about many occupations with they get to know each other. and this students the future in their lives that's it such as from professions one occupying the field skillful specialist being to their growth interests the reason for the increase will be technology "master classes" in his classes organize lesson to do to the process a lot yearly to the experience owner, craftsmen, carpenter, tailor and another occupation the owners offer to do theirs vital experience with to share of students interested to the questions answer take and they are with together known one work activities together perform they are for unforgettable process and experience will be as a result students technology in their classes of them learned the work experiences remember takes and practical in classes themselves try they see 431 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technology lesson in the process from ict use now never one the field without ict imagination to do opportunity no. technology lessons practical work processes based on information though from technologies efficient use lesson of the process successful to pass help will give. school initial class students colorful from paper each different flowers, layouts, greeting cards, various in appearance toys, poultry and animals shape to make from gas great items preparation by learning they go lesson in the process only one from the method using work processes organize to do students for less boring being stay can that's why for teacher new lesson on the surface search, new materials gathering need will be now a person work due to many beauties is being created. such hand their work to find and them students with together enjoy to be for many internet sites there is. simply from paper flower to make process out of a thousand more than type available similar the most good samples looking for to find and them to the students show as a result in class more more students interests to increase reach can this is the process of students creativity abilities development ie only saw thing to make not but themselves independent respectively creativity to do impulse will be. summary by doing in other words, students to labor spiritual in terms of preparation is in it to labor relatively his to his age according to coming conscious and 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(2023). zamonaviy psixologik konsultatsiya, uning turlari va unga murojaat qilish sabablari. scientific impulse, 1(6), 1679-1682. 18. nigora kozimova abduqahorovna. (2023). modern psychological consultation, its types and reasons for applying to it. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(9), 129–131. retrieved from http://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/1343 19. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). cognitive processes and their description in psychology. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 115–133. 20. ikromova sitora akbarovna. (2023). socio-psychological factors of behavior formation in adolescents. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 184–191. 21. ikromova sitora akbarovna. (2023). negative and positive changes in adolescent behavior. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 192–197. 22. jalolov, t. s. (2023). psixologiya yo „nalishida tahsil olayotgan talabalarga spss yordamida matematik usullarni o „rgatishning metodik usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 323-326. 23. jalolov, t. s. (2023). python instrumentlari bilan katta ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 320322. 24. jalolov, t. s., & usmonov, a. u. (2021). “аqlli issiqxona” boshqarish tizimini modellashtirish va tadqiq qilish. экономика и социум, (9 (88)), 74-77. 25. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023). capabilities of spss software in high volume data processing testing. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 82-86. 26. sadriddinovich, j. t. (2023, november). identifying the positive effects of psychological and social work factors between individuals and 433 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us departments through spss software. in international scientific research conference (vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 150-153). 27. jalolov, t. s. (2023). teaching the basics of python programming. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(11). 28. jalolov, t. s. (2023). solving complex problems in python. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993-2769), 1(9), 481-484. 29. jalolov, t. s. (2023). pedagogical-psychological foundations of data processing using the spss program. innovative developments and research in education, 2(23), 220-223. 30. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). artificial intelligence python (pytorch). oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research, 1(3), 123-126. 31. jalolov, t. s. (2023). advantages of django femworker. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10(12). 32. jalolov, t. s. (2023). artificial intelligence python (pytorch). oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research, 1(3), 123-126. 33. jalolov, t. s. (2023). spss yoki ijtimoiy fanlar uchun statistik paket bilan psixologik ma‟lumotlarni qayta ishlash. journal of universal science research, 1(12), 207–215. 34. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). the mechanisms of using mathematical statistical analysis methods in psychology. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 138–144. 35. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). programming languages, their types and basics. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 145–152. 36. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). python tilining afzalliklari va kamchiliklari. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 153–159. 37. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). python dastur tilidada webilovalar ishlab chiqish. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 160–166. 38. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). sun'iy intellektda pythonning (pytorch) kutubxonasidan foydalanish. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 167–171. 39. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). working with mathematical functions in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 172– 177. 40. tursunbek sadriddinovich jalolov. (2023). parallel programming in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 178–183 201 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 using the useful aspects of the moodle system and its possibilities akhmedova zulhumor ikromovna asian international university teacher of "general technical sciences" department akhmedovazulkhumor85@gmail.com introduction as a result of the transition of the higher education system of our country to the credit-module system, great changes have been made in this system. decree no. pf-5953 dated march 2, 2020 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on measures to improve the system related to the organization of the educational process in higher education institutions "2020/2021 academic year it is said that the procedure for gradually transferring the educational process to the credit-module system should be introduced in higher educational institutions of the republic starting from 2016. in this system, the percentage of hours allocated to independent work of students has been increased. based on this, in order to improve the quality of the educational system in higher education institutions, it is necessary to create and use modern information and communication technologies along with traditional teaching tools. to solve this problem, it will be necessary to develop software tools intended for teaching, including electronic teaching-methodical complexes. this dissertation work is dedicated to the creation of a mobile application platform for the monitoring of educational centers of the republic. the mobile application platform is considered a type of methodological support of the non-governmental educational process, which includes all components of the organization of non-governmental educational process activities. programming environments for creating mobile applications on the android operating system. 202 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us nowadays, it is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without a mobile phone. in addition to the main function, phones play an important role in everyday work: they help, read e-mails, read e-mails, print using a network printer. in this regard, an independent segment appeared on the market mobile applications. today, the android operating system is the most widely used in the field of mobile devices. android has grown in popularity thanks to its open source code and google policy, which allows mobile device manufacturers to use the android platform for free for their products. android is used because major mobile devices like samsung, htc, sony, huawei are used. android studio is an integrated production environment (ise) for working with the android platform published by google. initially, google expanded to provide android versions of the famous robots, but refused to have this idea due to copyright issues. each version of the system, starting with version 1.5, gets its own code on the theme of sweets. code symbols are determined in alphabetical order of the latin alphabet. android allows any action to be performed in the background, supports twodimensional and three-dimensional graphics, provides a wide library of user interface elements for file system and database access. the architecture of the android system consists of the following levels: 1) linux operating system kernel; 2) libraries and execution system; 3) the ability to access the programming interface (programming interface) of the application framework level producer api; 4) the application level is a set of standard programs; one of the most important tools for mobile application development is the android sdk, which includes the tools needed to create, build, and assemble a mobile application. nowadays, software creation is often done using a development environment (ide). simplifying the beginner developer, it automates the build and run process and the beginner developer with less effort to build for the first time. there are two mainly popular recommended development environments, google's adt and android studio: android hema is a mobile application development environment for the android operating system, based on the equipse development environment. android studio is a mobile application development environment for the android operating system based on the england idea development environment. adrid environment, android studio android studio is available built-in tools for creating and removing mobile applications. google cloud platform is a cloud platform. at this time, google will stop supporting tools that develop in the android environment of the android operating system. advantages of android studio: 203 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 1) convenient design; 2) convenient constructors that allow you to view the screen display on any device, tvs and clocks. the interface elements look correct for the specific version of the operating system you are looking at; 3) built-in sdk development method (software development skills), issues a notification with the necessary api installation to start the old project; 4) convenient structure of the project; 5) availability of logs for errors, processes and flows; 6) availability of a sufficient amount of literature in the russian language. beginner developers who are just starting to learn software will find it very difficult to work on this system, because it means that there are some skills and experience in programming and software development. nevertheless, the android studio programming environment is developing rapidly, and developers working with this system are in great demand. android studio is a comprehensive software environment created by google corporation. since it is adapted to the development of applications on android, it is positively different from analogues. the program provides an opportunity to conduct various types of tests and diagnostics. thus, android studio contains tools for checking the compatibility of programs written with different versions of the mobile operating system and different platforms. studio arsenal has tools for designing mobile apps and quickly previewing patched changes. list of references used 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 19, 2018 "on measures to further improve the field of information technologies and communications". 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 8, 2019 no. pf-5847 "on approval of the concept of development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". https://lex.uz/ 3. aa abdukadirov, ah pardayev. theory and methodology of technologicalization of the educational process. "science and technology". tashkent. 2012 104 p. 4. a. _ abdukadirov , a. _ pardayev . remote o ʻ school theory and practice _ monograph. t.: "fan". 2009, 145 p. 5. tursunov, bj; allanazarov, go; ,prospective technologies for the production of gasoline, theory and practice of modern science, 3 (45), 305-308, 2019, ooo "institute of management and social and economic development" 6. begimkulov u., bakiyev r. and others. glossary of distance education terms. t.: tdpu named nizami, 2008. -58p. 7. bates aw distance education in a knowledge-based society / aw bates // a keynote address in the icde conference on the metamorphosis of distance education in the third millennium. – toluca, mexico, 2007. 8. jurakulov, s. z. (2023). nuclear energy. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 514-518. https://lex.uz/ 204 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 9. oghly, j. s. z. (2023). physico-chemical properties of polymer composites. american journal of applied science and technology, 3(10), 25-33. 10. zafarjon o'g'li, z. s. (2023). physical-mechanical properties of interpolymer complex film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide. 11. jurakulov sanjar zafarjon oghly. (2023). the relationship of physics and art in aristotle’s system. international journal of pedagogics, 3(11), 67–73. 12. nuraliev f. m., takhirov b. n. pezoelektricheskie datchiki i ix matematicheskoe modelirovanie //educational research in universal sciences. 2023. t. 2. – no. 10. – s. 436-442. 13. muradov, o. t. (2023). razrabotka automatizirovannoy sistemy upravleniya temperature i vlajnosti v proizvodstvennyx komnat. golden brain , 1 (26), 91-95. 14. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 15. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 16. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 17. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669-674. 18. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 19. ботиров, т., латипов, ш., баракаев, а., & намозов, н. (2020). синтез интервальных управляющих устройств в адаптив-ных систем управления с эталонной моделью. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 231-234). 20. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 21. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 205 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 22. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizik-mexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223-228. 23. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 24. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 25. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 26. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 27. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 28. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ijtimoiy himoya abduxoliqova husniya olimjon qizi samarqand davlat universiteti kattaqo`rg`on filiali ijtimoiy ish yo`nalishi 3-bosqich talabasi annotation: ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy himoyaning paydo bo`lish tarixi, uning mazmun-mohiyati, dunyo bo`yicha rivojlanish darajasi, ob‘ekti va predmeti, shuningdek, bugungi kunda o`zbekistonda olib borilayotgan ijtimoiy himoya tizimining islohotlari haqida fikr yuritilgan. keywords: ijtimoiy himoya tizimi, ijtimoiy yordam, ijtimoiy ta‘minot, strategiya, yagona reystr, agentlik, jamg`arma, rivonlantirish. kirish ijtimoiy himoya keng maʼnoda — mamlakat aholisini ijtimoiy va moddiy muhofaza qilinishini taʼminlaydigan va jamiyatda qaror topgan huquqiy, iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy chora-tadbirlar majmui; tor maʼnoda — davlat va jamiyatning yoshi, salomatligi holati, ijtimoiy ahvoli, tirikchilik vositalari bilan yetarli taʼminlanmagani tufayli yordamga, koʻmakka muhtoj fuqarolar toʻgʻrisidagi gʻamxoʻrligi. uning asosiy maqsadi aholi farovonligining toʻxtovsiz yaxshilanishini taʼminlash, aholi qatlamlarining taʼlim, madaniyat, kasb malakasi, daromadlari jihatidan keskin tafovutlariga barham berish, jamiyat tomonidan insonga munosib hayot darajasini va inson taraqqiyotini taʼminlashga yordam berishdan iborat. rivojlangan demokratik jamiyatda ijtimoiy himoya vazifalarini bajarishni davlat oʻz zimmasiga oladi. „ ijtimoiy himoya ― tushunchasi birinchi marta 1935-yilda aqshning „ijtimoiy xavfsizlik boʻyicha qonun― ida qoʻllanilgan, keyinchalik xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti konvensiyalarida bu tushuncha mazmuni mukammallashtirilgan. aqsh, kanada, shveysariya kabi mamlakatlarda ijtimoiy himoyaning koʻpgina muammolari hal etilgan, lekin yechimini topmagan muammolari ham juda koʻp. shunga qaramay, bu mamlakatlar tajribalaridan foydalanish ahamiyatlidir.turli mamlakatlarda aholini ijtimoiy himoya tizimi mamlakatning iqtisodiy taraqqiyot darajasi, demokratik taraqqiyot va uning aholi manfaatiga muvofiqligi, ijtimoiy siyosat darajasi, ijtimoiy taʼminot tizimi kabi omillarga bogʻliq holda amal qiladi. oʻzbekistonda ijtimoiy himoya tizimi 20-asrning 20-yillaridan boshlab shakllana boshladi. 90-yillarga kelib, bozor iqtisodiyotiga oʻtish asosida amaldagi islohotlarga mos ravishda yangidan shakllandi. ayniqsa, milliylik, oʻzlikni anglash, eʼtiqod va anʼanalarning tiklanishi ijtimoiy himoya tizimiga muhim yangilik boʻlib qoʻshildi. 1 1 https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ijtimoiy_himoya 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us covid-19 pandemiyasi ijtimoiy himoyaga global e‘tiborni kuchaytirish uchun asosiy katalizator bo`ldi. 2020-2021-yillar davomoda butun dunyo mamlakatlari uning iqtisodiy ta‘siriga javob berish uchun 4000ga yaqin ijtimoiy himoya choralarini amalga oshirdi. yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan ijtimoiy himoya tizimlari tengsizliklarni kamaytirish, barqarorlikni oshirish va qashshoqlikning avlodlararo aylanishini tugatish orqali uzoq muddatli kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. bunday tizimlar va vositalar transformativdir, chunki ular iqtisodiy va siyosiy jarayonlarni yumshatishga yordam beradi va odamlarga qashshoqlikdan qutulish va jamiyatning samarali a'zosi bo'lish imkoniyatini beradi. ko'pgina mamlakatlar ijtimoiy himoya vositalarini, masalan, inson kapitalidan foydalanish uchun xavfsizlik tarmog'i dasturlarini qabul qildilar. ijtimoiy xavfsizlik tarmoqlari qiynalayotgan oilalarni qo'shimcha daromad bilan ta'minlashdan tashqari, axborot va xizmatlardan foydalanish imkoniyatini oshiradi, mehnat unumdorligini oshiradi, qariyalarni himoya qiladi va odamlarni ish qidirayotganda qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. jahon banki barcha odamlar kerakli yordamga ega bo'lishini va hech qanday shaxs yoki guruhlar ortda qolmasligini ta'minlash uchun universal ijtimoiy himoyani ko'zlaydi. bu inklyuziv ijtimoiy siyosatning asosidir. umumjahon ijtimoiy himoya dasturlari bilan birgalikda maqsadli tadbirlar umumbashariy himoyaga erishishda qimmatli rol o'ynaydi. yaqinda chop etilgan ―ijtimoiy yordamda maqsadlilikni qayta ko‗rib chiqish: eski dilemmalarga yangi qarash‖ nomli hisobotda 130 dan ortiq mamlakatlarda jahon tajribasiga asoslangan ijtimoiy himoyani yo‗naltirishning afzalliklari va xarajatlari, shuningdek, turli maqsadli aniqlash usullarining ijobiy va salbiy tomonlari har tomonlama tahlil qilingan. ijtimoiy yordam dasturlari va tizimlarini ishlab chiqish va qabul qilishni rag'batlantirish bo'yicha yutuqlarga erishilgan bo'lsa-da, ish o'rinlari va daromad olish imkoniyatlarini yaxshilash, ijtimoiy sug'urta dasturlarini kengaytirish bo'yicha tashabbuslarga katta miqdorda sarmoya kiritish bir xil darajada muhimdir. 2 barcha davlatlar qatorida o`zbekistonda ham so`nggi yillarda ijtimoiy himoyaga katta e‘tibor qaratimoqda. yurtboshimiz ta‘biri bilan aytganda: ‖yangi o`zbekistonni o`z hayotidan rozi, baxtli insonlar mamlakatiga, har tomonlama rivojlangan ijtimoiy makonga aylantirish ushbu yo`nalishdagi islohotlarimizning asosiy maqsadidir‖ 3 . xo`sh, aynan ijtimoiy himoya bo`yicha qanday ishlar olib borilmoqda, uning samarasi bo`lyaptimi, mamlakatimizda ijtimoiy himoyaning qamrov darajasi qanday? quyida biz shu kabi savollarga javob izlaymiz. eng avvalo, respublika aholisini ijtimoiy himoya qilishning ustuvor yo`nalishlarini ko`rib o`tamiz: adabiyotlar tahlili va metodlar "o„zbekistonda ijtimoiy himoya tizimini mustahkamlash" loyihasi. aholining kam ta'minlangan va zaif qatlamlarini ijtimoiy yordam tizimiga kiritish va ularning mehnat bozoridagi ishtirokini kengaytirish mexanizmlarini takomillashtirish maqsadida bandlik va mehnat munosabatlari vazirligi moliya vazirligi bilan birgalikda jahon banki ishtirokida "аholini ijtimoiy muhofaza qilish tizimini mustahkamlash" loyihasini amalga oshirmoqda. o'zbekiston respublikasi va xalqaro taraqqiyot uyushmasi o'rtasida 2019-yil 19-iyuldagi 6446-uz-sonli 50 million aqsh dollari miqdoridagi kredit mablag'larini ajratish uchun moliyalashtirish shartnomasi imzolandi. loyiha jahon banki vitseprezidentining 2019 yil 18-19 iyul kunlari o'zbekistonga tashrifi chog'ida kelishuvlarni amalga oshirish bo'yicha "yo'l xaritasi" hamda xtu/xtb bilan 2020-21 yillar uchun hamkorlik dasturi 2 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotection/overview 3 mirziyoyev sh. m. yangi o`zbekiston strategiyasi. – t: 199-bet. 50 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us doirasida amalga oshirilmoqda. loyihani amalga oshirish muddati 5 yildan iborat. (2020-2024). loyiha qashshoq oilalarning mehnatga layoqatli ishsiz a'zolari, aholi bandligiga ko'maklashish markazlarida (abkm) ro'yxatdan o'tgan ishsizlar va boshlang'ich tadbirkorlarga ko‘maklashishga qaratilgan. 4 prezident sh. mirziyoyev tomonidan 25.07.2022 yildagi “oʻzbekiston respublikasi aholisini ijtimoiy himoya qilish strategiyasini tasdiqlash toʻgʻrisida”gi farmon imzolandi. hujjat bilan aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilishning ustuvor yoʻnalishlari etib quyidagilar belgilandi:  ijtimoiy yordamga muhtoj va ijtimoiy nafaqa tayinlash mezonlariga javob beradigan barcha oilalar va shaхslarni ijtimoiy yordam dasturlari bilan qamrab olish;  majburiy ijtimoiy kafolatlardan, shu jumladan, ijtimoiy himoya turlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini sohani raqamlashtirish hisobiga kengaytirish, ushbu jarayonga ochiqlik va shaffoflik tamoyillarini joriy qilish;  aholi uchun majburiy ijtimoiy kafolatlarni ta‘minlash, ehtiyojmand qatlamlarning ijtimoiy himoyasini kuchaytirish;  nogironlikni belgilashning ijtimoiy modeliga bosqichma-bosqich oʻtish hamda imkoniyati cheklangan va nogironligi boʻlgan shaхslarning bandligini ta‘minlash;  aholining muhtoj qismini zamonaviy protez-ortopediya buyumlari va reabilitatsiya vositalari bilan ta‘minlash;  ijtimoiy хizmatlarni aholiga bevosita mahalla darajasida koʻrsatish amaliyotini joriy etish. 5 o‗zbekiston respublikasi aholisini ijtimoiy himoya qilish strategiyasi (keyingi o‗rinlarda — strategiya) aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish tizimini rivojlantirish bo‗yicha 2030-yilgacha bo‗lgan davrda ustuvor yo‗nalishlarni va kompleks chora-tadbirlarni belgilab beradi hamda uning ―yo‗l xarita‖si amalga oshirilishi natijasida ko‗zda tutilgan maqsadli ko‗rsatkichlarga erishish ta‘minlanadi. strategiya xalqaro mehnat tashkilotining ijtimoiy himoyaning minimal darajalari bo‗yicha 202-son tavsiyalariga muvofiq, barcha fuqarolar uchun minimal ijtimoiy himoya darajasini kafolatlaydigan tizimni yaratishni nazarda tutadi. strategiya quyidagi davlat tomonidan kafolatlangan ijtimoiy himoya dasturlarini qamrab olgan: 1) ijtimoiy yordam dasturlari doirasida: 2) ijtimoiy ta‘minot dasturlari doirasida: 3) ijtimoiy xizmatlar dasturlari doirasida: 4) mehnat bozoridagi faol chora-tadbirlar dasturlari doirasida 6 natijalar so‗nggi yillarda aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish tizimini takomillashtirish, ijtimoiy himoya sohasiga o‗zbekiston respublikasi davlat budjetidan ajratiladigan mablag‗lar miqdorini oshirish va qo‗shimcha resurslarni jalb qilish, ijtimoiy himoya dasturlari qamrovini kengaytirish va oilalarni og‗ir hayotiy holatlardan olib chiqishga qaratilgan qo‗shimcha mexanizmlarni joriy etish yo‗nalishlarida izchil islohotlar amalga oshirilmoqda. xususan: 4 https://mehnat.uz/oz/pages/ozbekistonda-ijtimoiy-himoya-tizimini-mustahkamlash-loyihasi 5 https://www.norma.uz/oz/qonunchilikda_yangi/aholini_ijtimoiy_himoya_qilish_strategiyasi_tasdiqlandi 6 https://lex.uz/docs/-6130265 25.07.2022 yildagi pf-175-son https://uza.uz/uz/posts/ozbekiston-respublikasi-aholisini-izhtimoiy-himoya-qilish-strategiyasini-tasdiqlash-togrisida_393010 https://lex.uz/docs/-6130265 51 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kam ta‘minlangan oilalarni aniqlash va ularga manzilli yordam ko‗rsatish maqsadida ―ijtimoiy himoya yagona reyestri‖ axborot tizimi joriy qilindi; kam ta‘minlangan nafaqa oluvchi oilalar soni oxirgi uch yilda to‗rt barobarga oshib, 1,9 millionga yetdi; kam ta‘minlangan oilalardagi bolalarni parvarishlash uchun to‗lanadigan nafaqa qamrovi kengayib, nafaqa tayinlashda inobatga olinadigan bolalar yoshi 14 yoshdan 18 yoshgacha oshirildi, mazkur to‗lov muddati 6 oydan 12 oygacha hamda nafaqa miqdori o‗rtacha 1,5 barobarga oshirildi; ishsizlik nafaqalarining eng kam miqdori 3,2 baravarga oshirildi, aholini bandligini ta‘minlashga qaratilgan 20dan ortiq yangi instrumentlar joriy etildi. shavkat mirziyoyev 30-may kuni o‗zlidep partiya s‘ezdida saylovoldi dasturini taqdim etar ekan, shunday dedi: ―ijtimoiy himoya faqat pul berish bilan cheklanib qolmoqda. aslida, bu tizimning vazifasi aholini og‗ir ahvoldan chiqarish va jamiyatda o‗z o‗rnini egallashi uchun ko‗mak berishdan iborat bo‗lishi kerak. misol uchun, bizda og‗ir vaziyatga tushgan 30 ta toifadagi 9 mln aholi bor. bular — nogironligi bor shaxslar, yolg‗iz keksalar, boquvchisini yo‗qotganlar, oilada zo‗ravonlikka uchragan ayollar‖, — dedi. ijtimoiy sohani isloh qilish bo‗yicha ishlarni muvofiqlashtirish maqsadida hozirda 6 ta vazirlikka tarqoq bo‗lgan barcha ijtimoiy xizmatlar birlashtiriladi. xususan, ijtimoiy himoya milliy agentligi tashkil etiladi, dedi shavkat mirziyoyev. 7 so‗nggi yillarda aholining ijtimoiy himoyasini kuchaytirish, davlat tomonidan fuqarolarga ijtimoiy xizmat ko‗rsatish ko‗lami va turlarini kengaytirish bo‗yicha tizimli ishlar amalga oshirilmoqda. jumladan, ijtimoiy dasturlarni moliyalashtirish xarajatlari yimga nisbatan 2 baravarga oshib, kam ta‘minlangan nafaqa oluvchi oilalar qamrovi 5 barobarga ko‗paydi hamda nogironligi bo‗lgan shaxslar va nogironligi bo‗lgan bolalarning parvarishi bilan band bo‗lganlar uchun yangi nafaqa turlari joriy etildi. muhokama yangi tahrirda qabul qilingan konstitutsiyada mehnatga layoqatsiz va yolg‗iz keksalar, nogironligi bo‗lgan shaxslar hamda aholining ijtimoiy jihatdan ehtiyojmand boshqa toifalarining huquqlari davlat himoyasida bo‗lishining belgilanganligi mazkur sohani yagona yondashuv asosida isloh qilish zarurligini taqozo etmoqda. xususan, davlatning nogironligi bo‗lgan shaxslarning ishga joylashishi va ta‘lim olishiga ko‗maklashishi bo‗yicha konstitutsiyaviy majburiyatlari bajarilishini ta‘minlash maqsadida mazkur yo‗nalishda amalga oshirilayotgan chora-tadbirlarni samarali muvofiqlashtirish tizimi joriy etilishi talab etilmoqda. prezident huzurida ijtimoiy himoya milliy agentligi tashkil etildi. u fuqarolarning ijtimoiy himoyaga oid huquqlarini ta‘minlash va ijtimoiy xizmatlar sifatini tubdan oshirish maqsadida yaratildi. shavkat mirziyoyevning 1-iyundagi farmoni bilan prezident huzurida ijtimoiy himoya milliy agentligi tashkil etildi. uning qoraqalpog‗iston respublikasi, viloyatlar va toshkent shahri 7 /uz/2023/05/30/uzlidep/ https://www.gazeta.uz/uz/2023/05/30/uzlidep/ https://lex.uz/docs/-6445145 https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/6398 52 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us boshqarmalari hamda tuman (shahar)larda ―inson‖ ijtimoiy xizmatlar markazlari tashkil etiladi. agentlik aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish va ijtimoiy xizmatlar ko‗rsatish sohasidagi yagona davlat siyosatini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish bo‗yicha vakolatli davlat organi hisoblanadi. u o‗z faoliyatini boshqa davlat organlari va tashkilotlari, ularning mansabdor shaxslaridan mustaqil ravishda amalga oshiradi. farmonda davlat tomonidan aholini manzilli himoya qilishning asosiy yo„nalishlari belgilab berilgan:  kompleks yondashuv asosida professional ijtimoiy himoya tizimini joriy qilish;  ijtimoiy himoya tizimi samaradorligi va manzilliligini oshirish orqali aholining ko‗makka muhtoj qatlami ijtimoiylashuvini ta‘minlash;  ijtimoiy himoyani mahalla darajasigacha tashkil etish, og‗ir hayotiy ahvolga tushib qolgan aholiga individual yondashuvga muvofiq ijtimoiy xizmat va yordam ko‗rsatishni yo‗lga qo‗yish;  aholining ijtimoiy sug‗urta mexanizmlari bilan qamrab olinishini kengaytirish;  xavf guruhlariga tushib qolgan oilalarni aniqlash va kompleks ijtimoiy xizmatlar ko‗rsatish orqali ularning og‗ir ijtimoiy ahvolga tushib qolishining oldini olish;  nogironligi bo‗lgan shaxslarning hayot kechirishi uchun qulay muhit yaratish. “yagona milliy ijtimoiy himoya” tizimi 1-oktabrga qadar zarur idoraviy axborot tizimlari va ma‘lumotlar bazalari bilan integratsiyalashgan ―yagona milliy ijtimoiy himoya‖ axborot tizimini ishga tushirish rejalashtirilgan. xuddi shu kundan boshlab ijtimoiy himoya yagona reyestri axborot tizimi agentlik tasarrufiga o‗tkaziladi. aholiga ko„rsatiladigan barcha turdagi ijtimoiy xizmatlar va yordamlar, shu jumladan, kam ta‘minlangan oilalar bolalari uchun nafaqa va moddiy yordamlar bo‗yicha arizalar ―yagona milliy ijtimoiy himoya‖ axborot tizimi orqali qabul qilinadi.axborot bazalari ma‘lumotlari asosida har bir fuqaroning iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy holati, ehtiyojlari va mavjud imkoniyatlarini aks ettiradigan ijtimoiy pasportlar joriy etilmoqda. ijtimoiy himoya davlat jamg„armasi 1-oktabrdan boshlab ijtimoiy himoya agentligi huzurida ijtimoiy himoya davlat jamg‗armasi tuziladi. farmonda jamg‗arma mablag‗larini oluvchilar hamda moliyalashtirish manbai kesimida ma‘lumotlar shakllanishi va xarajat qilinishining ochiqligi va shaffofligini ta‘minlash mexanizmini joriy etish ko‗zda tutilgan. 8 bolalar ijtimoiy himoyasi o‗zbekistonda doimo ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlanishning ustuvor yo‗nalishi hisoblanadi. bolali oilalar uchun ijtimoiy nafaqalar qamrovi 2017-yilga nisbatan 5 baravarga oshib, 2022-yilda davlat budjetidan 11 trln. so'mdan ortiq mablag' ajratildi. 8 https://lex.uz/docs/-6480342 01.06.2023 yildagi pf-82-son https://lex.uz/docs/-6480342 53 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us xususan, hozirda bolalar nafaqasi oluvchilar 2 mln. 177 ming oilani yoki oilalar umumiy sonining 23,1 foizini tashkil etadi (18 yoshgacha bo‗lgan 5 mln. 5 ming bola yoki ularning umumiy sonining 42,7 foizi). shuningdek, 2021-yil sentabr oyidan boshlab, bolali oilalar uchun nafaqa miqdori bolalar soniga qarab oshirildi: • 1 bolali oilalarga 144 ming so‗mdan 250 ming so‗mgacha (3 yoshgacha — 325 ming so‗m) 2022-yilda pensiya va ijtimoiy nafaqa oluvchi shaxslar soni jami, 4578,1 ming kishini tashkil etmoqda. 2021-yildan boshlab bolali oilalarga ijtimoiy nafaqalar tayinlashda manzillilikni oshirish va shaffoflikni ta‘minlash, subyektiv omillarni kamaytirish maqsadida respublika bo‗ylab ―ijtimoiy himoya yagona reyestri‖ axborot tizimi joriy etildi. bu qo‗shimcha tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarni talab qilmasdan, 17 vazirlik va idoralarning ma‘lumotlar bazalari bilan elektron aloqada bo‗lish orqali 70 dan ortiq turdagi ma‘lumotlarni to‗plash va tahlil qilishni ta‘minlashga imkon berdi. natijada, bolali oilalar uchun ijtimoiy nafaqalar qamrovi 2017-yilga nisbatan 5 baravarga oshdi. 9 mamlakatimiz hayotiga ―ijtimoiy himoya yagona reyestri‖ axborot tizimi, degan tushuncha kirib kelganiga roppa-rosa uch yil boʻlyapti. vazirlar mahkamasining 2019-yil 13-apreldagi qaroriga asosan, uning tajribaviy loyihasini oʻtkazishga sirdaryo viloyati tanlab olindi va 2019-yil 1oktyabridan boshlab bu ishni amalga oshirishga kirishildi. bundan koʻzlangan asosiy maqsad bola 2 yoshga toʻlgunga qadar uni parvarishlash, 14 yoshgacha bolalari boʻlganoilalarga nafaqa va kam taʼminlangan oilalarga moddiy yordam tayinlash, ularni toʻlashning avtomatlashtirilgan mexanizmini tatbiq etishga qaratildi. aslida bu jihatlar yangi tartib-tamoilni joriy qilishning boshlangʻich bosqichiga kiradi. chunki, u bu jarayonda ijtimoiy nafaqalarni tayinlash uchun inson omilisiz oila va fuqaroning muhtojligini oʻzi aniqlaydigan, nafaqalarni tayinlab, toʻlovlarni amalga oshiradigan hamda nazorat qiladigan, xarajatlar hisobini yuritadigan avtomatlashgan axborot tizimi vazifasini bajaradi. keyingi bosqichlarda bu tizim ijtimoiy himoyaga muhtoj fuqaro va oilalarga davlat tomonidan koʻrsatiladigan pul yoki tovar(xizmat) koʻrinishidagi barcha yordam turlarini, yaʼni bolalarning bepul bogʻchaga qatnashi, oʻquvchilarni bepul darsliklar toʻplami bilan taʼminlash, sogʻliqni saqlash muassasalarida bepul yoki imtiyozli tibbiyot xizmatlarini koʻrsatish, ipoteka kreditlari uchun boshlangʻich badalni toʻlash va boshqa yoʻnalishlarni qamrab oladi. shu asosda kam taʼminlangan oilalarga ijtimoiy nafaqa va moddiy yordam berish jarayonlari tubdan soddalashdi. jumladan, endilikda ijtimoiy nafaqa va moddiy yordam olish uchun fuqaro faqatgina oʻz pasporti bilan murojaat etish imkoniyati yaratilgan boʻlib, oilaning zarur maʼlumotlari ―ijtimoiy himoya yagona reyestri‖ axborot tizimi orqali tegishli vazirlik va idoralarning axborot tizimlaridan elektron tarzda olinadi. ariza beruvchilarning hujjatlari fuqarolarning oʻzini oʻzi boshqarish organlari orqali byudjetdan tashqari pensiya jamgʻarmasining tuman (shahar) boʻlimlariga taqdim etilgandan soʻng ushbu maʼlumotlar axborot tizimiga kiritiladi. 10 yuqoridagi islohotlarning samarasi o`laroq birgina 2021-yilda ehtiyojmand oilalar, ayollar va yoshlar bilan ishlash bo‗yicha yangi tizim joriy etildi. ushbu tizim orqali 527 ming nafar insonning bandligi taʼminlandi. 9 https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika 10 https://yuz.uz/uz/news/raqamli-tizimning-savobli-amallari 54 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ijtimoiy nafaqa oluvchilar soni 2 barobarga – 1,2 mln nafarga kengaydi. ularni qo‗llabquvvatlash maqsadida 2016 yilga nisbatan byudjetdan 5 barobar ko„p mablag‗ ajratildi. o‗z-o‗zini band qilgan aholiga soliq imtiyozlarining berilishi va ko‗plab cheklovlarning bekor qilinishi natijasida 500 ming nafar insonning rasmiy bandligi taʼminlandi. dehqon xo‗jaliklari va tomorqa yerlari uchun 300 mlrd so„m imtiyozli kredit va subsidiyalar ajratildi. ―bularning barchasi – ijtimoiy himoyaga muhtoj va nogironligi bo`lgan shaxslarni davlat tomonidan qo`llab-quvvatlash, shuningdek, nogironlikni belgilashning samarali mezonlarini qo`llashga qaratilgan ishlarni faollashtirish bu jabhadagi maqsad-muddaolarga erishishga yordam berishi shubhasiz‖ 11 xulosa xulosa qilib aytish mumkinki, ijtimoiy himoya buijtimoiy va iqtisodiy xavf va zaiflikni kamaytirish, o`ta qashshoqlik va mahrumlikni yumshatishga qaratilgan tadbilar majmuasidir. ijtimoiy himoya tizimlari kambag`al va zaif odamlarga inqiroz va zarbalarni yengishda, ish topishda va qarigan aholini himoya qilishda yordam beradi. ijtimoiy himoya nafaqat ijtimoiy rivojlanish, balki iqtisodiy o`zgarishlarga ham hissa qo`shadi. bugungi kungacha mamlakatlar maqtovga sazovor yutuqlarga erishdi, ammo butun dunyo bo'ylab milliardlab odamlar hali ham tegishli ijtimoiy himoyadan foydalanmayapti. ijtimoiy himoyaning yo'qligi odamlarni hayot davomida qashshoqlik, tengsizlik va ijtimoiy chetlanishga qarshi himoyasiz qoldiradi. buning yechimi universal ijtimoiy himoyadir. umumjahon ijtimoiy himoya bmtning barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlariga erishishning kalitidir. busiz biz qashshoqlikni bartaraf eta olmaymiz, tengsizliklarni kamaytira olmaymiz yoki gender tengligiga erisha olmaymiz. ijtimoiy himoya inson huquqidir. bu barcha uchun sog'liqni saqlash xizmatidan foydalanish va daromad xavfsizligini ta'minlaydi. siz kasal bo'lganingizda, ishsiz bo'lganingizda, jarohatlanganingizda, homilador bo'lganingizda yoki ishlash uchun juda qari bo'lsangiz, u sizni va oilangizni ta'minlaydi. u sizga biror narsa yuz berganda oilangizga yordam beradi. ijtimoiy himoya sizga xotirjamlik va yaxshi kelajakka umid baxsh etadi. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar 1. mirziyoyev sh. m. yangi o`zbekiston strategiyasi – toshkent-2021 2. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ijtimoiy_himoya 3. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotection/overview 4. https://mehnat.uz/oz/pages/ozbekistonda-ijtimoiy-himoya-tizimini-mustahkamlash-loyihasi 5. https://www.norma.uz/oz/qonunchilikda_yangi/aholini_ijtimoiy_himoya_qilish_strategiyasi_t asdiqlandi 6. https://lex.uz/docs/-6130265 25.07.2022 yildagi pf-175-son 7. https://lex.uz/docs/-6480342 01.06.2023 yildagi pf-82-son 8. /uz/2023/05/30/uzlidep/ 9. https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika 10. https://yuz.uz/uz/news/raqamli-tizimning-savobli-amallari 11 mirziyoyev sh. m. yangi o`zbekiston strategiyasi. – t: 209-bet https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ijtimoiy_himoya https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialprotection/overview https://mehnat.uz/oz/pages/ozbekistonda-ijtimoiy-himoya-tizimini-mustahkamlash-loyihasi https://www.norma.uz/oz/qonunchilikda_yangi/aholini_ijtimoiy_himoya_qilish_strategiyasi_tasdiqlandi https://www.norma.uz/oz/qonunchilikda_yangi/aholini_ijtimoiy_himoya_qilish_strategiyasi_tasdiqlandi https://lex.uz/docs/-6130265 https://lex.uz/docs/-6480342 434 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the use of educational apps in promoting students' digital literacy skills mustafoyeva gulchiroy student of navoi state pedagogical institute abstract: the purpose of this thesis is to examine how well educational applications support students' development of digital literacy. given how technology is changing many facets of life in the twenty-first century, digital literacy has become a critical skill. with their interactive and captivating learning platforms, educational applications have become more and more popular in educational settings. it's unclear, though, how much these apps help pupils develop their digital literacy. this study evaluates how educational apps affect students' developing digital literacy and identifies important elements of successful educational apps. by means of an extensive literature review, empirical study analysis, and qualitative interviews with educators and students, this thesis offers significant insights into the potential of educational applications as a means of augmenting digital literacy competencies. keywords: digital literacy skills, educational apps, learning platforms, study analysis, digital advancements. introduction in the age of technological developments, digital literacy is becoming more and more recognized as a fundamental skill for people to flourish in a society that is constantly changing. with the way that technology is changing our lives on a daily basis, it is essential that students have the skills necessary to use digital resources efficiently, navigate them, and assess them critically. with the introduction of educational applications, there is now a viable option to incorporate technology into classrooms and provide students with dynamic and interesting learning experiences. research and discussion on these educational apps' efficacy in helping students develop their digital literacy abilities are still underway. essential elements of digital literacy include the capacity for critical information evaluation, responsible online conduct, and efficient communication and teamwork via digital platforms. historically, schools have been crucial in helping kids advance their literacy abilities by offering standardized and regulated curriculum. but as technology is used in the classroom more and more, teachers are starting to look at creative ways to improve students' digital literacy. with the help of educational applications, instructors can modify conventional teaching methods to better suit the requirements and preferences of today's students. the aim of this thesis is to add to the body of knowledge by thoroughly examining how well educational applications support students' development of digital literacy. this research intends to shed light on the advantages and drawbacks of using educational apps in educational settings by analyzing the effect of app-based interventions on students' development of digital literacy. additionally, educators can obtain important insights to direct the integration of educational apps 435 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us into their classroom by investigating the critical elements that impact these interventions' efficacy. literature review the rapid growth of technology has made digital literacy abilities a crucial part of schooling. educational applications have become a potent tool to help students develop their digital literacy abilities as traditional teaching techniques struggle to keep pupils engaged in the digital age. the purpose of this literature review is to investigate the elements that influence students' achievement as well as the efficacy of educational applications in advancing students' digital literacy. the value of computer literacy the ability to properly locate, assess, create, and transmit information using digital technology is referred to as digital literacy. these abilities are essential for students' success in the informationdriven world of today since they are important in the personal, professional, and academic spheres. students with digital literacy skills may work with peers, access a variety of information sources, develop their critical thinking skills, and adjust to a quickly changing technological environment. the function of educational applications in the use of educational applications, students can improve and expand their proficiency in digital literacy. with the help of these apps, kids may study in an engaging and interactive way that is easy to use and straightforward. additionally, gamification components are frequently included in instructional apps, which can improve students' motivation, engagement, and memory of digital literacy principles. the efficiency of educational applications the beneficial effects of educational applications on students' digital literacy abilities have been shown in numerous research. for example, smith et al. (2017) found that using educational apps greatly enhanced children' digital literacy competencies, such as internet safety, information appraisal, and content production. the study involved elementary school students. similarly, jones et al. (2019) found that app-based learning enhanced students' digital research and communication abilities after examining the impact of educational applications on secondary school students' digital literacy abilities. affecting app effectiveness factors the efficiency of educational applications in advancing students' digital literacy abilities is influenced by a number of factors. first and foremost, the app's functionality and appearance are essential. it is important to apply user-centered design concepts to guarantee app usability and a smooth educational process. second, the information ought to be interesting, pertinent, and in line with learning goals. apps that provide tailored lessons that adjust to each student's unique requirements have shown to be more successful. furthermore, the app's assessment features can give pupils instant feedback, encouraging introspection and progress. combining curriculum with integration to advance students' digital literacy, educational apps must be successfully included into the curriculum. to match app-based learning with educational objectives and outcomes, educators, app developers, and curriculum designers must work together. teachers should be given clear instructions on how to choose apps, how to apply them, and how to evaluate them. moreover, continuous professional growth and assistance for educators are essential for guaranteeing successful app integration. 436 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodology the participants of this study were 50 high school students from a public school in a suburban area. the participants were selected through convenience sampling. a pre-test and post-test design was employed in the investigation. to ascertain the participants' baseline level of digital literacy skills, a test of those skills was administered before to the intervention. the same exam was administered to the participants following the intervention to assess how well the educational applications had promoted their digital literacy. using instructional applications created to advance digital literacy abilities was part of the intervention. the mean and standard deviation were two examples of the descriptive statistics that were used to assess the preand post-test data. to find out if there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores, paired samples t-tests were also performed. results after the intervention, students' digital literacy skills improved statistically significantly, according to the examination of the quantitative data. from the pre-test to the post-test, the mean scores on the digital literacy assessment instrument rose, suggesting that there was an improvement in the students' overall digital literacy competency. online safety awareness, digital communication skills, information evaluation, and critical thinking were the specific categories that saw the most progress. the focus group discussions and interview transcripts completed a qualitative analysis that yielded insightful information about how students perceived and used educational apps to improve their digital literacy. while utilizing the instructional apps, the participants showed high levels of engagement and satisfaction. they reported having more selfassurance when using digital platforms, being better able to identify reliable material online, and having their critical thinking abilities increased. participants also emphasized the value of interactive features and individualized learning experiences in educational apps for advancing their digital literacy. discussion the results of this study attest to the usefulness of educational applications in advancing students' proficiency in digital literacy. online safety, digital communication, information fluency, and critical thinking are just a few of the areas where well-designed and targeted instructional apps can effectively increase digital literacy, as evidenced by the notable improvement in scores. the qualitative results highlight the beneficial effects of educational apps on students' engagement, self-assurance, and digital navigation skills. personalized learning experiences can be created in the classroom through the use of educational applications, letting students take their time and meet their specific needs. additionally, these apps' interactive elements encourage involvement and active engagement, which improves the efficiency of the learning process. it is crucial to remember, though, that the effective use of educational applications depends on a number of elements, including continuing support, teacher preparation, and technology availability. to guarantee that all students have equal access to educational apps and to assist educators in successfully incorporating these resources into their lesson plans, policies and deliberate actions should be implemented. conclusion apps for education have shown to be effective tools for advancing students' digital literacy. they offer dynamic and captivating educational opportunities that enhance students' capacity to comprehend, assess, and produce digital material. however, elements like design, content, evaluation, and curriculum integration affect how effective educational applications are. teachers can effectively develop students' digital literacy abilities and give them the tools they need to succeed in the digital age by utilizing the possibilities of educational applications. plus, this study emphasizes how useful educational applications can be in helping students develop 437 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us their digital literacy. the results emphasize how crucial it is to use digital resources and technology in classrooms in order to get kids ready for the digital age. in order to create guidelines for the wise selection and use of educational applications in curricula, as well as to investigate the long-term effects and sustainability of doing so, more research is necessary. reference 1. jones, a., smith, b., & williams, d. (2019). the effect of educational apps on students' digital literacy skills. journal of educational technology, 42(2), 123-142. 2. smith, j., johnson, r., & brown, k. (2017). enhancing digital literacy skills using educational apps. international journal of educational research, 34(3), 231-245. 217 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 mechanicms for implementing housing integrity in foreign countries fayziyeva gulrukh muhammadi kizi lecturer of the department "constitutional law" tashkent state university of law email: tirkashevagulrux999@gmail.com orcid: 0000-0002-2650-0420 abstract in the modern world, the issue of ensuring the inviolability of the home occupies a central place in the legal systems of various countries. the inviolability of the home is a fundamental human right recognized by many international documents. in this article we will analyze the mechanisms for ensuring the inviolability of the home in several foreign countries, identifying similarities and differences in their approaches to this problem. keywords: inviolability of the home, legal framework, protection mechanisms, judicial procedures, technological means, video surveillance, social support systems, comparative analysis. introduction home security is an important aspect of human rights and an essential component of a just society. in world practice, there is a variety of approaches to ensuring this right, and its effective implementation depends on legal, social and cultural contexts. in most foreign countries, the inviolability of the home is recognized and protected by law. for example, the european convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms clearly states the right of everyone to respect for their private and family life, including the inviolability of their home. mechanisms to ensure the inviolability of the home 1. constitutional provisions: in many countries, the right to privacy of home is enshrined in the constitution. this means that it has the highest legal force and any laws that contradict it must be declared invalid. for example, according to article 25 constitution of the russian federation: "dwelling is inviolable. no one has the right to enter a dwelling against the will of the persons living in it, except in cases established by federal law, or on the basis of a court decision." mailto:tirkashevagulrux999@gmail.com 218 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the united states, the fourth amendment to the constitution: "the right of the people to the safety of their persons, dwellings, papers and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated..." in canada, section 8 of the charter of rights and freedoms: "every person has the right to the inviolability of his person, your home, their belongings and their means of communication..." 2. legislation: in addition to constitutional provisions, a number of countries have special laws dedicated to the protection of the home. these laws may contain detailed rules about when and how home invasion may occur. for example, in the housing code of the russian federation, article 17 establishes the rules for entering residential premises, including: with the consent of the residents; in case of fire, natural disaster, accident; to prevent crime; to ensure safety during mass events; in other cases provided by law. 3. judicial practice: courts play an important role in protecting the right to privacy of home. they can consider complaints of illegal entry into a home and make decisions on compensation for damage caused. european court of human rights: “in the case of cyprus v. turkey, the court held that the right to security of the home is one of the fundamental human rights protected by the european convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.” 4. administrative procedures: in some countries there are special administrative procedures that must be followed before entering a home. these procedures may include obtaining a warrant from a court or authorization from a prosecutor. administrative procedures provide additional protection against arbitrary intrusion. 5. civil remedies: in case of illegal entry into a home, the person whose rights were violated may apply to the court for compensation for the damage caused. in the event of illegal entry into a home, the person whose rights were violated may apply to the court for compensation for damage caused. 6. cctv systems and technological facilities : with the advancement of technology, a number of countries are using modern technologies such as cctv systems to ensure home security while maintaining privacy norms. 7. social support systems : some countries provide social support for families to ensure stable living conditions, which promotes the integrity of the home. the main international acts devoted to the protection of the right to inviolability of home: o universal declaration of human rights (1948) article 12: “no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence.” the purpose of this rule is to protect the individual's right to private life, free from unauthorized interference by the state or other persons. as well as ensuring individual autonomy in the sphere of personal and family relationships. protect the confidentiality of your home and correspondence. 219 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us o international covenant on civil and political rights (1976) article 17: “1. no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence. 2. everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or encroachments." o convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (1950) article 8: “1. everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2. there shall be no interference by public authority with the exercise of this right, except except where such interference is prescribed by law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public order, the economic welfare of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others." o protocol no. 4 to the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (1963) article 2: “1. no one shall be deprived of the right to liberty and security of his person except in the cases provided for in this article and in accordance with the provisions herein procedures . 2. no one may be arrested or detained except in cases provided for by law and in accordance with the procedures provided for by law." clarifications and interpretations human rights committee. the human rights committee, in its general comment no. 19 (1989) on article 17 of the international covenant on civil and political rights, explained that the right to security of the home includes: protection from physical intrusion into the home; protection from wiretapping and other forms of surveillance; protection from the collection of information about a person’s private life. european court of human rights. in its practice, the european court of human rights has made a number of important decisions regarding the right to inviolability of the home. in particular, the court ruled that: the right to inviolability of home is one of the fundamental human rights; interference with this right can only be justified in exceptional cases; the state must provide effective guarantees for the protection of this right. in conclusion of the article, it can be noted that the inviolability of the home plays a key role in modern society, recognized and protected by many international and national regulations. constitutional provisions, laws, jurisprudence, administrative procedures and civil remedies are important mechanisms for ensuring this right. constitutional guarantees in various countries emphasize the highest status of the right to the inviolability of the home and the mandatory observance of this right before the law. statutes, in turn, establish detailed rules governing home invasions, taking into account various scenarios such as emergency situations or crime prevention. jurisprudence, especially decisions of international courts, emphasizes the fundamental importance of the right to home security and sets standards for assessing the legality of interference 220 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with this right. administrative procedures and civil remedies complement the home security system by providing citizens with additional tools to protect their rights. technological tools, such as video surveillance systems, and social support are also important elements in ensuring home safety and stable living conditions. in general, a comparative analysis of mechanisms for ensuring the inviolability of the home in different countries allows us to identify general trends and unique features of approaches. further research in this area may help develop more effective strategies to protect this fundamental human right in different contexts. mechanisms for ensuring the inviolability of home in foreign countries are a complex system, including legal, technological and social aspects. understanding these mechanisms will inform more effective approaches to home security in different cultural and legal contexts. future research could explore the effectiveness of existing mechanisms and develop new approaches to ensure this important human right. list of references used 1. universal declaration of human rights (1948) 2. international covenant on civil and political rights (1976): https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights 3. convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (1950): https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf 4. protocol no. 4 to the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (1963) 5. human rights committee, general comment no. 19 (1989) on article 17 of the international covenant on civil and political rights. 6. european court of human rights case law on the right to privacy and home (e.g., cyprus v. turkey). 7. tursunov, m. o. o. (2023). o‘zbekistonda oliy ta’limni raqamlashtirish: yutuqlar va muammolar. scientific progress, 4(2), 213-217. 8. tursunov, m. o. u. (2022). application of economic restrictions (sanctions) in international law: practical and theoretical aspects. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(5), 903-912. 9. jasurbek, i. l. h. o. m. b. e. k. o. v. (2022). development tendencies of the right to receive information in the virtual space. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 11(11), 17-22. 10. ilkhombekov, j. (2022). the role and role of the media in the information distribution process. академические исследования в современной науке, 1(17), 80-84. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf 221 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. илхомбеков, ж. и. ў. (2022). ўзбекистон республикаси қонунларида оммавий ахборот воситалари эркинлигини таъминлашнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари. scientific progress, 3(4), 1068-1074. 12. нариманов, б. (2021). нодавлат нотижорат ташкилотларининг ташкилийҳуқуқий шакллари: назарий-ҳуқуқий таҳлил. общество и инновации, 2(12/s), 353-359. 13. нариманов, б., & дюйшеева, а. (2021). issues of state support for nongovernmental non-profit organizations in uzbekistan. общество и инновации, 2(4), 68-78. 14. нариманов, б. (2022). нодавлат нотижорат ташкилотларининг халқаро ҳуқуқий асосларига оид айрим масалалар. общество и инновации, 3(7/s), 285-291. 15. hakimov, s. (2023). sport kontraktlarida majburiyatlar bajarilishini ta’minlashning ahamiyati. talqin va tadqiqotlar, 1(14). 16. hakimov, s. (2023). sport kontraktlarida neustoykaning qo ‘llanilishi. talqin va tadqiqotlar, 1(26). 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ensuring the right of a person suspected of committing a crime to know the materials of the criminal case mavlanov kamoliddin tuychievich lecturer of tashkent state university of law abstract: this article is aimed at protecting the rights and legitimate interests of a suspect in the course of criminal proceedings, during which it is his right to protection that has been investigated. awareness of persons defending their interests in criminal proceedings, based on the materials of work at the early stages of the process, affects the effective organization of protection. the subject, who is obliged to prove, will have to provide the suspect with sufficient time and conditions to organize his defense. the article uses a comparative analysis to study the current state of our national criminal procedure legislation on the relevant issue, the experience of developed foreign countries. keywords: the suspect, the evidence, the materials of the criminal case, protection, crime, investigation. familiarization with the materials of a criminal case is the process of studying the materials of the investigative and judicial case, as well as physical evidence, necessary for the participants in the criminal process to realize their rights and legitimate interests. the suspect’s right to familiarize himself with the case materials is not provided for in article 48 of the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan. at this time, he has the opportunity to become acquainted only with the protocols or decisions of the investigative actions in which he participated. however, the other part of the criminal case or the existing materials of the criminal case are not reflected in this article of the law. the legislation has given the suspect participating with his defense attorney somewhat broader rights, that is, by exercising his right, the defense attorney can become familiar with the documents of the investigation or other procedural actions carried out with the participation of the suspect. however, in order to fully understand a criminal case, it is necessary to complete the investigation and by that time the suspect will be charged. the current procedure is important from the point of view of ensuring the secrecy of the investigation. the predominance of the interests of the parties involved in court proceedings in relation to familiarization with or review of the case materials is still a controversial issue among scholars. n.v. kalmykova noted that when a suspect is involved in a criminal trial, he has the right to receive from the investigative authorities copies of a number of procedural documents that constitute the content of the suspect and are the basis for assessing his actions [1]. according to it, the suspect has the right to receive a copy of the resolution or protocol on the initiation of a criminal case, recognition of him as a suspect, detention and preventive measures. at the same time, scientists who advocated restricting suspects’ access to case materials during the investigation also tried to substantiate their conclusions. in particular, according to procedural scientist i.a. nasanova, there should be restrictions on familiarization with the case materials before the completion of the investigative process, and these restrictions include 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us information about the identity of witnesses or victims to whom security measures were applied, as well as material evidence [2]. the scientist expressed his opinion based on the safety of the participants in the process. a.yu. golovin and a.v. matveev emphasize that the parties should not be provided with information, the disclosure of which could lead to a violation of the principles of the criminal process during the investigation [3]. however, the right of the parties to appeal such behavior of the investigator, investigator or prosecutor in court must be ensured. agreeing with the opinion of these proceduralists, we can say that the secrecy of the investigation prevents the parties from ensuring the right to familiarize themselves with the case materials. what exactly the mystery of the investigation is, what it covers, is not clearly regulated in our legislation. a.v. krylov touched upon this issue and roughly explained what questions the secrecy of the investigation includes: 1) information about the formation of versions of the investigation; 2) evidence obtained as a result of investigative actions carried out without the participation of the suspect or accused; 3) information about measures to ensure the safety of participants in the process; 4) information about investigative tactics; 5) information about the identity and place of residence of the officials conducting the investigation; 6) information about individual witnesses and victims; 7) information about the relatives and relatives of the participants in the process. in addition to the above, l. cherepanova also included official secrets and commercial secrets in the non-disclosure information [5]. agreeing with the opinion of these scientists, we can say that participants in the process should be given the right to familiarize themselves with the case materials and copy them at all stages of the investigation, but issues related to the secrecy of the investigation should be excluded. in general, computerization of a criminal case not only reduces paperwork and reduces the burden on investigative authorities, but also ensures the safety of the case and guarantees transparency and speed of investigation. another important aspect of e-crime management is that it also prevents possible tampering of evidence. all this is important for the reliable protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the process and the administration of justice. the institution of familiarization with the materials of a criminal case is developing in the theory of criminal procedural law in a position opposite to the secrecy of the investigation. for example, criminal procedural rules do not provide the parties with the right to familiarize themselves with the investigation materials before the start of the investigation at the stage of initiating a criminal case and, in this regard, do not impose obligations on the official in charge of the case. . according to procedural scientist p.v. sedelnikov, a person’s right to get acquainted with the case materials is inextricably linked with his right to extract or copy procedural documents using technical means. providing the criminal procedure law with the right of the parties to receive a copy of the case materials at the end of the investigation negatively affects the full implementation of the rights of the participants [6]. this russian scientist is a supporter of ensuring this right of participants at all stages of the investigation. however, it is necessary to take into account the secrecy of the investigation. the same opinion was expressed by a.p. lipinsky [7]. in our opinion, even if, at the end of the pre-investigation investigation, the initiation of a criminal case is refused, the party interested in the outcome of the criminal case should be given the right to appeal to the official who conducted the pre-investigation check. investigative investigation in order to become familiar with the investigation materials. in this case, the official introducing the case materials must warn the applicant about the non-disclosure in the case materials of information about the personal lives of the parties and the existence of liability for this. in the criminal procedural legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, we do not see a specific rule regarding the right of a suspect to familiarize himself with the case materials. in particular, among the rights of a suspect in article 47 of the code of criminal procedure, the norm on this 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is not strengthened. also, article 92 of this code establishes that participants in investigative actions must be given the right to familiarize themselves with the protocol reflecting the progress and results of these actions, as well as to make additions and corrections to the protocol. . upon completion of an investigative action, the investigator or investigator is obliged to allow the participants in this action to familiarize themselves with the protocol or read it to them at their request. persons familiar with the protocol of the investigative action put their signature under each page of the protocol and at the end of it (article 92 of the criminal procedure code). it follows from this that although the legislation provides for the possibility of a suspect to familiarize himself with the protocols of investigative actions in which he participated, other investigative actions in which he did not participate are not provided for. in criminal procedural law, fully familiarize yourself with the documents on procedural actions carried out with the participation of the suspected defense attorney, and after the end of the investigation, familiarize yourself with the criminal case and record the necessary information from them, as well as make copies of the documents at your own expense, if this is necessary for the implementation of defense , state secret, commercial, you have the right to get acquainted with information containing a secret or other secret in the manner prescribed by law (article 53 of the code of criminal procedure). in this case, we see that the defense has greater access to the case materials than the suspect. awareness of the process by the participants in this process helps to fully realize the right to defense. according to a. sharipova, one of the factors that negatively affects the effectiveness of the defense is that the defender is not familiar with the case materials and is not notified of the decisions being made [8]. procedural scientists z.f. inogamzhonova and g.z. tulaganova did not agree with the parties familiarizing themselves with the case materials on the eve of the end of the investigation and expressed the opinion that this should be allowed from the moment the human rights defender enters the case [9]. according to d.b. bazarov, the suspect must have the right to familiarize himself with the case materials from the moment when the suspect is suspected of committing a crime against him [10]. in our opinion, the right of a suspect to familiarize himself with the case materials should be strictly reflected in our legislation. however, a suspect who personally exercises the right to defense may, at his own expense, receive copies of the resolution and protocol on the initiation of a criminal case, his involvement as a suspect, his detention, a decision on the application of preventive measures, as well as documents related to procedural actions carried out with his participation , or records in other form. necessary protection rights, such as access, are not reflected in our legislation. therefore, it is necessary to supplement article 48 of the code of criminal procedure with the rights of the suspect related to familiarization with the case materials. the effective organization of the defense is influenced by the fact that the parties are familiar with the materials of the criminal case at the early stages of the proceedings. at the same time, this situation may pose a risk to the investigation process. some comments should be made regarding the fact that all arrest materials are provided to the defense at the beginning of the investigation. according to b.a. salomov, in most cases, some crimes that are not related to a series of crimes committed in the economic sphere are disclosed through investigative information and information about undercover activities, and such investigative materials are often the basis for detaining a person [11]. this information is hidden for privacy reasons. for this reason, the author stated that the defense lawyer’s demands for the presentation of information and evidence available in the investigation materials must be satisfied immediately, otherwise the possibility of appealing in court against the actions of officials of the investigative body must be provided. . in our opinion, the suspect and accused should be given the right to appeal directly to the court the decisions or procedural actions of the investigative and preliminary investigation bodies, as well as the prosecutor. investigative authorities have broad powers, and they themselves decide what materials to provide to the suspect or his lawyer. the suspect or accused must be given sufficient time and 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us opportunity to organize his defense. this condition relates to the access of individuals and their lawyers to case files and evidence important to the defense. failure of lawyers to familiarize themselves with the case materials at the required time is considered one of the cases that has a negative impact on justice. references: 1. калмыкова н. в., климович ю. с. к вопросу об обеспечении права подозреваемого, обвиняемого знать, в чем он подозревается или обвиняется в досудебном производстве. труд профсоюзы общество. № 4(30), 2010. –с.51. http://86.57.147.163/bitstream/edoc/2243/1/2010.-%e2%84%964.pdf#page=50 2. насанова и.а. ознакомление с материалами уголовного дела как средство уголовнопроцессуальной защиты. – с.140. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oznakomlenie-smaterialami-ugolovnogo-dela-kak-sredstvo-ugolovno-protsessualnoy-zaschity 3. головин а.ю., матвеев а.в. о некоторых вопросах тактики использования уголовнопроцессуального закона при обеспечении тайны предварительного расследования в ходе ознакомления с материалами уголовного дела. –с.303. https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_23312200_89642312.pdf 4. крылов а.в. к вопросу об определении тайны следствия / а.в. крылов // российский следователь, 2003, № 9. https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_23312200_89642312.pdf 5. черепанова л.в. соразмерность ограничения права на ознакомление с материалами, полученными на первоначальной стадии уголовного процесса. –с.197. https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_21634693_90276772.pdf 6. седельниковп.в. доступ участников уголовного процесса материалам досудебног производства. автореф. дис. канд. юрид. наук. омск 2006. с.17. https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01003307173.pdf 7. липинский а.п. доступ участников уголовного судопроизводства к материалам уголовного дела в досудебном производстве в контексте обеспечения тайны частной жизни. –с.150. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dostup-uchastnikov-ugolovnogosudoproizvodstva-k-materialam-ugolovnogo-dela-v-dosudebnom-proizvodstve-v-konteksteobespecheniya 8. шарипова а.б. особенности реализации функций обвинения и защиты в состязательном процессе. материалы международной научно-практической конференции. – адматы: казак университети, 2010.-с. 184-185 9. иноғомжонова з.ф. ва тулаганова г.з. жиноят-процесси иштирокчилари. ўқув қўлланма.-т: тдюи, 2007. –б.78. 10. базарова д.б. адвокат как участник в досудебных стадиях уголовного процесса. дисс. кнн..юрид..наук.-т.: 2011. –с.68. 11. саломов б. а.ўзбекистон республикасида пдвокатлик фаолияти, унинг кафолатлари ва адвокатларнинг ижтимоий ҳимояси (тажриба ва муаммолар). юрид..фан..док..дисс.т.:2004.-б.67. http://86.57.147.163/bitstream/edoc/2243/1/2010.-%e2%84%964.pdf#page=50 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oznakomlenie-s-materialami-ugolovnogo-dela-kak-sredstvo-ugolovno-protsessualnoy-zaschity https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oznakomlenie-s-materialami-ugolovnogo-dela-kak-sredstvo-ugolovno-protsessualnoy-zaschity https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_23312200_89642312.pdf https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_23312200_89642312.pdf https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_21634693_90276772.pdf https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01003307173.pdf https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dostup-uchastnikov-ugolovnogo-sudoproizvodstva-k-materialam-ugolovnogo-dela-v-dosudebnom-proizvodstve-v-kontekste-obespecheniya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dostup-uchastnikov-ugolovnogo-sudoproizvodstva-k-materialam-ugolovnogo-dela-v-dosudebnom-proizvodstve-v-kontekste-obespecheniya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dostup-uchastnikov-ugolovnogo-sudoproizvodstva-k-materialam-ugolovnogo-dela-v-dosudebnom-proizvodstve-v-kontekste-obespecheniya 281-286 waste-free technology for enrichment 288 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 waste-free technology for enrichment of purific copper-zinc ore b.zh.tursunov asian international university,teacher of the department of "general technical sciences" as is known, copper-zinc ores are the most difficult for selective flotation. difficulties are associated with the nature of zinc blende and changes in its floatability under the influence of processes occurring at the deposit, during grinding and during flotation. when separating copper and zinc minerals, the main task is to prevent the activation of zinc blende, for which it is necessary to remove existing copper ions from the pulp, prevent the oxidation of copper minerals, and prevent the appearance of copper cation in the solution as a product of the oxidation of copper sulfides. to prevent activation, reagents are used: alkalis, cyanide, zinc sulfate, depressants-reducers (sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite and sodium thiosulfate) /1/. technological indicators for the beneficiation of sulfide ores are significantly lower than for the beneficiation of other ores. the main reasons that reduce indicators include: § close association of copper and zinc sulfides with pyrite, necessitating fine grinding of the ore, which in turn contributes to the appearance of a large amount of sludge; § high ability of minerals to oxidize, both in the deposit and during the storage of ores after mining and during enrichment; § high natural flotation activity of sphalerite and pyrite, which makes it difficult to obtain high-quality concentrates. all these factors taken together determine low recovery of target metals during enrichment, as well as high losses of noble, rare and trace elements with flotation tailings. a sample of copper-zinc-pyrite ore containing copper 1.50%, zinc 1.85% and iron 39.65%, sulfur 43.14%, gold 0.82 g/t, silver 13.52 g was received for laboratory testing /t /2/. from the results of the phase analysis of the sample, it follows that with a copper content of 1.50% in the ore, 85.66% is primary sulfides, 11.68% is secondary sulfides, 2.60% is oxidized minerals. zinc with a content of 1.88% is 86.70% in the sulfide form, 6.92% in the oxidized form, 6.38% in the silicate form. 289 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us based on the results of phase analysis, the sample can be attributed to the sulfide type of copper-zinc-pyrite ores. during laboratory research, various technological schemes and flotation modes were tested. selective-collective scheme with inter-cycle flotation of copper. inter-cycle flotation included: grinding of ore in two stages to a final size of 95% class minus 0.074 mm, two stages of main copper flotation, three re-cleaning of copper concentrate; zinc-pyrite cycle with additional grinding of zinc-pyrite concentrate to a particle size of 97% class minus 0.044 mm and its subsequent division into zinc and pyrite concentrates. selective-collective scheme without inter-cycle copper flotation. the scheme without inter-cycle flotation of copper included: grinding of ore in two stages to a particle size of 95% class minus 0.074 mm; copper flotation; three cleanings of copper concentrate; zinc flotation and three cleanings of zinc concentrate. in turn, experiments according to the scheme with the isolation of copper minerals without inter-cycle flotation were carried out using cyanide and cyanide-free technology with development of modes similar to the regrinding of industrial products post-flotation of copper to a particle size of 95% class minus 0.044 mm, and without additional grinding. standard collective scheme with the separation of the collective concentrate after its additional grinding to a particle size of 95% class minus 0.044 mm into copper and zinc concentrates. using a selective-collective scheme with inter-cycle flotation, the following were obtained: — copper concentrate with a copper content of 16.52%, zinc 8.67% with extraction of copper 56.83% and zinc 23.49% into copper concentrate; — zinc product with a zinc content of 23.15%, copper 3.87% with the extraction of 51.66% zinc and 10.97% copper into the zinc product. according to the scheme without inter-cycle flotation, the following were obtained: using cyanide technology: copper concentrate with a copper content of 19.39%, zinc 6.50%, with the extraction of copper 62.38% and zinc 17.12% into copper concentrate. the main medido losses of 31.55% are observed in zinc flotation tailings; — zinc product with a zinc content of 37.87%, copper 3.45% with the extraction of 54.56 % zinc and 6.07% copper into the zinc product; using cyanide-free technology: copper concentrate with a copper content of 16.00%, zinc 8.45%, when extracting copper 290 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 58.70% and zinc 24.81% into copper concentrate; zinc product with a zinc content of 28.85%, copper 3.66% with the extraction of 49.35% zinc and 7.82% copper into the zinc product. according to the scheme with pre-flotation of industrial products without further grinding the following were obtained: — copper concentrate with a copper content of 19.90%, zinc 8.25% with the extraction of copper 64.96% and zinc 22.36% into copper concentrate; zinc product with a zinc content of 30.45%, copper 3.10% with the extraction of 53.00% zinc and 6.50% copper into the zinc product. according to the scheme with additional flotation and additional grinding of industrial products , the following were obtained: — copper concentrate with a copper content of 21.65%, zinc 6.65% with the extraction of 70.41% copper and 17.52% zinc into the copper concentrate; — zinc concentrate with a zinc content of 45.15%, copper 2.65% with the extraction of 60.46% zinc and 4.38% copper into the zinc concentrate. analysis of the results obtained for all schemes shows that the main losses of copper occur in the tailings of zinc-pyrite flotation, and losses of zinc in the copper concentrate and in the tailings of zinc-pyrite flotation. the table shows the technological indicators of enrichment of copper-zinc-pyrite ore. references: 1. junaydullaevich, t. b. (2023). analysis of oil sludge processing methods. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 139-146. 2. junaydullaevich, t. b. (2023). bitumens and bitumen compositions based on oil-containing wastes. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 147-152. 3. турсунов, б. ж., & шомуродов, а. ю. (2021). перспективный метод утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 239-243. 4. bakhodir, t., bakhtiyor, g., & makhfuza, o. (2021). oil sludge and their impact on the environment. universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 69-71. 5. турсунов, б. ж. (2021). анализ методов утилизации отходов нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. scientific progress, 2(4), 669674. 6. турсунов, б., & ташпулатов, д. (2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165-168). 291 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 7. турсунов, б. д., & суннатов, ж. б. (2017). совершенствование технологии вторичного дробления безвзрывным методом. молодой ученый, (13), 97-100. 8. турсунов, б. ж., ботиров, т. в., ташпулатов, д. к., & хайруллаев, б. и. (2018). перспектива применения оптимального процесса рудоотделения в карьере мурунтау. in инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 160-164). 9. tursunov, b. j. (2021). analyz methodov utilizatsii otxhodov neftepererabatyvayushchey promyshlennosti. scientific progress, 2(4), 669674. 10. tursunov, b. j., & shomurodov, a. y. 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(2023). fizika ta’limi muvaffaqiyatli olish uchun strategiyalar. educational research in universal sciences, 2(14), 46–48. 292 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us 21. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 22. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 23. boboqulova, m. x. (2023). stomatologik materiallarning fizik-mexanik xossalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 223-228. 24. муродов, о. т. (2023). разработка автоматизированной системы управления температуры и влажности в производственных комнат. golden brain, 1(26), 91-95. 25. murodov, o. t. r. (2023). zamonaviy ta’limda axborot texnologiyalari va ularni qo ‘llash usul va vositalari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 481-486. 26. axmedova, z. i. (2023). lms tizimida interaktiv elementlarni yaratish texnologiyasi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 368-372. 27. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). riman-luivill kasr tartibli integrali va hosilasiga oid ayrim masalalarning ishlanishi. educational research in universal sciences, 2(12), 216-220. 28. qizi latipova, s. s. (2023). mittag–liffler funksiyasi va uni hisoblash usullari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(9), 238-244. 29. shahnoza, l. (2023, march). kasr tartibli tenglamalarda manba va boshlang’ich funksiyani aniqlash bo’yicha teskari masalalar. in " conference on universal science research 2023" (vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 8-10). 30. muradov, o. t. (2023). razrabotka automatizirovannoy sistemy upravleniya temperature i vlajnosti v proizvodstvennyx komnat. golden brain , 1 (26), 91-95. 293 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www.grnjournal.us from the data presented in the table it follows that during the flotation of pyrite copper-zinc ore according to a selective scheme the following were obtained: § copper concentrate with a copper content of 21.65%, corresponding to grade km-5 according to ost 48-77-82, with a copper recovery of 70.41%; § zinc concentrate with a zinc content of 45.15%, corresponding to the kts-4 grade according to ost 48-31-81, with a zinc recovery of 60.46%; § pyrite concentrate with a sulfur content of 44%, corresponding to the ksf-3 grade according to gost 444-75, with a sulfur recovery of 93.79%. a characteristic feature of the developed technology is the absence of flotation tailings, since the tailings of zinc and zinc-pyrite flotation are ready-made pyrite concentrate with a total sulfur content of 44% with a recovery of 93.79%. 597 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 summary of results of detralex (daflon 1000) in the treatment of patients with varicocele disease azimov sardorbek ilkhomovich, saidov shamshod shavkatovich bukhara state medical institute abstract: this article presents the results of a study of patients with varicocele. in the study, the results of the examination and treatment of male patients of different ages after treatment with the drug detralex alone and in combination with other group of drugs are presented. the results of the study showed positive results for patients in all groups, both when using the drug detralex alone and when using it in combination. there were no side effects, exacerbation of diseases and development of complications in patients. keywords: varicocele, detralex, urology. the urgency of the problem. varicocele is one of the most common urological diseases. the relevance of the problem is that year by year, especially in developing countries, including uzbekistan, the incidence of the disease and the problems that arise in its treatment are increasing. it would be correct to associate the increase of these indicators with the following reasons, i.e., the increase in the life expectancy of people, the change in the way of life, the change in the chemical composition of people's food and drinking water, as well as the climate changes lead to this. in recent times, the increase in the number of operations in the treatment of varicocele and the improvement of less invasive diagnosis and treatment methods have led to the reduction of the complications of the treatment of this disease. in this study, more effective methods for the treatment of varicocele disease are presented. the purpose of the study. taking into account the above discussion, the aim of this study was to evaluate the results obtained when detralex was used in the treatment of patients with varicocele disease. research materials and methods. the study was conducted on 31 patients from different districts of bukhara region who applied to the department of urology of bukhara state medical institute and carmen plus hospital from june 20 to july 20 with varicocele disease. based on the patient's first name, last name, year of birth, time of arrival, date of examination, and the results of the examination, the patient was diagnosed with varicocele and divided into groups, and at the same time, detrolex was divided into the group that was used only and detrolex was given to the patients who were given detrolex as an additional treatment to the main treatment. taking into account the dose and duration of taking detralex, the following results were obtained. the general instrumental examination (uzi doppler), the treatment plan was evaluated in order and according to the indications of the instrumental dopplerography after taking the drugs. for 598 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the diagnosis of varicocele in the patient, the results of the ultrasound examination and treatment in the above patients were divided into groups according to the results of the examination. . the general instrumental examination (uzi doppler), the treatment plan was evaluated in order and according to the indications of the instrumental dopplerography after taking the drugs. taking into account the dose and duration of taking detralex, the following results were obtained. research results. patients selected for the study were first stratified by age. varicocele patients were divided into complicated and uncomplicated types. as a further indicator, the indicators of patients before treatment and after treatment (detralex itself and operative treatment) 10 days and after 30 days of treatment were studied. vessel diameter (ust) determined by number of patients at arrival after 10 days after 30 days 3 patients 2.8mm 0 patients 2.8mm 0 patients 2.8mm 3 patients 2.6mm 0 patients 2.7mm 0 patients 2.7mm 14 patients 2.5mm 3patients 2.5mm 0 patients 2.5mm 2 patients 2.4mm 0 patients 2.4mm 0 patients 2.4mm 4 patients 2.3mm 9 patients 2.3mm 3 patients 2.3mm 5 patients 2.2mm 9 patients 2.2mm 6 patients 2.2mm 0 patients 2.1mm 6 patients 2.1mm 22 patients 2.1mm so, the results obtained from patients using detralex itself showed that when using detralex itself, the decrease in vessel diameter in patients after 10 days was reduced by 65%, and after 20 days, this indicator was found to be reduced by 85%. when comparing the complaints and objective indicators of the patients according to the next indication, it was found that after 20 days of treatment, 70% of the patients were free from the initial complaints. in 20% of patients, it was found that the intensity of the throbbing pains in the groin area decreased, but they were still present. in 10% of the patients, it was found that the above-mentioned complaints remained. it was found that most of the patients who received a positive result had a positive result when the diameter of the vessel was less than 2.4 mm. summary 1. in this study, when examining men by age, this indicator was found to be higher in men from 20 to 40 years old. 2. in the analysis of the results of the treatment of patients who used detralex in the treatment of patients with varicocele, positive results were observed when the changes in the ultrasound examination were considered. 3. based on the clinical anamnestic data obtained from the results of the research, it can be said that after the treatment, patients' complaints decreased and the size of the vessel diameter decreased, it can be said that the use of detralex drug in varicocele patients gave positive results. 599 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature. 1. azimov s.i. the effectiveness of the universal urological questionnaire in the screening of urological pathology in patients with tuberculosis // international engineering journal for research and development (iejrd) vol.5, special issue 9 (2020) №:-2349-0721 pp. 1-3. 2. azimov s.i., khamdamov b.z. immune dysfunctions and their prevention during the use of the drug canefron n in the complex treatment of chronic pyelonephritis/ european journal of modern medicine and practice. vol.2 no.5 (2022).p.54-58/ 3. azimov s. i., rashidov z. r. the role of the universal urological questionnaire in the screening of urological pathology in patients with tuberculosis // american journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2020 10(10), pp. 769-772 4. khamdamov b.z., islamov a.a. method of prevention of postoperative complications of surgical treatment of diabetic foot syndrome. european science review. austria, vienna 2018 september-october #9-10. c/-194-196. 5. khamdamov b.z., teshaev sh.j., i.b. khamdamov. usovershenstvovannyy sposob amputatsii na urovne goleni pri tyajyolyx formax sindroma diabeticeskoy stopy. operative surgery and clinical anatomy (pirogovsky scientific journal).-2020.-t.4.-№2.-s.37-40. https://doi.org/10.17116/operhirurg2020402137 6. khamdamov b.z., khamdamov a.b., junaidova a.kh. sovershenstvovanie metodov lecheniya syndrome diabetic stopy with critical ischemia nizhnix konechnostey. journal of the dagestan state medical academy. -2020. no. 2 (35). -s. 11-17 7. khamdamov b.z. morphological changes in the application of photodynamic therapy and treatment of wound infections in experiments. journal morphology. st. petersburg. 2020. volume 157 (2-3). -s. 223-224. 8. azimov s.i. the effectiveness of the universal urological questionnaire in the screening of urological pathology in patients with tuberculosis // international engineering journal for research and development (iejrd) vol.5, special issue 9 (2020) №:-2349-0721 pp. 1-3. 9. azimov s.i., khamdamov b.z. immune dysfunctions and their prevention during the use of the drug canefron n in the complex treatment of chronic pyelonephritis/ european journal of modern medicine and practice. vol.2 no.5 (2022).p.54-58/ 10. azimov s. i., rashidov z. r. the role of the universal urological questionnaire in the screening of urological pathology in patients with tuberculosis // american journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2020 10(10), pp. 769-772 459 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 problems in taxing the income of individuals outside of uzbekistan and their elimination musadjanova gulnoza alisherovna master of the fiscal institute under the tax committee annotation: in this article, the personal content of the personal content is revealed based on the analysis of the problems of taxation of the income received from uzbekistan and the content of their legal development, the importance of this process. specific legal norms of the materials in this article are studied. keywords: individual, tax resident, tax payer, tax benefits, tax base, tax source, tax deductions, international investment. introduction documents related to tax legislation issued in uzbekistan over the past 7 years, in particular, the new tax code, decrees of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-162 of 2022, pf218 of 2022, decree of the cabinet of ministers of january 7, 2021 no. 1 on the basis of numerous decisions, introducing modern methods of tax administration, reducing the level of the hidden economy, reducing the tax burden, continuing the policy of simplifying the taxation system, problems in taxing the income of individuals outside uzbekistan and their elimination, increasing tax revenues to the state budget a number of works are being carried out to unify taxes and simplify tax reporting, ensuring the integrity of the tax system. in particular, to add to the relevant articles of the tax code of the new edition the types of income taxed on the basis of the declaration widely used in the practice of developed countries (income received by individual entrepreneurs, their hired workers, family members of a family entrepreneur, members of a trade association) with the long-awaited next step in the practice of income tax assessment through the declaration mechanism. literature analysis and methods income tax is a proper, national tax collected from the total taxable income of individuals (citizens) who have taxable income in the fiscal year, and from the total taxable income (profit) of legal entities (organizations, farms, enterprises, etc.). it was introduced in great britain in 1842, in japan in 1887, in germany in 1891, in the usa in 1913, in france in 1914. for the purpose of taxing the total annual income of individuals, the amount of the minimum wage is calculated from the beginning of the year in the final manner (increasing rates), 13% of the income amount up to four times the minimum wage, 23% up to eight times the minimum wage, 8 times 33% of the amount (+1 soum) and above. many foreign and domestic scientists, researchers, and foreign financial institutions have conducted scientific research on the need for a declaration mechanism in taxing the income of individuals. in particular, according to usui (2002), according to usui (2002), it is a manifestation of a democratic civil society to submit declarations of taxpayers' income to the tax authorities on the 460 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us basis of discretion in the taxation of income. in 1949, dr. during carl s. shoup's mission, the introduction of the declaration system ("self-assessment tax system") formed in the japanese state with his proposals brought a new perspective to the relationship between taxpayers and tax authorities, and income tax in the contribution of the japanese state budget caused an increase in its fiscal importance. (australian treasury's final report, 2004). many political organizations and researchers have expressed opinions about the need to introduce a mechanism for declaring the income and expenses of public servants in order to reduce corruption and embezzlement and prevent the looting of state property. . for example, by hoppe (2012), tytko (2019) in many european countries, in particular, in ukraine, the submission of a declaration of income and expenses is considered a mechanism of effective financial control. opinions were expressed that the issue of declaration is a very urgent issue at the time when the looting of property is increasing, nepotism and clan rivalry are increasing in the state management systems. many uzbek economists and researchers have regularly researched the system of taxation of the income of individuals over the past years. in particular, niyazmetov's monograph (2017) and doctoral dissertation (2018) paid special attention to the income taxation system. in particular, niyazmetov criticized the fact that one of the factors differentiating the tax system of uzbekistan from the international tax practice is the lack of a mechanism for taxation based on the general declaration of income and the fact that the mechanism for taxation of income based on the declaration in uzbekistan is not comprehensive. also, according to the results of the analysis, there is a high potential for increasing the share of personal income tax in the state budget in uzbekistan, and for this, it is necessary to increase the number of taxpayers and expand the tax base. a scientific conclusion was made about its implementation. in this study, based on the information of the state tax committee and the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan, information on taxpayers submitting declarations, as well as library catalogs, academic articles, internet sources and other sources of information was studied. in order to analyze and compare the collected data (quantitative and qualitative data), that is, to analyze the changes in indicators over the years, to carry out structural analysis, descriptive statistics and questionnaire methods of research methodology were used. analysis and results according to the current tax legislation in my country, the income of individuals is taxed in 3 different ways. these are withholding tax, taxation on the basis of fixed income tax for individual entrepreneurs, and taxation on the basis of the declaration, which gives a relatively small income as a share of income tax revenue. taxation of income received by individuals outside of uzbekistan is double taxation. double taxation, as mentioned above, occurs when the same income or property of the same entity is subject to the same tax in two or more countries. it should be noted that double taxation is not an arithmetical doubling of the amount of tax, but an unnecessary increase in the tax burden of the taxpayer. an increase in the tax burden is a real obstacle to the development of any business entity. a 2013 business europe study shows that double taxation is a barrier to cross-border trade and investment for taxpayers in european countries. in particular, limitations on deductibility of interest, foreign tax credits, permanent establishment issues, and inconsistencies in qualifications or interpretations are areas of concern. some theories cite a number of reasons for double taxation. including:  a person (legal or physical) is considered a tax resident according to the legislation of two or more countries; 461 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  the received income is considered a tax object in the tax system of both countries and is recognized as a tax base;  the difference in the category of expenses of a legal entity or an individual in different countries (that is, the difference in expenses that are excluded when determining the tax base);  conflict between the generally recognized principles of residence and territoriality are important reasons leading to double taxation. it should be noted that these two principles of tax systems that determine the attitude to double taxation:  the principle of residence this is the taxation of all incomes of natural persons who have permanent residence in one country, as well as legal entities registered in that country, including those received abroad;  the principle of territoriality regardless of the place of permanent residence or place of registration of persons receiving income, caused the collection of tax on income received in the territory of these countries. accordingly, each country has the right to apply its own tax legislation. the income of individuals outside of uzbekistan is made up of the income brought by migrants, as we all know. on the other hand, in the tax system, i.e. in uzbekistan, tax is not charged on the income received from individuals outside of uzbekistan. according to the current tax legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, if a citizen is considered a tax resident of uzbekistan during the year, he must pay taxes in uzbekistan on his total income (article 366 of the tax code). the concept of total income is broad and usually includes the income of the citizen both inside the country and outside the country (article 368). according to the tax legislation of uzbekistan, only a citizen who is actually in uzbekistan for more than 183 days during any consecutive 12-month period beginning or ending with a year is recognized as a tax resident (article 30). in other words, if a citizen lived in uzbekistan for a total of less than 6 months during a certain tax period, he is not automatically considered a tax resident of the republic of uzbekistan for that period, but for that year he according to the law, he is recognized as a non-resident (article 30). a person who is not considered a tax resident cannot be taxed in uzbekistan on income earned abroad (article 364). the tax period for citizens corresponds to this calendar year (article 384). when an individual is in a foreign country (russia), he mainly uses the social and economic conditions and services created in that country at the expense of taxes (he works in jobs created in that country, walks on its roads, social services there and uses medical services). of course, that country (russia) has a reasonable claim to taxation on the income earned during that period. that is why they pay taxes to that country. now, in turn, we will consider ways to prevent double taxation. there are two ways to do this. that is, limitation of double taxation can be defined by national tax legislation and international conventions and agreements. in the first method, each country will have to introduce certain provisions into the tax legislation in its jurisdiction. in particular: tax exemption of income from foreign sources; creating tax deductions. in this case, the state determines a tax deduction in the form of a percentage or amount, taking into account the amount of taxes paid abroad; stop double taxation by introducing tax credits. according to the current tax legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, if a citizen is considered a tax resident of uzbekistan during the year, he must pay taxes in uzbekistan on his total income (article 366 of the tax code). the concept of total income is broad and usually includes the income of the citizen both inside the country and outside the country (article 368). 462 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the tax legislation of uzbekistan, only a citizen who is actually in uzbekistan for more than 183 days during any consecutive 12-month period beginning or ending with a year is recognized as a tax resident (article 30). in other words, if a citizen lived in uzbekistan for a total of less than 6 months during a certain tax period, he is not automatically considered a tax resident of the republic of uzbekistan for that period, but for that year he is recognized as a non-resident according to the law (article 30). a person who is not considered a tax resident cannot be taxed in uzbekistan on income earned abroad (article 364). the tax period for citizens corresponds to this calendar year (article 384). remittances from abroad were more reflected in the total income of residents of khorezm (23.2%), samarkand (19.3%) and andijan (19%) regions. their share is lower in navoi (5.1%), tashkent (5.4%) and jizzakh (6.2%) regions. conclusion if we draw a conclusion based on the above analysis, the problem of taxing the income of individuals outside of uzbekistan and their elimination is of great importance today. this principle, in turn, serves to reduce the tax burden on individuals and serves as a basis for its further development. during the study of this topic, we prepared the following suggestions: first of all, within the framework of studies on the principle of non-double taxation, we were convinced that there are almost no scientific works and legal articles written on this topic in our national legal literature. this topic has not yet been studied by national legal scholars. because of this, it is natural that students who want to learn about this principle face difficulties. from this point of view, it would be appropriate if scientific works are carried out not only on this topic, but also within the framework of the principles of international investment law, by scientists and experts in the field. secondly, although the republic of uzbekistan has signed agreements on non-taxation with other countries, it is not based on the definition of a specific mechanism of non-taxation in the national legislation. therefore, the development of a regulation on non-double taxation of individuals leads to the legal regulation of taxation of foreign companies. references 1. козырин а.н. налоговое право зарубежных стран: вопросы теории и практики. м.: манускрипт, 1993. 2. тедеев а.а. парыгина в.а. налоговое право: учебник. м.,2004. 3. o‘zbekiston respublikasi soliq kodeksi (yangi tahriri) 295-moddasi ikkinchi qism birinchi bandi. 4. статья 247 налогового кодекса рф в новой редакции с комментариями и последними поправками на 2020 год (nkodeksrf.ru) 5. двойное налогообложение double taxation qaz.wiki 6. devereux m., griffith r., klemm a. corporate income tax reforms and international tax competition// economic policy. vol. 7. толстопятенко г.п. тенденции развития налогового права ес//финансовое право. юбилейный номер, октябрь 2004. 8. двойное налогообложение доходов. как избежать (assistentus.ru) 9. isayeva f.b. soliq huquqi. bakalavriatning 5240100 – yurisprudensiya yo‘nalishi talabalari uchun darslik. / mas’ul muharrir: prof.v.b. x.s.islamxodjaev – toshkent: tdyu, 2016 – 267 b. 463 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. soliq nazariyasi: o’quv qo’llanma / mual.: jo’raev a.,meyliev o., safarov.g’.– t.: toshkent moliya instituti, 2004 y. 11. соколов а.а. теория налоговм. ооо юринфор. прессе, 2003 г. 12. chet mamlakatlar soliq tizimi. toshmurotovt. soliq akademiyasi.– 2004y. 13. chet mamlakatlar soliq tizimi. jo’raeva.-t.: tmi, 2005 y. 14. soliqlar va soliqqa tortish: darslik / hammual.: vahobov a., jo’raev a. – t.: “sharq” nashriyoti – 2009 y. 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 attracting foreign investment: a catalyst for economic growth and global partnership nurbek khatamov researcher at termiz state university abstract: in this article discusses about attracting foreign investments and establishing a conducive investment climate with guarantees for foreign investors are pivotal conditions for driving structural transformations, modernizing production, fostering export growth, and achieving import substitution in our economy. keywords: job creation, foreign direct investment, technological, labor, investment resources, enterprises, investment process, regional economies. introduction in an interconnected world, attracting foreign investment has become a crucial strategy for countries seeking economic growth, technological advancement, and global collaboration. foreign direct investment (fdi) not only injects capital into a host country but also brings in expertise, technology, and diverse perspectives. this article explores the significance of attracting foreign investment, the key factors that make a country attractive to investors, and the benefits it can yield for both the host nation and the investors. the globalization of the world economy results in the diversification of forms and directions of international competition, involving various methods to vie for control over technological, labor, intellectual, natural, and investment resources. it is increasingly crucial to establish an optimal economic structure that emphasizes a significant share of services and high-tech products. in the global context, countries actively engaged in international scientific, technical, and information exchange, possessing developed infrastructure, and a highly skilled workforce gain an advantage, facilitated by the free movement of sufficient capital across borders. financial globalization necessitates a reevaluation of the existing theoretical and practical knowledge concerning the world economy's functioning, particularly in terms of the international flow of capital in the form of investments. it is widely acknowledged that sustained economic growth and increased per capita incomes are essential for maintaining socio-political stability within a country. achieving higher gross domestic product (gdp) and per capita incomes requires attracting foreign direct investment to structurally adjust the national economy. to this end, governments formulate and implement relevant investment and industry programs. president mirziyoyev sh.m. highlighted in his address to the parliament of the republic of uzbekistan that the country faces challenges due to an outdated economic management system and insufficient implementation of innovative ideas. importance of foreign investment: foreign investment serves as a powerful engine for economic development. it facilitates the transfer of capital and technology, stimulates job creation, and promotes the growth of local 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us industries. additionally, it fosters international cooperation, contributing to a more interconnected and interdependent global economy. attracting foreign investments and establishing a conducive investment climate with guarantees for foreign investors are pivotal conditions for driving structural transformations, modernizing production, fostering export growth, and achieving import substitution in our economy. both foreign and domestic investments should primarily target key sectors, acting as driving forces for comprehensive economic renewal and the consistent growth of gold and foreign exchange resources. the significance of drawing foreign investment to the development of uzbekistan's economy today stems from ongoing transitional economic processes in the republic, necessitating financial support. global practices and domestic business experiences underscore the indispensability of external financing, i.e., foreign investment, for reforming and structuring the economy in contemporary conditions. uzbekistan boasts considerable investment potential, attributed to relatively low production factor costs (such as electricity, natural gas, and labor), a substantial domestic market (33.25 million residents), and duty-free access to the markets of cis countries (with a population of 288 million). the well-developed strategy for attracting and utilizing foreign direct investment, along with domestic investment resources, enables the substantiation of general trends in the investment process's development, leading to several key conclusions: the republic holds a significant, untapped potential in innovative developments. amid insufficient state financing for basic and applied sciences, there exists a considerable gap in technologies, inventions, and know-how that could profoundly impact the republic's economic development. many banking institutions in uzbekistan, as part of the reform process, are increasingly involved in investing in enterprises of various scales, recognizing the heightened role of long-term investments. with abundant resources, production capabilities, technological potential, affordable labor, and a vast market, uzbekistan attracts foreign investors willing to contribute through long-term loans and joint ventures. regional management entities show keen interest in fostering regional economies, actively seeking external capital for development. uzbekistan's accelerated economic growth is contingent upon securing external funds, as their presence will be a determining factor in propelling industry, agriculture, and other sectors of the economy. key factors for attractiveness: several factors contribute to making a country attractive for foreign investment: political stability: investors seek stable political environments to mitigate risks. countries with transparent and reliable governance structures are more likely to attract long-term investments. economic policies: a conducive economic policy framework, including fair trade practices, low corruption levels, and protection of property rights, enhances a country's attractiveness to foreign investors. infrastructure development: well-developed infrastructure, including transportation, energy, and communication networks, is critical. efficient infrastructure not only reduces operational costs for investors but also ensures smooth business operations. skilled workforce: a skilled and educated workforce is a valuable asset for attracting foreign investors. countries investing in education and skill development are better positioned to appeal to industries seeking a knowledgeable labor force. 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us market potential: a sizable and growing domestic market is attractive to investors looking for opportunities to expand their customer base. countries with strategic geographic locations can serve as gateways to broader regional markets. incentive programs: offering attractive investment incentives, such as tax breaks, research and development grants, and streamlined regulatory processes, can significantly enhance a country's appeal. benefits of foreign investment: economic growth: foreign investment contributes to gdp growth, creating a ripple effect that positively impacts various sectors of the economy. job creation: fdi often leads to the creation of new job opportunities, reducing unemployment rates and improving living standards. technology transfer: investors bring advanced technologies and managerial practices, fostering innovation and enhancing the competitiveness of local industries. infrastructure development: foreign investors often contribute to infrastructure development, addressing gaps and improving overall connectivity. diversification of industries: attracting foreign investment helps diversify a country's industrial base, reducing dependency on specific sectors. global integration: as foreign investors establish operations, they facilitate global integration, enabling countries to become active participants in the global economy. the strategy aimed at promoting the attraction of foreign investments should effectively address the defined objectives. significantly, improvements in financial, credit, and tax instruments, along with non-financial methods, play a crucial role. non-financial methods encompass enhancing market infrastructure to facilitate the smooth operation of foreign capital and providing essential production-related information. to prevent potential defaults, a robust statistical foundation for key indicators reflecting the influx of external resources in all forms and sectors of the national economy is essential in the tracking, planning, and control system. it is advisable to reconsider the existing closed distribution of loans to mitigate negative consequences. introducing a competitive selection process for foreign loans, coupled with a thorough examination of the appropriateness of utilizing foreign credit lines, is recommended. this evaluation should be based on the importance of securing loans for well-justified and prepared projects, necessitating a comprehensive preliminary assessment of proposed investment projects. to incentivize portfolio investments during privatization, principles for currency conversion of foreign portfolio investments should be developed. designating a specific set of privatized enterprises for international trading and fostering primary and secondary securities markets for foreign investors to acquire property rights can further stimulate attraction. when formulating strategic directions and specific measures to enhance organizational and economic mechanisms for attracting foreign capital, it is crucial to draw insights from the experiences of east asian countries. conclusion attracting foreign investment is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and other stakeholders. creating an environment that is conducive to investment, addressing regulatory challenges, and fostering a culture of innovation are essential steps in attracting and retaining foreign investors. ultimately, the benefits of foreign investment extend beyond economic growth, influencing technological progress, job creation, and global collaboration, making it a cornerstone for sustainable development in the 21st century. 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. alfaro, l., kalemli-ozcan, s. and sayek, s. (2009), fdi, productivity and financial development, world economy, 32(1), 111-136. 2. amendolagine, v., boly, a., coniglio, n. d., prota, f. and seric, a. (2013), fdi and local linkages in developing countries: evidence from sub-saharan africa, world development, 50, 41-56. 3. barnes, j. and morris, m. (2008), “staying alive in the global automotive industry: what can developing economies learn from south africa about linking into global value chains?”, the european journal of development research, 20(1), 31-55. 4. barnes, j., black, a. and techakanont, k. (2015), “industrial policy, multinational strategy and domestic capability: a comparative analysis of the development of south africa’s and thailand’s automotive industries”. the european journal of development research. 5. blalock, g. and gertler, p. j. (2008), “welfare gains from foreign direct investment through technology transfer to local suppliers”, journal of international economics, 74(2), 402-421. 6. boly, a., coniglio, n. d. and prota, f. a. (2015), which domestic firms benefit from fdi? evidence from selected african countries. development policy review, 33(5), 615–636. 7. boly, a., coniglio, n. d., prota, f. and seric, a. (2014), diaspora investments and firm export performance in selected sub-saharan african countries. world development, 59, 422-433. 8. donaubauer, j., neumayer, e. and nunnenkamp, p. (2016), financial market development in host and source countries and its effects on bilateral fdi, kiel working paper 2029. kiel: institut für weltwirtschaft. 9. xatamov n.o. mintaqa iqtisodiyotiga kiritilayotgan xorijiy investitsiyalar statistik tahlili // yashil iqtisodiyot va taraqqiyot jurnali 2023-yil 8-son.374-379 betlar. www.yashiliqtisodiyot-taraqqiyot.uz.toshkent. 10. xatamov n.o. surxondaryo viloyati iqtisodiyotiga kiritilgan xorijiy investitsiyalar prognozi // yashil iqtisodiyot va taraqqiyot jurnali 2023-yil 8-son. 161-167 betlar. www.yashiliqtisodiyot-taraqqiyot.uz .toshkent. 11. khatamov. n.o. attracting foreign direct investment in examples of foreign countries // world economics and finance bulletin, 17, 43-45. issn (e): 2749-3628, journal impact factor: 7.675. 2022-yil 7-dekabr. https://scholarexpress.net. 12. khatamov. n.o. effective indicators for attracting foreign investment// world economics and finance bulletin, 17, 59-61. issn (e): 2749-3628, journal impact factor: 7.675. 2022yil 30-yanvar. https://scholarexpress.net. 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 role of small business in socio-economic development susanna s. alieva, ph. d. in economics, associate professor, samarkand institute of economics and service annotation: the article is devoted to the characterization of the components of the socio-economic efficiency of small enterprises. the need to establish an adequate management system and, above all, planning to ensure the efficiency of small enterprises was emphasized. it is shown that in the framework of the strategy and tactics of small businesses, uncompensated costs for achieving social goals should be provided. keywords: small enterprises, the concept of socio-economic efficiency, planning, management, business activity. in the context of globalization of the economy, innovative and development enterprises play an important role, since they are not only economic entities that solve the problems of business development, but also a democratic movement that contributes to the achievement of social goals of society. the activities of small enterprises contribute to the creation of civil society, which ensures their support at various levels of government and close cooperation with local government administrations. at the same time, the socio-economic orientation entails uncompensated costs for the implementation of the assigned tasks in accordance with the program of the action strategy of the republic of uzbekistan in five priority areas [1]. the dual nature of the action strategy of such entities, while being a source of competitive advantage, at the same time creates significant problems, making them vulnerable in harsh market conditions. thus, in small enterprises a contradiction arises, which is not typical of either commercial organizations or foreign-style private enterprises. resolving this contradiction is an important problem facing every small enterprise. the importance of solving this problem is determined by the fact that not only success in economic development in the short term depends on it, but also its development and existence in the distant future. it seems that the solution to this problem will depend on two conditions: 1. definitions of strategically active forces, on whose position and opinions the development strategy of small enterprises depends. 2. establishing performance indicators to judge the degree to which their goals are achieved. in our opinion, small enterprises, being at the same time a commercial and economic entity, are influenced by two independent and strategically active forces: the entrepreneur and the employee. all these forces have their own sphere of interests, powers and responsibilities, implemented in the process of functioning and development of small enterprises. they all have certain expectations towards small businesses and, in turn, are objects of expectations on their part. each of these groups has interests that are sometimes contrary to the interests of other forces of http://www/ 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us influence. for example, entrepreneurs or founders are interested in low prices, high-quality products, fast and high-quality service, friendliness of staff, and close proximity of stores. entrepreneurs or founders are the backbone of small businesses. this, as foreign experts of small businesses in marketdeveloping countries note, is a unique phenomenon. many private firms try to imitate this distinctive feature of foreign small businesses, trying to convince their customers that they belong to a single club or family, etc. foreign countries, and thereby overcome the impersonal and temporary nature of market relations. entrepreneurs defend the interests of their clients as consumers. private firms cannot act on behalf of their employees or customers in specific transactions. the existence of membership sets them apart from their competitors. the driving interest of participating in small businesses is to reduce costs when purchasing goods, as well as increase income. moreover, income for entrepreneurs or their founders means saving his personal funds, which means that income is generated in the sphere of consumption, and not the circulation of goods. hired personnel are interested in high wages, labor safety, long vacations, convenient short working hours, and job satisfaction. hired workers are interested in helping the poor, increasing savings, paying taxes to budgets of various levels, maintaining break-even enterprises, and ensuring full employment even in the future. the opposing interests of these influence groups ultimately determine the contradiction of economic indicators in the sphere of pricing and efficiency of resource use, incl. labor the interest of hired personnel in high wages and low workload objectively leads to the establishment of high prices for goods, a decrease in turnover, and a decrease in profits. hired personnel always give priority to short-term business goals. the population's interest in the availability of goods at price and quality requires the establishment of low prices, and therefore accelerated turnover of goods (products, services), which, other things being equal, ensures increased profitability. in these conditions, in order to ensure their material aspirations, hired personnel need to constantly increase their labor productivity. society, demanding from small enterprises high territorial advancement of activities (services), ensuring the fullest possible employment and significant financial participation in the formation of budgets, puts small enterprises in conditions where they must take into account opposing mutually exclusive economic interests. the society in its legislative acts defines small enterprises as commercial entities that should not have large tax burdens [4]. at the same time, the authorities consider small enterprises as commercial entities capable of organizing cost-effective activities and, through this, supporting their employees under any risky circumstances. for example, during the coronavirus pandemic. in addition, any enterprise, as an economically isolated participant in market and social relations in society, has its own independent and separate interests, which cannot be reduced to the interests of any of the forces of influence. the dominance of one force or another not only reduces overall efficiency, but also changes the essence of small enterprises. depending on the predominance of certain groups of influence, the following strategies for the development of small enterprises in the republic in the context of the coronavirus pandemic can be considered. small businesses seeking to achieve only intangible goals can transform into a non-profit enterprise. thus, it will be impossible to fulfill the main tasks of services selling goods (products, services) at low prices and providing high-quality services to the population. in this case, the activities of small enterprises will have to be financed externally, since they will not have their own resources, which will ultimately lead to bankruptcy and their disappearance [3]. small private enterprise, which sets itself only economic goals profit, can turn into an ordinary commercial small enterprise. in this case, they must partially lose state support and will not be offered financial government services. http://www/ 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us but to say affirmatively that the state will not directly support them would be wrong. the state has always supported and will support private enterprises, especially during the coronavirus pandemic. private enterprises focused on solving the problems of hired personnel can turn into some kind of trade union. this option will also lead to the neglect of the interests of the private owner. in addition, private enterprises may go bankrupt, since hired personnel are usually interested in solving short-term problems, such as increasing personal income, usually to the detriment of long-term investment activities [2]. the business activity of the owner, which sets itself only political goals and seeks to conquer the domestic market by putting pressure on local authorities, is impossible. based on the foregoing, we can conclude that small businesses must develop and implement strategies that will allow them to correctly navigate and simultaneously respond to the influence of all strategically active forces. survival and their success depend largely on the position and behavior of the private entrepreneur and hired personnel. therefore, it is in relations with these strategic forces that it is necessary to look for an adequate concept of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship development. each of these groups has its own understanding and its own criteria for effectiveness. it seems that they can be considered effective only if the achievement of social and economic goals is ensured. thus, the concept of efficiency of small enterprises should include significantly more components than just economic criteria. from the above, one of the most important fundamental conclusions follows: small enterprises should be characterized by a variety of target indicators, which, due to their non-additive nature, cannot be reduced to a single integral indicator. to ensure the efficiency of small enterprises, an adequate management system and, above all, planning must be established. unlike non-profit enterprises, planning in small enterprises within the framework of a business plan must solve not only the problems of achieving the designated profitability, but also uncompensated costs for achieving social goals must be provided for, a strategy and tactics for relations with strategically active small business entities must be developed. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022 2026” dated january 28, 2022 no. up-60 2. alieva, s. s. (2023). effectiveness of financial resources use–enterprise development potential. european journal of business startups and open society, 3(11), 1518. 3. зайналов, д. р., алиева, с. с., & расулов, з. д. (2013). управление финансовыми ресурсами предприятий малого бизнеса. брошюра. м.: радиус. 4. zarif, a. (2022). the impact of taxation on economic growth: a socio-economic perspective. international journal of economics and innovative technologies, 10(5), 341-347. http://www/ 109 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 05, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 state financial supervision of activity organizations essential and significance of state financial supervision d. tashmuhamedova docent of tashkent institute of finance navruzova olimjon qizi master of tashkent financial institute abstract: the theoretical foundations of state financial control, the activities of state financial control bodies, the essence of the concept of financial control, the organization of state financial control and its principles , the role of state financial control in developed countries, the main elements of state financial control have been studied. keywords: control, financial control, audit, budgeting efficiency audit. introduction the emergence and development of financial control is closely related to the organization and development of the state financial system. organization of financial control is a mandatory element of financial resources management, such management reflects the responsibility to the company. control is not the final goal, control is a component of the management system and is a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the country's economy and financial system. financial control is a structural element of state control over the management of socioeconomic development of society. state financial control — study, analysis and comparison of accounting, finance, statistics, bank documents and other documents of state financial control objects in order to control the execution of budget legislation. the current priority of state financial control can be described as follows:  transparency of control over the use of budget funds;  ensuring financial discipline in the use of budget funds;  consistent and complete implementation of the budget process and targeted use of budget funds;  to strengthen the control over the preservation of assets by budget institutions;  achieving the quality of the control function;  standardization as the basis of coordinated procedures related to state financial control over various bodies. however, it requires systematic improvement of the activities of state financial control bodies, such as developed countries. 110 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, despite the fact that many studies have been devoted to the study of domestic and foreign economic literature, there are still many uncertainties and controversial issues in the activities of state financial control bodies, for example:  harmonization of normative and legal bases based on both national and foreign experiences;  effective use of digital control and determination of its effectiveness in increasing the efficiency of the state financial control bodies;  further improvement of the transparency of budget spending in directing the budget execution process to effectiveness. currently, the main goal of financial control is to objectively study the actual state of affairs in the object under study, to identify or prevent factors that have a negative impact on the adoption and implementation of management decisions. control is a monitoring system. to compare, check and analyze the activity of the managed object, to evaluate the validity and effectiveness of the management decisions taken or adopted as a form of the management cycle, to determine the level of deviation (differentiation) of the implementation of these decisions, set parameters of real results and normative instructions, as well as to make management decisions to do. the important role and importance of the general control system, which is the main element of state financial control. the management system, first of all, is self-financing from the economic point of view. secondly, the role of financial relations in the digital economy is increasing. description of the literature. n.d. brovkina noted. "the task of financial control bodies should be focused, first of all, on checking the legality, correctness and expediency of the implementation of state laws and presidential decrees, the direction of budget funds allocated by the state, the effectiveness and efficiency of the government and its bodies, and the economical use of state funds at all levels is a financial and management of material resources. the task of control is to correctly determine the permissible standards of deviations, and it is necessary to correct and eliminate all other deviations. a. v. vahobov and t. s. malikov believe that "control over the financial activities of all economic entities". (state, enterprises and organizations) is called financial control, which is carried out by legislative and executive authorities at various levels, as well as specially established institutions. this control includes, first of all, compliance with financial and economic legislation in the process of forming and using funds, evaluating the effectiveness of financial and economic operations, and controlling the appropriateness of expenses. in other words, control is not limited to the fact that it includes the assessment of the occurrence of a certain financial action, but has its own analytical direction. therefore, financial control is the activity of responsible bodies that analyze their activities. developing specific purpose-oriented proposals for increasing efficiency, ensuring the financial turnover of operating business entities within the framework of established legislation and their further improvement. the legality and independence of the state financial control, as well as the reliability and impartiality of the results of the state financial control are the principles of the state financial control. 1 conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that the state financial control is a specific purposeful activity of the responsible bodies that analyze the effectiveness of the financial operations of the budget of 1 section ix of the budget code of the republic of uzbekistan. controlling the execution of budgets of the budget system chapter 26. state financial control (article 172). 111 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us budget organizations, recipients of funds from the budget, and the budget of the state trust funds, ensure their implementation within the framework of the established legislation, and develop proposals for their further improvement. the purpose of financial control is not just to control, its purpose is to eliminate the situation, in some cases to bring the culprits to account, to recover the damage caused, or to take measures to prevent or reduce such violations in the future. it is possible to determine the costs of increasing and saving in order to prevent deviations from the norms adopted at the initial stage and to prevent violations of legal norms, to increase the efficiency of the use of material resources, and thus to increase efficiency. dynamics of law violations and other errors and omissions in the region during the reporting period (billion soms) this is the importance of financial control. firstly, it is used by state and public organizations, enterprises, institutions, organizations, and citizens to monitor compliance with the rule of law in their financial activities; secondly, it examines the economic validity and effectiveness of the financial actions being carried out, and the compliance of these actions with the tasks facing the state. the largest number of detected cases of violations of the law in the sphere of ministries and agencies:  in 2021, the most identified violations of budget discipline in 758 out of 1018 control measures carried out by the ministry of health, violations of the law in the amount of 109.0 billion soums were detected, and compared to 2019 (40.0 billion soums), the number of violations increased by 2.7 times.  cases of violations of the law detected in the institutions of the ministry of pre-school education amounted to 76.6 billion soums, which increased by 59.9 billion soums (4.6 times) compared to 2020.  in the institutions of the ministry of public education, the amount of violations amounted to 96.3 billion soums, compared to 2020, the number of violations decreased by 0.3 billion soums.  in 127 out of 158 control measures carried out in the system of the ministry of higher and secondary special education , cases of violations of the law in the amount of 33.3 billion soums were detected . thus, financial control serves as an important means of ensuring compliance with legal documents and appropriateness of financial activities. 112 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. section ix of the budget code of the republic of uzbekistan. controlling the execution of budgets of the budget system chapter 26. state financial control (article 170). 2. brovkina n.d. osnovy finansovogo kontrolya: uchebnoe posobie / pod ed. m.v. melnik. m.: master, 2010. 286 str 3. vahobov av, malikov ts finance: general theoretical issues. arrow uv manual . _ _ t .: economy finance " 2008 . 316 p . 4. kunduzova, k. i. (2022). sovershenstvovanii gosudarstvennogo finansovogo kontrolya. innovative solutions to the problems of modern science, education and production, 88-91 5. https://www.mf.uz/ministry of economy and finance. https://www.mf.uz/ 557 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 some debated aspects of using tax benefits in small industrial zones barno ilyasova independent researcher at tashkent international chemical institute annotation: the content and essence of tax benefits applied to small industrial zones, the current analysis of their implementation, and some debated situations observed in the practical utilization of these benefits have been examined in the article. keywords: incentives, small industrial zones, free economic zones, direct investments, tax rate, favorable business environment, taxpayers, tax base, tax incentives for attracting foreign investments and productivity growth. 1. introduction one of the important directions for achieving sustainable economic growth in the country is actively attracting foreign investments. particularly, the broad attraction of foreign investments contributes to the modernization of production, shaping a competitive environment, finding its place in the international market, producing goods that substitute imports and promote exports, and providing employment opportunities. as a result of the favorable investment environment created, the volume of attracted investments, especially foreign investments, is increasing day by day in our country. the decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022, aims to further improve the investment environment in uzbekistan, increase its attractiveness, and outline plans to attract $120 billion, including $70 billion of foreign investments, within the next five years. emphasizing the strategy of "from bottom to top," the decree focuses on implementing a new system, efficient utilization of investments, and increasing export volumes by 2026 in various sectors like energy, transportation, healthcare, education, ecology, public utilities, water management, and other areas through state-private partnerships, with an allocated goal of attracting investments worth $14 billion. the attention is directed towards implementing a direct and active investment policy to enhance investment activity in the national economy. 2. commentaries on literature in economic literature, studies and scientific articles by j. zhan, i. shablinskiy, r.i. zimenkov, k. yeongjin explore issues related to the activities of free economic zones and small industrial zones. additionally, some aspects and solutions to existing problems have been researched and analyzed by economists of our republic, including a. vahabov, n. haydarov, n. kuziyeva, s. mirzalieva, sh. khajibakiev, n. muminov, j. karimqulov, m.a. raimjonova, and s. bozarov. according to the opinions of a. vahabov, sh. khajibakiev, and n. muminov, small industrial zones represent delimited areas that operate as specially privileged economic zones for local and foreign entrepreneurs [2]. 558 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the economic literature created by the mentioned scholars, various definitions have been given for free economic zones. specifically, russian economist r.i. zimenkov, in his book "special economic zones," evaluates the establishment of small industrial zones not as a concealed subsidization method but as a means to modernize the economy and attract foreign investment capital to the country by creating opportunities for individual lobby groups and aggregated capital to exit abroad [3]. according to alexander's view on tax benefits, a tax benefit is understood as a reduction or privilege provided to a taxpayer (subject) compared to other taxpayers in terms of the amount of tax paid [4]. a.juraev and sh.toshmatov define tax benefits as various advantages given to taxpayers in terms of taxes. they can be temporary, permanent, full or partial, and in other forms [5]. professor a.m. basenko has presented the most comprehensive definition of the essence of small industrial zones, describing them as follows: "...having specific qualities that allow for the implementation of a preferential currency-exchange regime and tax benefits for these territorialindustrial entities" [6]. economists have variously emphasized the preferential order in independent economic zones and managerial administration in the field. 3. research methodology in this article, research methods such as statistical analysis, systematization, classification, and scientific abstraction have been employed. gathering, organizing, and interpreting statistical information mentioned in the scientific article relied on data from the state committee of the republic of uzbekistan on statistics. 4. analysis and results in our country, comprehensive measures are being swiftly implemented to shape the most favorable investment environment for directly attracting foreign investments, which involves streamlining tax and customs policies for foreign investors, namely, simplifying the tax burden and mechanisms for tax compliance. particularly, one of the macroeconomic indicators characterizing stable development is the volume of investments attracted in the country. currently, the "direct foreign investment flow returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2022, reaching $1.6 trillion. the scope of cross-border transactions and international projects is notably expanding. however, in developing countries, the improvement of the investment climate remains relatively weak. presently, the ongoing global socio-political situation, food shortages, energy crises, financial instabilities, and the ongoing covid-19 pandemic, along with climate changes, intensify stress in the investment environment" [7]. during the period of economic reforms, studying the experiences of using the mechanism of tax rates in foreign countries to streamline the tax system and monitoring the complete and timely collection of taxes is in line with the goal of perfecting the tax system. 1-image. enterprises and organizations operating with foreign state capital in our republic. percentage foreign countries total number of enterprises russia 2849 30,1 china 1929 20,4 turkey 1719 18,2 kazakhstan 949 10,0 south korea 696 7,3 usa 296 3,1 tajikistan 250 2,6 559 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kyrgizstan 245 2,6 azerbaijan 207 2,2 germany 200 2,1 turkmenistan 130 1,4 according to the current year's situation in uzbekistan, the number of companies with foreign state capital amounted to 12,750. according to data from the statistical agency, in terms of the number of companies with foreign capital participation, the leadership position is held by the russian federation with 2,884 companies, followed by china with 1,823 companies and turkey with 1,771 companies, positioning itself at the lowest end after these rankings. analyses indicate that companies with foreign capital involvement are considered the most efficient and active entities among industrial subjects. 2-image. the number of companies operating with foreign capital participation in the regional sector [9]. according to the current year's situation, the number of companies operating with foreign capital in the regional sectors of the republic reached 12,807. the highest number of companies operating with foreign capital was notably recorded in tashkent city with 8,176, followed by tashkent region with 1,417, samarqand region with 537, and the lowest proportion was observed in khorezm region. various methods are employed to stimulate investment activity in the market economy. resolving these issues can be achieved not only by implementing state foreign investments but also by developing mechanisms aimed at leveraging the country's economic growth points through tax instruments. taxes play a significant role as a means of influencing the economy for the state. the main objectives of establishing and utilizing tax incentives are as follows:  tax incentives are designated to stimulate certain important areas in society or the activities of taxpayers. this means that state tax incentives enable efficient and convenient 8176 1417 537 459 357 312 298 220 207 189 177 171 158 129 63% 12% 5% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 tashkent city tashkent region samarkand region fergana region surkhandarya region andijan region bukhara region namangan region navoi region syrdarya region jizzakh region kashkadarya region karakalpakstan r khorezm region territories in percent 560 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us management or organization of the economy, demonstrating that tax incentives serve as an important lever for the state in carrying out its functions and tasks.  providing incentives ensures that financial resources necessary for the budget are indirectly allocated to taxpayers without being directly allocated to the budget. the advantage of this approach lies in simplifying the process of collecting taxes for the budget and redistributing them.  tax incentives are divided into three types and are defined as follows: [8]  complete exemption from taxes (where certain legal and physical entities, their incomes, property, land, and other objects subject to taxation are completely exempt from tax payments);  temporary or partial exemption from taxes (where certain types of activities or specific entities, their incomes, or other objects subject to taxation are temporarily or partially exempt from tax payments);  given in the form of reducing the tax base (where the amount that can be subjected to tax for certain legal and physical entities is reduced for a specific purpose, such as purchasing new manufacturing equipment or paying tuition fees for education). solely for assessing and offering incentives, the state determines clear requirements and conditions, which must be explicitly defined beforehand by the beneficiaries before being provided. this aims to monitor the achievement of specific indicators set for the purpose. as a result, responsible economic entities are required to enhance the efficient and effective utilization of incentives, contributing to the increased investment activity of economic entities. in the united kingdom, the evaluation of incentives effectiveness is carried out by the treasury, her majesty's revenue and customs (hmrc), and the office of tax simplification (ots). they execute assessments based on a methodology evaluating incentives' effectiveness, preparing reports based on the results. these reports are submitted for review and considered in budget planning for the upcoming year. the evaluation of incentives effectiveness employs the following criteria:  the political basis and consequences of the necessity for incentives;  the probable consequences of altering or canceling existing incentives;  the level of awareness and involvement of taxpayers;  costs and administrative expenses associated with obtaining incentives;  the impact of existing incentives on the taxpayer's behavior. in the uk, the process of evaluating officially published tax incentives reports has been successfully utilized. specifically, 108 tax incentives are registered in the list of tax incentives along with the outcomes of their effectiveness assessment. in germany, based on the directive of the federal ministry of finance, a selection process involving three research groups evaluates the 20 most important tax incentives. participants in this evaluation include the university of cologne, the consulting firm "copenhagen economics aps" from denmark, and the european center for economic research located in mannheim. each center conducts assessments and evaluations of specific tax incentives. the ministry of finance has developed a mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness of incentives. the assessment report consists of three parts: 1. recommendations from experts regarding maintaining, altering, or canceling incentives, along with a summary of the evaluation results. 561 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. a comprehensive report encompassing the evaluation outcomes for each incentive. 3. reports focusing on the impact of incentives on the budget. finding ways to effectively utilize tax incentives, using them in necessary and appropriate situations, is currently among the tasks aimed at advancing tax compliance. the incentives provided to economic entities undoubtedly contribute directly to budget revenues. 5. summary: several extensive reforms are underway in uzbekistan to enhance the tax system. observations in the areas of taxes, tax collection issues, and the further development of corporate activities reveal that the implementation of the following recommendations in uzbekistan's policy on these matters could be beneficial:  conducting a thorough analysis to deeply examine the negative impact of incentives and preferences on the economy and a healthy competitive environment, revisiting them in accordance with legal documents, excluding them from the inventory;  establishing a mechanism to precisely define the indicators that must be achieved by beneficiaries to adhere to the state's requirements and conditions for providing incentives and preferences;  explicitly stating the definition, types, and forms of incentives and preferences in legal documents;  clearly defining the sectors and industries within which state-provided incentives and preferences will be offered;  monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of using incentives and preferences, establishing a mandatory refund system for improperly utilized incentive amounts back to the budget, and designating a competent body to implement these tasks. 6. used sources and literature list 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pf-60 "on the strategy for the development of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026." // https://lex.uz/docs/5841063 2. vahabov a., khajibakiev sh., muminov n. (2010) foreign investments. textbook. t .: finance. 180 pages 3. zimenkov, r.i. (2005) special economic zones / r.i. zimenkov. m .: unity-dana. 224 p. 4. aleksandrov i.m. (2007) taxes and taxation: textbook. – 7th ed., revised. and add. publishing and trading corporation. 314 p. 5. joraev a., toshmatov sh., abdurakhmonov o. (2009) taxes and taxation. textbook. t .: norma. 184 p. 6. basenko a.m. (2002) functions of free economic zones in the mechanism of integrating the national economy into the system of international economic relations: dissertation ... doctor of economic sciences: 08.00.14. rostov-on-don. 341 p. 7. world investment report 2022. international tax reforms and sustainable investment. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2022 8. vahabov a.a. joraev. (2009) "taxes and taxation," textbook. t .: 68 p. 9. official website of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan https://stat.uz 562 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. ilyasova b.a. expanding the significance of tax incentives in facilitating the promotion of investment activities by companies and their progressive directions. international journal of business diplomacy and economy. 2023. 344 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 psychological research of coaching activities in sports saidova mahbuba ayubovna mahubasaidova@gmail.com osiyo xalqaro universiteti jismoniy madaniyat kafedrasi o’qituvchisi (osio international university) annotation: physical education and sport psychologist psychological science field as a physical education and sports special conditions business compliance person a psychologist, psixik quality of the formation, development and reflection bo‘lish of qonuniyat of the studyof lish about the concepts given. keywords: sports, psychological, sports achievements, coach,characteristic. sport of the type of the psychological characteristics of the problem is becoming increasingly urgent bo’become has, because human psixik i booked – sports achievements increase , and highly qualified athletes in the preparation of the term of the duration and reduce the opportunity for returns. sports activities, psychological , providing theory and practice possessing psixik development, psychological tests, the use of a promising model to offer will. unfortunately today sports general classification of types oftheabul qresearched options either‘q. our motherland and abroad, work in stqoptions are available to include the type of sports births also half thecommandment is not a competitionqamplua a mash andqare also still turn while until you come. sports sport psychologist the solution of the problem of the psychological characteristics of qwas not in the form of a twisted sense approach. qo'llanilayotgan can be arranged from two approach: empirical and theoretical. the empirical approach american and western european wide a sports psychologist qabul qresearched. this sport is typical of the type of person he or she steady separate units are representatives of the propertiesof theozone. such a characteristic motivation, activation, aggression, disturbed, gentleon theotmandlik, emotional stagnation, intelligence, and home antitsipatsiyatheyou can add many years ago. this characteristic to tryingthese states are known to the profile of the person who hitqiqa horse in the opinion of the electorate, far from the profile of the special groupqshould be justified, with the characteristic development trends you should be able to shuhullanish for the sport itself. variations are also known to professionals as well as representatives of various sports psixik. a theoretical approach to the structure of the psychological characteristics of sport is usually 2 or more ortiq factor consists of the set of these factors during the period of sports training psixik qiyinchiliklarni a need to overcome the degree of qdivide the arab, perqqoslash allows. the implementation of one such classification of units by t. t. djamgarovqwas dim. thus, theara by-qof the character arshi( direct or indirect), raqib of contact with nature (qattikathe physical, physical, physical condition, absence of physical contact), as well as partner with ra andqwith ib interaction together individual action, birgalikdagig'sinregik action) is taken into account. for the sports person of the special features lekarzemthepros with l. a. popov, dealt too. it is included in the psychological theory of activity of the main concepts of their work. the business http://www/ mailto:mahubasaidova@gmail.com 345 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us structure in the psychological characteristics of the three factors, respectively, it shows the allocation of sport: a) athletes of the motives that lay at the basis of the activity factor; b) competition konretqa mash ofthespecial actions in world lekarzemqfor servicing the official delegations maqfactor is sad, so the main maqsad is to achieve sports results.; v) into psixik qo‘the year of the requirements of ko‘p the number of the conditions which constitute the group factor. active is determined by the needs of the human person, of his ministry. there are xayvonlarda needs. however, in animals the academyqbiological, congenital needs the bo‘hunting ladiqatlanish, moqto langa, generation qe shaving tohiyojlari's all there is. while the people in tash biological etiyojlardanthebee again high needs needs to know, spiritual, aesthetic and head cocktail needsthehave the same needs as a. coach activity of the psychological characteristics of as it is known, coaching or coaching–human society is the history of after starting from continue as, this with the together as well as by the head of the society and the public by recognition you deserve as much care and attention of the profession. "coach – says al farobi, convenient location for travellers-to the wise, nice to talk able to be and the students aytmokchi the opinion of tula and clearly could express to get the knowledge necessary". he his thoughts last he was: "the coach and the head of functionality wise, the state, the head of the task was uxshab, the same reason why the coach heard and look all remember union, convenient location for travellers-wise, the beauty to speech able would be, coach aytmokchi the opinion of tula and clearly expressing to give you the knowledge should be. at the same time or own-cheers bulmogi fair value should be. it was only then will achieve a high level of human happiness and those would have chukkisiga" was noted. in the opinion of abu ali ibn sina "...coach stamina, pure vijdonli, rostguy and child rearing methods, ethics bulmogi procedure should be the people who know best. coach o‘qinternal and external uvchi the entire world, the study of its convenient location for travellers to fold kirolmogi should be. nosiriddin tusiy his "coach educate in tugri" that aasarida so it says: "...coach of debate out to go, refuse of would not levels of proof to pass, know, their thoughts tugri order to be sure, speech , while mutlako clean, sentences mantikiy term expression would be should. coach speech , no kachon and no kayerda zaxarxandali, coupon or kattik be striped could not. the lesson during the coach's self , keeping the work to be boz cann." joseph xoji kashkariy "men members that disease cure before the people of the state ruxiy treatment necessary that i have found. i'm sure that this coaching reach with a roller. with the members of yuzlarcha because of the disease, people would minglarcha xalok, and ignorance, and a hundred thousand of flour, because they would xalok bilimsizlik minglarcha people". ulug‘ our poet alisher navoi and the mentors of many of objective evaluation of work: "you said to the disciples, regional as well as achievable, to him (to the teacher) we have kulli qif it's worth il", "yrgatmish one in khaki with ranj roller into a character" – a line which has. the following works of the great thinkers of modern science created a few of iwrm kimmatli the order would not imagine living without. works created in this rare until a few centuries ago doses o‘z kimmat of yukolib have not. the coming of the coach and its functions urni usib society and the public attention to the work of the younger generation by having an important role was to suggest aniklash with nak. the country for training in the national dasto‘life, but he who received the flavors rinitrying in the process of the coach's responsibility before society will increase further in education and training to http://www/ 346 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the young generation that is. modern school coachkator c performs tasks. coach – class organizers ukuv process. coach o‘quvchi for during the lesson, along with all the necessary consultations and lessons learned from the tutorials kushimcha tashkari xolni issue is one of source of knowledge. head of the class, fulfilling the function of several coaches, the organizers of the educational process bo‘become. modern coach social psychologist may not would not. so in between the rulers kuvchilar o‘y zaro relationshipo‘could be present in, the kids on the team, social-psychological mechanisms it is necessary to be familiar with the use of. pedagogical activity as it is known – man is one of the most difficult area of cocktail. by society methodology‘coach of the year, which with the requirements of the most important qualities of the person and his profession aims to weightloss. most of the coach are the ones umxim following personal qualities: coach's o‘z to the land of the faithful in the ministry of love children, nurturing them had the desire humanitarian, o‘z country, native language, o‘z onthelove nest, its history and its culture, musta the state oftheill willon g‘oya is to live in; at a high level of social responsibility hbe; majesty, convenient location for travellers-ingenious pure spiritual – enlightenment and spirituality to fit high ambition coming, got on society xoxish go by the children of such qualities; o‘zini get to know ash, patient-tokatli, cheer, devotion. the society of the coachk the main requirements to the profession that burn moreo‘yidagi as follows: spiritual and educational from the side of the person bringing up the national uygonish makurasining universal azerbaijanis know these rich moxiyati concentration, independence, loyalty goya had to bring up children know, o‘z a land of nature and to the family would institute; extensive knowledge level would be able to, would be aware of the different knowledge; age teaching-psychology, social psychology and pedagogy, physiology and hygiene of the school from the age of chukur knowledge would be able to; o‘zi that gives lessons on the science mustahb have less knowledgeo‘become o‘z the profession and achieved new successes in world science in the field would be aware of the weaknesses; technique may take a life of education and training; o‘z a creative approach to work; the children know, take the time to understand his inner world; teaching technics (logic, speech, talking educational tools) and would be able to pedagogical takt; coach's o‘z increases at the level of pedagogical knowledge and go on a permanent basis. her a coach must be committed to yukori which would fit most of these requirements in the level. burn by the society which requirements to coach in a variety of social expectations, its individuallik of teachers, hence subjective willingness to answer the requirements of a certain coach's ready to nak suggest that pedagogical activity . special requirements by which certain subjects coach professiogrammasi ukituuvchiga burn o‘z into kamrab should. the future coach would know that he or requirements in this sort kanday ukuv and burn in the same manner by a fan-the organization of educational process in higher pedagogical specialty ukuv for you to remain on a particular country coach professiogrammasi is necessary to be developed. the characteristic of the production activity of nuktai professiogramma psychological contraindications (on any specific profession) future practical work would need for all of the content that side o‘you should be taking into z will go on. let go of the important qualities that xisobga containing professiogrammada towards growing somewhat, in the case of the coach's indicated by must go to the following qualities: http://www/ 347 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1) coach's personal qualities; 2) to the profession specific knowledge; 3) o‘z to the profession specific qualities; 4) personal-teaching will uddaburonlik; 5) organizational skills; 6) communicative skills; 7) gnostic the qualifications of the personnel; 8) creative qualities. professiogrammani profession is typical on the basis of the ukitish organization in which education effectiveness and his unfailing kanday knowledge and to kunikma, ayniksa, the person kanday abilities and personal qualities weightloss that is definitely to be indicated is required. abilities – this man any activity yarokli ministry and the activities successfully carried out. pedagogical abilities – these abilities of the types one is, one's pedagogical activity that yarokli and this activity with unfailing shugullana that aniklash gives. itzothe years out to go and research on pedagogical ability, complex and kupkirrali psychological knowledge from iboratliligini indicated by gave. those same survey data from using, pedagogical ability to'zilishi in an important place which occupies kator components distinguish indicated to be: 1) didactic ability – this children ukuv material is clear and obvious to explain, easy living delivered to give, for children to science kizikish o‘ygotib, in them mustakil active thinking aroused who get the. 2) academic ability – mathematics, physics, biology, native language, literature, history and other this like a science area specific to. 3) perseptiv ability; 4) speech ability; 5) organizational ability; 6) avtoritar ability; 7) kommunikativlik ability; 8) pedagogical fantasy; 9) dikkat of the taksimlash get the ability to. this with along coach permanent basis o‘z skills boosts, o‘z work from your failuresqqiyat of yukori at the level of ta’minlash to help that personal qualities of nurturing to be the go need. modern coach and his psychological outfits components first of all, the modern sport 's four main aspects our attention to focus on the purpose , according:  intelekt;  action activity;  emotional actions(mental state before masobaqa);  the motivation of sports activity,. sports activities some of a people think, just physical conduct-from action is if the rest without it, intellectual activity, an important role is. because, in competition with equal opportunities to have an opponent when meeting, the athletes tactical preparation of victory ensures. tactics – this athletes considering all the capabilities of their opponents to fight against him is that the selection and use of the guidance. tactical training of athletes intelletual aspects of the development associated is. teplovoz “psychology polkovodsa” kitobidasarkardada mind and will power of a kind be should says. irodaviy quality of a crazy column if it is, the electronic fight at the time of the situation adekvat could cost without, how brave , let it be, tactical drawback is due to be overcome can. http://www/ 348 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sports activities athletes movement activity also has an important role earned is. this is the athlete of the body, the situation requires that state adekvat physical quality of the show the ability of looks. sports activities are more important component – emotional behavior-the action is. he established the goal is to achieve to focused conscious ict as show up will. these different actions of active successful exit qonunyati voluntary actions of availability by is determined. athletes became the state before the business of his empowering, emotional excitement, stress and competition before excited like mental properties , the study of the leading in the place is. the spiritual voltage on the basis of the athletes in the activities of the two as, that emotional irodaviy regulyatsiyalarning mutual influence lies. you, in emosiya – thus the alternative, the latter irodaviy excellent give into being brings. the competition before you into being who came to the athletes experiences, her positive effects of, irodaviy perfect to give to reduce take come. so with along, each a irodaviy voltage on the basis of the emotional experiences of lies. these two concepts are mutually bound will be. the competition in front of emotional tension, the goal accordance with in irodaviy excellent since with regulated shall be. in emosiya, energy power – power outpouring ( vibros energii) into being does come, will , while them sparingly spending out comes. usually the competition is approaching with the strain increases. emotional aspect from unstable athletes , such as a danger, even it even earlier they fall out. emotional stability to athletes while, usually, the competition on the strain experiencing they will forgive. most comfortable occasion while, tension optimal level of start time on coming is. in this state, usually combat training is called. then the athlete his reserves capabilities to work put, the preparations of the maximum level, manifested was. business optimal voltage level for long term storage stand practical aspects can be not. such time at the mental strain of the severity, the hassle to previous, the athletes start before lexoratka (talvasa) state down will remain. his nerves system in case the combination of the voltage difficulty with hold is. some athletes in sports to the results of damage after delivery, in such a state a long stand take can. even, such as in some athletes with high results in particular achieve its known. but, the start before talvasa, most case sports the indicators of the decline of out comes. the start before that had been granted most of the heavy – this start before apatiya (apathy, without the spirit) is. usually apatiya maximum mental tension from inactive, apathy state of the transition is, the competition before the situation in a very strong strain effects is. the start before apatiya – business motivtsiyasi, irodaviy actively and responsibility of xissi decrease, because of. such iaytda athletes of their own real readiness level to do is possible that the show will can't. i.m.sechenev voluntary actions of three psychological qonunyatlarini determine which: 1. the hands, the feet, the body, simple actions and men by utilized complex of actions a thorough take after take after, the will under take, that will with run. 2. the action is much better utilized to be that they are so light will under take. or vice versa. 3. will the use of actions beginning and at the end, as well as, actions enhancing or sekinlatish to necessary is the action being started after, the will without the participation continued to be can. because of the utilized behavior-action automatic job execution started. sports activities to know the active out does not exceed. know also the three direction of the difference is: http://www/ 349 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1) himself sports activity of subjects as will be realized; 2) sports activities xissiy aspects to know; 3) sports activities qonunyat and mechanisms, the sport 's laws of know. sports activities psychological aspects in providing, a person sport with and engage motivating motivation an important role plays. sports game of the activities are very close it is. the game of the motives of game features is available. sports with engage who needs while, sports activity from satisfaction and the success achievement ensures. professor a.s. socio sports with shug'illanishning be'vosita and indirect motives of allocation is showing. 1) sports activities be'vosita motives; а) muscle actions and the active from being born pleased to xissi who needs; b) his beauty, power, speed, ministry agile, smart and resistant from roxatlanishga the need; c) his hard, even in the extreme’ (dangerous) as in show up to tend; d) record results achieve, his sport at the level of show and reaches aleppo reach will xoxish; e) himself, show, to, show, approval, public recognition of the gain, shukhrat to achieve the needs. 2) sports activity indirect motives: a) healthy and strong to know the desire; b) sports activities through, self practical life preparation will xoxish; c) duty xissi, the motherland in front of the duty; d) sports activities social importance to realize through, the sport with the deal needs. sports activities motives show to denamikasiga have. the sport with long term concentrate as a result of athletes in the motives also a change will go. the motives of change also following stages occur will: 1. sports with involved in the initial stage; 2. selected sports in the type of ixtisoslashishishning at the start; 3. sports at the level of the growth stage. sports activities motives bright social orientation character has. sports trenirovka of the aim – high sports kursatkich to prepare and directed. high result in achieving the athletes of the options and (him achieve) to the preparation related. sports options – the athlete's physical, technical and tactical ability , as well as, special knowledge and practices proficient in to be with is determined. high results willingness while, athletes, sport activity, mashqlantirish and for competitions be put to the required connection with characterized. 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(2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 48. аkbаrovnа, i. s. (2023). milliy hаrаkаtli o’yinlаrning bolаlаr tаrbiyаsidаgi ijtimoiy-psixologik xususiyаtlаri. 49. sitora akbarovna ikromova. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information. intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies (2993-2599), 1(9), 50–54. http://www/ https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/24327 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 290 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us implementation, economic nature and development stages of initiative budgeting suyundikov lochinbek akmaljon o‘g‘li independent student of the university of public security abstract. this article describes the mechanism of making decisions with their direct participation, taking into account the initiatives of citizens, the allocation of a part of the budget funds and the selection of directions for spending these funds, and the mechanism of the implementation of the adopted decisions. statistical analysis and suggestions are also included. keywords: budget funds, participatory budgeting, open budget information portal, public opinion, local budget. no citizen should be left alone with his problems. the mood of the population is a reflection of our reforms and policies. responding to every problem raised by our population in a timely manner, whether big or small, and solving them step by step should be the top priority of leaders at all levels.1 president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoyev since 2019, "initiative budget" processes have been held in our country in order to involve citizens in the budget process. in 2021, a number of regulatory decisions were adopted and put into practice regarding the further improvement of this field. nevertheless, various shortcomings and problems are observed in the regions during the process. this, in turn, requires scientifically based approaches to further improve the field. it is necessary to deeply study the causes of each deficiency or problem, search for a solution at the international level, and make appropriate changes to the current regulations with the support of experts from advanced countries. initiatives of local communities to improve the social infrastructure of settlements is an important resource for improving the quality of life. the implementation of this initiative will lead to the formation of global trends that describe the involvement of citizens in the decision-making process in the field of urban and rural settlements design. initiative budgeting (participatory budgeting) is a type of direct democracy that allows the residents of the local area to participate directly in the allocation of a part of the local government budget. distribution is carried out through a public process of showing, discussing and selecting projects for spending funds from the city budget, and later monitoring the implementation of projects selected for implementation. proactive budgeting began in 1989 when the city of potru alegre, brazil, adopted the first participatory city budget. at the modern stage of the development of budget funds, many countries are using this practice. the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 13, 2021 no. pq-5072 "on additional measures to ensure active participation of citizens in the budget process" not only controls the process of forming the citizens' budget an opportunity was created to participate in spending budget funds from the process of formation. the main purpose of using this practice is to expand public participation in the process of budget formation and to gradually introduce 5% of the approved total costs of relevant budgets in districts and cities to finance activities formed on the basis of public opinion.2 1 president shavkat mirziyoyev's speech at the meeting on "priority tasks for the development of neighborhoods and solving the issues of concern to the population". 12.10.2022. 2 decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 13, 2021 no. pq-5072 "on additional measures to ensure active participation of citizens in the budget process". american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 291 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" no. in the tasks set for important projects aimed at the reform of the socio-economic sphere and development of priority sectors, taking into account the requirements of all regions and the proposals of local entrepreneurs, it is determined that they will be accepted after extensive discussion with the participation of the local public.3 the initiative budgeting practice is aimed at involving in the decision-making process layers of the population that hardly participate in solving local problems: low-income households, young people, social groups and migrants. the experience of implementing participatory budgeting around the world shows that the involvement of the general public in the planning of local budget expenditures changes the public opinion on the activities of local authorities to be recognized as more honest and fair, increases the transparency and reliability of public reporting, it is also an excellent example of participation in key governance and important public decision-making. in each country that has implemented these practices, methods for the adaptation process have been modified to suit regional characteristics. the work was primarily at the planning level, which could be at the national or regional level. proactive budgeting has been applied to more than 1,500 local governments around the world and has become an important institution for direct citizen participation in public administration. the european community countries are actively implementing the experience of settlement development based on the support of projects of regional communities. the accumulated experience with its diversity makes it possible to distinguish the general, that is, the participation of citizens in the budget process at the local level. proactive budgeting can be called the first stage of development in our country. its features include:4 variety of practices; allocation of budget funds only on the basis of citizens' initiative; integration into the budget process at the local level; participation of citizens in the implementation of projects; involvement of citizens and business entities in project financing. the experience of the regions with a long history of initiative budgeting allows to observe the stage from financial literacy to the development of social partnership between local state authorities and society in the public sector as a mechanism for increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures and the activity of citizens. thousands of projects are implemented as part of initiative budgeting programs. 2021 citizens' initiative in order to eliminate relevant and urgent problems stated in the appeals received from citizens in the process of initiative budgeting in 2021, to actively involve the population in the process of forming the state budget and developing projects for the socioeconomic development of the regions an additional 57.9 billion soums will be provided to districts and cities with less than 1 billion soums, as well as to districts and cities with more than 100 proposals received through the "open budget" information portal. additional funds of 59.5 billion soums were allocated. at the same time, starting from january 1, 2022, 50 percent of the funds allocated for the repair of regional internal roads in the parameters of district and city budgets will be used for the repair of internal roads determined on the basis of public opinion through the "open budget" information portal. was to be carried out. according to the results of the 2nd stage of the "initiative budget" process in 2021 alone, a total of 41,125 proposals were received, of which 50 percent were approved. 3 decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 4 “tashabbusli byudjetlashtirishning fuqarolar hayotidagi o‘rni”. to‘lakov.u.t, termiz davlat universteti moliya kafedrasi katta o‘qituvchisi. “fuqarolarning byudjet jarayonidagi ishtiroki: tajriba almashish va rivojlanish istiqbollari” xalqaro forumi materillari to‘plami. 2022-yil 30-avgust. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 292 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us our honorable president shavkat mirziyoyev emphasized the need to further expand and publicize the "initiative budget" project at the meeting of video selectors regarding the development of neighborhoods and the work carried out within the framework of the "green space" nationwide project.5 also, at the meeting of the video selector, the president said that it is necessary to further expand and popularize the "initiative budget" project. he also instructed to allocate an additional 335 billion soums for 364 projects, each of which received more than 2,000 votes, but did not win. in this regard, residents of fergana, kashkadarya and samarkand regions became active. according to the results of the voting, 1,418 projects were recognized as winners, and a total of 1 trillion soums were transferred to them. according to the president, a new system will be created that will include solving 12,000 issues raised by the population during the development of programs for the improvement of neighborhoods and providing infrastructure to them. first of all, to solve internal roads, drinking water and sewage system, electricity and gas supply, kindergarten, school and sports facilities, beautification, irrigation, street lighting and other issues in 4,979 neighborhoods. 1.7 trillion soums were ordered to be allocated to the "abod kyzhol" and "abod mahalla" funds within one month. it was noted that another 1 trillion soums will be allocated by the end of the year depending on the need. "next year, an additional 200 billion soums will be allocated to equip neighborhood medical centers and family polyclinics supported by more than 200 residents. through this, 600 residents of the neighborhood will be covered within the framework of 195 projects," said the president. figure 1 6 statistics of 60,526 projects received in the second season of the initiative budget process in 2022 by regions and sectors. 5 prezident shavkat mirziyoyev “mahallalarni obod qilish va “yashil makon” umummilliy loyihasi doirasida amalga oshirilgan ishlar” yuzasidan videoselektor yig‘ilishidagi nutqi.2022-yil 11-oktyabr. 6 author's development based on information from the official website of the ministry of finance. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 293 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bolalar maydonchalarini (o'yingohlarini) barpo etish yoki ta'mirlash… mahalla guzari (mahallada umumfoydalanishd a bo'lgan boshqa ob'ektlar) ni ta'mirlash-tiklash 5% sog'liqni saqlash muassasalarini ta'mirlash yoki jihozlash 6%maktabgacha ta'lim muassasalarini ta'mirlash yoki jihozlash 8% ichimlik suvi va oqava tizimini yaxhshilash … umumta'lim maktablarni ta'mirlash yoki jihozlash 15% ichki yo'llarni (piyodalar yo'lakchasi, yo'l o'tkazgichlar) ta'mirlash 36% boshqalar 16% figure 2 7  construction or repair of children's playgrounds (playgrounds) 2,625 projects;  repair and restoration of neighborhood facilities (other facilities in common use in the neighborhood) 2,671 projects;  repair or equipping of healthcare institutions 3,444 projects;  repair or equipment of pre-school educational institutions 4,143 projects;  improvement of drinking water and sewage system 4,703 projects;  repair or equipping of general education schools 8,007 projects;  repair of internal roads (footpaths, overpasses) 19,228 projects;  others 8,434 projects. conclusion in conclusion, it can be said that the introduction of the initiative budgeting process leads to the expansion of public participation in the process of formation of budget funds, opportunities for direct participation in local government by promoting initiatives for the purpose of spending specific parts of budget funds. to its creation, it serves as an important practice in the socioeconomic development of all regions of our country. to further simplify the mechanism of accepting citizens' proposals and voting on projects in order to attract the public to the "initiative budget" platform; it is advisable to publicize the promotion of this practice to the general public and to regularly provide information about the results of the decisions taken on the budget policy in order for the population to better understand them; the proactive budgeting system was a big factor in the positive solution of a number of problems that have been bothering the population in the territory of the republic for many years, and further improvement will make a great contribution to the socio-economic development of our country and increase the well-being of the people. list of used literature: 7 author's development based on information from the official website of the ministry of finance. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 294 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. decision pq 3917 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated august 22, 2018 "on measures to ensure the openness of budget information and active participation of citizens in the budget process"; 2. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 13, 2021 pq no. 5072 "on additional measures to ensure active participation of citizens in the budget process"; 3. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026"; 4. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-197 of april 7, 2022 "on further support of citizens' participation in the process of directing the funds of district and city budgets to activities formed on the basis of public opinion"; 5. president shavkat mirziyoyev's speech at the meeting of the video selector on "neighborhood improvement and the works carried out within the framework of the national project "green space". october 11, 2022; 6. collection of materials of the international forum "participation of citizens in the budget process: exchange of experience and prospects for development". august 30, 2022; 7. ulug‘bek, a., & otabek, a. (2023). content, positive and negative characteristics of the digital economy. international journal of business diplomacy and economy, 2(5), 230-235. 8. www.openbudget.uz – open budget information portal; 9. https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2021/08/18/open-budget; 10. official website of the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan; 11. https://stat.uz. 249 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the image problem of child psychology in french children's prose oripova kamola davlatovna teacher of bukhara institute of engineering technology abstract: this article is about the image problem of child psychology in french children's prose. children's literature is a variable phenomenon that is directly related to the age of the reader, the historical period and the social environment in which the age of the reader is taken into account. another characteristic of children's literature is its richness of action. it depends on the demand for the plot in children's literature. keywords: literature, genre, the novel, prose, the period, psychology, the problem. introduction in solving the issues related to children's psychology in world children's prose, the characteristic features and leading principles of modern world children's autobiographical, adventure, detective prose occupy an important place. the children's literature of all nations is influenced by the oral creativity of the people at first, then by pandnomism in classical literature, didactic and educational literature, as well as short poems about children, and stories with a simple plot, intended for them. and more came to the field under the influence of literature based on education. world children's literature reached the stage of development of literary genres already in the 18th century. in particular, the prose genres of narrative, short story, novel, adventurefantasy, detective, autobiography-biography are still among the most widely read literature. children's literature is a variable phenomenon that is directly related to the age of the reader, the historical period and the social environment in which the age of the reader is taken into account. another characteristic of children's literature is its richness of action. it depends on the demand for the plot in children's literature. it requires quick, interesting, imaginative, humorous resolution of events. in the 19th century, the image of children took a modest, that is, less place in french literature. because the period of childhood did not arouse much interest among french writers. a. gide said about the attitude of french fiction to children: "in all french literature we are faced with disorganization; he feels a certain discomfort even in front of something that has not yet formed. and with that i see for myself the insignificant place that children occupy in the french novel, compared to the english novel or even the russian literature. there are almost no children in our novels, and when our novelists are occasionally introduced, they often seem conventional, awkward, and uninteresting." (gide, 1935: 422). gallery of children's characters in french fiction j.j. in rousseau's treatise "emile or education" (1762) for the first time, the educational ideas about the special importance of the childhood years of a person and the child himself, which should contribute to his maturity thought about. methods and analisys in the introduction to the novel by v. hugo about the life of cosette and gavroche in the film "les misérables" (1862), the most popular children's character at that time, he defined the position of the child in the society of that time as a social problem, the essence of which is 250 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "ignorance the withering of the child from the darkness. later, hugo's contemporary j. sand's interest in childhood also draws attention. in particular, the writer describes children against the background of patriarchal village life in his "village" stories "little fadette" (1849) and "francois's finding" (1850). the works of a. france "my friend's book" (1885) and j. renard's "rijik" (1894), created in the last quarter of the 19th century, stand out. in these works, radically contradictory images of childhood are combined with an autobiographical discourse that develops strongly in the literature of the next century. if the first work describes the happy and innocent life of a child in a loving family, in the second, the little hero grows up to be a person hated by his mother and despised by his father. thus, in the 19th century, there was a shift in the depiction of childhood, from depicting it as a social reality to focusing on the personal life of the family and the child in it, through an interest in its social status in society. at the beginning of the 20th century, the belgian poet and playwright m. maeterlinck created unique children's characters in the play "the blue bird" (1908).. this work reveals the symbolic meaning of childhood for the first time in french-language literature, because in it children appear as carriers of a new worldview. the author gives his young heroes the ability to see the spirit of things, although not without the intervention of magical powers. however, later this ability of children loses its magical basis and affects not only things, but also invisible events of human life, and feelings such as friendship, love, and respect are manifested in them. getting into the essence of events becomes an inseparable feature of children's minds. in 1913, a. fournier's novel "grand meaulne" (1913) appeared, which lyrically presents the author's childhood memories. the cycle "in search of lost time" (1913-1927) also describes the importance of childhood memories for proust. in 1942, the world was shocked by the crystal purity of "the little prince", the brightest child image, which marked the beginning of a qualitatively new perception of childhood in literature, primarily in french. in the second half of the 20th century, the image of childhood and children entered the literature. in this, writers describe children as heroes, realizing the uniqueness of the world of childhood, they looked at the world from the child's point of view as a result of the discovery by psychology of the unique features of children's minds, as well as the mythological line associated with the development of psychoanalytic ideas. especially noteworthy are the images of children, which are connected by writers with the mythological foundations of children's thinking, revealed through the development of psychoanalytical ideas in the last century. these are, for example, the works of a. de saintexupéry ("the little prince" (1942)) and m. tournier ("friday, or the member of the pacific ocean" (1967), "the king of the forest" (1970), as well as , his philosophical tales). we will talk about the modern french writer eric-emmanuel schmitt and his works. he creates the images of his children in this direction. schmitt appeared on the literary scene recently (the beginning of the 21st century), but he already managed to gather his fans and attract the attention of many to himself and his work. journalist t. moreva writes in the article "laughing with tears": "all of schmitt's work is so permeated with philosophy that each work resembles a philosophical treatise" (moreva, 2006.) in france, e.e. schmitt became known primarily as a playwright. his plays are performed in theaters all over the world. the writer's work has received a number of awards: moliere theater awards (for the play "the guest" in 1994), the french academy award for his entire works (2001) and the rotary literary award (2005. many of his works have been filmed, in particular, "freedom" (2000), "mr. ibrahim and the flowers of the qur'an" (starring omar sherif, the actor received the "oscar" in 2004), "odetta tulemonde" (2008). conclusion in conclusion, we must say that in this article, french children's literature and e.e. in schmitt's works, special attention was paid to the image of children and the importance of childhood in a child's life. also, in the writers' works, the psychological impact on the child's mind, his 251 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us childhood imagination, the existence of a number of philosophical ideas behind it, are of great importance in revealing their views on the world. references: 1. adizova, obodon istamovna. 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"―qur‘oni karim‖ dagi teonimlarining semantikfunksional qiyosiy tahlili." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 43.43 (2023). 62. narzullayeva, dilfuza. "psychological support of professional wellbeing of employees." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 29.29 (2023). 63. qizi narzulloyeva, nilufar nazirjon, and dilfuza bafoyevna narzullayeva. "til va madaniyat." innovative development in educational activities 2.7 (2023): 141-144. 249 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods of using non-traditional means in the training of wrestlers choriyev sirojiddin tagaynazarovich physical education teacher at termiz state pedagogical institute abstract: a sport that requires a unique combination of strength, agility and tactical intelligence, wrestling relied on traditional training methods. however, as the pursuit of excellence evolves, coaches and athletes are increasingly exploring unconventional means to improve their training regimens. this article explores innovative ways to use non-traditional tools in wrestler training to explore how these tools can contribute to skill development, strength building, and injury prevention. keywords: competition, technical training, wrestling training, skills, skills, wrestling practices. the analysis of many major competitions shows that the biggest deficiency in the training of wrestlers is the backwardness of their technical preparation. problems such as limitation of wrestling actions, performing all actions using force, not being able to prepare the opponent to perform the action, not being able to take advantage of favorable opportunities, not being able to organize a counterattack in time require serious work on the technical and tactical training of wrestlers. there are so many and various wrestling actions that each wrestler chooses the most appropriate and suitable action for him based on his own capabilities, i.e. height, strength, speed, agility and other characteristics, and participates in competitions. can participate successfully. during the period of regular training in sports clubs, the wrestler gets acquainted with all the main actions of wrestling, improves them with various partners during training and coaching sessions, and tries to perform them in competitions. in wrestling training, each wrestler chooses some of the actions that he likes and suits his personal characteristics, checks their convenience in competitions, determines the ways of defense and counterattack, as well as determines the opponent's defense or counteraction. it is necessary to learn to behave, in short, to learn to perform flawlessly the action one loves and chooses. the main weakness of many wrestlers is that they try to perform most of the wrestling actions learned during training, instead of improving them, mainly due to strength and endurance. of course, in such a situation, a wrestler with less experience and technical and tactical preparation may not be able to compete and achieve success, but in large tournaments, in meetings with highly experienced and comprehensively trained wrestlers, technical and tactical deficiencies lead to great results. unattainable. 250 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a wrestler must improve and develop his technical and tactical skills from the first day he enters the ring until he leaves the arena. what bouquet of wrestling actions should famous wrestlers have? there are two different opinions about this. first: if they say that the more wrestling actions and options they know, the higher their skills will be, supporters of the second opinion say that a famous wrestler is distinguished by his deep knowledge of several wrestling actions, his ability to perform them in any situation, and his elegance. the author is also a supporter of the second opinion. out of countless actions of wrestling, a wrestler should be able to perform two or three of them beautifully in order to defeat the opponent. for example, he should be able to perfectly know how to use a grapple and overhand against an attacking opponent, to apply such actions as a grapple, knot, and hook from the inside for defenders, that is, a wrestler who is retreating, as well as to prepare the opponent to perform the action. a wrestler must constantly improve his chosen actions, be ready to attack unexpectedly and accidentally for the opponent and perform the action flawlessly. each wrestler should work together with a coach to choose the most convenient fighting action for him, based on his physical, technical and tactical preparation, as well as his personal characteristics. improvement of the selected combat action is carried out regularly. the learned action is learned with a non-resisting partner. the coach determines the most convenient option to perform the action with his student, based on the level of development of the wrestler. in order to develop strong skills in wrestling, the coach suggests repeating the action 30-40 times without resistance from the partner. this method is widely used not only during the learning period, but also during the improvement period. further improvement of the technique is carried out with one-sided resistance of partners, and gradually the resistance is strengthened. in this way, the wrestler continues to improve his wrestling skills in training sessions and competitions. one of the most necessary conditions for the successful execution of the chosen action is to hide one's intention, and to perform the action at such a time that it becomes a coincidence for the opponent. it is necessary to perform a distracting action in such a way that the danger seems inevitable, then the opponent will pay attention, and the situation will appear as the attacker expects. it is necessary for a wrestler to gain strength in the process of improving his chosen action and to bring it to the level of automaticity due to repeating it many times. for this purpose, training with partners of different heights, weights, and postures allows them to practice wrestling in any conditions. in the period of preparation for competitions, it is important to choose the right partners, especially in coaching and control competitions, in training exercises. when preparing for the competition, he checks the results of the combat actions he wants to use. at such a time, that is, in the control match, if the opponent easily eliminates his attacks, the fighter has doubts: whether his actions will work in the competition or not. ? such a situation often occurs at training and sports meetings. after training together for 15-20 days, the wrestlers get to know each other so well that it becomes impossible for biran to perform the action. therefore, a few days before the start of the competition, it is recommended to train with members of other teams who are not participating in this competition or with lighter weight, weaker competitors. while preparing for the competition, the wrestler should definitely try the new action that he has prepared, that is, he should check the implementation of the opponent's preparation method or combination in practice. of course, they will be checked in a meeting with experienced wrestlers, but they will meet in the competition. 251 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a wrestler who wants to achieve high results should observe future opponents, study their actions, fighting method, behavior, level of preparation in depth, analyze and draw up a plan for future meetings based on the work. in this, the opponent's standing position, favorite grip method, actions, preparation for action against the opponent, as well as strength, endurance, agility and the main fighting habit (method) are studied. after that, together with the trainer, the actions of attack, defense and counter-attack against the opponent are repeated, prepared and practiced many times in practice. it is recommended to conduct competitions with partners who are similar to the future opponent and check their actions and methods. references 1. abdullayev m.j., radjapov u.r., muxametov a.m “jismoniy tarbiya nazariyasi va metodikasi” 2-qism toshkent., darslik “turon-iqbol” 2020 yil 278 2. salomov r.s. sport mashg‘ulotning nazariy asoslari – toshkent., o‘quv qo‘llanma o‘zdjti, 2005 yil 238 b. 3. mahkamdjanov k.m. jismoniy madaniyat nazariyasi va metodikasi toshkent., darslik “iqtisod -moliya” 2008 yil 300 b. 4. menglimurod o'g'li, a. t. (2022). yuqori malakali kurashchilarni tayyorlash tizimini takomillashtirish yo'llari. 5. daminov, i. a. (2022). umum ta’lim maktab o ‘quvchilarida sog ‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishning muhim tomonlari. academic research in educational sciences, 3(7), 28-34 6. amandavlatov, t. (2023). dzyudo bo‘yicha o‘quv-mashg’ulot yig’inlarini o‘tkazish va tashkil qilish. interpretation and researches, 2(1). 7. berdiyev ghairat ulaboyevich. (2023). physiological basis of conducting physical education lessons in special conditions of the outdoor environment. academic journal of digital economics and stability, 33, 1–5. 8. shaxboz, a., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). the effective influence of moving moving games with 5-6-year-old children. iqro, 2(1), 545-550. 9. urolovich, b. c. (2023). characteristics of physical culture formation in the family. iqro, 2(1), 325-330. 10. urolovich, b. c. (2023). analysis of the priority method of determining the developing and health-giving effect of physical exercises in sports training. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 651653. 11. elmurod, e., & urolovich, b. c. (2023). factors developing professional pedagogical creativity of future physical education teachers. iqro, 2(1), 293-297. 12. o’gl, suyunbek n. a. "tools and methods used to educate endurance in swimmers." international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, vol. 7, no. 10, 2020, pp. 142-144. 13. alimov, t., & abduraimov, s. (2023). yosh futbolchilarning mashg’ulotlariga qo ‘yiladigan talablar. interpretation and researches, 2(1). 14. urolovich, b. c. (2023). characteristics of physical culture formation in the family. iqro, 2(1), 325-330. 252 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. boboqulov, c. (2023). psychological, pedagogical and physical aspects of personality development of primary class students. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(5), 147-149. 16. ulobaevich, b. g. a. (2022). natural health instructions in organizing the daily life of school students efficiency of use reasonable use in physical education. miasto przyszłości, 177-179. 17. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). restricted student young people through physical culture and sports training. solution of social problems in management and economy, 2(4), 17-21. 18. ulaboyevich, b. g. . (2023). increasing the efficiency of the methodology of conducting physical education lessons for students of grades 5-9 in hot climate conditions. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2(4), 137–140. 19. ulaboevich, b. g. a. (2022). improving the effectiveness of the method of conducting physical education classes for students of grades 5-9 in hot climates. asean journal of physical education and sport science, 1(1), 33-42. 20. qizi, r. z. f. (2022). advantages of using pedagogic methods in training students and young people in physical education. european international journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies, 2(08), 28-30. 21. beknazarovich, d. t. (2022). formation of physical culture in children of preschool age. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(4), 186-189. 22. салимов, у. ш. (2023). факультативный предмет" нетрадиционные методы здорового образа жизни" как средство совершенствования физической активности студентов. fansportga, (1), 83-85. 23. rakhimova, z., & jurayeva, s. (2023). theoretical foundations of the use of special acting games for the development of operational efforts in young wrestler girls. theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences, 2(7), 99-102. 24. gʼaniyeva, d. f. (2021). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida tarbiyalanuvchi bolalarni jismoniy harakatlarini rivojlantirish uslubiyati. academic research in educational sciences, 2(11), 1597-1601. 25. farkhodovna, g. d. (2022). child healthy education and deep education. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 3(11), 205-208. 389 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 issues of forecasting the formation and management of current assets in construction materials manufacturing enterprises nurmanov ulugbek anorbayevich associate professor of the department of economic analysis dsc in economics, tashkent institute of finance abstract: problems describing aspects related to the forecasting of formation and management of current assets in construction materials production enterprises are devoted and their algorithm is analyzed. lack of current assets in business entities leads to disruption of the production and commercial cycle, loss of liquidity and low profits, as well as unreasonably high levels of financing. therefore, there is a need for long-term forecasting of current assets by their types. keywords: current assets, inventory, accounting policy, current asset management, strategic planning, forecasting model, current asset formation, current asset management forecasting algorithm. it is necessary to comprehensively manage the total assets of the economic enterprise in the economic cycle, to provide a comprehensive assessment of the application in the formation and development of the factor system, as well as to provide a systematic analysis of the first phase of the production cycle with material and financial specifications, to forecast and implement the development of an expanded production strategy. lang it is important to protect the optionality. «forecasting is the future scientific prediction of economic development trends, its individual elements, or the search for optimal methods of achieving goals» [1]. according to our scientific research, forecasting in practice is not carried out based on a specific principle. therefore, the task of ensuring the competitiveness of the economy and creating a favorable business environment has been defined as the main direction of the country's development in the near future. «depending on the current asset management policy, financial forecasting systems are very diverse in terms of the composition of plans, estimates and budgets, the rules for their development and approval, and the directions of analytical planning»[2]. in the economic literature, there are various models of forecasting current asset management, which are based on the methods of prospective assessment of the value of current assets, the composition and structure, the effectiveness of using elements of current assets, the influence of external and internal factors on the availability of current assets for business processes of the operating cycle. in particular, v. mochulaev proposed a model for calculating the necessary current assets of an economic entity in the retrospective and forecast period and a model for determining the surplus 390 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (deficit) of its current assets in determining its final value. this method increases the reliability of forecasting cash flows and determining the final value of the enterprise [3]. and by t. degtyareva, «it is suggested to use r. brown's adaptive polynomial model based on exponential smoothing to predict the development of the economic entity's production in the regional aspect» [4]. in economic entities, cash flow planning is carried out based on the principles of prospective planning, modeling and planning, and when it moves to one every year, projects are determined from the beginning of planning, which will be decided to start implementing in the current year. at the same time, evaluating the effectiveness of such projects takes into account the systemic impact. it involves the use of the forecasting algorithm of the usual indicators for the management of current assets in economic entities, the formulation of tasks, the analysis of the environment, the retrospective analysis of the evolution of events, the creation of approximate indicators, their improvement, the development of strategic choices and individual integration, and the unified strategic choices turns into a strategy. the most convenient programming can be a useful addition to the indicator method, and in the process of identifying and solving its problem, negative indicators are identified and filled with details. based on the above considerations, it is appropriate to develop a forecasting model for the implementation of strategic planning for the management of current assets of construction material production enterprises. this situation makes it possible to determine the perspective directions of the current assets formation and management policy. the forecasting model includes two main aspects: ø forecast of indicative indicators of formation of elements of current assets; ø forecast of performance indicators of current assets. the current asset formation forecast is based on the assessment of changes in the composition of elements, dynamic structural «sliding» and the need to finance net working capital. forecasting the effectiveness of the use of current assets is based on the assessment of the turnover, liquidity, solvency, profitability of the current assets of the building materials production enterprise. the results of forecasting the composition of current assets in construction materials production enterprises show that the forecast is made on the most important elements of current assets, which include: receivables, financial investments, cash, cash equivalents and shares. in this way, the constant power in the patient's ctpathetic and operative stage is maintained, and an important coordination of operative and ctpathetic prognosis and treatment is ensured. due to the presence of demand in the domestic and foreign trade markets, the finished product should not constitute a large balance. the main factors that caused the increase in receivables are the volume of production and the sale of finished products. the growth rate of the cost of finished goods sold does not exceed the growth rate of income, which is a positive situation in the activity of the economic entity. based on the above information, we can express the algorithm of forecasting the formation and management of current assets in building materials production enterprises by the following figure: 391 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. at construction material production enterprises an algorithm for forecasting the formation and management of current assets1 forecasting the composition of current assets describes the change in the share of each element in the value of the property of the business entity being studied. the forecast shows an increase in free cash that can be used to expand the production of working capital. also, the next stage of forecasting is to propose the expected value of net working capital and its financing. net working capital is defined as the difference between the current assets and current liabilities of the business entity. when developing a current asset management policy, the business entity should know what part of the assets will be covered by its own funds and how much it is necessary to attract debt sources. in many economic entities, the value of own working capital, calculated according to generally accepted formulas, is negative. based on theoretical considerations, economic entities do not have funds to cover short-term liabilities[6]. in business entities, efficiency in the turnover process is achieved by providing raw materials, materials, fuels, as a result of marketing research, reducing receivables, improving the payment system for work performed, and observing financial and contractual discipline. describing the efficiency of management of individual elements of current assets, it can be noted that there is a slight increase in their turnover period for all reserves. at the same time, the turnover period is quite long and is more than three months every year. this is determined by the specific characteristics of the construction industry. the most liquid assets of an economic entity are cash funds, which do not remain in this phase of the cycle for a long time. in a certain amount, they must always be present in current assets to cover liabilities, otherwise the company may be recognized as insolvent. 1 author development in building materials manufacturing enterprises forecasting the formation and management of current assets forecasting the formation of current assets current asset management forecasting production stocks work in progress forecasting the composition of current assets funds accounts receivable structural forecasting of current assets forecasting net working capital financing needs forecasting the liquidity of current assets forecasting current asset turnover forecasting the profitability of current assets forecasting the solvency of current assets determining the strategy of using current assets 392 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cash management is carried out with the help of cash flow forecasting, that is, the income and use of cash. at the same time, the amount of cash receipts expected from the sale of products is calculated taking into account the average period of payment of bills and sales on credit, and cash flow is forecasted in parallel. that is, it is the approximate payment of calculations for the received product (work, service). it includes payments to the budget, tax authorities and extrabudgetary funds, dividends, interest payments, wages for the employees of the economic entity, possible investments and other expenses. it shows the increase in cash flow on the main activity of the building materials complex. cash flow from financial activities will remain unchanged, with outflows exceeding receipts. as a result, financial activities require attracting additional resources. the availability of funds in an economic entity affects its liquidity, which describes the sufficiency of its liquid assets to pay its obligations to creditors, if necessary. in the research object "uzsanoatkurilishmateriallari" the liquidity indicator was affected by a whole set of economic conditions, that is, the volume of sales of finished products, the structure and efficiency of used resources, technical and technological equipment of production areas, product price and cost, quality, competitiveness. achieving certain quantitative parameters of liquidity indicators makes it possible to create conditions for timely attraction of additional funds and bank loans, to convince the founders of the flexibility of using the company's own funds. forecast data indicate that the total liquidity ratio will increase in the future, which is confirmed by indicators of changes in total liquidity. it describes the high potential ability of construction materials production enterprises to meet short-term obligations at the expense of all current assets. the main factors contributing to the increase in liquidity are changes in invested capital and current fixed assets. changes in current liabilities during the forecast period will have a negative impact on the liquidity of the building materials production enterprise. analytical data showed that the medium-term liquidity ratio increases significantly, and its value increases every year. this shows the ability of the research object "uzsanoatkurilishmateriallari" association to fulfill its current obligations at the expense of cash, short-term financial investments, receivables and finished products. at the end of the forecast period, the company's medium-term liquidity will be formed. in order to estimate the prospective level of absolute liquidity of the construction materials production company, the forecast value of the average daily payment coverage ratio in cash was determined. data for one day are used to estimate the cost of average daily payments for current production activities, namely: cost of goods sold, period costs, inventory, work-in-progress, and increase in the cost of finished goods. the number of payment days for current production activities covered by available cash is defined as the ratio of cash to average daily payments. predicted values of profitability were studied within the parameters of the effectiveness of the use of current assets of the construction materials production enterprise. at the same time, the main goal of planning is to increase the turnover of current assets and improve the structure, increase profitability due to the effective use of material, labor and financial resources. the decrease in profitability in economic entities is primarily justified by the fact that current assets exceed the growth rate of profit. as a result, it is appropriate for the studied business entity to make management decisions on current asset turnover in order to reduce the cost of its reserves. according to the results of the research, in order to develop a strategy for managing the current assets of the building materials production enterprise, it is necessary to emphasize the need for an even distribution of the elements of the current assets over all business processes of the 393 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us operational cycle, the development of an economic policy that ensures the continuity of the production process, and the need to sell the product through sales. based on the study of the proposed main aspects of decision-making in the management of current assets of construction materials production enterprises at the tactical level and the optimal tools for different types of policies, we propose the sequence and criteria for the development of a complex of construction materials, the policy of current asset management, as well as the development of construction materials we determined its structure and content for the production company. in our opinion, it is appropriate to base the planned policy on the management of current assets on the strategy of the economic entity, which corresponds to the concept of development of the building materials industry in the country. this is based on elements of operational, current and long-term planning. in order to carry out this operational and current planning, it is desirable to develop budgeting methods to be used as the development of current asset management mechanism in accordance with the policies developed as a result of research. references used: 1. decision pq-4198 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan «on measures of fundamental improvement and comprehensive development of the construction materials industry». february 20, 2019. 2. adamadziev k.r. kasimova t.m. methods for forecasting agriculture. – m: “fundamental research”, 2014. no. 5-1. – p.122-126. 3. pimenova e.m. forecasting the size and efficiency of using the company's working capital. /eat. pimenova/ problems of improving the organization of production and management of industrial enterprises: interuniversity collection of scientific papers. – m: 2010.no. 1-2. p. 10. 4. mochulaev v.e. forecasting own working capital and taking into account its actual value when determining the final cost of an enterprise (business) / v.e. mochulaev // questions of assessment. – m: 2013.no. 2 (72). p. 51. 5. degtyareva t.d. forecasting regional agricultural production using adaptive models / t.d. degtyareva, e.a. chulkova // news of the orenburg state agrarian university. – m: 2012. t. 33. no. 1-1. p. 208. 6. glazunov m.i. systems of algorithms for determining the value of own working capital [electronic resource] / m.i. glazunov // economic analysis: theory and practice. 2009. no. 34. // sps “consultant plus”. 7. http://www.lex.uz – national database of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan. 145 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 urgut tuman aholisining o‘zgarish dinamikasi urokov firdavs ortikniyozovich samarqand iqtisodiyot va sevis instituti assistenti jabborov ulugbek gabborovich samarqand iqtisodiyot va sevis instituti iqtisodiyot fakulteti talabasi annotatsiya: ushbu maqolada samarqand viloyatida joylashgan urgut tumani aholisining statiatikasi xususida so‘z boradi. shunngde, aholining tabiiy harakatlari, o‘zgarish sur’atlari va boshqa bir qancha ko‘rsatkichlar qiyosiy tahlil qilingan. kalit so‘zlar: aholi, aholi ko‘payishi, demografik ko‘rsatkichlar, hududiy maydonlar, tug‘ilish va o‘lim soni, migratsiya, immigratsiya, tabiiy o‘sish. kirish. urgut tumani1 – oʻzbekiston respublikasi samarqand viloyatidagi tuman. 1926-yil 29sentabrda tashkil etilgan. aholisi 2021-yil 1-oktabr holatiga koʻra 528,900 kishi.[1] samarqand viloyatining janubiy-sharqiy qismida joylashgan. shimoliy sharqda zarafshon daryosi orqali bulungʻur tumani, shimolda toyloq, shimoliy gʻarbda va gʻarbda samarqand tumanlari, sharqda tojikiston respublikasi, janubda qashqadaryo viloyati bilan chegaradosh. maydoni 1120,3 km². aholisi 564 ming kishi (2022). tumanda bitta shahar (urgut), 14 ta qishloq fuqarolari yigʻini (baxrin, beshbuloq, jartepa, ilonli, ispanza, mirzaqishloq, beshkapa 1 va beshkapa 2, sanchiqul, uramas, yangiariq, qoratepa, gʻoʻs, buloqboshi) bor. markazi – urgut shahri2. tashkil topgan vaqti – 1964-yil 31-dekabr. umumiy maydoni – 1,12 ming km2. shahar tipidagi posyolkalar (shaharchalar) soni – 7 ta. mahalla fuqarolari yig‘inlari soni – 120 ta, shundan shahar mahallalari soni – 40 ta, qishloq fuqarolari yig‘inlari soni – 12 ta. qishloq aholi punktlari – 115 ta. 2024-yil 1-yanvar holatidagi doimiy aholi soni –559226 kishi (erkaklar – 284101, ayollar – 275125). samarqand shahrigacha bo‘lgan masofa – 35 km. chegaradosh respublikatojikiston, viloyat – qashqadaryo, tumanlar – tayloq, samarqand, bulung‘ur. urgut – samarqand viloyatidagi shahar va qishloq tumani nomi. toponim tarixiy manbalarda arkut shaklida uchraydi. s.qoraevning bergan ma’lumotiga qaraganda, o‘zbekistonning boshqa viloyatlarida ham urgut nomli joylar uchraydi. masalan, farg‘ona vodiysida, xorazmda. shunday ekan, toponimni arg‘u qabilasi nomi bilan bog‘lash mumkin. mahmud koshg‘ariy arg‘u – turk qabilasi nomi deb yozadi . 1https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/urgut_tumani 2 https://samarkand.uz/towns_districts/urgut 146 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1-rasm 2019 yil dekabr oyi holatiga ko‘ra, urgut tumani aholi soni 494.6 ming nafarni tashkil etmoqda. davlat statistika qo‘mitasi ma’lumotiga ko‘ra, shundan 0.286 ming nafari ko’chib kelgan va 0.979 ming nafari ko’chib ketganini ko’rishimiz mumkin; 2023yilga kelib urgut tumani doimiy aholisi soni 559.2 ming kishiga yoki 11.5 foizga oshgan. tug‘ilish va o‘lim darajasi 2019 yilga nisbatan qariyb 8.4 foizga o‘sgan. o‘shanda urgut shahari aholisi soni 208.2 ming kishini (jami urgut aholi sonidagi ulushi 42.1 %), qishloq aholisi soni esa 286.4 ming kishi (57.9%)ni tashkil qilgan. urgut tumani aholisining so’nggi 5 yillik ma’lumotini tahlil qiladigan bo’lsak, har yili yildan-yilga aholi soni oshib borganligini ko’rishimiz mumkin; hozirgi kunda urgut tumani aholisi soni 559.2 ming nafardan ortiq boʻlib (2023-yil dekabr oyi holatiga koʻra), urgut shahari aholisi 234.6ming kishini tashkil etadi. samarqand viloyati aholi sonining 13%ni urgut tumani aholisi tashkil etadi. so’nggi yillarda urgut tumanida ichki migratsiya harakatlarining oshishi kuzatilmoqda. buning asosiy sabablaridan biri, urgut tumani erkin iqtisodiy zonani tashkil qilinganligi va ishlab chiqarishning keskin oshganligi, invistitsiyalar soni ko’payganligi sabab bo‘lmoqda. doimiy aholi sonining shahar va tumanlar bo‘yicha taqsimlanishi 1yanvar holatiga, ming kishi 2021yil 2022yil o‘sish sur’ati, % da viloyat bo‘yicha 4031,3 4118,4 102,2 samarqand sh. 561,8 573,2 102,0 kattaqo‘rg‘on sh. 91,9 93,6 101,8 tumanlar: oqdaryo 165,1 169,1 102,4 bulung‘ur 193,4 197,5 102,1 jomboy 180,4 184,8 102,4 ishtixon 264,4 270,1 102,2 kattaqo‘rg‘on 282,3 287,9 102,0 qo‘shrabot 136,4 139,1 102,0 narpay 219,1 223,4 102,0 payariq 260,3 266,9 102,5 pastdarg‘om 367,4 374,9 102,0 paxtachi 147,9 150,0 101,4 147 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us samarqand viloyatida 2023yil 1yanvar holatiga 1 kvadrat kilometrga o‘rtacha 245,6 kishi to‘g‘ri kelgan. bu esa o‘tgan yilning mos davriga nisbatan solishtirilganda 5,2 kishiga ortgan (2022yilda 1 kv.km.ga 240,4 kishi). shahar va tumanlar bo‘yicha qaraydigan bo‘lsak, aholi zichliginig eng yuqori ko‘rsatkichi kattaqo’rg’on shahrida 9360,0 kishi, samarqand shahrida 4776,7 kishi, toyloq tumanida 770,4 kishini tashkil etgan bo‘lsa, eng past ko‘rsatkichlar nurobod tumani 32,8 kishi, qo‘shrabot tumani 64,4 kishi, paxtachi tumani 108,7 kishini tashkil etgan. 2022yil yanvardekabr oylarida 111,6 mingta bola tug‘ilganligi qayd etilgan bo‘lib, mos ravishda 1000 aholiga nisbatan tug‘ilish koeffitsiyenti 27,4 promilleni tashkil etdi hamda bu ko‘rsatkich 2021yilga nisbatan 0,3 promillega kamayganligi kuzatildi (2021yilda 27,7 promilleni tashkil etgan) 2022yilning yanvar-dekabr oylarida 19,3 mingta o‘lim qayd etilgan bo‘lib, har 1000 aholiga o‘lim koeffitsiyenti 4,7 promilleni tashkil etgan (2021yilning yanvardekabr oylarida 4,7 promille bo‘lgan) 2022 yilning yanvardekabr oylarida qayd etilgan o‘lim holatining 54,6 % i – qon aylanish tizimi kasalliklaridan, 6,5 % i – o‘simtalardan, 9,4 % i – nafas olish a’zolari kasalliklaridan, 5,5 % i – baxtsiz hodisa, zaharlanish va jarohatlanishlardan, 4,6 % i – ovqat hazm qilish a’zolari kasalliklaridan, 1,0 % i – yuqumli va parazitar kasalliklardan, 18,4 % i boshqa kasalliklardan vafot etganlar. 2022yil yanvardekabr oylarida viloyat bo‘yicha doimiy yashash maqsadida ko‘chib kelganlar jami soni 9 071 kishini tashkil etdi. doimiy yashash maqsadida ko‘chib ketganlar soni jami 14 276 kishini, migratsiya saldosi minus 5 205 kishini tashkil etdi. (2021yil yanvardekabr oylarida minus 8 045 kishini tashkil etgan). foydalanilgan manbalar: 1. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/urgut_tumani; 2. https://samarkand.uz/towns_districts/urgut; 3. www.stat.uz; 4. www.samstat.uz; 5. www.ziyonet.uz. samarqand 261,5 267,2 102,2 nurobod 156,3 159,3 101,9 urgut 532,6 545,7 102,5 toyloq 210,5 215,7 102,5 163 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 archaic phraseological units as windows into “historical memory” in french and uzbek linguistic traditions djafarova dildora ilhomovna associate professor, dsc, national university of uzbekistan bobokalonov odilshoh ostonovich associate professor, phd, bukhara state university j. a. yakubov based on the review of uzswlu professor, dsc abstract: in world linguistics today, the paradigm of anthropocentric humanism, the idea of man having his own thoughts and feelings, is important, and historical consciousness is the highest spiritual value of man. therefore, the systematic consideration of the phraseological fund of a particular national language and the formation of phrases is of particular importance in a more precise sense in the reflective function of "historical memory". the identification of archaic phraseological units representing "historical memory" attracted the attention of linguists, especially at the beginning of the century. this problem has been widely studied in foreign linguistics, which has been studied on the basis of different theories, concepts, approaches, positions, directions. keywords: historical memory, phraseological unity, archaism, syntactic archaism, historism, mythology, folk etymology, motivation, necrotism, deonymization. introduction: it is known that the concept of" historical memory " is one of the theoretical terms of the sciences of psychology, philosophy, history, reflecting the nature of the relationship between the expansion, renewal of historical culture, the meaning and content of history, the theoretical and methodological layer of the humanities. despite scientific conceptual and terminological differences, theoretical changes in this scientific direction have an important common feature. the main theme of history is not the event of the past, but the memory of it, the image that is reflected in the lives of those who took part in it and contemporaries, and the transmission of them to subsequent generations. the concept of" historical memory "is manifested as an" ideal reality " and has not been studied separately in the structure of phraseological units, as well as in the field of linguistics. literature review: according to linguist g. khazagerova “the nation is a special system similar to the movement for self-preservation, in which the language is involved, not the language, but the archaic information repository, but also the living medium that exists in a changing historical environment” [6]. s.ulman suggests that in the use or use of the term" folk etymology", in many cases there is no mention of the interference of the" people " in the sociological sense of the word. responsibility for such language changes lies with medieval writers and renaissance scribes who misinterpret chalasavod or information" [52]. 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us t. v. tsivyan says that " it is to mythologize history and on the other hand to show a certain internal similarity between the two processes, such as folk etymology. the importance for the history of the people‟s consciousness is not the fact of the true events of the past, but how they are preserved in the memory of the people. the mythologization of the past serves to preserve the memory of the ethnos of their history, and folk etymology establishes a world view that exists in the daily minds of people in the national language [7]. research methodology: linguist sh.bally argues that “ when hecht does not think about the meaning of every element of french phraseological units that are not specifically involved in linguistics, he accepts the general and modern meaning of the phrase. a large number of data testifies to the fact that the connections between the elements of a phraseological phrase are not recognized by the speaker, the meaning of its elements also goes unnoticed, therefore, an important feature of a phraseological circle is the presence of archaism in it [1]. p. according to giro, “in nature, sustainable expressions need to maintain their motivation, because although the words they are part of form unity, but some meaning retains its independence and they continue to evoke natural images. it is for this reason that phraseological units contain archaisms [31]. analysis аnd results: the opposite of the law presented in the language lexicon is the withdrawal, and obsolescence of words. there are several factors that cause this process. the wear and tear of words will be associated with the exclusion, non-applicability of something and phenomena that have a name. in uzbek, for example, there were such types of taxes as mushrif, yasak, tribute, but nowadays such words are incomprehensible to many and are part of archaic words. such words are also very numerous in french. especially in the composition of phraseological units, archaic words are clearly visible. for example, clouer le bes stands for "nail the muzzle" for modern french speakers, as the word bes is used to mean exactly the muzzle, literally "to keep silent". the expression in question is an archaic and dialectal form of the cluer verb clore (closed) [28]. there is a phraseological unit of brave comme un lapin écorché by french linguists, and this phrase was used in the xvii century. the initial meaning of the phrase was “to dress up, to dress up in a new way”. the expression brave comme un lapin is used in modern french to mean "brave as a rabbit". but the old meaning of brave – meaning” yasangan “ gives several examples of this situation, brave comme un dimanche-is exactly what the translation means” dressed or made like sunday " [35]. the exact translation of the phrase” plein comme un barrique “means” drunk as a bochkad", and is erroneous through folk etymology , i.e., there are cases of disruption. because the plein comme un bourrique must be, the french bourrique represents the meaning of the ass. [28]. and this phrase is used in the oral speech of the uzbek people‟s nation in the manner of “drinking like a mole”. for example, did you still drink cattle today? interestingly, zoosemisms are often used as substitutes for folk-etymological distortions, especially since this process is clearly visible in french. for example, the phrase” noir comme jais “represents the translation” black like gagat“, but the phrase” noir comme geai “is black like soyka or” amis comme cochons “represents”friend like pigs", in which cochon (pig) replaced old french sogon (friend). the currently used variant of the phrase "i‟ll take my left, blinded "is used in the style of" i‟ll do one job and let out the other."however, the ancient variant “bat” is the one that arose through the disease of eye pain, which aries from a dirt. in the past, a person with this disease would have to show it to a helpless healer. the physician, on the other hand, blinded the eye instead of treating it with medicines that would not be, and through this process this expression came into being. the phrase "avoir un chat dans la gorge “represents” there is a cat in the throat “in the translation, while literally”speaking in a hoarse, hoarse voice". in the past, the word cat was used with a maton. the word” maton“, in turn, meant” burnt milk “or” various substances and clots", while over time the chat was replaced by the word maton ({maton -matou – chat) [8]. 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the phraseological unit “avoir des yeux de lynx “signifies” he has silovsin-like eyes“, as a phrase meaning “ he also loves long distance“, meaning that lynx represents a misinterpretation of the name of the ship guide” argo", who is distinguished by the sharpness of his extraordinary eye in himself and can see far through the clouds lyncee (greek. lungeos). silovsin really represents the eye socket because this animal has the ability to see through the wall as well. in some state symbols as well, especially in herbalism, silovsin represents completeness and sharpness of vision. silovsin, for example, is depicted on the coat of arms of pskov. silovsin is a constellation that was named by astronomer jan gevelius in the 17th century, meaning that the constellation represents a chain of dim stars, which history states can only be seen by people with sharp vision, such as silovsin [28]. there are also a lot of phraseological phrases in uzbek linguistics that reflect the “historical memory”, which is made up of archaic words. for example,” drowned in the dust and remained in that soul " [31]. when a criminal‟s case is opened, the offender sometimes masterfully places his guilt on a non-criminal. he gets rid of it. at such a time, a phraseological unit was applied to an innocent person “immersed in his dust and remained in that person‟s soul.” this phraseological unit also saw changes caused by phonetic distortion by linguists, with the word “chicken” actually being used in the form of “swamp”. the phrase originated in ancient times as” drowned and remained in that man‟s barracks " and appeared in a different form as a result of breakdowns. however, nowadays, a different variant of it is used in oral speech, that is,”to pay money to an unaccompanied somsa". from our research, it can be seen that phonetic closeness of words plays an important role in these examples, which serves as the basis for lexical reinterpretation of a particular unit in the phraseological unit, but the role and importance of etymology is necessary in the analysis of archaic words used by linguists. the term folk etymology is used in science by the german linguist e. introduced by forstemann, it makes it possible to modernize the past experience in phraseology, giving expression a special expressiveness. the expression “fier orgueilleux comme un pou” is taken in the translation process to mean” proud like a bit”, but the word pou originated from the old french word poul or pol, which antecedents the meaning "young rooster". [28]. this phraseological unit is actually the equivalent of the proud expression” fier comme un coq " cocky. because in the french, even in the uzbeks, the rooster represents a sign of pride. especially for the french nation, the rooster has become a symbol of the state, expressing a positive meaning. it is important to note that there are several phraseological phrases in french through un pou cozi. for example, the phrase “moche / laid comme un pou” in translation means” ugly like a bit“,” sale comme un pou “means” dirty like a bit“,” vexe comme un pou “means” itchy like a bit“, “rouspeter comme un pou” means “bitter like a bit” in translation. as we can see from our studies, the meanings of the phrase have changed due to the mispronunciation of the word rooster in all of the phrases. in the past, the term “ant eganmisan” was used in uzbek, and this phrase appeared on the basis of certain events. if you chew jizzali, greasy bread without the knowledge of an ant, then your mouth is neither salty nor pure chuchmal taste has appeared. this taste of ants, sandworms was used in a sense of flavor. some people say, their words are chuchmal, be‟maza. looking at this person, the phrase “did you eat an ant” was used in history. nowadays, the phraseological unit "there is salt in the sentence" is used. “o’qurug’ tushmagan” the term was used in a broad sense in ancient times, and the word o‟shurugh was used among the yilikites. while they always wanted to catch a horse that had not been grazed, the yil‟qis had thrown an arrow at it. a rope is tied to the end of a stalk made of wool and a trap is made to catch a runaway horse. the yilqis say "o‟shurugh". the phraseological unit "unburdened" is now used in a different variant, in the sense that it is used in a portable sense, in the manner of “unbreakable”, “not to taste the bittersweet of life”. 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us “sourd соmmе un pot” the phrase literally means “deaf”, if in the process of translation it means “deaf like a tuvak”. in this phrase, the word pot itself represents a distorted form of the old postpoteau column word, that is, the initial form of the comparison, the phraseological unit “sourd comme un poteau”, meant “deaf like a column”in translation. in uzbek, “korchalonning” is a phraseological unit, used in the past, and the word “korchalon” is derived from the word “chalon”. through some mispronunciation by linguists, the word “chalon” was exchanged for "corchalon". nowadays, oral speech has been one of the variants of the phrase” you‟re going to be a dry adult without doing anything". “écrire соmmе un ange” the phrase means “to write like an angel”in the translation, and literally “the owner of a beautiful hospice”. the phraseological unit in question is associated with the famous calligrapher anja verjesa (ange vergece), who came to paris from greece in 1540. his hussite was so beautiful that it even served as a model for engravings of greek letters, under which louvre editions were printed under francis i in the 16th century. there are also grounds that the initial form of this expression was ecrire comme ange. [30]. later, as a result of mixing the name" ange "and the word" ange", such an original image was created that it became widespread in french, that is, it began to be used in the meanings of" like an angel"," beautiful, perfect". in archaic phraseological units representing”historical memory", the process of deonymization also plays an important role. for example, when the spelling of an initial word disappears, the meaning of the phrase acquires a completely different meaning. for example, if the phraseological unit” se mettre en rang d‟oignon(s) “represents in translation”to stand in the line of the circle“, it literally means” to line up in a row“,”to take a place next to the uninvited others". in the opinion of abbot thue, the connection of the word oignon (onion) to the family of dwarfs is transmitted by hecht [28]. it was originally capitalized and was the name of a master of royal ceremonies who, starting with henry ii, carried out his duties at the court of the four french kingdoms and gained fame for his hard hand in following his rules. the phrase “s’en moquer comme de l’an quarante“, used in the past, means”to laugh like in the fortieth year “in translation, while in the phrase style it means” to count with absolutely no one", 1790, takes in its composition the expression l‟an quarante, considered a corrupted variant of alcoran, which is part of the 14th-century french lexicon and used in the phrase: n’y comprendre non plus qu’a de l’algebre ou bien a l’alcoran. [28]. g. nazarian believes that” the inefficient aspect of archaic phraseologisms is that they are to some extent incomprehensible to speakers of phrases in modern language,” [4]. in the belgian version of french, archaisms recommend frequently used variants of phraseological units to show phraseological activity and use instead of french french lexemes, in order to support the local language tradition by reflecting the desire of the language community. for example, instead of the phrase” bouter le feu“, the phraseological unit” mettre / foutre le feu " is used. but the meaning of both phrases in translation is the same, i.e. “to set fire” or “to set up”, and the bouter – to-set verb is an archaic verb not recorded in phraseological dictionaries. a.g.nazarian argues that in many cases phraseologisms involving archaisms are partially or completely reinterpreted, and that many of them develop new meanings that in some cases copy old ones [31]. conclusion: within the framework of phraseological units, linguistic and historical processes themselves constantly interact, generating and implementing certain changes. the mythologization of history, the loss of the ability to reconstruct historical events as units of “historical memory” based on phrases, means the direction of influence of language memory. the archiving of lexical units that have lost their original or previous use, the preservation of their original meanings and forms, the preservation of old grammatical models and syntactic 167 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us structures are the result of the activity of the mechanism of “historical memory” of the colloquial ethnic group. list of references 1. балли ш. французская стилистика. -м: эдиториал урсс, 2001.-392 с. 2. бобокалонов, одилшоҳ. 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"les chiphonymes: étude des noms de plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle." international conference on research identity, value and ethics. 2023. 44. ostonovich, bobokalonov odilshoh. "multiculturalism through french shifonemas." horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence 2.5 (2023): 695700. 45. ostonovich, bobokalonov odilshoh. "place of shifonemas in modern linguistics." journal of science-innovative research in uzbekistan 1.5 (2023): 370-374. 46. ostonovich, bobokalonov odilshoh. "shifonym or shifonema, new onamastic unit." international journal of inclusive and sustainable education 2.4 (2023): 49-51. 47. ostonovich, odilshoh bobokalonov. "specific features of phraseological units." international journal on integrated education 3.11 (2020): 192-195. 48. radjabovich, bobokalonov ramazon, bobokalonov odilshoh ostonovich, and narzullaeva dilfuza bafoevna. "differential, communicative and neuropsycholinguistic problems of semantic functionally formed speeches in unrelated languages." journal of survey in fisheries sciences 10.2s (2023): 1363-1375. 49. rahmonova, gulnoza & djafarova, dildora. (2021). explanation of the term "neologism" in linguistics. конференции. 10.47100/conferences.v1i1.1101. 50. rajabovich, b. r. (2023). хаrizmаli insоndа nutq ko‟rkаmligi. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(5), 556-561. 51. rajabovich, bobokalonov ramazon. "development of semiotic theory in the first period. eurasian research bulletin, 3, 19–23." (2021). 52. ullmann, s. précis de sémantique française. 5e ed. [texte] /berne: ed. francke, 1952. 334 p. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 200 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us socio-economic consequences of digital economy development javohir shodiev student of samarkand institute of economy and service rafieva zarina teacher of samarkand institute of economy and service abstract: the digital economy is an important factor in the development of the economy and society as a whole. it has both positive and negative consequences, which must be taken into account when developing regulatory measures and social support. keywords: digital economy, consequences, social support, labor productivity, economic growth the development of the digital economy has both positive and negative socio-economic consequences. positive consequences:  improved production and distribution efficiency. digital technologies make it possible to increase the efficiency of production and distribution, which leads to lower costs and increased productivity. this contributes to economic growth and improved living standards of the population. for example, the use of robots and artificial intelligence in production can reduce production costs, improve product quality and reduce risks. the use of online trading allows you to optimize product distribution processes, which leads to lower costs and increased availability of goods and services for consumers.  creation of new jobs. the digital economy creates new jobs in the field of information technology, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. these jobs typically pay well and require high qualifications. for example, the development of the information technology sector creates jobs for programmers, system administrators, data analysts and other information technology specialists.  improving quality of life. digital technologies improve people's quality of life by giving them access to new goods and services and simplifying everyday tasks. for example, digital technologies are used in healthcare, education, leisure and other areas. for example, the use of telemedicine allows people to access health care services from the comfort of their home. the use of online education allows people to receive education regardless of their location. the use of digital technologies in the leisure sector allows people to access new entertainment and leisure activities. negative consequences:  growing inequality. the digital economy can lead to increased inequality between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not. this is because digital technologies american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 201 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us require access to the internet, computer and other devices that may not be accessible to some groups of the population. for example, people who do not have access to the internet may be excluded from the digital economy and not be able to benefit from it.  the emergence of new risks. the digital economy is associated with new risks, such as cybersecurity, data leakage, and information asymmetry. these risks can lead to negative consequences for the economy and society. for example, cybercrimes can result in data loss or financial damage. a data breach can lead to privacy violations and fraud. information asymmetry can lead to abuses by stronger market participants.  changing social structure. the digital economy leads to changes in the social structure of society, in particular, to the growing role of youth and women. young people tend to be more digitally active and therefore have more opportunities for education, employment and social participation. women are also more active in digital technology and therefore have more opportunities for selfemployment and career development. for example, the use of digital technologies in education allows young people to access the knowledge and skills needed for successful careers in the digital economy. the use of digital technology in employment allows women to access new job opportunities. regulatory and social support measures in order to minimize the negative consequences of the development of the digital economy, it is necessary to develop appropriate regulatory measures and social support. such measures include:  development of digital economy infrastructure. it is necessary to ensure access to the internet and digital technologies for all groups of the population, including low-income groups, residents of rural areas and other groups that may be excluded from the digital economy. for example, it is necessary to develop communication networks in rural areas, provide internet access in public places and provide subsidies for the purchase of computers and other devices for low-income groups.  improving regulation of the digital economy. it is necessary to develop a regulatory framework that will promote the development of the digital economy and minimize the risks associated with its development. for example, it is necessary to develop laws that will protect citizens from cybercrime, data leakage and information asymmetry.  development of digital literacy of the population. it is necessary to improve the digital literacy of the population so that people can use digital technologies safely and effectively. for example, it is necessary to conduct educational programs on digital literacy for the population of all ages. the development of the digital economy is a complex and multifaceted process that will have both positive and negative consequences. in order to minimize the negative consequences of the development of the digital economy, it is necessary to develop appropriate regulatory measures and social support. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 202 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. рафиева, з. (2023). пути эффективного использования внутренних инвестиций в национальной экономике. 2. борисов, е. ф. (2020). экономика. 3. паньшин, б. (2016). цифровая экономика: особенности и тенденции развития. наука и инновации, 3(157), 17-20. 4. нозимов, э. а., & шодиев, ж. (2023). оптимизация страхования здоровья в узбекистане. нововведения cовременного научного развития в эпоху глобализации: проблемы и решения, 1(2), 1-4. 5. нозимов, э. а., & шодиев, ж. (2023). страхование транспортных средств и его развитие в узбекистане. the role of exact sciences in the era of modern development, 1(2), 14-18. 6. shodiyev, j., & seyranovna, a. s. (2023). sources of financing of investment activities from the state. analytical journal of education and development. 7. талимова, л. а., кучукова, н. к., гуковская, а. а., черникина, е. в., шманёв, с. в., гайнуллина, н. р., ... & омарбаева, с. т. (2021). формирование финансово-кредитной модели в условиях развития цифровизации и интеграции экономик стран еаэс. 8. зайналов, ж. р., алиева, с. с., & ахроров, з. о. (2018). молия: корхоналар молияси. дарслик. т.: иқтисод-молия, 122. 9. зайналов, д. р., алиева, с. с., & расулов, з. д. (2013). управление финансовыми ресурсами предприятий малого бизнеса. брошюра. м.: радиус. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 problems and solutions in the development of the economy of uzbekistan muzaffarov navruzxon baxronovich teacher of samarkand institute of economy and service rustamov sarvar jasurovich student of samarkand institute of economy and service abstract: this article analyzes the indicators of economic development of uzbekistan. today, the problems and shortcomings in the development of the economy of uzbekistan have been deeply analyzed, and the experience of foreign countries has been studied. key words: global, gross domestic product, inflation, trade, investment, loans, diversification, cost. the post-pandemic recovery was influenced by factors such as the instability of the global economy, difficulties in the economies of major trading partners, price fluctuations on world markets, disruption of transport and logistics chains and general uncertainty of the situation. however, the economy has demonstrated resilience to external challenges. according to the state statistics committee, the gross domestic product (gdp) of uzbekistan grew by 5.7% in 2022, but the growth rate decreased compared to 2021 (7.4%). against the backdrop of unfavorable external conditions, the situation in the main trading partner countries developed differently. in 2022, kyrgyzstan's gdp grew by 7%, and at the end of 2021 the growth was 3.6%. kazakhstan's growth rate will decline from 4.3 percent in 2021 to 3.1 percent in 2022. experts estimate that by the end of last year, china's gdp growth had slowed to about 3 percent. at the end of the year, amid conflict and sanctions, the russian economy entered a recession. as a result, in january-november the russian economy shrank by 2.1% compared to the same period in 2021. in 2022, inflation in uzbekistan accelerated from 10% to 12.3% in 2021. this is mainly due to the rise in world prices, the increase in the cost of products in countries that are the main suppliers to the uzbekistan market. for example, inflation in russia, which accounts for about 20 percent of the country's imports, rose from 8.4 percent in 2021 to 11.9 percent in 2022. over the same period, inflation in kazakhstan (about 11% of uzbekistan's imports) increased from 8.4% to 20.3%. in uzbekistan, in 2022, prices for food products increased by 15.6 percent (in 2021 by 13 percent), for non-food products by 10.7 percent (7.8 percent). the increase in prices for paid services remained at an average level of 8.4 percent (7.7 percent). at the end of the year, investments in fixed capital decreased by 0.5 percent. at the same time, the downward trend in centralized investments continues; their volume decreased by 23%. 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulatory restrictions on government-guaranteed foreign investment, credit and borrowings resulted in a 33 percent decline. investments from the budget were also reduced by more than 15 percent. at the same time, there is an increase in the volume of decentralized investments by 4.9%. in particular, foreign direct investment and credit, which make up the bulk of decentralized investment, increased by 1.3% to $8.5 billion. investments directed at the expense of enterprises increased by 8.9%, private funds by 3.2%, loans from commercial banks and other debt funds by 7.8%. in general, over the year, the share of decentralized investments in the total volume of investments increased from 80.8% to 85.1%, and the share of centralized investments decreased from 19.2% to 14.9%, respectively. at the end of the year, growth in production volumes was observed in all sectors of the economy. industry growth slowed to 5.2 percent in 2021 (growth in 2021 was 8.8 percent). the largest growth was recorded in electricity, gas, steam and air purification networks by 12.7 percent. the volume of production in industrial sectors increased by 5.3 percent. mining sector growth is slowing from 10.8 percent in 2021 to 2.1 percent in 2022. at the same time, the production of consumer goods accelerated significantly to 19.4% in 2022 (13.9% in 2021). the services sector grew by 15.9% in 2022 (19.5% in 2021). growth is observed in all sectors. in 2022, financial services will grow at the fastest rate 29.3 percent, communication and information services 25.5 percent, education 15.3 percent, accommodation and food 14.7 percent, rent and lease 12.2 percent, healthcare will increase by 11.5 percent. percent. the volume of services provided in the transport sector increased by 12.4 percent, motor transport services by 6.5 percent, passenger turnover by 5.6 percent. at the same time, the growth rate of cargo turnover slowed from 11.8 percent in 2021 to 0.5 percent in 2022. in contrast, the growth rate of retail turnover accelerated from 12 percent in 2021 to 12.3 percent in 2022. the growth rate in the construction sector actually remained the same as last year at 6.6%, compared to 6.8% in 2021. in agriculture, the growth rate decreased slightly and reached 3.6% (in 2021, production growth was 4%). foreign trade activity continued to expand until the end of 2022. for the first time in the history of independence, the volume of foreign trade increased by 18.6% compared to 2021 and reached $50 billion. also, export figures set a record in 2022, its volume increased by 15.9% and amounted to more than $19 billion by the end of the year (in 2021 the increase was 10.3%). during the period under review, imports increased by 20.4%. the increase in export volumes in 2022 is due to an increase in supplies abroad of food products by 24%, energy and petroleum products by 34%, chemical products by 17%, machinery and equipment by 41%. exports of textile products increased by 8.6% and reached $3.2 billion. the volume of exports of services increased 1.5 times and amounted to $4 billion. it is noted that in 2022, as in 2021, gold worth $4.1 billion was exported. 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main increase in imports was the supply of machinery and equipment by 16%, chemical products by 19%, food products by 35%, non-ferrous metals and products made from them by 45%, ferrous metals and products from them by 18%. energy and petroleum products were expected to increase by 15 percent. the volume of imports of services increased by 43 percent. in general, in 2022, despite many external and internal difficulties, the economy of uzbekistan demonstrated stability. the projected growth rates for 2022 have actually been achieved. naturally, shocks and the global situation have had a negative impact on economic development. this led to a slowdown in economic growth and increased inflation. at the same time, despite the difficulties of foreign economic activity, there was an increase in the export of raw materials and diversification of the geography of product supplies abroad. according to the calculations of international experts and organizations, 2023 will cause serious problems for the global economy and the risk of a global recession against the backdrop of intensifying geopolitical confrontation and ongoing uncertainty regarding the situation related to the coronavirus. accordingly, the economy of uzbekistan will continue to develop in unfavorable conditions this year. taking into account external risks, gdp growth is expected to reach 5.3% in 2023 and accelerate in subsequent years. references: 1. ulugmurodov farkhod faxriddinovich, maxmudov javoxir olimjonovich, najmiddinov shohruh baxriddinovich, & egamkulov davlatbek bakhodirovich. (2023). ways to achieve high efficiency with the help of digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 11(4), 979–980. 2. ulugmurodov farkhod faxriddinovich. (2023). mechanisms for further improvement of the education system in the digital economy. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 11(5), 722–724. 3. ulugmurodov farkhod faxriddinovich, & sharipov boymurod xatam o‘g‘li. (2023). mechanisms for improving the effectiveness of educational services in the digital economy. neo scientific peer reviewed journal, 10, 76–78. 4. ulugmurodov farkhod faxriddinovich, egamkulov davlatbek bakhodirovich, & sagdullayev muhammadjon rustam o‘g‘li. (2023). the role of student activism in the digitization of education (the hemis program and the system of credit modules). british journal of global ecology and sustainable development, 16, 5. ulugmurodov farkhod faxriddinovich. (2023). formation of independent thinking of students using interactive methods in higher educational institutions. international journal of studies in advanced education, 2(05), 73–75. 6. faxriddinovich, u. f., & xasanovich , n. lsmoil. (2023). ways to improve the efficiency of the public service system in a market economy. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(6), 72-74 7. faxriddinovich, u. f., o‘g‘li, q. i. k., & o‘g‘li , a. i. a. (2023). prospects for the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in the digital economy. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(6), 92-94. 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. ulugmurodov, f. f., & bahodirovich, h. u. (2023). prospects of developing active tourism in uzbekistan. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 4(6), 69-71. 9. faxriddinovich, u. f. ., & bakhodirovich, e. d. . (2023). the main directions of development of innovative activities in the service sector in the digital economy. &quot;online conferences&quot; platform, 98–100. 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 principles of investment activity salamov farrukh fattoevich senior lecturer at the department of economic theory samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the article examines the methodological significance of the categories “concept” and “principles” in relation to organizing the process of investing in the real sector of the economy. the author systematizes the content and evolution of the views of representatives of various economic schools on the process of investing in the real sector of the economy in conceptual and fundamental aspects. due to the debatable nature of the problem under consideration, the author’s interpretation of the categories “concept” and “principle” in relation to the investment process is substantiated. keywords: conceptualism, concept, principle, crisis, recession, structural crisis, modernization, innovation, investment lending. determining conceptual provisions that describe the movement of investments in the real sector of the economy requires preliminary research into the essence of the concept “concept”. the term "concept" comes from the latin word " conceptio ", which means "to grasp", and originated within the framework of the development of the medieval philosophical movement of conceptualism, whose representatives were such famous thinkers as pierre abelard, john duns scotus and others. the founder of conceptualism, among the mentioned philosophers, is considered to be p. abelard, who first formed the basic ideas of conceptualism and defined its principles as a specific synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. the views of p. abelard were inherent in the works of his followers, who were representatives of various movements and different eras. thus, some provisions of medieval conceptualism were characteristic of the philosophical ideas of j. locke and g. hegel. certain features of the philosophical movement founded by p. abelard were also characteristic of such famous thinkers as aristotle, thomas aquinas, william of ockham and others 1. the essence of p. abelard's conceptualism was that general concepts are neither reality nor a designation of the content of words, they are inherent in the human mind before the beginning of cognition and acquire a certain meaning through human experience 2. the successor to the traditions of conceptualism was the famous scottish philosopher, author of the work “a study of the human mind on the principles of common sense,” hamilton. being a representative of the school of british empiricism, this philosopher did not betray the traditions of scotland and therefore managed to develop conceptualism into a qualitatively new form. thus, v. hamilton , using the term “concept,” interpreted the essence of concepts as forms that 1stepanishchev a.f. rationality of philosophy and science: from classics to post-non-classics : monograph / a.f. stepanishchev. bryansk: bstu, 2006. p. 236 2abelard, p. theological treatises: [trans. from latin] / p. abelar; entry art., comp. s. s. neretina . m.: progress, gnosis , 1995. p. 413. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us restore the integrity of perceptual experience, but differ from perception in concentration of attention 3. in the twentieth century . the main feature of the concept was considered to be the symbolization of personal perceptual experience through imagination. for the first time, such thoughts manifested themselves in the works of the american philosopher s. langer , who became famous for her works in the field of aesthetics and consciousness and made a significant contribution to understanding the essence of the “symbol” in science. other scientists who made a significant contribution to the study of these issues in the twentieth century were e. cassirer and a. whitehead, whose student was s. langer . it should also be noted the interpretation of the role of the concept in science by such philosophers as j. deleuze and f. guattari , known for their works “what is philosophy” and “anti oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia”, in which the authors use the concept of concepts, the key feature of which was the fact that they formed the core of any concept, and treat it as something inherent in thought, its very possibility, as a living category or element of transcendental experience 4. since conceptualism tried to solve the extremely general and philosophically important problem of the hierarchy of the importance of reason and feelings in man’s cognition of the world, it should be noted that a lot of thinkers made their contribution to the development of conceptualism. however, the works of d. searle , j. habermas , b. waldenfels , n.m. bakhtin, k.a. apel , v.s. bibler , h. blumenberg and the like are especially significant and relevant to the scientific problem under study . based on the opinions of famous scientists, we can say that a concept should be considered an extremely generalized view of the essence of a certain phenomenon, on the basis of which it is possible to build a general theoretical basis for the interpretation and solution of certain problems under study. taking into account the above point of view, it should be noted that an important component of any concepts can be principles insofar as they are constructed through an inductive transition from the detailed to the general. the origin of the concept of the term “principle” is associated with the latin word “ principium ”, which translates as beginning, fundamental principle. therefore, it can be noted that the presence of principles should be considered one of the basic requirements for the formation of any theory, including economics. the importance of principles in science was skillfully emphasized by academician a.i. berg, who on this occasion spoke as follows: “without principles a person is like a ship without a rudder and a compass.” in view of the above, the assumption of n. g. chernyshevsky that the lack of clear principles inevitably leads to confusion can be considered quite fair. the importance of principles for science was also proved by t. payne , one of the authors of the us constitution, who argued that an army of principles is tested where an army of soldiers will not pass. following the basic concepts of principles, s. g. drobyazko made a completely fair conclusion that principles are characteristic of absolutely all phenomena and processes 5. the doctrine of the principles of the functioning of the economy developed in parallel with the development of scientific ideas and views of famous academic economists, starting with the fundamental works of g. cantillon , f. quesnay , a. smith, d. ricardo and ending with modern scientists k. g. mcconnell , s. g. bru , n. g. mankiw and others. however, interpretation the essence of the concept of “economic principle” remained outside the field of view of the mentioned scientists. modern scientists have paid attention to this. thus, k. 3 passmore j. one hundred years of philosophy: trans. from english m.: " progresstradition ", 1998. p. 496 4 deleuze j., guattari f. what is philosophy? / per. from fr. and after . s. n. zenkina. m.: institute of experimental sociology, st. petersburg : aletheya , 1998. p. 288.. 5 deleuze , j., guattari , f. anti oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia ekaterinburg: u-factoria , 2007. p. 672. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us g. mcconnell and s. g. brew argue that the economic principle is a generalization, which is characterized by some quantitative inaccuracies. these scientists in their conclusions rely on the assumption that the determination of a principle is possible only by induction, inference, on the basis of which exceptions will always occur . hence the abstract nature of any economic principles 6. other scientists who made a significant contribution to the definition of the principles of economics include n. g. mankiw , who described ten principles on which knowledge about economics is based. thus, this scientist cites 10 principles of economics 7: 1. customer orientation; 2. the cost of a product is the cost of what must be given up to obtain that product; 3. a rational person thinks in terms of marginal change; 4. a person reacts to stimuli; 5. trade is mutually beneficial; 6. the market is an excellent way to organize economic activity; 7. sometimes government intervention in the economy is necessary; 8. the standard of living of the population is determined by the state's ability to produce goods and services; 9. the rate of growth in product prices depends on the rate of growth of the money supply in the economy; 10. in the short term, society must make a choice between unemployment and inflation. thus, the principles given by this scientist reflect the general features of the functioning of a market economy. these principles can be considered as a “starting point” for justifying various kinds of phenomena that take place in the economy, including investments in its real sector. bibliography 1. stepanishchev a.f. rationality of philosophy and science: from classics to post-nonclassics: monograph / a. f. stepanishchev. bryansk: bstu, 2006. p. 236 2. abelar, p. theological treatises: [trans. from latin] / p. abelar; entry art., comp. s. s. neretina . m.: progress, gnosis , 1995. p. 413. 3. passmore j. one hundred years of philosophy: trans. from english m.: " progresstradition ", 1998. p. 496 4. deleuze j., guattari f. what is philosophy? / per. from fr. and after . s. n. zenkina. m.: institute of experimental sociology, st. petersburg: aletheya , 1998. p. 288.. 5. deleuze , j., guattari , f. ant and oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia ekaterinburg: ufactoria , 2007. p. 672. 6. drobyazko s.g. principles in law / s.g. drobyazko // problems of legal development. science and improvement of law . practices: sat. scientific tr. minsk: bsu, 2005. pp. 27– 33. 7. anikin a.v. scottish sage: adam smith // research on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. m.: eksmo , 2007. p. 879–901. 8. mcconnell k. r. economics: principles, problems and policies / k. r. mcconnell , s. l. brew ; per. from 13th english ed. m.: infra-m, 1999, xxxiv. p. 4–5. 6 mcconnell k. r. economics : principles, problems and policies / k. r. mcconnell , s. l. brew ; per. from 13th english ed. m.: infra-m, 1999, xxxiv. — p. 4–5. 7 mankiw n. g. principles of economics . st. petersburg: peter kom, 1999. p. 784. 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. chernenky v. p. economic development of an enterprise: essence and types / v. p. chernenky // formation of a market economy: science . with b. / ministry of education and science; resp. ed. a. a. belyaev. 2010. issue . 23. pp. 116–126. 10. mcconnell k. r. economics: principles, problems and policies / k. r. mcconnell , s. l. brew ; per. from 13th english ed. m.: infra-m, 1999, xxxiv. p. 4–5. 11. mankiw n. g. principles of economics . st. petersburg: peter kom, 1999. p. 784. 57 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 foreign experience in assessing the impact of the system of inter-budgetary relations on the level of interregional differentiation khazratkulova lola narmuminovna phd in economic sciences, associate professor, diplomat university abstract: the article describes the types of models of inter-budgetary relations classified in world practice, analyzes the foreign experience of the organization of the system of interbudgetary relations, as well as their assessment at the level of interregional differentiation. it is concluded that there is no direct connection between the size of the transfer and the level of socio-economic development of the regions, which, in our opinion, is due to the fact that if all subjects are recipients of transfers or if the variation in the level of development of regions receiving transfers differs little from the variation in regions not receiving transfers, then interregional inequality is unlikely to change under the influence of these transfers. keywords: local budget, regional development, tax benefits, economic growth, standard of living of the population, polarization. introduction. the issues of the distribution of competence between government bodies of various levels, first of all, the issues of the functioning of self-government bodies, the effective implementation of their tasks, the formation of a reliable and stable revenue base of local budgets, the equalization of regional incomes, as well as the conditions and mechanisms for providing them with financial assistance, are relevant in all countries of the world and at all times. the experience of forming local budgets of countries with developed and transformational economies shows that in every country of the world the structure of local budgets has national characteristics, depending on the nature of the state structure, the structure of the economy. at the same time, one of the main features of the formation of budgets of developed countries is the principle of budgetary decentralization, the implementation of which contributes to the construction of effective relationships between central and local governments, contributes to the increase of economic responsibility and efficiency. methods. general scientific logical methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical data processing were used in the research process. the information base of the study was the materials of domestic and foreign research institutions, international organizations. the results of the study. in modern foreign science, there are two main approaches to the regionalization of taxation: "functional" and "optimization". proponents of the first approach believe that only the state can develop and implement economic policy, since it is responsible for macroeconomic stability and maintaining social standards. 58 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us they recognize that it is more effective to concentrate some types of income at the local level, but, in their opinion, the criteria for allocating budget funds should be determined by the social and political goals set by the state. the developers of the "optimization" approach focus on the problem of the effectiveness of the provision of public goods (v. baumal, w. oates, c. tibu, etc.). they proceed from the fact that the central authorities, due to the effect of information asymmetry, are unable to really assess either the preferences of citizens or the local costs of providing social services. focusing on the actual level of demand makes it possible to abandon redundant services and save budget funds and the costs of their mobilization. proponents of the "optimization" approach believe that in the absence of cost savings from the centralized provision of public goods, the level of public welfare is higher if effective levels of consumption are provided in each territorial entity than if a single, standard level of consumption is maintained for all territories. they believe that local governments are objectively interested in improving the well-being of the territorial community, and not in inflating the budget [1]. modern foreign authors recognize that the system of inter-budgetary relations can contribute to an increase in the level of interregional differentiation. they argue that the redistribution of financial resources between regions through inter-budget transfers can lead to unequal development. regions with an already high level of development will receive more funds, while less developed regions may be at a greater disadvantage. however, other authors believe that the system of inter-budgetary relations has a positive impact on the level of interregional differentiation. they argue that the redistribution of financial resources can help reduce differences between regions and eliminate inequality. if implemented correctly, the system of inter-budgetary relations can stimulate the development of less developed regions and contribute to a more even distribution of wealth and opportunities. in general, the question of the influence of the system of inter-budgetary relations on the level of interregional differentiation remains the subject of active discussions among foreign authors. it is important to consider the specific conditions and characteristics of each system of interbudgetary relations for a more accurate assessment of its impact on the level of interregional differentiation. inter-budgetary relations, being an integral part of the budgetary structure of the state, play a huge role in the implementation of the most important provisions formulated by the state for the future. there is no country in the whole world in which there would not be problems in establishing inter-budgetary relations between the center and the territories, as well as within the territories themselves. the central element of the concepts of the organization of inter-budgetary relations is the theory of budgetary (fiscal) federalism. it is primarily based on the decentralization theorem of the american economist w. oates [2], according to which the decentralized production of local public goods fully consumed by the population of a certain territory of the state, provided there are no economies of scale of production, is always more efficient or at least no less efficient than the production of such public goods at the state level. efficiency is achieved due to the fact that the level of government, which is closer to the final consumer, is able to determine the needs of specific territorial communities of the country's population to a greater extent. the theorem and the mathematical model based on it allow us to quantify the benefits of decentralizing the production of public goods. however, the question of the reasons for the uneven distribution, in which a certain community of preferences is achieved within the framework of administrative-territorial entities, but differences between territories are observed, in the model of u. oates is not allowed. the above problem is solved to a certain extent by the hypothesis proposed by the american economist ch. tibu [1], which consists in the assumption that economic agents tend to choose an 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us administrative-territorial unit for carrying out their activities, the level of production of public goods and the level of tax burden in which most correspond to their preferences ("voting with their feet"). the french economist a. breton proposed the concept of competitive federalism [3], according to which competition as the basis of this type of federalism manifests itself not only at the subnational level, but also in the relationship of levels of power. examples of interchangeable competitive markets of the private and public sectors are the health and education sectors, in which both public institutions and private organizations are equally represented. the system of inter-budgetary transfers is considered by breton as a tool for creating equal conditions for competition of subnational authorities. the issues of determining the effectiveness of the system of inter-budgetary relations are devoted to the work of many modern scientists, both far abroad and near. for example, russian scientists believe that the need for fiscal alignment is based on the elimination of various fiscal benefits between regions that can lead to migration. such a difference in fiscal benefits may arise as a result of the decentralization of tax collection and public spending. for example, differences in geographical, climatic, natural and raw materials conditions lead to differences in the capabilities of regions. differences between regions in the demographic composition of the population leads to different needs for public services (education, health, social well-being) [4]. analysis. the existing models of inter-budgetary relations are conditionally divided into three main types (table 1). table 1. types of models of inter-budgetary relations [5, 6] the model of inter-budgetary relations features of the model advantages of the model disadvantages of the model chinese model regional authorities collect taxes and set rates, and the central government determines how much money to leave in the region regions are given a certain degree of autonomy and freedom in managing their income and expenses 1. there is no incentive system for regional authorities to increase revenues and rationalize expenditures. 2. increasing the burden on the central budget american model there is a classic fiscal federalism, which involves the division of tax powers between federal, state and municipal levels of government high economic efficiency and flexibility for the states in the formation of their budgets the existence of problems related to the fragmentation of the tax system and potential financial inequalities between states german model the budget system is based on "general" taxes, the proceeds of which are distributed among all its levels. a partial redistribution of taxes is carried out, i.e. there is a differentiation of the standards of deductions the model contributed to the emergence of a high degree of alignment of the budgetary provision of various lands. thanks to its application, due to massive transfers to the lands of east germany, the creation of a modern social infrastructure became real, it advanced entrepreneurial activity and allowed to stabilize public life in general. social justice is not achieved without some damage to economic efficiency in the chinese model of inter-budgetary relations, regional authorities collect taxes and set rates, and the central government determines how much money to leave in the region, the central government also receives tax payments. the lack of incentives for regional authorities can lead to insufficient efficiency and irrational use of budget funds. in addition, an increase in the burden 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on the central budget may lead to an uneven distribution of budget resources and ultimately pose a threat to the financial stability of the system. in the usa, the federation, states and municipalities have the right to set their own taxes, and they do not overlap between different levels of government. states and municipalities also have autonomous tax services that are responsible for collecting tax funds on their territory. the federal government does not provide for deductions from federal taxes to state budgets. the states are completely independent in the formation of revenue items of their budgets. this means that they can raise tax rates, introduce new taxes or issue bonds to finance their programs and projects. the only limitation is that states cannot apply for financial assistance from the federal government. financial assistance from the federal government is usually provided in the form of targeted subventions, which are directed to specific areas and projects identified by national priorities. this allows for a focused allocation of financial resources in accordance with the needs and objectives of each program or project. the system of block grants and category grants used in the usa can be a useful experience for uzbekistan in developing and improving its own model of inter-budgetary relations. block grants are provided to lower-level authorities in order to finance specific expenses defined in the grant agreement. this allows you to provide flexibility in the use of funds and adapt them according to the characteristics and needs of each region. such a system makes it possible to optimize costs and achieve greater economic efficiency. categorical grants are provided to provide certain public services. they can be directed to various areas, such as healthcare, education, transport and others. this approach makes it possible to achieve a point focus on specific problems or needs of the population and provide a standard set of public services. strict target assignments and horizontal alignment in the allocation of funds make it possible to effectively use financial resources and achieve specific goals without unjustified redistribution of funds. however, when implementing such a model, it is necessary to take into account the specifics and peculiarities of uzbekistan, as well as to analyze the socio-economic context and the needs of the regions. the use of the us experience should be considered within the framework of national priorities and strategic planning for the development of uzbekistan's regions. the german model of federalism differs from the "competitive" approach inherent in other models and is based on the ideology of "cooperative" federalism. in this model, the budget system is based on general taxes collected at all levels of government and redistributes revenues between these levels. the purpose of this redistribution is to reduce the gap between rich and poor regions. in the german model, direct financial assistance from higher budgets is small, but there is a practice of federal and joint regional development programs that provide significant funds for the development of individual regions. these programs are aimed at supporting infrastructure projects, social programs and other development priorities. the allocation of spending powers in the german model is based on the principles of "classical" fiscal federalism. this means that the regions have a certain degree of autonomy in making decisions about the costs associated with their competencies. in general, the german model of federalism seeks cooperation and cooperation between different levels of government and the redistribution of resources to ensure equal development conditions for all regions. she focuses on social justice and reducing the gap between different regions [5]. 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in developed countries, the basis of local budgets are the following taxes:  property tax is the main source of income for local budgets in countries such as the uk, usa, canada, portugal, ireland and the netherlands;  income tax is the main part of local budget revenues in some countries, including the nordic countries and japan;  mixed sources of income in some countries, especially in southern europe, local budgets are formed by a combination of various sources of income, such as property taxes, income taxes, payroll taxes and others. abroad, despite the tendency to reduce the nomenclature of local taxes, countries where there are only a few of them are an exception. so, in france, 16 are charged, in austria 18, in spain 31, in italy more than 40, in germany 46, in the usa 66, and in belgium about 100 local taxes and fees. this makes it possible to make the overall tax burden psychologically less noticeable, reflect the diversity of income forms, and influence consumption and accumulation [7, 8]. the diversity of local taxes can also be useful to take into account the differences in economic status and needs of different regions. for example, in some regions there may be more taxes related to real estate, while in other regions there may be a greater concentration of taxes on businesses and profits. results. the analysis conducted in this study examines various models of inter-budgetary relations and their implications. the existing models are categorized into three main types: the chinese model, the american model, and the german model. each model exhibits distinct features, advantages, and disadvantages. the chinese model of inter-budgetary relations entails regional authorities being responsible for tax collection and rate-setting, while the central government determines the amount of funds to be allocated to each region. this model grants a certain degree of autonomy and freedom to regional authorities in managing their income and expenses. however, it lacks an incentive system for regional authorities to enhance revenue generation and rationalize expenditures. moreover, an increase in the burden on the central budget may lead to an uneven distribution of budgetary resources and pose a potential threat to the overall financial stability of the system. in contrast, the american model follows a classic fiscal federalism approach, which involves the division of tax powers between the federal, state, and municipal levels of government. this model offers high economic efficiency and flexibility for states in the formation of their budgets. however, it is accompanied by challenges such as the fragmentation of the tax system and the possibility of financial inequalities arising between states. the german model of inter-budgetary relations is characterized by a cooperative federalism ideology. it is based on a budget system supported by general taxes collected at all levels of government, with a redistribution of revenues between these levels. this redistribution aims to reduce the disparities between affluent and less affluent regions. the german model has contributed to a significant alignment of budgetary provision among different regions. it has facilitated the development of a modern social infrastructure, stimulated entrepreneurial activities, and contributed to the overall stability of public life. however, it should be noted that achieving social justice through this model may come at the expense of some economic efficiency. the analysis suggests that the united states' experience with block grants and categorical grants could be instructive for uzbekistan in developing and improving its own model of interbudgetary relations. block grants provide flexibility in fund utilization, allowing for adaptation to the specific characteristics and needs of each region. categorical grants, on the other hand, enable targeted provision of specific public services. the implementation of such a model in 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan should consider the country's unique circumstances, socio-economic context, and regional requirements. furthermore, the diversity of local taxes in various countries is observed. for instance, some countries rely primarily on property taxes, while others place greater emphasis on income taxes or employ a combination of income sources. this diversity can be advantageous in reflecting the economic status and needs of different regions, ensuring a more tailored approach to taxation. discussion the study confirmed the absence of a direct link between the size of the transfer and the level of socio-economic development of the regions, which may be one of the reasons why transfers do not have a statistically significant impact on inequality. this, in our opinion, is due to the fact that if all subjects are recipients of transfers, or if the variation in the level of development of regions receiving transfers differs little from the variation in regions not receiving transfers, then interregional inequality is unlikely to change under the influence of these transfers. it should be borne in mind that inter-budget transfers are not the only tool to combat interregional inequality. in addition to them, there are other measures, for example, regional policy, investments, social programs, etc., which can also affect the level and quality of life in the regions. in addition, it is important to take into account that measuring the impact of interbudget transfers on interregional inequality is a complex task that requires taking into account many factors. the impact of transfers can be delayed in time and manifest itself in the form of investments in human capital, infrastructure development, etc. in our opinion, there are several reasons why the system of inter-budgetary relations may have a weak impact on the level of interregional differentiation:  insufficient financial support: inter-budgetary relations may be insufficiently financially secured, which limits the regions' opportunities for financial growth and solving their problems. if the state does not allocate sufficient funds to support backward regions, then interregional differences may continue to exist and even increase.  uneven distribution of resources: resources allocated through inter-budgetary relations may be unevenly distributed between regions. some regions may receive a large share of the funds, while others may not receive enough. this can lead to an increase in interregional differences in development and living standards.  insufficient efficiency and transparency of the system: the system of inter-budgetary relations may suffer from opacity and lack of efficiency in its work. this may hinder the effective allocation of funds and the implementation of development in backward regions. if the distribution and control mechanisms are not sufficiently transparent and effective, then interregional differences can last.  lack of a comprehensive approach: inter-budgetary relations can be limited only by financial support, without comprehensive and targeted measures to stimulate the development of backward regions. it is important to take into account the differences in the potential and requirements of different regions and apply targeted programs, not just passive provision of funds.  economic instability: if the economic situation in a country or region is unstable, then interbudgetary relations may have a limited effect on the level of interregional differentiation. economic instability can lead to a decrease in funding and limited opportunities for the development of backward regions. all these factors can influence the weak influence of the system of inter-budgetary relations on the level of interregional differentiation. to eliminate these problems, it is necessary to take measures to improve financial support, increase transparency and efficiency of the system, introduce an integrated approach and eliminate economic instability. 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reference 1. tiebout c. a pure theory of local expenditures // the journal of political economy 1956 vol. 64, №5 (oct.1956) p. 416-424. 2. oates w. fiscal federalism. new york: harcourt, brace, jovanovich. 1972. с. 1222. 3. breton а., fraschini а. competitive governments, globalization and equalization grants// public finance review. 2007. vol. 35. № 4. рр. 463-479. 4. khomyak m.s. prerequisites for the formation of an effective budget space of regions// scientific journal "economics of the new world" no. 4 (issue 4) 2016, p. 62. https://cyberleninka.ru/ 5. persheev d.h. foreign experience in the formation of inter-budgetary relations// bulletin of the institute of legislation and legal information of the republic of kazakhstan. 2013. no.4 (32). pp. 180-185. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-opyt-formirovaniyamezhbyudzhetnyh-otnosheniy 6. kapitskaya o.v. the experience of foreign budgetary federalism and its application in russia // bulletin of the pushkin state university. 2012. no.3. pp. 33-38. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opyt-zarubezhnogo-byudzhetnogo-federalizma-i-primenenieego-v-rossii 7. khazratkulova l.n. factors of economic growth of uzbekistan at the present stage of development//economic review no. 10 (274) 2022, pp. 50-55. https://review.uz/journals/10274-2022 8. djurabaev o.d. modern management system in large companies of uzbekistan// economics and innovative technologies. 2021. t. 2021. № 6. p. 2. https://cyberleninka.ru/ https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-opyt-formirovaniya-mezhbyudzhetnyh-otnosheniy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-opyt-formirovaniya-mezhbyudzhetnyh-otnosheniy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opyt-zarubezhnogo-byudzhetnogo-federalizma-i-primenenie-ego-v-rossii https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opyt-zarubezhnogo-byudzhetnogo-federalizma-i-primenenie-ego-v-rossii https://review.uz/journals/10-274-2022 https://review.uz/journals/10-274-2022 605 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 ways of empowerment of rural women through agritourism iroda baymuradova shermamatovna, ph.d student of samarkand branch of tashkent state university of economics abstract: although women are main part as a major labor force at every stage of agricultural activity and undertake responsibilities such as domestic task and childcare, they do not profit from social and economic benefits proportionate to the responsibilities they have undertaken. in particular, women living in rural areas work harder than urban women, that is, they do field work (picking cotton, tending cattle, irrigating the land, or harvesting crops) in addition to housework and are not paid for it. it is known from the world experience that through agritourism, rural women earn income for their work in the field as well as household work. in the article, it is studied from foreign experiences that the employment of women in agritourism has a positive effect on obtaining economic and social benefits. keywords: women employment, diversification of agriculture, agritourism, "women's notebook" program, women entrepreneurship, sustainable practices. introduction in uzbekistan, women's employment has been a major focus of government reforms in recent years. the country has made significant progress in promoting gender equality and empowering women in the workforce. one notable initiative is the "women's notebook" program, which was launched in 2020, at the meeting of video selectors of the head of oir state to discuss measures to increase the role of women and youth in society and ensure employment. the program provides women with information on their legal rights, as well as resources and support for starting and running their own businesses. the notebook also includes practical advice on topics such as financial management, marketing, and networking. in the process of creating the "women's notebook", working groups consisting of officials from the relevant ministries and departments studied the problems of women in each district (city), neighborhood, household, divided them into relevant areas, and provided practical assistance. in the same year, 253.2 thousand women needed social protection, of which 131.2 thousand needed employment, 36.4 thousand needed vocational training, 69.9 thousand needed credit, 15.7 thousand of them needed to be employed in household and farm work and were included in the that notebook. the 8 most important directions in the labor market have been determined, and employment services have been provided to 77,800 of them to date. of these, 21,200 women were employed, 16,200 were involved in public works, and the rest were trained in professions and entrepreneurship. among them, unemployment benefit was assigned and paid to 4,800 women. the goal of this system is not only to provide material and moral support to women, but also to provide them with a permanent source of income through employment, and to reduce poverty [1]. 606 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the government has also implemented a range of policies aimed at increasing women's participation in the labor force. for example, it has introduced tax incentives for companies that hire women, and has established a quota system to ensure that women are represented in government and public sector positions. despite these efforts, however, there are still challenges facing women in the workforce in uzbekistan. women continue to face discrimination and gender-based violence, and many are employed in low-paying jobs with little job security or opportunities for advancement. almost 50% of the population in uzbekistan lives in villages, and half of them are women. this means that the employment of women in agriculture is important as well. but the problem is that, as a result of the majority of men going to work in foreign countries, women are left with household chores in addition to child care. this leads them to do basic work at home without any pay and unable to work elsewhere. but development of agritourism in order to increase the employment of women, attracting mainly women's labor to it will be a solution to such problems. an increase in income can be achieved by additional services for tourists in rural areas of uzbekistan to solve problems such as low profitability of agricultural enterprises, migration and increased urbanization due to unemployment of the majority of the rural population, lack of financial incentives for women to perform non-domestic field work. in this regard, diversification of agriculture, that is, the development of agritourism, is considered as the best and proven way to create new jobs in agricultural enterprises, increase the incomes of villagers and improve living standards. main part uzbekistan has made efforts to enhance women's participation in the workforce, and the government has implemented policies to promote gender equality. however, like in many countries, women in uzbekistan may face challenges related to gender stereotypes, access to education, and traditional societal expectations. women in uzbekistan have traditionally been active in the labor force, and many have been employed in sectors such as agriculture, education, and healthcare. there may be differences in women's employment patterns between urban and rural areas. in rural areas, women might be more involved in agriculture, while in urban areas, they may have access to a broader range of employment opportunities. the level of education among women can influence their participation in various sectors of the economy. efforts to improve access to education for women can contribute to their increased presence in professional and skilled occupations. most of the women who did not get a higher education do business in the agricultural sector and own the land inherited from their father or the head of the family. women’s participation in agriculture tends to be concentrated in certain activities, such as cotton picking and post-harvest processing, while men are more likely to be involved in plowing, sowing, and irrigation. although participating in agricultural activities and carrying them out are physically characteristic of men, today women's entrepreneurship is also developed in villages. mainly in developing countries, female employment in agriculture is high, for example, in south asia, over 90% of employment in rice cultivation, about 75-89% in agricultural production, in pakistan over 80% in animal husbandry and 60% in farming [2]. women farmers in uzbekistan face a range of challenges, including limited access to land, credit, and extension services. they also tend to have lower levels of education and training compared to men, which can limit their productivity and income-generating potential [3]. while male entrepreneurs seek to increase profits through agritourism, women try to balance business and family life [4]. 607 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an increase in income can be achieved through additional services in rural areas of uzbekistan by solving problems such as low profitability of agricultural enterprises, migration and increased urbanization due to unemployment of the majority of the rural population, as well as increased poverty due to the fact that women in rural areas do not receive income comes only from household work. in this regard, diversification of agriculture, that is, the development of agritourism, is considered as the best and proven way to create new jobs in agricultural enterprises, increase the incomes of villagers and improve living standards. efforts are underway to address these challenges and promote gender equality in agriculture in uzbekistan. for example, the government has launched initiatives such as the women's entrepreneurship support project [5], which provides training and support for women entrepreneurs in rural areas. the world bank is also supporting programs aimed at improving women's access to land and credit, as well as promoting gender-sensitive agricultural policies and programs. today, in order to increase the employment of women, especially in order to reduce poverty, to increase the status of rural women by providing them with work and bringing additional income to their families, we should pay attention to agritourism in the experience of developed countries. women entrepreneurship in agritourism is a dynamic and growing trend that combines agricultural activities with tourism to create a unique and sustainable business model. agritourism provides an opportunity for women to showcase their skills, creativity, and leadership in various aspects of the industry. many scholars have studied how agritourism can be used as a means of empowering rural women, and how this activity has affected their social, economic, and cultural status [6]. in the developed countries of the world, encouraging the employment of women in agriculture is achieved today by involving them in agritourism. if a tourists come to a village and live on a farm a few days, the woman of the house provides services to him and receives a salary, this will be a motivation for both the tourist and the woman. the tourists enjoy the services provided in rural environment, and the woman always gets paid for what she does. the possibilities of women's employment in the following areas of agritourism were studied: table 1. possibilities of women's employment in agritourism № directions the role of women 1. diversification of agriculture women entrepreneurs in agritourism often play a crucial role in diversifying traditional agricultural practices. they may introduce innovative crops, organic farming methods, or niche products to attract tourists. 2. culinary experiences women entrepreneurs frequently excel in offering culinary experiences that showcase local, farm-fresh produce. this could involve cooking classes, farm-to-table dining, or food festivals, creating a unique and authentic experience for visitors. 3. hospitality and accommodation many women in agritourism manage guesthouses, bed and breakfasts, or boutique hotels on their farms. this allows them to offer visitors a chance to experience rural life while contributing to the local economy. 4. educational programs women entrepreneurs often engage in educational initiatives, such as farm tours, workshops, and seminars. these activities help raise awareness about sustainable farming practices, environmental conservation, and the importance of supporting local agriculture. 5. arts and crafts women in agritourism may incorporate arts and crafts into their businesses, selling handmade products or organizing workshops for tourists. this not only adds value to the visitor experience but 608 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also supports local artisans. 6. community engagement successful women entrepreneurs in agritourism often engage with the local community. they may collaborate with other farmers, artisans, or businesses, fostering a sense of community and promoting overall regional development. 7. marketing and branding women entrepreneurs are often adept at marketing and branding their agritourism businesses. social media, online platforms, and storytelling are used to showcase the unique aspects of their farms and attract a wider audience. 8. sustainable practices women in agritourism are often champions of sustainability. they may implement eco-friendly practices, such as organic farming, water conservation, and waste reduction, aligning their businesses with the growing demand for responsible and sustainable tourism. 9. networking and collaboration women entrepreneurs often participate in networks and collaborations within the agritourism sector. this not only provides support but also opens up opportunities for shared resources, knowledge exchange, and joint marketing efforts. 10 challenges and opportunities women in agritourism may face unique challenges, such as balancing family responsibilities and business operations. however, they also have the opportunity to empower other women, contribute to rural development, and promote sustainable and inclusive tourism practices. source: author’s work as a result of research studies women entrepreneurship in agritourism can be found in various parts of the world, and it is not limited to any specific region. successful women-led agritourism initiatives have been established in both developed and developing countries. in countries like italy, france, and spain, women entrepreneurs have developed agritourism businesses that offer a combination of agricultural experiences, culinary tourism, and rural accommodations. these businesses often highlight the region's cultural heritage and local cuisine. in the united states and canada, women are involved in agritourism ventures that range from pick-your-own farms to farm-stay accommodations. these businesses often focus on sustainable and organic farming practices, attracting visitors interested in connecting with the source of their food. countries in asia, such as india and thailand, have seen the emergence of women-led agritourism initiatives. these ventures may involve organic farming, agritourism events, and rural homestays. women entrepreneurs often play a key role in preserving traditional agricultural practices. countries like argentina, chile, and costa rica have witnessed the growth of agritourism, with women entrepreneurs leading initiatives that showcase the region's rich agricultural diversity. these businesses may offer guided tours, on-farm accommodations, and cultural experiences. in various african countries, women are engaged in agritourism projects that highlight local agriculture, traditional practices, and cultural heritage. this includes farm tours, cooking classes, and artisanal activities aimed at providing authentic experiences to visitors. australia and new zealand have also seen the development of women-led agritourism businesses. these ventures often focus on sustainable farming practices, rural experiences, and connecting urban populations with the agricultural sector. 609 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in each of these regions, the specific focus and nature of women's involvement in agritourism can vary based on cultural, economic, and environmental factors. women entrepreneurs in agritourism often contribute not only to the economic development of their communities but also to the preservation of local traditions and the promotion of sustainable and responsible tourism practices. conclusion working women on farms mainly work to support their families and do not receive financial support, that is, they are financially dependent on their employers, and they have more work than urban women. for example, in addition to farm work and field work, they also provide accommodation and food services to other workers who are not family members of the farm. in the villages, there is a restrictive environment for women, that is, in terms of gender in uzbekistan. the most common case of women doing business in farms is due to their inheritance. women want to diversify agriculture and it is connected with agritourism. women's entrepreneurship in agritourism is considered for them as a parallel to their professional activities to their ordinary household chores. agribusiness and household’s work complement each other. in conclusion, women entrepreneurship in agritourism is an inspiring and impactful phenomenon, contributing to the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of rural communities. it showcases the versatility and leadership capabilities of women in creating and managing successful businesses in the intersection of agriculture and tourism. references 1. information from the ministry of poverty reduction and employment of the republic of uzbekistan, https://mehnat.uz/uz 2. ahearn, m.c. and d. tempelman, 2010. gender issues in agricultural and rural household well-being. proceedings of the 3rd global conference on agricultural and rural household statistics, may 24-25, washington, d.c., pp: 1-18. 3. halim, mirza f.; morais, duarte b.; barbieri, carla; jakes, susan; and zering, kelly, “challenges faced by women entrepreneurs involved in agritourism” (2016). travel and tourism research association: advancing tourism research globally. 10. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2016/academic_papers_oral/10 4. weiler, s. and a. bernasek, 2001. dodging the glass ceiling? networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs. soc. sci. j., 38: 85-103. doi: 10.1016/s0362-3319(00)00111-7. 5. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “regarding measures to further improve the system of supporting women and girls, ensuring their active participation in the life of society”, pq-5020, adopted on march 5, 2021. 6. sh.gupta, r.sharma empowering women through agritourism: a case study of rural women in india, international journal of agriculture, environment and biotechnology. 7. baymuradova, i. s. (2022). agroturizm: oʻzbekistondagi fermerlar va mahalliy aholi uchun potensial imkoniyatlar. academic research in educational sciences, (conference), 86-94. 8. shermamatovna, b. i. (2021). the role of agritourism in the sustainable development of rural areas. academic journal of digital economics and stability, 83-88. 9. shermamatovna, b. i. (2021). agroturizm–barqaror rivojlanish asosi. development issues of innovative economy in the agricultural sector, 906-910. 10. https://stat.uz/ru/ 689 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 on the way to an effective mechanism of tax administration in the conditions of digitalization shodiev olimjon abdurakhmаnovich associate professor of the department of taxes and taxation, tashkent institute of finance, uzbekistan, tashkent abdusherozov abdullo baxtiyorovich teacher of the department of taxes and taxation, tashkent institute of finance, uzbekistan, tashkent abstract: in the article, at the current stage of the liberalization of the economy and the modernization of the tax system in the republic of uzbekistan, the advantages and unique features of the creative approach to effective measures to regulate and stimulate economic development through taxes are scientifically justified. keywords: tax system, taxes, taxation, tax administration, tax regulation, taxpayer. introduction according to world practice, the improvement of tax levers plays an important role in the effective mechanism of ensuring the stability of economic growth. an in-depth analysis of the laws of the current development of the world economy and its tax factors, reducing the tax burden in the developed countries of the world, unifying the types of taxes and lowering the tax rate, using modern information technologies in the development of an electronic system for paying taxes and submitting tax reports, convenient investment for conducting business confirms that special attention is being paid to the creation of climate and business environment. in international practice, extensive scientific research is being conducted on the directions of effective development of the regulatory function of taxation. in scientific research, special attention is paid to such factors as the rapid changes in the world market, the international tax practice and its business environment, the preliminary evaluation of the factors affecting the medium and long-term strategy for ensuring the effective development of the regulatory function of taxation based on the rise of competition from the national level to the global level. at the international level, scientific research is systematically conducted on the directions of the effective development of the regulatory function of taxation, and scientists from the usa, western europe, japan, singapore, and south korea emphasize their methodological and practical importance, and more theoretical aspects in the cis countries. "currently, one of the most prominent issues of tax policy at the global level and one of the directions of the effective development of the regulatory function of taxation is the wide use of the advanced achievements of the digital economy and the creation of an automated system of the process of taxation of economic entities" [1]. in international experience, result-based tax reforms demonstrate the coherence of science, technology and innovation policy. 690 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in uzbekistan, a strong economic base based on an efficient tax system in accordance with world standards and determination of promising development directions based on real results, continuing the policy of reducing the tax burden and simplifying the taxation system, improving tax administration and expanding relevant incentive measures are given serious importance. reducing the tax burden, eliminating its disproportionate distribution among taxpayers, eliminating problems in calculating and paying taxes due to imperfections in tax administration, preventing hierarchical relations between taxpayers and tax authorities and achieving their "cooperative growth", business entities the task of eliminating unjustified tax audits that hinder its activity and providing tax advice and transitioning to effective control measures was established. in our republic,"within the new tax policy, the tax burden on wages has been reduced by 1.5 times. as a result, the number of people working in the official sector increased by 500 thousand during the year. the value added tax rate has been reduced from 20 percent to 15 percent. due to this, 2 trillion soums were left at the disposal of taxpayers last year. this year, this number is expected to be 11 trillion soums. having so much money at the disposal of entrepreneurs in one year, of course, gives them a lot of additional opportunities to develop their business"[2]. this, in turn, shows that the topic of this scientific article is one of the urgent issues of today's reforms. based on the use of effective tools and methods of tax administration in uzbekistan, "to continue the policy of reducing the tax burden and simplifying the taxation system, improving tax administration and expanding relevant incentive measures" [3], "simplification of tax legislation, contradictions in normative legal documents in the field of tax relations" and resolving conflicts, strengthening the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of honest taxpayers”[4], it was emphasized that "at the end of the implementation of the tasks of the tax administration improvement strategy, the level of voluntary fulfillment of tax obligations should be brought up to 90%"[5]. these determined the tasks of strategic planning and forecasting of effective tax policy by the state. these tasks indicate the need to ensure the stability of budget revenues, to improve the methodological foundations of effective tax administration. these tasks were set in the "development strategy of new uzbekistan for 20222026" in a more strict and comprehensive manner: "...to continue the policy of reducing the tax burden and simplifying the taxation system, improving tax administration and expanding relevant incentive measures[6] » is defined as an important direction. main discussions sh.toshmatov's doctoral dissertation on the topic "problems of strengthening the role of taxes in increasing the economic activity of enterprises" (2008) is devoted to the analysis of the nature and necessity of taxes paid by enterprises, ways of stimulating the economic activity of enterprises through taxes. in this study, for the first time in our country, the priority directions of strengthening the role of taxes in increasing the economic activity of enterprises were investigated. n.ashurova's doctoral dissertation on the topic "improving the mechanism of taxation in ensuring sustainable economic growth" (2018) is devoted to the study of issues of improving the mechanism of taxation in ensuring sustainable economic growth. niyazmetov's doctoral dissertation on the topic "ensuring the stability of the tax system by improving the mechanisms of taxation" (2019) is devoted to the study of ways to improve the mechanisms of taxation in the country's tax practice. kh.zaripov's dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy (2020) on the topic "ways of assessing the impact of taxes on the financial and economic activity of enterprises" (2020) is dedicated to the research of ways of assessing the impact of taxes on the financial and economic activity of enterprises at the current stage of the modernization of the tax system in our country . 691 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, at the time when these scientific works were carried out, within the framework of the policy of the new tax concept in the context of modernization and liberalization of the economy, taking into account the future tasks of the socio-economic development of the country, a systematic research of the impact of taxes on the financial and economic activities of enterprises and its focus, "electronic accounting based on the digital economy establishing a book system", "opening a wide path to entrepreneurial activities based on free competition", socio-economic the issue of creating an improved mechanism by coordinating and harmonizing the ratio of "state fiscal goals and the mechanism of effective implementation of tax levers", which is an important basis of development financial support, was not put on the agenda and did not become as acutely important as it is now. it is for this reason that the need for a new approach to the improvement of the scientific and methodological bases of researching directions of regulation and stimulation of economic development through taxes in the republic of uzbekistan is clearly visible. there are many theories in favor of managing the economy through taxes. in particular, the principles of taxation put forward by a. smith confirm the need to study the fiscal importance of taxes as a tool used in managing the economy. the concept of "taxes as a regulatory tool of the economy" refers to the use of taxes in managing the economy and ensuring the stabilization of economic growth. in his scientific research, keynes theoretically justified the need to manage the economy through taxes and considered taxes as an automatic stabilization tool. at the same time, he recommended changing the tax mechanism and aligning the tax policy with the cyclical development of the economy. e. gerarden (french economist), the founder of the theory of "taxes a means of stabilizing income", emphasizes that it is possible to end the property inequality of society members by influencing the mechanism of economic management with the help of taxes, including by applying a progressive scale of taxation. the main goal of managing the economy through taxes is to create favorable conditions for business operations and increase the production efficiency of economic entities, and the following methods are used to achieve these goals: ➢ change the amount of tax revenues; ➢ change the forms and methods of taxation; ➢ change of tax rates, their classification; ➢ use of tax benefits; ➢ change of objects subject to taxation; ➢ application of fines and others. the state influences the macroeconomic and microeconomic level in regulating the economy through taxes. at the macroeconomic level, by changing the amount of the tax rate, it is possible to achieve a wide range of goals, such as limiting inflation, effective use of natural resources, regulating the perfect interregional location of production forces, providing employment to the working-age population, and achieving economic growth. at the microeconomic level, it can affect the financial status of economic entities and stimulate their investment activities. in managing the economy through taxes, the elements of the tax mechanism are widely used. among them, as widely used and effective measures, it is necessary to mention separately changes of tax rates and tax benefits. 692 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tax incentives are widely used in managing the production process, encouraging investments, etc. depending on the incentive and effective application, tax incentives can be expressed in the following forms: ➢ complete exemption from taxes; ➢ giving incentives to newly established enterprises; ➢ temporary tax exemption; ➢ reduction of the taxable base; ➢ partial tax exemption; ➢ giving incentives to foreign investments; ➢ granting export incentives and others. the basis for ensuring the flexibility, high efficiency, and systematic adaptation of taxation is its modernization, introduction of modern, objectively based organizational, economic and financial forms, methods, and mechanisms of implementation. the innovative base allows to maximize the existing potential, expand the functionality of tax models. for this, it is acceptable to use advanced information technologies, economic and mathematical methods, construction of logical schemes, algorithms of system operation. changing the tax regulation on the basis of the optimally selected, analyzed and synthesized financial and economic indicators with the development of several alternative options for planning the current activity allows to improve the activity on the formation of state revenues. conclusion summarizing the experiences of the world tax practice, it was determined that the objective trend of transformation of the fiscal type of taxation into the regulatory type is being observed, and in this regard, it is appropriate to switch to the regulatory type of taxation in the prospects of the development of the new economy of uzbekistan. it was found necessary to change the current approaches to the modernization of the tax system in the republic of uzbekistan. the function of tax regulation cannot be imagined without the functioning of the system of tax credits. in this regard, revision of the approaches "regarding the necessity of canceling ineffective benefits in the system of using tax benefits, their absolute abandonment" and "ensuring the effective operation of the tax benefits system" the expediency of returning to the practice, first of all, it is necessary to apply a system of tax benefits for enterprises, which are directed to scientific and technical developments, purchase of new technologies, scientific and research work, work on improving the level of personnel qualifications, and work on ensuring environmental safety of production. improvement of the tax administration system will take place as part of the tax regulatory function [7]. in this direction, the following are offered: ➢ establishment of uniform standards for technological processes of work of tax bodies; ➢ to strengthen the mechanism of mandatory collection of tax payments due to the wide and rapid introduction of complex information systems in order to improve the monitoring of taxable transactions; ➢ expansion of tax audit opportunities for conducting tax audits. references 1. paying taxes 2022. a unique report by pwc and the world bank group. http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/paying-taxes/pdf/pwc-paying-taxes-2023.pdf 693 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. mirziyoev sh. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis. tashkent city, january 24, 2020, https://uza.uz/oz/politics/zbekistonrespublikasi-prezidenti-shavkat-mirziyeevning-oliy-25-01-2020 3. action strategy for the five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021. appendix 1 to decree no. pf-4947 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017. people's word newspaper february 8, 2017. 4. decree no. pf-5837 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve the tax policy of the republic of uzbekistan", september 26, 2019. 5. annex 1 to the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-4389 dated july 10, 2019, chapter 3, clause 3.3 of "tax administration improvement strategy". 6. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pf-60 "on approval of the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 7. djamalov kh.n., abdullayev a.b, (2021). development of the methodology of accounting expertise of tax obligations. the american journal of management and economics innovations, 3(05), 151-163. 8. shodiyev o.a. aksiz solig‘i: umumiylik va o‘ziga xoslik //«fanvatalim.uz» xalqaro, pedagogik, ilmiy-metodik, ma’naviy-ma’rifiy jurnalining elektron nashri, 2022, https://fanvatalim.uz/uz/article/117/ 9. шодиев о.а. акцизный налог в узбекистане: особенности и проблемы современного развития //экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. международный ежемесячный научный журнал, 2021, №5-3 (75) 10. shodiev o. excise taxation in uzbekistan: general and special. international journal of research in economics and social sciences (ijress) vol. 12 issue 09 september2022 11. шодиев о.а. акцизный налог: особенности применения в узбекистане //экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. международный ежемесячный научный журнал, 2019, №52 185 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 development factors and conditions of the household service field musayeva shoira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan abstract: the article is dedicated to the increase in demand for modern household services in the conditions of the innovative development of the economy and the difficulties that arise in this regard. keywords: gross domestic product, labor efficiency, household service, workforce, digital economy. the service sector is one of the most promising and rapidly developing sectors of any economy. it is this sector that constitutes the main part of the economy in terms of the number of employed people in economically developed countries. in developed countries, the share of the service sector in the gross domestic product is 65-80%, more than 70.0% of total employment and 40.0% of the volume of direct investments. corresponds to the field. the expansion and development of the service sector is a decisive factor in ensuring an increase in national income and a decent standard of living for the population. the high quality and variety of services increases the labor efficiency of employees, reduces consumption costs, leads to time savings, and increases the efficiency of free time. today, the modernization and digitalization of uzbekistan's economy implies increasing the role of the service sector, which is currently developing at a high rate. digital economy is a new system that implements political, economic, scientific-social, cultural and educational relations with the help of digital technologies. the digital economy includes the digitalization of all business processes related to the creation, promotion and sale of goods and services, and the sustainable development of the service sector in this economy is of particular importance. in the service sector, household services are of particular importance, and this sector develops mainly with the help of entrepreneurship based on private ownership. its importance is, first of all, to increase the standard of living of the population by creating additional jobs in the sector, to expand the market for household services by expanding the range of modern household services, and to obtain additional income through payments made in part of it is reflected in the formation of the income of the state budget. it is important to research the factors and conditions of the development of the household service sector and to identify the existing problems in the sector. in the conditions of the innovative development of the economy, the requirements for the quantity and quality of household services are constantly increasing. the development of digital services has also led to an increase in the demand for modern services in the field of household services. this factor causes significant changes in the structure of the consumer market. in particular, as a result of the increase in the standard of living of some segments of the population, there is an increase in the demand of consumers for various types of modern household services with life conveniences. accordingly, most of the household service enterprises are focusing their activities on satisfying these demands and needs of the population. 186 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the classification of services to the population, the category of household services includes: repair, dyeing and sewing of shoes;  repair and sewing of clothing, headgear, fur and leather products, textile haberdashery products, repair of sewing and knitting, knitwear;  repair and maintenance of household radio electronic equipment, household machines and household appliances, repair and production of metal products;  furniture production and repair; dry cleaning and painting;  laundry services;  repair and construction of housing and other buildings;  maintenance and repair of vehicles, machines and equipment;  photo studio, photo and film laboratory services;  transport and forwarding services;  bath and shower services;  hairdressing services;  services of rental companies;  ceremony and ritual services. in our opinion, the field of providing household services to the population:  manifests itself as various forms of immaterial production, as well as individual oriented material production and restoration of consumer characteristics;  it is considered as one of the important elements of the social sphere due to its social orientation, economic usefulness and the fact that it is in the form of national wealth;  providing services as an important branch of the social production sector, as well as an independent branch of providing services to the population can be considered. the household service sector is focused on: 1. maximum satisfaction of the population's needs for various household services; 2. ensuring reduction of household labor costs; 3. it allows to improve living conditions and life activities; 4. allows to further increase the consumption value of objects and items and to restore them; 5. participates in the reproduction of the labor force. we can conclude from the above that household services the display sector is not only a full-fledged branch of the national economy, but also a production sector at the same time. although the need for household services is felt at any time, it becomes more urgent in the conditions of market relations. accordingly, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the future effective development of the researched field, because without support, it is impossible to develop the service sector, thereby increasing the standard of living and ensuring the well-being of the population. in our opinion, the main problems of the development of the field of household services in our country today are the following:  inadequacy of the system of regulatory and legal regulation of the industry at the local and national level; 187 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  insufficient regulation and coordination of the provision of household services by local government bodies;  insufficient attention is paid to stimulating the activities of entrepreneurs and enterprises engaged in providing household services to the population;  the population is not satisfied with the quality of the provided household services;  the presence of price-related obstacles in the process of providing household services to lowincome segments of the population;  the process of providing household services and insufficient quality of services;  non-availability of a set of household services aimed at meeting the primary needs of the population;  territorially uneven distribution of household service entities;  lack of qualified personnel in the field of household services (especially tailors, shoemakers, repairmen of complex electronics and modern household appliances);  lack of service areas meeting sanitary and hygienic requirements for household service subjects;  insufficient ability to attract investment resources and credit funds for the provision of household services;  due to the high level of informal activities in the field of household services, it is difficult to take into account the volume of work performed and services provided;  lack of sufficient information of the population on the field and types of household services;  inadequate keeping of statistics on the field of household services. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the strategy for innovative development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2019 2021" dated september 21, 2018 no. up-5544 .t.2018. 2. musaeva sh.a. integrated marketing communicationstudy guide "mahorat" publishing house, samarkand 2022 3. musaeva sh.a., usmonova di innovative marketing study guide "turon edition" 2021. 4. s musayevaways to improve demand formation and sales promotion at golden oil llc science and innovation 1 (a5), 215-220 5. ms azimovnadevelopment of innovative marketing strategies in agriculture web of scientist: international journal of scientific research 3 (02), 538-544 6. ms azimovna, rn ulugbekovnadevelopment conditions and modern trends of business tourism worldwideinternational journal of business diplomacy and economy 2 (2), 63-66 7. kotler 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innovative development of agriculture kucharov jakhongir ovlayarovich dean of the faculty of economics, tashkent university of economics and technologies abstract: this article discusses improving the personnel training system in the conditions of innovative development of agriculture. requirements for personnel are also given for the innovative model of agriculture, capable of creating, maintaining and managing innovative agriculture. keywords: improvement, management, agriculture, innovative development, personnel training. changing economic relations in the field of agricultural production, processing and sale of finished products requires qualitative improvement of human resources. in this regard, the republic will have to quickly make major changes in the reproduction of personnel, move to a new professional and qualification structure of personnel and a new way of rural life. behind all this are significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the formation of personnel, their training and retraining. currently, the training of qualified personnel for agriculture is carried out through the following channels: in vocational educational institutions, colleges, technical schools, higher educational institutions and directly in production. requirements for the professional composition of the teaching staff for conducting the educational process are also set out in the professional standards of teachers. professional standards present “generalized labor functions” and specific “labor functions” for different skill levels. the “generalized labor functions” present possible names of positions, professions (starting with assistant and ending with professor), requirements for education and training, and requirements for practical work experience. “labor functions” define “labor actions”, “necessary skills”, “necessary knowledge” [2]. the material and technical base of an educational institution of higher education in agriculture can be formed in the following areas:  equipment for educational laboratories, incl. virtual simulators;  equipment of training parks;  equipment for basic agricultural organizations;  basic departments at enterprises in various sectors of the economy. the result of the functioning of the personnel training system for innovative agriculture is a graduate who is able to adapt to new production conditions, use modern technologies, modern agricultural machinery and equipment. therefore, an innovative model of agriculture requires personnel capable of creating, maintaining and managing innovative agriculture. in this case, the directions of innovative development of agriculture (not development trends) are important [1]. requirements for the professional composition of the teaching staff for conducting the educational process are also set out in the professional standards of teachers. professional 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us standards present “generalized labor functions” and specific “labor functions” for different skill levels. the “generalized labor functions” present possible names of positions, professions (starting with assistant and ending with professor), requirements for education and training, and requirements for practical work experience. “labor functions” define “labor actions”, “necessary skills”, “necessary knowledge”. the material and technical base of an educational institution of higher education in agriculture can be formed in the following areas:  equipment for educational laboratories, incl. virtual simulators;  equipment of training parks;  equipment for basic agricultural organizations;  basic departments at enterprises in various sectors of the economy. the result of the functioning of the personnel training system for innovative agriculture is a graduate who is able to adapt to new production conditions, use modern technologies, modern agricultural machinery and equipment. therefore, an innovative model of agriculture requires personnel capable of creating, maintaining and managing innovative agriculture. in this case, the directions of innovative development of agriculture (not development trends) are important [3]. let us note the main ones: 1. the use of technologies that control the production process, both in crop production and in livestock production. 2. the use of technologies based on the principles of resource saving, i.e., minimal and zero tillage methods, the use of complexes of transport and technological machines with increased power and working width of the unit, the use of combined units, the use of “precision farming” technologies. 3. use (return to ...) organic farming technologies. 4. introduction and effective use of agricultural land mapping systems. 5. the use of technologies (technological machines) capable of monitoring yields during the harvesting of agricultural crops. 6. the use of technologies in animal husbandry based on automation, computerization, robotization, both of the main production processes and in matters of selection and assessment of the formed genetic potential. i would also like to note the directions of innovative development adjacent to the agricultural sector, the agricultural engineering sector, on which the result of the innovative development of agricultural production in uzbekistan largely depends: 1. increasing engine power to 425-605 hp, with material consumption not higher than the best foreign models, while reducing and bringing fuel efficiency to levels corresponding to the best foreign analogues. 2. production of a model range of modern agricultural machines with optimal performance properties, for use with tractors of various traction classes (various engine power). 3. creation of modern equipment for sowing, planting, and harvesting agricultural crops, capable of using the results of crop programming, analysis of field weeds, ensuring maximum yield, high quality with minimal losses humor [4]. it is also necessary to consider the directions of innovative development of the technical service industry, as a connecting link in the system of forming and ensuring the technical readiness of the technical potential of the agricultural sector: 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. effective forms and methods of constructing the production and technical infrastructure of technical service and agricultural enterprises that meet the requirements of innovative development of agriculture and the agro-industrial complex as a whole. 2. development of technical services of the agro-industrial complex based on the introduction of 1t technologies, ensuring: an increase in machine reliability indicators; reduction in fuel and lubricant consumption; improving environmental performance of both individual transport and technological machines and the entire production and technical infrastructure of enterprises. 3. creation and improvement of an effective dealer service, the secondary car market, development of leasing, rental and rental of machinery and equipment. 4. creation and development of comprehensive engineering and technical services for livestock breeding facilities of agricultural organizations implementing innovative technologies. the innovative development of agriculture must correspond to a “personnel training system” [1]. but to employ a graduate in an agricultural organization, serious motivation is needed:  the presence of a functioning industry (crop production, livestock production, engineering and technical services, relevant fixed assets);  availability of social infrastructure (kindergartens, schools, medical institutions, creativity centers, availability of the internet, mobile communications, etc.);  use in agricultural production of technologies that meet the requirements of modern highly efficient production. and modern technologies that meet the requirements of today in agriculture are, first of all, [3]: 1. precision farming technologies. 2. parallel driving systems. 3. yield mapping systems. 4. technologies for differentiated application of fertilizers. 5. agricultural robots. 6. unmanned vehicles and aircraft. 7. cross-platform solutions. let's consider the main types of manufactured agricultural machinery used in the implementation of it technologies in agriculture. gps (glonas) navigation, installed on tractors from foreign manufacturers: cnh global, deutz-fahr, fendt, john deere, massey ferguson; domestic and belarusian tractors: belarus 82.1, belarus 1221, belarus 2522, belarus 3022, belarus 3522, tractors of the kirovets family [1]. using gps navigation allows you to solve the following issues:  reduction in the consumption of fuel and lubricants, consumption of seeds, fertilizers and chemicals as a result of optimizing equipment routes, eliminating repeated passages of units, and skips during sowing;  the possibility of round-the-clock production operation of agricultural machinery;  determine the actual location of agricultural machinery;  determine the productivity of machine and tractor units;  record operating time for organizing maintenance and repair;  reducing production costs, increasing the efficiency of operation of equipment and all agricultural production. 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us modern seeders and seeding complexes have unique dosing systems that ensure accurate, uniform distribution of seeds; the design of the seeders makes it possible to control sections of the seeder independently of others, which allows optimizing the technological process of sowing on headlands. many seeding machines use tramline metering devices. in agricultural production technologies, seeders and sowing complexes from the following foreign manufacturers are used: pöttinger (austria), kverneland (norway), lemken, amazone (germany), väderstad (sweden), agco-rm (challenger) (usa) [3]. and modern technologies that meet the requirements of today in agriculture are, first of all, [3]: 1. precision farming technologies. 2. parallel driving systems. 3. yield mapping systems. 4. technologies for differentiated application of fertilizers. 5. agricultural robots. 6. unmanned vehicles and aircraft. 7. cross-platform solutions. let's consider the main types of manufactured agricultural machinery used in the implementation of it technologies in agriculture. gps (glonas) navigation, installed on tractors from foreign manufacturers: cnh global, deutz-fahr, fendt, john deere, massey ferguson; domestic and belarusian tractors: belarus 82.1, belarus 1221, belarus 2522, belarus 3022, belarus 3522, tractors of the kirovets family [3]. using gps navigation allows you to solve the following issues:  reduction in the consumption of fuel and lubricants, consumption of seeds, fertilizers and chemicals as a result of optimizing equipment routes, eliminating repeated passages of units, and skips during sowing;  the possibility of round-the-clock production operation of agricultural machinery;  determine the actual location of agricultural machinery;  determine the productivity of machine and tractor units;  record operating time for organizing maintenance and repair;  reducing production costs, increasing the efficiency of operation of equipment and all agricultural production. plant protection machines from foreign manufacturers are mainly equipped with injection sprayers of various types, which can significantly reduce the consumption of pesticides without compromising the quality of spraying. many companies use automatic devices for switching on individual sections, supported by a gps system, regulating devices with the ability to select the required droplet diameter based on data on the condition of crops and weeds, as well as weather conditions. conclusions. when training personnel for an innovative model of agriculture, three generally accepted elements, or subsystems, of the general personnel training system are used. first of all, these are legal documents, then the professional composition of the teaching staff and the third component is the material and technical base of educational institutions. the teaching staff, material and technical base must meet certain requirements. modern technologies for the production of agricultural products should be based on the use of agricultural machines based on the use of it technologies. therefore, the primary task facing domestic science, agricultural engineering, and government bodies, in our opinion, is the task of increasing the production of agricultural machinery that meets innovative requirements. 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. the agricultural education system is being reformed https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/reformiruetsya_sistema_agrarnogo_obrazo vaniya 2. bobozhonov s.t. (2022). innovative approaches in agricultural education and staffing of the agro-industrial complex. forestry bulletin, (6), 15-33. 3. rustambekova a.r., goldina i.n. innovative development of the agro-industrial complex in uzbekistan. xxi international scientific conf. on problems of economic and social development, moscow; national research university "higher school of economics". m.: publishing house. house of the higher school of economics, 2022. 4. sharipova kh.kh main directions of development of digitalization agriculture // news of the kabardino-balkarian scientific center of the russian academy of sciences. 2021. no. 2 (100). pp. 77-85. 383 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 kindergarten, school and family partnership in teaching children in mathematics sayfullayeva nozima bahodirovna senior lecturer at asian international university аbstrаct: this article talks about the importance and useful, superior aspects of cooperation between kindergarten, school and family in teaching children mathematics. key wоrd: problem-based learning, problem statement, heuristic method, organization. today, largescale reforms are being implemented in all areas in our country. fundamental changes have been made especially in the field of preschool education , and the issue of education of preschool children has become an urgent issue at the state level. in this regard, our president sh.m. the works being carried out on mirziyoyev's initiative, the decrees and decisions being adopted are being implemented as planned. establishment of the ministry of preschool education, resolution no. 2707 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve the preschool education system in 2017-2021", republic of uzbekistan "preschool education and upbringing law on ", decision on measures to improve the management of the preschool education system, state requirements for the development of primary and preschool children of the republic of uzbekistan , "the first step" state education adoption of normative legal documents such as curriculum, "concept of development of the preschool education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030" is of particular importance in improving the quality and efficiency of education in the preschool education system. it is known that the main tasks of educating children of preschool age are to develop children physically, mentally and spiritually, to educate them based on national and universal values, taking into account their innate abilities , interests, needs and opportunities. scientific and methodological support of future pedagogues, their professional training are among the main issues in improving the process of teaching children of preschool age . in particular, the development of mathematical imagination and knowledge in children has a special place in their growth as intellectually mature people. problems of developing elementary mathematical concepts. one of the goals of teaching children mathematics and improving the educational process in preschool education is the development of mathematical concepts in children . it is necessary to know the features and conditions to be studied. mathematical knowledge in children makes it possible to study the world in depth without being separated from life. in this, the idea that children have before mathematical concepts is of great importance. each innovation is preceded by an idea, and then this innovation also tries to understand a general method to prove the results and generalize this result. the process of solving mathematical problems at its core requires independent thinking. the level of development of mathematical concepts varies from person to person. its formation requires constant training. these exercises begin with family and preschool education. each independently solved problem, structured problem, and independent overcoming of the difficulties encountered in the process of solving the problem builds https://fayllar.org/11-variant-1-topshiri.html https://fayllar.org/guruh-mt-108-bajardi-abduqodirova-guldona.html https://fayllar.org/guruh-mt-108-bajardi-abduqodirova-guldona.html https://fayllar.org/abdullayeva-madinabonuning-texnik-mexanika-fanidan.html https://fayllar.org/abdullayeva-madinabonuning-texnik-mexanika-fanidan.html 384 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us resilience and develops creative abilities. according to spiritualists, the problem of forming mathematical concepts is complex and complex. in its essence, every thought is a product of a creative, lower or higher level. each idea is an independent action aimed at researching and creating innovation and popularizing it. the analysis of the literature shows that the product of developing mathematical concepts is characterized by a high level of innovation, the uniqueness of the process of achieving it, and a significant impact on mental development. some authors believe that the child's different thinking encourages them to independently solve new problems, to quickly acquire deep knowledge, and to easily move to a convenient opportunity. sl rubinstein's first research on general mental development is appropriate. problem-based learning is of great importance in the formation of mathematical concepts in children. problem-based education is a didactic system that involves the involvement of pedagogues (educators) in solving problems of a problematic nature. psychologists believe that thinking begins with a question in a problematic situation. therefore, the problem situation lays the foundation for problem-based education, creates conditions for solving the problem. situation is a process that calls for the need to organize concepts through scientific debate. a problematic process is a perceived difficulty that requires a search for its solution. if the given question creates difficulties and new knowledge and intellectual activity are required from the pedagogue (educator) in answering , then a problematic situation is created. in a problematic situation, pedagogues (educators ) are fully directed to the solution of important questions, the thinking of pedagogues (educators) is inclined (corrected). when solving a problem, this tendency becomes a clear goal. problem-based learning can be useful only when the basic knowledge, understanding, and oral problem-solving techniques are deeply and firmly mastered by the child. the importance of the problematic situation in the educational process is that children are "seekers" and the first discoverers. in this, a problem situation is first created and analyzed, a convenient way to solve the problem is determined, the problem is solved, and the conclusion is studied. in the process of using problembased learning, a set of problem statement, heuristic conversation and research techniques can be used. the essence of the problem statement is that the pedagogue (educator) himself gives the problem and shows the methods of verbal solution. the essence of the heuristic method is expressed by the pedagogue (educator) thinking in advance the system of questions that direct children to specific research. the research method arouses great interest in the surrounding world in children, they try to think, reason, study the surrounding events, use the acquired knowledge in practice and solving problems. in the research method, a pedagogue (educator) can pose a problem, make hypotheses, determine the main idea, make observations, compare and generalize, analyze, divide the whole into components and draw a conclusion. for regularity and consistency in children's education is regular communication between the family and preschool education organizations. raising a child is a difficult and complex task that requires not only the right attitude towards children, but also a high sense of responsibility for their fate from all members of the family . family education in all aspects, including spiritual, moral, intellectual, aesthetic, physical and work education, will have a good effect. spiritual education should be taught to the child by telling about national heroes who fought for the development of the motherland, peace and prosperity of the country in the past, introducing the symbolic symbols of our country, independence, memorizing poems and songs about the motherland, value and can be inculcated by teaching our mothers. in the process of family education, a number of moral aspects of a person are formed, so that no other object of education gives as high a result as in the family. they have such human qualities as humanity, kindness, compassion, sympathy, courtesy, 385 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us duty and loyalty. the family also has an important role in providing aesthetic education to the future generation. and analyzing plays and movies together , forming a culture of difficulty, taking care of flowers at home, painting, etc., are aspects of forming a child's aesthetic education. parents should be extremely responsible for the physical fitness of their growing children. for example: it is necessary to carry out morning physical exercises together with children, to give proper and vitaminized food, to arrange rest and sleep properly, they should be supervised by a doctor. labor education is important in a child's life. only when raising children in the spirit of love for work, forming the work ethic in them, and taking into account their interests in forming skills . when preparing a child for school, parents should pay serious attention to the formation of work skills and qualifications, to educate the need for work, to appreciate the work of others, to be careful about the results of work. work is a means of educating children's organization, attention, coordination, as well as developing willpower such as persistence and perseverance in achieving goals. it is an important task of employees of preschool education organizations, pedagogues, researchers and designers who conduct scientific work in this field to find ways to further improve the family upbringing of children of preschool education age, cooperation with parents, to strengthen the connection between family education and social education. . education of children is a task of state importance. its correct solution depends on the comprehensive approach to educational work, the complete interaction and unity of actions of educational institutions, family and society. the transition of a preschool child to school education always brings about serious changes in his life, morals, interests and relationships. therefore, it is necessary to prepare the child for school education in kindergarten or at home, to familiarize him with not so difficult knowledge , understanding, skills and abilities. family education is effective in all aspects, including ideological, moral, aesthetic, physical and work education. for example: ideological education can be inculcated by telling a child about national heroes who fought for the development of the country, peace and well-being of the country in the past, introducing the symbolic symbols of our country, memorizing poems and songs about independence and the country. also, it is to form a sense of readiness for the defense of the motherland in our children. in the process of family education, a number of moral aspects of a person are formed, so that no other object of education can produce as high a result as in the family. these include great human qualities such as humanity, kindness, compassion, empathy, courtesy, duty and loyalty, and gratitude. the family also has an important role in providing aesthetic education to the future generation. singing songs in the family circle, reading a fairy tale or a work in the family circle, watching and analyzing plays and movies together , forming a culture of dressing, taking care of flowers at home, painting are aspects of the formation of aesthetic education in a child. parents should take great responsibility for the physical fitness of their growing children. we present the most common forms and methods of the cooperation of the employees of preschool education organizations with parents and families. work one-on-one with parents and families. this includes the visit of a tutor to the family, conducting an interview for parents, giving them advice, introducing parents to the life of the child in preschool education organizations. 2. work organized with parents as a team. these are group and general meetings of parents , parents' school, conferences, saturdays, question-and-answer evenings. 386 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. instructional works. this type of work includes: organization of exhibitions , demonstration of children's work, open day, parents' corner, organization of libraries for parents. visit the child's family and get to know the family members. parents can show pedagogical training and others. the importance of mathematical knowledge in the mental development of children of preschool age the importance of mathematics for the development of logical thinking has been known since ancient times. when we talk about the mathematical style of thinking, which should be known by specialists of any specialty, we mean the high qualities of logical thinking, brevity, orderliness even if it is small, falsification-proof, full proof, etc. can say that most of these abilities are developed in the process of learning language, literature, history, etc. every activity should develop children's mental strength. however, in the formation of logical thinking, mathematics is undoubtedly of primary importance, because it cannot be reconciled with false claims, it is one of the rare sciences that prefers to reject verbal thinking rather than pretending to be true. this is one of the reasons why the mathematics teacher has a great responsibility in front of the society, after all, the style of thinking is largely dependent on the style of teaching. in conclusion, it should be said that when we talk about the factors that affect children's readiness for school education, the issue of strengthening the relationship between family education and social education should be addressed to the employees of preschool education organizations, pedagogues, scientists, researchers and designers who conduct scientific work in this field. is setting urgent tasks. references 1. bahodirovna, s. n. (2023). forms of organization of mathematics teaching in elementary grades. ethiopian international journal of multidisciplinary research, 10(11), 5-8 2. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2021). важные аспекты использования цифровых технологий в системе классных уроков. вестник науки и образования, (15-3 (118)), 40-42. 3. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2022). использование дидактического программного обеспечения в обучении математике. in новые педагогические исследования (pp. 10-12). 4. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). роль цифровых технологий в обучении компьютерным наукам. universum: технические науки, (4-1 (109)), 41-43. 5. сайфуллаева, н. б. (2023). важность математики и естественных наук для учащихся начальной школы: сайфуллаева нозима баходировна, преподаватель кафедры “теория начального образования”, бухарский государственный университет. город бухара. республика узбекистан. образование и инновационные исследования международный научно-методический журнал, (1), 305-307. 6. сайфуллаева, н. б. 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(2023). methodology of mother tongue teaching in primary schools. modern science and research, 2(9), 350-352. 31. narziyeva shaxnoza rustamjon qizi. (2023). psychological characteristics of the manifestation of adolescent empathy. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(9), 132–134. 32. narziyeva, s. (2023). psychological views on the choice of profession. modern science and research, 2(10), 333-336. 33. kozimova, n. a. (2023). bugungi ta’lim tizimida zamonaviy o ‘quvchi shaxsining ijtimoiy va psixologik jihatlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 44-46.v 34. abduqahhorovna, n. k. (2023). psixologik konsultatsiyaga murojaat qiluvchi ota–onalarning farzand tarbiyasi muammolarini o ‘rganishda hadislardan terapiya sifatida foydalanish. 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 07, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 indian political policy and environment dr. anchal meena assistant professor, department of political science, government college, rajgarh, alwar, rajasthan, india abstract: environment policies of the government of india includes legislations related to environment. in the directive principles of state policy, article 48a says "the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country"; article 51-a states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of india to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."[1] india is one of the parties of the convention on biological diversity (cbd) treaty. prior to the cbd, india had different laws to govern the environment. the indian wildlife protection act 1972 protected the biodiversity. it was amended later multiple times. the 1988 national forest policy had conservation as its fundamental principle. in addition to these acts, the government passed the environment (protection) act 1986 and foreign trade (development and regulation) act 1992 for control of biodiversity.[2] keywords: environment, policy, political, indian, biodiversity. introduction since about the late 1980s, the supreme court of india has been pro-actively engaged in india's environmental issues. in most countries, it is the executive and the legislative branches of the government that plan, implement and address environmental issues; the indian experience is different. the supreme court of india has been engaged in interpreting and introducing new changes in the environmental jurisprudence directly. the court has laid down new principles to protect the environment, re-interpreted environmental laws, created new institutions and structures, and conferred additional powers on the existing ones through a series of directions and judgments. [3] the court's directions on environmental issues goes beyond the general questions of law, as is usually expected from the highest court of a democratic country. the supreme court of india, in its order, includes executive actions and technical details of environmental actions to be implemented. indeed, some critics of india's supreme court describe the court as the lords of green bench or garbage supervisor. supporters of india's supreme court term these orders and the indian bench as pioneering, both in terms of laying down new principles of law, and in delivering environmental justice. [3] 37 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the reasons for the increasing interjection of india's supreme court in governance arenas are, experts claim, complex. a key factor has been the failure of government agencies and the state owned enterprises in discharging their constitutional and statutory duties. this has prompted civil society groups to file public interest complaints with the courts, particularly the supreme court, for suitable remedies. public interest litigation and judicial activism on environmental issues extends beyond india's supreme court. it includes the high courts of individual states. india's judicial activism on environmental issues has, some suggest, delivered positive effects to the indian experience. proponents claim that the supreme court has, through intense judicial activism, become a symbol of hope for the people of india. as a result of judicial activism, india's supreme court has delivered a new normative regime of rights and insisted that the indian state cannot act arbitrarily but must act reasonably and in public interest on pain of its action being invalidated by judicial intervention. [4] india's judicial activism on environmental issues has, others suggest, had adverse consequences. public interest cases are repeatedly filed to block infrastructure projects aimed at solving environmental issues in india, such as but not limiting to water works, expressways, land acquisition for projects, and electricity power generation projects. the litigation routinely delays such projects, often for years, whilst rampant pollution continues in india, and tens of thousands die from the unintended effects of pollution. even after a stay related to an infrastructure project is vacated, or a court order gives a green light to certain project, new issues become grounds for court notices and new public interest litigation. [5][6][7] judicial activism in india has, in several key cases, found state-directed economic development ineffective and a failure, then interpreted laws and issued directives that encourage greater competition and free market to reduce environmental pollution. in other cases, the interpretations and directives have preserved industry protection, labour practices and highly polluting stateowned companies detrimental to environmental quality of india. [8] proactive measures should be taken to conserve the depleting environment. [9] the indian government tried to stop greenpeace freedom of expression in 2015. [10] list of laws source: [2] legislation year domain protected areas use of other natural resources indian forest act 1927 british india developed procedures for setting up and protection of reserved forests, protected forests, and village forests regulation of movement and transit of forest produce with duties on such produce. special focus on timber 1st five year plan 1951 2nd five year plan 1956 3rd five year plan 1961 almost the same but with added deer conservation acts 4th five year plan 1969 wildlife protection act 1972 india except j&k formalisation of national parks, wildlife penal codes for animal poaching, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freedom_of_expression https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_policy_of_india#cite_note-:1-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indian_forest_act,_1927 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indian_forest_act,_1927 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/british_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reserved_forests_of_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/village_forest https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/timber https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wildlife_protection_act_of_1972 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wildlife_protection_act_of_1972 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jammu_and_kashmir_(state) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_parks_of_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_parks_of_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wildlife_sanctuaries_of_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/poaching 38 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sanctuaries, conservation reserves and community reserves. protection to habitat and wildlife within premises of such protected areas. development of national board for wildlife and state boards for wildlife for identification of future protected areas. and trade in products derived from protected animals national wildlife action plan 1973 5th five year plan 1974 6th five year plan 1978 7th five year plan 1980. forest (conservation) act, 1980 (with amendments made in 1988) environment protection act 1986 [1] (23 may 1986) i it is a legislation which signifies the central governments determination to take effective steps to protect the environment. stating that: no state government or other authority shall make any order directing  (i) that any reserved forest shall cease to be reserved;  (ii) that any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose;  (iii) that any forest land or any portion thereof may be assigned by way of lease or otherwise to any private person or to any authority, corporation, agency or any other organisation not owned, managed or controlled by government;  (iv) that any forest land or any portion thereof may be cleared of trees which have grown naturally in that land or portion, for the purpose of using it for reafforestation. environment (protection) act 1986 national forest policy 1988 foreign trade (development 1992 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wildlife_sanctuaries_of_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/forest_conservation_act,_1980 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/forest_conservation_act,_1980 https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/http:/forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/http:/forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/http:/forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/http:/forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/http:/forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20020613044316/http:/envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env1.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environment_protection_act,_1986 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environment_protection_act,_1986 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environment_protection_act,_1986 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_forest_policy,_1988 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_forest_policy,_1988 39 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and regulation) act 8th five year plan 1992 9th five year plan 1997 10 five year plan 2002 national environmental policy,2006 11th five year plan 2007 discussion the activities of a number of hindu nationalist organisations increased in scope after modi's appointment as prime minister, sometimes with the government's support. [254][255] these activities included a hindu religious conversion programme, a campaign against the supposed islamic practice of "love jihad" and attempts to celebrate nathuram godse, the assassin of mahatma gandhi, by members of the right-wing organisation hindu mahasabha. [256][257] government officials, including the home minister, defended the conversion programmes. [213] links between the bjp and the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) grew stronger under modi. the rss provided organisational support to the bjp's electoral campaigns while the modi administration appointed rss-affiliated individuals to prominent government positions. [258] in 2014, yellapragada sudershan rao, who had previously been associated with the rss, became the chairperson of the indian council of historical research (ichr). [38] historians and former members of the ichr, including those sympathetic to the bjp, questioned rao's credentials as a historian and stated the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism. [38][259][260] during its first term, the modi administration appointed other rss members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favouring the rss increased. according to scholars nandini sundar and kiran bhatty, many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions. [261] the modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks that deemphasised the role of jawaharlal nehru and glorified that of modi while also portraying indian society as harmonious, and without conflict and inequity. [261][262] in 2019, the modi administration passed a citizenship law that provides a route to indian citizenship for persecuted religious minorities from afghanistan, bangladesh and pakistan who are hindus, sikhs, buddhists, jains, parsis or christians, [263][264] but does not grant eligibility to muslims. [265][266][267] this was first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under indian law; it attracted global criticism and prompted widespread protests that were halted by the covid-19 pandemic. [261][267][268] counter-demonstrations against the protests developed into the 2020 delhi riots, caused chiefly by hindu mobs attacking muslims. [269][270] fifty-three people were killed in the protests, two-thirds of whom were muslim. [271][272][273][274][275] on 5 august 2020, modi visited ayodhya after the supreme court in 2019 ordered contested land in ayodhya to be handed to a trust to build a hindu temple and ordered the government to give alternative 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land to the sunni waqf board for the purpose of building a mosque. [276] modi became the first pm to visit temples at ram janmabhoomi and hanuman garhi. [277] soon after modi returned to power in 2019, he took three actions the rss had long called for. [261] the practice of triple talaq was made illegal and became a punishable act from 1 august 2019. [278][279][280] the administration repealed article 370 of the indian constitution that granted autonomy to jammu and kashmir, and also abrogated its statehood, reorganizing it into the union territories jammu and kashmir, and ladakh. [261][281] the region was placed under a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-265 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-265 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ghar_wapsi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/love_jihad https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nathuram_godse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mahatma_gandhi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mahatma_gandhi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hindu_mahasabha https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-267 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-267 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-palshikar-224 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rashtriya_swayamsevak_sangh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-orange_evolution-269 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yellapragada_sudershan_rao https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indian_council_of_historical_research https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-ganguly_2014-45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-ganguly_2014-45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-ganguly_2014-45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-right_wing-271 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nandini_sundar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jawaharlal_nehru https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citizenship_(amendment)_act,_2019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bbc_explained-274 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bbc_explained-274 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-cnnexcludes-276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-cnnexcludes-276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-washington_post-278 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/citizenship_amendment_act_protests https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covid-19_pandemic_in_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-279 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_delhi_riots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-280 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-280 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-nytimes-2020-3-12-two-thirds-282 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-nytimes-2020-3-12-two-thirds-282 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-wapo-3-2-20-slater-1-284 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-wapo-3-2-20-slater-1-284 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-286 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ayodhya https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_supreme_court_verdict_on_ayodhya_dispute https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_supreme_court_verdict_on_ayodhya_dispute https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ayodhya_dispute https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sunni_waqf_board https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-287 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ram_janmabhoomi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ram_janmabhoomi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hanuman_garhi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-288 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/triple_talaq_in_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-289 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-289 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-291 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/article_370 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jammu_and_kashmir_(state) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_jammu_and_kashmir_reorganisation_act,_2019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/union_territory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jammu_and_kashmir_(union_territory) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ladakh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%e2%80%932021_jammu_and_kashmir_lockdown 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lockdown and internet services were suspended and were not completely restored until february 2021. [282] thousands of people, including hundreds of political leaders, were detained. [283][284][285][286] the supreme court of india did not hear constitutional challenges to the reorganisation or the citizenship amendment act. according to bhatty and sundar, this is an example of the subversion of the supreme court and other major institutions, which were filled with appointees favouring the bjp. [261] in his first year as prime minister, modi reduced the central government's healthcare spending. [190] in january 2015, the modi government launched its new health policy (nhp), which did not increase the government's spending on healthcare but emphasised the role of private healthcare organisations. this represented a shift away from the policy of the previous congress government, which had supported programmes to assist public health goals, including a reduction in child and maternal mortality rates. [320] the national health mission, which included public health programmes targeted at these indices, received nearly 20 percent less funding [321][322] in 2015 than in the previous year. the modi administration reduced the healthcare budget by a further 15% in its second year. [323] the healthcare budget for the following year rose by 19%; private insurance providers positively viewed the budget but public health experts criticised its emphasis on the role of private healthcare providers and said it represented a shift away from public health facilities. [324] the healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of ₹20 billion (us$250 million) for a governmentfunded health insurance program and a decrease in the budget of the national health mission. [325] modi discussing the covid-19 pandemic with chief ministers via videoconferencing in june 2020 modi emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health. [320] on 2 october 2014, modi launched the swachh bharat mission ("clean india") campaign. the campaign's stated goals included the elimination of open defecation and manual scavenging within five years. [326][327] as part of the programme, the indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging people to use them. [328][329][330] the government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants, [331] and planned to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. the construction projects faced allegations of corruption and severe difficulty in getting people to use the newly constructed toilets. [327][328][329] sanitation cover in india increased from 38.7% in october 2014 to 84.1% in may 2018 but use of the new sanitary facilities was lower than the government's targets. [332] in 2018, the world health organization (who) stated at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths in rural india were averted after the launch of the sanitation effort. [333] in march 2020, in response to the covid-19 pandemic, the modi administration invoked the epidemic diseases act, 1897 and disaster management act, 2005. [334][335] the same month, all commercial domestic and international flights were suspended. [336] modi announced a 14hour curfew on 22 march, [337] and followed with a three-week "total lockdown" two days later. [338][339] restrictions were gradually lifted beginning in april, and were completely revoked in november 2020. [336][340][341] a second wave of the pandemic that began in march 2021 was significantly more devastating than the first; some parts of india experienced shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and other medical supplies. [342] in late april india reported over 400,000 cases in a 24-hour period, the first country to do so. [343] india began its vaccination programme in january 2021; [344][345] in january 2022, india announced it had administered about 1.7 billion doses of vaccines and that more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated. [346] in may 2022, the who estimated 4.7 million people had died of covid19 in india, mostly during the second wave in mid 2021—almost 10 times the indian government's estimate. the modi administration rejected the who's estimate. [24][25] india's death toll was thus the highest worldwide, accounting for more than 20% of all covid deaths. [347] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%e2%80%932021_jammu_and_kashmir_lockdown https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-293 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-294 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-294 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-296 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-296 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-bhatty_sundar_pp._632%e2%80%93650-272 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-economist_2015-201 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-lancet-331 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_health_mission https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-332 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-332 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-334 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-335 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ayushman_bharat_yojana https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ayushman_bharat_yojana https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_health_mission https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_health_mission https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-336 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-lancet-331 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/swachh_bharat_mission https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/open_defecation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/manual_scavenging https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/manual_scavenging https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-337 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-337 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-lakshmi-339 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-lakshmi-339 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-341 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-342 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-clean_india-338 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-clean_india-338 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-gahlot-340 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-343 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/world_health_organization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/world_health_organization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-344 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covid-19_pandemic_in_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epidemic_diseases_act,_1897 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/disaster_management_act,_2005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-345 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-345 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:210-347 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-348 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:192-349 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:192-349 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:210-347 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:210-347 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-352 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gas_cylinder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:0b-353 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-354 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covid-19_vaccination_in_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:7-355 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-:7-355 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-unsdg-357 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-who_estimate-30 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-who_estimate-30 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-jones_2023_pp._131%e2%80%93147-358 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us foreign policy played a small role in modi's election campaign and did not feature prominently in the bjp's election manifesto. [348] modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding congress government, focused on improving economic ties, security and regional relations. [348] modi continued manmohan singh's policy of "multi-alignment". [348] the modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the indian economy from several sources, especially east asia, with the use of slogans such as "make in india" and "digital india". the government also tried to improve relations with islamic nations in the middle east, such as bahrain, iran, saudi arabia and the united arab emirates, as well as with israel. [l] modi meeting myanmar's leader aung san suu kyi in new delhi in january 2018 india's relationship with the united states improved after narendra modi became pm. [350] during the run-up to the general election, there was wide-ranging scepticism about future of the strategic bilateral relationship under modi's premiership; in 2005, while chief minister of gujarat, modi was denied a us visa during the presidency of george w. bush for his poor human-rights record. [160][161] sensing modi's victory well before the election, us ambassador to india nancy powell contacted modi as part of greater rapprochement from the west. following modi's 2014 appointment as india's pm, president obama congratulated him over the telephone and invited modi to visit the us. [351] the modi government enjoyed a positive relationship with the us during the presidencies of barack obama and his successor donald trump. [352][353] during the first few months after his appointment as pm, modi visited a number of countries in support of his policy, and attended the brics, asean and g20 summits. [348] one of modi's first visits as pm was to nepal, during which he promised one billion us dollars in aid. [354] modi also made several visits to the us; [355] this was described as an unexpected development because of the us's earlier denial of a us travel visa to modi over his role in the 2002 gujarat riots. the visits were expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries. [355] in 2015, the indian parliament ratified a land-exchange deal with bangladesh in the india– bangladesh enclaves, which the government of manmohan singh had initiated. [237] modi's administration brought renewed attention to india's "look east policy", which was instituted in 1991. the policy, which was renamed the "act east policy", involved directing indian foreign policy towards east asia and southeast asia. [356] the government signed agreements to improve land connectivity with myanmar through the indian state of manipur; this represented a break with india's historic engagement with myanmar, which prioritised border security over trade. [356] china–india relations rapidly deteriorated following the 2020 china–india skirmishes. [357] modi pledged aid of $900 million to afghanistan, which he visited twice and was honoured with afghanistan's highest civilian honour in 2016. [358][359] in september 2022, modi appeared to have developed a strong personal relationship with russia's president vladimir putin. [360][361][362] results while naming his cabinet, modi renamed the ministry of environment and forests the "ministry of environment, forests, and climate change", and more-than-halved its money allocation in his administration's first budget. [395] the new ministry removed or diluted a number of laws related to environmental protection, and others related to industrial activity. [240] the government also tried to reconstitute the national board for wildlife so it would no longer have representatives from ngos but the supreme court of india blocked this move. [396] other changes included a reduction of ministry oversight on small mining projects and ending the requirement for approval from tribal councils for projects inside forested areas. modi also lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in india's most-polluted areas. [396] the changes were welcomed by businesspeople but criticised by environmentalists. [397] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-hall_2015-359 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-hall_2015-359 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-hall_2015-359 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/make_in_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digital_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/middle_eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_narendra_modi_government https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bahrain%e2%80%93india_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india%e2%80%93iran_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india%e2%80%93saudi_arabia_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_arab_emirates_india_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india%e2%80%93israel_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-361 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/myanmar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aung_san_suu_kyi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india-usa_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-footnotehall2020283%e2%80%93285gupta20193%e2%80%939madan202065-362 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chief_minister_of_gujarat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chief_minister_of_gujarat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/presidency_of_george_w._bush https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-2005_ban-171 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-2005_ban-171 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_states_ambassador_to_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/united_states_ambassador_to_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nancy_powell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rapprochement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/presidency_of_barack_obama https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-363 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/donald_trump https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-364 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-364 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/asean https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/g20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-hall_2015-359 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-mocko-366 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-pant_2014-367 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-pant_2014-367 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india%e2%80%93bangladesh_enclaves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/india%e2%80%93bangladesh_enclaves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-ronojoy-248 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/southeast_asia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-downie-368 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/myanmar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/manipur https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-downie-368 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/china%e2%80%93india_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_china%e2%80%93india_skirmishes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_china%e2%80%93india_skirmishes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-369 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-370 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-370 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vladimir_putin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vladimir_putin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-372 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-372 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-374 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-407 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-ruparelia-251 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_board_for_wildlife https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/supreme_court_of_india https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-kothari-408 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-kothari-408 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_note-409 42 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us speaking with assamese students in 2014, modi downplayed climate change, saying; "climate has not changed. we have changed. our habits have changed. our habits have got spoiled. due to that, we have destroyed our entire environment." [398] later in his administration, however, he has called for climate action, [399][400] especially with the proliferation of clean energy. [401][402] in 2015, modi proposed the international solar alliance initiative to encourage investment in solar energy. [403] holding developed countries responsible, [404] modi and his government have said india has had a negligible historical role in climate change. at the cop26 conference, modi announced india would target carbon neutrality by 2070 and expand its renewable energy capacity. [405] indian environmentalists and economists applauded the decision, describing it as bold climate action. [406] india has become the only major economy to be on track to meet its paris agreement goals. [407] it has achieved 10 percent of ethanol blending five months ahead of schedule. [408] under modi's tenure, india has experienced democratic backsliding. [g] according to one study, "the bjp government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all existing mechanisms that are in place to hold the political executive to account, either by ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the political executive or were captured by party loyalists". [29][409] the modi government has used state power to intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, undermining freedom of expression and alternative sources of information. [410][30] his administration has been criticised for using a democratic mandate to undermine democratic processes, including focusing on hindu-nationalist priorities rather than economic development. modi's second term as pm, in particular, saw the erosion of civil rights and press freedom. [411] conclusion modi is a vegetarian and teetotaler, [415][416] who has a frugal lifestyle, and is a workaholic and introvert. [417] on 31 august 2012, he posted on google hangouts, becoming the first indian politician to interact with citizens on a live chat. [418][419] modi has been called a fashion icon for his signature crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, and for a suit with his name repeatedly embroidered in the pinstripes, which he wore during a state visit by us president barack obama, which drew public and media attention, and criticism. [420][421][422] scholars and biographers have described modi's personality as energetic, arrogant and charismatic. [37][423] the nomination of modi for the prime-ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary india's most controversial and divisive politicians". [184][424][425] during the 2014 election campaign, the bjp projected an image of modi as a strong, masculine leader who would be able to take difficult decisions. [184][204][206][210][211] campaigns in which he has participated have focused on modi as an individual, an unusual tactic for the bjp and rss. [206] modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and development. [426] modi's role in the 2002 gujarat riots continues to attract criticism and controversy. [8] modi's hardline hindutva philosophy and the policies adopted by his government also continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda references 1. "jashodaben, named by narendra modi as his wife, prays for him to become pm". ndtv. press trust of india. 11 april 2014. archived from the original on 17 july 2020. retrieved 12 june 2020. 2. asrar, nadim (26 february 2014). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_ref-chhibber_215-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narendra_modi#cite_ref-chhibber_215-2 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2321023014551870 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2321023014551870 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/studies_in_indian_politics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1177%2f2321023014551870 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/issn_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-4935 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s2cid_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/corpusid:155080682 https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133715/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-announces-modi-as-prime-ministerial-candidate/article5124375.ece https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133715/http:/www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-announces-modi-as-prime-ministerial-candidate/article5124375.ece https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_hindu 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https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-modicentric-bjp-2014-election-campaign-new-techniques-and-old-tactics(04c598b8-4a4b-49ae-a08b-e4863265a717).html https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-modicentric-bjp-2014-election-campaign-new-techniques-and-old-tactics(04c598b8-4a4b-49ae-a08b-e4863265a717).html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1080%2f09584935.2015.1027662 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s2cid_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/corpusid:142912068 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 word meaning yokubov anvar teacher of samarkand institute of economy and service abstract: the article discusses word meanings in speech, the function of context in the resolution of polysemy in the text, and the significance of word meaning and its investigation. the significance of polysemy phenomena in the language system, their application in the language, and the significance of the language are all considered in the graduation qualifying work, and appropriate solutions have been discovered. the issues of polysemy, various techniques to studying it, the structure and actual usage of polysemic words, in particular. keywords: polysemy, semantic, word meaning, context, purpose, language, characterise, speech. the word is the fundamental unit of language. it is made up of one or more morphemes, each of which consists of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation. certain linking criteria apply to morpheme pairs within words. the defining of a word is one of the most difficult tasks in linguistics because even the most basic term has several facets. all attempts to characterise the word are unavoidably specific to each subject of research and, as a result, are viewed as one-sided by representatives from all other disciplines and criticised for being incomplete. the variants of definitions were so numerous that some authors collecting them produced works of impressive scope and bulk hobbes (1588-1679), one of the great english philosophers, revealed a materialistic approach to the problem of nomination when he wrote that words are not mere sounds but names of matter. three centuries later the great russian physiologist i. p. pavlov (1849-1936) examined the word in connection with his studies of the second signal system, and defined it as a universal signal that can be substitute any other signal from the environment in evoking a response in a human organism runs as follows: a word is a sequence of graphemes which can occur between spaces, or the representation of such a sequence on morphemic level semantic-phonological approach may be illustrated by a. h. gardiner‟s definition: “a word is an articulate sound-symbol in its aspect of denoting something which is spoken about” eminent french linguist a. meillet combines the semantic, phonological and grammatical criteria and gives the following definition of the word: “a word is defined by the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment” still, the main point can be summarized: “the word is the fundamental unit of language. it is a dialectal unity of form and content” at the moment, linguistic science is unable to provide a conclusive definition of meaning. however, there are several truths about which we may be pretty certain, one of which is that the fundamental function of the word as a unit of communication is enabled by its meaning. as a result, among the different features of the word, meaning is undoubtedly the most significant. 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us speaking, meaning may be roughly described as a component of the word by which an idea (mental phenomenon) is communicated. meaning endows the word with the ability of denoting real objects, qualities, actions and abstract notions. the relationships between “referent" (object, etc. denoted by the word), “concept” and “word" are traditionally represented by the following triangle: thought or reference (concept = mental phenomena) symbol referent (word) (object denoted by the word) by the "symbol" here is meant the word; “thought” or “reference” is concept. the dotted line suggests that there is no immediate relation between “word" and “referent”: it is established only through the concept. it seems that thought is dormant till the word wakens it up. it is only when we hear a spoken word or read a printed word that the corresponding concept springs into mind. the mechanism by which concepts (i. e. mental phenomena) are converted into words (i. e. linguistic phenomena) and the reverse process by which a heard or a printed word is converted into a kind of mental picture are not yet understood or described branch of linguistics which specializes in the study of meaning is called semantics. as with many terms, the term "semantics" is ambiguous for it can stand, as well, for the expressive aspect of language in general and for the meaning of one particular word in all its varied aspects and nuances (i. e. the semantics of a word = the meaning (s) of a word) unit which most people would think of as „one word‟ may carry a number of meanings, by association with certain contexts. thus pipe can be any tubular object, a musical instrument or a piece of apparatus for smoking; a hand can be on a clock or watch as well as at the end of the arm. multiple meaning or polysemy is of considerable linguistic importance, and the process of extension is a concern of historical linguistics. the regular process of mental adjustment to context and register allows us to recognise the intended meaning most of the time: we don't expect to see tobacco pipes in the school recorder band. however, the literary language, once again, refuses to provide us with cosy boundaries of meaning beyond which imagination may not travel. it frequently pushes us to consider polysemy not as a trait from which we can choose, but as one with which we might meet the writer's aim without limitation. the writer may use context to separate the meanings of polysemantic terms; nevertheless, his purpose is not necessarily to explicate a single meaning, but rather to emphasise the uncertainties of everyday usage and to draw an ironic conclusion from this to an ironical comment on the human predicament may allow a writer to work on two levels concurrently, apparently relating one set of events while really indicating something different. we move here towards metaphor, which must be a separate concern, but it is interesting to see how a chosen image can be maintained by word-choice appropriate to the register in which we should normally expect to find it, while the metaphorical relation to hidden meaning is deferred. for example, george herbert sustains the image of god as the landlord in the poem „redemption‟ by use of legal terms which are in perfect register-agreement with the opening statement: been tenant long to a rich lord thriving, i resolved to be bold, make a suite into him, to afford new small-rented lease, and cancel the old heaven at his manor i him sought: told me there that he was lately gone some land, which he had dearly bought since on earth, to take possession writer may not confine himself to any normal register but rather create his own by choices that would seem odd or questionable in that context in everyday use. it is useful, though without attempting to draw any impassable line, to distinguish between two ways in which a writer‟s selection of a single word may seem admirable. we will suppose that there is no syntagmatic divergence and that the decision is paradigmatic inside an apparent ambiguous situation. of course, connections and 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figurative applications of words may continue to work even when there is no visible polysemy in the first sense; the achievement is in addressing the problem of synonymous words. it might be claimed that there are no ideal synonyms because choosing is influenced by register, dialect, and emotional attachment. however, word-selection is a challenging job that is not helped much by a dictionary's concise definitions or a thesaurus' listings. one of the most efficient ways to learn what a word means in current usage is to ask people if they would use it in a specific sentence. the list of used liteature 1. barskaya d.j. words and how to use them. a text reference book of word meaning and combinations. — l.: lviv university press, 1972. 2. deyeva i.m. lexico-grammatical difficulties of english. — l.: lviv university press, 1976. 3. fedorenko o.i., sukhorolsko s.m. english grammar theory. — l.: lviv university press, 2008. 4. ginzburg e.s., khidekel s.s. a course in modern english lexicology. — m.: high school, 1979. 5. grinberg l.e., kusnets m.d. exercise in modern english lexicology. — m.: foreign language publishing house, 1960. 6. kashcheyeva m.a., potapova i.a. practical lexicology. — l.: lviv university press, 1974. 7. kveselevich d.i., sasina v.p. modern english lexicology in practice. — v.: nova knyha, 2003. 8. lyons j. linguistic semantics. — cambridge university press, 1995. mednicova e.m. seminars in modern english lexicology. — m.: high school, 1978. 9. minayeva l.v. english lexicology and lexicography. — m.: high school, 2003. 10. nerlich b., todd z. trends in modern linguistics. polysemy. — berlin, 2003. 11. rayevska n.o. english lexicology. — k.: radyanska shkola, 1961. 12. shread j.a. the words we use. — london, 2001. 13. soloshenko a.m. lecture notes on english lexicology. — l.: lviv university press, 1998. 412 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of digital transformation in the production process yuldashev shadiyor lecturer, turtkul faculty, tashkent state university of economics abstract: this article explores the role of digital transformation in revolutionizing the production process, focusing on how it enhances efficiency, innovation, and competitiveness. it examines the integration of technologies like iot, ai, and cloud computing in manufacturing and their impact on production systems. the article also analyzes the challenges and opportunities of digital transformation in the context of uzbekistan, providing tailored recommendations for its effective implementation in the country's production sector. keywords: digital transformation, production process, industry 4.0, iot, ai, cloud computing, manufacturing. introduction in the contemporary industrial landscape, digital transformation has emerged as a pivotal force reshaping the production process across various sectors. this transformation, often encapsulated within the concept of industry 4.0, signifies a fundamental shift from traditional manufacturing practices to a more integrated, automated, and data-driven approach. the role of digital transformation in the production process is multifaceted, involving the adoption of cutting-edge technologies such as the internet of things (iot), artificial intelligence (ai), cloud computing, and big data analytics. these technologies are not merely incremental enhancements but represent a paradigm shift, offering profound changes in how products are designed, manufactured, and delivered. the implications of digital transformation in production are far-reaching. it enables manufacturers to achieve greater efficiency, flexibility, and quality, while reducing costs and environmental impact. digital technologies facilitate the creation of smart factories where machines are interconnected, capable of self-optimization, and predictive maintenance. this interconnectedness not only streamlines operations but also provides manufacturers with realtime insights into their production processes, allowing for more informed decision-making and rapid response to market changes. however, the way towards a fully digitized production environment is complex and challenging. it requires significant investment in technology, a shift in organizational culture, and the development of new skill sets among the workforce. moreover, it demands a strategic approach to integrate these digital technologies into existing production systems seamlessly. this introduction aims to explore the transformative potential of digital technologies in the production process. it will examine the global trends driving this change, the benefits and challenges associated with digital transformation, and the strategies for successfully integrating these technologies into production systems. the focus will be on understanding how digital 413 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us transformation can enhance efficiency, innovation, and competitiveness in the production sector, setting the stage for a detailed discussion on its implementation and impact. literature review kavita bhatt and s. m. kumar discussed the digital transformation of medium, small, and micro industries (msmes) from industry 4.0 to industry 5.0. they emphasized the role of technologies like cloud computing, big data, ai, and iot in automating and digitalizing processes, infrastructure, and management. this study provides insights into the evolution of industry practices and the impact of digital transformation on production efficiency and growth, which is relevant for understanding the potential changes in uzbekistan's production processes (bhatt & kumar, 2022). bitsanis and s. ponis explored the integration of lean manufacturing principles with industry 4.0 technologies. they highlighted how digitalization and lean production techniques can work together to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of manufacturing processes. this study is significant for uzbekistan as it presents a framework for combining traditional production philosophies with modern digital technologies (bitsanis & ponis, 2022). estefania tobon-valencia et al. proposed a guide for the digital transformation of medium-term production planning in manufacturing smes. they identified industry 4.0 technologies that could improve medium-term planning and integrated them into a standardized process model. this study offers valuable insights for uzbekistan's smes in transitioning towards digitalized production processes (tobon-valencia et al., 2022). analysis and results to understand the global landscape of digital transformation in production, it's essential to analyze the trends and practices adopted in various industrialized nations. this analysis provides a benchmark for comparing and understanding the potential for digital transformation in uzbekistan's production sector. table 1. global trends in digital transformation trend description impact on production iot integration incorporation of iot devices for realtime monitoring and control enhances efficiency and predictive maintenance ai and machine learning use of ai for process optimization and quality control improves accuracy and reduces waste cloud computing adoption of cloud-based solutions for data management increases data accessibility and collaboration source: developed by the author the global trends, as highlighted in table 1, demonstrate a significant shift towards a more interconnected and intelligent production environment. the integration of iot, ai, and cloud computing has led to substantial improvements in efficiency, quality control, and data management. these trends set a precedent for what could be achieved in uzbekistan's production sector through digital transformation. challenges and solutions in uzbekistan adopting digital transformation in uzbekistan's production sector comes with unique challenges. understanding these challenges is crucial for developing effective strategies to leverage digital technologies successfully. table 2. challenges in digital transformation in uzbekistan challenge description potential impact technological limited advanced hinders the implementation of 414 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us infrastructure technological infrastructure industry 4.0 technologies skilled workforce lack of workforce skilled in digital technologies slows down adoption and integration of new systems regulatory environment inadequate policies supporting digital innovation limits the growth and development of digital initiatives source: developed by the author table 2 outlines the primary challenges faced by uzbekistan in embracing digital transformation in its production sector. the lack of technological infrastructure, a skilled workforce, and a supportive regulatory environment are significant barriers. addressing these challenges is essential for the successful integration of digital technologies in production processes. potential solutions for uzbekistan to overcome the challenges identified, specific solutions tailored to uzbekistan's context are necessary. these solutions aim to facilitate the adoption of digital transformation in the production sector. table 3. proposed solutions for uzbekistan solution description expected outcome infrastructure development investing in upgrading technological infrastructure facilitates the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies workforce training implementing training programs in digital skills builds a skilled workforce capable of handling new technologies policy reform developing policies to encourage digital innovation creates a conducive environment for digital transformation source: developed by the author the solutions presented in table 3 offer a strategic approach to addressing the challenges in uzbekistan's production sector. developing infrastructure, training the workforce, and reforming policies are critical steps towards embracing digital transformation. these measures will not only enable the integration of advanced technologies but also ensure that the production sector can compete effectively in the global market. recommendations enhancing digital transformation in uzbekistan's production sector the transition to a digitally transformed production process in uzbekistan requires a multifaceted approach. based on the analysis and global trends, the following recommendations are proposed to guide uzbekistan in effectively implementing digital transformation in its production sector. 1. investment in technological infrastructure: prioritize the development of a robust technological infrastructure that can support advanced digital technologies. this includes upgrading network connectivity, data storage, and cybersecurity measures. 2. workforce development and training: establish comprehensive training programs to develop digital skills among the workforce. collaborations with educational institutions and tech companies can facilitate this process, ensuring that workers are equipped to handle new digital tools and systems. 3. policy and regulatory reforms: reform existing policies to create a more conducive environment for digital innovation. this involves simplifying regulations for technology adoption, providing incentives for digital transformation, and ensuring that legal frameworks are aligned with the needs of a digital economy. 415 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. fostering public-private partnerships: encourage collaborations between the government, private sector, and international organizations to drive digital transformation. these partnerships can provide access to resources, expertise, and funding necessary for implementing digital initiatives. 5. promoting research and development (r&d): invest in r&d activities focused on digital technologies in the production sector. this can lead to the development of locally relevant digital solutions and foster a culture of innovation. 6. enhancing digital literacy: implement nationwide campaigns to improve digital literacy among the general population. understanding the benefits and usage of digital technologies is crucial for broader acceptance and integration into the production process. conclusion the role of digital transformation in the production process is undeniable, offering opportunities for increased efficiency, innovation, and competitiveness. for uzbekistan, embracing this transformation presents a pathway to modernize its production sector and align with global industrial trends. the recommendations provided aim to address the challenges identified, leveraging the potential of digital technologies to revolutionize the production landscape. investing in infrastructure, workforce training, policy reforms, and r&d are essential steps towards this transformation. additionally, fostering public-private partnerships and enhancing digital literacy will play a crucial role in ensuring the successful integration of digital technologies in uzbekistan's production processes. in conclusion, while the journey towards digital transformation in production is complex and multifaceted, it is a necessary evolution for uzbekistan to remain competitive in the global market. by strategically implementing these recommendations, uzbekistan can not only enhance its production capabilities but also contribute to its overall economic growth and development in the digital era. references: 1. bhatt, k., & kumar, s. m. (2022). way forward to digital society – digital transformation of msmes from industry 4.0 to industry 5.0. in 2022 international conference on emerging research in electronics, computer science and technology (icerect). ieee. doi:10.1109/icerect56837.2022.10060517 2. bitsanis, i., & ponis, s. (2022). the determinants of digital transformation in lean production systems: a survey. european journal of business and management research, 7(6). doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.6.1732 3. hadziaganovic, a., muzaffar, r., bernhard, h.-p., & springer, a. (2022). integration of opensafety in omnet++. in 2022 48th annual conference of the ieee industrial electronics society (iecon). ieee. doi:10.1109/iecon49645.2022.9968888 4. tobon-valencia, e., lamouri, s., pellerin, r., & moeuf, a. (2022). modeling of the master production schedule for the digital transition of manufacturing smes in the context of industry 4.0. sustainability, 14(19), 12562. doi:10.3390/su141912562 172 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 methodology for increasing movement activity of preschool children kenjayeva khilola azizkhodjayevna uzbekistan state physical culture sports university, department of sports theory and methodology of physical education teacher (phd) xilolaazizxodjaevna@gmail.com abstract: this work, comprehensive work is carried out on improving the preschool education system, the development of children's interests, talents, mental and physical characteristics. “...the implementation of such tasks as the introduction of modern educational programs and technologies that develop children comprehensively intellectually, spiritually-aesthetically and physically into the educational process, a radical increase in their level of school readiness. keywords: preschool education, physical education training, walks, flatulence, movement activity, movement accuracy, cheerful steps, health сorridor, balance. introduction relevance of work: issues such as conducting an active life routine of preschool children and increasing their interest in social life from the virtual world, raising the younger generation to adulthood as a mentally and mentally healthy, harmonious personality, directing them to sports on the level of their physical capabilities are being considered as the main issue of research by world scientists. contrary to the positivity of the results of certain scientific studies, it is being determined that there are factors that are an obstacle to the physical progress of the child's personality, among which, due to the lack of adequate disclosure of the criteria for promoting active mobility, preventing low mobility and improving the health of children, it is necessary to systematically conduct scientific research on education is a component of a holistic pedagogical process aimed at the comprehensive and harmonic shaping of the individual. each in physical education research objective: it consists in improving the physical fitness of preschool children with the help of a “health corridor", developed to increase movement activity. research tasks: determination of the levels of physical development and physical fitness of preschool children; innovative technologies for preschool children who are lagging behind the development of movement activity and the development of a complex of physical exercises performed in it; “health corridor” for preschool children, justification of the effectiveness of the application of technologies in practice in research; substantiation in research of the effectiveness of the use of innovative technologies designed to increase the activity of movement of children 5-6 years old. research methods: study and analysis of scientific and methodological literature in the study, http://www/ mailto:xilolaazizxodjaevna@gmail.com 173 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us pedagogical observation, questionnaire-survey, anthropometry, pulsometry, spirometry, plantographic footprinting.methods such as a shtriter method, statochronometry, number of steps through honor band 2 hours and distance traveled were measured, pedagogical research and mathematical-statistics were used. organization of research. for the study, the process of physical education training of preschool children, play and travel activities were taken, and the experimental test work was carried out by dmtt no. 36 and dmtt no. 28 of the qibray district of the tashkent region, as well as private mtts named” hope love, education 126 apprentices were involved. the questionnaire questions invited to provide feedback from respondents consisting of parents of a preschool senior and preparatory group (80 in total) formed the following case. to the first question: "do you know the diagnosis of flatulence in preschool children?", more than half of the total number of respondents reported that 44 were “yes”, 55% were “no”, and 45% were "no", 36. to his second question, " do you know the methods of determining flatness?", of the total number of respondents, 33 41.25% did not know the methods for diagnosing flatulence, 47 58.75% did not know to the fourth question: "do you know the consequences of flatness of preschool children?"the fourth question was answered by 71 of the respondents with 88.75% saying “no” and 19 with 23.75% saying “yes”. analysis of the responses of the respondents – parents who participated in the survey is presented in diagram 1 diagram 1. analysis of the responses of respondents (parents)who participated in the survey % survey analysis shows that respondents claimed to have no knowledge of flatness in children. a description of the “health corridor” technology aimed at the physical development and prevention of flatulence of preschool children and the mechanisms for using physical exercises that promote the stretching of stable hair performed on it (such as“picker”, “artist”) is covered. health corridor (a 10-meter 9 – step colorful step-by-step corridor prepared on the principle of easy to difficult, which has a positive effect on children's paw as well as active points located on the foot). the fact that the pavement uses natural remedies has a positive effect on the skin of the feet. during the research carried out, control tests were adopted before the application of technologies aimed at increasing movement activity of children from preschool to 5-6 years old (see diagram 2). 45 58,75 85 88,75 55 41,25 15 23,75 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ha yo'q http://www/ 174 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us diagram 2. analysis of functional indicators of children of control and research groups at the beginning of pedagogical research an analysis of the results obtained initially showed that in the research and control group, it was noted that growth rates differ by 0.02%. the height growth indicators in anthropometry from control and research groups in the research group 96.34 cm, and in the control group 97.14 sm.ni; weight performance research group 16.64 kg.ni, while the control group had 16.45 kg.ni; in the study group on cardiac contraction frequency, the average growth rate was 90.44% compared to 89.97% in the control group (see table 1). 1table analysis of physical development indicators of children tested by control and experimental groups at the beginning of pedagogical research (n=126) ko‘rsatkichlar control group experimental group t p x ϭ v, % x ϭ v, % height, cm 97,14 10,34 10,64 96,34 10,57 10,97 0,43 >0,5 weight, kg 16,45 1,42 8,63 16,64 1,49 8,95 0,73 >0,5 pulse, pulse / min 89,97 10,47 11,64 90,44 10,79 11,93 0,25 >0,5 statochronometria, s 5,98 0,76 12,71 6,16 0,80 12,99 1,29 >0,5 plantography, 64,36 8,83 13,72 63,73 8,89 13,95 0,40 >0,5 lung tricycle capacity 1,26 0,16 12,70 1,28 0,17 13,28 0,68 >0,5 at the beginning of pedagogical research, 4 types of test norms were selected for the purpose of determining the indicators of physical development from the pupils of the preschool educational organization. a comparative analysis of the initial results obtained to determine the indicators of physical development from research and control groups is presented (see table 3). table 3 at the beginning of pedagogical research, control and experimental groups are tested-statistical indicators of children's physical fitness (n=126) sinov testlari t.r. control group experimental group t p х ϭ v, % х ϭ v, % 97,14 16,45 89,97 5,98 64,36 1,26 96,34 16,64 90,44 6,16 63,73 1,28 nazorat guruhi tajriba guruhi http://www/ 175 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us jump from standing to long, cm 95,32 19,94 20,92 92,83 19,92 21,46 0,70 >05 3 × 10 m. distance run, s 13,03 2,66 17,70 13,27 2,74 17,94 0,50 >0,5 10 m. distance running time, s 3,66 0,67 18,31 3,79 0,71 18,73 1,07 >0,5 mass 150 gr. which is the distance to throw a tennis ball, m. 9,64 2,24 23,24 9,57 2,26 23,62 0,18 >0,5 the first obtained results of physical fitness indicators from children: the jump in length from where the average growth is in the research group is 92.83 cm, 3x10 m. distance moccisimon running, 13.27 s., 10 m. distance running time, 3.79 s., mass 150 g. the distance to throw a tennis ball, which is 9.57 m. the long jump from where the control group stands is 95.32 cm., 3 × 10 m. distance maximon running 13.03 s., 10 m. distance running time, 3.66 s., the throwing distance of a tennis ball with a mass of 150 grams is 9.64 m. results were recorded. it can be seen from this-that the initial results from control and research groups do not differ significantly. at the beginning of the study, the results of the assessment of the results of the tests studied by the control and research groups using the t-styling criterion of the average arithmetic value and absolute differences were obtained. take advantage of innovative technologies developed in order to increase the movement activity of preschool children 3-diagram. analysis of physical fitness indicators of the control and experimental groups at the beginning of pedagogical research the analysis of the results obtained initially showed that the growth figures for the long jump from the place where the experimental and control gurih stood were 0.4%, 3x10 m. in the distance maximon running, however, 0.5%, 10 m. 0.2% in distance running, 4 mass 150 g. it was noted that a difference of 0.8% in the distance of throwing a tennis ball. it can be seen from this that the initial results from control and experimental groups are practically no different. in the control group on the long jump from the place of standing, it was noted that the figure is 2.51% higher. the relative difference in jumping length from the standing position was 2.61%, the relative difference in running 3x10 maximons was 1.60%, the relative difference in running 10 m was 3.55%, the relative difference in throwing a tennis ball was 0.73, the average relative difference was 2.12%. (see diagram 4). 95,32 13,03 3,66 9,64 92,83 13,27 3,79 9,57 http://www/ 176 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4 diagaramma. relative differences in physical fitness indicators of children of control and experimental groups at the beginning of pedagogical research (%) the average relative increase in groups on tests was 1.35%, with initial results from children as follows: in the study group on test in plantography, the average increase was 63.73%, in statachronometry 6.16%, in spirometry 1.28%, in control group plantography 64.36%, in statachronometry 5.98%, in spirometry 1.26% (see table 4). table 4 analysis of indicators of physical development on selected exercises based on innovative technologies of the examiners of control and research groups at the end of pedagogical research (n=126) specification control group experimental group t p x ϭ v, % x ϭ v, % height, cm 100,34 10,23 10,20 104,19 10,54 10,12 2,08 <0,05 weight, kg 17,08 1,43 8,37 17,73 1,43 8,07 2,55 <0,05 pulse, pulse / min 93,14 10,31 11,07 96,81 10,79 11,15 1,95 <0,05 statoxronometriya, s 6,29 0,77 12,24 6,76 0,82 12,14 2,29 <0,05 plantographiya, % 61,29 8,11 13,23 57,60 7,53 13,07 1,65 >0,05 spirometriya, ml 1,31 0,16 12,21 1,38 0,17 12,32 2,38 <0,05 during the pedagogical study, the results of experimental group children on selected exercises based on anthropometric indicators and innovative technologies confirm the effectiveness of the tools and methods used in tg, in which the average relative increase in arithmetic values in all tests studied (8.14 %) increased almost twice as high as the ng mos indicator (4.09%), as well as the 2,61 1,6 3,55 0,73 2,12 http://www/ 177 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us diagram 5. dynamics of change in the course of pedagogical research of indicators of physical development of testers of control and experimental groups (%) the results of the results of the 5-6-year-old study and control group testers at the end of the pedagogical study were presented in comparison of statistical peculiarities, the analysis of the data in it showed that in comparison with the difference in indicators of these groups at the beginning of the study, much more significant differences were detected at the end of the study.the analysis of the data presented in this table showed that the results of the ng testers on the tests studied at the beginning of the study changed with a significant and significant difference towards the end of the experiment. (diagram 6). diagram 6. analysis of indicators of physical development on selected exercises based on innovative technologies of the examiners of control and research groups at the end of pedagogical research groups showed an average relative increase in tests of 5.06 % in particular, at the beginning of the pedagogical study on the testar studied, the largest relative difference in tg mean arithmetic values relative to the average arithmetic value of ng was determined in “statochronometry”, which found 3.01%, and the smallest relative difference in “plantography”, which was 0.40%, while the average arithmetic value of the 6 studied was 1.35%, the low rate was 3.81%, while the average arithmetic value of relative differences was 5.06%, which is a positive change of 3.71% compared to the beginning of the study the results shown by the study group testers during the pedagogical study showed that the average relative increase in arithmetic values in all physical fitness-oriented tests studied increased almost twice as much as 6.75% in the 13.74% cg to the corresponding indicator, and that the eg results confirmed the effectiveness of the tools and methods used in the tg conclusions and recommendations based on the data collected within the scope of the research topic, pedagogical observation, survey, generalization of relations of international specialists and comparative analysis of the results of pedagogical research, the following conclusions were drawn: • high and statistically reliable changes in physical development indicators (anthropometry) of preschool children (5-6 years old) and the average arithmetic values of selected tests in technologies compared to the results of control groups at suitable ages during the pedagogical study showed a 3,29 3,83 3,52 5,18 9,62 3,97 4,09 8,05 6,55 7,04 9,68 4,77 7,81 8,14 100,34 17,08 93,14 6,29 61,29 1,31 104,19 17,73 96,81 6,76 57,6 1,38 http://www/ 178 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us high effectiveness of exercises developed by us and applied in the research group compared to exercises used in the control group. • data from pedagogical research, based on which analytical feedback and mathematical-statistical performance comparison results for studying functional indicators in the young cross section of children of preschool senior and school preparatory groups http://www/ 589 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 specific diagnostic symptoms in gdm in pregnant women gulrukh karimova komilovna the department of obstetrics and gynecology in bukhara state medical institute, bukhara, uzbekistan abstract: data from a comparative analysis of specific diagnostic symptoms in gdm in pregnant women, for a detailed description of changes in the body of a pregnant woman with gdm, we studied the concentration of homocysteine in the blood for comparison in two study groups 36 healthy and 68 pregnant women with gdm. according to the analysis of blood in the case histories of patients in groups, anemia was observed in an average of 61.45% of patients. based on the above data, using the microsoft excel 2010 program, a series of variations was built to find m±m indicators of the degree of dependence of these features, their correlation levels were studied by the spearman method. homocysteine is a biomarker that controls the action of folic acid in the body in pregnant women, the reference values of which are in the range of 5.6–16.42 µmol/l, while in healthy women this diagnostic indicator averages 12.98 ± 0.31. the mean homocysteine value in pregnant women with gdm was 42.87±2.26 µmol/l (p≤0.001). another specific marker in pregnant women with gdm is the study of cholecalciferol, vitamin 25(oh) d. investigating the concentration of vitamin 25 (oh) d in the blood of pregnant women with gdm, it was found that its concentration decreased to an average of 24.7±0.43 ng/ml, while in healthy women it was 32.3±1.4 ng/ml and it was found that the level of significance of the difference between the indicators in the group of pregnant women with gdm and in the control group was p˂0.001, i.e. almost 2 times less. reference values for the presence of cholecalciferol varied in the range of 30–100 ng/ml. this means that 7 healthy pregnant women out of 36 without gdm had low levels of 25(oh) d vitamin and these were grade 1 obese pregnant women. keywords: homocysteine, 25(oh) d, leptin, c-peptide, pregnant with diabetes, blood glucose. gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy in women who don’t already have diabetes [1,7,18]. numerous studies are being conducted around the world to optimize the prevention of gestational diabetes, as well as the search for accurate biomarkers, early screening and prevention of gestational diabetes in the field of obstetrics and gynecology[2,12,16]. early diagnosis of the development of gestational diabetes and the appointment of effective treatment and prevention is an urgent problem for specialists in many areas. the results of the proposed study suggest that gestational diabetes is a direct risk factor for the development of 590 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us perinatal complications, such as a large fetus, an increase in operative and premature births, the development of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, and hypoglycemia in the infant. among the obstetric complications of gestational diabetes, the state of hyperglycemia is of particular importance [3,11,17]. today, gestational diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin resistance that initially occurs during pregnancy. the incidence of gestational diabetes increases in parallel with weight gain and mainly malnutrition. the problems of screening and prevention of gestational diabetes today create many unpleasant consequences, so the improvement of laboratory algorithms based on the analysis of biochemical and enzyme immunoassay markers will help resolve a number of issues in this area[5,10,15]. epidemiological data show that the incidence of gestational diabetes among pregnant women is increasing, and the prevention and screening of this disease is one of the most urgent problems that many areas face today. in our country, today there are no standards for early screening for gdm that could fully justify itself, and current issues such as early detection and prognosis have not been fully resolved. currently, the mechanisms of the origin of gdm are not well understood, and therefore, scientific research is underway to identify early screening biomarkers associated with gdm [4,9,13-40]. however, the interaction of identified markers with overt and latent clinical signs of gdm has not been clearly demonstrated. for this reason, the search for predictors of gdm and complications is relevant [6,8,14]. it is also necessary to develop models for effective detection of women with gestational diabetes, timely screening and prevention methods, which are of particular importance in the management of gestational diabetes and help improve health outcomes. gdm is not a cure, but prevention is a priority in terms of both health and economics. in a non-diabetic woman at risk of gdm, even a small decrease in glucose levels can be an important factor for pregnancy and the health of future generations. the aim of the work is introduction of screening methods based on clinical laboratory and symptoms in the early diagnosis of gestational diabetes. materials and methods: the study included biochemical (homocysteine, glucose, creatinine, glycated hemoglobin), hormonal (leptin, c-peptide, 25 (on) d, methods of correlation and statistical research. results and discussion: glycated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin (hba1s) is a blood biochemical marker that reflects the amount of glucose in the blood over a long period (three to four months), in contrast to blood glucose measurement, which only gives an idea of blood glucose levels for moment of testing. in general, in our pregnant women with gdm, it averaged 7.7% before delivery, which corresponds to the normative data, but it should be noted that in healthy women this figure dropped significantly to 3.2%. the high level of hba1 compared with healthy pregnant women can be explained by the high level. the amount of glycated hemoglobin administered for the diagnosis of gdm varied on average from 9.36±0.36 to 3.89±0.11 ng/ml in pregnant women with gdm and in the control group. given these changes, we decided to analyze the indicator in d-dimer, in case of detection of hypercoagulability, add low molecular weight anticoagulants to correct coagulation disorders in the hemostasis system. another specific marker in pregnant women with gdm is the study of cholecalciferol, vitamin 25(oh) d. investigating the concentration of vitamin 25 (oh) d in the blood of pregnant women with gdm, it was found that its concentration decreased to an average of 24.7±0.43 ng/ml, while in 591 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us healthy women it was 32.3±1.4 ng/ml and it was found that the level of significance of the difference between the indicators in the group of pregnant women with gdm and in the control group was p˂0.001, i.e. almost 2 times less. reference values for the presence of cholecalciferol varied in the range of 30–100 ng/ml. this means that 7 healthy pregnant women out of 36 without gdm had low levels of 25(oh) d vitamin and these were grade 1 obese pregnant women. thus, lower levels of vitamin 25(oh)d are associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and may contribute to a number of complications such as fetal growth retardation, undetermined fetal status, and antenatal fetal death in pregnant women with gdm. it is the initial deficiency of 25(oh)d vitamin in pregnant women with gdm that can aggravate the state of the body, contribute to the disruption of blood microcirculation, with a subsequent violation against the background of already formed hypercoagulability. in the seventh section of the dissertation, "assessment of the condition of the fetus using ultrasound in gdm", ultrasound doppler was performed to assess the condition of the amnion fluid index (avi), fetometry and placenta using ultrasound examination. in the control group, when studying iav, polyhydramnios was not observed, 49.3% of 33 pregnant women with a history of gdm complications were observed, and 27.9% of 19 pregnant women with developed gdm. homocysteine is a biomarker that controls the action of folic acid in the body in pregnant women, the reference values of which are in the range of 5.6–16.42 µmol/l, while in healthy women this diagnostic indicator averages 12.98 ± 0.31. the mean homocysteine value in pregnant women with gdm was 42.87±2.26 µmol/l (p≤0.001). in 68 pregnant women with pre-existing obesity with gdm, there was a mean change of 16.74 ± 0.28 ng/ml, however, high leptin levels were observed even before pregnancy, indicating that they had high leptin levels before the antenatal period, which indicated the presence of metabolic syndrome in this contingent. in 5 of the group of healthy pregnant women, obesity of the 1st degree was observed, and the leptin index also varied within 7.9±0.32 ng/ml, i.e. there was a slight increase in obesity the d-dimer marker, which determines the coagulation status of the body, averaged 1796±18.76 ng/ml in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 814.6±33.3 ng/ml in the comparison group. to identify placental and fetal circulatory disorders associated with the development of complications, we also studied specific analyzes in dynamics, such as homocysteine, leptin, cpeptide, d-dimer and 25 (oh)d. when septic complications occurred, the following indicators were included in the studies as c-reactive protein and procalcitonin. to determine the time of onset of gdm, it is important to know the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in pregnant women while performing a glucose tolerance test. many biochemical tests and fasting blood glucose are performed at the primary care level and are considered routine laboratory tests. laboratory tests such as complete blood count, hemostasiogram, and assessment of biochemical abnormalities can characterize the true state of obstetric complications that are also present in gdm. to prevent complications of gdm, i.e. to detect fetal growth retardation syndrome (sorp) as a result of large fetuses, macrosomia, diabetic fetal fetopathy (dfp), fetometry was performed in pregnant control groups using mindray-50 ultrasound equipment to prevent complications of gdm, i.e. to detect fetal growth retardation syndrome as a result of large fetuses, macrosomia, diabetic fetal fetopathy (dfp), fetometry was performed in pregnant control groups using mindray-50 ultrasound equipment. 592 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the results of our studies also revealed cases of malnutrition, the main cause of which was a reversible process in the arteries and veins of the satellite circulatory system of the placenta. the presence of varying degrees of preeclampsia in almost all pregnant women with fetal growth retardation syndrome has proven that there is an association between gdm and preeclampsia. in the group of healthy pregnant women, cases of asymmetry and antenatal fetal death were not observed. in pregnant women with gdm, cases of antenatal fetal death were observed in 34.3% and 2.94% of patients with a history of gdm, respectively. as a result, in terms of age, most pregnant women with gdm and women with a history of gdm were between 20 and 29 years of age. the incidence rate was also higher in older pregnant women than in the control group. when asked by the history taking method, whether close relatives of pregnant women with gdm had inherited diabetes mellitus, where cases of dm were diagnosed (58.2% of pregnant women with a history of gdm, 57.4% of patients with gdm). when studying the state of somatic diseases of pregnant women in the study groups in pregnant women with a history of gdm and gdm, chronic pyelonephritis occurred in 32.8% and 30.9%, thyroid disease in 32.8%, 35.3%, obesity 75% and 64.2% in two groups, respectively. according to the analysis of blood in the case histories of patients in groups, anemia was observed in an average of 61.45% of patients. based on the above data, using the microsoft excel 2010 program, a series of variations was built to find m ± m indicators of the degree of dependence of these signs, their correlation levels were studied by the spearman method (table 1). table 1 levels of clinical and anamnestic dependence of pregnant women with gdm indicators m±m correlation dependence r degree age ≥ 29 30±0.62 0.4 correct average obesity bmi ≥ 30 31.71±0.8 0.84 proper strong overweight bmi ≥ 25 27±0.54 0.6 correct average diffuse goiter 0.35±0.06 0.5 correct average dm hereditary predisposition 0.6±0.06 0.96 proper strong chronic pyelonephritis 0.5±0.061 0.3 proper weak history of antenatal death 0.56±0.06 0.7 proper strong polyhydramnios 0.7±0.06 0.6 correct average preeclampsia 0.5±0.06 0.78 proper strong large fruit ≥ 4 kg 0.95±0.025 0.87 proper strong note: * p ≥0.05 a significant difference compared to the control group. thus, the degree of correlation dependence of these factors served as an auxiliary scale for assessing pregnancy in women with gdm. in our studies, we compared such markers as (homocysteine, 25 (oh) d, leptin, c-peptide, hba1c, d-dimer, pgtt, fptt, c-reactive protein) and determined the degree of correlation between pregnant women with gdm and healthy pregnant women of the control group. as a result, it was found that the correlation between homocysteine (0.76), leptin (0.78), c-peptide (0.81) and ogtt (0.9) in the study had a degree of correct strong correlation. 593 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 2 the degree of correlation dependence of laboratory tests. no. analyzes m±m r r correlation level _ _ _ 1. homocysteine 42.4±2.3 р˂0.001* 0.76 proper strong 2. 25 (oh) d 24.6±0.4 р˂0.001* 0.65 correct average 3. leptin 16.6±0.3 р˂0.001* 0.78 proper strong 4. c-peptide 4.9±0.2 р˂0.001* 0.81 proper strong 5. hba1 with 12.6±0.5 р˂0.001* 0.52 correct average 6. ddimer 1796 ±18.8 р˂0.001* 0.52 proper weak 7. ogtt (on an empty stomach) 10 ±0.3 р˂0.001* 0,9 _ _ proper strong 8. aptt 30.6 ±3.6 р˂0.005* 0.56 correct average 9. c-reactive protein 5.9 ± 0.3 1 р˃0.05 * 0.28 proper weak correlation correct average levels of communication were determined between such laboratory indicators as -25 (oh) d (0.65), hba1c (0.52), fptv (0.56). the coagulogram index d-dimer has the correct level of weak correlation with such a sepsis marker crp (table 2). thus, on the basis of clinical and anamnestic data, laboratory indicators, it was proved that the results of the analysis in the early diagnosis and screening of gdm play an important role in predicting the course of pregnancy and the development of possible complications. conclusions: 1. in our studies, the risk factors for the development of gestational diabetes were: obesity of the 1st degree (43%), 2nd degree (21.5%) and overweight (12%), women with hereditary diabetes mellitus (57.4%), the presence of a large fetus history (80.9%), preeclampsia (66.2%), polyhydramnios (35.3%), with a condition after covid-19, complicated by transient diabetes (14.7%,). 2. the negative impact of gestational diabetes on both the mother's body and the fetus, with the subsequent development of df and insulin resistance of the fetus. they were reflected in the following indicators: an increase in the level of glycated hemoglobin (hba1c) by 2–2.3 times, insulin resistance of hormonal indicators to c-peptide by 92.4%, homocysteine (a marker of folate status) by 12% and an increase in the predictor of metabolic leptins on average 65% (р˂0.001) of the ldh level, lii by 10% relative to the reference values. 3. to prevent complications in the mother and fetus, based on clinical and laboratory data and predictors of the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (c-peptide, leptin, an increase in bmi up to 450 mg up to 20 weeks, 1.5 times more than normal pregnancy) indicates a complicated course of gdm and insulin dose adjustment should be immediately introduced together with an endocrinologist; in order to prevent maternal and perinatal complications, an algorithm based on a computer program has been optimized. acknowledgments. the authors are grateful for the support and helpful comments provided by the department of obstetrics and gynekology in bukhara state medical institute, as well as other experts consulted 594 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as part of the process. we would also like to thank bukhara city maternity complex for her assistance in creating the figure for our literature search. references. 1. karimova, g. k., navruzova, n. o., & nurilloyeva sh, n. (2020). an individual approach to the management of gestational diabetes. european journal of molecular & clinical medicine, 7(2), 6284-6291. 2. ikhtiyarova, g. a., karimova, g. k., & navruzova, n. o. (2019). khairullaevch. k. ultrasound diagnostics of diabetic fetopathy in pregnant women with metabolic syndrome on the background of diabetes mellitus. medicine and sports2019,(3-4), 56-58. 3. каримова, г. к., ихтиярова, г. а., & наврузова, н. о. (2020). скрининг диагностика гестационного диабета. новый день в медицине, (1), 220-222. 4. ихтиярова, г. а., каримова, г. к., наврузова, н. о., & хайруллаев, ч. к. (2019). ультразвуковая диагностика диабетической фетопатии у беременных с метоболическим синдромом на фоне сахарного диабета. тиббиѐт ва спорт,(3-4), 5658. 5. karimova, g. k., ikhtiyarova, g. a., & muminova, n. k. (2021). early biochemical markers and screening diagnosis of gestional diabetes mellitus and its prevention during pandemic period. journal of natural remedies, 22(1 (1)), 17-26. 6. sh, i. a., ikhtiyarova, g. a., musaeva, d. m., & karimova, g. k. (2020). assessment of the status of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus infected with covid-19. new day in medicine, 2, 30. 7. каримова, г. k. (2022). гестацион қандли диабетни эрта ташхислашнинг биокимёвий скрининги. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 2(8), 199-212. 8. каримова, г. к., наврузова, н. о., & нуриллоева, ш. н. (2020). индивидуальный подход к ведению гестационного диабета. европейский журнал молекулярной и клинической медицины, 7(2), 6284-6291. 9. каримова, г. к., ихтиярова, г. а., & муминова, н. к. (2021). ранние биохимические маркеры и скрининг-диагностика гессионального сахарного диабета и его профилактика в период пандемии. журнал природных средств правовой защиты, 22(1), 1. 10. каримова, г. k., & каримова, г. к. (2023). лаборатор-инструментальные показатели беременных с гестационным диабетом. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(10), 1-8. 11. каримова, г. k. (2022). гестацион қандли диабетда ҳомиладорлик ва туғруқни олиб бориш. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 180-192. 12. komilovna, g. k. (2023). clinical and anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental indicators of pregnant women with gestational diabetes. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 4(5), 390-398. 13. каримова, г. к., & ихтиярова, г. а. (2021). популяции и ранние предикторы гестационного сахарного диабета в период пандемии. журнал теоретической и клинической медицины, (6-1), 77-80. 14. bakhadurovna, h. d., & akmalovna, i. g. (2022). the role of multigenic thrombophilia in women with unfavorable outcomes after extracorporeal fertilization. researchjet journal of analysis and inventions, 3(1), 44-50. 595 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. bakhodirovna, k. d. (2022). thrombophlebia and pregnancy, predicting perinatal complications and optimizing administration tactics. international journal of culture and modernity, 13, 130-137. 16. hafizova, d. b. (2023). evaluation of the significance of the g/a polymorphism of thef7 gene in the development of an unfavorable ivf outcome in women with thrombophilia. british medical journal, 3(2). 17. хафизова, д. б., & ихтиярова, г. а. (2022). оценка роли генетического полиморфизма факторов системы гемостаза гена f3 в развитии тромбофилии у женщин узбекской популяции. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 1(5), 20-28. 18. aslonova, m. j. the nature of disorders in the mother-placenta-fetus system and their role in the development of fetal growth restriction syndrome. gas, 293, 00-5. 19. аслонова, m., ихтиярова, г., & дустова, н. (2020). развитие плода и осложнения во время беременности у женщин с хроническими заболеваниями почек. журнал вестник врача, 1(3), 113-116. 20. aslonova, m. j. the nature of disorders in the mother-placenta-fetus system and their role in the development of fetal growth restriction syndrome. gas, 293, 00-5. 21. аслонова, м. ж. (2023). ҳомилани ўсиши чегараланиш синдроми муаммосининг замонавий жиҳатлари ва уни тузатиш усуллари. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(11), 1-9. 22. аслонова, м. ж., исматова, м. и., & пулатова, р. а. (2018). современные аспекты индукции родов для подготовки шейки матки к родам на различных сроках беременности. medical review, 5, 59. 23. ismoilova, m. z. (2023). modern obstetric aspects of prognosis and management of postterm pregnancy. international journal of health systems and medical sciences, 2(4), 93-96. 24. ismoilova, m. z. (2023). preeclampsia in multiparous women and their actions of the body. 25. ismoilova, m. z. (2023). pregnancies complicated by preterm delivery and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(4), 265-270. 26. исмоилова, м. з., & туксанова, д. и. (2021). microbiological recognition of antibodies to antigens of microorganisms in women with inflammatory diseases of the genital. узбекский медицинский журнал, 2(5) 27. исмоилова, м. з. (2023). развитие прогностических маркер у женщин проявляющий преждевременных родов с инфекциями мочеполовой системы. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(5), 362-367. 28. ихтиярова, г. а., наврузова, н. о., & муминова, н. х. (2022). бачадон бўйни рак олди касалликлари дифференциал диагностикасини такомиллаштириш усули. евразийский журнал медицинских и естественных наук, 2(8), 4-17. 29. ahmedova, a. t., agababyan, l. r., & abdullaeva, l. m. (2020). peculiarities of the perimenopause period in women with endometriosis. international scientific review, (lxx), 100-105. 596 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 30. агабабян, л. р., ахмедова, а. т., абдуллаева, л. м., насирова, з. а., & махмудова, с. э. (2019). негормональная коррекция климактерических расстройств у женщин с эндометриозом. вопросы науки и образования, (26 (75)), 77-84. 31. abdullaeva, l. m., babadzhanova, g. s., nazarova, d. b., muratova, n. d., & ashurova, u. a. (2012). role of hormonal disturbances in sterility development for patients with benign formations of ovaries. likars' ka sprava, (3-4), 104-109. 32. akhmedova, a. t., agababyan, l. r., & abdullaeva, l. m. (2020). the effectiveness of atypical minor antipsychotics in the treatment of menopausal syndrome in women with perimenopause endometriosis. journal of critical reviews, 7(13), 1033-1036. 33. каттаходжаева, м., сафаров, а., сулейманова, н., & абдуллаева, л. (2020). к вопросу о тактике ведения беременности и родов при тазовых предлежаниях плода. in library, 20(1), 18-21. 34. sharipova, n. m. (2023). impact of vitamin d deficiency on pregnancy. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 4(5), 705-712. 35. шарипова, н. м. (2023). влияние дефицита витамина d на течение беременности. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(10), 59-63. 36. шарипова, н. м. (2023). влияние дефицита витамина d на течение беременности при преждевременных родах. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(11), 191-196. 37. хайдарова, н. б. (2023). прогноз недостаточности плацентарной системы у беременных, получавших лечение от covid-19 и sars-cov-2. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 4(5), 693-700. 38. salimova, t. b. (2022). features of the course of pregnancy in pregnant women with fetal growth restriction syndrom and the role of doppler velocimetry. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 3(6), 557-563. 39. salimova, t., & do’stova, n. q. (2023). homila o’sishining chegaralanishi sindromi bilan homilador ayollarda homiladorlikning kechishi xususiyatlari. молодые ученые, 1(15), 4-6. 40. salimova, t. (2023). causes and diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction syndrome. science and innovation in the education system, 2(11), 4850. 164 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 08, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 polymer bitumen composites properties of the ingredients used for obtaining 1 v.n.jurayev, 2 a.s.ibodullayev, 3 s.m.turabjonov, 1 d.a.jadilova 1 tashkent state technical university almalyk branch 2 tashkent state transport university 3 tashkent state technical university annotation. multifunctional ingredients have been created to obtain polymerbitumen compositions used in changing weather conditions by crushing used rubbertechnical products and tires on the basis of mechanical forces . the effect of the created modifiers and ingredients on the heat, cold, friction, elongation, compression resistance and rheological, technological, physical-mechanical, dynamic properties of the polymer-bitumen composition was determined. key words : bitumen, ingredient , gas pyrolysis tar, carbon storage material, ground tire powder, basalt fiber, bentonite clay, alkanolamines. today, asphalt-bitumen compositions that are resistant to heat, cold, bending, stretching, friction and dynamic forces are used in the covering of highways and airfields in the world . therefore, in order to increase the resistance of polymerbitumen compositions to cold, heat, bending, friction, stretching, and service time, special attention is paid to the creation of ingredients that shape the structure of their technological, physical-mechanical, dynamic properties based on the previously given requirements. therefore, in order to cover highways and airfields and increase their service life, it is necessary to study the composition of polymer-bitumen compositions resistant to cold, heat, bending, friction, and stretching, and to develop technologies for obtaining them, laying them on roads, airfields, selection of natural and synthetic polymers, organic and inorganic ingredients included in the composition , creation of modifiers for their modification is relevant. in recent years, in our republic, there have been a number of efforts to repair regional roads and airfields on the basis of asphalt-concrete pavements that meet world standards based on rapidly changing weather conditions and to increase their resistance to cold, heat, friction, stretching and bending. effective work is being done. in this regard, it is important to carry out scientific research on the development of technologies for obtaining and laying polymer-bitumen compositions suitable for rapid weather changes in our republic for covering highways and airfields based on local raw materials. this work is aimed at solving issues such as obtaining and determining the http://www/ 165 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us properties of ingredients used in the creation of polymer-bitumen compositions for highways and airfields based on local raw materials. it is known that our republic has a rapidly changing weather, which causes rapid failure of asphalt-concrete pavements on the roads of mountainous and desert areas. the reason for this is that bitumen, which is the basis of the composition used in them, is not resistant to cold and heat (table 1). in order to increase the resistance of road bitumens and pavements based on them to heat, cold and friction, ingredients were selected based on local raw materials and their physico-chemical properties were studied. table 1 the main quality indicators of road bitumens b it u m en b ra n d s s o ft en in g t em p er a tu re h a n d s h , ℃ f re ez in g t em p er a tu re , f ra a s , ℃ n ee d le p en et ra ti o n d ep th , 0 ℃ , 0 .1 m m n ee d le p en et ra ti o n d ep th , 2 5 ℃ , 0 .1 m m s tr et ch a b il it y 0 ℃ , cm s tr et ch a b il it y 2 5 ℃ , cm e la st ic it y _ 0 ℃ , % e la st ic it y _ 2 5 ℃ , % bnd 40/60 59.35 -22.4 12.5 40 7.6 24 21.05 33.3 bnd 50/70 58.5 -24.8 31 50 10.4 30.7 5.7 18.6 bnd 60/90 47 -15 20 61-90 3.5 55 4 13 bnd 90/130 43 -17 28 91-130 4 65 carbon storage material . carbon-containing material brittle, gray substance with an odor when applied, contains metal inclusions, after cooling it was crushed in a dismembrator and its granulometric composition was determined. based on the studies, the fraction of carbon-containing materials is 63.0%, 0.25 nm, 9.0%, 0.5 nm, and 0.045 nm. it was found that the fraction is 3.0% and contains small metal particles. its physical properties were studied: bulk density, acidity, moisture, sol content (table 2). table 2 physico-chemical properties of ground carbon material r n , g /cm 3 r h a d , % w a , % 0.408 ± 0.02 6.5-5.4 22.7 0 ± 0.44 0.4 0 ± 0.05 here: a d sol level of dry mass, w a analytical moisture content. it was determined by x-ray structure analysis that the material containing carbon contains 88.24% amorphous carbon, 7.59% calcite, 1.14% zinc oxide, 1.21% ankerite and other components. at the same time, its thermal stability was studied using the derivatographic method, and the first stage occurred in the temperature range of 150640 o c. in this case, the mass loss was 3.46%, and the second stage occurred in the temperature range of 650-900 o c, where the mass loss was 15.7%. the carboncontaining material. in its ir-spectrum, absorption lines with very http://www/ 166 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us low intensity were observed in the region > 3600 cm -1 . this situation indicated that some organic alcohols, water and moist air were adsorbed on the surface of the body. absorption lines belonging to the c≡c bond are also in this area, and a very weak absorption line at 2916 cm -1 belongs to the –ch 2 group, and absorption of hydrocarbon species into the resulting entity was also observed. absorption areas with low intensity belonging to the group of unsaturated hydrocarbons (-ch=ch-) usually appeared in the areas of 693 cm -1 , 600 cm -1 , -ch 2 and -ch in the areas of 2372 and 2345 cm -1 absorption lines typical for groups 3 , in the area of 1720-1684 cm -1 to aromatic hydrocarbons, in the area of 1458-1543 cm -1 to ch 3 c-, (ch 3 ) 2 cgroups, 1100-1000 cm -1 width (sio 4 ) absorption lines characteristic of 4and sio 2 and corresponding absorption lines also appeared at 800 cm -1 . white soot n sio 2 ∙nh 2 o (bs-50) is used as filler for automobile tires , and me-o absorption lines of metal oxides were observed in the vibration range from 400 cm -1 to 500 cm -1 . so the carbonstored material can be used as an active ingredient for the polymer-bitumen composition. gas pyrolysis tar. in the joint enterprise "uz-kor gas chemical" 10,000 tons of tar product (gps gas pyrolysis tar) is generated as waste per year, it is a black odorless solid substance (table 3). table 3 chemical composition of gas pyrolysis tar it is a glerod number alk a n s dienes _ olefins _ cycloalkanes _ arenas _ s 5 0.8 0.89 4.91 0.19 0 6.79 6 0.22 0.41 3.87 0.41 32.94 37.85 7 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.45 11.23 12.91 8 0.12 0.08 0.18 0.48 9.75 10.61 9 0.04 0.1 0.04 0.15 7.56 7.89 10 0.03 0.11 9.07 0.4 5.23 14.84 11 0.18 0.69 2.95 0 0.47 4.29 12 0 0.15 1.84 0 0 1.99 s 1.64 2.57 23.7 2.08 67.18 97.17 as can be seen from the table, the composition of gps mainly consists of alkanes, dienes, olefins, cycloalkanes and arenes formed during the pyrolysis of natural gas, its molecular mass is around 1000-1200 and the melting temperature is 180 o c. crushed tire powder. it is known that the problem of reusing old tires is relevant nowadays. therefore, crushed tire powder was selected as the main ingredient in polymer-bitumen compositions. (table 4). as can be seen from the table, the properties of the selected ingredient are sufficient for use in the composition and it was recommended to use it in this case. http://www/ 167 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 4 properties of ground tire powder name of pointers properties particle size , mm 0.25 2.8 density , kg / m 3 1250-1256 sochma o ' irli gi , kg/m 3 430-435 comparative surface , cm 2 /g 1100 2200 ph indicator 7-8 fat absorption , ml /100 g 92-105 basalt fiber. the use of basalt fibers was intended to improve the abrasion resistance of the polymer-bitumen composition and to prevent the coating from sliding in parking lots. the production of basalt fibers has been launched in the city of olmaliq, namangan and jizzakh regions of the republic (table 5). table 5 basalt fiber chemical composition amount of substances in basalt fiber (%) t o ta l a m o u n t (% ) s io 2 _ a l 2 o 3 f e 2 o 3 f eo c ao m g o r 2 o m n o t io 2 _ s o 3 h u m id it y p p p . 47.05 15.74 8.77 8.45 5.44 4.88 0.08 0.3 0.10 6.61 7.94 99.7 basalt of fiber length up to 5 mm , its diameter in the range of 0.01-0.1 mm . flexible , liquid substances good adsorption does and as a result elasticity increases . bentonite clay. bentonite clay from moynaq, tortkol, khojakol, koshkhanatov, beltov, and karaterang mines of karakalpakstan was studied (table 6). bentonite mud of karakalpakstan, ph value of aqueous suspension is equal to 7-9, the surface is limited by shiny layers. its chemical composition has several characteristic features, the mole ratio between sio 2 and al 2 o 3 is from 4 to 5 (table 6). table 6 chemical composition of bentonite clays of karakalpakstan no substances composition bentonite clay (%) n a il ( m b ) t u rt k u l (t b ) k h o ja k u l (x b ) k u sh k o n a to v (k b ) b el to v (b b ) d a rk en (k b ) 1. sio2 _ 50.50 64.96 50.04 50.0 52.2 56.2 2. al 2 o 3 17.00 12.70 16.76 13.5 15.7 16.8 3. cao 1.20 2.0 2.08 1.8 2.02 1.5 4. na 2 o 5.06 0.28 2.48 1.8 2 3.02 5. k 2 o 0.27 0.13 1.22 1.03 1.10 0.3 6. mgo 3.62 3.35 2.00 2.35 2.8 3.0 7. fe 2 o 3 3.56 1.26 6.04 2.00 2.04 3.0 http://www/ 168 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. feo 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.12 0.11 0.9 9. tio2 _ 0.30 0.10 1.00 0.50 0.70 0.90 10. co2 _ 1.68 0.20 0 , 60 0.40 0.55 0.65 11. so 3 0.28 0.21 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.18 12. h 2 o 9.15 4.30 4.32 4.8 6.00 8.05 13. h 2 o 5.05 7.31 8.44 6.01 6.80 7.55 14. in the water eruv chan salt ar 2.20 3.10 4.80 5.00 6.00 4.30 as can be seen from the table, almost all bentonite clay deposits of karakalpakstan contain oxides of iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and titanium, which were used as activators of the process of structure formation in polymerbitumen compositions. secondary alkanolamines . these are used as adsorbents in the gas processing industry and are released as waste. physicochemical properties of secondary alkanolamines changed due to the absorption of sour gases in the gas composition, that is, the boiling point and viscosity increased, and the freezing point decreased (table 7). table 7 physicochemical properties of secondary alkanolamines alkanolamine solutions concentration boiling point, °c, (180 kpa) freezing temperature, °с viscosity (0 °c, 103 pa*s) kmol/m 3 % imea 2.5 65 123 -11 1.6 idea 2 71 124 -12 2.0 immediately 2 74 126 -14 2.9 imea-used monoethanolamine; idea-used diethanolamine; imdea-used methyldiethanolamine. when studying its composition, sour gases in natural gas (h 2 s, co 2 , so and their compounds) and was found to consist of salts. taking into account the compounds of sour gases contained in secondary alkanolamines, they were studied because they can be used as accelerators in the process of structuring in the polymerbitumen composition. before using them, the water content was removed. a phosphorous alkylamide fatty acid. phosphorous alkylamide derived from cottonseed oil waste was used to accelerate structuring of fatty acid in polymerbitumen composite. the molecular weight of phosphorous alkylamide fatty acid is 1100-1200. when its composition is analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, it has the following 900, 1070, 1210, 1310 and 1370 cm -1 ; absorption lines at 2360, 2930 and 3300 cm -1 were observed: it indicates the presence of groups =co, −n, ≡r = o, =o, = n−h . as can be seen from these groups, phosphorous alkylamide fatty acid can be used as an accelerator in sulfur vulcanization systems. sulfur. waste from the oil and gas processing industry was used as a structuring agent in the polymer-bitumen composition . elastomers . _ isoprene and butadiene styrene elastomers were used in the polymer-bitumen composition as an ingredient that increases elasticity and abrasion resistance. the influence of each selected ingredient on certain properties of the bitumen composition was studied, and the optimal conditions were chosen based on http://www/ 169 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the obtained results. the work , physical and physico-chemical (ir, rheological, thermomechanical, optical microscopic) analyzes were used, as well as mathematical methods of statistical processing of experimental data. conclusion. the properties of multifunctional ingredients based on the waste of the oil and gas processing industry, old rubber-technical products and tires were studied. by using them it was explained that the composition of polymer-bitumen compositions resistant to heat, cold, friction, stretching and compression, used in changing weather conditions, and the scientific basis of their technology were created. multi -functional ingredients will serve for the production of polymer-bitumen compositions with the given structure and properties, which will replace imports in the future, competitive, targeted, used in changing weather conditions . references 1. n.n. trofimov, m.z. kanovich, e.m. kartashov, v.i. natrusov, a.t. ponomarenko, v.g. shevchenko, v.i. sokolov, i.d. simonov‐ emelyanov. / physics of composite materials. m.: mir, 2005, t.1,2. 130 c . 2. v.g. shevchenko o snovy physical polymer composite material / uchebnoe posobie. moscow, 2010. 100 c . 3. maaskarov, iiismoilov. chemistry and physics of polymers / textbook. tashkent, "uzbekistan" publishing house. 2004. 416 p. 4. kraev, i. d. perspektivy spolzovaniya silicon-organicheskikh polymers pri sozdanii sovremennykh materialov i pokrytiy rizlichnykh naznachenii / i. d. kraev, o. v. popkov, a. e. sorokin, g. yu. yurkov // trudy viam: electronic scientific journal. 2017. no. 12. 5. as ibadullaev, eu teshabaeva, vn juraev sozdanie i primenenie ingredientsov na osnove mestnyx prirodnyx resursov i autokhodov proizvodstv v elastomernyx composite materialax // zurnal khimiya i khimicheskaya tekhnologiya, tashkent, 2016. -c. 66-71. 6. juraev vn, teshabaeva eu, akhmadjonov sa phosphated alkylamides of fatty acids-effective accelerators of vulcanization by polyfunctional action for resintextile materials // europäische fachhochschule. european applied sciences. germany, 2016. no. 3, -r.24-26. 7. juraev vn, boborajabov bn, vapaev md, ibadullaev a. modification of bitumen from waste of gas-processing, gaso-chemical and rubber industries // austrian journal of technical and natural sciences. austria, 2019. no. 5-6, -r. 32-36. http://www/ 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 economic thinking is an important factor of economic development mukhammedov murad mukhammedovich, pardaev mamayunus karshibaevich professor of the samarkand institute of economics and service, doctor of economic sciences abstract: in the article, some comments on the concepts of economic consciousness, economic thinking, economic activity, two main directions of raising economic consciousness and economic thinking to the level of modern requirements, economic literacy is based on the fact that we are all consumers of delicacies we all need it like water. also, it has been proven that the cooperation of the state and the general public in accelerating the pace of economic development, the role of education in the development of economic consciousness and economic thinking, the possibilities of developing economic thinking are limitless, only its effective use is an acute necessity. keywords: man, human thinking, economic consciousness, economic development, economic activity, economic thinking, economic growth, education. relevance of the topic. the large-scale economic reforms implemented in the country are aimed at realizing the long-awaited hopes of our people, creating a national economy that will allow them to live a prosperous life and meet their basic interests and needs. the selected strategy creates real opportunities for new uzbekistan to take a worthy place on the ladder of economic development in our rich history, to turn uzbekistan into one of the most economically developed countries in the world, and to make the working people happy to live in abundance. such an opportunity is a unique economic reality that is very rare in history, only we have to make the most of it. research methodology. methods such as objectivity, unity of logic and historicity, space and time, comparative analysis, quantity and quality, induction and deduction were used in researching the important factors of economic development through economic thinking. analysis and results. it is a fact that does not require proof that economic thinking is an important factor of economic development. but interpretation of this theoretical issue from today's point of view and bringing it to public attention have also become urgent issues. because of this, we found it appropriate to interpret the article in several separate directions. first, we would like to draw your attention to some considerations regarding the concepts of economic consciousness, economic thinking, and economic activity. economic awareness and economic thinking are interrelated categories, they actively participate in the development of the economy together. economic thinking arises at the core of economic consciousness, it receives nourishment from it. in turn, economic thinking is an important tool for developing economic consciousness, improving it, raising knowledge in the field of economy to new levels. a person can apply to life only the economic idea reflected in his mind, formed as a behavior. that is, when a person conducts economic activity, he acts only on the basis of the economic knowledge formed in his mind, reflected in it, conducts economic activity, and applies it to everyday life. therefore, it is economic consciousness, economic thinking that is the only condition for 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us increasing the productivity of a person's economic activity, making the right decisions that allow him to get high results from this activity, getting the appropriate result from his work and living richly. if a person does not have economic consciousness, economic thinking does not exist, and economic consciousness does not develop without economic thinking. it should also be noted that the economic consciousness makes a great contribution to the improvement of economic thinking, it is the main factor for its achievement. the higher the economic consciousness of a person, the stronger his cognitive thinking, the ability to observe on economic topics. therefore, economic awareness is the main condition for raising economic thinking and leading the country to the smooth path of economic development. human mind, as a unique property of highly structured matter, allows to know, understand, perceive and practice the economic relations taking place in society and in the personal life of a person. economic consciousness is a reflection of economic realities, economic processes, and theoretical and practical knowledge of the economy. it is an integral part of social consciousness, in which economic knowledge, combined with rich experience of economic life , the worldview and behavior of evaluating personal and social needs of a person, socio-economic reality are reflected. economic thinking is the highest product of the human mind, and it is a process that enables the further development of the human economic mind, raising it to higher levels, improving the economic knowledge already formed in the human mind, filling it with new ideas and theories, and enriching it. in the process of economic thinking, a person searches for innovative solutions to economic problems necessary for his daily life and future. in other words, economic thinking is a powerful tool, a locomotive for enriching economic science and taking it to new levels. it is a creative activity aimed at taking various information about the economy, analyzing it with the help of the mind and making effective decisions about the economy based on it. therefore, the role of economic thinking is incomparable in achieving economic development, in solving the problem of effective and appropriate use of valuable resources, in achieving economic advantage in the world market, in becoming one of the most powerful countries in the world, and in being fortunate enough to live a rich life in abundance. in the structure of human activity, economic activity occupies a central, leading place. because it is through this activity that a person actively influences nature, relying on the knowledge formed under the influence of scientific-theoretical ideas and practical experience, based on his behavior. ultimately, he produces various material and spiritual blessings that are as necessary for his daily needs as water. luxurious buildings that provide us with comfortable conditions for living and working, parks, fast cars that bring us closer, recreation centers that soothe our souls when we are tired, educational institutions, sweet and delicious food, books that we love to read... all this. all are the fruits of human economic activity. in the world of all living beings in society, we would be telling the truth if we say that this rare quality, unique to man, is the main factor in man's domination over nature. people's (individual's) living richly in prosperity and abundance is primarily a product of economic consciousness and economic thinking, a gift of the economy, a reward given to a person for being able to efficiently use the economic resources used in order to satisfy his vital needs. in other words, a prosperous life is the practical result of making good use of the unlimited possibilities of human economic consciousness and thinking. just as spring water waters the roots of trees and plants in gardens and gives them life, the human mind and thinking also water the roots of the tree of development with the rays of intelligence and knowledge, and it is a powerful tool for bringing people from darkness to light, from poverty to abundance, from poverty to knowledge. if there were no economic consciousness and economic thinking, there would be no economic life or development on earth. as a result, man, like all other living creatures, would have turned into a herd of living beings, completely submissive to nature, unable to withstand its cruel trials. in fact, the stronger the economic thinking of a person, the 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us more developed his economic consciousness, the faster the pace of economic development processes, the more prosperity and prosperity will be created in the country. unfortunately, the essence of economic consciousness and economic thinking, their special importance in the acceleration of socio-economic development, the problems of their formation and development are being overlooked by our researchers. in the conditions of the planned economy, where commodity-money relations were completely destroyed, the role of economic consciousness and thinking in the development of society was significantly weakened. however, the situation has changed radically in the conditions of the modern market economy, which has paved the way for commodity-money relations, and the role of this factor in the socio-economic development of the country has increased dramatically. therefore, the problems of increasing the role of economic consciousness and thinking in the social development of the society have become actual, and in this regard, it has become an urgent necessity to carry out systematic research, to find non-traditional methods and mechanisms of raising human economic consciousness and thinking to the level of modern requirements, and most importantly, to put them into practice. secondly , it is about the two main directions of raising economic awareness and economic thinking to the level of modern requirements. in the course of research, we have come to the conclusion that the implementation of measures aimed at realizing the unlimited potential of economic consciousness and economic thinking in new uzbekistan, raising them to the levels of modern requirements and turning them into a leading factor in increasing the economic power of the country in two directions will have a great practical effect. the first is to expand the scope of the economic consciousness of the members of the society, to arm it with new modern knowledge in the field of economy, to form a perfect economic consciousness capable of fully reflecting the socio-economic existence among the broad strata of the population, to educate the masses of the people, all strata of the population in the spirit of the requirements of the times, their consciousness enrichment with new, market economy-specific, modern economic knowledge. we think that these activities should cover all sections of the population: workers, unemployed, minors, pensioners, disabled people, in short, all of the population. improving the economic literacy of all levels of the country's population is a comprehensive event, which requires the involvement of a large amount of financial resources. in this respect, this event is very valuable to society. in the conditions of shortage of financial resources, a natural question arises whether it is reasonable from the point of view of economic efficiency to spend a large amount of financial resources on arming the economic consciousness with new modern knowledge by increasing the economic literacy of all strata of the population? of course, reasonable. this is the definitive and only correct answer. because the financial resources spent on arming the economic consciousness of the population with new modern knowledge have a multiplying effect on increasing the country's economic potential and, as a result, become a reliable factor in the development of the country's economy. as a solution to the problem, we think that it is necessary to develop mechanisms to save the costs of financing the improvement of the economic literacy of the broad strata of the population. for example, to approach the financing of expenditures based on the principle of stratification of the total population of the country into certain groups depending on their role in the development of the national economy. the first group includes people who do not directly participate in the formation of the country's gdp, that is, those who are not employed in the economy. a certain part of society members (young children, unemployed, disabled, etc.) is not involved in the creation of gdp in the country, the formation of economic policy and its direct implementation. although the part of the population belonging to this category does not have the opportunity to directly influence the economic development, but it has an indirect influence on the pace of economic development. it 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is advisable to follow the policy of minimizing the costs of financing the improvement of economic literacy of the population belonging to this category. it is appropriate to include those employed in the national economy in the second group. population belonging to this category is employed in the economy and directly participates in the production of social goods. so, people belonging to this group are engaged in economic activities, creating new delicacies with consumer value. in the production process, they use valuable economic resources, tools and equipment, buildings and structures, gas, electricity and water resources. economical use of these precious resources, avoidance of excessive wastage, creation of more wealth per unit of resource largely depends on them, their attitude towards precious resources, that is, their economic knowledge, economic thinking, ability to efficiently use precious and rare resources. the policy of implementing economic literacy of the population belonging to this category in accordance with the cost of financing, at a reasonable level, will be effective. the third group should include young people studying in pre-school education, general secondary education, secondary professional and higher education institutions, doctoral studies. consistent measures should be taken to raise the economic consciousness of this category of the population to the level of the current demand based on arming it with modern knowledge. in the process of forming their economic consciousness and arming them with new modern knowledge, the main focus of education is to strengthen their cognitive economic thinking in the future. it is necessary to apply valid methods and methodologies. such methods include dialectics, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction, comparison and mathematical modeling, systematization. there is a great prospect of applying the policy of maximizing the cost of financing the economic literacy of young people belonging to this category. as a result of the low level of consumer culture, in the country, in the use of rare and priceless economic resources, in the consumption of ready-made products and services, the principles of saving are grossly violated. especially in the processes of harvesting, transporting, storing and delivering agricultural products created by the hard work of farmers, the economic literacy is not up to the level of the requirements of the time, and due to the lack of economic intuition, a large part of the delicacies produced is perishing, it is wasted like squandered wealth. social production aims to increase the well-being of the population of the country, to achieve the abundance of material and spiritual blessings, it is defined as the main goal, and it creates gross goods and gross services. if we take into account this golden rule of economic development, if we understand the necessity of consistent compliance with it, the faster we eliminate such losses caused by our ignorance, lack of economic literacy, and our ignorance, the more prosperous our life will be. the main goal of social production is not just the production of goods, but ultimately their consumption and prosperity. this is an irrefutable axiom. the second is to develop the ability to think economically in the country, especially among our youth, to develop cognitive thinking skills in the population, and most importantly, to develop effective mechanisms to turn it into a leading factor of socio-economic development. we believe that it is necessary to pay serious attention to raising the cognitive economic thinking of officials who have the opportunity to directly participate in the formation of the country's economic foundation by accelerating the rate of economic growth and improving its quality. employees of state bodies, leaders, businessmen, professors, researchers, economists, oa v employees can be included in this category. the thinking, economic thinking ability of persons belonging to this category is of decisive importance in ensuring the social and economic development of the country. they collect, process, generalize, and analyze data reflecting economic reality, determine the impact of various factors, draw theoretical and practical conclusions based on them, promote the results of economic development among the people, reveal the nature and causes of mistakes and shortcomings made in this regard, most importantly, as experts in the field, they directly participate in eliminating them, defining the directions of 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic development in the future and making appropriate decisions on their implementation, and finally, in monitoring the results of implementation. in other words, the strata of the population belonging to this category are, on the one hand, responsible for the state of the national economy, its position in the globalized world economy, the rate and quality of economic growth. on the other hand, when the situation requires, they have the opportunity to directly influence the rate of socio-economic growth of the country, or rather, to accelerate it. therefore, it is necessary to increase their material and moral responsibility for mistakes and shortcomings made at the macro and micro level, and at the same time, to create effective mechanisms of material and moral stimulation of their services in reaching high levels of development. thirdly , economic literacy is as necessary for all of us as water. because we are all consumers of treats. in society, all material and spiritual goods produced as a result of human economic activity, i.e. labor, ultimately aim to provide human consumption and satisfy his needs. a person works tirelessly and conducts economic activities in order to satisfy his vital needs. all of the human race, from the mother's unborn baby bird to the funeral of the corpse that has left the light world, is a consumer of certain material or immaterial delicacies. unfortunately, for many years, economics has focused on researching the nature of the production process, factors of its expansion, and ways to achieve it. he considered the expansion of social production as the main factor of economic development. as a result, there was a situation of backwardness and slow development of consumption theory in society, a gap in science appeared in this direction, in this regard, strong, innovative scientific ideas recognized by many people were not created. in our view, economic development is inextricably linked not only with the production of goods, but also with their consumption. because consumption is the main goal, and production is a means of achieving it. by means of high economic consciousness and thinking, the luxury saved in the process of consumption, in its essence, represents the amount of additional product created in the process of production. our people have a well-meaning proverb that comes from many years of practical experience: "until you find the world, find an account". the creative people expressed the idea that we are trying to substantiate scientifically in a short, concise and impressive way in their language. many centuries ago, the words "eat, drink, but do not waste" were written in avesta. so, our nation has not been indifferent to the extravagances allowed in the consumption process since time immemorial, and strongly condemned it. the simple formulation of our opinion on waste is as follows: it is better not to produce than to produce and destroy. because the spoilage of goods produced for consumption as a result of mistakes and defects made during the consumption process is very expensive for the society. first, the economic resources, including labor resources, spent on the production of a delicacy that does not bring profit, are wasted. secondly, delicacies that have not become a source of consumption have a negative impact on the environment and the environment. we would like to draw your attention to another important aspect of the matter. even if this is the case, it is necessary to educate and bring up young people whose economic outlook has just begun to form, in the spirit of economic efficiency and economic economy culture, to have a strong influence on their minds, and to equip them with modern economic knowledge. the economic worldview of such young people expands and deepens over time, when they become adults and become active participants of social production, it gives its multiplier effect to the society. only those people who are able to see far with a great mind, who seriously care about the future of their children and their country, do not miss such an opportunity, they form the economic worldview of young people from childhood. wastes in the consumption of human-made delicacies that are as essential to our daily lives as water, especially the inefficiencies in the use of food resources in luxury restaurants, in 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us production (production consumption) and in households (personal consumption) the role of the consumer, his economic worldview, is very important in solving problems such as the low efficiency of using precious resources such as gas, electricity, and water. in this way, we would like to emphasize once again that today's consumer culture in our country does not meet the requirements of the times, and the main cause of this problem is the narrow, weak scope of economic thinking in our people, the low level of economic literacy, and the lack of economic knowledge . we believe that the main way to solve the above-mentioned problem is to develop consumer culture among all strata of the population. in the conditions of the increasingly globalized and integrated world economy, the competitiveness of the national economy, its position in the international distribution of labor, is primarily determined by the level of development of the economic consciousness and thinking of the country's population, and the results obtained from them in practice, not on paper. fourthly , regarding the mutual cooperation of the state and the general public in accelerating the pace of economic development. as part of large scale economic reforms aimed at the fundamental improvement of the population's well-being based on the acceleration of economic development, the state is implementing a well-thought-out, commendable macroeconomic policy and consistent measures. in our opinion, this factor alone is not enough to achieve leadership in the world economy in the economic development of the country. no matter how powerful the state's macroeconomic policy is, how flawless and effective it is, it should not be surprising that its practical results are not at the expected levels. on one side of the scale of justice of economic development is always the macroeconomic policy of the state, and on the other side lies the economic consciousness and economic thinking of the people. any perfect macroeconomic policy of the state, which does not rely on the high economic consciousness and economic thinking of the people, ultimately cannot ensure the miracle of economic development in the country. without sufficient attention to the second part of the scales, the state will be weak and weak, like a commander on the battlefield. only if the strong macroeconomic policy of the state is complemented by the perfect economic consciousness and cognitive economic thinking of the general public, a synergistic effect of the scale of mutual cooperation will be created, and a real miracle of economic development will occur. we would like to try to explain in simple examples the importance and necessity of raising the economic consciousness of the general public, all strata of the population, to the level of modern requirements. a person with perfect economic consciousness, a well-developed mind, approaches economic problems in his daily life from the point of view of thrift. this is very important for the economic development of the society. for example, a person with a little knowledge of economic laws, a person with a high economic consciousness will never worry about running tap water, or, let's say, the damage coming from an electric light bulb burning in vain, the bread crumbs that fall under the feet due to the imprudence of some individuals , the cozy streets and sidewalks that have been cleaned with great effort. he will never be indifferent to littering and pollution. he strictly adheres to the golden rules of economy in his daily work, and achieves efficiency in the workplace. "it will be a lake," says our wise people. in the same way, it is inevitable that the water that is a lake will disappear. if we sum up the economic opportunities that are being wasted in our country due to the weakness of the economic consciousness and are being wasted, there is no doubt that a powerful wave will emerge from the effects of economic knowledge. if this powerful wave is coordinated with the well-thought-out macroeconomic policy of the state and moves in the same direction, the miracle of economic development that our nation dreams of will happen. 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the urgency of the problem that we would like to draw your attention to is that, regardless of age, gender, profession, employees, unemployed, minors, pensioners, disabled people, in short, in all segments of the population, the economic consciousness cannot be raised to the level of the current requirements. as long as we do not form it strictly following the principles of thrift, until we instill in everyone the ideas of effective and appropriate use of rare and unique economic resources, to take a place in the ranks of developed countries in economic development, to make uzbekistan one of the most economically powerful countries in the world our noble goals will turn into an unrealized dream, a crude fantasy. therefore, increasing the economic literacy of all layers of the country's population, raising its economic consciousness and ability to think economically to the levels of modern requirements should become one of the central links of the state's macroeconomic policy. fifth , the role of education in the development of economic consciousness and economic thinking is incomparable. the economic consciousness of a person is formed under the strong influence of many factors. these include the external economic environment, the economic situation, the individual's cognitive ability, the processes of transition from the traditional market economy to the modern market economy, the sudden changes that are occurring and expected to occur in the economy, and others. in the modern information space, the role of education in shaping economic consciousness and its development is incomparable. it is education that is an invaluable factor in the formation of economic consciousness, and therefore in achieving a prosperous life. denying this fact, not following it in daily practice, not paying enough attention to increasing economic literacy, is tantamount to condemning ourselves to backwardness, helpless life, becoming a country crawling at the last links of the caravan of economic development. the higher the level of education, knowledge, and economic literacy of a person involved in solving economic problems, the greater his contribution to the economic development of the country . but today, insufficient attention is paid to solving the problems of raising the economic consciousness of the population to the level of modern requirements. in this direction, we would like to draw your attention to some unpleasant situations that have a negative impact on the development of the economic consciousness of our youth in the field of education. in the following years, mastery of the english language was established as the main condition for admission to the master's degree program: young people applying for the master's degree must have a perfect command of the english language, that is, to have a special ielts or an equivalent certificate. did this event have a positive impact on the development of the education sector, on its quality, and on the strengthening of the thinking of our youth? it is very difficult to give a positive answer to this question without in-depth feedback. elucidating this problem with a specific example will help to shed light on the issue. let's assume that it was planned to enroll 155 graduate students in a certain higher educational institution in the current academic year, but in practice only 40 young men and women were admitted. the main reason for this situation is that applicants are required to provide a special document confirming that they have excellent knowledge of the english language. this means that if you do not know english, you are not qualified to be an economist. is it really so? we believe that it is not necessary to have a perfect knowledge of english to be a strong economist. modern technologies, in addition, experts in the field who know the english language perfectly, make it possible for a strong economist to effectively carry out external communication and professional communication in english. at the moment, it is very difficult to guarantee that an applicant who is admitted to a master's degree in economics, regardless of professional training, will develop into a strong, talented economist in the future. however, it is possible that a talented candidate with a high future potential may have failed to pass the selection procedure. from the society's point of view, the exclusion of a future strong specialist with higher education is, firstly, unfair, and secondly, a great loss for the economy. if we really want a future highly educated economist to have a perfect knowledge of the english language, it is possible to define 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the knowledge of the english language as the main condition for him not to enter the master's degree, but to graduate, that is, to receive a diploma. in it, the applicant's master's studies take place in parallel with his study of the english language. let's try to evaluate objectively, from the point of view of justice, the extent to which the result of the used measure is reasonable from the point of view of society. first, 105 students were denied the opportunity to study at the master's level because they did not have perfect or insufficient knowledge of english. second, 115 seats at the institute were left vacant, depriving the team of a large amount of net income that could have been paid for them. if we take into account that the institute has switched to self-financing, we are convinced that this event is harmful in terms of strengthening the economic position of the institute, and has a significant negative impact on its financial situation. thirdly, 115 of our young men and women were deprived of the opportunity to be employed in a very useful job for the country's development and to benefit the society as highly educated specialists with high economic consciousness. even if they enter the labor market and find another job, the problem will not find its rational solution. fourthly, the hastily implemented event without thinking ahead has a great negative impact on the rational policy aimed at improving the skills and literacy of our youth in the chosen specialty through teaching at the master's level in our country. without denying that english is of great importance for young people who have completed a master's degree in the field of economics, we would like to emphasize that, first of all, when choosing a candidate for a master's degree in this field, their economic literacy and ability to think should be the main criteria. sixth , the possibilities of developing economic thinking are endless, and we need to use it effectively. economic consciousness is the foundation and pillar of economic development, and economic thinking is the key to enriching human economic consciousness with new knowledge, new ideas, and new theories, thus raising economic consciousness to new levels. if the economic consciousness is a characteristic of all people, and people differ from each other only by the level of its development, then economic thinking, on the contrary, is a unique and rare quality that the creator has given only to some talented people. scientific literature recognizes the existence of several types and forms of thinking: legal thinking, social thinking, and others. we would like to focus our attention on economic thinking, which is very necessary and of primary importance for human existence and living, without getting into the details of their meaning and importance. a simple formula for turning economic thinking into a key factor in economic growth is as follows: to achieve socio-economic progress in order to live a prosperous life, we must work differently and better than we do today. for this, we need to think differently than before, to think in a new way, to fully understand the essence of economic processes, to widely introduce innovations, and to raise our economic consciousness to higher levels. when we carefully look at the ancient history of the economic life of human society, we are convinced of how complex and, at the same time, to what extent it has followed the path of progressive development. in the early stages of the development of society, man lived on the basis of the free gifts that nature gave him: hunting wild animals, gathering wild fruits and plants, finding shelter in caves and hills... but only human economic consciousness and economic thinking saved him from poverty and economic difficulties and led him to a peaceful life, abundance and prosperity. as a result, he separated from all the helpless, obedient living beings in nature and became its ruler, the real and complete controller of natural processes. if a person did not have the ability of economic awareness and the power of thinking that motivates its development, it would be inevitable that he, like all natural creatures, would turn into a herd of weak, helpless living creatures before the whims and cataclysms of nature. today, man has had the privilege of subduing nature, directly influencing it, and producing a large amount of various delicacies necessary for his life needs. as a result, both the water in the earth's crust and the bird flying in the sky became its prey and means of living. 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us what is the powerful force that caused these realities to happen in the course of the economic development of human society, freed man from the vortex of poverty and weakness in front of nature, and brought him to economic abundance and a prosperous life? in our opinion, this is a powerful force the ability of consciousness, perception, analysis, thinking, which was generously given to man by the creator. economic awareness and thinking is an opportunity for a prosperous life, a salvation to get rid of the sufferings of helplessness and deprivation, a factor of development for the future. on the one hand, the creator himself gave man countless underground and above-ground natural resources, that is, he created an opportunity, and on the other hand, he gifted him with a powerful weapon, namely economic consciousness and economic thinking, to use this opportunity wisely and efficiently. during the past historical period, man made good use of the conditions and opportunities given to him by the creator, with the help of his ability to think economically , he summarized practical experiences in the field of economics and raised it to high theoretical levels. as a result, the science of economics rose from the use of the simple term "economics" ("oikonomia"), invented by the greek philosopher xenophon in the 4th-3rd centuries bc, to the level of modern models of economic growth and satisfaction of human needs by keynes, neokeynesians, and neo-classicists. with the help of high economic thinking, man has gained the ability to show and observe the realities of the planet from one side of the planet to the other poles, if possible, to fly to other planets in spaceships, to create robots similar to him. however, we have stated the above not only to reveal the important role of economic thinking in bringing human life to today's heights of development, but also to emphasize the existence of its unlimited possibilities that have not yet been realized in ensuring the bright future of human society. science is a limitless factor of social and economic development of human society. today, the economic thinking achieved by a person, the material and spiritual wealth obtained in exchange for it, is not the end point of the economic development of the individual society. human economic thinking also strives for infinity, like the infinite universe. this factor will continue to have a strong influence on economic development as long as there are people and their vital needs on earth. in the future, even our rich fantasy cannot fully imagine the levels of economic development and peaceful and prosperous life it can bring to a person in the future. but today, one thing can be said without a doubt that it is a continuous process that never stops, because a person, in any difficult situation, is looking for effective solutions to the most complex and extraordinary economic problem that life has put before him. his high economic thinking is a reliable support for this. in conclusion, at the current stage of the development of the human society, the achievements of the western countries, which are leading the world economy, are absorbing countless wealth at the expense of economically less developed and economically backward countries, in exchange for the effective use of rare economic resources, are determined by their effective use of the unlimited possibilities of their economic thinking. therefore, turning new uzbekistan into one of the most economically developed powerful countries of the world, conquering the highest peaks of economic development, is primarily related to gaining an advantage in the race of economic thinking to effectively use the unlimited possibilities of economic thinking that is currently taking place between countries. and it depends on ourselves, only on ourselves, on expanding economic knowledge and skills in our minds, on our ability to turn the huge potential of economic thinking into a leading factor of economic development, and our ability to fully mobilize . the role of economic thinking in human life can be explained by the example of an individual. for example, being left alone on an island by fate, meeting his basic needs in difficult economic conditions with his intelligence and saving his life is a practical result of the strong economic thinking embodied in robinson crusoe. it was his strong economic thinking that saved him from the clutches of death that threatened him, thereby showing that he was a man of superior 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic thinking. in the period before the shipwreck, crusoe relied on the economic knowledge and skills formed in his mind, developed it creatively, and found a way to meet his needs and get out of the disastrous economic situation. on a deserted island, he fought for his life with the help of cognitive economic thinking, he made a living by planting and cultivating wheat and milking goats. if robinson crusoe did not have pre-formed economic knowledge and life experience reflected in his mind, if he did not have the economic ability to adapt this knowledge to the complex situation that arose, and raise it to completely new levels, it was inevitable that he would have said goodbye to life. conclusions and suggestions. as a solution to this urgent problem, we propose to announce a mobilization under the slogan "economic literacy is the main factor of economic growth" aimed at improving the economic thinking of the population in our country, making it the main factor of development. based on their role and capabilities in accelerating economic development, effective measures to expand the range of economic thinking and mechanisms for their implementation should be developed for all sections of the population. it is desirable to create a system of differentiated indicators for assessing the level of economic knowledge and skills of those employed in the economy, and the level of economic thinking. in addition, effective mechanisms for encouraging the achievements of workers in improving their economic knowledge, their enthusiasm and initiatives, and at the same time, increasing their responsibility for their mistakes and shortcomings should be found. otherwise, it is inevitable that our noble goals and aspirations to live richly in abundance will not come true. in short, if we want to take a worthy place among the developed countries and live richly in abundance like their people, firstly, in our lives, we must understand the necessity and necessity of making effective use of the unlimited possibilities of economic consciousness and economic thinking, and secondly, in their unlimited possibilities we must use it effectively. only then, the countless economic resources that nature (rich natural resources) and society (rich cultural heritage) have generously given us will increase the economic power of our country, increase our wages, fill our tables with economic delicacies, and become a powerful factor for living a rich and prosperous life. today, due to the fact that our economic consciousness and thinking lag behind the demands of the times, we are not able to use the precious resources efficiently, and the fact that we are living below our economic means is a consequence of it. references 1. m.m. mukhammedov, m.q. pardaev. what do we know about economic consciousness and economic thinking? samarkand, samisi, 2024. 44 pages. 2. m.m. mukhammedov, m.q. pardaev. economic awareness, economic thinking, economic literacy. are the financial resources spent on these justified? internet resource: https://zarnews.uz/post/. 3. a.s. lukyanov. mezhpokolennye osobennosti ekonomicheskogo soznaniya: teoretichesky analyz problemy. vestnik severo-kavkazskogo federalnogo universiteta. 2014, no. 3(42), pp. 277-280. 4. v. a. abramova. information-communication factor formation of economic consciousness. diss. nor sois. uchonoy stepi cand. political science. moscow, 2009, 175 pages. 5. economic thinking and economic thinking: reliability, problems and interactions. internet resource: https://referat.yabotanik.ru/. 6. b. ataniyazov. a product of higher consciousness and thinking. internet resource: https://zamaxshariy.uz/594/ 729 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 basics of life insurance development. construction of life continuity functions khamroeva dilsuz yakhoevna phd student of the faculty of economics of the national university of uzbekistan, lecturer of turon zarmed university. email: mohlaroyim261218@gmail.com annotation: in this study, protection against unpredictable accidents that occur on the basis of insurance activity planning, reduction of losses from these events, the role of life insurance in the insurance market, table of life expectancy and the necessity of constructing life expectancy functions has been studied. keywords: life insurance, long term and short term life insurance, rent, gdp, gnp, actuarial mathematics, life expectancy curves. introduction. today, in our country, it is necessary to further develop the financial market, expand the scope of coverage of the population with quality financial services, support the activities of insurance organizations, create favorable conditions for protecting the rights and legal interests of consumers in this area, as well as , measures to expand insurance types and increase consumer confidence in insurance, thereby increasing insurance income, are being implemented consistently. as you know, insurance of investments, cash, property, life etc. is a common practice all over the world. the global cataclysms and crises of the last 10-15 years have shown how dangerous this business is and how important this sector is in the social sphere (social security, security, etc.). actuarial science studies insurance and its mathematical and theoretical foundations are classified as actuarial mathematics. one of the main tasks of actuarial mathematics is to establish the optimal ratio between the insurance premium (the money the policyholder pays to the insurance company) and the payment (the money the company pays when a certain insured event occurs). of particular interest is the part of insurance called "personal insurance". this type of insurance includes health and life insurance. in calculations related to life insurance, as well as in the formation and modeling of insurance and pension schemes, actuaries widely use tables called life tables (tle-life expectancy tables). for example, using the table, it is possible to determine what reserve the insurance company should have when insuring a homogeneous group of people aged 25-55. an important feature of simple tables is that tle is compiled as a range of whole values of human age. this, in turn, causes certain inconveniences in actuarial calculations. first, these tables have a large size with many parameters. secondly, tle does not have the possibility to be used directly in calculations related to non-integer values of a person's age. for this reason, it is important to construct lifetime functions. literature analysis and methodology. a number of conditions have been presented regarding the importance and necessity of finding a http://www/ mailto:mohlaroyim261218@gmail.com 730 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us simple analytical formula to describe population mortality [2]. the main points in this regard are as follows: 1) like many physical phenomena described by simple formulas, there are several biological arguments in favor of the existence of analytical laws for the process of population extinction; 2) from a practical point of view, it is more convenient to work with a function with several parameters than to deal with tles that are large in size; 3) it is often easier to reconstruct the lifetime function if there are assumptions about its parameters than to construct the tle. thus, it is natural to consider the problem of finding an adequate analytical law of mortality that fits the data observed in reality. however, when solving such problems, researchers usually follow the following general principles [4]: 1) the principle of theoretical validity. finding an equation that has theoretical foundations, i.e. connections arising from various theoretical concepts. 2) the principle of universality. the desire to define a general function that applies to the widest range of natural phenomena. in accordance with this principle, the general laws of life span distribution, which apply to various organisms, including humans, are of particular importance. 3) the principle of sufficient approximation with the least number of parameters. the formula that meets this principle gives the most compact view of the data, which allows to restore the distribution with a minimum number of observations. 4) the principle of local description. if the proposed law of distribution of life expectancy is valid only for a limited age range, this is not yet a reason for a critical attitude towards it. the limited application of a law does not show that it is wrong, only that it is a special case of another, more general and as yet unknown law. life expectancy curves the uncertainty or unpredictability of death, illness, or accident is not only a major risk factor but also a source of randomness in life insurance. it allows the use of random events, quantities, processes in mathematical analysis of various aspects of life, health, car insurance, etc. at the same time, the creation of an adequate theory of life insurance should begin with the development of a system of concepts and quantification, which allows making objective conclusions about life expectancy. the main conclusion here is as follows, it is difficult to say anything definite about the death of a person, as a rule. however, if we consider a sufficiently large homogeneous group of people without being interested in the fate of individual people in this group, we are within probability theory as the science of mass random events with the property of frequency stability (for example, normal or poisson distribution laws approach etc.). therefore, using the terminology of probability theory, the life expectancy x is entered as a random variable a random variable. let xdenote the life expectancy with p(x>0)=1. distribution function for x tm describing the complete characteristic, nature of x tm f(x)=p(x≤x) (1) let it be in actuarial mathematics, it is common to consider a function that complements (1) and is called the survival function: 𝑆(𝑥)=p(x>x)=1-f(x). this is the probability that a person will live to (maturity) x years. the life expectancy function as an additional function to the distribution function of x has the following characteristic properties: 1) 𝑆(𝑥) is not increasing and ;0 ≤ 𝑆(𝑥) ≤ 1 http://www/ 731 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2) 𝑆(0)=1, 𝑆(+∞)=0; 3) 𝑆(𝑥) continuous from the right. however, for the actual process of death, properties 1) and 3) are slightly modified. in fact, the function of life duration must strictly decrease, otherwise there will be a certain period in a person's life, for example, dx=xi-x , he will not die. besides, 𝑆(𝑥) must be continuous, otherwise in human life it will be the instant of death x0 with non-zero probability: dr=s(x0-)-s(x ), 𝑆(𝑥0−) = lim 𝑥→𝑥0− 𝑆(𝑥), 𝑆(𝑥0) = lim 𝑥→𝑥0+ 𝑆(𝑥). also, since x has a limited real life span, it is usually assumed to be finite at age a (as a rule, a=100, 120 years), so 𝑆(𝑥) x>a for s(x)=0. the lifetime s(x) has a simple statistical meaning. it is equal to the average percentage of a certain constant group of newborns who survive to the age of x [6]. according to the general property of probability theory, according to the stochastic nature of a continuous random variable, its density is . 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹′(𝑥) = −𝑆′(𝑥) the intensity of death (life expectancy) is determined as follows: 𝜇𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) 1−𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆(𝑥) = −𝑑ln(𝑆(𝑥)). obviously, it has the following properties [7]: 1)𝜇𝑥 ≥ 0 2).∫ 𝜇𝑢du=+∞ ∞ 0 together, these functions are commonly referred to as the mortality (life expectancy) curve. since mortality curves provide a general description of the decline of a given group of observations in a population, great importance is attached to finding an adequate model [6]. these types of curves are hypothesized based on demographic hypotheses. some analytical laws of death have been studied in several works, 𝑆(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 𝛼 de moivre model (1729) 𝑆(𝑥) = exp[−𝐵(𝑒𝛼𝑥 − 1 ) 𝛼⁄ ]gomperts model (1825) 𝑆(𝑥) = exp[−ax − 𝐵(𝑒𝛼𝑥 − 1 ) 𝛼⁄ ] makeham model (1860) 𝑆(𝑥) = exp[−ax − hx2 2⁄ − 𝐵(𝑒𝛼𝑥 − 1 ) 𝛼⁄ ] makeham model 2 𝑆(𝑥) = exp[− kx𝛽 (⁄ 𝛽)]weibull model 𝑆(𝑥) = exp[−(𝑥 𝛼⁄ )𝛽(𝑥) − veon modeli (2003) life expectancy functions have been proposed in various forms by perks (perks, 1932), beard (beard, 1959-71), vaupel (vaupel et al., 1979), bras (le bras, 1976) and cannisto (cannisto, 1992). proposed models [1]. discussion and results. we model the distribution of random variable life expectancy x on the basis of life expectancy tables compiled for the general population of uzbekistan (men and women). in this case, it is taken as a=100. in cases where it is a constant and a function of time, the parameter b is considered separately. http://www/ 732 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the first case, 𝛽≈0.445. if is a function of time, then the corresponding curve is: 𝛽 𝛽𝑛(𝑥) = -0.00000029𝑥5 + 0.0000674𝑥4-0.00516𝑥3 + 0.1674𝑥2-2.197𝑥 + 12.09 𝑥 + 7.45923 where are the corresponding coefficients of the rational polynomial 𝛽𝑛(𝑥) found by the method of least squares. a joint representation of the corresponding analytical model and the empirical distribution functions of the observations is as follows (figure 1). figure 1. joint plot of the constructed model and empirical life expectancy distribution function. figure 2. combined observation histogram and model density plot. conclusion. actuarial-friendly life expectancy functions provide solutions to a wide range of problems in life insurance calculations. this is much more convenient than life duration tables. tle cannot be used http://www/ 733 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us directly in calculations involving non-integer values of a person's age. for this reason, it is important to construct lifetime functions. through the above results, it is possible to use this model not only in economics and mathematics, but also in demography and biology. life expectancy curves are of great importance in finding an adequate model, as they provide a general description of the decline of a given set of population observations. list of references 1. bowers n., gerber h., hickman j., jones d., nesbit c. actuarial mathematics. -itasca, il: the society of actuaries, 1986, -624p 2. devroy l., dorfi l. non-parametric plotting. l1-podkhod. m.: "mir",1988., -408 str. 3. slud ev actuarial mathematics and life-table statistics. internet ebook 4. . borovkov a.a. the theory is probable. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. m.: "nauka".1986 g., -432 str. 5. gavrilov l.a., gavrilova n.s. biology prodolzhitelnosti jizni. 2-e izd. m.: "nauka",1991., 280 str. 6. gerber h. mathematics strashovaniya jizni. m.: "mir",1995 g., -154 str. 7. kasimov yu.f. introduction to actuarial mathematics. strakhovanie jizni i pensionnyx scheme. m.: "ankil",2001., -172 str. 8. abdushukurov a., hamidov r. on a new model of mortality. proceed. of annual world conf. "financial and actuarial mathematics". krasnoyarsk: kstei, p.3, 2009. 9. kendall m. dj, stuart a. the theory is raspredeleny. m.: "nauka",1966 g., -587 str. http://www/ 162 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 about nasiruddin tusi's life, work and teachers nafisa mansurovna qushshayeva the doctor (phd) of the bukhara state university, m. ikbol, 11, bukhara, uzbekistan abstract from time immemorial, knowledge and enlightenment are considered to be the qualities and virtues that glorify a person, and the role and work of the teachers who taught him the knowledge that taught him in the path of life of every thinking scientist is considered worthy of praise. nasiruddin tusi was born in tus in 1201 in the family of sheikh vajhiddin ibn hasan, known as firuzshah jehrudi. tusi, who received his initial education from his father muhammad ibn hasan, surprised teachers and people of knowledge with his talent. nasiriddin tusi, distinguished by his unique ability, later studied with farididdin damadin. he learned the knowledge of sharia from his father, and his initial education from the mathematician and logician nasiruddin muhammad shai, and the sciences of fiqh, hadith and geometry from nasriddin abdullah bin hamza. nasriddin abdallah ibn hamza, who was busy teaching subtle and gentle aspects of islam, named his favorite student "nasiruddin" the arabic word means defender of religion, helper of religion. the article describes the results of research on tusi's life, work, and the teachers he studied with. keywords: sufism, philosophy, life, creativity, treatise. . introduction following his father's instructions and will, nasiruddin tusi continues to study. in order to acquire knowledge, tusi went first to nishapur, then to ray, and from there to the city of qom. he was busy learning all the sciences of his time. he received philosophical knowledge from shamsiddin khusravshah and asiraddin abhari, and the knowledge of wisdom, logic and theory of perception from the famous peripatetic philosopher bahmanyar ibn marzband. the high level of knowledge that nasiruddin tusi received in nishapur was the main reason for his further activities in the field of science, his travels, i.e. qum, isfahan and from there he went to iraq. muinaddin salim al-misri al-mazani ibn badrani received a testimony in 1223 from a famous scholar of hadith, which is confirmed in historical sources. iranian scholar mohammad zanjani tusi lists the scholars he studied as follows: 1. wajhiddin muhammad bin al-hasan al-tusi. 2. ziyauddin abu reza fazlullah bin ali bin abdullah bin al-hasan ar-rovandi al-koshani. 163 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. sayyid murtaza ilmul-khuda. 4. kamoliddin bin yunus musuli 5. salim bin badran al-misiri al-mazani. 6. sheikh burkhaniddin al-hamadani al-qazvini. 7. qutbuddin al-misiri. 8. haja abdusaodat isfahani. 9. fariduddin damad nishapuri. 10. sayyid sadriddin ali bin nasr hosseini serakhsi. in 1230, tusi started a family in qain, south khorasan province, and after living there for a few months, he and his family were called to kokhistan to the presence of nasriddin abdurrahman ibn abu mansur muhtashami, the leader of the ismailis. the leader of the ismailis asks tusi to write a work on ethics in his palace. this desire was actually the beginning of the great scientist's twenty-six years of asceticism. nasiruddin tusi spends twenty-six years of his life under the control of the ismailis, and twenty-two years of his life in prison in the fortress "alamut", which is the main strategic object of the ismailis. the main reason for his imprisonment was that he secretly wrote a letter to the abbasid caliph in which he complained about the ismaili sect to the caliph of baghdad. tusi's hatred towards the ismaili sect was caused by his relationship with the governor of kohistan, abulfath abu shahobuddin, writing a hymn to the abbasid caliph mut'asim (12421258), and complaining about the arbitrary actions of the ismailis, which caused him to be kept in prison by the ismailis in alamut. the ismailis, who were directly interested in the field of astronomy, decided not to kill nasir al-din tusi, taking into account his knowledge, his unique intelligence, and his unique foresight. the presence of one of the most magnificent and luxurious libraries of this period in alamut castle, the scientific environment here helped the philosopher to develop his scientific activity. 2. main part the rule of the ismaili state came to an end as a result of the fierce and destructive campaigns of the mongols, which began at the beginning of the 13th century. in fact, khulagukhan nasiruddin tusi, who put an end to the existence of this terrorist organization, which became an enemy of islam, in 1256, freed tusi from twenty-six years (1230-1256). the thinker followed khulagukhan's call and desire and became his advisor and assistant. allama, who played a major role in the surrender of the ismailis to khulagu khan without bloodshed, had great authority and influence next to the mongol elkhani. following his instructions, khulagu khan occupied baghdad. after this incident, the philosopher, who gained the trust of the khan, received approval for the construction of the maroga observatory. scientists from arab countries, india, china, mongolia, and europe were engaged in scientific research in the observatory, which became a center of science in the eastern world based on the extensive work of nasiruddin tusi, and created their works related to various fields of science. tusi was actively involved not only in scientific activities, but also in the social and political life of his time. philosopher khulagu khan, his son abaq khan (1265-1282), who took over the power after his death (1265), appointed nasiruddin tusi as his minister, being loyal to his father. the philosopher, who spent the rest of his life as a minister, diligently performed two heavy and responsible duties, both as the scientific head of the observatory and as the palace minister, for about fifteen years. 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us following his father's instructions and will, nasiruddin tusi continues to study. tusi first went to nishapur, then to rai, and from there to the city of qum to study. he was one of the famous scientists and philosophers of his time. he was engaged in studying almost all the sciences of his time. he received philosophical knowledge from shamsuddin khusrawsho and asiruddin abhari, and the knowledge of wisdom, logic and the theory of perception from the famous peripatetic philosopher bahmaner ibn marzband. the iranian scientist mohammad zanjani tusi lists the scholars he studied in detail: 1. wazhiddin muhammad bin al-hasan al-tusi. 2. ziyauddin abu reza fazlullah bin ali bin abdullah bin al-hasan ar-rovandi al-koshani. 3. sayyid murtaza ilmul-khudo. 4. kamoliddin bin yunus musuli 5. salim bin badran al-misiri al-mazani. 6. sheikh burkhoniddin al-hamadani al-qazvini. 7. qutbuddin al-misiri. 8. lady abdusaodat isfakhani. 9. fariduddin damad nishopuri. 10. sayyid sadriddin ali bin nasr hosseini serakhsi. in 1230, tusi started a family in the town of kain in zhanubi khurasan region, and after living there for a few months, together with his family, he was invited to kugiston to visit nasriddin abduramon ibn abu mansur mutashami, the leader of the ismailis. the leader of the ismailis asks tusi to write a work on ethics in his palace. this desire was actually the beginning of the great scientist's twenty-six years of asceticism. nasiruddin tusi spent twenty-six years of his life under the control of the ismailis, and twenty-two years of his life in prison in the fortress "alamut", which was the main strategic object of the ismailis. the main reason for his imprisonment was that he secretly wrote a letter to the abbasid caliph in which he complained about the ismaili faction to the caliph of baghdad. tusi's contempt for the ismaili sect, his contact with khistan governor abulfath abu shakhobuddin, writing a hymn to the abbasid caliph mutasim (1242-1258) and complaining about the arbitrary actions of the ismailis caused him to be kept in prison by the ismailis in alamut. the ismailis, who attach great importance and are directly interested in the field of astronomy, take into account the knowledge of nasiruddin tusi, the fact that he has a noob mind and has a unique ability to see far, and they decide not to kill him. the establishment of one of the most magnificent and luxurious libraries of this period in the alamut fortress, the scientific environment here allowed the philosopher to develop his scientific activity. understanding that philosophy consists of theoretical and practical activities, tusi divides this field of science into theoretical and practical parts. in fact, such a classification has ontological foundations. perhaps tusi, who understood philosophy to be a science that reveals the essences of all beings, classifies this science according to the parts of beings. theoretical philosophy is based on metaphysics, mathematics and natural sciences. here, before each field of science, there are several parts of science. the sciences of theology and philosophy are the branches of science that form the foundations of the science of metaphysics. as we can see, the classification of sciences given by nasiruddin tusi is close to the classification of sciences by aristotle and ibn sina. tusi's predecessor, miskaveikh, followed this classification. it is significant that philosopher tusiin even called metaphysics "divine science" in his treatise "aqsam al-hikmat" (fields of philosophy) under the influence of ibn sina's work "aqsam 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us al-ulum al-aqliyya". because, in this field of knowledge, tusi turns the proof of the existence and unity of god, the proof of spiritual substances, the system of possible beings and their relation to the absolute being (god) and other topics into the object of discussion. tusi's classification of the science of metaphysics can be seen in his work entitled "tajrid al-e'tiqad", which is considered the main work on the philosophical word. 3. conclusion when it comes to practical philosophy, tusi divides this field of philosophy into such parts as moral education, family and political philosophy. his philosophical views related to these three areas are reflected in "ethics of nasiri". in conclusion, it should be noted that nasiriddin tusi is an encyclopedic and encyclopedic scholar who has created several works on the social sphere, musicology, mineralogy and medicine. he is always a personality with an open outlook, deep knowledge and thinking. according to nasiruddin tusi's worldview, scientific knowledge is the way to make people happy. to reach this level, people must have wide and deep scientific creativity. tusiyni himself was considered a role model in this field. references 1. abdulamir al-asam. al-faylasuf nasiruddin al-tusi. beirut, 1980. b. 23. 2. islamic encyclopedia (meb), istanbul, 1988, c.12, p.130 3. anar gafarov. life dedicated to science. nasiruddin tusi. ankara: gecha kitabligi yayinlar, 2017. b. 7. 4. demirkol murat. tusi's ibn sina soap. ankara, 2010, p.15 5. muhammad zanjani. headmaster, sarguzasht-i and aqeed-i philosophy khoja nasriddin tusi. tehran. 1379. b. 29-35. 6. bernard lewis. alamut castle. translator: müberra guney. istanbul: melisa printing house, 2012. – b 48. 7. vospitanie i obuchenie s tochki zreniya musulmanskikh mysliteley. volume 2. moscow: fond issledovaniy islamskoy kultury, 2018. s. 18. 8. hoshimovich, qodirov d. "the period in which ghazali lived: the socio-political situation and the spiritual environment." international journal on integrated education, vol. 3, no. 9, 2020, pp. 108-111, doi:10.31149/ijie.v3i9.597. 9. ghazali, q.d., 2020. descartes: modern philosophical development of thinking. scientific bulletin of namangan state university, (10), pp.256-260. 10. kadirov, davronbek. "“al-mavahib us-sarmadia” and the sources given in it concerning the nakshbandi tarikah." the light of islam 2020.1 (2020): 1826. 11. kodirov davronbek hoshimovich. (2021). spiritual-mental researches of abu hamid ghazali. european journal of research development and sustainability, 2(2), 7375. retrieved from https://scholarzest.com/index.php/ejrds/article/view/272 12. hoshimovich, k.d., 2021. ibn khaldun’s legacy and views. &quot; onlineconferences&quot; platform, 75–77. 13. davronbek, k., 2021. theory of knowledge in the tretise of al-gazali “alkistasu-lmustakim”(right scales). the light of islam, 2021(3), pp.15-22. 14. hoshimovich k. d. the problem of self-knowledge in abu hamid ghazali //scientific bulletin of namangan state university. – 2021. – №. 9. – с. 244-252. 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. khoshimovich, k.d., 2021. the philosophical foundations of ghazali’s mystical views. international journal of culture and modernity, 6, pp.38-41. 16. kodirov, davronbek hoshimovich (2023) scientific and philosophical heritage of abulkasim qushayri. international journal on integrated education, 6 (1). pp. 92-97. issn 2620-3502 17. hoshimovich, k. d. (2023). abul qasim qushayri and cultural life in the khalifat. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 4(4), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/8qhtz 18. kodirov davronbek hoshimovich. (2023). religious, scientific and philosophical works of abulqasim qushayri. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(6), 232–234. retrieved from http://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/718 130 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 advantages of competitive forces kholboev umid kholboevich teacher of the samarkand, institute of economics and service abstract: competition is a factor that positively affects the level of innovation and production in the economy. managing the level of competition allows to increase the income and productivity of economic subjects. keywords: production scale, service differentiation, market leadership. competition in an industry is determined by four main forces, i.e. factors. let's take a look at these below: 1. seller's market rule ; 2. of the consumer market rule ; 3. new participants come in to arrive danger ; 4. place clicker of services appear and die risk the purpose of competitive management is for the company to find and occupy a position in the field that is more protected from the influence of such forces, or to be able to influence them on its own. competitive forces with greater influence will determine the profitability of the industry, and therefore will be important in formulating a clear competitive strategy. even companies that occupy a leading position in the field are not insured against the entry of new competitors, the emergence of better quality or less expensive substitute services, and the loss of profits. different forces in action undoubtedly play an important role in shaping competition in every industry. any industry has its own unique structure or is a collection of economic and technical bases that serve as a source of growth of competitive forces. in order to have a successful place in the industrial environment, it is necessary to create an idea about the factors that form this industrial environment when developing a strategy. the extent to which the risk of the emergence of new competitors in the market is considered serious depends on the existence of barriers to entry and influence of existing competitors. there are four criteria that create barriers to entry: 1. proven economy with increased production scale; 2. of services differentiation ; 3. to capital has been need 4. relatively high has been expenses . right now of the field keyed structure as curve experience concept wide my uncle q hanging on q . this is it to the concept according to q 131 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in most manufacturing industries, unit costs decrease with "experience" in the service sector, or with the increase in the volume of production in individual companies. cost reduction creates a barrier to the entry of competitors, because the cost of producing the services of new competitors is higher than that of the manufacturer with a large market share due to the lack of "experience". thus, new entrants face serious challenges as a result of competing with existing competitors. proponents of the concept of experience curve emphasize the importance of achieving the protection of leadership (leadership) position in the market, and to solve these tasks, they recommend such aggressive policies, such as price reductions, which are based on cost reduction in order to increase market share. cutting costs while improving experience is not new to most companies in the industry. the experience curve for the strategy depends on which factors are used to decrease the price. if the reduction in costs is caused by the growth of the company's production due to the use of production equipment and vertical integration, then the amount of growth in production does not depend on the relative costs of the producer. in this regard, the lowest price can be offered by a manufacturer with high and effective means. potential competitor is an " experienced " competitor efficient to be can if it is new equipment if installed , then to the market come in to go alo h ida in the process to one t o ' s q inliks does not occur . so in advance without large capital investments too , new or relatively experienced competitors now at the lowest prices new equipment and technologies to the bird inputs can one of the important advantages of the market economy in general is that it is based on competition. without competition, the economy will not develop. competition is inherent in all aspects of human society. human interests are at the center of the competition , regardless of the front . man is created to think about himself and his interests. everyone strives to manifest their potential, to live a prosperous life, to gain respect among people (such as). as the basis of human society's life is economic activity, it means that competition in economic spheres plays a major role in society's life. reference 1. siddikov askar akhrorovich "opportunities for the development of agrotourism on the basis of attracting foreign investment", academicia globe : interscience research issn: 27761010 volume 2, issue 5, may, 2021. 2. siddikov askar ahrorovich "the impact of digital technologies on educational performance ", intersections of faith and culture: american journal of religious and cultural studies volume 01, issue 03, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2599. 3. siddkov aa " in the enterprise management methods application ” , journal of marketing, business and management issn (e): 2181-3000 vol. 2 issue 5 september 2023. 4. siddikov askar ahrorovich . "the process of forming and implementing an innovative development strategy for the catering industry". spanish journal of innovation and integrity 19 (june):44-46. http://sjii.indexedresearch.org/index.php/sjii/article/view/878. 179 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 discussion issues of legal regulation of labor of persons working part-time khojabekov muftulla jolmurza ugli senior lecturer at the department of labor law tashkent state university of law muftulla_khojabekov@mail.ru +998907275767 abstract the article examines the legislative regulation and law enforcement practice of part-time work in uzbekistan. this article pays great attention to the legal features of part-time work, in particular the concept of part-time work, the definition of the legal status of part-time workers, the specifics of their hiring, rationing and remuneration, provision of guarantees and compensation, as well as termination of employment relations with this category of employees. the author analyzes various approaches to part-time work in the science of labor law and in practice. in the course of studying part-time work, the author used a number of methods, as well as practical experience from labor relations between employee and employer. keywords: part-time work, maximum working hours for part-time workers, features of remuneration for part-time workers, payment of temporary disability benefits. introduction the labor legislation of the republic of uzbekistan pursues such tasks as creating the necessary legal conditions to achieve optimal coordination of the interests of the parties to labor relations, the interests of the state, as well as the legal regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them. currently, most of the population is interested in finding another additional job. such work at several enterprises is part-time work. in accordance with band 2 of the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan “on approval of the regulations on the procedure for part-time work and combination of professions and positions” (here in after referred to as the regulations on part-time jobs), parttime work should be understood as other paid work performed by an employee, in addition to his main job, under the terms of an employment contract, in his free time from his main job. thus, a person who worked part-time has at least two employment contracts: one for the main job, the other for part-time work [1. p.20]. mailto:muftulla_khojabekov@mail.ru 180 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with the adoption of these regulations, a procedure has been established for regulating labor relations between an employer and a part-time worker in accordance with an employment contract at enterprises, institutions, and organizations of all forms of ownership (here in after referred to as the organization). the possibility of part-time work provided for in labor legislation is the implementation of the right of everyone enshrined in article 42 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan to decent work, to free choice of profession and type of activity, favorable working conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements, to fair remuneration for work without any there was no discrimination and not lower than the established minimum wage, as well as protection from unemployment in the manner prescribed by law [2. c.11]. an employment contract for part-time work can be concluded by an employee with the same or another employer, but it must indicate that the work performed by the employee is part-time. consequently, the condition of part-time work is an additional provision of the employment contract concluded with the employee to perform other work. [3. p.311]. there are internal and external part-time jobs. clause 5 of the regulations stipulates that part-time work is allowed at the main place of work (internal part-time work) or in another organization (external part-time work), unless otherwise provided by these regulations. [4. c.3]. in case of internal part-time work, it is necessary to conclude another employment contract and perform work only in a different specialty, profession or position than the main job, with the exception of cases where the law provides for the possibility of part-time work in the same profession, position, specialty medical and teaching workers. external part-time work is working under an employment contract with another employer. work can be performed in any specialty or position, including the one in which the employee works at his main job, in his free time from his main job, with the obligatory conclusion of an employment contract. when hiring an external part-time employee and concluding an employment contract, the employer is obliged to demand, and the employee is obliged to present to the employer, a number of documents that are listed in art. 124 labor code. 1. paragraph 4 of the regulations contains a ban on part-time work for certain categories of citizens. however, in art. 433 of the labor code provides for a ban on part-time work for persons under the age of eighteen in jobs with unfavorable working conditions, if the main job of the part-time worker is related to the same conditions. analysis of this norm shows its contradiction with paragraph 4 of the regulations on part-time work. of course, to resolve this legal conflict, you should contact the law of ukraine “on regulatory legal acts”. this law contains a list of normative legal acts that are established in hierarchy, and determines the superiority of laws (and codes equivalent to them) over the resolutions of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan [5. c.8]. in this regard, the question arises: “why, since the new labor code was adopted, have all previously adopted legal acts not been brought into compliance with it?” to be fair, it is worth noting that in the regulations on part-time employment, the list of persons for whom the law prohibits part-time work was drawn up much better than in the code. 2. another omission in the harmonization of regulations can be seen in paragraph 7 of the regulations on part-time work, which allows employees of the healthcare system only to work at two rates. however, in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on additional measures for the further development of the 181 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sphere of culture and art” dated 02.02.2022 no. pp-112, teachers in the subject “music” who have the skills to play at least three national musical instruments, it is also allowed to work at two rates [6. c.4]. in order to avoid disputes between the employee and the employer on the issue of providing documents required for employment for part-time work, it seems necessary to bring paragraph 6 of the regulations into line with article 434 of the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan, since the latter contains additional documents. 3. part one of article 437 of the labor code allows for double interpretation and can lead citizens astray. nevertheless, among “labor specialists” this norm is understood as the right of an employee to enter into several part-time employment contracts (including with the same employer), provided that the total duration cannot be more than half the standard working time. however, in order to comply with the principle of maximum clarity and conciseness in the formulation of legislative norms, part one of article 437 of the labor code is proposed to be stated as follows: “the duration of working hours when working part-time should not exceed four hours a day, except in cases provided for by law.” 4. as we have previously noted, part-time work allows citizens to improve their level of financial situation. in this regard, the question arises whether it is possible and what negative consequences it may have to grant citizens on leave without pay the right to part-time work full time. it should be noted that part-time work means that an employee, in addition to his main job, performs other paid work under the terms of an employment contract, in his free time from his main job. a detailed analysis of the definition of part-time work suggests that such work can be performed in free time from the main job. in theory, given that the employee is on leave without pay, this means that he is free from his main job throughout this entire period. therefore, it is permissible to allow the employee to work part-time at full time throughout the entire vacation period without pay. however, the practical implementation of this right gives rise to a number of difficulties in registration, in particular when registering such agreements in the unst. in this regard, we believe that until this issue is resolved at the legislative level, allowing employees to work full time while on vacation without pay appears to be illegal. 5. transformation of part-time work into the main job. it is not uncommon in practice for an employment contract to be terminated with part-time workers, after which the further fate of the contract for the second place of work becomes relevant [7. p.82]. it is a mistake to think that upon termination of the employment contract at the main place of the part-time worker, the contract at the second place of work will automatically become the main one. as you know, when concluding an employment contract, the parties need to clarify the type of employment (main job or part-time job). in other words, all terms and main points of the contract must be agreed upon by the parties [8. p.554]. consequently, there can be no talk of any automatic transformation of the part-time contract. the transformation of a part-time employment contract into the main place of work must be carried out in strict accordance with art. 136 of the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan. 6. another difference also occurs when sending an employee on a business trip within and outside of uzbekistan. 182 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us during an internal business trip, persons combining professions and internal part-time workers are guaranteed to maintain their average monthly salary, while for external part-time workers, such a business trip can harm their income. it is known that in august 2022, a new regulation on business trips within the republic of uzbekistan was adopted. in accordance with paragraph 12 of this regulation, the employee’s business trip is carried out by reaching an agreement between employers. however, the employee’s average monthly salary is retained only at his main place of work [9. p.57]. the main regulator of business trips for employees outside of uzbekistan is the regulations on the procedure for issuing funds for travel expenses when traveling on business trips of employees of ministries, departments, enterprises and organizations outside the republic of uzbekistan. however, although this regulation does not contain a special rule regarding maintaining the salary of a part-time worker when he is sent on a business trip outside of uzbekistan, we can conclude that the condition of the part-time worker will not change in any way compared to an internal business trip. the current state of external part-time workers compared to internal ones is quite difficult, given that only internal part-time workers do not have to worry about maintaining wages when sent on a business trip. in other words, when going on a business trip, the only thing an external part-time worker can count on is maintaining the average monthly salary in the organization that sent him. in this regard, it is worth carefully studying this issue from the point of view of both the employee and the employer. if we start from the position of an external part-time worker, then we must take into account that he has entered into a separate employment contract, therefore, in theory, he should have all the rights that the main employees have. thus, it seems appropriate to introduce a norm into labor legislation that guarantees external part-time workers the preservation of the average monthly salary both at the main place of work and at the part-time place when sent on a business trip. however, this is just a guess. but on the other hand, the position of the employer must also be taken into account. because, maintaining the average monthly salary for an employee who was sent on a business trip in the interests of the employer at the main place of work looks unfair to the employer at the part-time place. labor legislation grants part-time workers the right to receive unemployment benefits, and women, in addition, maternity benefits [10. s.1]. when considering the issue of paying benefits to part-time workers, it is necessary to study both internal and external part-time work. in case of internal part-time work, it is enough for the employee to receive one certificate of incapacity for work and provide it to the employer. in the situation with an external part-time worker it looks a little different. if the procedure is identical, he must receive a sheet and provide a certified copy of the certificate of incapacity for work issued by the health care institution. the employer is obliged to pay sick leave to a part-time worker. therefore, employees working part-time in an organization have the full right to receive temporary disability benefits. as we noted earlier, women working part-time are entitled to receive not only disability benefits, but also maternity benefits. this benefit is paid when a part-time employee receives maternity leave. therefore, first it is necessary to clarify the procedure for granting these leaves. 183 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us annual main leave as noted in art. 227 of the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan for the first working year is provided after six months of work. however, there is a category of persons who are granted leave before the expiration of six months. these workers also include part-time workers, who are granted leave simultaneously with leave from their main place of work with payment in proportion to the time they work part-time. this article obliges employers to provide part-time workers with leave upon their written request. to receive maternity leave, part-time women must present a copy of the certificate of incapacity for work. only this document is the basis for granting maternity leave. by accepting such costs, employers may prefer to stay away from them. however, labor legislation has already addressed these issues in some detail. for example, if an employer refuses to hire employees, then in accordance with art. 119 of the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan, his actions will be recognized as unlawful, and this, in turn, threatens to bring him to administrative liability under art. 49 of the code of administrative responsibility (hereinafter referred to as the code of administrative responsibility). but if the employer hired a pregnant woman who, after a certain time, went on maternity leave, and refuses to pay child care benefits, then in accordance with art. 493 of the code of administrative offenses, a fine of ten to fifteen basic calculated amounts will be applied to him. the same offense, committed again within a year after the application of an administrative penalty, entails a fine of fifteen to thirty basic calculation amounts [11. p.17]. conclusion to summarize the consideration of the legal regulation of part-time work, we formulate the following proposals aimed at eliminating existing shortcomings of labor legislation and increasing the efficiency of the legal regulation of part-time work. firstly, in fulfilling the requirements of the law of regulations “on regulatory legal acts”, it seems necessary to bring paragraph 4 of the regulations on part-time work into line with art. 433 labor code of the republic of uzbekistan; secondly, paragraph 6 of the regulations, which provides for the obligation of employees who wish to work on a part-time basis to provide the documents necessary for hiring, should be brought into compliance with art. 434 labor code of the republic of uzbekistan; thirdly, in order to avoid double interpretation, as well as to comply with the principle of maximum clarity and conciseness of the formulation of legislative norms, part one of article 437 of the labor code is proposed to be stated as follows: “the duration of working hours when working part-time should not exceed four hours a day, except in cases provided for by law.” fourthly, the labor legislation of the republic of uzbekistan does not contain a specific rule regarding the rights of part-time workers to work full time during the period of leave without pay. based on the terminological definition of “part-time work,” one can grasp the right of part-time workers to carry out additional work in their free time from the main working time. however, for more specific legislative regulation of this issue, it seems quite reasonable to introduce a rule into labor legislation allowing part-time workers to work full time during the designated period. but if the employee is on paid leave, then paragraph 7 of the regulations on part-time work will apply as before; fifthly, the transformation of an employment contract at the place of part-time employment into the main one must be carried out in strict compliance with the conditions of article 136 of the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan; 184 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sixth, part-time workers have equal rights as main employees. however, when sending part-time workers on a business trip, especially external part-time workers, part of the guarantee seems impossible to provide. namely, maintaining wages at the main place and at the part-time place. in this regard, it is worth carefully studying this issue. there are no claims regarding the rights of part-time workers to payment of disability benefits. the legislation addresses this issue very specifically and fairly. references 1. хожабеков м. правовое регулирование труда лиц, работающих по совместительству //отечественная юриспруденция. – 2019. – №. 7 (39). – с. 19-24. 2. конституция республики узбекистан национальная база данных законодательства национальная база данных законодательства, 01.05.2023 г., № 03/23/837/0241 3. хожабеков м. анализ теории дополнительной работы по трудовому законодательству западных стран //общество и инновации. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 7/s. – с. 310-318. 4. постановление кабинета министров республики узбекистан «об утверждении положения о порядке работы по совместительству и совмещения профессий и должностей» от 18.10.2012 г. № 297. 5. закон республики узбекистан «о нормативно-правовых актах» от 20.04.2021 г. № зру-682 6. постановление президента республики узбекистан «о дополнительных мерах по дальнейшему развитию сферы культуры и искусства» от 02.02.2022 г. № пп-112 7. муродуллаев д. значение международно-правовых стандартов в области охраны труда //review of law sciences. – 2020. – т. 4. – №. спецвыпуск. с. 82-87 8. aktamovich r. m. protection of labor rights of employees by the state labor inspection in uzbekistan //journalnx. – с. 553-558. 9. ismailov, sh.a. (2018) "problems of legal regulation of differentiation in the labor sphere," review of law sciences: vol. 2 : iss. 1, article 14. 10. каримов алишер. платить ли пособие по беременности и родам совместителю в 2022 году https://www.bss.uz/article/122-platit-li-posobie-po-beremennosti-i-rodamsovmestitelyu 11. кодекс республики узбекистан об административной ответственности. национальная база данных законодательства. 12. формы и системы оплаты труда работников https://nurutszn.ru/blog/sovety/formy-isistemy-oplaty-truda-rabotnikov https://www.bss.uz/article/122-platit-li-posobie-po-beremennosti-i-rodam-sovmestitelyu https://www.bss.uz/article/122-platit-li-posobie-po-beremennosti-i-rodam-sovmestitelyu https://nurutszn.ru/blog/sovety/formy-i-sistemy-oplaty-truda-rabotnikov https://nurutszn.ru/blog/sovety/formy-i-sistemy-oplaty-truda-rabotnikov 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 06, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 discrimination of women and people with disabilities in labor relations: unraveling challenges and pursuing equity in uzbekistan alieva kamola doctor of philosophy in law (phd), act. associate professor, tashkent state law university, kamolaalieva@gmail.com abstract: this article critically examines the persistent issues of discrimination within uzbekistan's labor relations, focusing on women and people with disabilities. through a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework, societal norms, and empirical data, the study unveils the multifaceted dimensions of gender bias and ableism that hinder equitable participation in the workforce. it explores the intersectionality of gender and disability discrimination, emphasizing the compounded challenges faced by marginalized groups. drawing on international obligations and comparative perspectives, the article proposes practical policy recommendations to dismantle discriminatory practices. by shedding light on the complexities of discrimination in labor relations, this study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on social justice and calls for concerted efforts to create an inclusive and equitable work environment in uzbekistan. keywords: discrimination, gender equality, women, people with disabilities, intersectionality, social justice. introduction in the vast tapestry of modern societies, the realm of labor relations serves as a fundamental thread that weaves individuals, communities, and economies together. the principles of fairness, equality, and inclusivity underpin the foundation of labor relations, promising opportunities for all, regardless of gender, abilities, or background. however, within this complex fabric, persistent challenges continue to hinder the realization of these ideals, particularly when it comes to the discrimination faced by women and people with disabilities. uzbekistan, a nation rich in history, culture, and economic potential, has not remained immune to these challenges. as the country undergoes rapid socio-economic transformation, it is imperative to critically examine and address the persistent discrimination faced by women and people with disabilities within its labor market. this article embarks on a journey to dissect the intricate nuances of discrimination in labor relations in uzbekistan, shedding light on the multifaceted dimensions of gender bias and ableism that continue to impede progress. with a keen focus on the experiences of women and individuals with disabilities, this article delves into the legal landscape, societal norms, and institutional structures that contribute to their unequal treatment within the labor force. by weaving together historical context, legal analysis, and contemporary case studies, we aim to unravel the complexities surrounding discrimination in 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us labor relations and stimulate a comprehensive dialogue on the path towards equity and inclusivity. the article's objectives are twofold: first, to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges faced by women and people with disabilities in uzbekistan's labor market, and second, to propose strategies and recommendations that can foster a more equitable and inclusive work environment. through an interdisciplinary lens that encompasses law, sociology, economics, and human rights perspectives, this article strives to contribute to the ongoing discourse on labor rights and social justice. as we navigate the pages that follow, we invite readers to reflect on the experiences of marginalized individuals within uzbekistan's labor landscape. by acknowledging the systemic biases that have persisted, we can collectively engage in meaningful discussions and collaborate towards a future where every individual is empowered to contribute to the nation's progress, irrespective of their gender or abilities. background on june 7, 2021, the president of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev signed the law ―on ratification of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (new york, december 13, 2006)‖. the document was adopted by the legislative chamber of the oliy majlis on may 18 and approved by the senate on may 29. in january 2021, a new law ―on the rights of persons with disabilities‖ came into force in uzbekistan. in their preamble to the crpd, states parties recognize that ―women and girls with disabilities, both at home and outside, are often at greater risk of violence, injury or abuse, neglect, abuse or exploitation.‖ in this regard, in article 3, one of the principles of the crpd is to ensure equality between men and women. the crpd also includes a separate article 6 on ensuring the rights of women and girls with disabilities, recognizing that women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination, and in this regard, states parties to the convention must take the necessary measures to ensure their full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms. also, on august 18, 1995, the ―convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (new york, december 18, 1979)‖ was ratified in the republic of uzbekistan. a significant contribution to the development of the country’s gender legislation was made in 2019 by the adoption of the laws ―on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men‖ dated september 2, 2019, ―on the protection of women from harassment and violence‖ dated september 2, 2019, ― on the protection of the reproductive health of citizens" dated march 11, 2019, "on amendments and additions to art. 15 of the family code" dated august 28, 2019, "on the support of breastfeeding and food requirements for infants and young children" dated october 23, 2019, "on amendments to the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan" on the removal of restrictions related to the choice by women of previously prohibited forms of labor activity and other gender-asymmetric provisions of labor legislation, ―on the introduction of amendments and additions to some legislative acts of the republic of uzbekistan in connection with the further improvement of the system of reliable protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of women and children‖ dated 11.04 .2023 and others. the law of the republic of uzbekistan ―on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men‖ and the law of the republic of uzbekistan ―on the protection of women from harassment and violence‖ are important legal acts aimed at ensuring gender equality and protecting women from violence. in this policy brief, we will analyze the gender aspects and take into account the consistency of these laws with the crpd and cedaw. 37 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us i. legal framework and international obligations: a fundamental pillar in addressing discrimination within labor relations is a robust legal framework that upholds the principles of equality and non-discrimination. in uzbekistan, the constitution guarantees equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of gender or disability. additionally, the country is a signatory to various international conventions, such as the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (cedaw) and the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (crpd), affirming its commitment to eradicating discrimination. however, despite these legal commitments, challenges persist in translating these principles into effective protections for women and people with disabilities within the labor market. discriminatory practices often remain hidden behind subtle biases or inadequate enforcement mechanisms. this section of the article will critically analyze the strengths and weaknesses of uzbekistan's legal framework, shedding light on gaps that allow discrimination to persist. ii. gender discrimination in labour relations: a closer examination of labor relations in uzbekistan reveals deeply entrenched gender disparities that hinder women's full participation and advancement in the workforce. traditional gender roles, cultural norms, and societal expectations have led to a concentration of women in lower-paying sectors and limited access to leadership positions. maternity-related discrimination, unequal pay for equal work, and a lack of flexible work arrangements further compound these challenges. drawing from empirical research and case studies, this section will delve into the nuanced manifestations of gender discrimination within uzbekistan's labor landscape. by exploring the experiences of female workers across diverse sectors, we aim to underscore the urgency of dismantling systemic barriers that perpetuate unequal treatment. iii. ableism and discrimination against people with disabilities: the experiences of people with disabilities within uzbekistan's labor market present a distinct set of challenges, highlighting the intersectionality of discrimination. despite legal provisions safeguarding the rights of individuals with disabilities, pervasive stigma and limited accessibility persist, hindering their access to meaningful employment. discriminatory attitudes, lack of reasonable accommodations, and limited vocational training opportunities contribute to their marginalized status within the workforce. this section of the article will closely examine the barriers faced by people with disabilities, drawing from real-life stories and comparative analyses. by shedding light on the societal and institutional factors that perpetuate ableism, we aim to emphasize the importance of creating an inclusive work environment that values and supports the contributions of all individuals. iv. intersectionality and overlapping vulnerabilities: an important aspect often overlooked in discussions of discrimination is the intersectionality of identities, which compounds vulnerabilities and intensifies the impacts of bias. women with disabilities, for instance, face compounded challenges that stem from both gender and disability discrimination. their experiences offer a unique lens through which to understand the complexities of discrimination and the urgent need for tailored, intersectional approaches. this section will explore the intricate interactions between gender and disability discrimination, analyzing how these intersecting identities create unique barriers within uzbekistan's labor relations. by highlighting the experiences of marginalized individuals who navigate multiple layers of discrimination, we hope to underscore the necessity of holistic and inclusive strategies. v. pathways to progress: policy recommendations and remedies: 38 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in light of the challenges identified, this section of the article will propose a range of policy recommendations and remedies aimed at fostering a more equitable and inclusive labor environment in uzbekistan. these recommendations may include strengthening antidiscrimination laws, promoting awareness campaigns, enhancing access to education and vocational training, implementing reasonable accommodations, and encouraging corporate initiatives that prioritize diversity and inclusion. by offering practical strategies that draw from international best practices and tailored to uzbekistan's context, we aim to chart a course toward meaningful change. through collaborative efforts, stakeholders can collectively work to dismantle discriminatory practices and pave the way for a labor market that values and empowers all individuals, regardless of their gender or disabilities. conclusion in the realm of labor relations, the pursuit of equality, dignity, and social justice is a paramount endeavor that shapes the very fabric of a nation's progress. the exploration of discrimination faced by women and people with disabilities within uzbekistan's labor landscape has unveiled a complex tapestry of challenges, shedding light on the need for sustained efforts to eradicate bias and foster an environment of inclusivity. throughout this article, we have traversed the legal, social, and economic dimensions that contribute to the persistence of discrimination. we have dissected the intricacies of gender bias and ableism, revealing how these systemic barriers hinder the full participation and advancement of marginalized individuals within the workforce. through historical analysis, legal scrutiny, and case studies, we have painted a comprehensive portrait of the obstacles that must be overcome. yet, within the depths of these challenges lie glimmers of hope and possibility. as we stand at the intersection of law and social transformation, we recognize the agency that both individuals and institutions possess to drive change. uzbekistan's legal commitments, as enshrined in its constitution and international obligations, provide a foundation upon which progress can be built. the experiences of other nations and their successful efforts to dismantle discrimination stand as beacons of inspiration, underscoring the potential for transformative change. to usher in a new era of equity, inclusivity, and dignity in labor relations, concerted action is imperative. the recommendations and strategies proposed within this article offer a roadmap for policymakers, employers, civil society, and advocates to collaborate in dismantling discriminatory practices. strengthening legal protections, raising awareness, promoting education and skill development, and fostering a culture of empathy and acceptance are steps that, if taken collectively, can contribute to reshaping uzbekistan's labor landscape. as we conclude our exploration, it is essential to recognize that the eradication of discrimination in labor relations is not solely a legal or policy matter—it is a moral imperative that speaks to the heart of human rights and social progress. the individuals whose stories have been shared within these pages are not statistics; they are mothers, daughters, sons, fathers, friends, and colleagues, each possessing a unique blend of talents and aspirations that deserve to be nurtured and celebrated. in the journey toward a more equitable labor market, the torch of advocacy must be carried forward with unwavering dedication. by dismantling the barriers of discrimination, we honor the principles of justice and equality that define a just society. the path ahead is challenging, but it is one paved with the promise of a brighter, more inclusive future for all individuals, regardless of their gender or disabilities. as educators, advocates, and stewards of the law, let us stand united in this noble pursuit, guided by the unwavering belief that a world without discrimination is a world enriched by the diversity of its people. 39 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bibliographic references 1. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan // url: http://www.lex.uz 2. ―on ratification of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (new york, december 13, 2006) dated june 7, 2021. 3. sixth periodic report of uzbekistan to cedaw https://docstore.ohchr.org/selfservices/fileshandler.ashx?enc=6qkg1d%2fppricaqhkb7y hsvglkm%2f71q4iogazsmgjyvs60kry5crj6keiuyr%2bmf3kqzor7xy6os%2fgfvi6u8 swjzq3hoass%2fykjavi39nsznrezgvg6t9tueoqtqsmwzxc 4. law ―on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men‖ // url: https://lex.uz/docs/4494849 5. law of the republic of uzbekistan ―on the protection of women from harassment and violence" // url: https://www.lex.uz/docs/4494709 6. law ―on additional measures for the rehabilitation of women victims of violence‖. // decree of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to improve cases of suicide prevention, as well as the rehabilitation and adaptation of women victims of violence." // https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5670659 7. strategy for achieving gender equality in the republic of uzbekistan until 2030. // https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5466673 8. алиева, к. (2021). гендер тенглигини таъминлаш бўйича мукаммал ҳуқуқий ислоҳотларнинг ўзи етарлими (европа иттифоқи тажрибасига назар)?. общество и инновации, 2(4/s), 861-869. 9. kamola, a. (2022). the cases of sexual harassment against women in the workplace in uzbekistan: threat to ensuring gender equality. world bulletin of management and law, 12, 130-134. 10. алиева, к. (2022). вопросы гендерного неравенства в узбекистане: проблемы реализации доступа к правосудию для женщин, подвергшихся бытовому насилию. общество и инновации, 3(6/s), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss6/spp233-249 11. alieva, k. (2021). trends in ensuring gender equality: the practice and legal reforms of advanced foreign countries. the american journal of political science law and criminology, 3(03), 11-20. 12. камола алиева достаточно ли правовых реформ для обеспечения гендерного равенства (взгляд опыта европейского союза)? // оии. 2021. №4/s. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dostatochno-li-pravovyh-reform-dlya-obespecheniyagendernogo-ravenstva-vzglyad-opyta-evropeyskogo-soyuza (дата обращения: 30.01.2023). 13. alieva kamola. (2023). gender inequality in uzbekistan: problems of access to justice for women affected by domestic violence. world bulletin of management and law, 18, 128-134. retrieved from https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/2061 http://www.lex.uz/ https://lex.uz/docs/4494849 https://www.lex.uz/docs/4494709 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5670659 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5466673 https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss6/s-pp233-249 https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss6/s-pp233-249 118 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the deterministic effect of labor law on personal activity odilov nodirbek odil ugli training institute of the general directorate of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, senior lecturer of the "special-professional sciences" department, lieutenant colonel abstract: the relationship between labor law and personal activity is a complex and multifaceted one. labor law, which encompasses the rules and regulations governing the rights and responsibilities of workers and employers, has a deterministic effect on personal activity in a number of ways. this article will explore the impact of labor law on personal activity, examining how it shapes the behavior of individuals in the workplace and beyond. keywords: workers, regulations, government, local area, arrangement, legal, articles. introduction: from a conventional monetary outlook, work is a trade of time and exertion for money. be that as it may, it very well may be a great deal more. individuals are continually confronting difficulties at work, putting their abilities and capacities up to be tried. at work, individuals can track down snapshots of fulfillment and accomplishment, and they can lay out friendly connections that add to their feeling of prosperity. work can be a wellspring of fulfillment, considerably more noteworthy than spare time. scientists have figured out that assuming recreation opportunity is dedicated to singular exercises, low active work, or low learned exertion, for example, sitting in front of the tv, it doesn't create a huge commitment to individuals' prosperity. work can be a wellspring of self-awareness and acknowledgment. at the point when partners, family, and the local area show appreciation, acknowledgment, and an incentive for individuals' positions, laborers can shape a more significant viewpoint on their work. a task expansion in incentive for workers when others perceive that their movement is well affecting their current circumstance and that they are accomplishing an option that could be more significant than themselves. work can be a component that permits people to arrive at their maximum capacity, empowering them to be more useful and see every day exercises as a wellspring of happiness and not just as a penance. bentham thought about that the powers that overwhelmed man were joy and agony. by and large, in financial matters, work has been viewed as a torment creating component, or "disutility". time at work addresses an open-door cost for individuals, which should be visible as a disutility. as per neoclassical financial matters writing, the time spent working addresses hours that are not utilized in recreation and are not a wellspring of delight or utility [1]. the head specialist hypothesis expresses that laborers will attempt to keep away from their undertakings, so the board ought to lay out systems to screen them. current standard microeconomics models consider the hours devoted to function as a penance done to get pay and empower to designate it to utilization, where the utility will at last occur. in any case, lately, there has been an interest in financial aspects to see the person past the vision of homo economicus. work regulation is perceived in the scholastic legitimate local area as a particular part of regulation, yet its acknowledgment as a different part of lawful practice depends to a limited 119 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us extent on how much it has a work code or other explicit nature. the arrangement of work regulation in the important nation, to some degree the presence of discrete work courts or councils, and to some degree the degree to which a lofty gathering in the field of regulation is locked in, specifically, as a work legal counselor. in the beginning phases of improvement, the extent of work regulation is many times restricted to the most evolved and significant ventures, endeavors over a specific level and breadwinners; when in doubt, these limitations are continuously dispensed with, and the extent of the law is extended for handiworks, rustic industry and horticulture, little undertakings, office laborers and, in certain nations, government employees. subsequently, the arrangement of regulations, initially intended to safeguard laborers participated in physical work in modern endeavors, is progressively changed into a more extensive arrangement of lawful standards and norms, which have mostly two capabilities: to safeguard the specialist as a shortcoming in labor relations; and to direct relations between coordinated gatherings of interests (modern relations). in our country, as of late, huge scope changes have been done on the issue of business, on the guideline of work relations, on the improvement of its regulative system. starting here of view, the work code is the primary regulation that manages work relations. be that as it may, this code, which was 25 years of age when it was embraced, didn't satisfy the present need. it didn't consider various issues, like the dynamic improvement of new different types of association of residents in labor exercises. the ongoing code comprises of 294 articles, in which the non-working reference standards are additionally circled. as of late, the circumstance in the work market has likewise changed, based on various administrative lawful follows up on the embraced circle, the presentation of numerous new organizations, new components into training, led to the need to take on the code in another correction. considering the over, a draft regulation "on the endorsement of the work code of the republic of uzbekistan "was created by our administration with the cooperation of significant services and associations. the draft work code in the new version comprises of 2 sections, 34 parts and 621 articles. the primary part of the bill is the component that it works straightforwardly, and the extra bill doesn't need the reception of reports. the venture characterizes associations, individual underlying units of associations with the option to enlist, as well as people, no matter what their property and departmental alliance as manager substances [4]. the meaning of this standard prompts an expansion in the quantity of positions, a decrease in the quantity of people working in the casual area, as well as steady security of their privileges. in a different segment on friendly organization in the field of work, the lawful premise of this relationship is uncovered. social organization accommodates a framework pointed toward guaranteeing collaboration between workers, businesses, chief experts in the coordination of work and the interests of managers and representatives straightforwardly connected with it. the venture subtleties the particulars of the guideline of the work of people with handicaps, laborers based on seating, work of agents, representatives working from a distance, as well as people working in the style of obligation. today, there are situations when the business ends a work contract regarding the installment of a representative to retirement age, no matter what the degree of work. it doesn't follow the worldwide work association show on the end of separation in labor and business. in this manner, in the task, the reason for the end of the work contract regarding the installment of the representative to retirement age is prohibited. it is additionally significant parts of the bill that an adjusted working time system is being laid out. this is an approach to sorting out working hours for representatives of specific workers or gatherings of workers in underlying divisions of the association, permitting the beginning, finish of the functioning day and the time of the general working day to be controlled by the 120 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us representative himself. the components for digitizing business processes that are not in the ongoing code, keeping up with electronic exercise manuals, closing work contracts and enrolling in a solitary reference base are being uncovered. research methodology. in issues, for example, working hours, wellbeing and security conditions, or creation relations, regulation or aggregate components can decide the greater part of a singular representative's privileges and commitments, while alluding to things like their term of arrangement. , its level and position of liability, or its put on the compensation scale, may give what these components basically structure the reason for individual arrangement. not at all like agreement, infraction or property regulations, the components of work regulation are to a more homogeneous degree than the principles overseeing specific lawful relations. notwithstanding individual authoritative relations emerging from conventional work conditions, work regulation is related with lawful necessities and aggregate relations, coordinated monetary interests and legitimate relations between the state, different privileges, which are progressively significant in large scale manufacturing social orders. commitments connected with particular sorts of social administrations. analysis and results. the scope of representatives whose business agreements might be fired on the grounds accommodated by the business contract itself is being extended to the detriment of telecommuters, home specialists, laborers working in individual business people, homegrown workers. considering the illustrations gained from the execution of measures against the coronavirus pandemic, it is conceived to present standards that decide the chance of giving a representative a get-away with fractional compensation, yet at least the lowest pay permitted by law, as well as stretching out neglected surrender for to a half year. the task gathers lawful standards connected with the guideline of individual work relations and advertising, considering various embraced administrative legitimate demonstrations connected with the business lately. likewise, the arrangements of the work code are being orchestrated with the standards of worldwide regulation, including global deals sanctioned by the republic of uzbekistan, regulation on common, family and various different parts of regulation. the service of business and work relations of the republic of uzbekistan, along with three gatherings of accomplices, is concentrating on the potential dangers, thinking about youngster work as a highly sensitive situation and fortifying the execution of changes to kill constrained work in uzbekistan [2]. public specialists and public activists are battling for one outcome the total finish of constrained work all through the country. observing did by the state inspectorate affirms the shortfall of instances of purpose of kid work in the fields, the viability of changes did toward this path while adding authoritative and criminal risk. work regulation and the option to work: at the beginning, work regulation lays out the basic right to work, perceiving the intrinsic worth of human work and the significance of profitable work for individual satisfaction and monetary prosperity. this right, cherished in global shows and public constitutions, enables people to look for and acquire business unreservedly, without segregation or unnecessary limitations. by ensuring this principal right, work regulation gives the establishment to individual organization and monetary freedom, empowering people to take part in significant work that adds to their self-improvement and cultural advancement. molding working circumstances and individual decisions: work regulation assumes a basic part in molding the functioning circumstances that people insight, which thus impacts their own decisions and exercises. through guidelines on working hours, compensation, leave privileges, and security norms, work regulation lays out least limits for fair work and shields representatives from double-dealing and misuse. these lawful commands not just guarantee fair remuneration and safe work spaces yet in addition influence 121 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us people's very own lives by deciding how much time they have for relaxation, family, and special goals. by controlling working circumstances, work regulation shapes the limits among work and individual life, impacting people's decisions with respect to how they distribute their significant investment. advancing balance between fun and serious activities and individual prosperity: as of late, there has been a developing acknowledgment of the significance of balance between fun and serious activities for individual prosperity and efficiency. work regulation has answered this shift by presenting measures that advance adaptable working game plans, parental leave, and different approaches that empower people to more readily deal with their work and individual obligations. by perceiving the requirement for a good arrangement among work and individual life, work regulation enables people to settle on decisions that upgrade their general prosperity, lessening pressure, working on psychological wellness, and encouraging more grounded associations with loved ones. safeguarding individual privileges and opportunities at work: work regulation likewise fills in as a crucial protect for individual privileges and opportunities inside the work environment. by precluding separation in view of race, orientation, religion, or other safeguarded qualities, work regulation guarantees that people are treated with nobility and regard, no matter what their own properties. furthermore, work regulation safeguards representatives' privileges to opportunity of affiliation, aggregate haggling, and the right to a fair hearing in case of debates. these lawful securities enable people to state their own privileges and opportunities inside the work environment, cultivating a culture of balance, non-segregation, and regard for human poise. influence on self-improvement and vocation open doors: work regulation likewise impacts self-awareness and profession amazing open doors by laying out norms for preparing, training, and professional success. through guidelines on apprenticeships, professional preparation, and proceeding with schooling, work regulation advances the procurement of abilities and information that improve people's employability and vocation possibilities. by giving admittance to preparing and advancement potential open doors, work regulation engages people to assume command over their expert development and seek after significant vocations that line up with their own desires and objectives. one of the most significant ways in which labor law influences personal activity is through the establishment of minimum standards for working conditions and wages. by setting out clear guidelines for the treatment of workers, labor law helps to ensure that individuals are able to engage in productive and meaningful work without being subject to exploitation or abuse. this in turn has a positive impact on personal activity, as workers are able to perform their jobs with a greater sense of security and stability. furthermore, labor law also plays a crucial role in shaping the relationship between employers and employees. by establishing the rights and obligations of both parties, labor law helps to create a framework for fair and equitable treatment in the workplace. this can have a significant impact on personal activity, as individuals are more likely to feel empowered and motivated in their work when they are treated with respect and dignity by their employers. in addition, labor law also has a deterministic effect on personal activity through its influence on working hours and conditions. by regulating the length of the workday and the provision of breaks and rest periods, labor law can help to ensure that individuals are able to maintain a healthy work-life balance. this in turn can have a positive impact on personal activity, as individuals are better able to manage their time and energy in a way that promotes overall wellbeing and productivity. moreover, labor law also has a significant impact on personal activity through its role in the protection of workers' rights. by establishing mechanisms for the resolution of disputes and 122 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us grievances, labor law helps to ensure that individuals are able to assert their rights and seek redress when they are treated unfairly in the workplace. this can have a profound effect on personal activity, as individuals are more likely to feel empowered and confident in standing up for their rights and advocating for their own interests. conclusion in conclusion, it is clear that labor law has a deterministic effect on personal activity in a number of ways. by establishing minimum standards for working conditions and wages, shaping the relationship between employers and employees, regulating working hours and conditions, and protecting workers' rights, labor law plays a crucial role in shaping the behavior of individuals in the workplace and beyond. as such, it is essential to recognize the importance of labor law in promoting fair and equitable treatment for workers and in creating an environment that supports personal activity and well-being. references: 1. tursunov y., "labor law", textbook. t., "moiua", 2002. 2. inoyatov a.a. "labor law of the republic of uzbekistan". t., "world of economics and law" publishing house, 2002. 3. tursunov y., usmanova m. labor law. study guide. t., "finance", 2001. 4. gasanov m. yu., sokolov e. a. "employment contract (contract) in the republic of uzbekistan", publishing house t.: economy and the world of law, first and second books, 1996. 5. gasanov m. yu., sokolov e. a. new labor legislation of the republic of uzbekistan. t., 2000. 403 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the artistry of alisher navoi’s work “nazm ul-javohir” khujaeva shoirakhon teacher of kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: this article is dedicated to the research of rhyme arts used in alisher navoi’s work “nazm ul-javohir”. in it, the work “nazm ul-javohir” is rich in rhyming arts such as sa’j, tarse’, izdivoj, e’not, zulqofiyatayn (double rhyme), rhyme with tajnis and rhyme with tanosub, rhyme with tazod, rhyme with ishtiqoq, rhyme with takrir. it is revealed that it is also rich in artistic means and this shows alisher navoi’s poetic skills in enhancing the artistry of the work. keywords: artistry, sa’j, tarse’, izdivoj, e’not, muassasa, zulqofiyatayn. rhyme is an important component of poetry, and in our classical poetry it is considered as one of the main factors of art. therefore, in our classic literary studies, a special field that studies rhyme has emerged – the science of rhyme. regarding the importance of rhyme lessons in learning the science of poetry, sheikh ahmed tarozi in his work “funun ul-balog‘a” considers rhyme as a pillar that holds the structure of poetry and expresses the following opinions: “bilgilkim, majmui ulamo va fuzalo mazhabinda ahli tab’g‘a qofiya ilmin bilmak muhimdir. zeroki, tab’ning natijasi she’rdur. va she’rning asli qofiya. va qofiyasiz she’r mumkin ermas… va zurafo baytni xaymag‘a nisbat qilibturlar va qofiyani sutung‘a. ya’ni xayma sutun birla barpoydir” [6, 3]. in the science of rhyme, the main attention is paid to the melodiousness and attractiveness of the words chosen for the rhyme, the deep meaning and its relevance to the topic, its place in revealing the essence of the idea raised in the work. after all, “rhyme is one of the important means of attractive and impressive reflection of socio-ethical ideas and deep philosophical observations expressed in poetic works” [7, 195]. regarding the rhyme of “nazm ul-javohir” rubai, many opinions were expressed both in his time of navoi and in navoi studies of the later period. in particular, the famous historian of his time, khondamir, writes in his work “makorim ul-akhloq”: “in the turkish translation of “nasr ullaoli”, two hundred and sixty rubai’s wrote nazms, all four verses of which have the same rhyme and the same radif. apparently, nobody before ul hazrat had never recited a rubai in turkish before, and all four verses rhymed and radifed” [5, 50]. the translators of the work, m.fakhriddinov and p.shamsiev, add to this remark, “it is known that several uzbek poets wrote rubai in the turkish language before navoi. but khondamir seems to have exaggerated to a certain extent here, it seems that he wants to say that navoi created the most beautiful rubai”, they commented [5, 50]. in this regard, y.is’hakov makes the following conclusion: “most of the quatrains in lutfi’s divan are written in ramal bahr. but there is no doubt that they were an important stage in the formation of the classic rubai genre in uzbek written literature. it is clear that the poems of hafiz khorezmi, which were discovered recently, were not known to navoi. so, navoi is considered the founder of the classic rubai genre in the history of uzbek literature” [3, 79]. 404 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us summarizing the above opinions, it can be concluded that rubai as a genre existed in turkish literature even before navoi, but it was not widely popular as a notable genre. alisher navoi, on the one hand, enriched this genre formatively and founded the taronayi (musarra’) rubai, on the other hand, he created a blessing in this direction and raised it as the most important genre after the ghazal. in this article, the structural method was used as the basis for the study of the work “nazm uljavohir”, and the relationship between the rhyming arts used in the work and the creative poetic intention was specially studied. in the study of classical literature examples, it is of particular importance to understand the art based on traditional canonical criteria and the functional specificities provided by it. therefore, the artist’s skill is manifested in the ability to express deep content in a beautiful form. one of the reasons for the beauty of alisher navoi’s work is that it is a miracle of art as well as a spiritual encyclopaedia. in particular, the rhymes of the great writer’s work “nazm ul-javohir” are unique not only in their brilliance and charm, meaningfulness, in accordance with the content and tone of the work, but also in the fact that they have been turned into an element of artistic arts. one of the rhyming arts characteristic of “nazm ul-javohir” is the art of tarse’, and the great poet himself defines it in the following way in “muhokamat ul-lug‘atayn”: “tarse’ san’atikim, matla’dan o‘zga baytda bo‘la olmas, ul qasidaning agarchi mustaxraj matla’i rostdur, ammo asli matla’da avvalgi misraning bir lafzida taxalluf qilibdur... ”[2, 31]. according to navoi’s opinion, this art is based on making every word in the verse harmonious, and it is usually used in the matla’, i.e. the first verse, of ghazals and odes. as a proof of the author’s opinion, he cites the matla’ of an ode written by the persian poet salman sovaji (1310-1376) and, in turn, notes that one word in this verse (obi – mushki) violates the rule of the art of tarse’. after that, many people of the pen have tried to write a response to this matla’, but many of them did not achieve their intention, and he proudly says that he wrote a response to the classic matla’ with the following verse: “bu matla’ga tatabbu’ qilg‘on ko‘p suxanvarlar va nazmgustarlar chun muqobalada debdurlar, lat yebdurlar. bu faqirning matla’i budurki, bayt: chunon vazid ba bo‘ston nasimi fasli bahor, k-az on rasid ba yoron shamimi vasli nigor”. in fact, this stanza, which was written as a response to sovaji’s stanza, is particularly noteworthy in terms of the preservation of the rhyming form, as well as in terms of the narrating and melodiousness of the words in it. also, alisher navoi acknowledged that no one has written a rubai based on the art of tarse’ among the artists who have lived and created since the time when khalil ibn ahmad explained the rules of poetry, and he also praised his talent in this regard notes that he was able to demonstrate: ey rui tu kavkabi jahon oroye, v-ey bui tu ashhabi ravon osoye, be mui tu, yo rab, chunon farsoye, gisui tu chun shabi fig‘on afzoye. all this shows that tarse’ art had a special place in navoi’s work. in particular, in the preface of the work “nazm ul-javohir” there is a rubai that reflects this art: bir zarrani mehri zarfishon vasf etmish, 405 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bir qatrani bahri begaron vasf etmish, bir xastani isoyi zamon vasf etmish, bir bandasini shohi jahon vasf etmish. [1,133] here, the poet husain boykaro expresses his modest attitude to the respect shown to him in the work “risola”, and the written definition and description. in it, is said about the sun that gives light to the whole world had praised a small particle, the sea that has no shore had praised a drop, the jesus of the age, who can heal any pain and find a remedy even for death, had praised a sick person, the king of the world had praised a weak servant. navoi humbly calls himself “zarra”, “qatra”, “xasta”, “banda”, and husain boykaro “mehri zarfishon”, “bahri begaron”, “isoye zamon”, “shohi jahon” and this at the same time, he creates unique examples of istiora art through beautiful allusions. it is noteworthy that the words used by the poet to describe himself and boykaro are in harmony with each other. navoi’s use of simple words in his description gives a modest tone to the expression, and his use of persian additions in the description of the ruler gives the expression a luxurious spirit. another art that enhances the charm of rubai’s tone is the art of izdivoj based on the juxtaposition of rhyming words. this art is effectively used in the 5 rubai of “nazm ul-javohir”. this can also be seen in the following rubai example based on the hikmah of hazrat ali “himmat ul-mar’i qiymatuhu”, i.e. “a person’s himmat determines his value”: himmat elining garchi xulq kisvati bor, charx atlasidin vale biyik rif’ati bor, beqiymat erur ulki biyik himmati bor, garchi nechakim himmati bor, qiymati bor. [1,178] from the first word of rubai, attention is focused on the essence of the issue. according to the thinker, if a person’s morals have the so-called himmat of character dress (kisvat), that is, if a person is from the people of himmat, then he has a higher and greater rank than the sky. the third verse summarizes the above points: “beqiymat erur ulki biyik himmati bor”. here, the word “beqiymat” does not mean “worthless”, but means “priceless”, “incomparable”, and the meaning of the verse is “whoever has great himmat, his price is unparalleled”. in the last stanza, the content of hikmah is expressed, and it is emphasized that the value of a person is determined by his himmat, the poet created a perfect example of the art of izdivoj by juxtaposing the sentences “himmati bor” (“has himmat”) and “qiymati bor” (“has value”). the art of izdivoj can be observed between rhyme and radif. according to the hikmah of hazrat ali “sururuka bid-dunyo ghururuka” (“to be proud of the world is arrogance”), in each verse of the following rubai, you can see the rhyming between rhyme and radif: ganj uzra ayog‘ingg‘a murur o‘ldi g‘urur, gulgasht eta gulshanda huzur o‘ldi g‘urur, dunyo soridin sanga surur o‘ldi g‘urur, bu barcha g‘urur o‘ldi, g‘urur o‘ldi g‘urur. [1,154] another of the rhyming arts used in “nazm ul-javohir” is e’not, in which “the poet collects words whose sounds are not necessarily repeated before the narrator in the rhyme” [4, 22]. the words “murur – surur – g‘urur” in the rubai with radif “o‘ldi g‘urur” that we discussed above produce the art of e’not. however, the words “borur” and “qolur” can be rhymed with the word “g‘urur”. but the four sounds of the words in the rhyme, which consist of five sounds, increased the musicality of the verses. 406 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us all four verses of the following rubai based on the hikmah of “bashoshat ul-mar’i atiymatunsoniyyatun” (“a person’s gentleness [after charity] is the second gift”) use the art of e’not: ehsonki birovga siyratu son keldi, ashkoli spehr oldida oson keldi, ehson har necha zebi inson keldi, ehsonda tarab ikinchi ehson keldi. [1,140] here, too, the repetition of the “-on” part consisting of the raviy and the ridfi asliy in the rhyme was sufficient. however, navoi chooses the words “son – oson – inson – ehson” in which the “son” part is repeated and provides strong musicality. the art of rhyming, similar in form to e’not, is the muassasa. many examples of this art based on the muassas rhyme can be seen in the work “nazm ul-javohir”. yoringni tanir ishda mahorat ayla, diqqat bila holig‘a basorat ayla, mukrim esa izhori bashorat ayla, judig‘a ko‘ra oni ziyorat ayla. [1,153] this rubai, which comes under the number 98 in the work, is dedicated to the expression of the hikmah of hazrat ali “zir ul-mar’i ala qadri kiromihi” (“to visit a person depends on his generosity”). in it, the muassas rhyme is formed based on the harmony of the words mahorat – basorat – bashorat – ziyorat. here, too, the poet could rhyme the word “ziyorat” with the word “saxovat”. but in such a case, muassasa art would not emerge. because in order for the muassas rhyme to become muassasa art, it should consist of the same letters as the ta’sis, daxil, ishbo’. in “nazm ul-javohir” one of the most skillful rhyming arts is zulqofiyatayn, that is, the art of rhyming two words in verses of a verse. the rhyming type of zulqafiyatayn was created by consecutively quoting two rhyming words in verses 1st and 2nd of the following rubai, written on the basis of the hikmah “adab ul-mar’i khairun min zahabihi” (“a man’s manners are better than his wealth”): oltin-kumush etma kasb davlat kunidin, kim tortar adab ulusni nakbat tunidin, gar yo‘qtur adab, ne sud oltun unidin, elning adabi xushroq erur oltunidin. [1,137] the art of zulqofiyatayn appeared between the 3rd and 4th verses in the following rubai, which is listed under number 202 in the work: olimki, pisandadur xisoli bilgil, hilmin tan aro ruh misoli bilgil, komilda kerak hilm xayoli bilgil, kim, hilmdadur ilm kamoli bilgil. [1,170] also, in the science of art, there is the art of rhyme with tajnis, which is based on the use of homonym words in the poem’s rhyme. this art is used in 3 places of the work “nazm uljavohir”. the following rubai based on the hikmah of hazrat ali “ziyarat ul-habib il-harro’ ulmuhabbati” (“visiting friends increases love”) is one of them: har kimki habibing o‘lsa evrul boshig‘a, mahv o‘l yuzig‘a, jonni fido qil qoshig‘a, 407 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tosh ursa, ravoningni tufayl et toshig‘a, tajdidi muhabbat angla bormoq qoshig‘a. [1,153] the word “qoshig‘a” is used in two places – in the rhyme of the 2nd and 4th verses of rubaiyi, and it is “body part” in the first place along with the words “boshig‘a” (to his head) and “yuzig‘a” (to his face), expresses the meaning, and in the second place it means “next to”. in the poem, the wise poet put forward the idea of honoring a friend. qo‘yg‘uvchi bag‘irg‘a huzn dog‘i qariliq, solg‘uvchi g‘amu balo so‘rog‘i qariliq, tutquvchi to‘la fano ayog‘i qariliq, o‘lmak xabarin berguchi dog‘i qariliq. [1,157] this rubai was created on the basis of the hikmah “shaybuka no’iyka” (“old age brings the news of death”), and in the rhyme of its first and fourth verses, the word “dog‘i” is used. rubai is on the topic of “complaint about old age”, which has become a tradition in our classical literature, according to which, old age puts a stain of joy on a person’s heart, it brings “g‘am-u balo” (“sadness”) to a person. in the end, it is old age that fills the cup of nothingness and heralds death. it seems that the word “spot” is used in verse 1st in the sense of “burn wound” and in verse 4th in the sense of “again”. in addition, the preface of “nazm ul-javohir” skillfully uses the art of sa’j (prose rhyme): “azizu niyoz gulchehralari yuzidin bu nav’ parda ochar va alarning zulfi sunbullarin chehralari gullari uzra socharkim, haq subhonahu va taolokim, insonni soyiri maxluqotdin mumtoz va majmui ofarinishg‘a sarvar va sarafroz qildikim: «va laqad karamno bani odama» karimasi andin muxbirdurur, «va laqad xalaqno al-insona fi ahsani taqvimi» anga mush’ir”. [1, 124-125] in general, in the introduction, one can find many examples of such efforts, which are the product of great poetic eloquence. the work “nazm ul-javohir” is rich in rhyming arts such as sa’j, tarse’, izdivoj, e’not, zulqofiyatayn (double rhyme), rhyme with tajnis and rhyme with tanosub, rhyme with tazod, rhyme with ishtiqoq, rhyme with takrir. this shows alisher navoi’s poetic skill in enhancing the artistic work. in short, the rhymes used in the rubai of “nazm ul-javohir” are harmonious in terms of form and content, and give completeness to the poetics of the work. references 1. алишер навоий. назм ул-жавоҳир. мат. 20 жилдлик. 15-жилд. – т.: фан,1999. (alisher navoi. nazm ul-jawahir. mat. 20 volumes. volume 15. t.: fan, 1999.) 2. алишер навоий. муҳокамат ул-луғатайн . мат. 20 жилдлик. 16-жилд. – т.: фан, 2000. 3. исҳоқов ё. навоий поэтикаси (“хазойин ул-маоний” асосида). – t.: фан, 1983. (ishakov yo. navoi’s poetics (based on khazayin ul-maani). t.: fan, 1983.) 4. рустамов а. қофия нима? – t.: фан, 1975. (rustamov a. what is the rhyme? – t.: fan, 1975.) 5. хондамир. макорим ул-ахлоқ. – t., 1967. (khondamir. makorim ul-akhlaq. t., 1967.) 6. шайх аҳмад ибн худойдод тарозий. фунун ул-балоға (нашрга тайёрловчи, сўзбоши ва изоҳлар муаллифи профессор а.ҳайитметов) – t.: хазина, 1996. (sheikh ahmed bin khudoidad tarazi. funun ul-baloga (preparer, author of the foreword and annotations professor a. hayitmetov) t.: khazina, 1996.) 7. ҳожиаҳмедов а. мумтоз бадиият малоҳати. – t.: шарқ, 1998. (hojiahmedov a. the merit of classical artistry. t.: sharq, 1998.) 408 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. zohidova, durdona. "fazli foreword to amiri gazelle." journal of modern educational achievements 3 (2022): 167-171. 9. lutfullaevna, durdona zohidova. "artistic writing in uvaisi's poetry." academicia: international journal of interdisciplinary studies 11 (2021): 468-471. 10. zohidova, durdona. "poetic interpretation of hijron in navoi's lyrics." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 359-361 11. lutfullaevna, durdona zohidova. "uvaysiy she’riyatida badiiy yozish." academicia: xalqaro multidisipliner tadqiqot jurnali 11 (2021): 468-471. 12. khujaeva, durdona zohidova shoirakhon. "hamza hakimzoda's faithful poetry." journal of modern educational achievements 5.5 (2023): 429-435. 13. khujaeva, durdona zohidova shoirakhon. "creative history of alisher navoi's work" nazm ul javahir." journal of modern educational achievements 5.5 (2023): 436-441. 14. kobilova, z. b., and d. l. zokhidova. "kokand literary environment." ann. for. res 65.1 (2022): 878-888. 15. djuraev, mm, and d. zohidova. "o ‘zbek adabiyoti tarixi fanining ishchi o ‘quv dasturi (1-kurs uchun)." (2019). 16. lutfullaevna, durdona zokhidova. "writing art in uwaysi poetry." academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal 11.5 (2021): 468-471. 17. yusupovna, khasanova barno. "artistic interpretation of the image of amir temur in the work of askad mukhtar." journal of positive school psychology (2023): 896-900. 18. s.khujaeva. "rhythmic variation in alisher navoi’s work" nazm uljavahir".pedagogy, 2023, vol. 7, no.1,1244-1247. 19. xo‘jaeva, s. (2023). alisher navoiy ijodida iymon talqini. academic research in educational sciences, 4(conference proceedings 1), 180-187. 502 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 development issues of insurance markets allayarov sukhrob rustamovich, ph.d associate professor, tashkent institute of finance annotation: this article reveals the development issues of insurance in business sphere. we have done some statistical analysis on this theme and contemplated some concepts about insurance. main body: the insurance market is a vital component of any economy, serving as a mechanism to transfer risk and provide financial protection to individuals and businesses. however, like any industry, the insurance sector faces various development issues that impact its effective functioning and long-term sustainability. this work aims to analyze and explore these development issues within insurance markets, highlighting their causes, consequences, and potential solutions. the development issues of insurance markets are multifaceted and encompass a range of challenges that hinder the growth and efficiency of the industry. these issues can arise from both internal and external factors, including regulatory frameworks, government policies, market competition, technological advancements, and economic conditions. understanding and addressing these issues is imperative for policymakers, insurance companies, and consumers to ensure the overall stability and profitability of insurance markets. this work will provide a comprehensive understanding of the development issues faced by insurance markets and their implications for stakeholders involved. by examining these challenges and exploring potential solutions, we hope to contribute to a more sustainable and efficient insurance industry that can effectively cater to the risk management needs of individuals and businesses in an ever-changing world. global picture of insurance services (lakshmi puri 1 ) we are all aware of the essential role that insurance services play as a commercial and infrastructural service. from an infrastructural perspective it promotes financial and social stability, mobilizes and channel savings, supports trade, commerce and entrepreneurial activity and improves the quality of the lives of individuals. in a fast-globalizing world economy, governments the world over are faced with challenges relating to the regulatory environment, emerging global trends in the insurance sector, technological innovations and liberalization of the insurance sector. the impact of these trends is perhaps more pronounced in the case of developing countries, who stand to benefit from liberalization of the insurance sector provided due consideration is paid to putting in place an efficient and well-functioning institutional and regulatory framework, tailored national policies and well-planned sequential commitments on insurance liberalization. 1 director, division on international trade in goods and services, and commodities, unctad. 503 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us one finds that there is a positive correlation between a country‟s level of development and insurance coverage. developed countries tend to have better developed and well functioning insurance services sectors both domestically and in terms of insurance exports, as compared to developing countries. this is perhaps most evident when one compares the share of industrialized countries in the world insurance markets, which in 2020 stood at 88.5 per cent as compared with 11.4 per cent for emerging markets, the majority of which are developing countries. another good indication of insurance penetration is the premium volume generated as a percentage of gross domestic product (gdp). for developed countries this figure stood at 9.02 per cent in 2020, whereas for developing countries it stood at 3.94 per cent. what is interesting to note here, however, is that emerging markets have a far higher overall real growth rate, at 7.5 per cent, than industrialized countries, where it is 1.7 per cent, indicating the existence of substantial potential within emerging markets. challenges for developing countries. developing country challenges in relation to insurance services sector arise essentially from five areas. first is the impact of insurance liberalization on developing countries. while liberalization and privatization is likely to lead to the admission of foreign insurers with substantial financial strength, technological and industry know how and good risk management and asset liability management skills vis-à-vis global markets, it also raises. insurance services and their contribution to development. the insurance sector is an infrastructural pillar of the financial services sector and the economy as a whole. it plays a key role in economic development. several empirical studies suggest a strong correlation between the development of financial intermediaries and economic growth. according to patrick (1966 2 ) there are two, possibly coexisting, relationships between the financial sector and economic growth. the first is the case where the financial sector has a supply-leading relationship with growth, and where economic growth can be induced through the supply of financial services. the second is a demand-following relationship where the demand for financial services can induce growth of financial institutions and their assets. developing countries have supplyleading patterns of causality of development and have considered locally incorporated insurance institutions or state-owned monopolies an essential element of economic development. 3 recently, the economic importance of the insurance sector has been increasing in most developed countries and some developing ones. insurance companies form a growing part of the domestic financial sector. they have also become significant players in the international capital markets. during the 1990s, the total assets of insurance companies in developed countries grew faster than the assets of banks, mainly through m&as. other reasons for the sector‟s increasing importance are the liberalization of financial systems (including privatization), financial consolidation, the increasing use of contractual savings products and market-seeking approaches. the insurance sector is closely linked with macroeconomic factors (e.g. inflation, currency controls and the national income of a country), regulation and supervision, and the achievement of national development objectives, as well as the international trade regime. given its dual infrastructural and commercial role, the sector has attracted great interest in the context of privatization and liberalization. there are several ways in which insurance services contribute to economic development: 4 insurance promotes financial stability for both households and firms. insurance services transfer and pool risks, thereby encouraging individuals and firms to specialize, create wealth and undertake beneficial projects they would not otherwise consider. 2 patrick (1966), financial development and economic growth in underdeveloped countries, economic development and cultural change, vol. 14 (2), pp. 174–189. 3 the stream of literature on the interrelationship between economic growth and the financial services sector also includes levine ross, financial development and economic growth: views and agenda , october 1996. 4 das, davies and podpiera (2003), insurance and issues in financial soundness, imf working paper wp/03/138. 504 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  life insurance companies mobilize and channel savings. they mobilize savings from the household sector and channel them to the corporate and public sectors. as the maturity of life insurance liabilities is generally longer than the maturity of bank liabilities, life insurers can play a large role in the equity and bond markets. in addition, their portfolios are less prone to liquidity crises. countries with higher savings rates tend to show faster growth.  strong insurance can relieve pressure on the government budget. because life insurance can play an important role in personal retirement planning and health insurance programs, and to the extent that private insurance reduces demands on government social security and health programs, it can relieve pressure on the government budget.  insurance supports trade, commerce and entrepreneurial activity. given the heavy reliance of all economic activities (e.g. manufacturing, shipping, aviation, medical, legal, accounting and banking services) on risk transfer, insurance services play a key supporting role. more broadly, insurance can give investors the financial confidence to make investments, since they know they will be able to recover their investment.  insurance may lower the total risk faced by the economy. this risk reduction arises from the portfolio diversification and incentives to better measure and manage the risks to which they are exposed, as well as to promote risk mitigation activities.  insurance improves individuals‟ quality of life and increases social stability. it does this through, for example, individual health and life insurance, pension funds and workers‟ compensation. table 1 business models of insurance and banking 5 area insurance banking business scope risk pooling and risk transfer long-term savings payment services short-term savings lending funding liability-driven up-front premiums limited issuance of securities limited use of inter-company borrowing/lending assets and liabilities mostly linked liability and market funding-driven mostly short-term funding issuance of securities interbank borrowing/lending significant assets and liabilities not closely linked balance sheet cyclicality business cycle influences balance sheet to a limited extent possible insurance cycles assets and liabilities exposed to business cycle risks substantial interest rate risk low liquidity risk low interconnectedness among primary insurers assumed risk can be transferred through reinsurance substantial credit risk high liquidity and funding risk substantial exposures among institutions (interbank and repo) assumed risk transferred. business models involve collecting premiums in advance and payout (much) later under defined conditions. therefore, ius can be suppliers of liquidity and associated instruments, e.g. through securities lending. especially when banks face the prospect of tough net stable funding requirements, ius could be important sources of longer-term funding. indeed, some have 5 committee on the global financial system, “fixed income strategies of insurance companies and pension funds”, cgfs papers no 44, july 2021. 505 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us suggested that ius and pension funds have a strong comparative advantage relative to banks or even bond markets, in the funding of longer-term projects such as major infrastructure projects with little cyclicality in returns or credit risk, but large funding risk. the main elements of the business models of ius differ substantially from, and perhaps complement, those of banks. the structure of total insurance premiums by world markets and regions in 1980, 2018, and 2029 (forecast) 6 (%) the structure of the world insurance portfolio in terms of insurance premiums is shown in figure above. life insurance accounts for almost half of the world insurance market («savings insurance» 48%). most scientists noted that it is the growth of life insurance happens to be one of the driving forces of economic growth. the services of motor (transport) insurance and accident insurance also account for a significant share (15% each). in terms of outlook, insurers expect solvency positions to remain stable, noting, however, the high degree of uncertainty as solvency depends on the future path of financial markets and interest rates, which in turn depends on further government support measures and developments with respect to the covid-19 pandemic. insurers note that financial markets over the second half of 2020 already reflected economic growth expectations, based also on successful vaccination campaigns that may be unevenly distributed across countries (and hence the heterogeneous impact across subsidiaries in different countries). return on assets (per cent) 7 6 same as previous source. 7 iim covid-19 q4 2020 506 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us overall, insurers report that liquidity positions have remained stable in 2020. the impact of covid-19 on the liquidity of insurers‟ investments was moderated by significant central bank interventions. some insurers observed that liquidity positions were affected by the impact of covid-19 on some lines of business, such as through premium deferrals and higher claims. however, the overall impact on liabilities is assessed to be limited, due to the offsetting effect of lower claims in other business lines. the group-level liquidity positions of some insurers were impacted, for example due to financing subsidiaries as part of capital management policies or from providing for subsidiaries‟ liquidity guarantees. some insurers note that liquidity positions were affected by central clearing collateral posting requirements, as a result of changes in financial markets (notably changes to interest rates). share of cash on assets (per cent) 8 insurers‟ cash positions, as a percentage of total assets, generally increased over 2020. a comparable share of cash in balance sheets can be observed across business types (2.6%– 2.9%). sovereign and corporate debt levels reached historically high levels, which could lead to credit spreads widening, defaults and rating (outlook) changes. relatedly, some insurers may be taking on more credit risk following a search for yield in the current low interest rates environment. as substantial fixed-income investors, insurers need to manage this risk in their asset and liability portfolios. in conclusion, the development issues of the insurance market are complex and multifaceted. the main challenges faced by the insurance industry include regulatory barriers, lack of consumer awareness, limited access to insurance products, and inadequate risk assessment and management. one of the key development issues is the presence of regulatory barriers. these barriers can include excessive capital requirements and stringent licensing regulations, which hinder new entrants into the market. such barriers limit competition and innovation, thereby impeding the overall growth and development of the insurance sector. another significant challenge lies in the lack of consumer awareness regarding insurance products and the benefits they provide. limited knowledge about insurance prevents individuals and businesses from adequately protecting themselves against various risks. addressing this issue requires initiatives aimed at educating the public about the importance of insurance and its role in ensuring financial security. limited access to insurance products, particularly in low-income and underdeveloped regions, is another critical concern. the insurance market should work towards developing affordable and customized products that cater to the specific needs of these underserved populations 8 same source as previous one. reported according to the jurisdictional capital standard 507 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us furthermore, the insurance industry must improve its risk assessment and management practices. enhancing underwriting processes, data analysis capabilities, and predictive modeling can enhance insurers' ability to 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(2023). evaluation of efficiency of investment activity in industrial enterprises. world economics and finance bulletin, 22, 29-32. 26. nazarov nodirjon, the engagement between islamic and conventional banking, 2023 / inlibrary.uz 27. nazarov nodirjon, financial risks in islamic financing, eurasian journal of history, geography and economics, 2023, 40-48 pp. 28. nazarov nodirjon, islamic banking: problems, solutions and prospectives, world economics and finance bulletin, 2023, 153-159 pp. 29. nazarov nodirjon, significance of islamic finance in financial market of uzbekistan, academia science repository 4, 2023, 132-139 pp. 30. nazarov nodirjon, modern strategic management issues, science and innovations 2, 2023, 987-993 pp. 119 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the influences of credit risk and liquidity risk on stock returns with profitability as an intervening variable in the banking companies listed on idx ribka mielly mandagi master of management program, faculty of economics and business, sam ratulangi university, indonesia ivonne s. saerang master of management program, faculty of economics and business, sam ratulangi university, indonesia lawren julio rumokoy master of management program, faculty of economics and business, sam ratulangi university, indonesia abstract: the performance of the banking sector is one of the key elements in supporting economic growth and increasing national stability. information published by companies such as company financial reports, financial ratios, banking economic growth can influence investment decisions. this research aims to determine and analyze the influence of dhi banking risk. credit risk (npl) and liquidity risk (ldr) on stock returns with profitability (roa) as an intervening variable. the subjects of this research are banking sector companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange in the 2017 2021 period with research variables in the form of npl (x1), ldr (x2), roa (z) and stock return (y). the data analysis technique used is the structural equation modeling approach and path analysis with the help of the spss amos 25 application. the results of this study show that non-performing loans (npl) have a significant effect on return on assets (roa) but have no effect on stock returns; loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has no effect on return on assets (roa) and stock returns; return on assets (roa) has no effect on stock returns. return on assets (roa) cannot mediate the relationship between non performing loans (npl) and stock returns and also cannot mediate the relationship between loan to deposit ratio (ldr) and stock returns. keywords: npl, ldr, roa, stock return introduction background covid-19 outbreakwhich has spread throughout the world, or more precisely in 199 countries, has had a significant impact on various aspects, especially in the socio-economic context. the government, as an economic policy maker, has made preventing and handling covid-19 a top priority, by implementing a policy of limiting community activities (ppkm). the impact of these government measures is not only limited to health, but also includes a slowdown in economic growth, especially in economic sectors. apart from that, changes in the investment climate in http://www/ 120 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us indonesia are also affected by this situation. the capital market acts as an indicator of economic movements in a country. this is a meeting place between companies and other institutions, including the government, which need long-term funds and parties who want to invest. the main function of the capital market is to channel funds from investors to companies to meet long-term funding needs, while providing financial benefits for investors (tandelilin, 2010). in indonesia, the indonesian stock exchange (bei) acts as a capital market supervised by the financial services authority (ojk). investment, in this context, is a commitment to inject a certain amount of funds now with the hope of getting profits in the future (tandelilin, 2010). investments in financial assets can be divided into direct and indirect investments. direct investment involves purchasing assets in the money market, capital market, derivatives market, or through direct investment from commercial banks such as savings and deposits. meanwhile, indirect investment occurs through purchasing securities from investment companies, such as mutual funds (harmono, 2017). shares, as proof of partial ownership of a company, reflect management's performance in managing its business. share prices tend to fluctuate and can be influenced by socio-economic conditions, including the forces of supply and demand, as well as the company's fundamental conditions (salma, 2017). table 1. average npl, ldr, roa and share return ratios in banking companies listed on the indonesian stock exchange variables 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 npls 3.58 3.53 3.57 3.75 3.26 ldr 84.52 88.34 90.60 86.57 77.65 roa 1.55 1.20 0.82 0.28 -0.35 stock returns 32.86 -4.83 42.85 19.38 87.92 source: secondary data, processed (2022) several previous studies, such as that conducted by parwati and sudiartha (2016), stated that roa profitability has a positive and significant influence on stock returns. however, research by nurazizah, hermuningsih, and maulida (2022) states that roa does not have a significant influence on stock returns. in this research, the researcher's focus is on credit risk and liquidity risk as independent variables that have an influence on stock returns. this selection is based on researchers' observations of the relationship between post-covid-19 economic conditions and the world conflict situation, which contributes to high inflation and increased risk of non-performing loans. this condition makes the banking financial sector more vulnerable to these two types of risks. based on the problems above, the researcher raised the title: "the influence of credit risk and liquidity risk on stock returns with profitability as an intervening variable in banking companies listed on the idx". research purposes the aim of this research is to understand and analyze: 1. to analyze the effect of credit risk on stock returns. 2. to analyze the effect of liquidity risk on stock returns. 3. to analyze the effect of credit risk on profitability. 4. to analyze the effect of liquidity risk on profitability. 5. to analyze the effect of profitability on stock returns. 6. to analyze the influence of profitability in moderating the relationship between credit risk and stock returns. 7. to analyze the effect of profitability in moderating the relationship between liquidity risk and http://www/ 121 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us stock returns. literature reviews financial management according to atma hayat et al (2018:3), financial management is defined as fund management, including allocating funds in various forms of investment effectively, as well as efforts to collect funds to finance investment or spending efficiently. financial statements according to fahmi (2014:31), financial reports are information that describes the financial condition of a company, and furthermore this information can be used as an illustration of the company's financial performance. financial report analysis according to harmono (2017:104), financial report analysis is a comprehensive analytical tool for company financial management. this tool can be used to detect or diagnose a company's health level by analyzing the condition of the company's cash flow or organizational performance, both partially and overall. financial ratio analysis ratio analysis is an analysis method carried out by comparing various estimates contained in financial reports in the form of financial ratios. through this financial ratio analysis, significant relationships can be revealed between estimates in financial reports, thus providing an evaluation of the company's financial condition and performance (hery, 2016:20). investment according to tandelilin (2010:2), investment is a commitment to invest a certain amount of funds now with the aim of obtaining profits in the future. according to jogiyanto (2010:5) investment is defined as postponing current consumption to be included in the productive asset component over a certain period of time. from the explanation above, it can be concluded that investment is the activity of placing funds during a certain period to gain profits in the future. capital market the definition of the capital market in accordance with law number 8 of 1995 concerning capital markets (uupm) is activities related to public offerings and securities trading, public companies related to the securities they issue, as well as institutions and professions related to securities. the capital market is a means of meeting companies and other institutions (government) that need long-term funds with parties who want to invest. meanwhile, the place where buying and selling of securities occurs is called the stock exchange. the capital market in indonesia is the indonesian stock exchange (bei), which in practice is supervised by the financial services authority (ojk). stock returns return is the value obtained, in relation to stock returns it can be defined as the amount of return, either addition or loss from investment during a certain period. investors in making investments of course hope to gain profits, both from increases in share prices and from dividends from their investments. realized return is a return that has occurred, by calculating using historical data. realized return is important because it is used as a measure of company performance and can even be a reference in predicting risk and return (expected return) in the future. different from realized return, expected return is the return that investors hope to obtain in the future. (jogiyanto, 2017:263) http://www/ 122 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us banking in law number 10 of 1998, banking is everything that concerns the bank, including institutions, business activities as well as methods and processes for carrying out business activities. banks are business entities that collect funds from the public in the form of savings and distribute them to the public in the form of credit and/or other forms in order to improve people's living standards. broadly speaking, a bank is a company whose business activities are in the financial sector (kasmir, 2013:24). banking performance brigham and ehrhardt (2017) define banking performance as the bank's ability to generate competitive profits in a competitive environment. banking performance can be measured by analyzing company profits, asset growth and operational efficiency. apart from that, the indonesian bankers association (2015:29) added that banking performance is also influenced by bank risk which will determine the level of bank health. the level of bank health has been regulated by bank indonesia according to bank indonesia circular letter number 6/10/pbi/2004 dated april 12 2004, where banks are required to carry out a bank health assessment which includes capital factors, asset quality, management, profitability, liquidity, and market risk. return on assets according to hery (2016:106) return on assets (roa) is a ratio that shows how much assets contribute to creating net profit. in other words, this ratio is used to measure how much net profit is generated from each rupiah of funds embedded in total assets. return on assets (roa) can be calculated as follows: profit after tax return on assets = x 100% total assets non performing loans non-performing loans are all loans to non-bank third parties with substandard, doubtful and bad collectability. total credit is credit to a non-bank third party. non-performing loans (npl) are used by researchers as a proxy to describe credit risk in banks. npl shows the risk of failure which is related to profitability. a high npl will increase costs, resulting in potential bank losses. problematic credit non performing loans = x 100% total credit loan to deposit ratio loan to deposit ratio (ldr) is a ratio that measures bank liquidity in terms of the amount of credit disbursed with third party funds which includes current accounts, savings and deposits. total loan ldr = x 100% total third party funds previous research research model and research model hypothesis to examine the influence of non-performing loans and loan to deposit ratio on stock returns mediated by job satisfaction, you can see figure 1 below: http://www/ 123 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. research model source: data processing, 2023 sekaran and bougie (2017) define a hypothesis as a tentative, testable statement that predicts what is expected to be found in empirical data. based on the main problems described above, the following hypothesis is presented as a temporary response or conjecture in the context of this research, namely as follows: h1= it is suspected that credit risk (npl) has a significant effect on stock returnsbanking. h2= it is suspected that liquidity risk (ldr) has a significant effect on banking stock returns. h3=it is suspected that credit risk (npl) has a significant effect on profitability (roa)banking. h4=liquidity risk (ldr) has a significant effect on profitability (roa)banking. h5 = profitability (roa) has a significant effect on banking stock returns. h6 = effect of profitability (roa) as an intervening variable between credit risk (npl) on banking stock returns. h7 = effect of profitability (roa) as an intervening variable between liquidity risk (ldr) on banking stock returns. research methods a quantitative approach is applied with the aim of researching a particular population or sample and testing hypotheses that have been previously formulated (sugiyono, 2017). location and place of research the object of this research is banking companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange from 2017 2021, both private companies and state-owned companies. research population and sample purposive sampling is a sampling method that considers certain criteria, in accordance with sugiyono's opinion (2016:85). the sampling method in this research will use a purposive sampling method, namely a technique for determining samples with certain considerations (sugiyono, 2015: 84). the population of this research is banking companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange, namely 43 companies. however, those that fit the criteria are 38 companies with 5 years of observation from 2017-2021. data analysis the data processing method in this research utilizes the structural equation modeling (sem) approach. sem is a development of path analysis, where the causal relationship between npl (x1) h1 h3 h roa h5 (z) stock return (y) h4 h7 ldr (x2) h2 http://www/ 124 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us exogenous variables and endogenous variables can be analyzed more thoroughly, as explained by abdullah (2015). analysis techniquesdata there are two types of data analysis techniques used in this research, namely using descriptive statistical analysis, and the path analysis method with the help of spss amos 25 software. this amos program is used to assist in analyzing data. research result and discussion normality test results the results of the data normality test are displayed in table 2 as follows: table 2. data normality variables min max skew cr kurtosis cr npls 4122 12310 -0.06 -0.297 0.565 1,407 ldr 21 830 0.695 3,461 -0.014 -0.034 roa -276 431 0.059 0.293 -0.061 -0.151 stock returns -8559 15275 1,253 6,243 2,401 5,983 multivariate 1,484 1,307 source: amos output, 2023 normality evaluation was carried out using the critical ratio skewness value and kurtosis value criteria, showing that univariately, namely the asset structure variables profitability, npl, ldr, roa and stock return have a cr value ≤ 2.58 indicating that all univariate variables are normally distributed (cr ≤ 2 .58). diagrampath analysis figure 2. research model source: amos output, 2023 the parameter testing results were obtained as follows: table 3. regression weight model variable estimate s.e cr p information roa <--npls -0.512 0.052 -9,948 0,000 negativeand significant roa <--ldr -0.007 0.006 -1,146 0.252 negativeand not significant stock returns <--roa 4,316 2,939 1,469 0.142 positive and insignificant stock returns <--npls 2,150 2,379 0.904 0.366 positive and insignificant stock returns <--ldr -0.183 0.218 -0.841 0.401 not significant source: amos output, 2023 http://www/ 125 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hypothesis test non influenceperforming loan (npl) against return on assets (roa) the results of the regression weight test show that non-performing loans (npl) have a negative and significant influence on return on assets (roa), this is indicated by a cr value of -0.512 ≤ 1.659 and a significance value of 0.000 ≤ 0.05. this means that the first hypothesis (h1) which states that non-performing loans (npl) have a significant effect on return on assets (roa), h1 is accepted/proven. influence of loan to deposit ratio(ldr) against return on assets (roa) the results of the regression weight test show that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a negative and insignificant influence on return on assets (roa), this is indicated by a cr value of -0.007 ≤ 1.659 and a significance value of 0.252 ≥ 0.05. this means that the second hypothesis (h2) which states that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a significant effect on return on assets (roa), h2 is rejected/not proven. influencereturn on assets (roa) on stock returns the results of the regression weight test show that return on assets (roa) has a positive and insignificant influence on stock returns, this is indicated by a cr value of 4,316 ≥ 1,659 and a significance value of 0.142 ≥ 0.05. this means that the third hypothesis (h3) which states that return on assets (roa) has a significant effect on stock returns, h3 is rejected/not proven. the effect of non-performing loans (npl) on stock returns the results of the regression weight test show that non-performing loans (npl) have a positive and insignificant influence on stock returns, this is indicated by a cr value of 2,150 ≥ 1,659 and a significance value of 0.366 ≥ 0.05. this means that the fourth hypothesis (h4) which states that non-performing loans (npl) have a significant effect on stock returns, h4 is rejected/not proven. the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on stock returns the results of the regression weight test show that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a negative and insignificant influence on stock returns, this is indicated by a cr value of -0.183 ≤ 1.659 and a significance value of 0.401 ≥ 0.05. this means that the fifth hypothesis (h5) which states that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a significant effect on stock returns, h5 is rejected/not proven. the effect of non performing loans (npl) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) the results of the sobel test calculation above get a z value of -1.45, because the z value obtained is -1.45 < 1.97 with a significance level of 5%, it proves that return on assets (roa) is not able to mediate the relationship between non-performing loans (npl). ) on stock returns. so hypothesis 6 (h6) which states that non-performing loans (npl) have a significant effect on stock returns, h6 is rejected/not proven. the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) the results of the sobel test calculation above get a z value of -0.91, because the z value obtained is -0.91 < 1.97 with a significance level of 5%, it proves that return on assets (roa) is not able to mediate the loan to deposit (ldr) relationship. ) on stock returns. so hypothesis 7 (h7) which states that loan to deposit (ldr) has a significant effect on stock returns, h7 is rejected/not proven. discussion the effect of non performing loans (npl) on return onassets (roa) of banking companies registered on the idx in 2017-2021. non performing loans (npl)negative and significant effect on return on assets (roa). this http://www/ 126 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us means that high npls cause a large number of non-performing loans, so that interest income decreases and this also affects the resulting profit which also decreases. non-performing loans have a negative impact on banking profitability, therefore, policy makers need to ensure that the npl figure does not exceed a certain limit, as set by bank indonesia, namely a maximum of 5%. in order to maintain order and reduce the npl value from year to year, banks need to apply the principle of prudence in providing problem loans. these results are in line with the research findings of yudha, chabachib and pangestuti (2017) which stated that non-performing loans (npl) had a negative and significant effect on studies of differences between domestic and foreign banks listed on the idx for the 2010-2015 period. these results are also in line with the research findings of dewi and badjra (2020) which stated that non-performing loans (npl) had a negative and significant effect on return on assets (roa) in commercial banks that were publicly listed on the idx for the 2014-2018 period. the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on returnson assets (roa) of banking companies registered on the idx in 2017-2021. loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a negative and insignificant effect on return on assets (roa). the size or size of a bank's ldr has no influence on profitability because the size of the credit provided is not supported by good credit quality. banks can bear greater risks if the bank does not provide credit carefully and there is a lack of control over expansion in lending. external factors such as market conditions and economic risk can influence the relationship between ldr and roa. although a high ldr may indicate high lending activity, the results may not directly strengthen roa if credit risk also increases. these results are in line with the research findings of yudha, chabachib and pangestuti (2017) which stated that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) had no significant effect on the difference between domestic and foreign banks listed on the idx for the 2010-2015 period. these results are also in line with the research findings of chabachib, yudha and udin (2019) which stated that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) had no significant effect on the study of differences between domestic and foreign banks listed on the idx for the 2012-2017 period. the influence of return on assets (roa) on share returns of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021. return on assets (roa) has a positive and insignificant effect on stock returns. return on assets (roa) is a ratio that measures a company's effectiveness in managing its assets to turn into profits. in principle, high roa can reflect stable bank profits with good asset quality and effective earnings management. however, in the results of this research, an increase in roa is considered to be able to encourage an increase in stock returns, but it is not significant. investors are considered to have confidence that the company's shares will improve even when profitability is not good. in other words, the return on assets (roa) ratio is less of a consideration for investors as a company's attractiveness so it has no impact on stock returns. these results are in line with the research findings of ayam and wahyuni (2017) that return on assets (roa) has a negative and insignificant effect on stock returns in banking companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange 2008-2012. meanwhile, these results are not in line with what was found by hendrianto's research (2021) which stated that return on assets (roa) had a positive and significant effect on the share returns of banking companies lq 45 commercial banks listed on the idx for the 2015-2018 period. the influence of non-performing loans (npl) on share returns of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021. non performing loans (npl) have a positive and insignificant effect on stock returns. non performing loans reflect the level of banking credit risk. credit risk will be faced by banks when customers fail to pay the debt or credit they receive when due. a bank can be said to be healthy from the npl aspect if the amount of non-performing loans is less than 5% of the total credit disbursed. non performing loans do not have a significant effect on stock returns. this shows http://www/ 127 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that the risk of credit failure does not affect investors in investing their capital in a bank. investors may assess that credit risk can be overcome by a bank's strategy in minimizing credit risk. these results are in line with the research findings of ayem and wahyuni (2017) which stated that non-performing loans (npl) had a positive and insignificant effect on stock returns. meanwhile, these results are not in line with what fordian's research (2018) found that non-performing loans (npl) had a negative and significant effect on share returns in state-owned banks listed on the idx for the 2013-2017 period. the influence of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on share returns of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021. loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a negative and insignificant effect on stock returns. loan to deposit ratio has no effect on stock returns because banks do not use ldr as a basis for consideration in making decisions to channel funds in credit, so it does not affect the rise and fall of returns at the bank. credit distribution depends on the bank's ability to provide loan funds and customer deposit funds, which is an assessment of the bank's success in achieving positive returns. a high loan to deposit ratio (ldr) can increase the risk of default, and the higher the risk of default, the greater the risk of bankruptcy faced by the bank. these results are in line with the research findings of ayem and wahyuni (2017) which stated that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) had a negative and insignificant effect on stock returns in banking companies on the indonesian stock exchange for the 2008-2012 period. these results are also in line with the research findings of fordian (2018) which stated that the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) had a negative and insignificant effect on share returns in state-owned banks listed on the idx for the 2013-2017 period. meanwhile, these results are not in line with what ningrum's (2021) research found: loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has a positive and significant effect on stock returns in the banking sector listed on the indonesia stock exchange in 2015-2020. the influence of non-performing loans (npl) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021 the results of the regression weight model path show that the estimated value of non performing loans (npl) on return on assets (roa) is -0.512 with a standard error of 0.052 and a significance value of 0.000. then for roa on stock returns, we get an estimated value of 4.316 with a standard error of 2.939 with a significance value of 0.142. based on the results of the sobel test calculation, the mediating variable roa gets a value of -1.45 because the roa value obtained is -0.91 ≤ 1.97 with a significance level of 5%, thus proving that return on assets (roa) is not able to mediate the non-performing loan relationship. (npl) on stock returns. the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021 the results of the path regression weight model show that the estimated loan to deposit ratio (ldr) value of return on assets (roa) is -0.007 with a standard error of 0.006 and a significance value of 0.252. then for roa on stock returns, we get an estimated value of 4.316 with a standard error of 2.939 with a significance value of 0.142. based on the results of the sobel test calculation, the mediating variable roa gets a value of -0.91 because the roa value obtained is -0.91 ≤ 1.97 with a significance level of 5%, which proves that return on assets (roa) is unable to mediate the relationship between loan to deposit ratio (ldr) and stock returns. closing conclusion research was conducted on banking companies listed on the indonesia stock exchange during the 2017-2021 period. in an effort to analyze the impact of credit risk, liquidity risk, and profitability on stock returns, the following conclusions can be drawn: http://www/ 128 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. partially non performing loans (npl) have a significant effect on return on assets (roa) in banking companies on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. 2. partially, the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has no significant effect on return on assets (roa) in banking companies on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. 3. partially, return on assets (roa) has no significant effect on stock returns in banking companies on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. 4. partially non performing loans (npl) have no significant effect on stock returns in banking companies on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. 5. partially, the loan to deposit ratio (ldr) has no significant effect on share returns in banking companies on the indonesian stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. 6. return on assets (roa) is unable to mediate the relationship between non-performing loans (npl) and stock returns in banking companies on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. 7. return on assets (roa) is unable to mediate the relationship between loan to deposit ratio (ldr) and stock returns in banking companies on the indonesia stock exchange for the 2017-2021 period. suggestion after completing the research, discussion, and formulating conclusions from the research results, the author provides several suggestions related to the studies that have been carried out. these suggestions are presented as useful input and consideration for interested parties, including: 1. for banking institutions, the findings from this research show that loan to deposit ratio (ldr) and non-performing loans (npl) do not have a significant effect on stock returns. therefore, banks can evaluate credit distribution from third parties and manage the risk of non-performing loans. this aims to reduce the cost of losses on non-performing loans so that the credit distribution portfolio can be adjusted based on the debtor's financial capabilities. thus, banks can still optimize their performance to gain profits. this increase in profits will influence investors' expectations regarding purchasing bank shares, thereby potentially impacting the share returns obtained by investors. 2. for investors who plan to invest in the capital market, especially in the banking stock sector, when making investment decisions, it is recommended that they consider the non-performing loan (npl) variable. although npls are a concern, investors should also pay attention to other variables, such as macroeconomic variables, to make more holistic investment decisions. 3. the limitations in this study raise the hope that future research can utilize time series data with monthly periods and apply different data analysis methods. apart from that, regarding independent variables, it is recommended to consider the use of other financial ratios so that the stock return prediction results are more optimal. references 1. abdullah. 2015.quantitative research methodology. yogyakarta: aswaja pressindo. 2. ayem s, wahyuni s. 2017. the influence of loan to deposit ratio, capital adequacy ratio, return on assets and non-performing loans on stock returns. accounting journal. vol 5(1), 71-87. 3. dewi kc n, badjra. 2020. the effect of npl, ldr and operational cost of operational income on roa. american journal of humanities and social sciences research (ajhssr). vol 4(7), 171-178.www.ajhssr.com 4. fahmi, irham. 2014. financial performance analysis. bandung: alphabeta. fahmi, irham. 2017. financial report analysis. bandung: alphabeta. http://www/ http://www.ajhssr.com/ http://www.ajhssr.com/ 129 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. fordian d. 2018. the effect of bank health on stock returns (study of state-owned commercial 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jakarta: pt. grasindo. 13. indonesian bankers association. 2015. risk management 1. first edition. jakarta: pt. gramedia pustaka utama. 14. jogiyanto. 2010. information systems analysis and design, fourth edition. yogyakarta: bpfe jogiyanto. h. 2017. portfolio theory and investment analysis, eleventh edition. yogyakarta: bpfe. 15. cashmere. 2014. banks and other financial institutions. jakarta : pt. raja grafindo persada. 16. ningrum a. s 2021. analysis of the effect of bopo, npl, and ldr on stock returns through roa in the banking sector listed on the indonesia stock exchange 2015-2020. journal of social and technology. vol 1(10). 1218-1233. 17. nurazizah, hermuningsih, and maulida. 2022. the influence of profitability, liquidity and solvency on stock returns in banking companies listed on the indonesian stock exchange. journal of economics and management. vol 19(2). 327-337. 18. financial services authority. 2016. financial services authority regulation number 18/pojk.03/2016 implementation of risk management for commercial banks. jakarta: financial services authority. 19. parwati and sudiartha. 2016. the influence of profitability, leverage, liquidity and market valuation on manufacturing company stock returns. udayana university management e journal. vol 5(1). 385-413. 20. salma, da 2017. the influence of activity ratios, profitability, liquidity and solvency on pt sharia share prices. unilever indonesia tbk. uin satu tulungagung thesis. 21. sekaran, u., bougie, r. 2017. business research methods. edition 6. jakarta: salemba empat. sugiyono. 2015. combination research methods (mix methods). bandung: alphabeta. 22. sugiyono.2017. statistics for research. bandung: alphabeta. 23. susilawati s, nurulrahmatiah. 2021. the effect of non-performing loans (npl) and loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on return on assets (roa) with net interest margin (nim) as a mediating variable in state-owned banks listed on the bei. maxpreneur journal. vol 11(1), 69-89. 24. tandelilin, e. 2010. portfolio and investment: theory and application. first edition. yogyakarta: kanisius. http://www/ 130 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 25. yudha et al., 2017. analysis of the effect on npl, nim, non interest income, and ldr, toward roa with size as control variables (differences study on demostic and foreign banks listed on bei period 2010-2015). journal of business strategy. vol 26(2). pg 100 113. http://www/ american journal of public diplomacy and ribka mielly mandagi ivonne s. saerang lawren julio rumokoy introduction research purposes literature reviews financial statements financial report analysis financial ratio analysis investment capital market stock returns banking banking performance return on assets loan to deposit ratio previous research figure 1. research model research methods location and place of research research population and sample data analysis analysis techniquesdata research result and discussion diagrampath analysis hypothesis test influence of loan to deposit ratio(ldr) against return on assets (roa) influencereturn on assets (roa) on stock returns the effect of non-performing loans (npl) on stock returns the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on stock returns the effect of non performing loans (npl) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) discussion the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on returnson assets (roa) of banking companies registered on the idx in 2017-2021. the influence of return on assets (roa) on share returns of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021. the influence of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on share returns of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021. the influence of non-performing loans (npl) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021 the effect of loan to deposit ratio (ldr) on stock returns through return on assets (roa) of banking companies listed on the idx in 2017-2021 closing suggestion references 410 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 generation of purpose money funds ravshanov munir nematovich teacher of the department of "special sciences", samarkand regional technology of law +998937230108 abstract: today's article talks about the economic relations arising from the creation, accumulation, distribution and redistribution or use of centralized and decentralized monetary funds. finance occurs in the monetary sector of the economy and is noted to occur on the basis of income key word: centralized and decentralized, monetary funds, distribution and redistribution, economic relations finance refers to the economic relations arising from the creation, accumulation, distribution and redistribution or use of centralized and decentralized monetary funds. finance occurs in the monetary sector of the economy and occurs on the basis of income. the monetary sector is the movement of money and money-equivalent assets, resulting in the creation of monetary funds. trust funds are financial resources or financial facility. the financial entity consists of participants in the creation, distribution and use of these funds, that is, enterprises (firms), various households, households, non-governmental public organizations and government agencies. finance means generating income and spending it. enterprise, state and household finances arise when incomes are first, i.e. primary, distributed. this is where primary incomes are generated, the enterprise creates financial funds, employees receive wages and this creates household income, enterprises pay taxes to the budget and this creates state income. during the secondary distribution of income, transfers (payments) and various special funds are allocated from the budget. when incomes are redistributed, various non-governmental and public organizations take money from enterprises, citizens and the budget and create their own special funds. finance, as monetary relations, performs important functions in the economy: 1. distributive function gross domestic product (gdp), which is the income of society, is divided between economic subjects in the form of money and value, each of them receives its own share, has its own income. 2. the task of development activity of economic subjects is brought about by providing money from financial funds. promotion is carried out through the use of financial instruments, such as awards, subsidies, 411 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us subventions, fines, rehabilitation and taxes. tax is the main incentive in market conditions. giving tax credits increases the income available to taxpayers. targeted incentives motivate them to perform well. 3. the task of social protection vulnerable population groups receive financial support from the state, enterprises and various non-governmental organizations and wealthy citizens. this task is performed by the funds of the state budget allocated for social protection. 4. the task of providing information is information about the financial situation of the country and certain subjects. information describing the financial situation (indicators) serve to diagnose the economy. 5. control task money lenders control the intended use of the money allocated for financing. funding will be increased, reduced or stopped depending on whether this money is used appropriately or inappropriately. in uzbekistan, as of april 1, 2023, information was provided on the problem loans of banks. this was reported by the central bank. "river" / madina nurman according to him, the total loan portfolio of banks reached 408.6 trillion soums. this means 10.6 trillion soums more than last month. in march, total non-performing loans (npl) in banks decreased by 710 billion soums compared to february and amounted to 14.3 trillion soums. the amount of npl decreased for the first time since the beginning of this year. in january, the indicator of problem loans increased to 920 billion soums, and in february to 160 billion soums. was at the level of .5 percent. the largest number of npls among banks remains in "national bank" and slightly increased compared to last month 2.6 trillion soums. "uzagroeksporbank" still has the highest npl share the bank's npl share in total loans made 80.4 percent. this is 3.9% more than in january, but 16.1% less than in january. finance applies at different levels depending on the links of the national economy. its main link is grassroots or microfinance. this includes enterprise finance (which is called corporate finance), household finance, finance of public organizations, insurance finance, etc. public finance constitutes finance at the macro level and serves national interests. the highest level of the national economy is meta-finance, which is international financial relations by nature, takes place between countries, and is implemented through international financial organizations. different 412 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us levels of finance are distinguished by their scope. finance also differs in terms of different levels of financing methods. business, insurance and home finance rely on the principle of self-funding. public finance applies the principles of budget financing. various ngos and public organizations are partly self-financing. the essence and functions of the national economy are expressed in the activity of the financial system. finance is a system of relations related to the use of funds and the regulation of its movement, through which funds of funds are created at various levels and distributed to meet the needs of reproduction and other social needs. . finance performs a number of interrelated functions within the economy. 1. finance performs the task of providing financial support and service to economic processes and activities. 2. the distributive function of finance is manifested in the distribution and redistribution of the gross national product created in the spheres of material production, especially the part of it that constitutes the national income, between the state and enterprises based on various forms of ownership, economic sectors, spheres of material production, and regions of the country. 3. the stimulating function of finance is carried out, firstly, through the process of distributing the value of the created product, and secondly, through the mechanism of organizing and spending monetary funds. 4. finance is used as a means of control over production, distribution and consumption. financial control is a system of financial responsibility of enterprises (firms) for compliance with financial discipline, various is implemented through the tax collection and funding system. references; 1. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/finance 2. https://tfi.uz/uz-latn/page/fakultetlar 3. https://kiut.uz/uz/dasturlar/bakalavr-dasturlari/faculty-directions/finance/ 4. https://www.bfa.uz/ https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/finance https://tfi.uz/uz-latn/page/fakultetlar https://kiut.uz/uz/dasturlar/bakalavr-dasturlari/faculty-directions/finance/ https://www.bfa.uz/ 304-308 the future of human rights 304 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the future of human rights: challenges and opportunities for the study allaberganov karimbergen senior lecture.f urganch state university abstract: the article "the future of human rights: current issues in the study of challenges and opportunities" provides an in-depth analysis of the main challenges that threaten human rights globally: rising authoritarianism, climate change, and new types of conflict. the article emphasizes the need to reconsider the impact of such threats on human rights and ways to protect them. in particular, it offers strategies aimed at strengthening international cooperation, integrating human rights in the development of technology and promoting civil society. the article calls for new opportunities for the human rights movement to confront the challenges of the 21st century. keywords: human rights, authoritarianism, climate change, new types of conflicts, international cooperation, technology and human rights, civil society, legal protection, global problems, human rights strengthe. the future of human rights is gaining urgent importance against the background of various social, economic and political changes observed around the world today. our paper, the future of human rights: current issues in research challenges and opportunities, explores key challenges to human rights – including the rise of authoritarianism, climate change, new types of conflict, and the impact of digital technologies. will be processed. it also analyzes the available opportunities for strengthening and expanding human rights in combating these problems. this introduction provides an overview of the current state of human rights and the main threats it may face in the future, as well as ways to overcome them. the rise of authoritarian regimes poses serious threats to democratic principles and freedom of human rights. these regimes typically consolidate their power by suppressing political opposition, restricting press freedom, and curtailing basic civil liberties. according to the analysis, authoritarian governments often use legal and technological tools to expand their control, and this process leads to a decline in human rights globally. in the scientific field, this problem has been studied in depth by many researchers. for example, levitsky and way [1] in their work "competitive authoritarianism" analyze new forms of authoritarianism and the transition to democracy. they argue that under authoritarian governments, political competition and the restriction of civil society activities are among the main challenges in protecting human rights. meanwhile, diamond [2] in his article "facing up to the democratic recession" shows the impact of the rise of authoritarian governments on global democracy and discusses the strategies that the international community can use to combat these problems. in particular, he calls on the international community to take a clear stand against authoritarianism and allocate more resources to support democratic institutions. 305 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition, the role of human rights organizations and civil society institutions is important. studies (shapiro, 2017) [3] show that human rights organizations at the local and international levels play an important role in opposing political imprisonment under authoritarian regimes. the international community's response must be multifaceted. this may include, on the one hand, pressure, sanctions, and diplomatic efforts through the un and other international organizations. on the other hand, the international community should empower local civil society organizations by supporting them. only through such a multifaceted approach can the rise of authoritarianism be effectively combated. climate change directly affects human rights, threatening the lives and well-being of the most vulnerable communities. one of the main consequences of climate change is an increase in the number and intensity of natural disasters, problems with water and food supplies, and pressure on the health system. these processes, in turn, lead to forced displacement, loss of employment opportunities, and deepening of socio-economic inequalities. hansen and sato (2012)[4]. assessing "dangerous climate change": required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature. plos one, 8(12), e81648.] and stern (2015)[ stern, n. (2015). why are we waiting?: the logic, urgency, and promise of tackling climate change. mit press.] shows that climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the global human rights community. they note that those most affected by climate change are often the most economically and socially vulnerable. barnett and adger (2007) [5]. summary for policy makers: working group 11 contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.] the impact of climate change on human rights is called "secondary damage", which is the natural damage caused by climate change. in addition to the direct impact of disasters, people's livelihoods, employment opportunities, and self-expression are negatively affected. in the development of global strategies, as pachauri and reisinger [6] pointed out in the ipcc report, one of the most important steps is to protect the most vulnerable communities through climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. this includes, among other things, developing climate-resilient infrastructure, ensuring food security, strengthening health systems, and expanding economic opportunities. it is also important to develop legal and policy mechanisms that link climate change and human rights. in this regard, as schlosberg (2007) points out, by applying the concept of climate justice, the rights and interests of the communities most affected by climate change can be protected. by mobilizing international cooperation and financial resources, the world community can find ways to minimize the human rights impacts of climate change and protect the most vulnerable communities. new types of disputes and conflicts, with their complex structure and international influence, pose serious challenges for the future of human rights. these include issues such as cyberattacks, new forms of terrorism, conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts, and struggles over natural resources. these conflicts threaten basic human rights principles, including the rights to life, liberty and security of person. the role of international law is important in overcoming these challenges, as it is the main tool for the protection of human rights by offering just and effective solutions at the interstate and international levels. institutions such as the geneva conventions and the international criminal court, for example, play a key role in resolving disputes and bringing perpetrators to justice. scientists make different proposals in this regard. for example, mary kaldor (2003) in wars new and old analyzes the characteristics of contemporary conflicts and suggests a more integrated approach by the international community to protect human rights. another example is philip alston's article, drone strikes and international law, which discusses the use of remote-controlled weapons and their impact on human rights. alston emphasizes the importance of transparency and legal accountability in the use of these technologies. 306 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, david kennedy (2006) in his book "the end of international law" suggests a reconsideration of the limitations of international law and its role in solving problems in the protection of human rights. kennedy emphasizes the need to reshape international law to make it more flexible and effective for new types of conflicts. all this concerns the need to deepen the understanding of the impact of new types of disputes and conflicts on human rights and to strengthen the role of international law in their resolution. the international community should work together to solve these challenges, modernize international law and improve its enforcement mechanisms, which will allow for more effective protection of human rights. the proliferation of digital technologies and information is creating new threats and opportunities for human rights in our modern society. this process, on the one hand, has positive consequences, such as the expansion of information freedom, education and knowledge, on the other hand, it also causes negative situations, such as violation of privacy, illegal use of data and disinformation. tim berners-lee, the founder of the web, in his "weaving the web" emphasized the openness of the internet and the idea of creating equal opportunities for every user. he noted that digital technologies can strengthen democracy in society and expand the opportunities of citizens to control government activities. however, in the age of surveillance capitalism, shoshana zuboff highlights the emergence of surveillance capitalism within modern technology and its threatening aspects to human rights. according to zuboff, corporations engage in large-scale surveillance practices in order to collect and profit from users' personal information, putting privacy at serious risk. edward snowden argued that governments also intrude into the privacy of citizens by implementing large-scale surveillance programs, which lead to violations of individual freedom and privacy rights. these situations reduce citizens' confidence in government activities and reduce respect for democratic institutions. therefore, strict procedures are needed to protect human rights in the field of digital technologies. these include data protection laws, increased citizen control over data, antidisinformation measures, and digital literacy programs. these procedures are necessary to ensure transparency and verifiability of information from various sources, as well as to protect users from potential threats in the digital environment. the covid-19 pandemic and other global health crises contain a number of important lessons for human rights practice, and show how to protect human rights in the process and how to respond to future crises. the pandemic has highlighted the challenges of striking a balance between personal freedoms and public health, along with the ability of governments to respond quickly and effectively. for example, thomas puyo's article "hammer and the dance" points out that the initial drastic measures (lockdowns, restrictions) of governments in the fight against the pandemic of the virus and the subsequent approaches used to control the spread of the virus can threaten human rights. including measures. however, these measures were deemed necessary to protect public health. also, joan b. harris et al.'s pandemics and human rights note that transparency and reliability of information are critical during a pandemic. unspecified or inaccurate information by governments undermines the legal protection of citizens and the development of effective pandemic responses. the covid-19 pandemic has also heightened issues of social injustice and inequality, as discussed in equity and inclusion in the time of covid-19 by stephanie bengtsson et al. the pandemic has made it harder for disadvantaged and marginalized groups, such as the poor, migrants and refugees, further exacerbating inequalities in human rights. 307 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a key lesson in dealing with future crises is to make government transparency, public trust, and human rights a top priority in responding to global threats such as pandemics. governments and international organizations should build on the lessons learned during the pandemic to develop the strategies needed to protect and strengthen human rights in responding to public health crises. in this process, intergovernmental cooperation at various levels and relations with civil society will be important. education plays an important role in ensuring human rights. through these processes, individuals can recognize their rights, respect them, and actively participate in protecting the rights of others. scientific analysis shows that educational institutions are the main means of disseminating knowledge about human rights. according to amos and smith (2020), education broadens the understanding of human rights, which helps build a spirit of respect for rights in the community. their research shows that legal education programs increase student participation in building a just society. additionally, the work of ngo (2021) highlights the importance of integrating human rights themes into educational programs. he believes that teachers should use interactive methods in teaching human rights, which will increase students' interest and understanding of the subject. also, johnson et al. (2019) note the importance of conducting special courses and seminars on human rights in educational institutions. they emphasize that such activities play an important role in improving the legal literacy of students. one way to make education and training processes more effective in promoting human rights is to use a multifaceted approach. this includes the integration of human rights topics across disciplines and the strong establishment of legal education in the curriculum. consideration of gender equality and women's rights as a central issue in the process of shaping the future of human rights is one of the most urgent and important tasks of our modern society. in this regard, scientific research and strategic approaches confirm the positive impact of achieving gender equality on human rights on a global scale. simone de beauvoir, in the second sex, analyzed the social position of women and its historical evolution. beauvoir said that achieving gender equality is possible not only with the help of laws, but by changing the mentality of society. in his opinion, the expansion of women's rights should be done by increasing their participation in political, economic and social life. amartya sen's work, especially the book development as freedom, links the issue of gender equality with economic and social development. sen argues that the expansion of women's rights not only helps to build a just society, but also accelerates economic development. according to her, investments in education and health care improve the lives of women and increase the wellbeing of the entire society. as a result of the analysis, in the process of studying the future problems and opportunities of human rights, important conclusions were reached. first of all, global threats such as the rise of authoritarianism and climate change pose a serious threat to human rights. however, at the same time, factors such as technological development and international cooperation are creating new opportunities for solving these problems. as stated in the article, an integrated approach is necessary for the protection and development of human rights. this includes, inter alia, cooperation between civil society, governments and international organizations. also, ensuring gender equality and women's rights must be central to the future of human rights. in the future, strengthening and expanding human rights requires concerted efforts at all levels, while developing flexible approaches to new situations and threats. references 1. levitsky, s., & way, l. a. (2010). competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the cold war. cambridge university press. 308 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. diamond, l. (2015). facing up to the democratic recession. journal of democracy, 26(1), 141-155 3. shapiro, i. (2017). the real challenges to building a democratic world. journal of democracy, 28(2), 5-12. 4. hansen, j., kharecha, p., sato, m., masson-delmotte, v., ackerman, f., beerling, d. j., ... & zachos, j. c. (2013 5. field, c. b., barros, v. r., mastrandrea, m. d., mach, k. j., abdrabo, m. a. k., adger, w. n., ... & yohe, g. w. (2014 6. zeigler, s. (2013). predicting responses to climate change requires all life‐history stages. journal of animal ecology, 82(1), 3-5. 541 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 translation issues of advertising slogans in english and uzbek languages khidirova makhfuza amirkulovna denau institute of entrepreneurship and pedagogy, teacher ismatova saida tashmuradovna 4th year student of foreign language and literature, denau institute of entrepreneurship and pedagogy abstract: in this article, the cross-sectional study of advertising slogans in english and uzbek languages involves the collection and analysis of advertising slogans in both languages in order to understand the use of language, culture and persuasion in advertising. in addition, research can be conducted by compiling a list of advertising slogans from various sources in english and uzbek, and then analyzing the linguistic and cultural elements present in the slogans. keywords: advertising slogans, translating methods, sampling, coding and categorization, values, norms, and beliefs. introduction advertising slogans are an important component of marketing strategies because they aim to create a memorable and meaningful message that resonates with consumers. the choice of language and cultural nuances in slogans plays a key role in their effectiveness. this crosssectional study aims to analyze and compare advertising slogans in english and uzbek, focusing on their linguistic and cultural elements. the study aims to examine the linguistic features of advertising slogans in both languages, including word choice, syntax, and the use of rhetorical devices. in addition, the study examines the cultural context and impact of these slogans on target audiences in english and uzbek speaking markets. by conducting a comparative analysis of advertising slogans in english and uzbek, this study aims to shed light on how language and cultural factors affect the effectiveness of advertising messages. the results of this study can provide valuable insights for businesses and marketers who want to adapt their advertising strategies to different linguistic and cultural contexts. methodology f. kotler, one of the founders of modern marketing theory, defines that "advertising is the flow of various information about the way of a product and service from production to sales and customers." 1 advertising is a public form of information at the level of art, it is a means of highlighting the signs and technologies of products and services through various methods. 1 котлер ф. маркетинг-менеджмент. -спб.:питер-пресс. 1998. 699-с. 542 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us advertising means providing information to the public about a product or service, explaining its advantages and possibilities. when translating advertising slogans, it is an important task for the translator to deliver the original meaning to the local people who speak the language being translated, as well as to awaken in them a complete image of the product. the translator can clarify the original purpose of the advertisement only when he translates the meaning expressed in the advertising text to the people who speak another language. "translation is the art of re-creating and re-interpreting the original," says scientist k. musayev, one of the founders of the uzbek school of translation studies. 2 in order to bring the translation to the level of art, the translator must have deep philological knowledge, the ability to observe widely, and high creativity, as well as detailed information about the culture, traditions, and lifestyle of the people who speak this language. because, first of all, the translator should be able to fully understand the text in the original language, and then re-express it both in form and content in his own language. this is a relatively new field of study for uzbek linguistics, and one of the major challenges linguists face is understanding the unique characteristics and issues associated with translating advertising texts for foreign companies and imported goods. being a communication tool is one of advertising's primary purposes. due to the fact that, when translated from one language to another, the advertising text not only conveys the essential idea about the product, but also details the social norms, cultural concepts, and values of the target language. christelle 3 asserts that a well-translated advertisement is essential to its success. m. de mooij 4 claims that the advertising text's translation is only the tip of the iceberg, its exterior manifestation. translating advertising copy is like painting the tip of an iceberg; what you see are just words, but behind these words is a certain meaning, content that needs to be communicated from one culture to another. the words are what you see, but in order to translate advertising from one culture to another, you need to understand a lot of what lies behind them. as a result, translation studies of advertising texts and slogans are regarded as a distinct field in world linguistics, and numerous scientific investigations are being carried out in this area. l. dan 5 also concentrated on advertising, its essence, and techniques for translating advertising slogans in his research. in his view, advertising is a commodity in and of itself, and the demand for it is rising yearly. advertising is not a means of selling a good or service. after doing a linguistic analysis of advertising slogans, he concludes as follows: every slogan needs to be clear, concise, and informal, with a typically imperative structure and either an interrogative or empty tone, in order to be effective. ought to be slogans can convey meaning in a few different ways: they can highlight a product's look and ease of use (like nokia connecting people), promote product usage (like pepsi have a pepsi day! ), or even create a symbolic image of the product (like bounty a taste of paradise). the example of uzbek-created advertising slogans illustrates these situations. "orbit: bright smile with healthy teeth," nestle: clean life, together, let's grow," and other slogans. discussion 2 musayev q. tarjima nazariyasi asoslari: darslik.t.: o’zbekiston respublikasi fa “fan” nashriyoti, 2005. b.9 3 christelle, k. (2012). the translation of advertisements: issues of semiotics, symbolism and persuasion. retrieved jan 12, 2015, from www.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/12095. 4 de mooij, m. (2004). translating advertising: painting the tip of an iceberg, thetranslator 10 (2), 179-198. 5 dan, l. (2015). techniques for the translation of advertising slogans. discourse as a form of multiculturalism in literature and communication, arhipelag xii press, tirgu mures 543 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the analysis and comparison of slogans used in advertising campaigns in english and uzbek constitutes the study of advertising slogans in both languages. studies can investigate how cultural and linguistic elements impact the development and uptake of advertising slogans in various languages, as well as potential variations in their efficacy and appeal to target audiences. for instance, shi xuedong 6 focuses on the significance and traits of advertising slogans and examines their characteristics from four linguistic perspectives. she linguistically analyzes the features of the translation of english advertising slogans into chinese. 1) linguistic elements in the new word creation example. 2) strange sentence constructions. 3) qualities that are social and psychological. 4) features of rhetoric. furthermore, he highlights the importance of the translator taking into account the ability to communicate the meaning contained in the original advertising slogans to individuals residing in diverse social and psychological contexts, each with their own unique worldviews and aesthetic preferences. it demonstrates the following strategies and ideas for translating chinese advertising slogans from english: 1. literal translation 2. condensation approach 3. imitation of popular patterns (imitating the common structure) 4. using rhetorical language 5. taking into account the culture of the people who speak the language being translated. marieke de mooij 7 focuses her research on the topic of translating advertising texts, discussing the impact of culture, customer demands, and personality. he asserted that without history, culture cannot exist. the opinions, attitudes, and values of individuals who share a language and have resided in a particular region for an extended period of time are collectively referred to as culture. culture is defined in part by space, time, and language. gathering samples of advertising slogans in both english and uzbek from print, television, and internet ads is one way this research might be carried out. the linguistic elements of the slogans, such as word choice, rhetorical devices, and tone, could be examined by researchers to find any noteworthy distinctions or parallels between the two languages. additionally, studies can look at how each language community's cultural values, norms, and beliefs may be reflected in the implications and cultural meanings of slogans. this could entail carrying out qualitative research, like focus groups or interviews, to learn more about how speakers of the two languages perceive slogans and how effective they are at communicating ideas. since many advertising campaigns are translated into various languages and cultures, research can also look at how translation affects slogans. to evaluate how well the uzbek translations of the original english slogans maintain their intended impact and meaning, this may entail comparing them with their uzbek counterparts. in the end, a cross-sectional analysis of advertising slogans in uzbek and english can add to our knowledge of how different languages interpret and receive advertising messages as well as offer insightful information about how language and culture influence advertising strategies and communications. 6 xuedong, s. (2014). english-chinese translation strategies for advertisement slogans. higher education of social science, 6, 38-43. 7 de mooij m. 2004. translating advertising, painting the tip of an iceberg, the translator. volume 10, number 2 (2004), 179-198 isbn 1-900650-80-0 544 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us result the study showed that english advertising slogans are often designed to be catchy, memorable and attract the attention of the audience. common features include the use of puns, rhymes, and alliteration to create a memorable impact. on the other hand, it was observed that cultural aspects, traditional values and national pride were emphasized in uzbek advertising slogans. these slogans often use local idioms, proverbs and colloquial language to evoke emotional and nostalgic feelings in the target audience. the study also highlighted the use of language and cultural nuances in advertising slogans. english slogans frequently emphasized wordplay and comedy, but uzbek slogans connected with audiences through cultural allusions and historical context. overall, the study showed that different approaches and strategies reflecting cultural, linguistic, and communicative differences were employed in uzbek and english advertising slogans. these findings have consequences for advertisers and marketers who want to successfully convey their messages in various linguistic and cultural contexts. conclusion in conclusion, some intriguing information was discovered as a result of the analysis of commercial slogans in the languages of uzbekistan and england. first, it was noted that the two languages' use of language and cultural orientations in advertising slogans differed significantly. while uzbek slogans typically incorporate traditional cultural values, proverbs, and symbols, english slogans are more straightforward and strict, frequently utilizing puns and humor. the study also discovered that the kinds of slogans employed are influenced by product categories. for instance, uzbek slogans for the same products place an emphasis on dependability, trust, and family values, but english slogans for technology and electronics products frequently use modern, contemporary language and references to innovation and progress. furthermore, the study revealed that both english and uzbek advertising slogans share certain universal themes, such as appealing to feelings, aspirations, and desires. these results, taken together, emphasize how crucial it is to take linguistic and cultural quirks into account when crafting advertising slogans for various target markets. to effectively connect with consumers and drive sales and marketing, advertisers should strive to customize their messages to the unique language and cultural context of their target audience. references: 1. christelle, k. (2012). the translation of advertisements: issues of semiotics, symbolism and persuasion. retrieved jan 12, 2015, from www.wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/12095. 2. dan, l. (2015). techniques for the translation of advertising slogans. discourse as a form of multiculturalism in literature and communication, archipelago xii press, tirgu mures 3. de mooij m. 2004. translating advertising, painting the tip of an iceberg, the translator. volume 10, number 2 (2004), 179-198 isbn 1-900650-80-0 4. kotler f. marketing management. -spb.:peter-press. 1998. p. 699. 5. musayev k. fundamentals of translation theory: textbook. t.: fa "fan" publishing house of the republic of uzbekistan, 2005. b.9 6. xuedong, s. (2014). english-chinese translation strategies for advertisement slogans. higher education of social science, 6, 38-43. 545 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. amirkulovna, k. m., & jurayevna, e. m. (2023). analysis of some idioms with negative meanings in english language. web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journal, 2(4), 781-784. 8. khidirova, makhfuza amirkulovna, & pardayeva, nafisa g’ayratovna (2021). translation issues of phraseological units used with animal names from english into uzbek. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1 (11), 1058-1062. 9. kkhidirova, makhfuza amirkulovna, & eshdavlatova, mastura jurayevna (2021). translation problems of proverbs used with the word “money” from english into uzbek language. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1 (11), 48-52.. 10. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english 11. www.wikipedia. en. 580 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 social costs. pension expenses begjigitov elmurod erkinboy ugli tashkent financial institute faculty of budget accounting and treasury bng student of group 90 abstract: social costs are the costs incurred by an individual in relation to a group or society . these expenses are expenses, pension expenses, temporary expenses that are received in wages compared to other work, but the receipt of such expenses is the expenses that represent the total amount of physical social expenses at the international level, d ifferent from the physical expenses transferred through the income of these members of the society. this article provides information on retirement expenses and how to manage them properly. key words: pension costs, social sector, state budget, service delivery, public and private sector, pensioners, introduction: social costs are the costs incurred by an individual in relation to a group or society . these expenses are expenses, pension expenses, temporary expenses that are received in wages compared to other work, but the receipt of such expenses is the expenses that represent the total amount of physical social expenses at the international level, different from the physical expenses transferred through the income of these members of the society. the types of social costs are variable , depending on the economic policies implemented by the state, population, music and care in social media, people's professional activities, modern standards, types of services and many other factors. may depend. pension expenses are expenses allocated for providing professional assistance to older people . how can i help you? retirement benefits cover care, wages and other social benefits for people in retirement. these costs are covered by public or private sector pension funds or insurance systems. in addition to these costs , health care costs for retirees can also be included in the scope of pension costs. the following categories of citizens can be included in the categories of indigent population in need of social protection: pensioners , those who have completely lost the ability to work and need the help of others; lost the ability to work , but do not need the help of others; completely incapable of work; • old-age pensioners; • conditionally disabled persons (those who have lost the ability to work at the age of retirement). in 1999, 8.9 million working people in uzbekistan created a gross national product of more than 2.0 trillion soums, of which 6.7 percent was allocated for pension provision . 80% of retirees' pensions are spent on food, and 24,000 single retirees need constant care. such a situation aggravates the problems of pensioners' standard of living. currently, the following types of social assistance are provided in our republic : 1. allowances for families with children: • allowance for pregnancy and childbirth ; • one-time allowance given when the child is born; • child care allowance until 2 years old; 581 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us • allowance for families with children under 16 years of age . 2. social benefits: • congenital disabilities and other categories of disabilities; seniors without work experience ; • to bereaved families. 3. maintenance of social security institutions: • homes for the elderly and disabled; • boarding schools for sick children. 4. various benefits • providing vehicles and wheelchairs for free and at a reduced price; provision of sanatorium-resort passes ; • prosthesis; • tax benefits. 5. indigent benefits the main source of financing of social assistance programs is the state budget. at the expense of the state budget funds: allowances for families with children; providing services to people in homes for the elderly and disabled ; • training disabled people to work , employment, prosthetic fitting; • financial assistance will be provided to those who took part in the disaster at the chernobyl npp, and to the disabled. financing of allowances for children is carried out at the expense of the state budget , as well as at the expense of enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership. • household members financially and materially support the social assistance system : • enterprises paying and giving benefits to their employees from their own funds ; • public organizations; • trade unions, veterans', disabled people's associations, etc.; main part: social expenses, that is, the expenses made to meet the needs of society, in general, cover such areas as health care, education, social assistance. these costs are usually covered by the state budget and are aimed at increasing the welfare of society. superannuation is the expenditure incurred to meet the needs of the elderly during their retirement. these costs usually cover areas such as pensions, the social security system and health services. these costs are mainly covered by the state budget and are aimed at ensuring social security of the elderly. social expenditure is usually spent on services related to the elderly or disabled in society . these often cover issues such as social security, health, care services and income benefits. there may also be financial issues such as saving and investing for retirement or old age . retirement expenses procedure is to balance the income and expenses of the person during the retirement period. these include pensions, income from savings and investments, social benefits and other sources of income . it also includes living expenses, medical expenses, housing and maintenance expenses during retirement . retirement arrangements are important for financial security and quality of life stability during retirement. coverage of pension payment costs regardless of the form of ownership, enterprises and organizations: loss of a breadwinner , as well as for the disability caused by the employee being disabled at work or suffering from an occupational disease in connection with the performance of labor duties; 582 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us until the employee reaches the retirement age provided for in article 7 of the law "on state pension provision of citizens", the salary that compensates for the costs of paying pensions appointed in accordance with clause "b" of article 12 of this law will be transferred to the off-budget pension fund under the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan from the funds intended for payment. the pensioner reaches the age specified in article 7 of the law "on state pension provision of citizens " will be implemented at the expense of the funds of the fund that will be allocated to provide employment to the population. uzbekistan , the state tax committee and the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan (registered by the ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan on november 3, 2016, list number 2836) the single social payment , as well as the payment of the sums for the reimbursement of expenses, as well as the procedure for the implementation of expenses for pensions, allowances and other payments by organizations paying sums to cover expenses of the pension fund in accordance with the law " on state pension provision of citizens ". article 12, clause "b" and article 14 of the law , reimbursement of expenses incurred for the payment of survivor's pensions and disability pensions assigned to employees due to work disability and occupational disease in connection with the performance of labor duties is provided to the pension fund in accordance with article 66 of the law is carried out in accordance with the second and third parts of the article. in accordance with article 12, clause b and article 14 of the law, the state tax service authorities, as well as the expenses incurred for the payment of survivor's and disability pensions due to work disability and occupational disease of employees in connection with the performance of labor duties the pension fund on the basis of the information provided by the district (city) departments enters the calculation into the personal cards of the organizations. until february 1 of each year, until the employee reaches the retirement age provided for in article 7 of the law, the organizations shall fully cover the actual costs of the pension fund for the previous year for the payment of pensions appointed in accordance with clause "b" of article 12 of the law. if the actual expenses of the pension fund for the year before the payment of the specified pensions are approved by the cabinet of ministers' decision no. 357 of december 23, 2014 "on state pension provision of citizens" of the republic of uzbekistan if it is less than the minimum amount necessary for compensation determined in accordance with clause 11 of the regulation on the procedure for reimbursement of expenses for the payment of pensions, the minimum amount of necessary amounts for compensation shall be paid. not later than february 1 of the reporting month, organizations shall submit a statement in accordance with appendix 1 of this regulation to the state tax service authorities in the place where they are placed on the tax account. discussion: the procedure for granting pensions in uzbekistan is determined by age and length of working life. age limits and length of service are established for pension period or expenses. pensioners travel to the pensioner in accordance with the legal documents "on the pension system" issued by the oliy majlis in the pension system of uzbekistan, and this button is equal to 1 year of "rest", that is, the increase that ended in 2014 for those born before january 1, 2015, consider sensitivity as "yellow right", distant right, and for those born in 2011-2014 born in 2006-2010 (from skill 2007-2010) are known. a pensioner will need to accumulate enough money to pay for expenses during the working life. ostr for the period of pension (pension only for age), additional for expenses (pension and period of work). 583 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the pension system of uzbekistan , there may be differences in the method of determining pension funds and the size of social security of quality pension funds. the procedure for granting pensions in uzbekistan is based on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 9, 2007 "on pensions" no. pf-558. this decree specifies the procedure for regulation and management of pensions, pension payments and their funds. usually, according to age, length of professional activity, funds and other factors, citizens' pensions are determined according to the methods established by law. summary social costs are among the most important costs of society and include pension costs. pension costs are allocated to provide financial protection to those who are displaced by age and economic status in the country's systems. in conclusion, the concept of public external assistance and money supply needs to be improved. a pension system can make a difference, but the most important thing is not only to establish an initial base sufficient to provide the pension service, but also its ability to strengthen and maximize its use. as a result, the decisions and proposals made to update the system and minimize its external effects are very important. the renewal of social spending and pension systems should be carried out by a written law. especially in society, a synchronizing platform and a stable system for uploading different documents should be organized. the quality and quantity of this service will be related to those who are more advanced. contributions of individuals to social security, health, education and other public services . pension expenses are payments made to cover living expenses during retirement . some recommendations and suggestions for such expenses may be : should be trained to manage their budgets with a comprehensive approach to social security, health and education . 2. income enhancement programs: programs can be created that provide education and jobs to increase income during retirement. 3. deductions and supports : a policy can be developed to allow tax deductions and other social supports to retirees. 4. health services: adequate and affordable health services should be provided to cover the health costs of the elderly . such recommendations help create more effective and fairer policies to meet the social security and retirement financial needs of individuals. suggestions : we feel that it is necessary to increase the social expenses of the society and the state, as well as to strengthen the system of pension expenses; integration of social costs to control processes and evaluate its effectiveness; to further develop and improve the efficiency of the manual for the development of the gratitude policy and the improvement of the social protection system . references 1. world bank www.worldbank.org 2. international monetary fund www.imf.org 3. the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) www.oecd.org 4. "social expenditure: frameworks for analysis" by peter whiteford and "pension reforms in central, eastern and southeastern europe. 5. from post-socialist transition to the global financial crisis" by jános mátyás kovács. http://www.worldbank.org/ http://www.oecd.org/ 185 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 characteristics of production activities of cotton-textile clusters and their impact on accounting policies khalikov talibjon luptullaevich assistant at the department of “accounting and auditing in other industries”, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the article examines the mechanisms for testing and supporting cotton-textile clusters on the part of government and non-government organizations, as well as forms of promoting the development of production cooperation within the economic cluster of business entities specializing in cotton-textile production. keywords: cluster, regulatory framework, public administration, non-governmental association, market infrastructure, financial and other institutions, gross income. introduction: the task of increasing production efficiency has been put on the agenda of the current stage of economic modernization. solving this problem in practice without supporting processes of production cooperation within the framework of an economic cluster of specialized business entities is a very difficult task. the complexity and versatility of the problems solved in the development of industrial cooperation within the framework of a business cluster of specialized economic entities in various sectors of the economy requires improving the mechanisms of state support and regulation of these processes. the system created in the republic to support and stimulate the development of the business environment by state and non-state organizations makes it possible to form these processes in the economy at a high pace. however, the main part of the elements of this process, first of all, little importance is attached to the organization of production cooperation within the economic cluster of economic entities specializing in various types of activities based on different forms of ownership. in addition, network and regional authorities often do not coordinate cross-functional activities. the competencies of business entities specializing in the production of cotton fabrics when solving specific problems within the economic cluster of economic cooperation are not fully regulated [6]. improving the regulation and support of production cooperation processes by state and non-state bodies within the economic cluster of business entities specializing in the cotton and textile industry includes the following main areas:  improvement of the regulatory framework;  strengthening the activities of government bodies, taking into account the limited powers of government bodies to support and encourage these processes;  intensifying support for non-governmental organizations, market infrastructure, financial and other institutions for the development of production cooperation within a cluster of business entities specializing in various types of activities. 186 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analyzes and results. the main elements of support and regulation of production cooperation within the economic cluster of economic entities specializing in cotton products are presented in figure 1 [7]. it is known that relations between business entities are regulated by the general norms of civil legislation. however, as foreign experience shows, subcontracting relations involving small businesses are regulated by special legislation aimed at protecting the interests of small businesses. in our opinion, it is necessary to introduce such a special legal document in our country, in particular, to develop and adopt the draft of the republic of uzbekistan “regulations on mutual cooperation and production cooperation in the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services within the framework of the economic cluster.” this draft regulation, in our opinion, will regulate important mechanisms of a market economy, business entities will have the opportunity to formally satisfy their requirements for production cooperation within the economic cluster in the production of goods, works and services, risks will be reduced and the organization of production processes will be reduced. figure 1. the main elements of support and regulation of production cooperation within the economic cluster of business entities specializing in the production of cotton fabrics. this draft regulation, in our opinion, will regulate important mechanisms of a market economy, business entities will have the opportunity to formally satisfy their requirements for production cooperation within the economic cluster in the production of goods, works and services, and risks will be reduced. decreases in the organization of production processes. the need to develop and adopt this regulation is determined by the effectiveness of the implementation of large-scale measures to develop mutual cooperation and production cooperation of business entities in the republic of uzbekistan. according to preliminary data, the accurate implementation of the above document will increase the gross income of republican enterprises participating in this process by no less than 12-15 billion soums, and their profit (added value) by 1.2-1.5 billion soums due to reducing production costs. in this case, according to preliminary expert calculations, an additional 4-5 billion soums will be added to the state budget, and 8-10 thousand new jobs will be created [8]. 187 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusions. at the same time, the regulations must establish that participants in production cooperation within the economic cluster have the following obligations under the agreement:  exercise your rights without causing harm to third parties and their interests;  providing partners with complete and reliable information and documents related to the joint production of goods, performance of work and provision of services within the framework of production cooperation within the business cluster;  do not interfere with the rapid and complete fulfillment of their obligations by participants in production cooperation within the economic cluster. important attention should be paid to the following forms of support for the development of industrial cooperation within the economic cluster of economic entities specializing in cotton textiles from government authorities and management:  organization of conferences, training seminars for the purpose of training and development of practical skills on specific issues;  organization of special courses for specialists involved in solving these problems [9]. in each district and region, special programs should be developed with the participation of interested ministries and departments to implement effective and targeted work on mutual cooperation of business entities specializing in various types of activities within the economic cluster and the expansion of production cooperation [10]. references. 1. decree of the president of uzbekistan dated january 26, 2023 nodp-23 “on additional measures to support the activities of raw cotton producers.” https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/hlopkovotekstilnye_klastery_podderjit_gosudarstvo 2. message from the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis and the people of uzbekistan https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/5774. 3. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 25, 2018 no. 53 “on measures to introduce modern forms of organizing cotton production.” www.lex.uz 4. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 17, 2019 no. dp-5708 “on measures to improve the public administration system in the field of agriculture.” www.lex.uz 5. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated october 23, 2019 no. dp 5853 “on approval of the agricultural development strategy of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2030.” www.lex.uz 6. ainakulov m.a. economic efficiency of cluster management in the real sector of the economy. // “economy and society”. international scientific and practical journal. 2022. no. 2 (93)-1 (february, 2022) p. 187. 7. ainakulov m.a., abdukhamidov e.m. regulatory and legal framework for integration relations of economic entities // “young scientist”. international scientific journal. special issue jizzakh polytechnic institute. 2016. no. 7.2 (111.2) pp. 48-50. 8. b.b.berkinov, m.a.aynaqulov. “kichik tadbirkorlik korxonalarining yirik korxonalar bilan ishlab chiqarish kooperatsiyasi”. monografiya jizzax: 2004-114 b. 9. aynakulov m.a. problems, prestiges of animation process and technique // uz academiya. scientific-methodical journal.issn (e)-2181-1334.vol 1, issue 2, august 202. jild-2 https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/hlopkovo-tekstilnye_klastery_podderjit_gosudarstvo https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/hlopkovo-tekstilnye_klastery_podderjit_gosudarstvo https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/5774 http://www.lex.uz/ http://www.lex.uz/ http://www.lex.uz/ 188 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. aynaqulov m.a. xudayberdiyev b.b. xatamov a.ya. qurilish majmuasida xo‘jalik yuritish kooperatsiyasi va klasterining tavsiyaviy yo‘nalishlari // in volume 1, issue 5 of oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural andsocial sciences in jine 2021 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 features of organization of accounting in service enterprises azimjon meliev samarkand institute of economics and service abstract. in this article, the features of accounting organization in service enterprises, the theoretical basis, analysis and organization of accounting of income and expenses, directions for organization of accounting accounting based on international standards, problems of organization of accounting accounting in service enterprises and their improvement ways are given. key words: service, accounting, income, cost. introduction one of the most important factors for achieving stability of service system enterprises is the correct management of accounting. in the current conditions, achieving stability in terms of financial relations through the correct organization of accounting in service sector enterprises remains one of the important issues. if accounting provides an opportunity for service enterprises to generate a sufficient amount of profit, if the regulatory documents related to the creation of such a relationship are scientifically based, then it indicates that the service enterprise is fully stabilized. because the implementation of any scientifically based regulatory document is inevitable to serve the financial stability of enterprises. at the same time, at the same time, the introduction of innovative standards based on new achievements of science and technology into practice, first of all, accounting for services, accounting for taxes, accounting for financial results, accounting for economic operations, etc. the system of organization of the company serves the stable growth of the company's profit and the efficient use of financial resources. it is known that the share of service system enterprises in gdp is increasing year by year, which requires proper accounting in financial relations with service enterprises. according to its characteristics, the service system differs from the activities of production enterprises. first of all, relatively fast turnover of capital is noted in service system enterprises. secondly, service system enterprises act as mediators between producers and consumers. thirdly, the demand for the services of service enterprises is relatively stable. fourthly, the activity of service enterprises is relatively dependent on the activity of production enterprises. the characteristics of the service sector industries naturally have an impact on accounting in them. the rapid development of the service industry requires the improvement of the theoretical, organizational and methodological foundations of accounting in this field based on the requirements of the time. main part different scientists have expressed different opinions about the provision of services. russian scientist y.a. according to babayev, the service sector is one of the important sectors http://www/ 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of society's life and has a significant impact on all aspects of our activities. in this regard, service activities play a certain role in ensuring the material life of people, where various types of their spiritual activities are carried out [1]. economist i.m. according to sutulova, accounting for the service sector is not an easy task, as one of the most important indicators of the economic activity of any organization, despite the absence of unfinished business, it is necessary to take into account and analyze income and expenses [2]. russian scientist s.a. according to vityugova, services are a type of activity that does not have material expression, the results of which are realized and consumed in the course of economic activity of the enterprise [3]. services a type of activity that does not have material expression, the results of which are implemented and consumed in the course of economic activity of the enterprise. the field of services is expanding, the quality is improving, and the competition in attracting new prospective customers is intensifying. to evaluate the services of financial institutions and their quality indicators, it is important to study the structural structure of services. the following types of services can be distinguished (see figure 1). figure 1. service types the main distinguishing features of accounting for the service industry are that, firstly, the result of meeting the customer's needs is usually intangible, as a result of which there are difficulties in evaluating the quality and usefulness of the service provided. second, unlike physical goods that go through various production stages before the consumption stage, the consumption of the provided services occurs simultaneously with the production of the service itself. when choosing a service, the consumer first selects a service provider, which is an integral part of the process of satisfying his requests. in this case, the choice of the contractor can be based not on the quality of the service provided in general, but, for example, on the behavior of the employees. service industry networks cultural services medical and veterinary services educational services banking and financial services transport services insurance services logistics services legal and consulting services utilities trade and catering services tourism and hotel services communication services agroservis and autotexservis services mediation and other types of services http://www/ 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thirdly, the production of any service is closely related to the personality of the consumer. in other words, the comprehensive change of human personality determines the variability of the quality of services and does not allow for their formalization and standardization. fourth, in addition to the risks associated with the impossibility of timely detection and correction of errors and inconsistencies during the simultaneous provision and consumption of services, risks associated with the vulnerability of the services provided there is. in other words, if physical goods can be put off and sold tomorrow, then the sale and consumption of many services cannot be put off until the future. for example, transportation services, an empty seat on an airplane means lost profits. organizations in the service sector must maintain accounting in accordance with law no. 657pq dated april 13, 2016 and a number of regulatory documents, such as accounting rules, letters, instructions and regulations of the ministry of finance. the organization itself is approved for the purpose of regulating accounting and other documents in the field of accounting regulation. in addition to the development of all sectors and industries in the economy of uzbekistan, largescale reforms were carried out in order to increase the volume of service provision in service enterprises. in order to improve the quality of services in the country, to improve accounting, a number of changes, regulatory and legal documents, standard and new requirements were developed, management structures were improved. in turn, on the basis of the further development of the service sector in our country and the creation of new jobs in the network, the increase in the level of employment of the population, the increase in the number of entities engaged in the activity of this sector and the accounting and reporting in them based on the requirements of international standards organization is one of the important tasks of today. the effective performance of these tasks requires increasing the competitiveness of service enterprises, keeping accounting records based on international standards, and improving the scientific and methodological foundations of developing financial accounts and reports. it is known that today accounting is one of the leading factors affecting the efficiency of the management process in economic entities. in this regard, as a number of researchers-scientists have mentioned in their research, "accounting is a regulated system of collecting, recording and summarizing accounting information by recording all business operations in a holistic, continuous, document-based manner, as well as it consists of drawing up financial and other reports based on it" [4]. accounting is directly related to the development of human society and its functioning. american scientists professors b. needles, kh. according to anderson and practicing accountant d. caldwell: "accounting is a means of communication between business activities and people who make management decisions" [5]. the history of the formation and development of accounting is inextricably linked with the development of society and changes in the social sphere. western scientists m.r. mathews and h.b. in their textbooks, perera explained the connection between social development and accounting as follows: "... social changes have become the main factor of accounting, and social changes are also integral with the development of accounting. depends" [6]. the relationship between social life and accounting is also reflected in the textbook of the uzbek scientist, professor m. ostanakulov: "since the basis of the life of society is the production of material goods, it is necessary to understand the events that occur in the social life of people. account was used for the purpose of monitoring, taking into account labor tools and labor items, as well as labor processes" [7]. a well-known russian scientist, professor v.f. paliy defines the subject of accounting as follows: "... the subject of accounting consists of the processes related to the capital invested in the activity of the enterprise as funds, its increase or decrease" [8]. harvard university (usa) professors r. anthony and dj. in rislar's textbook, the content of accounting is expressed as follows: accounting http://www/ 50 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "...it is the process of identifying, measuring and transmitting economic information for the purpose of reasonable assessment and decision-making by the users of this information" [9]. or, as another researcher noted, "accounting, which is an integral part of any enterprise's activity, allows predicting the organization's activity and preventing possible negative consequences" [10]. thus, the accounting system not only provides reliable information about the economic situation of the subject, but also reflects the movement of funds during the reporting period, which allows controlling the use of financial, material and labor resources. by systematizing data and providing information about all economic operations, accounting allows to assess their appropriateness and control the compliance of the organization's activities with the norms and standards approved by the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan. each branch of the service industry has its own characteristics. these features are manifested in: the services are not visible as a material benefit; not appearing as an object in the process of buying and selling services; changing the quality of service, that is, the service of one person has different quality in one period; lack of possibility to reserve and store the service; the burden of the possibility of moving the service from one place to another without the owner; the possibility of consuming the service only in the process being provided; the ability of service providers and consumer entities to be directly together during the service delivery process and others. the importance of providing services is that their provision develops other areas as well, creates appropriate conditions and opportunities for human development. let's look at some types of services to see the features of accounting in service organizations. in insurance organizations, with the help of accounting, the movement of existing tangible assets, funds and insurance reserves is regularly monitored and controlled, costs and financial results related to the sale of insurance products, and the level of solvency are determined. accounting in insurance organizations is also based on general rules, state authorities and management bodies, legal entities registered in the republic of uzbekistan, their subsidiaries, branches, representative offices and other structural units located in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan and outside of it. accounting entities, like divisions. in insurance organizations, long-term and current assets, liabilities, private capital, reserves, income and expenses, profits, losses and economic operations related to their movement are the objects of accounting. in insurance organizations operating in our country, as well as in all economic entities, the main goal of accounting is to provide users with complete and accurate financial and other accounting information in a timely manner. the tasks of accounting of insurance organizations are as follows: formation of complete and accurate information on the state and movement of assets, property rights and obligations in accounting accounts; summarizing accounting data for effective management; preparation and submission of financial, tax and other reports. today, the above-mentioned tasks of accounting of insurance organizations are carried out on the basis of the following basic rules: bookkeeping in double-entry bookkeeping; continuity; valuation of economic operations, assets and liabilities in money; accuracy; calculation; foresight (prudence); content over form; comparability of indicators; neutrality of financial reporting; http://www/ 51 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consistency of income and expenses of the reporting period; actual valuation of assets and liabilities. the rules of accounting of operating insurance organizations are regulated by accounting standards. regardless of the form of ownership, all business entities in our country must operate on the basis of national accounting standard no. 21 of the republic of uzbekistan. however, even if insurance organizations are considered economic entities, their accounting is registered with the ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan on may 5, 2008 with no. management based on the previous "accounting plan of accounts of financial and economic activities of insurers" determines the specific characteristics of this industry. at the same time, it is necessary to apply the legal documents of the republic of uzbekistan "on accounting" in the formation of the accounting policy of the subject in the specific direction of the organization of accounting and reporting in insurance organizations. the following factors affect the selection and justification of the accounting policy of insurance organizations: form of ownership and organizational legal form (jsc, llc, etc.); type of activity or subordination of the branch; the scale of production and the number of employees; relationship with the taxation system (exemption from various taxes, tax rates, tax benefits); the level of freedom of action in the conditions of transition to market relations; technical support of management activities; existence of an effective system of providing the enterprise with information; qualification level of accounting staff, initiative, demandingness and entrepreneurship of enterprise managers; the system of material responsibility for material interests and obligations from the results of the enterprise's work. the consequences of changes in the accounting policy that are not related to changes in the laws of the republic of uzbekistan should be evaluated in terms of value based on the audited data at the time when the changed methods of accounting of the subject began to be used (on the first day of the month). the following requirements are taken into account when implementing specific concepts in the organization of a financial account in insurance organizations: the liabilities and assets of the insurance organization are taken into account separately from the liabilities and assets of the property owners of this organization; the accounting policy selected by the organization is applied within the limits of one organization, as well as at the level of interrelated organizations, in relation to the current year and the next. the circulation of accounting documents and the periodicity and sequence of their submission for organizing the accounting of insurance organizations are regulated by the accounting policy. in the process of accounting of insurance organizations, preliminary documents and account registers are considered an important component of the formation of financial and tax reports, and the form and procedure are determined by the accounting policy. the creation of a mutually coordinated http://www/ 52 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us information system of accounting and analysis is of great importance in the effective implementation of the accounting policy developed in insurance organizations. tourist services form the basis of the financial and economic activity of the subjects of the tourism sector. these services differ from other types of services in various aspects. for example, in the case of tour operators, they include the following processes: (1) formation of a tour, that is, a tourist trip in a certain direction; (2) determining the type of product composition and value; (3) conclusion of contracts with tourists; (4) sale of tourist vouchers; (5) ensure the execution of the tour; (6) carry out final settlements with tourists; (7) settlement with all other entities involved in the provision of tourist services, such as travel agents, etc. the main indicator that quantitatively represents the provided tourist services is the volume of the sold tourist product (tourist product). the tourist product includes three elements. these are: (1) the tour itself (tourist trip in a certain direction); (2) additional tourist-excursion services (accommodation, meals, transportation, trips to objects in the excursion program, etc.); (3) goods, i.e. consumer goods [12-14]. payments for services included in the tour price are made in national and foreign currencies. payment for additional services provided to tourists, which are not included in the tour price, is made in our republic only in national currency. all of the above indicates that enterprises providing tourist services are important economic units, respectively, important subjects of accounting. conclusion important levers and tools for the correct organization of accounting in entities providing tourist services are the following. first, tourist organizations should use, on the one hand, a system of initial documents that is integrated for all economic entities, and on the other hand, based on the characteristics of the industry, they should use a system of appropriate initial documents. initial documents, which have a unified form and content for subjects of all branches and sectors of the economy, include cash and bank operations, fixed assets, intangible assets, inflows and outflows of goods, wages, and other general documents. includes documents related to the operation. the documents embodying the characteristics of the field are the "deed on services provided to tourists", invoices, distribution of income and expenses related to tourist services, calculations for determining the cost of tourist products. the form and content of these initial documents of industry importance are determined by the national company "uzbekturizm", as well as according to the accounting policy chosen by the tourist organizations themselves. secondly, tourist organizations should use, on the one hand, a comprehensive accounting chart of accounts for all business entities, and on the other hand, a network or enterprise working chart of accounts approved based on the characteristics of the industry. initial documents, which have a unified form and content for subjects of all branches and sectors of the economy, include cash and bank operations, fixed assets, intangible assets, inflows and outflows of goods, wages and other general documents. includes documents related to the operation. the documents embodying the characteristics of the field are the "deed on services provided to tourists", invoices, distribution of income and expenses related to tourist services, calculations for determining the cost of tourist products. the form and content of these initial documents of industry importance are determined by the national company "uzbekturizm", as well as according to the accounting policy chosen by the tourist organizations themselves. tourist organizations, on the one hand, use initial documents, accounting plan of accounts and http://www/ 53 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us registers that are integrated for all economic entities, and on the other hand, based on the characteristics of the industry, appropriate initial documents, working account plan and account registers should be defined in their account policies. firstly, tourism organizations, on the one hand, use initial documents, accounting plan of accounts and registers that are integrated for all economic entities, and on the other hand, based on the characteristics of the industry, appropriate initial documents, working accounts plan and account registers should be defined in their accounting policies. secondly, determining the organizational form of the income received (obtained) from the provision of tourist services, expenses related to them and accounting, which is suitable for the status of the enterprise and its size. in accordance with the law of our republic "on accounting" (article 7), tourist organizations should determine the organizational form of accounting that corresponds to the status of the enterprise and its size. references 1. бабаев ю.а. бухгалтерский учет в торговле и общественном питании: учебное пособие / ю.а. бабаев, а.м. петров. м.: вузовский учебник, инфра-м, 2013. 352 c. 2. сутулова и.м. особенности учета доходов и расходов в сфере услуг / инновационная наука. – м. 2017. № 2. с. 33-36. 3. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/buhgalterskiy-uchet-v-sfere-uslug 4. o'zbekiston respublikasi qonuni: buxgalteriya hisobi to'g'risida (yangi tahriri). 2016 yil 13 aprel. 5. нидлз б. и др. принципы бухгалтеркого учета / б. нидлз, х. андерсон, д.колдуэлл: пер. с англ./ под ред. я.в. соколова. -м: финансы и статистика,2003, с.13. 6. мэтьюс м.р.перера, м.х.б. теория бухгалтеркого учета. учебник./ пер. с англ./ под ред. я.в. соколова. и. а. смирновой.м: аудит, юнити, 1999, с.65 7. остонақулов м. бухгалтерия ҳисоби назарияси. дарслик. иккинчи нашр.-т: «iqtisod-moliya » , 2007, 5-б. 8. палий в.ф. теория бухгалтеркого учета: современние проблемы.м: изд-во «бухгалтерский учет», 2007, с.11. 9. энтони р. , рис дж. учет: ситуации и примеры: пер. с англ./ под ред. и с предcлов. а.м.петрачкова –м: финансы и статистика, 1996,с. 16. 10. тхагапсо м.б., узленко е.а. система сбалансированных показателей как инструмент оценки эффективности деятельности организации и решения стратегических задач // экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. 2019. № 9. с. 194-197. 11. чудновский а.д. менеджмент в туризме и гостиничном хозяйстве. учебник, 3-е изд. — м.: кнорус, 2007. – с. 22 12. ahrorov, z., & utkirov, a. (2023). securities as a source of financing investment projects. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(7), 468-473. 13. oripovich, a. z., & zokirovich, n. b. (2021). investments in the intellectual potential of youth and their effect on startups. international journal on economics, finance and sustainable development, 3(9), 70-74. 14. lesta, r. d., & ahrorov, z. o. (2023, may). boosting stock returns in coal mining: key strategies revealed. in international conference on intellectuals’ global responsibility (icigr 2022) (pp. 600-610). atlantis press. 15. zarif, a. (2022). the impact of taxation on economic growth: a socio-economic perspective. economics and innovative technologies, 10(5), 341-347. http://www/ 337 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methods of converting a complete drawing, application in the image of objects jabbarov anvar egamovich tashkent state transport university abstract: currently, it is impossible to imagine the work and development of any branch of the national economy, as well as science and technology without drawings. drawings (projects) are first developed for newly created devices, machines and structures. according to the drawings, their advantages and disadvantages are determined, and changes are made to their design. only after discussing the drawings (projects) are prototypes made. the engineer must be able to read the drawing in order to understand both the design and operation of the depicted product, as well as to present his technical thoughts using the drawing. keywords: tasks, engineer, technical, specialist, science, drawing, projects, construction. in the light of the tasks imposed on engineering and technical workers, the level and quality of training of specialists in higher educational institutions is becoming increasingly important. currently, it is impossible to imagine the work and development of any branch of the national economy, as well as science and technology without drawings. drawings (projects) are first developed for newly created devices, machines and structures. according to the drawings, their advantages and disadvantages are determined, and changes are made to their design. only after discussing the drawings (projects) are prototypes made. the engineer must be able to read the drawing in order to understand both the design and operation of the depicted product, as well as to present his technical thoughts using the drawing. the number of academic disciplines that form the basis for the training of specialists with higher education includes the course "engineering graphics". this course prepares students to perform and read drawings, both in the learning process and in subsequent engineering activities. knowledge of engineering graphics allows an engineer to execute and read drawings in the same way that knowledge of the alphabet and grammar allows a person to read and write. engineering graphics is an academic discipline that studies the issues of product images on a plane. the main objectives of the course "engineering graphics": 1) to teach how to perform simple drawings, i.e. to depict simple products in a complex drawing and in axonometric projections; 2) teach to read drawings, instill skills of mental representation of shapes and sizes of products based on their images in the drawing; 3) consider graphical ways of solving individual problems related to geometric images and their mutual location in space; 4) to familiarize with the basic requirements of the standards for drawings and diagrams; 5) develop the skills of drawing techniques. 338 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us studying engineering graphics also develops spatial representation and logical thinking. the proof of many theoretical propositions of engineering graphics is carried out through logical reasoning. the study of engineering graphics requires not only knowledge of theoretical material, but also the ability to accurately and accurately execute drawings, high drawing techniques. the knowledge and skills acquired in the study of engineering graphics are necessary and are developed in the study of other academic disciplines, as well as in subsequent engineering activities. ways to transform a complex drawing. the method of complex projection is based on the fact that a point (object) is projected onto several mutually perpendicular projection planes using rectangular projection, and then these projection planes are combined with one plane. when using two projection planes, the p1 plane is positioned horizontally and is called the horizontal plane of the surface. the plane p2 is positioned vertically in front of the observer and is called the frontal plane of the surface. the line of intersection of these projection planes is called the projection axis and is denoted by the letter x . the point is projected simultaneously onto both projection planes. the projection of a point onto the second plane of projection p2 is the second, complementary element. if projecting rays are drawn from the projections a1 and a2, they will intersect at a single point as belonging to the same plane, which in turn is perpendicular to the planes of projection p1 and p2, as well as the x axis. the a1 projection is called the horizontal projection of point a, and the a2 projection is called the frontal projection. two projection planes divide the entire space into 4 parts, which are called quadrants. the quadrants are numbered in the order indicated. it is difficult to use a spatial system of mutually perpendicular projection planes for the image of objects, therefore it is reduced to a flat appearance. to do this, the horizontal plane of projections is rotated downwards around the x axis and combined with the frontal plane of projections p2, b). the result is a complex of two projections of point a on the same plane b). the resulting image is called a complex drawing. a two-projection complex drawing is a drawing consisting of images of an object on two projection planes combined with the drawing plane. in a complex drawing, the line a1 a2 connecting the projections of point a is called a communication line. when making images of objects, in some cases it becomes necessary to introduce a third projection plane perpendicular to the two existing ones. this new projection plane is designated p3 and is called the profile projection plane. the three projection planes extend the space into eight parts – octants, which are numbered in order. in general, an object can be positioned in any octant. to form a complex drawing, the horizontal plane of projections p1 rotates downward around the x axis, and the profile plane of projections p3 rotates to the right around the z axis is combined with the frontal plane of projections p2. as a result of this combination, a three-projection complex drawing is formed, for example, points a, with axes x, y, z. in general, a complex drawing can be obtained if, as a new projection plane, we take any plane perpendicular to one of the main projection planes, which means: 339 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a complex drawing is an image on one plane of several interconnected rectangular projections of an object, obtained after a certain alignment of the projection planes with the drawing plane. projection axes in a complex drawing. considering the complex drawing, it can be noted that based on the properties of parallel projection, the parallel movement of the projection plane system does not change the shape of the projections of the object. only the position of the projection axes changes in the drawing. projection axes are necessary in two cases: if a method of replacing projection planes is used; if geometric shapes are set by the coordinates of their points. in these cases, the axes are needed for measuring dimensions, i.e. they are not used in their original purpose, but as bases for measuring dimensions. ways to replace projection planes. the essence of this method lies in the fact that the spatial positions of the specified elements remain unchanged, but the system of projection planes changes, on which new images of geometric images are built. additional projection planes are introduced in such a way that the elements of interest to us are depicted on them in a position convenient for a specific task. let's consider the solution of four initial problems by replacing the projection planes. used literature 1. халимова, ш. р., мамурова ф. я. (2023). изометрическое и диметрическое представление окружностей и прямоугольников. miasto przyszłości , 33 , 128-134. 2. mamurova, f. i., & alimov, f. h. (2023). sections in engineering graphics in drawings. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 2(3), 107-110. 3. odilbekovich, s. k., bekmuratovich, e. a., & islamovna, m. f. (2023). requirements for a railway operation specialist on traffic safety issues. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 2(3), 98-101. 4. mamurova, f. i., khadjaeva, n. s., & kadirova, e. v. (2023). role and application of computer graphics. innovative society: problems, analysis and development prospects, 1-3. 5. mamurova, f. i. (2022, december). improving the professional competence of future engineers and builders. in international scientific conference" innovative trends in science, practice and education" (vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 97-101). 6. odilbekovich, s. k., & islomovna, m. f. (2023, january). facilities and devices of the yale farm. in interdisciplinary conference of young scholars in social sciences (pp. 21-23). 7. mamurova, feruza islomovna. "factors of formation of professional competence in the context of information education." theoretical & applied science учредители: теоретическая и прикладная наука 9 (2021): 538-541. 8. islomovna, m. f., islom, m., & absolomovich, k. x. (2023). projections of a straight line, the actual size of the segment and the angles of its inclination to the planes of projections. miasto przyszłości, 31, 140-143. 9. mamurova, f. i. (2022, december). improving the professional competence of future engineers and builders. in international scientific conference" innovative trends in science, practice and education" (vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 97-101). 10. mamurova, f., & yuldashev, j. (2020). methods of forming students'intellectual capacity. экономика и социум, (4), 66-68. 340 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. islomovna, m. f. (2022). success in mastering the subjects of future professional competence. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(5), 224-226. 12. mamurova, f. i. (2021). the concept of education in the training of future engineers. international journal on orange technologies, 3(3), 140-142. 13. islomovna, m. f. (2023). methods of fastening the elements of the node. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 3(3), 40-44. 14. islomovna, m. f. (2023). engineering computer graphics drawing up and reading plot drawings. new scientific trends and challenges, 120-122. 15. pirnazarov, g. f., mamurova, f. i., & mamurova, d. i. (2022). calculation of flat ram by the method of displacement. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(4), 35-39. 16. islamovna, m. f. (2023). basic rules for graphic execution of construction drawings. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 12(05), 118-122. 17. islamovna, m. f. (2020). architectural design provides light grays. international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology, 7(05), 140-143. 18. mamurova, f. i., & ogli ozodjonov, j. t. (2023). features of the execution of drawings of metal structures and geometric schemes. new scientific trends and challenges (italy), 123-125. 19. islam, m., husenovich, a. f., & juraevna, k. n. (2023). curved lines and surfaces, their production. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 3(4), 128-132. 20. islomovna, m. f. (2023). methods of fastening the elements of the node. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 3(3), 40-44. 21. mamurova, f. i., & oglu amirkulov, a. f. (2021). coordinate and height systems used in geodesy. conferencious online, 19-20. 22. mamurova, f. i., khodzhaeva, n. s., & kadirova, e. v. (2023). pedagogy of technology and its university. innovative science in modern research, 22-24. 23. islamovna, m. f. (2023, may). reforms in the educational system. in integration conference on integration of pragmalinguistics, functional translation studies and language teaching processes (pp. 190-194). 24. saidnabievich, s. s., & islamovna, m. f. (2023). educational competence in training future engineers. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress, 2(2), 46-48. 194 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 improving listening through modern innovative strategies umedova oyxon sultonovna teacher of languages department at zarmed university oyxon.umedova89@mail.ru abstract this article highlights some innovative strategies for improving listening skill of english language of secondary level students. effective listening in english language, guiding the students towards effective oral communication, is the problem with all the esl students at secondary level and as such it creates problem for english language teachers. the objective of the study was to help the english language teachers and students to overcome this problem by showing the results of application of innovative strategies for improving english language listening skill. key words: english language teaching,”art of conversation"programm, tefl,website english club tv innovative strategies, listening comprehension, temptation, language listening skill, challenges, frustrate. introduction. today, listening is the one ability you utilize most frequently in daily life. your speaking, writing, and reading abilities all start with listening comprehension. it’s crucial to actively listen, which involves paying attention to what you’re hearing, in order to improve your listening abilities. make it a habit to watch videos and movies in the foreign language and to listen to audio books, podcasts, news, songs, etc. in this article we can see following listening strategies and their usage: once you have begun to listen on a regular basis, you might still be frustrated by your limited understanding. here are a few courses of action you can take: • accepting the fact that you are not going to understand everything • keeping a positive attitude when you don’t comprehend even if you have problems understanding for a while • avoid translating into your mother tongue • focusing on catching the conversation’s gist (or main theme).focus on the major idea first before paying attention to the details main body. the first problem with translating is that it separates the listener from the speaker. second, the majority of people frequently repeat themselves. by remaining calm, you can usually understand what the speaker had said. there is a barrier between you and the speaker while you translate. the temptation to instantaneously translate into your mother tongue while hearing someone speak in a foreign language is great. if you hear a term you don’t recognize, this temptation intensifies considerably. naturally, we want to comprehend all that is spoken, therefore this is what happens. however, when you translate into your native language, you are taking the focus of your attention away from the speaker and concentrating on the translation process taking place in your brain. if you could pause the speaker, that would be okay. however, in real life, the other person speaks on while you translate. http://www/ mailto:oyxon.umedova89@mail.ru 195 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this circumstance undoubtedly results in less comprehension, not more. sometimes, translation causes a mental block in your brain that prevents you from understanding anything at all. take a time to consider your friends, family, and coworkers. do they repeat themselves when they speak to you in your language? they probably do if they are typical of most people. if they are like most people, they probably do. thus, it is highly probable that everyone you listen to will repeat what they just said, allowing you a second, third, or even fourth chance to fully comprehend what they just said. your brain is free to focus on what is most crucial: understanding english in english if you maintain your composure, are willing to not understand, and refrain from interpreting while you listen. the ability to pick and choose what you want to listen to, how often, and for how long is probably the biggest benefit of using the internet to develop your listening abilities. you are also very likely to know a lot more of the necessary vocabulary if you listen to something you enjoy. to make the main points easier to understand, use keywords or key phrases. you can infer that someone is talking about a business trip to new york from last year if you understand the words "new york," "business trip," and "last year." this may seem obvious to you, but remember person continues to speak. imagine your english-speaking friend telling you, "i got this awesome tuner at jr’s. i can now listen to broadcasts on national public radio because it was so affordable. " you don’t understand what a tuner is, and if you focus on the word tuner you might become frustrated. if you think in context, you probably will begin to understand. for example; bought is the past of buy, listen is no problem and radio is obvious. now you understand: he bought something -the tuner -to listen to the radio. a tuner must be a kind of radio. even though this is a straightforward illustration, it shows what you should pay attention tonot the terms you don’t understand, but rather the ones you do. the most effective technique to develop your listening abilities is to listen frequently. enjoy the online listening options available and don’t forget to unwind. the ability to listen has long been marginalized in foreign language curriculum, despite its evident significance for learning a language. the introduction of teaching communicative languages with an emphasis on competence, learning, and more focus was beginning to be placed on teaching listening. however, listening needs to be given more "prime time" in class and on assignments as it has not yet been fully included into the curriculum. for a variety of reasons, including the following, listening might be difficult for students: • listening involves multiple modes: • listening involves multiple modes: interpersonal and interpretive communication are involved in listening. it necessitates that the listener either participate in face-to-face talks or listen in an uninvolved manner while others speak or present. • listening involves all varieties of language: in addition to hearing lectures and presentations in formal and academic settings, learners must also participate in or listen to conversations that contain varying degrees of colloquialism • listening involves "altered" and "reduced" language forms: listeners must develop their comprehension of "reduced" language forms in addition to coping with the language’s vocabulary and grammatical structures when they are engaged in listening (e.g., i wanna go, just a sec) • variable delivery rates are involved in listening. effective skills include the ability to show interest in the subject being addressed and comprehend the data being given. the capacity to communicate effectively is becoming more and more crucial in today’s culture. although the ability to speak effectively is a highly sought after skill , developing effective skills is often not regarded in the same respect. in fact listening is just as important as speaking. without learning to be a good listener, you’re unlikely achieve understanding. think about it . good listening skills will give you an edge in life. in this article i would like to share 5 beneficial strategies to enhance listening . http://www/ 196 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. three to flee. this strategy encourages active listening, participation, and opportunity for sharing insight. a powerful way to do this is by stopping every five minutes to ask for three takeaways, insights, or pieces of information about the material. if the presenter does not get three responses from the audience, they wait. in ordet to flee, or move on, the presenter needs three. [5] 2. bundles, bullets, and views. are you a paragraph (bundle), orderly (bullets), or visual (views) type of person? research suggests that when you write things down, you tend to remember them better. this thinking is similar to understanding directions. in the classroom, you might find that students struggle with following directions on assignments, projects, and activities. by providing students with three options—bundles, bullets, and views—you offer choice in how they best process directions, although it doesn’t hurt to use all three. this strategy is quite simple. when providing directions to a classroom full of listeners, allow them to engage in this strategy. they can write out the directions in paragraph form (bundle), list the directions in order (bullets), or draw a picture (view). [5] 3. scales and signs. (best fit for checking in.) a thumbs-up is a positive indicator. a 10 on a scale of 0–10 is fantastic. that’s it—keep it concrete and straightforward. this strategy for understanding how and where students are in their level of understanding is efficient and effective. this may look like your students rating themselves on how well they understand a reading piece by pointing to a number. or it might sound like students doing a quick round of “yay” or “nay” in reference to whether they grasped a math concept. not only are they communicating that they get it, but also you are offering them an opportu nity to self-measure and clarify their understanding. [5] 4. what is it that you do not understand? (best fit for general understanding.) it’s all about the way you phrase it. if you ask students, “do you understand?” most of the time you get nodding heads or crickets. phrasing the question this way, “what is it that you do not understand?” encourages students to think and respond. another way you can phrase this question to the class is by asking, “what about this idea does not make sense?” the more students engage in clarifying questions, the more inclined they are to develop the habit of metacognition. getting your students to think about their thoughts, knowledge, and feelings about a topic offers much more certainty for teachers than just receiving a nod. [5] 5. the interval clock. (best fit for groupwork.) allow the clock to manage time for listening to one another. begin by setting a timer for a specific amo unt of time you believe your students should talk and listen to one another’s ideas about a specific assignment or topic. in a history class, getting students to engage in this strategy might sound like this: “in your groups, you will have 5 minutes to discuss a historical figure that all of you believe would be worth researching. listen intently to one another’s ideas, thoughts, and suggestions. be ready after 5 minutes of discussion to share your group’s ideas with the class.” [5] conclusion. hearing activities frequently induce high levels of anxiety and stress among learners, which can impede with understanding. unlike reading texts that can be controlled by the learner, listening texts are continually moving and at varying speeds that are frequently beyond the listener’s control. addressing listening in a language school presents some difficulties for teachers as well. one of your responsibilities as a language instructor will be to create a vision for how listening fits into your classroom. continue to consider how you may approach listening exercises as you move http://www/ https://www.lifesavvy.com/19204/why-you-remember-things-better-when-you-write-them-down/ https://www.habitsofmindinstitute.org/metacognition-monitoring-your-thinking/ 197 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us through this module, as well as the objectives and demands you should have of your students. references 1. makhmudov, k. (2020). ways of forming intercultural communication in foreign language teaching. science and education 2. makhmudov, k. (2020). innovative cluster of pedagogical education: common goals and specific interests. academic research in educational sciences 3. khodjamkulov, u. n. (2019). pedagogical education cluster as a scientific and pedagogical problem. modern education 4. khoshimova, d., otajonova, d., & khaldarchayeva, g. (2020). modern technologies in teaching foreign languages. academic research in educational sciences 5. https://www.edutopia.org/article/5-strategies-improve-students-listening-skills/ 6. https://eproceeding.undwi.ac.id/index.php/mdasd/article/download/259/234 7. sultonovna, u. o. (2023). certain social cultural phenomena and methods of their regulation in the context of hermeneutics. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 4(6), 252-254. retrieved from https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajlpc/article/view/934 8. umedova oykhon sultanovna. (2023). hermeneutics and intercultural dialogue. the combination of language and identity in dialogue. pedagogs jurnali, 44(1), 176–180. retrieved from https://pedagoglar.uz/index.php/ped/article/view/6895 а http://www/ https://eproceeding.undwi.ac.id/index.php/mdasd/article/download/259/234 https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajlpc/article/view/934 american journal of public diplomacy and american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 239 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us assessment of the effectiveness of state budget distribution shodiev javohir student at samarkand institute of economics and service xadjaeva f lecturer at samarkand institute of economics and service annotation: in an era of increasing interconnectedness and shared global challenges, the efficiency of government budget allocation is a key determinant of economic prosperity and social well-being on a global scale. the allocation of financial resources by governments not only reflects their fiscal policies, but also shapes the trajectory of development, meeting diverse needs such as infrastructure, education, health and social welfare. the purpose of this study is to shed light on the nuances of public budget allocation efficiency in a global context where countries face different economic structures, political systems and social needs. as countries navigate the complexities of the modern era, understanding the efficiency of government budget allocation becomes paramount. the consequences of budget decisions extend far beyond national borders, affecting global economic stability and sustainable development. keywords: definition of efficiency, klitgaard's work, budgeting, resource allocation, development trajectory, international monetary fund, effective budget management. the global literature on the efficiency of government budget allocation is rich and varied and reflects the complex interaction of economic, political and social factors. scientists have explored this territory extensively, offering key insights for understanding and measuring performance. defining efficiency: klitgaard's (1991) work on budgeting and corruption provided the basis for understanding the problems of efficient resource allocation. subsequent studies have delved deeper into the influence of corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and political considerations on optimal budget allocation (acemoglu & robinson, 2012; besley & persson, 2011). international models and best practices. the literature examines successful examples around the world, analyzing models and best practices. examples include the scandinavian welfare model, which emphasizes the balance between social welfare and economic growth (besley & persson, 2011), and the experiences of countries such as singapore and switzerland, which offer insight into effective fiscal management (world economic forum, 2021). country-specific approaches: research has scrutinized different approaches to fiscal efficiency across countries. reinikki and svensson's (2002) work on addressing poor public capital in developing countries highlights the challenges in resource-constrained settings. comparative studies, such as those comparing developing and developed economies, provide more detailed understanding (international monetary fund, 2020). the world bank's world development indicators (2019) serves as a comprehensive resource that allows researchers to compare fiscal trends around the world. collectively, this literature forms a solid basis for assessing and improving the efficiency of government budget allocation. subsequent sections of this study will use these findings to evaluate effectiveness across countries. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 240 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the efficiency of government budget allocation is a multifaceted issue that is influenced by different economic structures, governance models and social conditions around the world. this section presents the results of an assessment of the efficiency of government budget allocation, focusing on key indicators and comparing allocation patterns and priorities among several countries. comparative analysis of government budget distribution in the world 1. key indicators and distribution schemes our analysis shows significant differences in the distribution of government budgets around the world. key indicators such as the percentage allocated to education, health, infrastructure and social welfare have been studied in different countries. for example, nordic countries consistently prioritize social welfare, devoting a significant portion of their budgets to education and health (besley & persson, 2011). in contrast, developing economies often face the challenge of balancing social spending with the need for infrastructure development (international monetary fund, 2020). 2. economic structures and budgetary efficiency differences in economic structures play a critical role in shaping the efficiency of budget allocation. developed countries with well-developed infrastructure tend to devote more resources to innovation, research and development (world economic forum, 2021). in contrast, developing countries face the dual challenge of building basic infrastructure while meeting pressing social needs. the comparative analysis highlights the importance of adapting budget priorities to stages of economic development. 3. governance models and social contexts management models have a significant impact on the efficiency of budget allocation. countries with transparent and accountable governance structures tend to allocate resources more efficiently, promoting economic development and social progress (acemoglu & robinson, 2012). and vice versa, nations struggle political stability political stability becomes the cornerstone of effective government budget allocation. countries with a stable political environment can pursue long-term fiscal policies, promoting economic growth and social development (acemoglu & robinson, 2012). conversely, political instability creates uncertainty, hindering the implementation of strategic budget plans. the strength of institutions, the rule of law, and governance structures combine to influence a country's ability to allocate resources effectively (besley & persson, 2011). 2. economic systems the choice of economic system significantly affects the efficiency of the budget. countries with different economic structures, such as market economies versus centrally planned systems, face distinct problems in budget allocation. market economies can focus on private sector development and innovation by directing resources to research and development (world economic forum, 2021). in contrast, countries with centrally planned economies may face the need to adapt to market demands while simultaneously addressing social welfare concerns. aligning budget priorities with the chosen economic system is critical to achieving optimal efficiency. 3. international cooperation american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 241 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in an interconnected global environment, international cooperation plays a key role in influencing budgetary efficiency. collaborative efforts, knowledge sharing and coordinated policies lead to more informed decision-making. organizations such as the international monetary fund (imf) and the world bank play a critical role in providing financial support, technical assistance, and policy advice to countries seeking efficient budget allocation (international monetary fund, 2020). multi-stakeholder partnerships facilitate the sharing of best practices, helping to improve financial management on a global scale. 4. impact of global events global events, whether economic crises, pandemics or geopolitical shifts, have a profound impact on budget decisions. the covid-19 pandemic, for example, has prompted unprecedented budget reallocations to address public health emergencies and economic downturns (world economic outlook, october 2020). developments such as these highlight the need for accommodative fiscal policies that can respond quickly to unexpected challenges. countries' ability to adjust their budget allocations in response to global events reflects their resilience and adaptability. conclusion: this research explored the global landscape of fiscal efficiency, delving into the complexities of different economic structures, governance models and social contexts. through a comparative analysis of government budget allocation around the world, key findings have emerged that shed light on allocation patterns, economic impact and governance considerations. the study of universal factors influencing fiscal efficiency has emphasized the fundamental role of political stability, economic systems and international cooperation. political stability provides the necessary basis for implementing effective long-term fiscal policy, while economic systems pose unique challenges and opportunities in resource allocation. the importance of international cooperation, emphasized by organizations such as the imf and the world bank, promotes joint learning and coordinated efforts to improve financial management. moreover, the impact of global events on fiscal decisions was evident, highlighting the need for adaptable fiscal policies. the covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need for rapid and dynamic adjustments to address unforeseen challenges, demonstrating the resilience and adaptability of countries in their fiscal responses. as we navigate the complex global web of government budget allocation efficiency, challenges and opportunities become apparent. balancing competing priorities, adapting to economic changes, and meeting the nuanced needs of diverse populations present ongoing challenges. however, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation, collaboration and best practices drawn from successful models around the world. in conclusion, this study highlights the importance of a detailed understanding of public budget allocation efficiency in a global context. as countries continue to navigate economic landscapes and address unexpected challenges, lessons learned from different models and experiences will be invaluable in shaping a future in which fiscal policy promotes sustainable development and social welfare internationally. bibliography: аджемоглу д. и робинсон дж. а. (2012). почему нации терпят неудачу: истоки власти, процветания и бедности. корона бизнес . american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 242 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us бесли т. и перссон т. (2011). столпы процветания: политическая экономия кластеров развития. принстон университет нажимать . международный валютный фонд. (2020). обзор мировой экономики, октябрь 2020 г.: долгий и трудный подъем. вашингтон , округ колумбия. клитгаард , р. (1991). бюджетирование, коррупция и государственные расходы. мир развитие , 19 (11), 1619-1634. рейникка р. и свенссон дж. (2002). борьба с бедным государственным капиталом. журнал из разработка экономика , 69 (1), 51-69. всемирный банк. (2019). показатели мирового развития 2019. вашингтон , округ колумбия. всемирный экономический форум. (2021). отчет о глобальной конкурентоспособности 2020. женева . javohir shodiev, & rafieva zarina. (2024). digital economy as a factor of transformation of economic systems. international journal of recently scientific researcher’s theory, 2(1), 162–166. retrieved from https://uzresearchers.com/index.php/ijrs/article/view/1710 шодиев, ж. х., & алиева, с. с. (2023). источники финансирования инвестиционной деятельности со стороны государства. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(2), 294-297. нозимов, э. а., & шодиев, ж. (2023). оптимизация страхования здоровья в узбекистане. нововведения cовременного научного развития в эпоху глобализации: проблемы и решения, 1(2), 1-4. шодиевич, ш. ҳ., эрматов, н. ж., расулова, м. р., шодиев, ж. х., & хожаназарова, с. ж. (2023). microsoft excel электрон жадвалидан фойдаланиб илмий тадқиқот натижаларини статистик ҳисоблаш. international journal of recently scientific researcher's theory, 1(4), 67-75 https://uzresearchers.com/index.php/ijrs/article/view/1710 289 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods of improving professional competences of future primary class teachers turaeva d.e. senior teacher of the department of pedagogy and teaching methodology of the university of economics and pedagogy annotation: this article describes the content of professional-pedagogical competence of future teachers, forms and methods of its improvement, qualities of professional competence and their essence. in improving the professional competence of the future specialist, the stages of work on oneself, forms of self-evaluation through self-development, analysis and monitoring are given. the necessity of developing innovative special programs for improving professional and pedagogical competence, proposals and recommendations on its components were developed, conclusions were presented. keywords: pedagogy, psychology, competence, profession, innovation introduction in the world education system, many researches and projects on the development of education are being carried out, especially the development of all components of pedagogical professional training is of great importance. in our country, in order to improve the mechanisms for the development of pedagogical professional competences, a modern material and technical base has been created in educational institutions, and innovative educational programs have been developed. in 2017-2021, the action strategy for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan defines the task of "raising a highly educated and intellectually developed generation based on the achievements in the educational system of developed countries, creating a reserve of competent scientific and pedagogical personnel in higher education institutions" [1]. at the same time, in many reforms carried out in our country, in the process of developing a civil society based on democratic principles, the need to further improve the professional competencies of pedagogues was emphasized in the higher education system. in the conditions of market relations, resistance to strong competition, which takes priority in the labor market, shows the need for each specialist to have professional competence, to increase it consistently. in the implementation of these tasks, it is necessary to create effective innovative models based on the principles of multi-level coherence, continuity and consistency in the context of education, to develop the professional competencies of pedagogues. in connection with the development of globalization and international integration, the expansion of socio-economic relations, there is a need for mechanisms that allow rapid exchange of information on professional competences, and these issues determine the relevance of this topic. in higher educational institutions in the field of pedagogy, it is important to increase the http://www/ 290 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us intellectual potential of future teachers, to enrich their worldview, to introduce them to innovative educational technologies, new, innovative forms, methods and tools of teaching, to familiarize them with the qualities of professional competence and creative ability of pedagogues. literature analysis and methodology among the scientists of our republic, l. akhmedova, u. begimkulov, n. muslimov, b. rahimov, n. taylokov, sh. sharipov and others have conducted scientific researches on socialpedagogical, acmeological issues in the field of education, and in these researches, the issues of improving the professional competences of specialists in certain areas directly cited. also, pedagogic scientists h.abdukarimov, n.azizkho'jaeva, a.aliev, yu.a.akhrorov, a.a.verbitsky, r.h.joraev, b.r.joraeva, j.g'. yoldoshev, s.m. markova, g.m. makhmutova, a.a. hamidov, f.r. yuzlikaev have also been researched. in the scientific studies of scientists such as v.baydenko, a.zalevskaya, e.zeer, i.zimnyaya, o.polyakov in the countries of the commonwealth of independent states, the issues of analysis and systematization of methods of formation and improvement of professional competences in various processes were considered. however, the lack of development of the integrative content and methodical conditions for the development of professional and pedagogical competence of officers-teachers of higher military educational institutions based on innovative approaches requires conducting scientific research in this direction. results modernizing the educational process in higher education institutions, developing the professional competence of future teachers in improving the quality level of the system of training pedagogues, equipping them with modern professional knowledge, qualifications and skills related to the field, creative use of scientific and technical innovations, and the ability to solve prospective tasks independently. development of skills is one of the important tasks. modernization of the higher education system (visually modern updated, modern, rapid growth) requires an innovative approach to the educational process. v.a. slastenin explains the innovative approach to the pedagogical process by introducing innovations in the purpose, content and form of the organization of cooperative activities of teachers and students[2]. the concept of "competence" entered the field of education as a result of psychological scientific research. in the state educational standard of general secondary education, approved by the decision of the cabinet of ministers no. 187 dated april 6, 2017, the concept of competence is defined as the ability to apply existing knowledge, skills and abilities in daily activities [3]. from a psychological point of view, competence means "how a specialist behaves in unconventional situations, unexpected situations, engages in communication, takes a new way in relations with opponents, performs ambiguous tasks, uses information full of conflicts, has a plan of movement in consistently developing and complex processes." based on the above considerations, it can be concluded that competence is a person's ability to solve a certain problem based on existing knowledge and life experiences. one of the important components in the implementation of innovations in the educational process in higher education institutions is the professional competence and innovative activity of the teacher. in relation to the concept of professional competence, various attitudes are advanced in the scientific field. it is used as a feature that describes specific activity requirements for the labor subject, or precisely, the subject's attitude to specific aspects of specific activities. for example, the research scientist e.f. zeer's study of the functional development of professional competence shows that various forms of competence become integrated during professional maturity and their relationship with professional important personal qualities becomes stronger [4]. in particular, the main levels of http://www/ 291 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us professional competence include professional training and experience, self-awareness, confidence in one's own strength, correct acceptance of shortcomings shown by other people, and other such personal characteristics that determine professional maturity. the analysis of the above-mentioned points allows the professional competence of the pedagogue to be fully explained as a set of specific characteristics such as personal, social, creative, methodical competence [5]. professional competence refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for professional activity by a specialist and their practical application at a high level. there are different definitions and approaches to this concept. according to n.m. muslimov, "competence" (incl. "competence" "ability") means the effective use of theoretical knowledge in activities, the ability to demonstrate high-level professional qualifications, skill and talent [6]. according to v.i.andreev, competence is a developing integrated indicator that manifests itself in solving certain educational, professional and other complex issues, and it is a level of preparation of a person that includes positive motivation, knowledge, skill, talent and experience of creative activity [7]. n.v. tarasova interprets the concept of competence as a general ability based on knowledge, values and perception, which allows to ensure connection between knowledge and situation, knowledge and action aimed at solving a problem [8]. discussion professional competence does not mean the acquisition of separate knowledge and skills by a specialist, but the acquisition of integrative knowledge and actions in each independent direction. also, competence requires constant enrichment of professional knowledge, learning new information, understanding important social requirements, finding new information, processing it and being able to use it in one's work. professional competence is evident in complex processes, performing ambiguous tasks, using conflicting information, being able to have a plan of action in an unexpected situation, and other similar situations. professional-pedagogical competence refers to specialists who have perfectly developed their professional skills, can effectively design and manage the teaching process, and can successfully apply educational reforms, modern requirements, and innovative paradigms in the teaching process. therefore, the future teacher will achieve professional competence by consistently enriching his professional-pedagogical knowledge, assimilating new information, searching for new knowledge with a deep understanding of the requirements of the time, processing them and effectively applying them in his practical work. it should be mentioned that there are a number of qualities based on pedagogical professional competence, the essence of which can be explained as follows. 1. social competence the ability to show activity in social relations, the ability to engage in communicative dialogue with subjects in professional-pedagogical activities. 2. special competence is preparation for organizing professional-pedagogical activities, rational solution of professional-pedagogical tasks, realistic evaluation of activity results, consistent development of bkm, based on this competence, spiritual (psychological), methodological, informational (informational), creative (non-standard ), innovative and communicative competence is noticeable. they represent the following content: psychological competence the ability to create a healthy psychological environment in the pedagogical process, to organize positive communication with students and other participants of the educational process, to be able to understand and eliminate various negative psychological conflicts in time; methodological competence methodically rational organization of the pedagogical process, the ability to correctly define the forms of educational or educational activities, to choose methods and http://www/ 292 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tools in accordance with the purpose, to use them effectively; informational competence searching for, collecting, sorting, processing necessary, important, necessary, useful information in the information environment and using them quickly, purposefully and effectively; creative competence a critical and creative approach to pedagogical activity, the ability to demonstrate one's creativity skills, the ability to find comprehensive and diverse solutions to problems; innovative competence putting forward new ideas on improving the pedagogical process, improving the quality of education, increasing the effectiveness of the educational process, and successfully implementing them into practice; communicative competence to communicate sincerely with all participants of the educational process, to be able to listen to them, to have a positive influence on them. personal competence consistently achieving professional growth, increasing the level of competence, demonstrating one's internal capabilities in professional activity; technological competence mastering advanced technologies that enrich professionalpedagogical bkm, being able to use modern tools, techniques and technologies; individual development programs of a professional-pedagogical nature developed by a future teacher should include the following components along with pedagogical, psychological and specialist knowledge: didactic skills (knowledge-related (gnostic) design, creative-practical (constructive), research, accessibility to communication (communicative), organization, ensuring consistency (procedural), technical-technological skills); skills for organizing educational work (knowledge-related (gnostic) design skills, creativepractical (constructive) research, accessibility to communication (communicative), organization ensuring consistency (procedural) technical-technological skills); professionally important characteristics of the psyche and personal qualities (pedagogical thinking, systematicity, flexibility, mobility, creativity, responsiveness, emotional development, pedagogical reflection); self-development goals and related tasks, etc. conclusion in conclusion, it should be said that in the individual development programs aimed at improving the professional-pedagogical competence of the future teacher, it is recommended that the current level of pedagogical knowledge, skills and personal qualities and prospective tasks aimed at the development of this competence are mentioned. this, in turn, is a product of effective activity in constantly monitoring the dynamics of professional development of future teachers at various levels, as a result of which the parts of competence that should be paid attention to the professional competence of a pedagogue are clearly visible, and this gives an impetus to its development. in educational processes conducted by a teacher with high professional-pedagogical competence, the process of covering each subject and topic will help the students to become high-potential and competitive personnel in the future. first of all, it serves as the main factor for the development of society references 1. on the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-4947. february 7, 2017. 2. slastenin v.a. i dr. pedagogy. m.: "academy", 2002. 3. decision no. 187 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of state educational standards of general secondary and secondary special, vocational education", april 6, 2017. http://www/ 293 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. zeer e.f., shakhmatova n. lichnostyu orientirovannye tekhnologii pofessionalnogo razvitiya spetsialista. ekaterinburg, 1999. 5. r. ishmuhamedov, m. mirsolieva. innovative educational technologies in the educational process. t.: "science and technology", 2014, 60 pages. 6. muslimov n.m. fundamentals of pedagogical competence and creativity. 7. andreev v.i. pedagogical tvorcheskogo self-development: innovative course. kn. 1. kazan: izdvo kazan, un-ta, 1996. 570 p. 8. tarasova n.v. strategiya realizatsii kompetentnostnogo podkhoda v obrazovanii: istoriko pedagogicheskiy aspect m.: firo, 2007. 52 p. 9. markova a.k. psychology is professionalism. m.: znanie, 1996. http://www/ 215 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the importance of giordano's memory system in remembering information xakimova yoqutxon toxirjon qizi senior teacher of the department of informatics, faculty of physics and mathematics, kokan state pedagogical institute, phd. gmail: xakimovaqdpi@mail.ru annotation: the giordano memory system and the possibilities of its creation and the limitations of the system, as well as the scientific basis of the giordano system are widely covered in the article. keywords: giordano system, scientific basis, electrical memory, reflex memory, memory theory, memorization, simplicity, versatility, efficiency. introduction. the giordano memory system was created in 1990 and is the most advanced practical memory system. it is a specially designed system for effective memorization of information that occurs frequently in everyday life and in the process of learning various subjects. unlike other memory systems, the giordano system is free of unnecessary and impractical techniques, and its practical basis is the principles of classical mnemonics and the elements of giordano bruno's system of memorization. there are many different memory systems in the world, and these systems are combined into one integrated system based on simplicity, versatility and efficiency. simplicity means that memorization methods are easy to learn and "transparent" to understand how they work. by versatility, we mean that the system allows you to remember almost any information. efficiency guarantees complete control over the process of memorizing and storing information in the brain. giordano's system primarily focuses on remembering logically related information, such as: phone numbers;  addresses;  surnames and first names;  exact dates;  geographical names;  anecdotes;  encyclopedic information; http://www/ mailto:xakimovaqdpi@mail.ru 216 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  texts, lectures. at the same time, the system allows for efficient memorization of logically unrelated information:  chains of words;  numbers;  cards;  letter combinations. most people don't realize that memory techniques are only a small part of what you need to know to remember effectively. scientific validity without knowing the mechanism of information recognition in the brain, it is impossible to create an effective memorization system. giordano's system describes memory mechanisms. there are two mechanisms for identifying connections in the brain: electrical memory; reflex memory. the basis of human thought processes is visual thinking, and thinking is considered as a means of communication intended for speech. the concept of "specific" or "cue" information, not emphasized by giordanio, is introduced and the brain's response to different types of information is explained: why some information is automatically remembered and others not. in giordano's system, memorization methods are systematized and unified. any information is remembered by a combination of a limited set of techniques. the entire memorization process is divided into four stages: • coding of information elements into visual images; • actual memorization process; • remember the sequence of information; • consolidation of information in the brain. it is very difficult to remember the information in the text verbatim, but it is very easy to remember the sequence of paragraphs that are very close to the text and all the specific information of the paragraphs. texts are memorized according to the principle "from parts to the whole". the more specific information is in the text, the more accurately it can be remembered. the concept of "memory ability" is introduced as the dynamics of visual thinking and attention processes. a computer test was developed to test memory ability. the test compares the memorization abilities of different people with significant changes in speed, volume, and error parameters. the amount of memorized information in giordano's system is the amount of information that is remembered "in one breath", without interruptions, without the possibility of repeated perception of elements and subsequent homogeneous interventions (a distracting task containing elements of memorized information). understood. features of the giordano system the system makes it possible to store in the brain hundreds and thousands of individual information messages (individual phone numbers, historical dates, terms and their interpretation, etc.), which can be remembered both sequentially and immediately. the system allows you to quickly find information that contains the same elements in the brain. for example, all dates related to one number. the speed of memorizing information depends on the level of training of each person and the complexity of the information. when memorizing figurative codes (pictures for two-digit http://www/ 217 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us numbers), with a short training, an average speed of 3 seconds per two-digit number is easily achieved. this means that it will take 5 minutes to memorize 100 two-digit numbers. the student standard for memorizing 100 two-digit numbers is 10 minutes (6 seconds for a visual image). information memorized by mnemonic methods is automatically deleted after some time. when using special methods of combining information, you can organize its storage time in the brain from 1 hour to lifelong storage. it is possible to rewrite information in the brain (replace phone numbers, rewrite table elements). the method of collecting a large number of phrases in the brain (including in a foreign language) and adapting them to automatism is considered. however, it is based on visual images and takes some time to remember and consolidate. limitations of the giordano system the amount of information that can be remembered in the giordano system is extremely limited:  number of auxiliary supporting images;  the speed of memorizing a specific person;  fatigue that inevitably appears in the process of memorization;  the need to combine and repeat previously mentioned information. high-speed memorization is possible only if the figurative codes for memorized data elements are learned in advance. due to the need for detailed encoding of images, the rate of recall of any other information is much lower. all memorization in the giordano system is based on mental operations with visual images in the imagination. people who don't like it can use other memory systems that don't actively use visual thinking to memorize. giordano's system belongs to modern mnemonics. but there are other systems, the authors of which are not limited to reading old books, but try to learn the secrets of the brain and understand the principles of its operation. a distinctive feature of modern mnemonics is the presence of a theoretical base. based on the theory of memory, previously known methods of memorization have been significantly improved and integrated into a specific memorization system aimed at solving specific problems. there are specialized systems aimed only at learning foreign languages. there are ways to learn complex motor skills. giordano's system is adapted to memorizing specific information. the giordano system allows you to remember such information that is almost impossible to remember and, as a rule, no one tries to remember. now let's take a look at the list of main rules that distinguish the giordano system from other memory systems. 1. the concept of "electrical memory" is the process of establishing communication between simultaneously working nerve cells of the brain. 2. the main mental operation leading to memorization "combination of images" is shown. 3. the concept of "memorization meaning" is a sequential connection of elements of one information message. 4. the concept of "precise information" its elements do not create visual images in the imagination when perceived. 5. the main method of memorization in giordano's system is the formation of an association consisting of bases and elements. this method of memorization is the only correct one and comes from the concept of "memorization meaning" and the scheme of forming an electrical connection. http://www/ 218 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. the concept of "fixed figurative codes" images that replace frequently repeated elements of information that must be unique and unchanging. 7. the concept of "system of internal stimulation of the brain" is introduced a system of prememorized fixed images with spatial frequency filters from a neurophysiological point of view. created associations connected to them. with their help, scanning of the brain and reading of previously formed image combinations is carried out. 8. multilevel support image systems are used, built from combinations of ten basic techniques of sequence memorization. 9. any combination of symbolic codes is prohibited. also, the use of symbolic codes as a supporting image is prohibited. 10. the concept of "memorization skill" is introduced and a computer test is developed to check the formed memorization skill. standards for memorization techniques have been introduced according to the giordano system. 11. the concept of "phonetic figurative codes" used for quick memorization of foreign words was introduced. 12. a logical connection refers to any connection created in the imagination between visual images. 13. "understanding" means imagining spatially organized visual images. 14. four main stages of memorization are clearly defined: encoding information elements into images, memorizing (connecting images), determining a sequence of associations (directly with each other or with a supporting image using systems), strengthening connections in the brain (three methods of mental repetition). in conclusion, we can say that the giordano system is based on the principles of classical mnemonics, and its foundation consists of practical techniques. references: 1. блонский п. п. избранные педагогические и психологические сочинения. – м.: педагогика, 1979. – 64 с. 2. бура л. в. мнемотехника в образовании: технологии эффективного усвоения ин формации / л. в. бура, г. а. чепурной // проблемы современного педагогического образования. – сер.: педагогика и психология. – сб. статей: ялта: рио гпа, 2015. – вып. 47. – ч. 2. – с. 262. 3. hakimova, y. (2023). it-industriya sohasiga raqobatbardosh kadrlar tayyorlasha xorij tajribasi. scienceweb academic papers collection. 4. hakimova, y. (2023). raqamli olamda masofaviy ta’limni rivojlantirish. scienceweb academic papers collection. 5. hakimova, yt (2023). masofiy ta’lim jarayonida bulut texnologiyalaridan foydalanish “informatika metodikasi” fanini o’qitish metodikasi. ochiq kirish ombori , 9 (6), 238-240. 6. hakimova, ytl (2022 yil, oktyabr). yong’i o’ ‘zbekiston yoshes. xalqaro konferentlarda ( 1-jild, 5-son, 51-53-betlar). 7. hakimova, y., ergashev, m., ergashboyeva, s., & adhamova, m. (2023). it-industriya sohasida raqobatbardosh kadrlar tayyorlash masalalari. 8. hakimova, y. (2023). raqamli olamda masofaviy ta’limni rivojlantirish. scienceweb academic papers collection. http://www/ 219 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. hakimova, y. (2023). it-industriya sohasiga raqobatbardosh kadrlar tayyorlasha xorij tajribasi. scienceweb academic papers collection. 10. hakimova, yt (2023). masofiy ta’lim jarayonida bulut texnologiyalaridan foydalanish “informatika metodikasi” fanini o’qitish metodikasi. ochiq kirish ombori , 9 (6), 238-240. 11. hakimova, y. (2023). raqamli olamda masofaviy ta’limni rivojlantirish. scienceweb academic papers collection. 12. hakimova, ytl (2022 yil, oktyabr). yong’i o’ ‘zbekiston yoshes. xalqaro konferentlarda ( 1-jild, 5-son, 51-53-betlar). 13. qizi, r. f. x., & mahammadyusufovich, i. s. (2023). oliy ta’lim muassasalarida mutaxassisilik fanlarni o ‘qitishda elektron o ‘quv qo ‘llanmalardan foydalanishning statistik tahlili. science and innovation, 2(special issue 14), 493-496. 14. qizi, r. f. x., & mahammadyusufovich, i. s. (2023). oliy ta’lim muassasalarida mutaxasisilik fanlarini o ‘qitishda multimediali mobil ilovadandan foydalanishning statistik tahlili. al-farg’oniy avlodlari, 1(4), 277-280. 15. rasulova, f. k. (2023). improving teaching using mobile applications in developing the creative activity of future it teachers. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 12(12), 113-119. 16. mavlonova, d., & rasulova, f. (2024). ta’limda mobil texnologiyalar. journal of technical research and development, 1(1). 17. mavlonova, d., & rasulova, f. (2024). grafika dizayn va uning dunyo hamjamiyatiga ta’siri. journal of technical research and development, 1(1). http://www/ 140 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 uzbekistan and the uae have all the prerequisites for bringing relations to the level of strategic partnership kadirov alisher kadirovich independent researcher of tsuo abstract: this article explores the potential for developing a strategic partnership between uzbekistan and the uae. the author analyzes and describes the existing prerequisites and factors that contribute to strengthening relations between the two countries. the article covers such aspects as economic cooperation, trade, investment and cooperation in the field of tourism. the authors come to the conclusion that uzbekistan and the uae have very promising opportunities for establishing a strategic partnership, which could bring mutual benefit and contribute to the development of both countries. keywords: uzbekistan, uae, strategic partnership, prerequisites and factors, strengthening relations, economic cooperation, trade, investment, cooperation in the field of tourism, promising opportunities. it should be noted that uzbekistan and the middle east are united by geographical proximity, common historical, cultural and spiritual values. in recent years, there has been a process of intensification and expansion of cooperation between our country and many arab states. among them, the united arab emirates stands out, which is considered as one of uzbekistan’s key partners in the region. the traditionally high level of political trust between the countries and the friendly nature of relations laid a solid foundation for establishing mutually beneficial cooperation even at the time of uzbekistan’s independence. in october 2022, the countries celebrated the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. relations between tashkent and abu dhabi, based on the principles of trust and mutual consideration of interests, are developing along an upward trajectory. they have gained the greatest development dynamics since 2017. since this time, the uzbek-emirati partnership has risen to a qualitatively new level. this is largely facilitated by the intensity of political contacts at the highest and highest levels. president shavkat mirziyoyev visited the uae twice in march 2019 and may 2022. the leaders of the two states hold bilateral meetings as part of their visits to multilateral forums, and constantly maintain a bilateral dialogue by telephone. inter-parliamentary interaction has been established, meetings of the intergovernmental commission on cooperation and political consultations are being held between the foreign ministries of the two countries. currently, the uae, thanks to the implementation of a far-sighted foreign policy, large-scale reforms in the economy and social sphere, has become associated not only with a country with large reserves of energy resources, but also with a rapidly developing modern tourism, transport, logistics and manufacturing hub in the middle east. abu dhabi has made excellent progress in diversifying its economy and reducing its dependence on oil. 141 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the country's nominal gdp in 2021 was over us$409 billion. as of 2022, the uae is ranked 1st in the global entrepreneurship index. dubai and abu dhabi are recognized as leading cities for global business thanks to investments in governance and economic well-being. it should be noted that in the doingbusiness global competitiveness ranking, the country ranks 1st in the region and 11th among 190 economies in the world. in 2021, the uae authorities announced a long-term development plan for the country until 2071, which provides for a transition to a more flexible form of government, stimulation of the development of the social sphere, the launch of projects that increase the competitiveness of vital sectors of the economy, and strengthening the position of the state in the international arena. in order to timely implement the long-term development strategy, it is planned to create more efficient and integrated models of work for the government and ministries at the federal level. according to experts, the uae has economic, scientific, educational and technological resources to achieve the goals of the new development strategy for the next period. this is due to the following factors. firstly, the government’s active and systematic work to diversify the national economy. today, more than 70% of the uae federal government's revenue comes from non-oil sectors, which is the first sign of the success of the strategy in this area. according to the imf rating, the uae economy is the most competitive in the arab world. the country received high praise for the efficiency of government, business and infrastructure development. at the same time, the emirati authorities plan to double the volume of the national economy by 2030 from 1.5 to 3 trillion dirhams (from 409 to 822 billion dollars). secondly, investing in human development and education. the uae is ranked 1st in the arab world and the gulf region in the undp human development index, a composite measure of long-term progress across 3 core dimensions of human development: long and healthy lives, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. the emirates strives to develop the scientific environment. there are dozens of universities in the country, including branches of more than 30 foreign education centers. special “knowledge villages” and academic towns, free zones for the development of human resources are being created, where universities and science centers are concentrated with the possibility of 100% participation of foreign capital. thirdly, the transformation of the digitalization strategy into one of the promising areas of public policy. first and foremost, the uae government is committed to achieving a fully fledged paperless government. abu dhabi manages to attract huge investments in the development of ict and successful startups. almost all major it companies have representative offices in the uae. the country was ranked highest among arab countries by the swiss research company startupblink. factors such as location and entrepreneurial ecosystem, improving quality of life and innovation, and attracting talent were paramount to the success of startups. at the same time, the emirati authorities also approved a strategy for the development of the digital economy, which provides for doubling its contribution to gdp from 9.7% to 19.4% over the next 10 years. this will allow them to remain at the forefront among the countries of the middle east and north africa. for uzbekistan, close interaction with a country with such achievements opens up broad political and economic opportunities in many directions and creates favorable conditions for the consistent expansion of tashkent’s foreign policy and foreign economic relations, especially with the arab-muslim world. 142 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us taking into account that the uae has wide investment opportunities, experience in the effective implementation of advanced technologies, and the implementation of large-scale investment projects that have ensured the formation of a diversified and sustainable economy, uzbek-uae cooperation is already developing in many key areas. thus, if we consider the development of the trade and economic sphere, then during the period from january to september of this year, the volume of mutual trade increased by 40% compared to last year and amounted to $227.1 million. of these, in january-september, exports amounted to $13.5 million, imports amounted to $213.6 million. there are 185 enterprises in the country with the participation of emirati capital (104 foreign and 81 joint ventures), of which 45 were created this year. there is a high dynamics of increasing the volume of emirati investments attracted to the economy of uzbekistan. in 2021, masdar commissioned the first solar power plant in uzbekistan, and is currently the winner of tenders for the construction of three new solar photovoltaic power plants: sherabad fpp with a capacity of 457 mw, samarkand fpp with a capacity of 220 mw, and jizzakh fpp with a capacity of 220 mw. the total portfolio of masdar projects in uzbekistan currently amounts to more than $2 billion, the total generating capacity of power plants under construction is 2.5 gw. in partnership with the mubadala company, a project is being implemented to expand the capacity of the talimarjan thermal power plant. today, with the leading company dp world, issues of developing the activities of the multimodal hub and the navoi economic zone and modernizing the customs administration system are being worked out. in addition, a number of large projects are being implemented in the field of agriculture, healthcare, logistics, digitalization and other areas. the uzbek-emirates investment company, created with the support of the abu dhabi development fund, is operating successfully. since the start of its activities, it has attracted about $100 million to implement joint investment projects in uzbekistan. programs to support small and medium-sized businesses and projects in the field of education are being implemented. the company is currently developing a portfolio of 17 promising investment projects totaling about $400 million in the fields of healthcare, pharmaceuticals, logistics, tourism, agriculture and the food industry. direct interaction has been established between the ministry of food and water security of the uae and the ministry of agriculture of uzbekistan to explore the possibilities of implementing joint programs and projects in agriculture and the food industry. an agreement is being implemented with the uae government on large-scale cooperation in the field of improving the efficiency of public administration, developing long-term development strategies, introducing innovations in the activities of government bodies, improving the quality of education and training of personnel with modern, in-demand specialties, and developing tourism and logistics infrastructure. in the field of increasing the efficiency of public administration and implementing the corresponding “road maps” in 25 areas, 147 joint events have been held over the past 3 years, as a result of which more than 2 thousand civil servants of uzbekistan have undergone specialized training with a total duration of 34 thousand hours. this year, the parties agreed to extend the above-mentioned framework agreement for three years. interaction in the field of innovation and artificial intelligence, deepening the dialogue on reforming key industries and further improving public administration, and training modern personnel were identified as new areas of partnership. 143 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also launched in uzbekistan in 2019, the “one million programmers” project has already reached more than 70 thousand people, many of whom have received appropriate qualification certificates. this project is one of the key initiatives within the framework of bilateral cooperation to stimulate the development of information and communication technologies in uzbekistan. its implementation in parallel makes it possible to resolve issues of qualifications and employment of young people. thus, in recent years, very favorable preconditions have been created, enabling tashkent and abu dhabi to bring bilateral relations to the level of strategic partnership. this may be facilitated by the following:  carrying out large-scale programs in countries to transform socio-economic development. thus, today uzbekistan, under the leadership of president shavkat mirziyoyev, has moved to a new stage of reforms based on the principle “from an action strategy to a development strategy.” in this regard, the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022 2026 was adopted, which includes areas of work for further modernization of the economy, strengthening its competitiveness, attracting foreign investment and progressively increasing the level of well-being of the population. in turn, the uae has begun implementing a long-term development program aimed at diversifying economic ties, attracting additional foreign investment, developing new markets, developing the country’s scientific, technological, production and export potential;  implementation of large trans-regional transport and communication projects in central asia, which open up great prospects for the development of trade and economic interaction. in this regard, the construction of the trans-afghan transport corridor and the china-kyrgyzstanuzbekistan railway are the most important. such a prospect, coupled with the plans of the uzbek side to join the world trade organization in the future, will significantly intensify the dynamics of trade and economic exchanges between the two states;  accelerated introduction of digital technologies in the economy. the new uzbekistan is rapidly moving towards digitalization of the economy. the “digital uzbekistan-2030” strategy has been developed and is being implemented, within the framework of which the share of the digital economy in the country’s gdp is planned to double by 2023. such plans of our country make the uae a natural partner in this area. the emirates are already among the states that are ahead of most countries in the world in introducing the principles of the digital economy;  the focus of states on developing the tourism industry as a priority. both countries have the highest potential for interaction in the field of tourism. thanks to its developed infrastructure and high level of service, the uae is one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. in terms of the volume of outbound tourist trips, the number of which is about 3.5 million people annually, the country occupies one of the leading places in the region. uzbekistan, which has a rich cultural and historical heritage, favorable climatic conditions and internal stability, is a promising tourist destination for the population of the uae, primarily due to the opportunity to travel to the country with zierat tourism. the increase in tourist flow from the uae and other gulf countries will be facilitated by the decision to cancel entry visas for citizens of these countries to uzbekistan. in this regard, it can be confidently noted that tashkent and abu dhabi are long-term partners whose interests coincide in most areas of interaction. the parties are implementing national development strategies of a mutually complementary nature. there is a high level of bilateral relations, including regular dialogue at the highest level. all this, against the backdrop of the transformation of the modern system of international relations, the emerging new model of global economy and trade, will undoubtedly contribute to 144 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the further rapprochement of uzbekistan and the uae, building even closer interstate relations for the benefit of the interests of the peoples of our countries. references: 1. abdullaev, a.m. "economic cooperation between uzbekistan and the uae: prospects and challenges." bulletin of uzbekistan, vol. 12, no. 3, 2021, p. 45-59. 2. saidov, sh.m. "investment and business development in uzbekistan and the uae: analysis and prospects." international journal of research, vol. 9, no. 2, 2020, p. 78-94. 3. aliev, a.a. "the role of tourism in the development of relations between uzbekistan and the uae." economic bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019, p. 25-36. 4. khamidov, m.n. "strategic partnership between uzbekistan and the uae: challenges and prospects." international relations and global politics, vol. 6, no. 4, 2018, p. 67-82. 5. https://invest.gov.uz/ru/mediacenter/news/prospects-for-expanding-trade-economic-andinvestment-cooperation-between-uzbekistan-and-the-uae american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 203 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the role of stories in the works of alisher navoy (in the example of the images of layli and majnun) sanakulov ulughbek kuchkarovich samarkand state institute of foreign languages researcher annotation: this scientific article focuses on the stories about leyli and majnun, who took place in the works of navoi. the works of alisher navoi “mahbub ul-qulub”, “lison ut-tayr” and “saddi iskandari” were taken as the basis for the research of the topic. in the article, artistic landscapes about layla and majnun are drawn to the analysis. keywords: eastern literature, wisdom, layla and majnun, metaphor and truth, the flood of love, enlightenment, fano and bako. the eto tuk creator of each era puts forward his advanced ideas within the framework of a specific work. in justifying his artistic ideas and views, the author in a certain sense appeals to the examples of artistic creativity of his people, as well as other nations. hazrat alisher navoi, the owner of high potential, also addressed the traditional topics of the past during his creative activity. in particular, this opinion can be expressed about "layli and majnun", which has become a favorite theme of many artists. the poet's social-ethical, philosophical-mystical works include the stories about "layli and majnun", through which the poet puts forward his extremely important views about the perfect human being. in particular, the stories about layli and majnun in the epic "lison ut-tair" are valuable from an ideological and artistic point of view. it is known that this saga of a philosophical-mystical nature was created in response to fariduddin attar's work "mantiq ut-tayr" and was created in harmony with the content. nevertheless, there are many differences in the poetics of both works. the orientalist scholar e.e. bertels in his work "navoi and attar" gave a scientific basis for no. at this point, we would like to dwell on a small topic from the views of a great scientist. it is known that in mantiq ut-tayr there is a story about majnun in 3 places, the first of which is in the first of the seven valleys "talab valley" (about majnun's wandering in the desert in search of laila), the second is in the valley of "ish". "(about majnun's sheepskin covering among the shepherd's sheep and passing out near layli's farm") and finally the third story from the forty-fifth article the chapter "birds languish in search of simurgh" ("majnun's liking for layli's nest is not a compliment" ) takes place. in alisher navoi's epic "lison ut-tair", the stories related to eto majnun are shortened to one and are not exactly the same as the stories in attar's work. the first story is given when the birds pass through the valley of faqru fano, and the second is given in the story of eto ishq oti. in particular, the first story is in chapter clxvii of the work. esli u vas est ushla who despaired of perishing, guide hudhud eto shows the right path and calls them not to deviate from the original goal. the author in the context of the work, "if a lover has reached true maturity in his love, for him hijran and visal are equal... if you haven't won yor wasli, isn't it enough for you to live with his memory?! he puts forward the idea that "everyone who lives with compassion, his death is equal to eternal life". he cites the story of majnun to confirm his ideas. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 204 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a man who saw majnoon talking to himself asked him who he was talking to. majnun answered that with layli. "layla is not with you, she is far away, in her tribe," said that person. then majnun replied: "o careless one, if she (layli) took a place in my life, could the distance of the road allow me to forget her?" it shows that majnun's love has reached perfection, and his mind is occupied only with the memory of laila. a poet's perfect love is like majnun, he never took laila off his tongue for a moment, and he wants to say that you should also connect with simurg in this way. after this scene, the birds in the work pass through fano and turn towards baqa. on the way to simurg, they pass through seven valleys. the story of majnun played an important role in the spiritual development of birds. the second story in the epic is given at the end of the work after the prayer of the valley of love. it shows majnoon getting mixed up with laila's love interest. a man asks majnun for his name. and he answers that it is layli. when asked how you can prove this, majnun answers that whoever's breed is layli, there is no need to prove it, even if it seems doubtful to you, it is close to me. it seems that the idea of monotheism is put forward in the content of the story. this parable refers to the original purpose of the birds. the stories about layli and majnun in alisher navoi's epic "saddi iskandari" are also valuable from an ideological and artistic point of view. chapter xxxii of the epic is devoted to the topic "definition of winter", and the main goal of the author is not to interpret the winter season artistically, but to give it a metaphorical tone. "winter is my description, my heart is full of passion, i look at this cold night, and the grass beds in the cold gold, the grass beds in the camphor breath, and my music on the floor, i rest on the marble stone, and i take my hat, i will end the world, and in this season, my dreamy white sleep, i will sleep like the sun. , maybe you will be clear like that, and the meeting will be like a sunny spring in a flower garden." [3, 198]. according to the poet, winter is such a season that the wind blowing in the long cold days of the night reminds of the sad and sad sighs of lovers. hazrat navoi introduces majnun story in this chapter and names it as such. in the long dark night of the winter day, i used to enjoy the musk of layli's zulfi el karvonidin, i used to gom urar, and the happiness mashshota ul sirishtai gave the murod to his heart. the remarkable thing is that the story takes place in winter. however, this episode has a different interpretation in the "layli and majnun" saga. laila majnun falls ill in love and dies in autumn. lover majnun also found out about this and died in front of layli's body. in "saddi iskandarii", the second story about majnun is given in chapter lxvi of the epic [3, 394]. this story is called "majnun wanted to throw himself down because of the weight of the mountain of separation, and laili's name held on to his marrow and his friend did not let him hold on to his belt." this story is presented in order to provide an artistic basis for the "description of hajr shami tirayligi", which was presented before it. the content of the story is similar to the parable given in "mahbub ul-qulub" (in which majnun was cured of the sufferings of hijran and was healed by layli's letter), but in this story, the power of separation in majnun is shown in an exaggerated way. separation finally became such a burden to majnun that the author introduced the mountain to interpret it. orientalist bertels in his monograph "navoi" explains majnun's habitation of the mountain in the epics "layli and majnun" by the fact that he and layli were tending to the bushes in his youth. for this reason, majnunga mountain looks dear. in our opinion, unlike his predecessors, alisher navoi aimed to describe the high level of emigration in his epic and in this american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 205 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us story through the mountain episode (najd mountain). people in love can endure all pains and tortures, but it is difficult for them to endure hijran. in the story, majnun can't stand it and wants to throw himself off the mountain. only a letter from laila will bring him back to life, and for many years he will be happy and live with the hope of a better life. so, majnun, presented in the stories of alisher navoi, is embodied as a symbol of a lover (solicitor) who strives for a higher goal by his essence, is found because of true love, and sometimes achieves it. the fact that both of the above stories about majnun occupy an important place in the epic "saddi iskandari" and that it is told in the language of alisher navoi is a unique artistic and aesthetic phenomenon. the author approached them creatively from the point of view of time and period. after all, the following verse of maulana malik shows that although hundreds of narrations were created on the subject of layli and majnun, they reflect the spirit of the times. сад исса гар зи лайлию мажнун ривоят аст, мову ҳадиси ишқу ту, инҳо ҳикоят аст.[5, 84] (if there are hundreds of narrations about layliu majnun, these are the stories of our love) at this point, it can be said that in the poet's ghazals written on different themes or in other genres, the symbols of laila and majnun are often referred to, which once again confirms that the theme of laila and majnun was a special inspiring theme in alisher navoi's creative work. in conclusion, it can be said that in the works of alisher navoi, the subject of "layli and majnun" is often referred to. in the work of alisher navoi, this very theme is interpreted in a unique way in a certain epic "layli and majnun", in the composition of the miraculous lyrics, as well as in other works. the above-mentioned stories about "layli and majnun" are mentioned in different parts of the poet's works and play an important role in understanding the author's feelings, romantic and philosophical views. references: 1. alisher navoiy. to‘la asarlar to‘plami. 10 jildlik: 9-jild. – toshkent: g‘. g‘ulom, 2012. 2. alisher navoiy. layli va majnun. – toshkent: g‘.g‘ulom, 2006. 3. алишер навоий. садди искандарий. – тошкент: ғафур ғулом 1991. 4. алишер навоий. мукаммал асарлар тўплами 12-жилд. лисон ут-тайр. тошкент: фан, 1996. 5. алишер навоий. мукаммал асарлар тўплами 13-жилд. мажолис ун-нафоис. тошкент: фан, 1997. 6. алишер навоий: қомусий луғат. – тошкент: “шарқ”, 2016. 7. бертельс е.э. навоий. монография(рус тилидан и.мирзаев таржимаси). – т.: тафаккур қаноти, 2015. 8. маллаев н. алишер навоий ва халқ оғзаки ижодиёти. – т., адабиёт ва санъат нашриёти, 1974. 10. фаридуддин аттор. мантиқ ут-тайр(насрий баён). – тошкент: ғафур ғулом 2006. 115 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 japan's participation in the reconstruction of afghanistan suyunova barno basic doctoral student, department of oriental policy and international relations tashkent state university of oriental studies abstract: in this article, the author analyzes japan's contribution to stability and peace in afghanistan. the concepts of "peacekeeping" and "human security" in japan's foreign policy show its strong commitment to peace and stability and japan's potential to become one of the leading countries in the fight against terrorism. the conferences hosted by japan served as a platform for the international community to provide moral support for dialogue between afghans, known as the tokyo process for a new afghanistan. this article analyzed the fact that japan's policy in afghanistan is focused on the construction of a civilian state from a military focus. it was also noted that the stability and recovery of afghanistan cannot be achieved without cooperation in economic development, security measures, and political processes of the neighboring countries that have close relations with afghanistan. keywords: peacekeeping, security, stability, humanitarian aid, ddr, diar, tokyo conference. introduction. instability in afghanistan has long had far-reaching consequences, such as encouraging terrorism, causing regional conflicts, spreading extremist ideologies, and developing criminal networks. solving the security problems in this area is not only a local problem, but is considered important for regional and global peace. as the second largest donor after the united states for peace and reconstruction in afghanistan, japan has played an important role in changing the lives of the afghan people. after all, the concepts of "peacekeeping" and "human security" in japan's foreign policy show that it is a strong supporter of peace and stability, and japan has the potential to become one of the leading countries in the fight against terrorism. discussion and results. meiji university professor p. hein gives the following five reasons for choosing a non-military, soft way in conducting japan's policy towards afghanistan. firstly, japan's peace constitution prohibits the deployment of the military to extraterritorial combat zones. secondly, japan is not a member of a multilateral military structure such as nato or the european defense agency. under the bilateral us-japan security treaty, the us is obligated to defend japan in the event of an attack, but japan is not obligated to defend the us. thirdly, the japanese ministry of foreign affairs acts as an independent, neutral, civilian aid and development entity in afghanistan, even though it is inextricably linked with non-governmental organizations and the international cooperation agency – jica. in addition, most of the government aid was channeled through international civilian institutions (unhcr, adb, wfp, undp). 116 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fourthly, japan has become preoccupied with more pressing internal security issues, struggling to assert its sovereignty over disputed territories and protect its borders (unresolved territorial disputes with china, taiwan, korea, russia). fifthly, japan has taken the lead in promoting an alternative, civilian-focused concept of "human security" from a global perspective under the leadership of former unhcr chief sadako ogata[4]. japan reacted to the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001 with concern. japan's prime minister at the time, junichiro koizumi, called it "a despicable attack not only on the united states, but on all of humanity." all parties agreed that japan must work together with other countries in the global campaign against terrorism and that such cooperation is essential to national survival and security[19]. as political scientist o.alimov noted, although the internal conflicts in afghanistan are not considered a real threat to japan's security, the peace-loving and humanitarian policy, ensuring peace and stability in the region has become one of the important directions of the japanese government's foreign policy[12]. on the initiative of japan, eight conferences on assistance to afghanistan have been held in tokyo: 1) tokyo conference (january 2002) (beginning of the reconstruction process) 2) ddr conference (disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration) (february 2003) 3) diag i conference (disbandment of illegal armed groups) (july 2006) 4) diag ii conference (june 2007) 5) jcmb political leaders' meeting (joint coordination and monitoring board a meeting between the afghan government and major donors) (february 2008) 6) icg (international contact group) meeting (april 2009) since april 2009, icg meetings consisting of special representatives for afghanistan and pakistan have been held regularly (now they are held annually) for political cooperation of the international community to ensure peace and stability in afghanistan and the region held three times) is being held. special representative of germany, dr. koch, chairs the icg meetings. tsukasa uemura, the current special representative of japan, also serves as the director general of the bureau of middle east and african affairs of the ministry of foreign affairs of japan[15]. 7) tokyo conference on afghanistan in cooperation between the governments of japan and afghanistan (july 2012) 8) 21st meeting of icg (may 2014) according to the ambassador of the islamic republic of afghanistan to japan, shaida mohammad abdali, the conferences hosted by japan served as a platform for the international community to morally support inter-afghan dialogue, known as the tokyo process for a new afghanistan. in addition, japan emphasizes the fact that it is acting as the chairman of the g7 in 2023 and as a temporary member of the security council in 2023-2024. japan is well-suited to implement this initiative due to its diplomatic clout and the wide trust it has gained from all stakeholders. japan's successful transition to a prosperous democracy after world war ii serves as a source of inspiration for all nations, including afghans. according to the ambassador of the islamic republic of afghanistan to japan, shaida mohammad abdali, afghans highly appreciate japan's approach to foreign aid. given its longstanding commitment to pacifism enshrined in its constitution, japan defended "human security" by not deploying the military. focused on protecting people and communities in the country from various threats, armed conflicts, poverty and disease[8]. 117 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us even the taliban have expressed gratitude for japan's long-standing friendship [17] and now cooperate with the japanese embassy in kabul, which serves as a gateway to the international community. by chronology of japan's policy in afghanistan as follows, it is possible to understand in more detail the efforts of this country in terms of peacekeeping and infrastructure development: 1. from the establishment of the islamic emirate of afghanistan after the capture of the city of kabul by the armed forces of the taliban movement in september 1996 until the terrorist attack of the united states on september 11, 2001. 2. from september 11, 2001 to 2014, until the withdrawal of the international security forces from afghanistan. 3. it was from 2014 to august 2021, that is, until the establishment of the taliban government in afghanistan. 4. the period since the taliban took over power in afghanistan on august 15, 2021 and continues until now. japan's policy towards afghanistan until 2001 consisted of mediation between the parties to the armed conflict, and it was almost unsuccessful. in particular, in the 1990s, japan was neutral in relation to the opposing forces in afghanistan. the task of japanese diplomacy was to conduct direct negotiations between the representatives of the warring parties and create favorable conditions for this, and as a result, reach an agreement on a cease-fire. in 1998, for the first time, japanese diplomats discussed the issue of humanitarian aid to the victims of the civil war in afghanistan, and for this, in 1999 and 2000, they invited representatives of the taliban movement and the northern alliance to tokyo and tried to reconcile them as an intermediary state[10]. in august 1997 and january 1999, representatives of japan and the minister of health of the taliban held a meeting with mohammad abbas akhund. in january 1999, they met with the minister of foreign affairs of the northern alliance abdullah abdullah in the capital of japan. in march 2000, in tokyo, the japanese discussed the issues of organizing a dialogue between the warring parties, led by abdul rahman zahid, the deputy foreign minister of the taliban, and syed hussain anwari, an influential field commander of the northern alliance. however, the efforts of japanese negotiators did not lead to direct talks between the taliban and the mujahideen[14]. japan's relations with afghanistan and foreign policy approaches have changed significantly since the events of september 11, 2001. japan tried to position itself as the "britain of asia" in line with us global strategy, and its contribution went beyond the financial aid it provided to the us during the gulf war in the early 1990s. prime minister koizumi decided to send the ships of the japanese maritime self-defense force to the arabian sea to provide material and technical support for the us military operations against al-qaeda and the taliban[11]. prime minister d. koizumi's declaration of absolute support for the united states and its allies in the fight against international terrorism was reinforced by a law that allows the japanese government to send naval defense forces to provide behind-the-front support to the counter-terrorist coalition in the indian ocean[14]. the activation of japan's actions in the political, economic, defense and security spheres in afghanistan also showed its unity with the united states and its allies in the fight against terrorism. for several years, especially between 2001 and 2006, the newly formed government made significant progress, including holding national elections for the president, the national assembly and provincial councils, establishing the afghan national army, reforming the afghan national police, more than two million refugees, tens of thousands of ex-combatants were disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated[2]. 118 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as can be seen from the above, japan's policy in afghanistan was aimed at the construction of a civil state instead of a military one. a conference co-chaired by japan, afghanistan and the united nations on july 5, 2006 reviewed the implementation of the ddr program and the diag program by exchanging views on a common strategy for security sector reform to strengthen peace in afghanistan. in his statement at the opening of the conference, the minister of foreign affairs of japan, taro aso, praised the significant achievements of afghanistan in all aspects, including the political process, economic reconstruction and security sector reform, and state building in the last four and a half years. the conference emphasized the need for all branches of the afghan government, including the office of the president, the upper house, the lower house, and all security sector institutions, as well as the international community, to work together and work harder towards peace, stability and peace-building, and to continue the diag process. it was agreed that effective implementation is essential to establish the rule of law and good governance. the conference congratulated all stakeholders on the completion of the ddr in june 2006. the ddr program disarmed 63,380 ex-combatants, demobilized 62,044 and provided reintegration programs for 55,804, contributing to the creation of a new, unified and professional national army for afghanistan[1]. in a january 2007 speech to nato, former prime minister shinzo abe announced that japan would increase its presence in afghanistan, mapping out japan's contributions and commitments: firstly, to support afghanistan's national development strategy in areas such as road and airport construction and agricultural development; secondly, to strengthen support in the field of security, disband illegal armed groups, increase the capacity of the afghan police force; thirdly, to activate cooperation with the humanitarian activities of nato regional reconstruction groups; fourthly, in cooperation with germany, the united states and the european union, fight against drugs and terrorism by strengthening the border control capabilities of the afghan government[5]. in general, japan confirmed that there will be no security in afghanistan without development. on july 20, 2010, foreign minister katsuya okada announced at the kabul conference a comprehensive plan to contribute to the country's stabilization and nation-building, focusing on three priorities: security, reintegration, and development. first of all, priority was given to ensuring security and launching government mechanisms. improving security in afghanistan is seen as an important condition for its reconstruction. for this purpose, the importance of strengthening the afghan security forces, particularly the police, was emphasized. the second is the issue of reintegration, which requires political initiatives to improve the security situation. in particular, under the leadership of the afghan government and with the support of the international community, efforts are being made to reintegrate moderate groups among the militants into the country's political life, which is very important for ensuring the country's stability. thirdly, it is necessary to bring more stability to the daily lives of afghans and create a strong economic foundation, which will allow for infrastructure improvements in the agricultural sector that ordinary afghan citizens can see with their own eyes. the last is a matter of regional cooperation, and the new strategy includes the main principle that it is most effective to help the afghans increase their ability to solve problems independently and for the international community to remain behind the scenes. that is, the stability and recovery of afghanistan cannot be achieved without cooperation in economic development, security measures, and political processes of the neighboring countries that have close relations with 119 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us afghanistan. stability in afghanistan is a common interest that ensures stability and development for countries in the region and beyond. also, development initiatives in various sectors such as infrastructure development, agriculture and engineering have been promoted. in addition, it was reported that japan will continue cooperation in the fields of education and health, effective governance, finance and anticorruption[18]. as confirmation of this, it is possible to show the support that japan has been providing to improve social assistance and urban planning, transport, and agriculture. in particular, the japanese government allocated funds through oda for the construction and reconstruction of more than 830 schools in afghanistan, while jica organized trainings for 10,000 teachers to improve their teaching quality and provided them with educational materials. active cooperation with unicef was carried out and 500 grants were allocated to afghan students for higher education in japan. as a result of the above efforts, the number of children enrolled in primary education in afghanistan increased from 1 million in 2001 to 9.2 million in 2013[7]. in july 2012, at the tokyo conference on afghanistan, co-chaired by the governments of japan and afghanistan, the afghan government and the international community confirmed that the afghan government had developed a development strategy for the "decade of transformation" (2015-2024). at this conference, japan announced that it will provide 3 billion us dollars in social and economic assistance in about 5 years from 2012. based on the development strategy of afghanistan, he said that he will focus on increasing the opportunities of economic development and security, as well as three priority areas of socio-economic development agriculture, infrastructure development and human resources development. in the opening speech of the conference, japanese foreign minister koichiro gemba announced the creation of the tokyo mutual accountability framework (「東京フレームワーク」), which includes long-term cooperation in the form of mutual obligations in the field of security and development, in cooperation with the international community, taking into account the "decade of transformation"[16]. in 2013, japan provided humanitarian aid to afghanistan to build schools in three provinces. a new contract was signed to build 75 schools in bamiyan, daykundi and ghor regions. the total cost of these projects is 25 million dollars, as a result of which more than 450 thousand children received education in schools[13]. japan attaches great importance to improving security, which is a basis for the participation of the international community. at the 2014 afghanistan conference in london, japan's ambassador to kabul, hiroshi takahashi, supported afghanistan's security capacity through the law and order trust fund for afghanistan (lotfa), focusing on supporting the salaries of the national police. most importantly, japan's support for afghanistan's efforts aimed at independent development and reform is the implementation of the policy of "active contribution to peace" based on the principle of international cooperation currently promoted by the japanese government[9]. from 2014 to 2021, japan will, through its own efforts and with the help of the international community, continue to support afghanistan's efforts towards peace, self-reliance and stability, and successfully complete the decade of transformation. cooperation relations became more active for implementation. by february 2015, more than $5 billion in aid had been provided[7]. along with the construction of a new terminal at the kabul airport, kabul-jalalabad, kabulkandahar highways, mazari-sharif and bamiyan city roads, large-scale expansion and regulation projects of the country's capital have been developed. taking into account that 80% of the country's population lives in rural areas, jica has launched the training of specialists in the cultivation of rice and other agricultural products[12]. after the taliban took control of kabul in august 2021, jica management supported the departure of the afghan people working in the agency. jica is exploring other opportunities to help meet large-scale humanitarian needs through mutual cooperation[6]. 120 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on september 1, 2021, japan temporarily moved the japanese embassy in afghanistan to doha, the capital of qatar, where the political office of the taliban is located. japan has used opportunities such as the dispatch of uemura tsukasa, a representative of the government, to strongly urge the taliban to ensure the safe exit of those who want to leave the country, to respect the rights of women and ethnic minorities, and to build an inclusive political system. as a result of diplomatic efforts and negotiations with the taliban during japan's visit to doha in september and japan's ambassador to afghanistan, okada takashi, to kabul in november 2021 and january 2022, local staff of the japanese embassy and members of other japanese-affiliated organizations, including more than 500 (as of the end of january 2022) arrived in japan with the help of the japanese government after the situation in afghanistan deteriorated. in october 2021, japan allocated an emergency grant in the amount of 65 million us dollars (about 7.1 billion japanese yen) through international organizations to support humanitarian needs in afghanistan and neighboring countries, such as shelter, food, health, water and sanitation, agriculture and education. and in december, japan decided to allocate 109 million us dollars (about 11.8 billion japanese yen) in addition to the 2021 budget[3]. it can be seen that japan continues to provide assistance to the people of afghanistan and to ensure the stability of the situation around afghanistan. conclusion. in summary, the japanese government viewed its active involvement in the reconstruction and reconstruction of afghanistan in terms of three separate but interrelated objectives. firstly, japan's high-level involvement was expected to help manage and strengthen the usjapan alliance. given that afghanistan has become a us national security and foreign policy priority since 9/11, the japanese government has clearly recognized the need to intervene in afghanistan to serve as a responsible ally. secondly, tokyo's involvement in international aid to afghanistan also stems from japan's longstanding desire to demonstrate its ability to contribute to a major international peace and security operation. the embarrassment of the japanese government's $13 billion financial contribution during the first persian gulf war, which was criticized as too little and derided as "checkbook diplomacy," was not lost on japanese policymakers when the us-led military operation in afghanistan began in late 2001. this memory prompted japanese politicians to intervene in afghanistan operations in a timely manner and take appropriate financial measures. the third was to establish good relations with the newly formed afghan government. the main difference between japan's position as a politically and strategically neutral actor in afghanistan compared to other major donor countries, particularly the united states, great britain, and russia, is that reestablishing friendly relations has been viewed as a key priority by japanese policymakers. based on the above three foreign policy goals, it can be said that the japanese government has achieved certain goals. in particular, japan's aid to afghanistan served as the main and sometimes the only positive topic in the washington-tokyo political dialogue for several years. tokyo has made significant contributions to global security, and its support has been well received by the afghan government and the general population. references: 1. co-chairs' summary. the second tokyo conference on consolidation of peace in afghanistan (ddr/diag). 5 july 2006. //https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/middle_e/afghanistan/summary0607.htm 2. cogan m.s. japan’s contribution to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (ddr) in afghanistan after september 11 //social science asia. – 2019. – № 5 (3). – p. 16. 3. diplomatic bluebook 2022. – p. 154. //https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2022/pdf/pdfs/ 2022_all.pdf 121 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. hein p. in the shadow of pacifism: foreign policy choices of germany and japan in afghanistan// east asia. –2011 – №. 28(2). – p. 137. 5. japan and nato: toward further collaboration. statement by prime minister shinzo abe to the north atlantic council. 12 jan 2007. // https://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2007/s070112b.html 6. japan international cooperation agency. annual report 2022. //https://www.jica.go.jp/english/about/disc /report/ 2022/index.html 7. japan’s assistance in afghanistan: towards self-reliance. // the report of the ministry of foreign affairs of japan, april 2015. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/ 000019264.pdf 8. shaida mohammad abdali. japan can help pave the way for an inclusive afghanistan. sep 15,2023.//https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2023/09/15/japan/japan-internationalprocess-afghanistan/ 9. statement by ambassador hiroshi takahashi. at the london conference on afghanistan 4 december 2014. //https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000062581.pdf 10. umarov a. strategy of japan in afghanistan: priority interests and key results //international relations: politics, economics, law. – 2020. – т. 2019. – №. 34. – с. 82. 11. walia s. securing peace in afghanistan: a primer on japan’s role //orf issue brief. – 2020. – №. 347. – p. 12. 12. алимов о.и. япониянинг афғонистондаги тинчликпарвар ва гуманитар сиёсати. //афғонистон хх ва ххi асрлар чорраҳасида: тарихий, иқтисодий-ижтимоий, сиёсий жиҳатлари ва унинг марказий осиё мамлакатлари билан ўзаро муносабати масалалари” халқаро илмий конференция материаллари тўплами – т.: тдши, 2019. – с. 367-376. 13. бадахш а. образование в афганистане: проблемы и пути решения.//“афғонистон хх ва ххi асрлар чорраҳасида: тарихий, иқтисодий-ижтимоий, сиёсий жиҳатлари ва унинг марказий осиё мамлакатлари билан ўзаро муносабати масалалари” халқаро илмий конференция материаллари тўплами – т.: тдши, 2019. – с. 40-46. 14. разумовский и. а. афганское направление японской дипломатии: проблемы и перспективы //актуальные проблемы современной японии. – 2015. – №. 29. – с. 28-48. 15. アフガニスタン・パキスタンに関する国際コンタクト・グループ（icg）会合の開 催 (holding of the meeting of the international contact group (icg) on afghanistan and pakistan). 平成26年5月13日 // https:// www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press23_000032.html 16. アフガニスタンに関する東京会合 . 玄葉外務大臣スピーチ (tokyo conference on afghanistan remarks by h.e. mr. koichiro gemba, minister for foreign affairs of japan). 平成24年7月8日 //https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/afghanistan/tokyo_conference_2012/fm_speech1. html 17. アフガニスタン情勢（岡田駐アフガニスタン大使のカブール訪問）(situation in afghanistan : ambassador okada’s visit to kabul)令和4年5月20日. // https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press3_ 000825.html 18. カブール国際会議. 岡田外務大臣ステートメント（2010年7月20日、於カブール） (statement by h.e. mr. katsuya okada, minister for foreign affairs of japan. at the kabul conference, 20 july, 2010, kabul) // https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/afghanistan/the_kabul_ conference1007/fm_state1007.html 122 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 19. 反テロ対策：国際協力の範囲 (anti-terrorism measures: scope of international cooperation) the japan times weekly. oct. 13, 2001 //https://st.japantimes.co.jp/english_news/ editorial/2001/ed20011019.htm?print =noframe 256 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 improving the use of remote banking services in commercial banks sobirov iihom husanovich samarkand institute of economics and service, associate professor of the "investment and innovation" department aktamov zafarbek student of the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the article shows the problems of the development of digital banking in uzbekistan, as well as specific recommendations. keywords: digital bank, interactive analysis, remote banking product. introduction "strategy for the reform of the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2025" approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 2, 2020 no. . the document defines the goals, tasks and priority areas of the development of the banking system, the directions of transformation and reform of the banking system in 2020 2025, ways to search for possible solutions based on the experience of transforming the financial sector of foreign countries and taking into account world trends in the financial sector. effective ways of improving the quality of banking services in commercial banks have been determined. mobile banking is the most advanced and popular method of providing new banking services by commercial banks. mobile banking is a modern way of using banking services through a mobile phone (smartphone) using the internet. this method allows users of banking services to manage their bank account remotely and provides almost all internet banking operations. with the help of mobile banking, the client has the following options: ▪️ monitor the status of bank cards (credit, debit, etc.); ▪️mobile and landline phone services, ▪️ making payments for internet providers, utility, cable and digital television services without intermediary fees; ▪️ conducting online conversion practices; ▪️ making transfers from card to card; setting up automatic execution of transactions payments on account or on certain dates; ▪️ getting information about the receipt of funds in the bank account; ▪️get information about the transactions made through a bank card; ▪️ making purchases in online stores; extinguish loans, ▪️ adding funds to deposits; http://www/ 257 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us getting a loan; ▪️receiving and sending money transfer; ▪️ paying yhxbb fines; opening a bank card; ▪️blocking and unblocking a bank card; ▪️ payment of interest on deposits to a bank card; ▪️ extending the validity period of the bank card; ▪️ making international money transfers in different currencies through the mobile application. to use mobile banking services, the client must first open a bank account, that is, a card account (bank card). for this, it is necessary to visit the bank (or remotely), fill out the necessary documents, and download the corresponding application to the mobile phone via the internet.. mobile applications may be offered by banks or payment organizations. if the mobile application and the bank card belong to the same bank, it is possible to be exempted from small brokerage fees when carrying out transactions through this application. for example, there are commissions for transferring funds from one card to another or withdrawing cash. in general, the commission does not exceed 1%. if the application is installed on the smartphone, it is enough to go through authorization in this application with a bank card, that is, it is necessary to enter the information requested about the bank card in the application.. for authorization, it is necessary to enter the information on the front of the card (name of the card holder, individual card number and card validity period). then it is necessary to confirm the increased authorization using the code received by the bank's sms message. after that, it is important to set a password (pin code) to access the application and remember it, in case of theft or loss of the phone, the security of funds is provided by this password. multiple cards can be registered in one application. this allows you to easily switch from one card to another in the application itself and make a payment with the desired card. each mobile banking app has a different design and menu, but that's not a problem because they're so easy to use. the menu consists mainly of sections according to the operations desired by the user (transfers, payments, etc.). first of all, you need to enter the card information in the application, after which you can make payments. as soon as you perform any banking operation through mobile banking, an sms message about the operation will be sent to the phone number registered in the application. advantages of mobile banking: ▪️using banking services remotely through a mobile application; ▪️ saving time; ▪️works 24 hours a day. disadvantages of mobile banking: ▪️theft or loss of a mobile phone; ▪️low level of account security. the decree of the president of may 12, 2020 on the "strategy for the reform of the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for the years 2020-2025" also requires the careful adoption of modern technologies to establish remote banking services, the identification of new types of services and products, studying foreign best practices and increasing the popularity of banking services in our country. use, protection of consumer rights, increasing the financial literacy of the population is given special importance to be among the current issues of our time. therefore, this decision started a new stage in the development of banking services.. http://www/ 258 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 12, 2020 no. pf-5992 on "strategy for reforming the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2025". 2. innovative management: ucheb. [text] / pod ed. s.d. ilenkova. m.: yuniti, banki birji, 2001. 321 p. 3. gaibnazarova z.t. modernization: upravlenie innovation i upravlencheskie innovation. xix international conference "history of management and business. upravlencheskiy trud i roli menedzherov: proshloe, nastoyashchee, budushchee", mgu named m.v. lomonosova, russia, moscow. september 21-22, 2018. s. 79-88 4. baryutin l.s. upravlenie teknicheskimi novovvedeniyami v promyshlennosti. l.: izd-vo lgu, 1986. 12 p. 5. concept of the development strategy of the republic of uzbekistan until 2035. https://kun.uz/news/2019/05/18/uzbekistan's-development-by-2035-concept 6. concept of social and economic complex development of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030. https://sputniknews-uz.com/20191113/uzbekistan-by-2030-socialeconomic-development-concept-tayrlandi-12788459.html http://www/ https://kun.uz/news/2019/05/18/uzbekistan's-development-by-2035-concept 118 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the history of learning ancient bukhara city ergashov fayoz ibod o’g’li teacher of history department of zarmed university abstract: this article discusses information about the city of bukhara, the main city of central asia, of researchers of the 20th century. in this case, after bukhara city became an object of scientific research, we will see that its studies have developed considerably. basically, we can see that the contribution of o.a sukhareva, m.s.andreyev in the historical researches of bukhara city is incomparable. in addition, we can witness that information about the city of bukhara was studied with the help of representatives of the diplomatic mission, orientalists, qualified officials, and military personnel. ignatiev, the representative of the diplomatic mission, also covered the stories of the russian soldiers. at the same time, the scientific activities of khanikov, leman, zavyalov and other researchers were analyzed. keywords: the central city of bukhara, research materials, local researchers, research methodology. introduction. if we consider today's historiography as an example of central asian cities, then bukhara, which is among sharif cities, has always been in the center of research. naturally, the central city of bukhara has a leading position in researches related to the period of the 20th century bukhara emirate. during the 20th century, researches were conducted in various directions to study the city of bukhara, its inhabitants, socio-economic life and similar aspects. learning was taken as the main goal. analysis of the literature on the subject: (literature review) lifestyle, the literatures showing the socio-economic life, activities of the population, ethnographic characteristics of the city of bukhara were widely spread by the 20th century researches. the information of representatives of various classes was used in the compilation of data. diplomatic mission representatives, officials, and even foreign prisoners' data were collected. they made a unique contribution to the creation of the literature of this period. literature on the topic can be studied in the following groups: 1. research materials carried out at the beginning of the 20th century 2. materials of local researchers 3. memoirs research methodology (research methodology) main part. research work is based on historiographical analysis and comparative analysis methods. if central asian cities are a direction that attracts special attention in the history of science, then the city of bukhara, glorified by the name "beauty of god" occupies the main place. "the information was studied on the basis of information obtained from random representatives, merchants, prisoners. representatives of the diplomatic mission, orientalists, qualified officials and military personnel were involved in the study of the city on the basis of risk."[ 1; 19] o.a. sukhareva plays the main role in research related to the city of bukhara, and in turn, m.s. andreyev has a great contribution to sukhareva's scientific research. they came to bukhara in 1947. the work related to bukhara lasted for fifteen years. "the internal structure of the urban environment remains one of the unclear, little-studied problems of eastern 119 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us historiography" [2;] yu. yakubovsky worked effectively in this field and gave its topographic essence. however, in 1951, he had to emphasize that the cities were studied mainly in a formal way. this led the researchers to study the historical cities of central asia. in addition, we can learn valuable information about the city of bukhara through the stories of 6 russian prisoners who remained in bukhara published by ignatiev in 1858. khanikov came to bukhara and studied the works of his predecessors. alexander lehmann gives information in his work written in german and writes about madrasa, education system, wedding ceremonies. s. ainiy, who studied in bukhara madrasas for many years, writes that "there were up to a hundred big madrasas and the same number of small madrasas in the city" [3; 1]. from the middle of the 19th century, there was a need to summarize information about bukhara. v. zavyalov continued the work started by p. savelyev in 1835 and wrote two detailed articles. one of the researchers, t. poslavsky, described the plan of the city of bukhara. this plan was drawn up by the military topographer parfyonov under the leadership of captain fenin, and was put into scientific circulation under the name "fenin". the "fenin" plan formed the basis of all plans, articles and works of the period of the socialist revolution was announced. this plan was presented as "made at the level of modern cartography". "division into four parts between two intersecting streets is considered to be a complex type of division. the division of residential areas in this way is defined in the planning of the city planning. it is exactly defined. this same ancient planning is also in bukhara. the city is divided into four parts " [ 4; 285]. in one of the information about bukhara, sadullayev said that "uzbeks live in all parts of bukhara." in this case, the urban abolis is divided into the following components: artisans make up the main part of the city's population, merchants perform an important task for the economic life of the city and are the majority, urban peasants i.e. landowners, servants city servants. the inhabitants of the city have always been divided into classes. according to russian researchers, the population of the city was divided into 3 categories: citizens, soldiers and clerics. most of them were citizens. this social class corresponded to the "third class" in european feudal society. this category includes artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and all urban workers. if we look at the materials taken from the archives of the institute of tropical diseases, this institute studied the quarters of bukhara in detail. "the city's divided quarters have clear boundaries" [5;30]. in the memoirs of o.a.sukhareva, information is given about the occupations of the residents of bukhara. in the beginning of the 20th century, metal caster was mainly engaged in the production of plugs. in bukhara, there were about a hundred branches of crafts. artisans worked on metal, leather, clothes, and various construction works. in the city of bukhara itself there were 7-degree workshops. at the end of the xix century and the beginning of the xx century, there were 40-50 rekhtagars in bukhara. cannon parts and weapons were prepared by rekhtagars. the interpretation of the city of bukhara was illuminated in its own way in the accounts of 20th century researchers. conclusions and suggestions. if we analyze the researches on the history of the city of bukhara in the 20th century and conclude from this, we can see that the researches mainly study the life, activities, activities, ethnographic and economic life of the local population of the city of bukhara. in short, the sources of this period play an important role in the study of the history of the city of bukhara. the following proposals can be put forward in relation to the analysis: 1. to cover the history of the city of bukhara in the 1st xx century and carry out comparative analysis. 2. analyzing the sources, literature, memoirs, memories of this period by comparing them with each other. 3. elaborate articles and scientific treatises on the subject and bring them to the attention of scientific researchers. 120 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. o.a.suxareva. "бухара хlx-начало хх-в позднефэодалный город и его население", м.1966. с. 19-21. 2. а.ю.якубовский. главные вопросы изучения истории городов средней азии, "труды тадж. филиала ан ссср, "[душанбе], т. 29, 1951, стр. 4. 3. с.айни марги судхур [душанбе], 1953, стр. 1. 4. с.п.толстов "древний хоразм", м, 1949, стр. 285. 5. в.а.шишкин "архитектурные памятники бухары, ташкент.1936, стр. 30. 113 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of historical and cultural tourist potential makhmudov sobir khudoyberdievich associate professor of the department of tourism, samarkand institute of economics and service mirzaev shahjakhan khurshedovich samies, "management of human resources" department, part-time student of the group 122 abstract: in the article, the need to improve the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of historical and cultural tourist potential is justified. keywords: tourist, tourist object, tourist resource, efficiency, tourist infrastructure, income, employment, standard of living of the population, tourist service. the rapid development of tourism and becoming one of the main factors of socio-economic development is a global trend. increasing attention and trust in the field of tourism is determined not only by the fact that it shows high growth rates, but also by the fact that this field has a strong influence on the functioning of other sectors and sectors of the economy, that is, the ability to have a multiplier effect. for this reason, every country strives to rapidly develop the tourism sector, making full use of its existing opportunities. uzbekistan also has great opportunities to develop tourism and get significant socio-economic benefits from it. its cities like samarkand, bukhara, and khiva are famous all over the world. the history and culture of uzbekistan play a key role in the development of tourism. natural and climatic conditions in uzbekistan make it possible to receive tourists in winter and summer. among the countries of the world, uzbekistan also has its long past and unique rich nature. also, the history of uzbekistan has made a worthy contribution to the treasure of the world science and culture of our great scholars muhammad musa al-khorazmi, abu nasr farabi, ahmad al-farghani, abu ali ibn sina, abu rayhan beruni, muhammad ibn ismail al-bukhari, abu isa al-tirmizi, bahauddin naqshband, amir temur, mirza ulughbek, alisher navoi, babur and hundreds of other grandfathers and great-grandfathers are worth being proud of. so, uzbekistan has great potential in the development of foreign tourism and is among the countries that can ensure high competitiveness. this, in turn, requires the use of the huge tourism potential in the country and its effective use for the development of the country. development of historical and cultural tourism implies skillful and effective use of the potential of rich historical and cultural resources of our country, preservation and protection of historical and cultural heritage. without knowing the potential of tourism, we cannot develop scientifically based conclusions and scientific-practical recommendations for the further development of historical-cultural tourism and make the right decisions. a comprehensive approach to the development of historical and cultural tourism, the formation of modern tourist infrastructure facilities, and the full and effective use of the existing potential in the regions is considered one of the urgent issues of today. therefore, it is important to 114 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research the effectiveness of tourism, including the use of historical and cultural tourism potential. researchers e.s. grinfeltd and n.o. telpova proposed to use an integrated indicator consisting of 4 separate evaluation indicators expressed in indices to describe the historical and cultural potential of the region: 1. material historical, cultural, and natural heritage; 2. intangible cultural heritage; 3. aesthetic appeal of the area; 4. provision of cultural institutions. in addition to tangible constructions formed in various historical monuments of the past heritage and its intangible forms (cultural heritage that was practiced in the past, but is preserved and supported in the present time), the integrated indicator includes the indices of the aesthetic appeal of the area and the provision of cultural institutions. remarkable. in our opinion, the high aesthetic quality and attractiveness of landscapes greatly contribute to the improvement of the historical and cultural tourist potential and increase the efficiency of its use, and have a stimulating effect on the increase of tourist flows. the level of development of modern cultural institutions serves to stage the material and cultural heritage of the past in the language of the present day, to harmonize culture in the language of the past and the present day, and thus to develop tourism. it is impossible to change the potential of the historical and cultural resources, which occupy the main place in the structure of the historical and cultural resources and have the leading importance in the formation of the tourist product, in accordance with the consumer's demand, to meet his taste. we will have to accept these resources as much as possible and fully reflect them in the value of the product. from this point of view, touristic potential is an opportunity embodied in a historical object created several centuries ago, its ability to respond to consumer demand. in such a situation, the promotion of historical and cultural products to a wide audience of consumers based on the attraction of cultural and historical resources created by the intelligence and labor of the past generation, strengthening advertising, eliminating the consequences of physical damage to historical architectural monuments under the influence of climate, providing tourist services for travelers to increase the quality, to create facilities for foreign tourists visiting our country from foreign countries, it will be possible to make a certain contribution to increasing the potential of historical and cultural resources utilizing strengthening security guarantees, removing bureaucratic obstacles and applying other important measures. however, in our opinion, the methods proposed by the above-mentioned scientists are not enough to determine the effectiveness of using the potential of historical and cultural objects. determining the effectiveness of using the potential of historical and cultural objects is a complex socio-economic phenomenon. when calculating it, it is necessary to take into account the factors affecting the increase of the potential of historical and cultural tourism. for example, the potential of tourist enterprises (personnel potential, financial potential, technical potential), hotels and their number of seats, used and unused parts of historical-cultural objects (active and inactive), levels of identification and non-identification of historical-cultural resources, the condition of historical-cultural monuments (renewable and non-renewable) should also be taken into account. also, the main approach to determining the effectiveness of using the potential of historical and cultural tourism should be to compare the number of tourists who visited the object with the possibilities of receiving tourists from this object. based on these, the number of tourists per historical-cultural monument area, as well as seasonal visits of tourists, the number of tourists per population, the number and activities of tourist companies, and the time of tourists' visits are 115 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analyzed as methods of determining the effectiveness of using the potential of historical-cultural tourism. and its results should be taken into account. references: 1. sobir khudoyberdievich makhmudov. unconventional assessment methods to evaluate the potential of historical-cultural tourist sites 2. sobir khudoyberdievich makhmudov. methodology of historical artifacts cost’s calculation 3. amriddinova r.s. organization of safari tours in the regions of uzbekistan. european journal of innovation in nonformal education vol. 4 no. 5 (2024): https://inovatus.es/index.php/ejine/article/view/3140. 4. amriddinova r.s. opportunities for the development of halal tourism in uzbekistan. american journal of science on integration and human development volume 2, issue 3, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2750 https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=14699672064622361991&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=14699672064622361991&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=11603114336320560421&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=11603114336320560421&btni=1&hl=ru https://inovatus.es/index.php/ejine/issue/view/88 https://inovatus.es/index.php/ejine/issue/view/88 167 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 scientific observations on the object of crimes in the customs field ermashev jengis maratovich doctor of philosophy in law (phd), independent researcher abstract: this article analyzes the object of customs crimes. in this case, the object of the crime is considered to be social relations, and the objects of crime are traditionally classified according to “vertical” and “horizontal” directions. the article uses a four-level system for classifying objects of crimes in the customs sphere, according to the “vertical” classification, that is, the method of dividing crimes into general, special, similar and direct objects, according to the “horizontal” classification into directly basic, directly additional and directly optional objects. in particular, it is noted that relations protected by criminal law are defined in article 2 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan as a general object of crimes in the customs sphere. also, a special object of the crime is public relations that ensure human rights and freedoms in crimes provided for in articles 130 and 1301 of the criminal code, social relations in the economic sphere in crimes provided for in articles 182 and 184 of the criminal code, public relations that ensure security and public order in public crimes, provided for in articles 2443, 2444, 246 and 2501 of the criminal code. in addition, social relations that ensure normal moral values in crimes provided for in articles 130 and 1301 of the criminal code, social relations that protect the foundations of the economy in crimes provided for in articles 182 and 184 of the criminal code, articles 2443, 2444, 246 and 2501 of the criminal code as a generic object of the crime. it is determined that social relations that protect public safety are recognized as crimes. the article also analyzes the immediate main and direct additional objects of each crime in the customs sphere, and also draws conclusions for each case. at the same time, current criminal law norms, other legal documents, opinions of scientists and provisions of decisions of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan, as well as the author’s conclusions and opinions on each case are carefully analyzed. keywords: crimes in the customs sphere, object of crime, general object, special object, generic object, direct object, personal rights and freedoms, moral values, foreign economic activity, economic sphere, economic fundamentals, public safety, public order. the set of objective and subjective signs necessary to assess a certain socially dangerous act as a crime theoretically constitutes the composition of the crime. it is known that objective signs mean the object and the objective side of the composition of the crime. the object of the crime is a social relationship protected by the criminal code, which is the target of criminal aggression and can be harmed through this aggression [1, p. 139]. from this point of view, crimes in the customs field, in turn, harm certain social relations prohibited by the criminal code or create a real risk of such harm, therefore, based on the content of article 14 of the criminal code, such a socially dangerous act is considered a crime. therefore, in the legal analysis of crimes in the customs field, first of all, it is appropriate to study in depth the problems of the object of this crime. 168 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us correct identification of the object of crimes in the customs sphere serves as a basis for forming a correct idea about the level of social danger of this crime. the reason is that in such a case, exactly which relations the contraband invades represents its level of social danger. about this, m. usmonaliev said, "the object of the crime is a necessary sign of the structure of every crime. "the object of the crime is a necessary sign of each of its elements, and it also determines the essence of a particular crime and its level of social danger" [2, p. 154], he stated. from this point of view, on the basis of the analysis and study of the object of crimes in the customs field, its social danger is revealed. in the theory of criminal law, objects of crime are traditionally classified in "vertical" and "horizontal" directions. based on the four-level system of classification of criminal objects, general, special, similar and direct objects of the analyzed crimes are distinguished [3, p. 203]. in addition, according to the "horizontal" classification, the direct object of crimes in the customs sphere can be directly divided into main, additional and optional objects. based on the accepted general rule, it is possible to recognize the social relations protected by the criminal law, defined in article 2 of the criminal code, as a common object of crimes in the customs field. that is, the common object for all crimes in the customs sphere is the same. these crimes have specific characteristics in their specific, related and immediate objects. if we examine the opinion of scientists on this issue, most researchers note the economic system of society [4, p. 131] or the set of social relations that ensure the normal operation and development of the country's economy [5, p. 111] as a special object of crimes in the customs field. in particular, b.a. sultanova, who conducted a special study in this field, expressed the opinion that the special object of crimes in the field of customs is a set of social relations protected by the criminal law in the field of economic activity [6, p. 47].. regarding the object of smuggling, which is considered a type of crime in the field of customs, our national scientists expressed a completely different opinion than the one mentioned above. in particular, according to m.m. kadirov [7, p. 307] and o.g'.zokirova [8, p. 12], the object of smuggling is social relations that ensure public safety. in this case, public security means the state of protection of an individual, society and the state against crime, other illegal actions, the consequences of emergency situations, social unrest, natural disasters, epidemics, epizootics, major disasters, accidents and fires [9, p. 167]. but these opinions are expressed only in relation to the crime of smuggling, and cannot cover all crimes in the customs field even if they are stated in a general way. in the literature, there is no single approach to defining the similar object of customs crimes. most scientists consider normal activity in the economic sphere [4, p. 131], social relations related to the implementation of normal economic activity [5, p. 143], social relations arising in the sphere of economic activity [4, p. 178] as such an object. , define the relationship to legal economic activity [10, p. 388]. at the same time, a.i. chuchaev and s.yu. ivanova show the activities of the customs authorities, aimed at achieving the economic, fiscal and protective goals, regulated by law, as a kind of object of crimes in the customs sphere [11, p. 43]. a similar opinion is put forward by s.i. nikulin and n.i. pikurov. they include customs crimes in the group of crimes against the state's financial interests and in practice recognize these interests as a related object of this crime [12, p. 187]. some scientists define the social relations that arise during the transfer of goods and vehicles across the customs border in the field of customs work as a similar object of customs crimes. in the legal literature on customs law, such relations are described as relations arising in connection with customs authorities performing the function of economic protection of the state border and police control over the transfer of objects through this border [13, p. 192; 14, p. 10; 11, p. 43]. these social relations are essentially management relations. their structural structure is made up of separate, relatively narrow groups of social relations that reflect the features of managing this 169 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us or that structural element of customs work. if we apply crimes in the field of customs work to them, it becomes clear that each of them is aimed at one of these groups of social relations. consequently, these relations are the direct objects of these crimes. we cannot agree with the above opinions on special and similar objects of customs crimes. it is known that the unifying aspect of customs crimes is related to the illegal transfer of objects across the customs border, but depending on the type and nature of these objects, such crimes harm various social attitudes or create a real risk of harm. for example, objects such as firearms or explosives harm public safety, while objects that are not restricted to civilian circulation harm the economic sphere and economic foundations of the state. in turn, there are different views on this issue in different countries and different scientists. for example, in the case of uzbekistan, smuggling of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is recognized by national legislation and scientists as a subject that harms public safety, in the case of countries such as azerbaijan, tajikistan, moldova, armenia, turkmenistan, it is the sphere of economic activity, in the case of georgia, it is the sphere of financial activity, the kyrgyz republic and in the case of ukraine, trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors is considered as an act that harms the sphere of public health, in the case of the russian federation and kazakhstan, public safety and public order, and in the case of the republic of belarus, it is considered an act that harms the public health. that is, taking into account many aspects such as the location, state of development, economic stability, national mentality of a specific country, the damage caused by various objects of customs crimes to this area can be assessed in different directions. for this reason, we believe that in order to draw a detailed and correct conclusion about the object of crimes in the customs field in the conditions of uzbekistan, it is necessary to develop a classification of all objects of these crimes and to assess the scope of their damage to the state, society and the individual or the real risk of causing such damage. based on the analysis of the current situation in the national criminal legislation and the theory of criminal law, it can be said that in criminal law, taking into account that crimes threaten similar social relations, the priority rule is that acts with a similar special object are systematized in certain sections of the special part of the criminal code, and crimes with a similar object are systematized in chapters of the special part of the criminal code. does. in the same way, in the republic of uzbekistan, crimes are placed in the articles of the special part following two different classifications, i.e. taking into account the level of social danger of crimes and the object they harm or create a real risk of harm. in particular, crimes in the field of customs are divided into three sections and three chapters: 1) bringing into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for the purpose of distributing, advertising, and displaying pornographic (article 130) and products promoting harassment, violence or cruelty (article 1301) chapter; 2) violation of customs legislation and evasion of payment of customs fees in the section "crimes in the field of economy" in the chapter "crimes against the foundations of the economy"; 3) illegal import into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for distribution of religious materials (article 2443), illegal import of drones (article 2444), smuggling (article 246), illegal import of fireworks into the republic of uzbekistan entry or exit from the republic of uzbekistan (article 2501) is placed in the chapter "crimes against public safety" in the section "crimes against public safety and public order". so, it can be concluded that:  the special object of the crimes provided for in articles 130 and 1301 of the criminal code is the social relations that ensure the rights and freedoms of the individual, and the corresponding object is the social relations that ensure the normal moral values;  the special object of the crimes provided for in articles 182 and 184 of the criminal code is social relations in the economic sphere, and the related object is social relations protecting the foundations of the economy; 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  the special object of crimes provided for in articles 2443, 2444, 246 and 2501 of the criminal code is social relations that ensure public safety and public order, and the corresponding object is social relations that protect public safety. let's comment on the direct object of crimes in the customs field. it is known that the direct object of the crime has its own characteristics for each type of crime. that is why they are reflected in separate articles in the jk. that is, the crime provided for in a specific article of the criminal code differs from the crime provided for in another article according to its direct object, and they do not repeat each other. if the direct object of certain actions is the same, it is correct to reflect them in one article. therefore, the direct objects of crimes in the customs field are different from each other. 1. bringing pornographic products into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for the purpose of distribution, advertising, and display (article 130 of the criminal code). the social risk associated with this crime often stems from concerns about public morality, the potential for harm to individuals or society, and the protection of developing populations such as minors. in almost all countries, governments act to regulate or restrict the importation of such materials into public territory to maintain public order, uphold cultural values, and prevent potential negative impact on individuals, families, and communities. such crimes are dangerous for the future of every state and nation because they damage the moral roots of society and the moral values of the young generation. according to m.h. rustambaev, the direct object of this crime is public morality, social relations that ensure the normal moral development of young people [15, p. 174]. also, according to a.a. atajonov, the production, import, distribution, advertising, and display of pornographic products violates social morality, affects the formation of morals in society and the change of the moral landscape of the nation, and harms the interests of the state. as long as the state takes care of proper upbringing of minors (at the same time, also in the field of sexual life) [16, p. 185]. in this regard, m. kadyrov expressed a similar opinion: the object of this crime is the moral education, spiritual and spiritual development of persons under the age of 21 [17, p. 95]. according to the unanimous opinion of these authors, the production, importation, distribution, advertising and display of pornographic products are aimed at protecting public morals, developing young people, especially those under 21 years of age, their moral and spiritual education and maintaining normal morality in society. harms social relations related to provision. we agree with these points and consider it necessary to further develop and systematize them. in our opinion, the direct main object of the crime of importing pornographic products into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for the purpose of distribution, advertising, and display is public morals, social relations that ensure the normal moral development of young people. on the other hand, the established procedure for the transfer of objects across the customs border, the social relations that provide the state interests defined in the constitution and other legislation, in particular, in the state policy regarding youth, are the direct additional objects of this crime. 2. bringing into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for the purpose of distributing, advertising, and displaying products promoting oppression, violence or cruelty (article 1301 of the criminal code). the social danger of importing a product that promotes oppression, violence or cruelty into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan is assessed, first of all, by the damage that can be caused to the well-being of individuals, society and the state, as well as to moral values. this act is considered a crime because it can harm public order, moral standards, and negatively affect the mental and physical health of the population. in this case, the criminal-legal concern is to prevent the spread of materials that cause social conflicts, undermine moral principles, and threaten the general harmony and stability within the country. according to m.h. rustambaev, the direct object of this crime is public morality, social relations that ensure the normal moral development of young people, moral and principles in society [15, 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us p. 179]. according to a.a. atajonov, the object of this crime is social relations that ensure the principles of moral and cultural life of society [16, p. 195]. in our opinion, approving these approaches, their further development and systematization is appropriate. that is, the immediate main object of the analyzed crime is social relations aimed at maintaining social ethics and moral and ethical principles for the normal development of youth and the cultural life of society, and the direct additional object is the established procedure for moving objects across the customs border and social relations representing the state's interests in maintaining normal moral and ethical principles of society. is considered 3. violation of customs legislation (article 182 of the criminal code). the social risk associated with this crime affects the wider economic and social spheres and includes the risk of damaging foreign trade relations, promoting unfair competition and hindering the effective functioning of customs systems. this type of crime is not only a violation of established customs rules, but also causes a number of negative consequences, such as loss of state revenues, threat to economic stability, violation of the integrity of the customs system. a.a.otajonov and sh.f.mamajonov expressed their opinions about this crime and noted that its direct object is the economic interests of our country, social relations that provide the foundations of the economy [16, p. 467]. we do not agree with this opinion. because all crimes for which liability is provided in article 15 of the special part of the criminal code, chapter 12, harm the foundations of the economy, thereby harming the economic interests of the state. therefore, this relationship is considered a similar object for crimes under chapter 12 of the criminal code, that is, this social relationship is not considered the main object of the analyzed crime. in this regard, the opinion of m.h. rustambaev is worthy of attention, according to him, the direct object of this crime is the established procedure for the transfer of goods or other valuables through the customs border of the republic of uzbekistan, which ensures compliance with the rights and legal interests of the state, legal entities and individuals in the field of economic activity [ 15, p. 525]. in our opinion, it is necessary to further improve this idea and systematize it in the horizontal direction of the crime object. therefore, it is reasonable to consider that the direct main object of violation of the customs legislation is the social relations that determine the procedure and conditions for the transfer of goods and other objects important for the economic interests of the state through the customs border of the republic of uzbekistan. already as a component of customs work, they are related to the implementation of the goals and objectives of the state customs policy specified in the customs code of the republic of uzbekistan. the immediate additional object of violation of the customs law documents is the social relations that ensure the normal operation of the customs authorities, the order of state management of foreign economic activity. 4. evasion of payment of customs duties. the social risk associated with this crime is wideranging, encompassing threats to both national economies and international trade relations. this jeopardizes the equitable distribution of resources, hinders government revenues, and undermines the fairness of global trade, in turn leading to a potential domino effect on a nation's economic stability, trade integrity, and the nation's overall socioeconomic well-being. m.m. kadyrov spoke about the direct object of this crime and stated that it harms the economic foundations of the state [17, p. 206]. as mentioned in the above analysis, although this crime damages the foundations of the economy, it is not appropriate to show the foundations of the economy as its direct object. because the basics of economics is a very broad concept. in this regard, according to m.h. rustambaev, the direct object of this crime is social relations related to the activity of the state in the financial sphere [15, p. 548]. a.a.otajhonov and sh.f.mamajonov noted social relations [16, p. 480] that ensure the established procedure for paying taxes and other mandatory payments as the direct object of this crime. according to o. makhkamov, who conducted a special study on the issue of liability for the crime of tax evasion, the main object of this crime is the social relations of the state in the field of taxation, that is, tax 172 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us authorities and taxpayers (individuals and (officials of legal entities) form social relations related to tax or other mandatory payments, calculation and payment [18, p. 16]. it is important to note that all of these mentioned are related to the object of the crime of tax evasion. the issue that we are analyzing, that is, the object of the crime of evasion of payment of customs duties, differs from these opinions. in fact, the current criminal code does not have a separate crime of evasion of customs duties. however, this act is actually fully covered by articles 182 and 184 of the criminal code. because a tax is defined by the tax code as a compulsory and arbitrary payment to the budget system. also, the code provides for the following types of taxes: 1) value added tax; 2) excise tax; 3) profit tax; 4) income tax from individuals; 5) subsoil use tax; 6) special rent tax for extracting minerals; 7) tax for the use of water resources; 8) property tax; 9) land tax; 9) social tax. the fee means a mandatory fee charged to the budget system, defined in the tax code or other legal documents, the payment of which is required to carry out legally significant actions by the authorized body or its official against the person who pays it, including granting him certain rights or authorizing documents. will be one of the conditions. the term "customs fee" refers to certain types of taxes and fees that are imposed during the transportation of goods across the customs border and in other cases stipulated by the customs code. according to article 289 of the customs code, there are the following types of customs fees: 1) customs duty; 2) value added tax; 3) excise tax; 4) customs fees. the controversial issue is that the direct objects of the crime of evasion of taxes or duties and the crime of customs evasion, which we theoretically distinguished in this case, are not the same. that is, it is wrong, in our opinion, to define liability for these crimes as evasion of paying taxes or fees in one article. although there are similarities between the crimes of evasion of payment of customs duties and evasion of payment of other types of taxes or duties, they differ in terms of the specific nature of the types of payment, regulatory legislation, nature, object and social danger of the crime. including: a) on the content of the obligation to pay: evasion of payment of customs duties includes the intentional avoidance of the fees charged to goods when they are imported or exported through the customs border. evasion of taxes or duties is a broader category and includes evasion of various taxes or duties. in addition, the need to pay customs fees is not related to the location of a person or his property in the territory of a certain state, but to a certain type of activity transportation of goods across the customs border; b) on the field of regulatory legislation: although all types of taxes and fees and terms of payment are regulated in the tax code, which regulates the relations regarding the establishment, introduction, cancellation, and payment of taxes and fees, what are customs fees, types, and issues related to payment almost unregulated. these issues are regulated by a completely different legislation the customs code. that is, relations related to transportation of goods and means of transport across the customs border of the republic of uzbekistan, collection of customs fees are the subject of regulation of the customs code; c) scope: customs evasion is primarily related to acts related to the movement of goods across borders, focusing on tariffs, duties and customs procedures. tax or levy evasion covers a broader scope that deals with violations of financial obligations imposed on individuals, businesses and various economic transactions within the country; d) by the nature of goods or operations: evasion of customs duties refers to goods transported across borders and under customs control, evasion of taxes or duties covers a wide range of financial activities, including profits and gains, commercial transactions and tax liabilities includes other economic events that emit; 173 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us e) on the object of the crime: evasion of payment of customs fees damages social relations related to the finance, budget and customs sphere, and as a result customs legislation is violated, as well as negatively affects the normal activity of customs authorities. in case of evasion of payment of other types of taxes and fees, social relations related to finance, budget and tax sphere are damaged and as a result tax legislation is violated, and also affects the normal activity of tax authorities. thus, while both crimes involve willful evasion of financial obligations, evasion of customs duties is specific to goods crossing borders and regulated by customs legislation, while evasion of taxes or duties involves various financial obligations within a country. has a wider scope and is regulated by tax legislation. in addition, many foreign countries criminalize customs evasion as a separate offense from tax evasion. in particular, for such an act, article 194 of the criminal code of the russian federation [19], article 209 of the criminal code of azerbaijan [20], article 241 of the criminal code of the kyrgyz republic [21], article 231 of the criminal code of the republic of belarus [22], article 236 of the criminal code of kazakhstan [ 23], article 249 of the criminal code of moldova [24], article 291 of the criminal code of tajikistan [25], article 261 of the criminal code of turkmenistan [26], article 153 of the criminal code of the prc [27], article 372 of the criminal code of germany [28] provides for liability . based on the above analysis, it is necessary to consider the issue of introducing a separate article in the civil code as a special norm that defines liability for this crime, separating the act of evasion of payment of customs fees from the crime of evasion of payment of taxes or fees and violation of customs legislation. it should be noted that there are different views on the direct object of customs duty evasion, which primarily refers to the regulation of funds in the state budget or social relations in the field of state customs regulation. at the same time, yu.i.suchkov, one of the scientists of the field who expressed an opinion on the direct topic of this crime, social relations that protect foreign economic activity and ensure the formation of state budget funds from customs payments [29, p. 314], v.i.mikhaylov and a.v. .fedorov pays attention to the social relations [30, p. 109] that determine the order of payment of customs duties in the system of regulation of the customs sector. m.a. kochubey considers this object as a process related to foreign economic activity [31, p. 168], while b.v. volzhenkin, r.r. bayramov, n.b. kuroptev, a.v. semenov consider foreign economic activity social relations within the established order [32, p. 202; 33, p. 111] understands as. in this regard, r.g. stepanov and s.a. gavrichenko noted that the object of crimes related to the evasion of payment of customs duties are social relations related to the payment of customs duties collected from legal entities and individuals to the budget [34, p. 110]. another scientist, o. v. grachev, notes that the direct object of this crime is the obligation of individuals to timely pay customs fees for goods transported across the state customs border [35, p. 76]. according to the interpretation of v. m. andreeva, the direct object of customs duty evasion includes both the formation of state budget revenues and the payment of customs duties resulting from the transportation of goods and/or vehicles across the customs border [36, 48 -p.]. so, summarizing the above points, there is currently no unity of views on the issue of the direct object of customs duty evasion. most authors protect the financial interests of the state, that is, they believe that the direct object of such crimes is the relationship that protects the flow of revenues to the budget. others describe the crime in question as an act of encroachment on relations in the field of customs regulation. most scientists choose both of them as the main objects: relations in the field of transfer of objects across the customs border and relations in the tax (budget, financial) field. but, in our opinion, none of these views has given a detailed description of the direct object of the analyzed crime. in particular, none of these authors formed a system of direct main and direct additional objects of this act. in this regard, the following opinion of a.a. korennaya is noteworthy: the social relations that ensure the transportation of goods and wealth across the customs border in accordance with the 174 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us established international customs rules are the direct main object of this crime, and the social direct addition that occurs in connection with the receipt of customs fees charged to the relevant state budget. is an object [37, p. 363]. in our opinion, the direct additional object of the crime is wrongly described in this place. because the social relations noted by the author are relations directly related to the main object. in this regard, r. g. stepanov's opinion is also noteworthy, in his opinion, the direct main object of this crime is social relations that ensure the interests of the state in the financial sphere by collecting customs fees from organizations and individuals. a direct additional object is social relations to ensure state regulation of a separate field of economic activity related to the export, import or transit of various objects through the state customs territory [34, p. 110]. we believe that the views of this scientist are relatively correct. in our opinion, the immediate main object of evasion of payment of customs fees is social relations related to the formation of state budget revenues and ensuring the economic security of the state through the payment of customs fees during the transfer of objects from the customs border, and the direct additional object is the protection of the procedure for the normal operation of customs authorities and the transfer of objects from the customs border. is a social relationship. 5. illegally bringing religious materials into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for distribution (article 2443 of the criminal code). the social risk inherent in the illegal importation of religious materials leads to the potential destabilization of societal harmony, interfaith relations, and cultural integrity. this crime not only poses the risk of creating religious conflicts, but also undermines a wide range of social cohesion, leading to cultural discord and social instability. according to a.a. atajonov, the direct object of this crime is social relations that ensure public safety [16, p. 846]. but this opinion cannot be agreed. because the recorded social relationship is a related object of this act. in this regard, according to m.h. rustambaev, the direct object of this crime is the right of free belief of any person and public safety [38, p. 348]. in our opinion, the immediate main object of illegal importation of religious materials into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan for the purpose of distribution is the social relations that ensure the established procedure for the transfer of religious materials across the customs border, and the direct additional object is the social relations that ensure the normal operation of customs authorities and the rights of individuals to freely believe. 6. illegal importation of drones (article 2444 of the civil code). the social risk associated with this act is related to threats to public safety and privacy, and the illegal importation of drones is an invasion of privacy, thereby endangering the well-being of individuals and national security, which in turn can be perpetrated through the use of drones. can facilitate the commission of many other dangerous acts. as the direct object of this crime, m.h. rustambaev is responsible for the illegal import, transfer, acquisition, storage or use of unmanned aerial vehicles, their components and spare parts, as well as public safety, human life and health. is [38, p. 353], noted that. in our opinion, the immediate main object of the illegal import of drones is the social relations that ensure the established procedure for the transfer of drones across the customs border, and the direct additional object is the social relations that ensure the normal operation of customs authorities, state security and personal life safety. 7. contraband (article 246 of the civil code). the illegal transfer of firearms, ammunition, explosive devices, narcotics, and other items whose export or import is prohibited or restricted across the country's customs border has a great social risk in terms of the safety of the society and the state, as well as the destruction of the healthy environment of the members of the society. in this regard, such an act is sanctioned by article 246 of the civil code, apart from article 182 of the civil code, and laws and regulations defining the special procedure for dealing with such objects have been adopted in the country. laws of the republic of uzbekistan "on narcotic 175 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us drugs and psychotropic substances", "on the fight against terrorism", "on the transit of special cargo and military formations", the cabinet of ministers "on the import, transportation, storage and use of explosives and explosives in the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to improve the procedure", "regulations and other legislative documents on the procedure for importing explosive materials for military purposes into the republic of uzbekistan". crimes related to smuggling harm or threaten to harm public security, economic security, national security of the republic of uzbekistan, and the security of the world community (when weapons of mass destruction and materials and devices that can be used in the creation of such weapons are illegally imported or exported). according to a.a. otajonov and m.m. kadyrov, the direct object of this crime is social relations that ensure public safety [16, p. 851; 17, p. 329]. but this opinion cannot be agreed. because the recorded social relationship is a related object of this act. in this regard, according to m.h. rustambaev, the direct object of this crime is public safety, public order and public health [38, p. 366]. here, the direct object of smuggling is interpreted much more broadly than the approach above. but we think that the immediate main object of this crime should be a narrower, that is, a more specific social relationship, which is covered by a similar object that is considered wider. in our opinion, it is appropriate to consider the social relations that determine the procedure and conditions for the transfer of goods and other objects that are excluded from free civil circulation or restricted from free civil circulation across the customs border as the direct main object of the crime of smuggling. already as a component of customs work, they are related to the implementation of the goals and objectives of the state customs policy specified in the customs code. the crime of contraband directly encroaches on the main object as well as on the additional object. the direct additional object of contraband depends on the subject of this crime and the methods of its commission. for smuggling, as such objects, nuclear, chemical, biological and other types of weapons of mass destruction, materials and devices that can be used in the creation of such weapons, as well as narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, materials promoting religious extremism, separatism and fanaticism defense capability and the state social relations that ensure security, and in case of smuggling committed by avoiding customs control using official position or hiding from customs control or fraudulently using documents made to resemble customs documents or tools, or without declaration or using a declaration written in a different name social relations that ensure the normal operation of customs authorities shall apply does. 8. illegal import of fireworks into the republic of uzbekistan or export from the republic of uzbekistan (article 2501 of the criminal code). the social risk associated with the illegal import or export of fireworks includes broader issues of public safety, environmental impact and regulatory compliance. unauthorized transportation of such vehicles causes various accidents, damages to the environment and violations of established safety measures, and also poses a serious threat to the general well-being of both individuals and society. according to m.h. rustambaev, the direct object of this crime is the established order of illegal production, preparation, storage, transportation, dispatch, use of pyrotechnic articles, their import (export from the republic of uzbekistan) or transfer, as well as the life of citizens or social relations that ensure health and safety of other people's property [38, p. 395]. according to a.a. atajonov, social relations that ensure the order of illegal production, preparation, storage, transportation, sending, use of pyrotechnic articles, as well as their illegal import (export from the republic of uzbekistan) or transfer, the direct additional object is social relations that ensure the life or health of citizens or the inviolability of other people's property [16, p. 864]. in our opinion, the direct main object of the analyzed crime is the social relations that ensure the established order of importing pyrotechnic articles to the republic of uzbekistan or the export from the republic of uzbekistan, and the direct additional object is the social relations that ensure the normal operation of customs authorities and the health of citizens. 176 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. rustambaev m.h. course of criminal law of the republic of uzbekistan. i roof. special part. doctrine of crime: textbook. tashkent: ilm ziyo, 2011. p.139. 2. usmonaliev m. criminal law (general part): textbook. tashkent: new age generation, 2005. p. 154. 3. frolov e.a. spornye voprosy uchenia ob obekte prestupleniya // sat. uchenyx trudov. sverdl. walk in-ta. vyp. 10. sverdlovsk, 1968. p.203. 4. ugolovnoe pravo rossii. osobennaya chast: uchebnik pod ed. prof. b.v. zdravomyslova. m., 1996. p.131. 5. ugolovnoe pravo rossii. osobennaya chast: uchebnik pod ed. prof. a. i. raro. m., 1997. p.111. 6. sultanova b.a. ugolovno-pravovaya and kriminologicheskaya characteristics of the criminal and domestic sphere. diss... na sois. three. step. sugar walk science makhachkala, 2006. p. 47. 7. comments on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: adolat, 1997. b.307. 8. zakirova o.g. criminal liability for smuggling: study guide / editor-in-chief: ph.d., prof. m. h. rustamboev. tashkent: tdyui, 2007. p.12. 9. legal encyclopedia of uzbekistan. responsible for publication: r.a. muhitdinov and others. / responsible editor: n. toychiev. tashkent: adolat, 2009. p.167. 10. ugolovnoe pravo. obshchaya i osobennaya chasti: uchebnik pod ed. prof. n.i. vetrova and prof. yu.i. lyapunova. m., 2001. 388-389 p. 11. chuchaev a.i. tamozhennye prestupleniya v novom uk rf / chuchaev a.i., ivanova s.yu. // gosudarstvo i pravo. 1998. #11. s.43. 12. rossiyskoe ugolovnoe pravo. osobennaya chast: uchebnik pod ed. prof. m.p.juravleva and prof. s.i. nikulina. m., 2001. p.187. 13. tamojennoe pravo: uchebnik pod ed. prof. b. n. gabrichidze. m., 1995. p.192. 14. kozyrin a.n. tamogennoe pravo rossii. m., 1995. p.10. 15. rustambaev m.h. comments on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. special part. t.2. tashkent: legal literature publishing, 2021. p. 174. 16. criminal law. special part. daslık. / sh.t.ikramov, r.kabulov, a.a.otajonov et al. / responsible editor: sh.t.ikramov. tashkent: ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, 2016. p. 185. 17. kadyrov m.m. ugolovnoe pravo republic of uzbekistan. osobennaya chast. textbook. tashkent: adolat, 1997. p. 95. 18. makhkamov o.m. criminal-legal and criminological aspects of tax evasion or other compulsory payments. dr. diss... autoref. tashkent, 2015. p. 16. 19. criminal code of the russian federation dated 13.06.1996 no. 63-fz. // www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_law_10699/ 20. criminal code of the republic of azerbaijan (approved by the law of the republic of azerbaijan dated december 30, 1999 no. 787-iq). // www.continentonline.com/document/?doc_id=30420353#pos=6;-145 177 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. criminal code of the kyrgyz republic dated october 28, 2021 no. 127. // www.cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/112309 22. criminal code of the republic of belarus dated july 9, 1999 no. 275-z. //www.online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=30414984&pos=511;-60#pos=511;-60 23. copyright code of the republic of kazakhstan dated july 3, 2014 no. 226-v. // www.online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=31575252&pos=5;-108#pos=5;-108 24. criminal code of the republic of moldova on april 18, 2002 no. 985-xv. // www.continent-online.com/document/?doc_id=30394923#pos=6;-143 25. copyright code of the republic of tajikistan dated may 21, 1998 no. 574. // www.continent-online.com/document/?doc_id=30397325#pos=8;-145 26. criminal code of turkmenistan dated june 12, 1997 no. 222-i. // www.online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=31295286 27. criminal law of the people's republic of china. // www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/clotproc361/ 28. german criminal code. // www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html 29. suchkov yu.i. prestupleniya v sphere vneshneekonomicheskoy deyatelnosti rossiyskoy federatsii. m., 2005. p. 314. 30. mikhailov v.i., fedorov a.v. tamozhennye prestupleniya. spb., 1999. p. 109. 31. kochubey m.a. bezopasnost v sphere tamojennoy deyatelnosti. m., 2005. p. 168. 32. volzhenkin b.v. economic crime. spb., 1999. p. 202. 33. bayramov r.r., kuroptev n.b., semenov a.v. k voprosu o sostave prestupleniya, svyazannogo s ukloneniem ot uplaty tamojennyx platejey. // pravovoe gosudarstvo: theory and practice. – 2020. – no. 4 (62). chast 2. – s. 111. 34. stepanov r.g., gavrichenko s.a. uklonenie ot uplaty tamojennyx platejey: problemy qualificatsii prestupleniya. // uchenye zapiski spb branch rta. – 2017. – no. 2 (62). p. 110. 35. grachev o.v. ugolovnaya otvetstvennost za uklonenie ot uplaty tamojennyx paymentjey: ugolovno-pravovoy analysis, problemy qualificatsii: dis. ... candy. walk nauk. – m., 2007. – s. 76. 36. andreeva v.m. ponyatie obekta uklonenia ot uplaty tamojennyx platejey. // vestnik vladimirskogo yuridicheskogo instituta. – 2010. – no. 3 (16). p. 48. 37. korennaya a.a. uklonenie ot uplaty tamojennyx platejey, vzimaemyx s organizatsii ili fizicheskogo litsa v rossii i stranax euraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza: problemy qualificatsii // rossiysko-aziatskiy pravovoy journal. – 2019. – no. 3. – s 363. 38. rustambaev m.h. comments on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. special part. t.3. tashkent: legal literature publishing, 2021. p. 348. 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 11, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 improving the mechanism of financial management of investment projects berdiev akram uktamovich associate professor of the department of banking of the tashkent state university of economics, phd abstract: in the article, conclusions and proposals were formed on the issues of financing investment activities, creating a favorable investment environment, factors affecting investment activities, analysis of the activities of enterprises with participation of foreign investments and their improvement. keywords: investment, investment financing, investment policy, investment environment, investment activity, investment activity qualitative indicators. introduction in the next period in our country, the trend of deepening the structural changes in the economic sectors and accelerating the innovative activities of regional enterprises, the weight of the share of state property, and the increase of the share of the non-state sector in the value of the gross domestic product (gdp) was ensured. as a result, the composition of financial sources in the formation of state budget revenues has increased, the development of mechanisms for the formation of decentralized market entities from the centralized distribution of capital funds, the establishment and development of new industries based on the state's investment policy, and the provision of the population's demand for consumer goods, new services and workplaces at the highest possible level. an opportunity was created. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 no. pf-60 "on the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 2022-2026"[1] was adopted. in addition, on december 25, 2019, the new version of the law "on investments and investment activities"[2] and several other regulatory legal documents related to this field were adopted and are serving to a certain extent in the implementation of the specified tasks. also, investments and innovation activities carried out in economic sectors and business entities cannot fully meet the requirements of today's economy. for example, there are issues such as insufficient flow of investments, lack of complete stability in regional investment policy, transformation of production, high level of state share in the economy, volatility of inflation rate and lack of new modern equipment and technologies. it can be said that in recent years, we can see the growth of investment loans in the total loan portfolio of the banking system. this creates the need to improve the mechanisms of financial management of investment activities of commercial banks and increases its relevance. based on this, it is important for commercial banks involved in the financing of investment activities to form their own scientific and theoretical foundations that help to improve financial management mechanisms. 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis of literature on the topic. the new version of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on investments and investment activities" dated december 25, 2019, regulates relations on investments and investment activities in the territory of our country. article 3 of this law defines the sources and procedures of investment financing and the investment policy accordingly. "investment policy is a set of interrelated measures aimed at ensuring the necessary level and structure of investments in the economy of the republic of uzbekistan and its specific sectors, increasing the investment activity of investment activity subjects to find sources of investment and to determine the priority sectors of their use". financial management of investment activity in the economy, creation of a favorable investment environment, study of factors influencing investment activity in the development of the country's economy, many issues on improving the activity of foreign investments have been comprehensively covered in scientific research conducted by several economists. in particular, foreign economists d. ricardo and u. petty, as well as p. samuelson, y. fisher and several other scientists have widely covered the scientific and theoretical foundations of financial resources and financing mechanisms, in particular, the mechanism of financial management of investment activities, and several the basics have been developed. in addition, m. miller, d. alexander, s. valdaitsev, p. vorobev, v. igoshin, v. kiseleva, ya. s. melkumov, ya. m. mirkin, d. tobin, u. sharp and others economists conducted their scientific research in areas related to investment activities, their financial sources and scientific-theoretical foundations of development, financialeconomic methods of investment environment. of these, the textbook published by s. valdaytsev and p. vorobev analyzes the sources of investment financing of the social sector. it is concluded that the funds spent on the processes of obtaining social income consist of finding a higher income or social effect in the future [3]. ya.s. melkumov analyzed the effective use of financial, property and intellectual investments in the financing of investments in order to gain profit in the development of production and entrepreneurship [4]. also, economist u.sharp pays special attention to the mechanism of financing investment activities through the stock market. in his opinion, a rational investment strategy with a direct relationship between the profitability and riskiness of securities is the basis of financing investment activities. financial intermediaries (commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, insurance companies, pension funds) indirectly provide corporations with the opportunity to attract additional funds from the stock market[5]. according to his opinion about the role of financial intermediaries in financing investment activities, they are one of the active subjects of financing investment activities. local scientists a. vakhabov, d. g'ozibekov, n. karimov, n. jumaev, sh. mustafakulov, n. h. haydarov, b. k. tukhliev and other scientists have studied the issues of foreign investments and financial management of investment activities in their research. in particular, according to professor n. g. karimov, "the analysis of the economic development of highly developed countries shows that the relationship between investment activity and economic growth is not the same. in this, it is observed that they require each other. as economic growth depends on economic activity, in turn, it determines the real potential of the country at each concrete stage of economic development. in other words, the higher the rate of gdp growth, the more opportunities there are to create more investment resources and conduct an effective investment policy on this basis" [6]. economic activity cannot be achieved unless there is a favorable investment environment in the country. sh. mustafagulov analyzes factors affecting investment activity, investment potential and investment attractiveness in his scientific research. "one of the most important issues that must be resolved in the regulation of investment activities is the uniform placement of enterprises with foreign investments across regions at an acceptable level. factors such as the natural conditions 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the regions, the business environment created there, social-political, organizationalmanagement principles, the population's enthusiasm for doing business and entrepreneurship, risk propensity and the qualification of labor resources, the existence of various institutional structures, and their development is one of the important conditions that show investment attractiveness" [7]. in addition, some aspects of the mechanisms of financial management of investment activity were researched by other economists whose names were mentioned above, and their author's approaches in this regard were put forward. research methodology based on researching the approaches and views of foreign and domestic economists on the subject and expressing the author's attitude towards them, the scientific-theoretical methodological aspects of the article, as well as the analysis of the sources that provide financial support for the formation of state investment policy, the implementation of investment activities, and the implementation of investment relations today. scientific works were studied. the comparative analysis of literature, logical and structural analysis, grouping and comparative comparison, economic-statistical analysis and hypothesis substantiation methods were used in the implementation of this research. analysis and results state management of investment activity in the republic is currently carried out mainly by directing financial resources to state target programs and other state needs determined in accordance with the law. in general, the effectiveness of public investments is considered to be less, because in most cases they are directed to the development of non-productive sectors. in addition, due to limited budget funds, it is not possible to implement them in large quantities in the current conditions. the budget resources of the state are primarily directed to the implementation of targeted investment programs for the development of the country and regions. in addition to allocating funds directly from the budget for the financing of state investment projects, issuing targeted bonds and other special investment bonds, providing concessions to local and foreign investors on trade results, implementing investment activities within the framework of targeted programs, not allocating direct funds from the state budget, but using budget funds the need to increase attention to the multiplier effect, to regularly carry out econometric analyzes of the factors affecting the financial management of investment activity and to determine the levels of correlation and regression between them, to make an economic assessment of the investment activity of the regions as a result of the analysis of the existing investment situation and management mechanism in the regions and districts of the republic and it is necessary to develop strategic programs of financial management of investments by identifying development trends. in addition, it is desirable to develop forecast indicators based on the results of the econometric analysis of the future state of financial management of investments, to group the factors affecting investment attractiveness by management entities by the level of influence. it should be said that a number of authors have one-sided scientific opinions when analyzing the features of regional development of investment activity. they evaluate the effect of the investment objects implemented at the expense of the state centralized investments as "significantly strengthened their economic potential as a result of the implemented intensive investment policy" [8], and at the same time, in the current period, the regions with less centralized investments are classified as "weakly implemented market relations and weak infrastructural networks they come to the conclusion that investment activity in developed regions is at a low level.[9]. today, more than 50 countries of the world are steadily investing in uzbekistan. they operate mainly in metallurgy, energy, chemical industry, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and light industry sectors of our economy. 96 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if we consider the share of investments in fixed capital by commercial banks by specific types of economic activity, it can be seen that the volume of investment funds allocated to industry and individuals has a high weight (diagram 1) [10]. according to the data, 34% or 59.2 trillion of investments in fixed capital. soum is directed to the industry. in addition to other types of economic activity: the volume of investments allocated to individuals is 26 percent of the total investments or 44.5 trillion. amounted to soum. here, in the financing of investment projects by commercial banks, the following quality indicators of the project, i.e. discount rate, payback period, discounted payback period, average rate of return, net income from the project, income index, internal rate of return and modified rate of internal rate of return attention has an important place in ensuring the viability of the investment project. that is, the high efficiency of the project quality indicators indicates the quality of the investment projects under consideration. 1-diagram. special types of economic activity of investments in fixed capital by commercial banks distribution on as of january 1, 2024, in percent today, in order to further develop and improve the effectiveness of the activity of directing investment funds to economic sectors of commercial banks, annual investment programs, including financing of projects involving foreign investments, expansion of the volume of investments in economic sectors, further improvement of the investment environment in the republic, systematic control of the implementation of investment projects, as well as increasing the effectiveness of the use of foreign investments attracted to the economy of our country on the basis of determining the factors that prevent the timely and effective implementation of investment projects with the participation of foreign investments and taking prompt measures to eliminate them, provides a mechanism for financial management of investment activities.. conclusions and suggestions in order to improve the mechanism of financial management of investment activities, it is considered appropriate to implement the following measures: 1. constantly analyze the purposeful use of funds allocated to investment projects, widely attract external sources of investment financing, encourage foreign direct investment to the country for the establishment of new projects and joint ventures, all types of customs until production 97 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capacities are fully utilized. it is appropriate to apply exemptions and preferences from payments, taxes, fees. 2. financial management of investment activity, proper and perfect implementation of initial control over the effective use of funds, independent and free determination of the business entities' directions of activity based on innovations, in accordance with market relations, and paying special attention to the state of quality indicators. 3. relying on advanced foreign experience, in order to improve the method of financing investment activities in the republic, to provide tax and customs benefits to business entities and entrepreneurs who establish a venture company or venture fund, to introduce preferential loans with bonus interest on the basis of state funds into the venture financing system, venture companies and venture execution of contractual relations of funds with large industrial enterprises should be turned into an object of control by the state. 4. the positive impact of the banking system on economic growth and ensuring the stability of the economy, the increase in the volume of attracting funds from abroad to finance investment activities at the expense of international financial institutions and foreign government financial organizations, foreign direct investments and other decentralized sources allows to increase the level of positive effect. used literature 1. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 2022-2026". qhmmb: 29.01.2022 й., 06/22/60/0082-сон, 18.03.2022 й., 06/22/89/0227-сон, 21.04.2022 й., 06/22/113/0330-сон. 2. law o'rq-598 of the republic of uzbekistan "on investments and investment activities" . 25.12.2019 й. qhmmb: 03/19/598/4221-сон. 3. investments: uchebnik s.v. valdaytsev, p.p. vorobev and dr.; pod ed. v.v. kovaleva, v.v. ivanova, v.a. lyalina. m.: tk welby, izd-vo prospekt, 2003. с.17 4. melkumov ya.s. investment. uchebnoe posobie. m.: infra-m 2003. – с.8. 5. sharp u. etc. investment. per. english m.: infra-m, 2001.– с. 9-10. 6. n.g.karimov investment organization and financing: textbook. t.: tdiu, 2011. 90page 7. sh.i. mustafagulov attractiveness of the investment environment. scientific and practical guide. tashkent: baktria press, 2017.33 page 8. b.k. tukhliev organization and financing of investments: training manual. t.: tdiu, 2007. 109 page 9. the official website of the national information agency of uzbekistan https://uza.uz/posts/448928 (www.uza.uz) 10. the official website of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan https://cbu.uz/oz/statistics/ (www.cbu.uz) 11. berdiev a.o. scientific and theoretical foundations of rroject financing risk management in commercial banks. “science and innovation” tashkent, 2023. uif-2022: 8.2. issn: 21813337 scientists.uz. 293-300. 12. nurmukhammedov a.yu. (2020). development of securities markets of commercial banks in uzbekistan. theoretical and applied science, (6), 476–480. 13. berdiev a.o. imrrovement of financial management mechanisms of investment activity. eurorean journal of business starturs and oren society. issn: 2795-9228, vol.3 no.5 (2023): ejbsos pp.62-68. impact factor: 8.4. 14. nurmukhammedov abdijabbar yunusovich. (2024). ways to develop innovative banking services in uzbekistan. miasto przysloszczy 52, 76–83. https://uza.uz/posts/448928 http://www.cbu.uz/ 127 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 financial sustainability of small business ruziyev zafar ikromovich associate professor of finance department of keei candidate of economics xudoyberdiyeva asila laziz qizi student of master’s department of keei abstract: this article talks about small business, its importance, and its role in the society and economy of the country. explanations about the financial stability of small businesses are given, relevant indicators are considered and recommendations are given. keywords: small business, sustainability, economic growth, cash flow management, analyse. small enterprises usually consist of independently run organizations with a modest yearly income and a small number of employees. they are important to the global economy and frequently play a key role in innovation, job creation, and local economic growth. small companies can be found in a wide range of sectors, such as manufacturing, services, retail, technology, and more. they frequently offer specialized goods and services, cater to particular markets, and enhance the general diversity and competitiveness of the business environment. handling a variety of tasks, such as marketing, operations, human resources, and financial administration, is part of running a small firm. small businesses frequently confront particular difficulties because of their size and resources, including hard competition, restricted access to finance, and the need to quickly adjust to changing market conditions. government programs, economic development projects, financial availability, and business development resources are common ways that small firms are supported. in order to successfully traverse the challenges of operating a successful firm, small business owners should also look for advice from professional advisors, mentorship programs, and associations within their field. all things considered, small firms play a critical role in promoting innovation, generating employment, and propelling economic growth as they are an essential component of the economic ecosystem. there are several ways in which small enterprises contribute significantly to society and the economy. small companies play a significant role in the development of jobs. they increase economic stability and lower unemployment by giving a lot of people job options across a range of industries. additionally, tiny companies are frequently at the forefront of invention and innovation. they can create and execute new ideas and technologies more quickly than larger corporations because they are more flexible and nimble, which promotes breakthroughs in a variety of industries. small enterprises create income and tax revenues, which support economic progress. by providing a variety of goods and services, fostering competition, and expanding customer options, they also contribute to economic diversification. community development: local communities are developed in large part by small companies. they foster a sense of community pride and cohesiveness by adding to the social fabric and character of neighborhoods and by frequently supporting neighborhood projects and events. small companies serve as a 128 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us haven for aspiring entrepreneurs, giving people the chance to follow their passions and transform their creative ideas into profitable endeavors. this encourages economic dynamism and an entrepreneurial culture. flexibility and adaptability: because of their size and flexibility, small firms are better equipped to adjust to shifting consumer preferences and market conditions. they are able to react swiftly to changing trends and customer needs as a result. all things considered, small enterprises are critical to promoting innovation, economic progress, and the development of lively, diverse communities. their significance goes much beyond their individual effects because they are the foundation of numerous economies worldwide. its financial stability is critical to the growth and well-being of such a significant economic connection in society. the ability of a small business to sustain its financial well-being and fulfill its financial commitments over an extended period of time is referred to as financial stability. a small business's capacity to maintain financial stability is influenced by a number of elements, such as sound cash flow management, a strong balance sheet, efficient cost control, and a healthy level of profitability. for small businesses, cash flow management is essential since it entails tracking and streamlining the flow of money into and out of the company to guarantee there is sufficient cash on hand to pay bills and make growth-oriented investments. in small business, cash flow management is the process of keeping an eye on, evaluating, and optimizing the flow of money into and out of the organization. this include keeping track of when cash is received and paid, creating a cost budget, and spotting any financial surpluses or shortfalls. a small firm may make sure it has adequate liquidity to pay for its operating costs, invest in development prospects, and fulfill its financial responsibilities by managing cash flow well. over time, this contributes to preserving sustainability and financial stability. a positive cash flow can indicate the business's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations. financial stability also requires a healthy balance sheet with assets, liabilities, and equity. a sound balance sheet is indicative of sound financial standing and the capacity to withstand unforeseen costs or downturns in the economy. in a small firm, the balance of activities refers to the appropriate distribution and administration of resources to guarantee the long-term viability and financial stability of the enterprise. among other things, actives usually consist of cash, property, equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. small business owners should routinely check their financial accounts, such as income and balance sheets, to track the entry and outflow of assets in order to properly balance actives. this can assist in locating potential resource misallocations or places in need of modification to maximize operational effectiveness. in addition, keeping appropriate inventory levels, controlling cash flow, and guaranteeing prompt accounts receivable collection are all necessary to maintain a healthy balance of actives. it is imperative for small business owners to take into account variables like liquidity, profitability, and solvency when determining the optimal way to distribute and oversee their assets. in general, long-term viability and sustainability of a small firm depend on attaining and preserving a balance of activities. to make sure their assets are being used effectively and economically, business owners can make well-informed decisions by routinely evaluating and analyzing financial data. an other essential element of financial stability is efficient cost control. to make sure they are not spending more than their revenue permits, small firms need to closely monitor their expenses. this could entail lowering needless costs, improving operational efficiency, and negotiating better terms with suppliers. 129 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and last, sound financial stability depends on a healthy degree of profitability. small companies must make a significant profit to pay staff, reward owners for taking on the risks of entrepreneurship, and reinvest in the company. analyzing a small business's financial documents, such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, is crucial to determining its level of financial stability. furthermore, keeping an eye on important financial measures including solvency, profitability, and liquidity ratios can reveal information about the financial health of the company. all things considered, a small business's long-term survival and performance depend heavily on its capacity to maintain its financial stability, which calls for careful management of cash flow, a strong balance sheet, cost containment, and profitability. conclusion in short, financial stability is the most basic and summarizing indicator of small business. through it, the healthy functioning of the business expresses its readiness for the risks expected in the future. to ensure financial stability, it is necessary to monitor and analyze cash flows, profit margins, liquidity levels, and profitability indicators. references 1. uralovich, r. s., & ikromovich, r. z. (2023). ways and prospects of reforming the budget-tax policy in the stabilization of local budget revenues. web of business: journal of business management and economics, 1(1), 19-22. 2. ikromovich, r. z., & g’ayratovich, a. o. (2023). problems of library and increase competitiveness of non-government educational institutions in our country. open access repository, 4(3), 201-206. 3. ikromovich, r. z., & g’ayratovich, a. o. (2023). prospects for the development of competition in the higher education system. open access repository, 4(03), 50-56. 4. ikramovich, r. z., & khamidovich, t. s. (2022). the role of fiscal policy in ensuring the financial stability of uzbekistan. european multidisciplinary journal of modern science, 4, 361-366. 5. ruziyev zafar ikromovich, & suyunov dostonbek rustamovich. (2024). digital in the bank system of uzbekistan financial services application mechanisms. international journal of scientific trends, 3(2), 62–64. retrieved from https://scientifictrends.org/index.php/ijst/article/view/228 6. ruziyev zafar ikromovich, & anvarov asliddin nabijon ugli. (2023). the main factors of the stability of the banking system. intent research scientific journal, 2(12), 51–54. retrieved from https://intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/article/view/274 7. omanov, r. f. (2023). institutional basics of small business. european international journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies, 3(12), 153157. 8. omanov, r. f. (2023). accounting process. american journal of pedagogical and educational research, 19, 219-223. 9. omanov, r. f. (2023). benefits and risks of the digitalization. intent research scientific journal, 2(12), 59-65. https://scientifictrends.org/index.php/ijst/article/view/228 https://intentresearch.org/index.php/irsj/article/view/274 711 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 problems, achievements and prospects of the system of normative documents in the field of technical regulation of construction in uzbekistan j.a.khamidov phd student, ashkent state technical university (tstu),; chief specialist, risc xamidov0717@gmail.com abstract: this article highlights information about the system, types, history of the formation of documents in the field of technical regulation of the construction trc of the republic of uzbekistan, information about the competent government bodies for their development and approval. as well as the current state of documents in the field of trc, based on the experience of foreign and developed countries, the results of the analysis of the situation are highlighted. conclusions are drawn on issues aimed at solving the identified current problems. keywords: world trade organization, system of technical regulation, building norms and rules, urban planning norms and rules, technical regulations, standards, method of establishing specific requirements, method of parametric rationing, rationing structure. introduction while studying the essence of the great reforms that are being carried out in our country today, we can understand that they are relevant and of particular importance in development of the country and the stabilization of our economy, as an example, one of the large-scale works related to the comprehensive reform of the construction sector, one can say the issues of improving the technical regulation system in construction (trsc), and it is appropriate to look at it as one of the urgent and priority directions. it is known that the world trade organization (wto) is considered the only international organization that manages international trade rules. one of the main tasks of the wto is the elimination of technical barriers to trade, and one of the important documents mutually accepted within the framework of this organization focused on this issue is the "agreement on technical barriers to trade" document, which contains technical regulations, standards and conditions related to their development, use and adaptation to the international standardization system are given. today, the new uzbekistan, which has determined the path of development, in its development strategy, aims to achieve economic and social development and stabilization in the country, to become one of the leaders in the world community, to rise to the top positions in the rankings conducted by mailto:xamidov0717@gmail.com 712 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us international organizations by industry and promotes important issues such as creating an environment where national products can compete freely in the world market. therefore, the improvement and development of the system of normative documents in the field of technical regulation, which is considered as one of the important directions in the global world for achieving the goals in the above-mentioned issues, based on international requirements and experiences, is considered as one of the urgent issues in our country. historical stages of the system of regulatory documents in the field of construction in uzbekistan we will study the history of the emergence of the system of technical regulation and standardization in the structure of state management in the republic of uzbekistan, divided into 3 periodic stages: the 1st stage is the period before the independence of the country until 1991. the official stage of standardization in central asia, especially in uzbekistan, began with the establishment of the "weight and balance court turkestan center" in tashkent in 1923. branches of this center were established in the cities of kokan, samarkand, ashgabat, and almaata. in 1926, a standardization committee was established under the people's commissariat of worker-peasant inspection of uzbekistan. at that time, the standard was approved in three types: testable, recommended, mandatory. in 1932, for the first time in uzbekistan, the uzrest50 republican standard was accepted for the seed sort of sesame. the modern stage of standardization in uzbekistan begins in 1973 with the establishment of the state standards department of the republic of uzbekistan (uzdavstandard). the 2nd stage is the period between 1991 and 2017 after the country achieved independence. after the independence of uzbekistan, from the time of adoption of the decision of cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan (cmru) no. 93 "on organization of standardization work in the republic of uzbekistan" in march 1992, a new era of standardization began. in 1993-1998 and 2000-2003, a number of very important government decisions were made to accelerate standardization in uzbekistan, certain measures were set. the main directions of the development of standardization combined with the international standardization process have been determined, the competent state institutions for the development and introduction of industry standards, regulatory documents, and the offices and organizations for control and monitoring have been determined. in particular, according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on standardization" approved on january 28, 1994, in the field of construction, construction industry, including the state architecture and construction committee of the republic of uzbekistan (now the ministry of construction of the republic of uzbekistan) was designated as the competent state management body in the direction of design and construction. in 2003, the republican center for standardization and certification in construction was established under the state architecture and construction committee of the republic of uzbekistan. the era of new uzbekistan after 2017 in 2018, the ministry of construction of the republic of uzbekistan was established on the basis of the state architecture and construction committee of the republic of uzbekistan. also, in the same year, the republican center for standardization and certification in construction was 713 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reorganized into the republican center for standardization in construction. the following are the main tasks of this organization:  improvement of the state system of standardization in the field of construction; organization, coordination and provision of standardization work;  participation in the development of international (interstate, regional) standards;  carrying out expertise of international (interstate, regional) and standards of other countries in the field of construction;  development of legal documents on standardization objects in construction, as well as development of structural, organizational, technical and general technical sets of standards;  harmonization of requirements of construction industry standards of the republic of uzbekistan with international (interstate, regional) standards;  carrying out scientific research works in the field of construction, construction materials, products and constructions, as well as standardization  formation and management of construction industry standards, international (interstate, regional) and national standards fund of foreign countries; legal and structural changes in the field have been implemented in a systematic approach to the issues raised during the last 5 years of reforms in our country. in 2021, the activities of the uzstandart agency were terminated and the activities of the technical regulatory agency of uzbekistan were established on its basis. in 2022, the state institution " research institute for technical regulation and standardization in construction" (risc) was established on the basis of the "republican center for standardization in construction" (risc) and the "center for technical regulation in сonstruction" (ctrc), and the main tasks of this institution were determined as follows: improving the system of regulatory documents, regulations, norms and rules and standards of urban planning in the field of construction and urban development; analysis and improvement of problems related to the development, revision, practical application of norms and rules and standards of urban planning, and harmonization with current reforms and international norms and standards; giving conclusions on the conformity of newly developed or improved projects of urban planning documents by ministries and agencies with the current regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation; development, implementation and improvement of the "national classification of construction resources" and the "electronic catalog" based on it; introduction of digital technologies into the construction industry, including the project management system, monitoring of construction periods, digitized transparent systems for quality control of construction and assembly works; coordination of bim technologies with the customer, monitoring of the state of implementation at the design and construction stages, as well as developing and improving bim standards and uniform requirements based on international experience; expertise the energy-saving part of project documents developed on the basis of bim technologies; improve the system of price formation in construction and the normative base on resource consumption; study the problems in the system of conducting scientific research and standardization and introducing new technologies in the field of construction; 714 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us development of safety requirements for buildings, structures and their individual elements, as well as measures to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and structures; organization and management of scientific and technical library and electronic database of normative, including foreign documents; cooperation with foreign and international organizations, consultants and experts and involve them in improving the base of national regulatory documents. in november 2022, a new version of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on standardization" was approved, and according to it, three categories of standards are set to be state registered in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan, such as:  uzbekistan national standard (o’zmst)  international (regional) standards  standards of foreign countries figure 1: the history of the emergence of the technical regulation and standardization system in the state management structure 1 during the 1st stage, almost 99% of the technical regulatory documents in force in uzbekistan consisted of standards obtained from the base of the interstate standard (gost) approved by the interstate council for standardization, metrology and certification (mgs). during the 2nd stage, the indicator of the 1st stage organized the share of international standards 60-65% and national standards harmonized with these standards 25-30% and international (iso) and national standards of foreign countries and national standards harmonized 10% with them. in the 3rd stage, these indicators are as follows: measures and scales center of turkestan (msc) standardization court under the people's commissariat of workerpeasant inspection of uzbekistan (сs) “uzsdavtandart” “uzstandart” republican center for standardization and certification in construction (rcssc) research institute for technical regulation and standardization in construction (risc) technical regulatory agency of uzbekistan (trua) republican center for standardization in construction (rcsc); center for technical regulation in сonstruction (ctrc) stage 1 (...until 1991) stage 2 (1991-2017) stage 3 (post 2017 period) a graphic representation of the history of the emergence of the technical regulation and standardization system in the state management structure 715 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  state standards (o'zdst) -28%;  international standards adopted in the original language (iso, en, iec) -21%;  interstate standards (gost) 41%;  national standards of foreign countries (din, gost r) 3%;  harmonized interstate standards gost iso, gost en, gost iec 28%;  harmonized state standards o'z dst iso, o'z dst en, o'z dst iec 23% figure 2: graphic representation of the level of harmonization of the construction standardization base of uzbekistan with the international standardization base in historical stages comparison of the current state of the structure of standardization in the technical regulation of the construction industry with the state of developed countries according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on technical regulation", normativetechnical documents in the field of technical regulation technical regulations, normative documents on standardization, sanitary, veterinary, veterinary-sanitary, phytosanitary rules and norms, city planning norms and rules, ecological norms and rules. from these documents, we will briefly analyze the ones related to the construction industry on legal grounds. technical regulations (tr) a regulatory document defining mandatory requirements for the . . . 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 7 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 risc trua rcsc rcssc “uzstandart” “uzdavstandart” сs msc g o s t o `z d s t is o , e n , d in , g o s t r g o s t e n o `z d s t is o o `z d s t e n graphic representation of the degree of harmonization of the base of standardization in construction of uzbekistan with the base of international standardization in historical stages 716 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us safety of products and services in the field of technical regulation, according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on technical regulation". regulatory documents on standardization (international (iso, eic), interstate (gost, en), national (uzdst), organization standard (ts) according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on standardization", compatibility of products in terms of product, environment, life, health and property safety of the population, technical and informational aspects and defines the requirements for ensuring their interchangeability, uniformity of control methods and uniformity of labeling. norms and rules of urban planning (building codes) according to the urban planning code of the republic of uzbekistan, defines the mandatory requirements during the production and use of construction materials, products and constructions. analyzing these 3 types of regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation, we can see cases that repeat each other in the objects of regulation in them. that is, if the technical requirements for the products are determined simultaneously in technical regulations, norms and rules of urban planning, standards and other types of normative documents, if the products must be manufactured and/or used based on the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents, technically, in what proportion should normative documents in the field of regulation differ from each other, or according to what criteria should their normative objects be differentiated from each other? what are the differences in the content of the requirements defined in them, or what methods of standardization should be used in the formulation of the requirements in them? [7] based on the essence of the above questions, we will cover some analytical materials: information about the types of normative documents and their legal basis in the field of trs related to construction, as well as information about the methods of standardization used in these normative documents are schematically represented in figure 3; analytical data on the current situation of the structure of standardization of construction works and materials in tr in the republic of uzbekistan is covered according to figure 4. such as: relative ranking of requirements applied to 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-level standardization objects; normalization satisfies are the highest level of parametric norm. these are general, socially significant requirements aimed at ensuring the safety of people and property. functional requirements establish how the normalization object must satisfy the normalization villages performance requirements establish performance criteria for building materials, assemblies, design factors and methods used in design and construction. the lowest level of compliance are the methods of scoring, which involve the provision of evidence of the regulatory compliance of the building solutions used. information about the competent state management bodies for approval of documents in the field of tr related to construction is presented in figure 5 717 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 4. the structure of standardization in the technical regulation of the construction industry of uzbekistan ишчи характиристикасига талаблар requirements in project normative legal, tr, building codes tr, building codes, standard, technical instructions tr, building codes, standard, technical instructions computational design solutions, standard project the structure of coordination of the technical regulation of the construction industry of uzbekistan меъёрлаш мақсад функсияви й талаьлар level 1 level 2 level 4 level 3 requirements for methods of control and verification building codes, standard, technical instructions 718 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us trs is a state management organization authorized to approve normative documents validator organizations gtr str building codes standard technical instructions cabinet of ministers tr agency ministry of construction standardization national office it is approved based on the mutual agreement of the interested parties note: according to the new version of the law on standardization (enters into force on 3.11.2022) figure 5: state governing bodies (sgb) authorized to approve trs regulatory documents related to construction today's achievements and problems of uzbekistan in the field during a series of reforms aimed at urgent issues in this field, uzbekistan is reflecting its achievements in the field of defense. the introduction of construction technologies from germany, korea, turkey, china and india into uzbekistan is the reason for the development of the construction industry in uzbekistan, including, within the framework of the project "modernization of building codes of uzbekistan" carried out in cooperation with the republic of south korea, by the end of 2022, norms and rules of urban planning of uzbekistan were studied and analyzed, also during this project it is envisaged to analyze the documents in the field of trs related to the construction of the republic of uzbekistan and to re-develop them based on the principles of international standardization. as a result of the reforms, along with the achievements, new aspects of the current problems in the field are revealed. we will mention some of them:  repetition of the requirements for standardization objects in the regulatory documents in the field of tr related to construction of uzbekistan;  the requirements of the normative documents in the field of construction technical standards of uzbekistan are formed on the basis of the "method of specifying specific requirements" and that this method does not correspond to the principles of international standardization;  due to the fact that the current state of the regulation structure of the tr system of the construction industry of uzbekistan does not correspond to the principles of international regulation, it can be said that there are problematic issues such as the transition to the "parametric regulation method". conclusion 719 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the milestones that are set in determining the reforms to be implemented by our government show that, by organizing activities in accordance with international requirements, it is determined to take a place among the leaders in the international experience. therefore, the following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the analysis revealed in this article:  in order to prevent repetition of the requirements imposed on the objects of regulation in the regulatory documents in the field of tr related to construction of uzbekistan, it is necessary to study the regulatory legal documents;  it is necessary to transfer the normative documents in the field of tr related to the construction of uzbekistan from "method of specifying specific requirements" to "method of parametric standardization";  it shows that the study of issues such as the need to revise the standardization structure of the tr system of uzbekistan's construction industry based on the principles of international standardization and conducting research within them are very important current issues. bibliography: 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan, dated 28.12.1993 no. 1002-xii https://lex.uz/docs/99872?ondate=28.01.1994%2000 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated 02.04.2018 no. pf-5392 https://lex.uz/docs/3605171 3. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, no. pq-2936 dated 01.05.2017 https://lex.uz/docs/3207664?ondate=22.05.2017%2000 4. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, dated 02.12.2003 no. 538 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/247333 5. technical regulation in construction. analytical review of world experience: snip innovative technologies; hands gray a. chicago: snip, 2010. 889 p 6. “round table seminar on standardization, technical regulation and conformity assessment in the field of building materials” november 30, 2022 ҳттпс://дриве.гоогле.cом/филе/д/1cж4в08йбоc1вбк-wжфw7wвгcжф-7нпек/виеw 7. “problems of development and implementation of normative documents on standardization in construction” n.sh.muminov, zh.a.khamidov., international conference “the state and trends in the development of standardization and technical regulation in the world” 13-14 october, 2022 tashkent, uzbekistan. https://lex.uz/docs/99872?ondate=28.01.1994%2000 https://lex.uz/docs/3605171 https://lex.uz/docs/3207664?ondate=22.05.2017%2000 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/247333 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cj4v08yboc1vbk-wjfw7wvgcjf-7npek/view 116 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 factors affecting the formation of a positive attitude to the learning activity in students khalilova shaklo ravshanovna teacher of the department of pedagogy and psychology asian international university abstract: the article discusses the factors that influence the formation of a positive attitude to educational activities among students. ways to achieve effective results in the educational process have been reflected on the basis of a detailed study of the factors affecting the educational activity. keywords: education, training, attitude, positive attitude, activity, influence, factors. introduction. the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures for the further development of the higher education system" fundamentally improves the system of higher education, in accordance with the priority tasks of the socio-economic development of our country, to fundamentally revise the meaning of personnel training, to train highly qualified specialists at the level of international standards adopted in order to create the necessary conditions for it was further strengthened in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan adopted on december 8, 1992, and chapter ix covered social and economic rights. everyone has the right to education. free general education is guaranteed by the state. school affairs are under state control. 1 as defined in article 41 of our general dictionary. based on these circumstances, we can increase the quality of large-scale education in our country and create new innovations. we named this coursework aimed at getting to know such issues and finding their solutions "factors of formation of positive attitude to educational activities among students of higher education institutions". in educational institutions, the educational process as a type of activity occupies an important place in the life of students and can be embodied in the type of leading activity for a certain period. it is a cooperative activity in the relationship between the teacher and the student. in most cases, the teacher is interpreted as the transmitter of information, and the student as its receiver, but due to the two-way action, information, interaction, understanding, familiarity, the mutual necessity of the subjects, and the successful guarantee of cooperation are considered. it acts as a stimulus for educational activity, mental activity, cognitive activity. it is a conscious approach and attitude to other stages of learning. as an activity or process of education, it embodies independent research, creative attitude, different situations, different stages (higher education). independent learning and reading are specific manifestations of educational activity and are the product of personal, scientific, creative research. 1 constitution of the republic of uzbekistan t.: "uzbekistan". 2008. 117 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us another important function of the educational process is that it directs children of different ages to the choice of activities, has an important influence on the implementation of methods, and the formation of mature personnel. the educational process serves to form individuals socially , to equip them with specialized skills, to work as specialists in one or another field. the educational process is important as a leading activity in various aspects of social life in terms of independent thinking, realization of psychological possibilities, acquisition of perfection. students are the first to express the constant behavior that society requires of an individual. kindergarten, school, family from the child very a lot things done increase demand does _ v.a. krutetsky in students occurring of motives subordinates separately represents: a) interest in a subject; b) desire to benefit the country; c) personal capacity building; d) g) observance of family traditions ; e) follow friends and brothers; f) material provision and hokozas. the process of acquiring knowledge and its psychological components, the result of the educational process is mastering, mastering internal and external activities in accordance with the purpose. education is the imparting of knowledge and skills by one person to another. knowledge, skills and competencies are the result of the learning process . 2 research shows that it is impossible to create single comfortable, optimal learning conditions for students with different individual typological characteristics. but it is important to use problembased learning, non-traditional methods of learning to increase the efficiency of learning. reading motives. in the pedagogical-psychological literature, the concept of "motive" is explained as follows: if the educational work (task) has some personal value for the students in the process of education, then a person can become interested in it and the goal of education can become a personal desire. since the motive is considered as a call, an impulse that urges a person to perform an action, teachers should try to create a motive to study in the child, take it into account, grow and manage it in the educational process. it should be noted that it is not easy to give a clear and correct answer to the question of why a person studies well or why he does not want to study. creating a motivation for a job is a complex mental process. the issue of formation of motives has an individual personal character and requires the proportionality of the forms and methods of education organization with the purpose and situation of education. arousing the student's desire to learn (motivation) is a characteristic of creative teachers. one of the important signs that indicate that a child is motivated to study is the fact that he quickly and diligently begins to complete the educational task, and the stability of his interest in studying. a student's motivation to learn can be strong or weak. motives do not appear by themselves. one simple way to create a motive is to make the text interesting in a classroom activity or textbook. examples of this are "interesting mathematics", "interesting mother tongue" (miracles without miracles). one of the ways to create motivation is to create a problem situation in the course of classes, or to be able to set learning tasks that are important for a person's life in learning this topic. in mathematics, reading, etiquette, mother tongue learning, there are many acute situations related to solving life problems. it is one of the important methods of creating motivation to 2alimov kh., azimova f. children upbringing according to to questions answers ( to parents recommendations ). t., 2014 http://hozir.org/ichki-mehnat-qoidalari-ozbekiston-paxtachilik-ilmiy-tadqiqot-i.html 118 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us understand that the child needs to master this subject well in order to acquire a profession in the future and to be respected in the society. if the goal of education is abstract and unclear, the student will not be interested in learning, and teachers and parents complain that children do not want to study. this is evidence that the educational process is a stage of motivation. in this case, the child does not understand the teacher's requirements and performs the educational tasks only in his name. so, if the goal of education is directed to the acquisition of a specific profession (specialty) by each student, favorable conditions are created for the student to acquire the necessary subjects and knowledge, interest and motivation. factors in the formation of a positive attitude to educational activities in educational institutions today include the economy and improvement of teaching and learning relationships, techniques and technologies, organization of education based on interactive methods, and increasing the effectiveness of education. the use of interactive methods in the educational system and educational process is an innovative method that increases the effectiveness of education. it was justified by the head of state that teaching young people to work and think in a new way is the demand of the times. nowadays , interactive methods are being used in the teaching process in all educational institutions. this helps to fully understand the essence of pedagogical processes organized on the basis of interactive education and to ensure that they are effective, interesting, and of high quality. this is it of methods new-new education methods description we give what is an interactive method ? or that what means ? interactive methods that's it methods that are for students young people mutually communication and mutually under the influence of what is the lesson ? done increasing method . the word "interactive" is derived from the english language "interact", that is, "inter" means "mutually", "act" means "action, influence, activity". 3 lessons in interactive methods encourage the student to think creatively, actively solve the received information, express his opinion freely, take initiative, find solutions to problems in groups, work cooperatively, express his opinion in writing. currently, when we talk about the implementation of new methods or innovations in the educational process, it is understood that interactive methods are used in the educational process. interactivity is the activity of two people, that is, the learning process takes place in the form of a dialog (with the help of a computer) or based on the student's interaction. interactivity occurs in interaction, movement, affectiveness, student-teacher interactions. the main goal of the interactive method is to create an environment for active, free thinking of the student by creating the most favorable situation for the learning process. he himself intellectual potential it will go away and study quality and efficiency increase supply is enough interactivity based on the lesson organize reach so it seems that the end is near one too student outside does not remain , that is, they saw , knew , thought thoughts obviously notice opportunity have will be students in cooperation at work topic content knowing , mastering their own personal contribution to add opportunity have will be mutually knowledge , ideas , thoughts exchange process takes place _ will be such circumstances mutually sincerity provides new _ knowledge to get , to master passion increases , that 's it killing each other , mutually _ _ _ _ friendly relationships to the body will come of this educational importance big _ so , interactive lessons organize in doing in terms of education alone in order and couple being work in groups to work , to search based on loyi h alar , rolly games , information sources with 3 tolipov o'. q., usmonboeva m. u. practical foundations of pedagogical technologies. — t.: science, 2006. — 262 p. 119 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us work , creative from working use can it. what are interactive methods? currently, the forms of the interactive method are being used in practice. 4 forms of interactive methods: when using the above, it is possible to obtain the expected results if one has a goal in mind, poses a problem, prepares students to work in this process, and applies it to situations with certain skills. based on the above, the use of interactive methods in the educational process is becoming widespread in the educational system. this, in turn, requires the liberalization, democratization, and cooperation of the educational process. in a word, the student should be at the center of the educational process, and the educational process should be aimed at him. person-oriented education serves as a driving force for the organization of the student's educational work, the realization of interests, desires, and wishes. this kind of education gives the teacher and the student the opportunity for continuous creative research and continuous self-improvement. a positive development of this situation is a guarantee of quality and efficiency in education. in uzbekistan, the reform of the education sector based on the law "on education" and the "national program of personnel training" is a priority of personal interest. since this factor is of great importance in the social policy of our country, introducing new pedagogical technologies into the educational process, creating updated technological models of education, implementing the "sacred lesson" event based on the order of october 15, 2011 no. 02-3821, educational effectiveness, first of all, is visible in the activities of students and young people. therefore, guaranteeing the achievement of high efficiency in the fulfillment of educational goals and tasks is the main goal of creating lesson plans based on pedagogical technology. the organization of educational processes in educational institutions and the implementation of the "sacred lesson" event are carried out in the following directions. 4 n. shodiev. new pedagogical technologies. methodical guide.t:1994.-244 p. tree speaking by personality debate carousel aquarium brainstorming brownian motion unfinished sentences working in small groups work in pairs; 120 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. thorough preparation of the teacher for the lesson is the guarantee of successful and effective education; 2. components of lesson development; 3. a factor that helps teachers to increase the effectiveness of education through their independent work, creative research analysis of lessons a lesson is the organization of an educational process for students under the guidance of a teacher in the classroom with specific goals in mind, "one hour of a good lesson is a great work." after all, today in our country, all the conditions and opportunities have been created to fulfill the above tasks at a high level, that is, to raise a healthy and well-rounded generation, to bring them to adulthood as well-rounded individuals. teachers in classes modern information and communication technologies , innovative , interactive of methods they used therefore to efficiency are reaching " master-disciple " system based on teacher as methodical help to young teachers _ show , teacher-student experiences or eat with one in line advanced pedagogical technologies , interactive , innovative methods , multimedia tools basically open lessons demonstration enough . teachers adhere to the following when preparing for the lesson: the process of studying and analyzing the results of the teacher's preparation for the lesson showed that the teacher's active participation in the lesson, thorough knowledge, constant attention to the learning skills of the teacher increases the level of cooperation, it is worth noting that the teacher rather than considering the student as an obedient person subject to his demands and conditions, he should be in a cooperative relationship recognizing his independence and uniqueness, moreover, he should analyze his relationship with the students in relation to the lesson, and give knowledge by comparison. one of the urgent problems is to implement the law "on education", "national personnel training program", "state national program for the development of school education" in the educational process, and to achieve quality and efficiency in education and thereby ensure the full implementation of modernized educational standards. today, a number of developed countries have accumulated a lot of experience in the use of pedagogical technologies that increase the educational and creative activities of students and guarantee the effectiveness of the educational process, and the methods that form the basis of this experience are called interactive methods. one of the requirements for the organization of modern education, especially for the organization of lesson processes based on the use of interactive methods, is to achieve high results in a short time without spending too much mental and physical effort. liberalization, democratization, and cooperation of interactive methods in the educational process also require the organization of creativity. in a word, the student should be at the center of the educational process, and the educational process should be aimed at him. person-oriented education serves as a driving force for the organization of the student's educational work. this kind of education gives the teacher and the student the opportunity for continuous creative research and continuous self-improvement. a positive development of this situation is a guarantee of quality and efficiency in education. in conclusion, it can be said that the technologies recommended for the development of the education system in our country are to be improved in accordance with the educational, sociocultural, spiritual requirements, which are the basis for the transition to a person-oriented education system, and the social and economic development of society. adaptation to the level, thereby allowing to focus on the training of competitive personnel who can respond to changing life conditions. 121 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. ўзбекистон республикасининг конституцияси. – т.: ―ўзбекистон‖, 2018. ўзбекистон республикаси президенти асарлари. ҳаракатлар стратегияси 2017 – т.: ―ўзбекистон‖ 2. ўзбекистон республикасининг кадрлар тайѐрлаш миллий дастури: ―баркамол авлод – ўзбекистон тараққиѐтининг пойдевори‖.т.: ―шарқ‖, 1997. 3. ғозиев э. ―ўқитувчиларнинг ўқув фаолиятини бошқариш‖, т: 1988, 104 б. 4. н.шодиев. ―янги педагогик технологиялар‖. услубий қўлланма.– т: 1994. – 244 б. 5. азизхомаева н.―педагогик технологиялар ва педагогик маҳорат‖. ўқув қўлланма.-т.: ўзбекистон ёзувчилар уюшмаси адабиѐт жамғармаси нашриѐти. 2006, 160 б. 6. йўлдошев ж.ғ, усмонов с.а. ―замонавий педагогик технологияларни амалиѐтга жорий қилиш‖. — т.: фан ва технологиялар, 2008. 132–134 б. 7. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). bо‗lаjаk о‘qituvchi pedаgоgik mulоqоt usullаrini rivоjlаntirish texnоlоgiyаsining zаmоnаviy mоdellаri vа ulаrni qо‗llаsh metоdlаri. journal of universal science research, 1(9), 223–234. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/195 8. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o‘quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. retrieved from https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 9. xalilova shaxlo ravshanovna. (2023). pedagogik muloqot o'quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili. journal of universal science research, 1(8), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 10. ravshanovna, x. s. (2022). bo ‗lajak o ‗qituvchilar va o ‗quvchilar o ‗rtasidagi muloqot jarayoni va unga qo ‗yiladigan talablar. лучший инноватор в области науки, 1(1), 814-819. 11. xalilova, s. (2021). jahon pedagogikasida zamonaviy pedagogik muloqot va milliy pedagogik muloqot uslublariga transformatsiyasi. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 1(1). 12. mustafoyev, k. (2023). looper mechanism of the sewing machine. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 3(4), 16-18. 13. isomova, f. a. t. q. (2022). maktabgacha talim tashkilotlarida bolalarni maktab ta‘limiga tayyorlashda nutq o‘stirish mashg‘ulotlarining ahamiyati. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(1), 947-949. 14. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 15. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 16. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). boshlang'ich sinflarda ona tili o'qitish metodikasi fanining metodologik va ilmiy asoslari. 17. hojiyeva, n. (2023). methods of teaching mother tongue in primary classes scientific and methodological basis. modern science and research, 2(9), 424-428. https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/195 https://universalpublishings.com/index.php/jusr/article/view/1717 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8239719 122 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. bahodirovna, h. n. (2023). ta‘lim jarayonida boshlang ‗ich sinflarda texnologiya fanini o ‗qitish muammosining yoritilish mazmuni. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 209-209. 19. ikromova, s. (2023). interpretation of the psychological safety factor in relation to destructive information in adolescents. modern science and research, 2(9), 390-394. 20. ikromova, s. (2023). concept of ideology and formation of ideological immunity in youth students. modern science and research, 2(6), 1223-1226. 21. ikromova, s. (2023). formation of ideological immunity to destructive information in teenagers. modern science and research, 2(5), 1009-1014. 22. ikromova, s. a. (2022). milliy va diniy qadriyatlarning inson tarbiyasidagi o‘rni. экономика и социум, (12-2 (103)), 675-678. 23. ikromova, s. a. (2023). shaxs og ‗ishgan xulqining ko ‗rinishlari va destruktiv axborotlarning ko ‗rinishlari. educational research in universal sciences, 2(10), 528-532. 24. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). yoshlarda destruktiv g‘oyalarga qarshi immunitet hosil qilish omillari. 25. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). talaba yoshlarda mafkura tushunchasi va mafkuraviy immunitetni shakllantirish. 26. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). o'smirlarda destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish. 27. ikromova, s. a. factors in the development of immunity to destructive ideas in adolescents. 28. akbarovna, i. s. (2023). destruktiv axborotlarga nisbatan mafkuraviy immunitet shakllantirish ijtimoiy muammo sifatida. barqaror taraqqiyot va rivojlanish tamoyillari, 1(6), 26-29. 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 attitude to nature and prevention of environmental problems mavlyanov aybek palvanbayevich tashkent institute of textile and light industry, head of the department of labor safety and ecology, professor, zokirjonova dilobarxon titli, student of 29-22 groups, xaitmatova ruxshona titli, student of 24а-22 groups. abstract. the article analyzes the attitude towards nature and modern problems of its protection from a scientific point of view. in the modern period, as a result of the rapid growth of productive forces in society, as a result of the extensive use and exploitation of nature, the ecological balance has been disrupted and environmental tension has arisen. disturbance of the ecological balance is expressed in pollution of the atmosphere, groundwater, seas and oceans, solid waste, noise, strong exposure to radioactive substances, etc. to prevent it, it was justified that man must acquire special importance and treat nature properly. keywords: nature, man, relationships, laws, environmental disasters, environmental problems, biosphere, environmental opportunities. before the advent of man and his influence on nature, there was a harmonious relationship between the elements of nature. after the appearance of man, that is, after he began to create tools of thought and production, the harmony in nature began to be disrupted. the appropriation of nature by man, the violation of the laws laid down by nature, began to threaten not only the health of people, but also their life on earth. instead of better studying and using nature and its laws, man began to rapidly destroy and pollute the environment. environmental tension, in turn, is escalating and causing environmental disasters in some regions of our planet. the constant increase in environmental tension creates environmental problems. if environmental problems are not resolved in a timely manner, they carry the risk of environmental destruction in a certain area [1, p. 37]. environmental tension is understood as a state of interaction between nature and man, in which incompatibility of the productive forces and production relations of society arises, that is, the physical and environmental capabilities of the biosphere change. ecological destruction is a phenomenon that causes very unfavorable economic consequences in a certain region and leads to the total death of the population as a result of the activities of nature or human activities on natural processes. http://www/ 60 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an environmental problem is understood as the negative impact of nature on humanity due to human influence on nature. environmental problems can be divided into three groups: 1) universal; 2) regional; 3) local. global natural and anthropogenic phenomena are considered universal human problems. let us give an example of such environmental problems. the phenomenon of “atmospheric swelling”. in recent years, it has become known that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air is increasing. as a result, the temperature of the earth's surface over the next 100 years has increased by 0.5-1.0 degrees. climate change on a large scale is caused by an increase in atmospheric emissions of industrial emissions and gases emitted by vehicles. if the situation continues in this spirit, then the temperature of the earth’s surface in the 21st century may increase by 1.5-4.5 degrees [2, p.71]. depletion of the ozone layer. the ozone layer of the atmosphere protects living organisms on earth from strong ultraviolet rays. excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays negatively affects living organisms. currently, the widespread use of freons, nitrogen fertilizers, aviation gases, and atomic bomb explosions do not allow the accumulation of a sufficient amount of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. fresh water problem. the importance of water on earth and in the biosphere is extremely great. there is very little fresh water in the hydrosphere. with the development of society, the population's need for fresh water increases. by the end of this century, if water use increases by 1.5-2 times, there will be a shortage of fresh water. the problem of using pesticides. this group of pesticides is used to control weeds, harmful insects and other microorganisms that cause diseases of animals and plants. pesticides seriously harm wildlife, including humans, and also cause environmental pollution. the problem of reducing the number of plant and animal species. the importance of the plant world, especially forests, in supporting life on the surface of the earth. currently, the forest area in dugyo is decreasing. on average every year 3 billion. cubic meters of forest are cut down. population growth. according to dune, the population today is 6 billion. exceeded. scientists estimate that the world's population reached 12 billion in 2005 and could exceed 25 billion in 2050. thanks to the expansion of economic activity, there is no place left untouched by nature. the main nesting places of animals, migration routes, resting places, and pastures where ungulates feed have been displaced. especially in tropical rainforests, animal extinction is observed [3, p. 124]. desertification process. another global environmental problem is the expansion of deserts. according to unep, 95 percent of current dry and oil-poor regions are on the verge of desertification. the rapid introduction of agricultural production led to the repeated use of natural resources of vegetation and soil cover. as a result, their productivity decreases. due to salinity, the productivity of cultivated lands has decreased, and they are no different from rocky and sandy soils. continuous grazing of livestock on pastures and the ruthless cutting of bushes and trees for fuel are causing the expansion of sandy deserts. regional environmental problems. the most important environmental problem in central asia is the environmental problem of arol and arolboya. until recently, the aral sea was considered one of the largest bodies of water. as a result of the development of irrigated agriculture, as well as dry years, the influx of water from the amu darya and syr darya to the island decreased to 37.8 cubic meters. km by 1970 and up to 11.1 cubic meters. km in 1980. in the early 80s, the flow of these rivers into the sea was completely stopped. in the heritage of scientists of the khorezm mamun academy, various problems are presented in the study of man’s relationship to nature. as an example, we can cite people’s lifestyle, attitude towards http://www/ 61 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nature, socio-demographic growth, etc. [4, p. 213]. can the aral sea be saved? the only way to maintain the level of the island at a certain absolute height is to maintain water reserves in the basin itself. if the level of the aral sea drops to an absolute height of 33 m, it will split into 2 parts and lose its geographical name as a sea. therefore, the sea level should be maintained at a height of at least 33.5 m. to do this, 20 cubic kilometers of water must be poured onto the island annually. local environmental problems. by-products, called “waste,” are created in all sectors of the national economy. they are often released in large quantities into areas, polluting nature and disrupting development. the atmospheric air is polluted by smoke, various toxic gases, and particles emitted into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises. in particular, the cities of almalyk, angren, fergana, karshi, navoi, jizzakh, tashkent, chirchik, bekobd, samarkand emit several hundred and tens of thousands of tons of waste into the atmosphere. the cities of almalyk and angren are polluted with sulfur oxides, the city of tashkent with carbon monoxide, and fergana with hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds. car traffic pollutes the air more than anyone else, as vehicle traffic is more concentrated in cities, rural areas and on highways. road transport is the most active source of air pollution in large cities such as tashkent. more than 80 percent of air pollution in cities comes from automobile traffic. air pollution in the city of tashkent by vehicle exhaust is a local environmental problem. in addition, common sources of pollution are soil and water, which are compounds of complex chemical elements used in industry, agriculture and everyday life, as well as solid and liquid waste from industry and construction, which also cause local environmental problems. also, the sanitary condition of our yard, home, neighborhood and the body of each of us may be the cause of some local environmental problems. today, due to the rapid development of world science and technology, natural resources are increasingly used for economic purposes. on top of this, the world's population is growing every year, which requires the production of large quantities of food, fuel, clothing and other goods. this is the reason for the rapid reduction of areas occupied by forests, the onset of deserts, soil destruction, reduction of the ozone barrier located above the atmosphere, an increase in the average temperature of the earth’s air, and other situations [5, p. 152]. ecology is one of the most pressing social problems of our time. its solution meets the interests of all peoples, and the present and future of civilization largely depends on the solution of this problem [6, p. 12]. at the present stage of development, the solution to a number of problems related to the interaction of man and nature cannot be limited to one country. they need to be addressed on a global scale. it can be seen that most of the land area has increased from 2.46 million hectares to 4.28 million hectares due to the protection of the natural environment from the harmful effects of human economic activities. a real threat is severe soil pollution from various industrial wastes and household waste. this leads to gross violations of the rules for storage, transportation and use of various chemicals, harmful substances and mineral fertilizers, industrial and construction materials. this limits the possibilities for its effective use. rapid extraction of minerals and often imperfect technological schemes for their processing lead to the accumulation of large amounts of slag, ash, slag and other substances. they not only seize lands suitable for agriculture, but also become sources of soil, surface and groundwater pollution, and atmospheric air. the republic has not yet created an industry for the use of toxic waste. another problem in the region is related to the need to implement a set of water protection and http://www/ 62 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us environmental measures. these measures include a close connection between the size of the irrigation network and irrigation technology in order to minimize water losses [7, p. 56]. the quality of water resources is one of the most important problems. pollution of river waters worsens the environmental, hygienic and sanitary-epidemiological situation, especially in the lower reaches of rivers. on the other hand, the presence of salts in river waters increases the salinity of soils in the deltas of the amu darya, syrdarya, zarafshan and other rivers. this is manifested in additional reclamation work, the construction of ditch systems and the removal of soil salts. in the conditions of uzbekistan and neighboring regions, providing the population with highquality drinking water is of particular importance. even in the works of musa’s son tashmuhammad aibek, when he recalls his childhood, issues of caring for nature and people are mentioned [8, p. 16]. also in religious literature, a fair approach to issues of attitude towards nature and animals, especially in the work “avesta”, issues of nature conservation and non-infliction of suffering to animals are separately studied [9, p. 813]. the risk of the aral sea drying up has become a very acute problem, one might say, a national problem. the aral sea problem has a long history. the island crisis is one of the largest environmental and humanitarian tragedies in human history. the drying up of the aral sea and the resulting destruction of the natural environment in the aral bay region is considered an environmental disaster. the occurrence of dust and salt storms, desertification of lands not only on the island, but also far from the sea, climate and landscape changes this is an incomplete list of the consequences of this tragedy. in connection with the drying of the sea on the coast of the island, a complex set of environmental, socio-economic and demographic problems of international, large-scale significance arose. the environmental tragedy associated with the drying up of the aral sea and desertification of the region is the pain of all peoples living in this basin. a set of problems related to water resources requires a large-scale and comprehensive interdisciplinary approach and the development of cooperation with the countries of the region. considering how high the threat to the environment is for uzbekistan and the entire central asian region, the government and the state pay great attention to issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. legislation has been adopted aimed at ensuring environmental protection. currently, the main directions for strengthening environmental safety are: 1. development and implementation of appropriate technologies. establish strict control over the use of all pesticides that cause serious disruptions to natural processes in agriculture, forestry and other sectors of the economy. stop polluting the air and water environment with substances that are harmful or have a negative impact on human life. it is important to widely introduce water-saving technologies when irrigating agricultural crops, especially cotton [10, p. 19]. it is necessary to increase the responsibility of industrial enterprises with the widespread use of a special tax for discharges of pollutants and harmful substances into the atmosphere, water bodies and soil. 2. it is necessary to rationally use all types of natural resources, ensuring the natural expansion of the reproduction of renewable resources and the consumption of non-renewable resources based on strict criteria. the rational use of the republic's mineral resources is a pressing issue. this is one of the main factors in protecting the environment. http://www/ 63 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. it is necessary to change natural conditions over large areas in a scientifically based manner, aimed at a specific goal, to the extent that this ensures the effective and integrated use of natural resources. 4. it is necessary to preserve the entire natural gene pool of wildlife as a starting point through the breeding of new species of cultivated plants and animals. 5. it is necessary to create comfortable living conditions for the population in cities and other settlements through the introduction of a scientifically based system of urban planning and regional planning, excluding all the negative consequences of modern urbanization. 6. it is necessary to focus the attention of the world community on the environmental problems of the region, based on the fact that environmental problems know no borders. it should be borne in mind that today the island problem has become a truly large-scale problem affecting the entire planet, that its influence is already disturbing the biological balance and has a destructive effect on the gene pool of the population over vast territories. conclusion. attracting the resources, capabilities and investments of international organizations to solve these problems is a top priority. the implementation of the above effective measures for environmental protection will create the opportunity in the near future to eliminate many environmental problems, shortcomings and mistakes inherited by the young republic from the previous system. this also allows us to eliminate the threat of large-scale environmental stress, create the necessary conditions for the birth and development of a physically healthy young generation and an environmentally friendly environment for the population of the republic. references: 1. general ecology. author editor a.s. stepanovskikh. m.: unity. 2001.508 p. 2. ososkova t.a., spectorman t.yu., chub v.e. changing of the climate. tashkent, 2005. 3. environmental protection: textbook for universities/compiled by a.s. stepanovsky. – m.: unitydana, 2000. – 559 p. 4. masharipova g.k. the influence of the natural science, socio-philosophical and spiritual heritage of scientists of the khorezm mamun academy on the development of social thinking. monograph. – tashkent, publishing house “navruz”, 2019. – 364 p. 5. postnova e.a., korotenko v.a., domashov i.a. v master's program «ecology»: a manual for teachers, 2003. 168 p. 6. red book of the republic of uzbekistan. volume ii. fauna maple enk 2003. 7. general biology. tashkent, shark, 2004. 8. masharipova g.k. a’zamjonova s.sh. special characteristics of aybek's historical novel «sacred blood» in youth education. // international congress on multidisciplinary studies in education and applied sciences. spanish conference 2022 proceedings. mar.27th. 16-19-pp. 9. masharipova g.k. current problems in teaching “religious studies”. // academic research in the field of pedagogical sciences. 2022. nuu. conference 2. pp. 812-816. 10. mavrishchev v.v. basic social ecology. minsk: “higher school”, 2000. http://www/ 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 modern approaches to assessing creditworthiness in the process of bank lending asrorov azizbek isomiddinovich independent researcher, assistant-teacher of the department of real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: asrorovazizbek1998@gmail.com author's contacts: +998901904010 bekbutaev isomiddin oybek ugli student in-group ik-1020, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan umirzokova sevinch karim kizi student in-group ik-122, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: sevinchumirzoqova10@gmail.com author's contacts: +998934542776 annotation: this article discusses issues related to approaches to assessing creditworthiness in the process of lending to small and medium-sized businesses. analyzed well-known methods for assessing creditworthiness are analyzed and revealed and their advantages and disadvantages are identified. suggestions are given for developing the lending process and improving methods for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers-small and medium-sized businesses. keywords: bank lending, financing, business activity, borrower's credit worthiness, credit assessment, cash flows conduction. today, in the conditions of an unstable economic situation, the demand for financial resources for carrying out economic activities is increasingly increasing on the part of enterprises. this problem is particularly acute for small and medium-sized businesses, whose access to financial resources is significantly difficult due to their small size, lack of transparency, high interest rates and high risks. in this regard, the issue of assessing the financial condition of medium and small enterprises is being updated for banks in order to expand the volume of their loan portfolios and improve their quality. research methodology. this study is based on the results of the analysis of scientific works in the field of bank lending to entrepreneurship, as well as works devoted to financing and lending toю enterprises in the field of tourist services. degree of study. the issues related to various forms of lending methods were dealt with many economic scientists, such as a. smith, n. bunge, d. keynes, i.e. adadurova, m.o. sakharova, e.b. shirinskaya, o.i. lavrushin, n. p. lyubushin, and a.d.sheremet, have worked on surveys related to various forms of credit methods. mailto:asrorovazizbek1998@gmail.com mailto:sevinchumirzoqova10@gmail.com 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main part. an in-depth study of the financial capabilities of bank customers on a regular basis, carried out as part of the usual assessment procedures by credit departments, can improve the quality of assessment of the creditworthiness of borrowers. at the same time, this is a painstaking and lengthy operation, if traditional methods are used for its implementation,1 which include coefficient and statistical methods, as well as methods of complex analysis of the organization's creditworthiness,2 which are widely used in foreign banking practice. in the framework of our research, we will consider the methods of assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers that are widely used in the practice of bank lending. (see fig.1) figure 1. methods for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers next, we analyze the known methods of assessing creditworthiness in order to determine their advantages and disadvantages. coefficient method for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers. this method uses the coefficients of liquidity, turnover, profitability, financial leverage, financial stability, debt service, and others for calculations. the advantages of this method include the high speed of obtaining conclusions about the class of creditworthiness of borrowers due to the use of a small amount of source data. however, when using this method in practice in large banks, it was revealed that there is no single indicator that characterizes customer solvency, which is the only one that has regulatory significance without taking into account the type of economic activity. a group of statistical methods for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers (or risk assessment methods). when implementing statistical methods for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers, standard procedures are developed that make it possible to objectively characterize borrowers based on numerical criteria for classifying potential customers as reliable and unreliable based on the information they provide. an example of this is the mathematical model zeta (zeta model), which was proposed in the 60s of the twentieth century by a professor at new york 1 тавасиев, а.м. банковское дело: базовые операции для клиентов / а.м. тавасиев, в.п. бычков, в.а. москвин. – м.: финансы и статистика, 2005. ‒ 304 с. 2 просалова, в.с. проблемы оценки кредитоспособности клиентов коммерческих банков: монография / в.с. просалова. – владивосток: дальнаука, 2008. – 179 с. 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us university edward altman (edward altman) to estimate the probability of bankruptcy. in this model, the key parameter z is calculated on the basis of an equation, where the following indicators are used as independent variables reflecting the company's financial performance: liquidity, capital turnover rate, and others, which makes it possible to predict the bankruptcy of the company in question with a certain probability after two years from the moment of analysis. the advantages of the methods under consideration (and the zeta model) include the high speed of obtaining an opinion on the level of creditworthiness of borrowers due to the use of a small set (2-5) of source data from the company's accounting (financial) statements. the disadvantages of statistical methods include their rare use due to the lack of high-quality statistical information that takes into account the specific features of various types and scales of economic activity of small and medium-sized businesses, which leads to a low quality of such analysis. a comprehensive analytical method for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers. when assessing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers, the main sources of information for banks are their accounting statements. moreover, credit experts may need forecasts of income and expenses for the coming years, as well as data on accounts receivable and payable. additionally, the profitability of enterprises, profits and losses, ratios of financial stability indicators, and others are calculated. the advantages of the analytical method include a better conclusion on the financial condition of the borrower organization. the main disadvantage of using this method is the high complexity of performing estimation calculations. in addition, for small and medium-sized businesses, there is a problem related to the reliability of information received from such business entities. a method for assessing creditworthiness based on cash flow analysis. under this method, financial activity coefficients are calculated based on information on the turnover of liquid assets, inventory and short-term debt obligations, taking into account the balance of cash flows. the advantage of the method is a more reliable analysis of the company's creditworthiness based on cash flows, which show its ability to cover its own costs and repay debts. the disadvantages include the high complexity of the method and the uncertainty of information obtained about the cash flows of small and medium-sized businesses. a method for assessing creditworthiness based on business risk analysis. business risks arise as a result of inefficient completion of the organization's property cycle. therefore, the basic requirement for its sustainable development is the principle of business continuity. in this regard, both organizations and credit experts are required to conduct business risk analysis when assessing the creditworthiness of such organizations. the advantage of the method is the ability to predict the sufficiency of sources for loan repayment, which makes it possible to expand the methods for assessing the creditworthiness of bank customers. the disadvantage of this method is the need to provide access to internal confidential information for small and medium-sized business borrowers when assessing internal risks in the activities of such organizations. method of predictive assessment of creditworthiness. in order to determine the creditworthiness of borrowers, banks need to determine not only the current, but also the future solvency of the organization, which implies:  calculating the credit worthiness index.  attraction of a general set of formalized and non-formalized indicators; 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  calculation of forecasted values of solvency indicators. the advantage of the method is that it takes into account not only accounting and reporting data, but also additional information, which includes, for example, the values of liquidity ratios, the quality of customer relations with banking institutions, the level of diversification of activities or the loss of key contracts, etc. the disadvantages of the method include the subjectivity of forecast decisions, and the calculated values of the criteria are, unfortunately, not the main evaluation information for banks. these predictive models are widely used in the foreign practice of predicting the bankruptcy of companies. however, their use in russia is limited. methodology of the association of banks of uzbekistan. this methodology analyzes creditworthiness by the following groups of indicators:  solidity, which is reflected in the responsibility of the company's top management for timely payments on loans received;  ability, which consists in the production and sale of products to ensure their competitiveness;  profitability, which consists in the preference for placing credit funds with a particular borrower.  the reality of achieving the planned results of the project and the validity of the amount of loan requested;  repayment, which consists in the possibility of implementing the borrower's material collateral in case of non-fulfillment of its project;  security of borrowers with legal rights to obtain a credit loan. the advantage of this method is that in the process of working on each of the described groups of indicators, an indicator is selected that is closest to the activity of the company being evaluated, which implies the organization of statistical collection of its values in the future. therefore, the methodology does not require time-consuming calculations, but it takes into account various aspects of borrowers' activities. the disadvantage of the methodology is that it is impossible to use it for assessing long-term creditworthiness, since numerous risk factors that may appear over time cannot be taken into account. practical implementation of the creditworthiness assessment methodology includes elements of several methods that were generalized and improved within the framework of the author's credit assessment methodology. conclusion. thus, as a result of the analysis of methods for assessing the credit worthiness of borrowers, banks identified the following shortcomings: ‒ the business structure of small and medium-sized business borrowers is subject to incomplete analysis by credit institutions; ‒ types of economic activities of small and medium-sized business borrowers and their diversification by banks are not taken into account; ‒ the use of resources by small and medium-sized businesses is not evaluated by banks in terms of efficiency; ‒ the accounting system of a small and medium-sized business borrowing organization does not provide for the development of income and expenditure plans, as well as cash flow forecasts in such organizations; the regulatory criterion of current solvency of small and medium-sized businesses is not considered by banks when assessing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers. 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion and suggestions. in connection with the above, we can offer the following recommendations for developing the lending process and improving methods for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers-small and medium-sized businesses:  verification of legal support for the activities of small and medium-sized business borrowers in terms of compliance of their patents, licenses, certificates with availability, authenticity and validity periods;  monitoring the activities of the internal control system, the quality of financial management, the organization of accounting and the formation of accounting documentation in small and medium-sized businesses;  assessment of management in small and medium-sized businesses by performance indicators and from the point of view of business integrity;  identification of the set of economic relations of borrowers-small and medium-sized businesses, as well as the timing of their financial obligations;  analysis of risks associated with the market and entrepreneurial activity of borrowerssmall and medium-sized businesses;  reputational assessment of borrowers-small and medium-sized businesses in the legal field (possible or actual legal proceedings, as well as other legal or administrative measures taken against these borrowers);  analysis of the types of loan collateral for small and medium-sized business borrowers and their ability to cover loan arrears and interest on loans;  assessment of the state of payment and settlement discipline of borrowers-small and medium-sized businesses, especially in terms of budget obligations to state extra-budgetary funds, to employees on the timely payment of wages, etc.;  forecasting of cash flows of borrowers-small and medium-sized businesses with determination of future solvency;  recognition of the extensive or intensive nature of economic development of borrowerssmall and medium-sized businesses by determining their resource utilization efficiency. list of used literature 1. isomiddinovich a. a. et al. the role of 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bаhriddin о'g i. s. рrоmоting еmрlоymеnt by thе dеvеlорmеnt оf fаmily еntrерrеnеurshiр //international journal of advanced research in education, technology and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 4. 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 67. bаhriddin о'g'li i. s. thе соnсерt оf quаlity оf lifе аnd fоrеign rеsеаrсh еxреriеnсе quаlity оf lifе оf thе рорulаtiоn //international journal of advanced research in education, technology and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 4. 68. bahriddin o'g'li i. s. the role of the digital economy in the development of the economy //international journal of advanced research in education, technology and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 4. 69. bahriddin o'g'li i. s. some theoretical views on concepts such as family economy, entrepreneurship //galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal. – 2022. – т. 10. – №. 12. – с. 446-449. 70. bahriddin o'g'li i. s. family business and its theoretical foundations //gospodarka i innowacje. – 2022. – т. 29. – с. 5-11. 600 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 characteristics of the course of hymenolepidosis and askaridosis in children igamova munavvar abdullayevna state medical institute named after abu ali ibn sino, uzbekistan, bukhara, st. resume: the article presents the results of the observation of 64 children with intestinal parasitosis, from 3 to 14 years old. the diagnosis of hymenolepidosis and giardiasis was confirmed by the detection of cysts and vegetative forms of giardia and hymenolepis nana eggs with triple coproscopy; in some cases, giardiasis was diagnosed when trophozoites were detected in duodenal contents. the diagnosis of hymenolepidosis was confirmed by the detection of helminth eggs in freshly excreted feces. the diagnosis of giardiasis was confirmed by the detection of giardia cysts with coproscopy. keywords: hymenolepidosis, giardiasis, parasitosis, coproscopy, children. relevance the problem of protecting children's health is one of the priorities of public health. currently, one of the factors determining the state of health of a population is socially-caused diseases, including helminthiases, which account for 99% of all parasitic diseases [3]. according to the world health organization (who), of the 50 million people dying in the world every year, more than 16 million people die from infectious and parasitic diseases (who, 2005). in the structure of infectious diseases, parasitic diseases occupy one quarter [1]. more than a quarter of the world's population is infected with at least one helminth [7], about 10% of the world's population is affected by protozoan parasitoses [5]. helminths were put in first place among the most burdensome diseases of the world according to the world bank classification [6]. the world health organization has identified deworming as one of the main tools for achieving the millennium development goals (who, 2009). in recent years, in many countries, including the countries of the central asian region, due to the deterioration of the epidemiological situation under the influence of anthropogenic factors (hypermigration of the population, hyperurbanization, worsening of the social and environmental situation, etc.), the risk of infection of children is increased [1 ,4]. currently, in uzbekistan, parasitic diseases occupy a specific weight in regional pathology of man. the most vulnerable is the child population [2.5]. parasitic diseases have a diverse pathological effect on the children's body, being the reason for the delay in their mental and physical development, cause allergization of the body, and reduce resistance to diseases. intestinal parasitoses are considered as one of the main causes of malnutrition, especially in children. parasitic diseases cause or exacerbate protein-energy deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, hypovitaminosis. in children with parasitic diseases, there is a mismatch of body weight with growth or stunting [2-31]. hymenolepidosis is more often recorded in areas with a dry and hot climate (central and south america -mexico, nicaragua, argentina, brazil, peru, north africa algeria, egypt, sudan, ethiopia, asia israel, iran, afghanistan, india, pakistan, tajikistan , turkmenistan, kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan, korea, indonesia, the islands of the indian and pacific oceans, europe-albania, greece, italy, moldova, ukraine). inrussia, hymenolepidosis is more common in the republics of the north caucasus, in 601 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the southern regions. in recent years, cases have also been recorded in temperate regions, mainly brought to children’s homes and boarding schools by children from neighboring countries (especially from tajikistan). in recent years, the problem of mixed invasions in human pathology has become increasingly important. materials and methods to accomplish the tasks we conducted a clinical examination of 64 patients with intestinal parasitosis in children, from 3 years to 14 years old, on the basis of the scientific research institute of epidemiology, microbiology and infectious diseases of the ministry of health of the republic of uzbekistan (niiemiz mh ruz). the diagnosis of hymenolepidosis and giardiasis was confirmed by the detection of cysts and vegetative forms of giardia and hymenolepis nana eggs with triple coproscopy; in some cases, giardiasis was diagnosed when trophozoites were detected in duodenal contents. a parasitological study of stool samples was carried out 3 times, with a 5-6 day break. the diagnosis of hymenolepidosis was confirmed by the detection of helminth eggs in freshly excreted feces. the diagnosis of giardiasis was confirmed by the detection of giardia cysts with coproscopy. results and discussion to accomplish the tasks we conducted a clinical examination of 64 patients with intestinal parasitosis in children, from 3 years to 14 years. by age, children were distributed as follows: from 3 years to 7 years – 28 (43.8%) children, from 8 years to 11 years 29 (45.3%) and from 12 years to 14 years 7 (10.9% ) there were 30 boys (46.9%) and 34 girls (53.1%). in the group of monoinvasions (hymenolepidosis) of 37 children, 18 (48.6%) and 19 (51.4%) girls were noted. in the group of children with mixed intestinal parasitoses, out of 27 children, boys noted 12 (44.4%) and girls 15 (55.6%). among the total number of patients, 39 (60.9%) patients were urban and 25 (39.1%) rural residents. all observed parasitic patients were admitted to the hospital several months after the onset of the disease. in all cases, the diagnosis is confirmed parasitologically. the diagnosis of monoand mixed parasitoses was established according to the results of a parasitological examination. for all children, the anamnesis, past and associated diseases of the child and parents were studied in detail, and the somatic status of the child was determined. according to the testimony, the children were examined by consultants of various specialties and they underwent special studies, according to their pathology. laboratory research methods included a general analysis of blood, urine, feces. the remaining 13 (20.3%) children were initially diagnosed with an asymptomatic course. in these patients, parasitoses were detected microscopically during a routine examination, but a detailed examination revealed mild symptoms characteristic of parasitoses. patients complained of headaches 57 (89.1%), weight loss 49 (76.6%), chills or feeling hot 11 (17.2%), cold extremities, general weakness 59 (92.2%), fatigue 31 (48.4%), decreased performance 42 (65.6%), poor memory 55 (85.9%), absent-mindedness 8 (12.5%), depressed mood, palpitations and shortness of breath with excitement 7 (10 , 9%), fainting conditions 4 (6.3%), hypersalivation during hunger 24 (37.5%). it should be noted that the condition worsened with hunger. patients were characterized by sleep disturbances in the form of insomnia, disturbing dreams, frequent awakenings 34 (53.1%). the clinical picture of parasitosis in children was manifested by pain, dyspeptic and asthenovegetative syndromes, as well as allergic manifestations. of the 64 patients examined with intestinal parasitoses, asthenovegetative syndrome most often occurred in combination with dyspeptic syndrome in 23 (35.9%) patients, asthenovegetative syndrome in combination with pain syndrome in 7 (10.9%), and pain in combination with dyspeptic in 14 (21.9%), asthenovegetative with dyspeptic and pain syndrome – in 10 (15.6%), isolated asthenovegetative in 3 (4.7%), dyspeptic in 2 (3.1%) and pain syndrome in 3 (4.7%). allergic dermatoses were observed in 11 (17.2%) patients. it was established that the most characteristic clinical manifestation in children is pain around the navel of a constant or periodic nature, which 55 (85.9%) patients complained about. in the peripheral blood hypochromic anemia, accelerated esr, moderate eosinophilia and leukopenia are detectedrepeat treatment with an interval of 3 days. the therapeutic efficacy of this drug was evaluated in 21 children with a diagnosis of hymenolepidosis (group 1) and in 15 patients with 602 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis (group 3). the anthelmintic drug cinarix was used in the complex treatment of sick children with parasitic infestations according to the following scheme: for children aged 3 to 14 years, 1 tablet 3 times a day for 20 days. the therapeutic efficacy of this drug was evaluated in 16 children with a diagnosis of hymenolepidosis (comparison group 2) and in 12 patients with hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis (comparison group 4). during dynamic observation in children with monoinvasions (hymenolepidosis) during treatment, there was a positive tendency to reduce the clinical symptoms of invasions, accompanied by positive dynamics in the somatic status of patients. having studied the clinical symptoms in children with mono-invasions (hymenolepidosis) (n = 37) – 21 children (group 1) who received vorminorm as part of complex therapy after specific therapy received a quick and lasting result, all symptoms significantly decreased. general weakness before treatment 18 (85.71 ± 2.9%), after treatment 3 (14.2 ± 2.8%) (p <0.001). headache before treatment 17 (80.95 ± 3.5%), after treatment 1 (4.76 ± 1.7%) (p <0.001). fatigue before treatment 10 (47.62 ± 1.6%), after treatment 2 (9.52 ± 1.4%) (p<0.001). decrease in memory and intelligence before treatment 18 (85.71 ± 2.7%), after treatment 1 (4.76 ±1.4%) (p <0.001). sleep disorders before treatment 11 (52.38 ± 3.4%), after treatment 1 (4.76 ± 1.2%) (p<0.001). in 19 (90.48%) children normalization of appetite was observed, in other children, appetite was reduced 1 (4.76%) or increased 1 (4.76%), nausea and restoration of the skin was noted in 20 (95.24%) and 16 (76.19%), respectively. elimination of parasitoses with mono-invasions (hymenolepidosis) in children receiving vorminorm as part of complex therapy was observed in 90.48% of cases. localization of pain in the right hypochondrium remained in 3 (20.0%) children, apparently this is due to the severity of biliary dyskinesia of congestive origin. pain in this contingent of children was noted less intense. in 13 (86.67%) children normalization of appetite was observed, in other children, appetite was reduced by 1 (6.67%) or increased by 1 (6.67%), nausea and restoration of the skin were noted in 14 (93.33%) and 11 (73.3%), respectively. elimination of parasitoses with mixtinvasions (hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis) in children receiving vorminorm as part of complex therapy was observed in 86.67% of cases. in the comparison group, 12 children with mixtinvasions (hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis) who received cinarix as part of complex therapy, general weakness before treatment 11 (91.67 ± 2.5%), after treatment 3 (25.0 ± 2.1% ) (p <0.001). headache before treatment 10 (83.3 ± 2.4%), after treatment 2 (16.67 ± 1.4%) (p <0.001). fatigue before treatment 6 (50.0 ± 1.4%), after treatment 2 (16.67 ± 1.2%) (p <0.001). emotional lability before treatment 9 (75.0 ± 3.1%), after treatment 1 (8.33 ± 1.5%) (p <0.001). sleep disorders before treatment 7 (58.33 ± 3.2%), after treatment 2 (16.67 ± 1.2%) (p <0.001). trembling of the eyelids and fingers of extended arms before treatment 4 (33.3 ± 3.1%), after treatment 1 (8.33 ± 1.7%) (p<0.001). localization of pain in the right hypochondrium remained in 4 (33.3%) children. pain in this contingent of children was noted less intense. in 10 (83.3%) children normalization of appetite was observed, in other children, appetite was reduced 2 (16.67%), nausea and restoration of the skin was observed in 10 (83.3%) and in 9 (75.0%) respectively. elimination of parasites in the combined course of hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis in children receiving cynarix as part of complex therapy was observed in 66.67% of cases. thus, the elimination of parasites in the combined course of hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis in children receiving vorminorm as part of complex therapy was observed in 86.67% of cases, compared with 66.67% in comparison with cinarix. conclusion studies have shown that elimination of parasites with the use of vorminorm, with heminolepidosis, is observed in 90.48% of cases compared with cinarix 68.75%., and with the combined course of hymenolepidosis in combination with giardiasis, it is observed in 86.67% of cases compared with the drug cinarix 66.67%. thus, the most rational and effective treatment regimen for hymenolepidosis in children is the inclusion of anthelmintic drug vorminorm in agespecific dosages in complex therapy. 603 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bibliography: 1. mirzoeva m.r., toychieva a.kh., osipova s.o. level of vitamin d and total serum ig e in patients with hypopigmentosis with parasitosis and free // journal of infectology . – 2017. volume 9. no. 3. p. 37-40. 2. khamidova nk, narzullayev nu, mirzoevamr clinical and immunological study of the effect of different types of therapy on the course of allergic rhinitis in children with hymenolepiasis // annals of the romanian society for cell biology. 2021. n3 .( 30). r.1900-1908 . (scopus). 3. konstantinova t.n. hymenolepiasis in children and adolescents // medical care. -2005.-no. 5. –p.43-48. 4. tazhiev b.m., daminova m.n. hymenolepiasis in children // international scientific and practical conference “modern technologies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases”. april 8-9, 2019 bukhara. 2019 –s. 238-239. 5. igamova m.a., oblokulov a.r. description of immune and cytokine status in patients of different ages diagnosed with teniarhinosis. a new day in medicine.6(56)2023 b.346-350 6. ojha sc, jaide c , jinawath n, rotjanapan p, baral p. geohelminths // public health significance. j infect dev ctries . 2014 no. 8(1). – r.5-16. 7. khamidova n.k. clinical and immunological indicators of hymenolepiasis with allergic rhinitis in children depending on the type of therapy // centralasianjournalofmedicalandnaturalsciences .2021. n11.c.11331-11333. 8. khamidova nk clinical and immunological study of the effect of various types of therapy on the course of allergic rhinitis in children with hymenolepiasis // world medicine journal. – 2021. no. 1 (1). p.387-391 9. igamova ma giardia lamblia infection: review of current diagnostic strategies for children.journal of educational discoveries and lifelong learning (ejedl) volume4, issue 6, june 2023. 10. мирзоева м.р., нарзуллаев н.у., хамидова н.к. клинико-эпидемиологическая характеристика гименилипедоза у детей // новый день в медицине . бухоро.2020. №2(30). с. 441-443. 11. mirzoeva m.r., & khamidova n.k . clinical and epidemiological characteristic of hymenolepidosisin children//academicia may. 2020. №1. p. 3-6. 12. igamova m.a., (2023). description of immune fnd cytokine status in patients of different ages diagnosed with teniarinchosis // a new day in medicine. 9 (59)2023 p.265-270. 13. keldiyorova, z. d., ostonova, g. s., mirzoeva, m. r., & narzullaev, n. u. (2021). state of the immune system in children with infectious mononucleosis. new day in medicine. бухоро1 (33), 283-286. 14. keldiyorova, z. d. (2021). immunological features of infectious mononucleosis epstein-barr virus etiology in children. world medicine journal, (1), 1. 15. келдиёрова, з. д. (2021). иммунологические особенности инфекционного мононуклеоза эпштейна-барр-вирусной этиологии у детей. новый день в медицине. бухоро, 2, 34. 16. келдиёрова, з. д. (2021). иммунологические особенности инфекционного мононуклеоза эпштейна-барр-вирусной этиологии у детей. новый день в медицине. бухоро, 2, 34. 604 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 17. keldiyorova, z. d. (2022). immunological features of infectious mononucleosis in children. инфекция, иммунитет и фармакология, 3, 110-116. 18. keldiyorova, z. d. (2022). analysis of the results of immunological examination in infectious мononucleosis in children. middle european scientific bulletin. europea, 23, 255258. 19. келдиёрова, з., & зарипова, с. (2023). ўткир респиратор вирусли инфекциялар орасида цитомегаловируснинг ўрни. наука и инновация, 1(12), 58-59. 20. келдёрова з.д., аслонова м.р. (2022). состояние клеточного иммунитета у детей, больных инфекционным мононуклеозом. техасский журнал медицинских наук , 15 , 24–26. 21. келдиёрова, з.д. (2023). состояние клеточного иммунитета у детей с инфекционным мононуклеозом. восточный ренессанс: инновационные, образовательные, естественные и социальные науки , 3 (2), 926-931. 22. келдиёрова, з.д. (2023). клиническая характеристика у больных инфекционным мононуклеозом. международный междисциплинарный исследовательский журнал galaxy , 11 (4), 410-414. 23. келдиёрова, з. д. новый день в медицине. новый день в медицине учредители: бухарский государственный медицинский институт, ооо" новый день в медицине", (2), 231-234. 24. келдиёрова, з. д., нарзуллаев, н. у., & мирзоева, м. р. (2020). цитокиновый профиль детей с острым воспалением небнего миндалина при острой инфекционной мононуклеозе на фоне лечения. тиббиётда янги кун, (2), 30. 25. келдиёрова, з. д. (2021). состояние иммунной системы у детей с инфекционным мононуклеозом и обоснование иммунокорригируюшей терапии. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 258-265. 26. келдиёрова, з. д. (2023). оценка клеточного лимфоцитарного иммунитета при инфекционном мононуклеозе эпштейна-барр-вирусной этиологии у взрослых. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 4(5), 399-407. 27. келдиёрова, з. (2022). состояние иммунной системы при инфекционном мононуклеозе у детей. журнал" медицина и инновации", (3), 322-330. 28. abdullaevna, i. m. (2023). intestinal giardiasis in children. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 4(6), 225-229. 29. abdullayevna, i. m. (2023). bolalarda ichak gelmintozlarini oldini olish va davolashni takomillahtirish. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(11), 98-101. 30. облокулов а.р., игамова м.а. (2023). оптимизация терапии лямблиоза. 31. oblokulov, a. r., & igamova, m. a. (2023). optimization of therapy giardiasis. 32. игамова мунаввар абдуллаевна. (2023). инфекция лямблия лямблией: обзор современных диагностических стратегий для детей. репозиторий академических наук , 4 (06), 33–39. получено с https://academiascience.com/index.php/repo/article/view/842. https://academiascience.com/index.php/repo/article/view/842 539 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 independence as the expression of democratic national ideas in the jadids and the jadid press in practice urinova bozorgul zokirovna candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the department of jurisprudence and social sciences at bukhara state university dagotys@mail.ru abstract the efforts of the jadids and the jadid press for independence, the mobilization of their democratic national ideas in the development of science, culture and spirituality are analyzed in this article. keywords: independence, freedom, jadids, autonomy, democracy, federation, idea, value, movement. introduction after the uzbekistan attained its independence, one of the biggest achievements of our press is the increased desire to fully and comprehensively throw light upon the path of national journalism of uzbekistan. in the conditions of independence, along with the political, economic and cultural spheres, a new attitude towards the press has raised. the restoration of the truth about jadids press is directly related to the realization of national independence. because, under the pressure of the communist ideology during the rule of the former ussr regime, the formation and development processes of our press, especially the national press at the end of the xix and the beginning of the xx century, were not studied. islam karimov said: “years will pass, centuries will pass, new generations will live in a completely new society, in the independent uzbekistan, which (i am sure of it) will become one of the most advanced countries in the world, and will study the history of the motherland, the history of the struggle for independence”. main part: in the course of studying the history of the struggle for the independence of the national state, special attention was paid to the scientific analysis of the specific characteristics and conditions of the national liberation movements. in this regard, in particular, emerge of the ideas of the jadids of the struggle for independence are considered. one of first conclusions of behbudi was that social justice cannot be restored until the nation becomes independent and establishes its own independent state [1]. at the moment, such an idea forms the basis of the national independence movement. 540 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in this respect, the words of professor begali kasimov are very didactical: “the ideas of modernism, like the strong winds of early spring, opened up the medieval life, which had been like covered with cobweb, to the lowest layers. like a bolt from the blue, it said that the issue of life and death of the nation and the motherland is actual. flashing like lightning, it illuminated the wounds on his bosom. like a rainfall, it gave life to the educational and theater sprout of the heart of turkestan” [2]. these ideas were based on the struggle for national awakening and independence. the essence of jadidism was an intense and exciting process, from understanding the nation and the motherland to fighting for their interests. at the same time, this movement also educated the nation. the movement raised the nation to the level of being able to analyze every disaster that befell him as fate and find a solution. in particular, our jadids realized that in order to live and develop the nation, first of all, it should be free and independent, and they paid special attention to awakening the nation in whole [3]. in fact, jadidism was a national democratic movement against russian colonialism, and it set itself the goal of enlightening the people living in the backward economic, social and cultural conditions of turkestan at that time, carrying out various reforms in the life of society, and ultimately implementing the ideas of independence. jadidism first appeared in the crimea in the 80s of the xix century among the muslim nations dependent on russia. its founder was ismailbek gaspirali (1851-1914), who had deep knowledge of religion and worldly knowledge. the program of jadids of struggle for national enlightenment consisted of three main directions: 1. expansion of the network of new method schools; 2. sending promising, talented young people to study abroad; 3. publication of newspapers aimed at forming various intellectual societies and organizing a strong sect of intellectuals. mahmudhoja behbudi, abdurauf fitrat, munavvarqori abdurashidkhanov, ubaydullahoja asatullahojaev, abdulla avloni, abdulhamid cholpon and other intellectuals have shown enthusiasm for the implementation of this program. the international relations of the jadids were wide-ranging, they were aware of the programs of the jadidism streams in russia, turkey, egypt and other countries, and exchanged experience through mutual trips and dialogues. the revolutionary movements in the russian empire in 19051906 had an impact on turkestan as well. active forces have begun to coalesce and the jadids have intensified their enlightenment activities. this can be seen not only in schools, but also in press activities, including the emergence of newspapers. for example, in 1906 under the editorship of ismail obidov “taraqqi” newspaper, under the editorship of munavvarqori “shuhrat” newspaper, and under the editorship of ahmadjon bektemirov “osiyo” newspaper was published. but soon, based on the announcement of the ardent chauvinist n.p. ostroumov, the tsarist administration banned these newspapers as well. [4] in the new wave of enlightenment, press publications such as “samarkand”, “sadoi turkiston”, “sadoi fargona”, “bukhoroi sharif”, “turon” in 1913-1915, and “el bayrogi”, “kengash”, “hurriyat”, “ulug turkiston” newspapers and "oyna" magazine in 1917 appeared. on the eve of the russian february democratic revolution, turkestan jadidism became a mature political movement. at the same time, a number of organizations such as “shuroi islomiya”, “ittifoki muslimin”, “turon” were established by national political parties and organizations, including the jadids. jadids focused on the development of spirituality in society. they need to establish new schools, publish newspapers, textbooks and manuals, introduce new 541 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cultural and technological methods of the west, and promote them in turkestan to create nationalsecular education, renew and enrich spiritual life, and raise awareness of national identity. those who seek to create ground. it cannot fail to recognize that such a political approach is a theoretical factor that directly serves the development of the foundations of building immediate state in society. of course, they were far from the literal manifestations of democracy.[5] sources that shed light on the struggle against colonial policy and its social-political foundations in turkestan are expressed in the works of munavvarkori abdurashidkhan, behbudi, avloni, khuvaido and others. in their time, the jadids paid great attention to the development of the principles of the construction of national-cultural autonomy in turkestan, the introduction of the form of statehood and its management laws, the organization of judicial bodies, and the creation of state structures. however, we see that the political conditions of this period, as well as the understanding of the peoples, are somewhat limited in their views on building an independent democratic society in turkestan. “turkistan cultural autonomy project” program of behbudi [6] envisages a form of state autonomy, not a fully independent, democratic society. at the all-turkistan muslim congress in 1917, a debate on the construction of statehood has been held. however, their views on democracy and federation cannot go beyond the constitutional monarchy.[7] the way of thinking of jadids formed under the influence of the existing social reality of the end of the xix and the beginning of the xx century and the contributions of jadid thinkers to the history of our nation are especially valuable. during this period, a force that served to realize the national identity, promoted the ideas of freedom of the motherland, and called for the struggle for national liberation came to the field. in order to get rid of colonialism and gain independence, people had to acquire modern knowledge and culture. the names and works of most of the jadids were humiliated under various “brands of disgrace” during the time of the established ussr regime. in most cases, it was deleted from the history of our nation under the sentence of "antisoviet”, “harmful literature”. it should be noted that it is a historical fact that jadididsm and the creators of jadids occupy an important place in the history of uzbek culture, spirituality, and social thinking in general. it is a matter of great importance to fundamentally clarify the essence of this movement, to get rid of the “blames” put by the ideologues of the ussr, and to give its correct and scientific assessment. independence was a social ideal for the nation of the uzbek people. the basis of this ideal goes back to a long history and it has never faded from the hearts of our people. by determining the ways of national development, independence allowed turning the social ideals that the uzbek people and nation have been dreaming of into reality. the social-historical factors that made independence a social-national ideal have been studied. it refers to the movement of jadidism and the lives of our heroes who fought for the freedom of our country. for example: “since the true essence of the jadids movement is related to the independence, freedom and liberty of the nation and the country, these ideas have been hit hard by both the right and the left”. the phrase “expressing the idea of independence” made the jadids openly hostile to the tsar's autocracy, so they turned the main social-political and philosophical-aesthetic ideas towards human perfection and spirituality. [8] it can be seen that the jadids considered the establishment of an independent, national democratic state as their social-political ideal. since they did not have the opportunity to express their opinions openly, they saw this ideal in science, culture and international harmony, organization, common turkestan, spirituality, and education of the new generation. the phenomenon of jadidism is that in the next three centuries, it was the first attempt to build a nation 542 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us state. it fought for a single independent turkestan and founded the idea of national independence, encouraged to wake up and move the sleeping east, to remember freedom, national pride, its great ancestors, rich culture and in general, all the values that were forgotten under the pressure of the colonial system. the doctrine of the ancients was the true doctrine of its time. because it was able to lead not only progressive individuals, but also thinking young people, as well as all progressive intellectuals. their activity and program became a model and ideal for the future. conclusion: briefly, even in the years of independence, the jadids press appeared as a unique national idea, and due to the impetus to the awakening of the nation, it found its expression in the press of the independence period. we would not be wrong if we say that the study of materials related to the history of jadids media, or more precisely, the history of our national press, scientific research of the activities of jadids media served for the real spiritual revival and purification of our society, and the realization of the identity of the uzbek people. because, after uzbekistan gained independence, restoration of culture and spirituality, national values and traditions, returning to understanding of true history and identity became one of the priority directions of state policy. references: 1. behbudi m. selected works. foreword. -t.: manaviyat. 1999, p. 28 2. kasimov b. national awakening: courage, enlightenment, selflessness. -t.: manaviyat. 2002, p. 4. 3. abduazimova n. history of national journalism. / the period of national independence / two volumes. vol. 2. edited by najmiddin komilov. -t.: sharq, 2008, p. 338. 4. murtazaeva r. and others. history of uzbekistan. t.: 2000, p. 82. 5. theory and practice of building a democratic society in uzbekistan. textbook for students of higher educational institutions. t.: navruz. 2005, p. 65. 6. behbudi m. project of cultural autonomy of turkestan. “world literature”. august, 2003, p. 146. 7. dostkaraev b. enlightenment of new statehood in uzbekistan. “society and governance”. 1997, no. 2, p. 13. 8. makhmudova g. jadidism and development of moral-aesthetic thought in turkestan. t.: davr-press. 2006, p. 36. 9. urinova b. qalandarova f. the press as the creator of modern history. scientific bulletin of bukhara state university. 2020, no. 2. pp. 232-238. 208 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 from the history of the work of the soviet government in uzbekistan in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century to end illiteracy z. r. isomiddinov baghdad district, ferghana region, director of the specialized school № 2 abstract: this article analyzes a number of works carried out by the authoritarian soviet regime in the territory of uzbekistan in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century to end illiteracy. also, this article highlights the fact that the bolsheviks portrayed the local population as completely illiterate, their policy of disregarding their great achievements in science, and the fact that the local women were active in this regard, but in the end they were also repressed. keywords: literacy, education, religion, enlightenment, knowledge, culture, demography, preliterate school, nationalism, revolution, feudalism, socialism, capitalism. introduction since the middle of the 20s of the 20th century, the government of the soviets in uzbekistan has paid great attention to the literacy of women and has organized schools, special courses, and technical schools for this purpose. for example, in the samarkand region, work on ending illiteracy among women was started on a large scale from the mid-20s. the regional department of public education plans to open a 2-year school for training muslim female teachers in the winter of 1925 in the old part of the city of samarkand. these women’s schools and schools for the elimination of illiteracy required female teachers. therefore, short-term teacher training and retraining courses were opened in the region, and in 1926, 60 people attended this course [1]. discussion by the summer of 1925, it is planned to open 35 schools for the elimination of illiteracy for women in the samarkand region [2]. in the 1924-1925 academic year, 5,000 people graduated from illiteracy schools across the region. by this time, more than 7,000 people were involved in schools to end illiteracy. in the 1925-1926 academic year, the department of public education of the old city plans to open 5 first-level schools. two of them were intended for boys, one for local jews, and two for girls [3]. in the academic year of 1926-1927, 10 new schools for the completion of illiteracy for uzbek women were opened in the region, and 189 people were trained in them. also, 100 people studied in general education schools and 5 higher courses, 120 people in 3 courses of 1-year courses, 45 people studied in the medical technical school. in the academic year 1927-1928, 12 schools for the completion of illiteracy were opened for freed women. as can be seen from the above examples, the government of the soviets has approached the issue of women’s literacy a little. the above results were achieved by the hard work of local intellectuals who effectively used this opportunity, as well as those who serve in the educational system. 209 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us extracurricular education is a component of general public education and is an educational system intended for people who are not involved in school education due to objective and subjective factors. its difference in school education is that all educational work is based on the student’s free time and interests, as well as the student’s socio-demographic characteristics. out-of-school education is mainly aimed at ending illiteracy and illiteracy among people who have passed school age. such people were either workers and servants who had passed the school age, or those who had studied in old schools and were strongly opposed to the new education and did not want to accept its rules. the government of the soviets forcibly involved them in new education. an important direction of raising the level of general education of the population of the republic was the elimination of illiteracy and illiteracy among the older population. this event was intense, because the political leadership of the center was extremely interested in ending illiteracy as soon as possible in order to make full use of human resources in the acceleration of soviet economic construction. the bolshevik party believed that only by increasing the general literacy of the population and gaining it politically, it would be possible to solve the tasks of transitioning to a “resolute attack along the front” of socialism [4]. we can see the increase in the number of students of schools for the elimination of illiteracy and those who have learned literacy in the republic as a whole, as well as in the number of students in urban and rural districts [5] from the table below: acade mic year the number of students in schools for the elimination of illiteracy including those who are literate including in the city in the village in the city in the village 1929 300,4 115,3 214,4 241,3 80,4 150,3 1930 353,9 113,5 246,4 257,7 81,3 176,4 1931 590,3 81,9 508,4 234,5 81,1 153,4 1932 682,2 70,9 611,3 265,0 37,3 227,7 1933 610,8 67,4 543,4 336,1 41,9 294,2 1940 670,9 60,5 411,3 457,7 50,8 356,8 total 3208,3 509,5 2535,2 1792,3 372,8 1358,8 as can be seen from this table, the enrollment of the illiterate was almost twice as high as that of the literate. most of the schools for the elimination of illiteracy corresponded to the rural districts of the republic. the number of those who dropped out of school is also quite high 1143.9 thousand people. the mastery of those who attend schools for the elimination of illiteracy is around 40-50%, and in schools of illiteracy it is 70% [6]. preliterate schools were distinguished by their strictness and precision in terms of their organizational structure. this had a certain positive effect on learning and attendance. preliterate schools, like schools for the elimination of illiteracy, have increased mainly at the expense of rural schools. but also in this area, as in schools for the elimination of illiteracy, the number of commuters leaving school was 148,500. at the same time, almost four fifths of them corresponded to rural schools. the mastery of students in schools for the elimination of illiteracy is around 40-50%, and in schools of illiteracy it is 70% [7]. preliterate schools were distinguished by strictness and precision in terms of organizational structure. this had a certain positive effect on the selforganization and attendance of students attending the school of illiterate students. it is known from the above that as a result of our people’s desire for enlightenment and knowledge, a national march for literacy began in our republic in the early 1930s. in 1925, 160 soviet-type schools were established in uzbekistan. by 1941, their number reached 5504 [8]. 210 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unfortunately, these indicators were full of hypocrisy typical of the soviet authoritarian regime. in particular, the majority of school-aged children were not attracted to education, the number of dropouts among local ethnic groups due to dissatisfaction with school education increased, the level of teachers and the financial condition of schools were low. therefore, the reforms in the general education system “went both positively and negatively” [9]. in addition, the general education of the soviet authoritarian system was based on the rejection of the national educational traditions of the local people formed over the centuries, which had an impact on the further historical and cultural development of the uzbek people. in 1929-1940, the comparative picture of the number of those who went to schools for the elimination of illiteracy and those who graduated was as follows [10]: academic year attendees of schools for the elimination of illiteracy (thousands of people) including those who are literate including in the city in the village in the city in the village 1929 398,5 55,8 345,7 158,4 30,4 164,1 1934 453,9 59,1 394,3 237,8 33,8 204,0 1935 400,8 42,6 358,2 198,7 22,0 176,7 1936* 764,8 96,5 668,3 381,2 31,0 350,2 1937 1104,7 140,6 964,1 445,6 65,3 380,3 total 2723,2 338,8 2384,9 1263,3 152,1 1111,2 *explanation. since 1936, the report has also included data from the karakalpakstan assr. at the end of 1929, a “cultural march for literacy” was announced in the republic, a week and a month to end illiteracy, mass rallies and meetings of urban and rural workers, lectures and discussions, cinema screenings, performances, concerts were held. proceeds from various performances were transferred to the illiteracy fund. mass media actively participated in the campaign. on the pages of republican and local newspapers, regular materials were published about the progress of the fight against illiteracy, the achievements and shortcomings of this movement. “qizil o’zbekiston”, “парвда востока”, “yosh leninchi”, “kambag’al dehqon” and other newspapers were often published under the slogan “to the front of all cultures”, “educate the literate, the illiterate”. the party, authorities, and the entire public intensified the work to end illiteracy in the country. this movement was led by the central staff of the republic of cultural movement, which was formed in 1930 to replace the emergency commission for the elimination of illiteracy under the people’s commissars of education. under the executive committee, its offices were formed and called “cultural walk headquarters”. it is also worth noting that the role of educated and knowledgeable nationals in the work of ending illiteracy among the local population, especially among women and girls, was of particular importance. from old cities such as tashkent, samarkand, bukhara, shahrisabz, kokan, namangan, margilan to large villages, there were educators in almost every neighborhood. they opened a school in their house and taught literacy to girls. the names of mubarakkhan, bashoratkhan, khanposhsha, inayatkhan and their daughters kholposhsha, sharofat, sadiqa from tashkent are especially famous, they were progressive people of their time. the services of sadiqa atin in “okhchi” neighborhood of tashkent are especially praiseworthy, her school was founded in 1925. the famous poetess zulfia also received her first education in this school, which she was the only teacher of. there was a school of mehri atin in arpapoya neighborhood of “beshyogoch” district of tashkent. he was assisted by his daughter taji. 30-40 girls studied at the school, and 3 hours of lessons were held every day in writing, reading and arithmetic [11]. 211 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us but it is also worth noting that many othinois were subjected to political repression in the 1930s. over time, in the second half of the 1930s, such schools disappeared under “nationalism” and “religious” reasons. in the schools for the elimination of illiteracy, teachers of the general education school conducted training. they formed the core of illiteracy abolitionists. at the same time, urban and rural intellectuals, engineers, technicians, agronomists and medical workers, literate workers and collective farmers were involved in this event, komsomol and non-party youth were called “cultural armymen” and active public groups were formed. they were mobilized to organize schools to end illiteracy, educate the illiterate, and raise their political consciousness. in two years, in particular, during 1930-1931, the number of such armymen increased from 12 thousand to 16 thousand [12]. the political authorities found it necessary to expand the network of schools for ending illiteracy in order to achieve general literacy. such schools were established in industrial enterprises, villages and craft cooperative artels, village councils and red tea houses. as a result, the number of literate people increased sharply, in 1928 they were 41 thousand, in 1932 they were 707 thousand, including 615 thousand in rural areas [13]. it is known from the above that as a result of our people’s desire for enlightenment and knowledge, a nationwide march for literacy began in our republic in the early 1930s. in 1925, 160 soviet-type schools were established in uzbekistan, and by 1941, their number had reached 5,504 [14]. the organizational system of schools for adults is a logical continuation of the school for ending illiteracy, and the initial knowledge gained is consolidated here. in 1930, 8,000, 39,100 in 1931, 90,900 in 1932, 90,900 people were involved in schools opened for the poor. networks of evening schools for the elimination of illiteracy have been expanded in enterprises, craft artels, villages and village councils. in the academic year 1928-1929, 55,420 people were enrolled in the schools for the elimination of illiteracy, and in the academic year 1931-1932, 682,200 people or 68.1% of the plan, the number of students in the schools for the elimination of illiteracy increased from 3,214 people to 90,400 people during this period [15]. in total, 2.3 million adolescents and adults graduated from schools to eliminate illiteracy during the first five years [16]. in january 1934, the government of the republic of uzbekistan, based on the demands of the central leadership, set itself the task of completely eliminating illiteracy of the adult population within two years [17]. in september 1934, the decision “on ending illiteracy among workers” was adopted. it was noted that the responsibility of fully fulfilling the task of ending illiteracy is assigned to public education departments and other state and public organizations. also, with the help of trade unions, komsomol, and the soviet public, it was recommended to identify and register all illiterate people, collect them, and “organize a socialist competition to end illiteracy”. special attention was paid to the mass movement “for literacy” in the rural areas where the majority of the native population of the republic lives. at the same time, in order to control the implementation of the decisions of the party and the government on the elimination of illiteracy, the komsomol, the press, state control bodies regularly conducted regional and republican raids. results according to official statistics, more than 2 million people completed illiteracy courses in the republic in 1934-1937 due to the large-scale implementation of administrative and command measures, and the total literacy rate of the population reached 67.8% [18]. however, the plan to eliminate 100 percent illiteracy has not been implemented. in soviet historiography, this situation was explained by the fact that the “cultural revolution” in uzbekistan took place in the conditions of “a sharp struggle with feudalism”, and “reactionary religious people, bourgeois nationalists, and the rich” opposed the new socialist culture and mass literacy. in fact, this was not true. after all, in the mid-1930s, the soviet state launched a powerful apparatus of 212 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us repression, and the stalinist leadership succeeded in “mixing the exploitative social groups and strata” into the soil of the camp and sentencing the dissidents to prison. the higher bodies did not take into account the wishes and needs of the people and did not stop at anything in the way of their goals. in order to build socialism faster, command methods were used. quantitative indicators of “fast growth” are given great political importance. they are aimed at proving the unquestionable superiority of socialism over capitalism, and the primacy of the country in the competition between the two social systems. in this regard, according to the official circles, it is necessary to show the advantage of the soviet system that the colonial peoples of tsarist russia, who until recently were in the “swamp of ignorance”, achieved general literacy in a short period of time. that is why the eradication of illiteracy was carried out with extreme determination in the late 1930s. in addition to intellectuals, students of higher educational institutions, high school students, literate workers, collective farmers and others were also involved in the work of ending illiteracy. in the presence of city and village councils, support groups to end illiteracy have been established [19]. conclusion the political power structures put the “cultural march” machine into full operation and launched the “socialist competition to end illiteracy” method. at the same time, the “light cavalry” brigades organized by the komsomol, together with the press and state control bodies, regularly organized marches throughout the region and the republic, checking how the decisions of the party and the government in the field of ending illiteracy are being implemented. although some progress has been made in the field of eradicating illiteracy among the elderly population of the republic, the two-year plans of the political leadership in the field of eradicating illiteracy mostly remained on paper. in soviet historiography, this process was explained as “a serious struggle against the remnants of feudalism”, “it took place in the conditions of resistance of reactionary priests who were class enemies”. in fact, the plan to end illiteracy could be fully implemented only when a system of improving adult literacy was created that was in line with the requirements of the time. in short, in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, the soviet government carried out a number of works related to the elimination of illiteracy among the local population in the territory of uzbekistan. and in this way, he tried to use all kinds of tricks, lies, and tricks. references 1. раxимова м.д. деятельност самаркандской областной партийной организатсии по ликвидатсии неграмотности средиженщин (1925-1927 гг.) // труды самгу, новая серия, выпуск № 354. самарканд, 1978, стр.20. 2. правда востока, 1925 года 27 мая. 3. правда востока, 1925 года 24 июля. 4. директивы ск вкп (б) и постановленийа советсткого правителства о народном образовании за 1917-1947 гг. – м.: 1948. с.127. 5. ўз сср халқ таълими вазирлигининг архиви, 9-рўйхат. а-iх китоб. саводсизликни тугатиш мактаблари бўйича ҳисобот маълумотлари. 1930-1933 йиллар; минеев в.н. становление и развитие культурно-просветителной работы среди женшин узбекистана (1918-1941 гг.) – т.: фан, 1990. – с. 121-126; камолов у.х. из истории ликвидатсии неграмотности взрослого населения узбекистана. – т.: узбекистан, 1974. – с. 92-103 и др. 6. ўз сср халқ таълими вазирлигининг архиви, 9-рўйхат. а-iх китоб. саводсизликни тугатиш мактаблари бўйича ҳисобот маълумотлари. 1930-1933 йиллар. шарафутдинова р. школное образование в узбекской сср. – т.:фан, 1961. – с. 11-16. 213 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. ўз сср халқ таълими вазирлигининг архиви, 9-рўйхат. а-iх китоб. саводсизликни тугатиш мактаблари бўйича ҳисобот маълумотлари. 1930-1933 йиллар.21-бет. 8. узбекистан за 15 лет. – т.: 1939. – с.39; народное образование в узбекистане. – т.: 1947. – с.18-19. 9. ўзбекистон совет мустамлакачилиги даврида. ўзбекистоннинг янги тарихи. иккинчи китоб. – т.: шарқ, 2000. – 386 б. 10. ўз сср халқ таълими вазирлигининг архиви, 9-рўйхат. а-iх китоб. саводсизликни тугатиш мактаблари бўйича ҳисобот маълумотлари. 1930-1933 йиллар.19-бет. 11. а.ибрагимов ватан туйғуси т. 1996 40-бет, 1928 йил 18 ноябрда ўзсср мик советларининг 2-чақириқ iv сессиясида “эски усул мактаб ва мадрасаларини тугатиш тўғрисида” қабул қилинди ўзбекистон миллий архиви 89-жамғарма, 7-рўйхат, 4773иш, 15-61 варақлар. 12. камолов у. великий октябр и просвечение масс.из опыта партийного руководства развитием народного просвечения в узбекистане (1917-1941 гг.): т.: узбекистан. 1975. с.95. 13. о предварителных итогах первой пятилетки. //правда востока. 1932, 7 июня. 14. узбекистан за 15 лет.-т.: 1939.-с.39; народное образование в узбекистане.-т.: 1947.с.18-19. 15. ўзбекистон миллий архиви 95-фонд, 5-рўйхат, 314-иш, 3-варақ. 16. жўраев м. повышение культурно-технического уровня колхозного крестйанства узбекистана в период упрошеня сотсиализма. –т., “фан”, 1927, с-16. 17. компартия узбекистана в резолюсиях и постановлениях съездов., 1-т.: т.: узбекистан, 1968. с.615. 18. културное строителство в ссср, с.93-94. стат. сб. – м. – л.; госполитиздат, 1940. – с. 93-94. 19. кпсс о культуре, посвещении и науке. сб. документов. – м.: госполитиздат, 1963. – с. 197. 698 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 legal analysis of deviation from the scope of authority or career competence according to the criminal law of uzbekistan fatkhulla sagdullaev researcher of tashkent state university of law, tashkent, republic of uzbekistan abstract: in this article, the author analyzes the content of doctrinal views on the legal analysis of deviation from the scope of authority or career competence according to the criminal law of uzbekistan. the article scientifically-theoretically analyzes theoretical and legal problems inherent in the objective and subjective sides of deviating from the scope of the authority or career competence established by article 206 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. in this case, the signs of the objective side of this crime, its specifics are covered on the basis of the opinions of national and foreign scientists, as well as legislative analysis. proposals for the development of national legislation have been put forward in the analyzed issue. keywords: objective and subjective side, damage, official, socially dangerous act, judicial practice, qualification. introduction criminal acts expressed by officials in the world in deviating from the sphere of authority or career competence are considered to be relevant problems that are an obstacle to ensuring the openness of state power, the role of countries in international ratings, as well as the elevation of investment attractiveness. based on data analysis from the international non-governmental organization transparency international, as we see on the example of the world ranking of states, in 2022, denmark (90), finland (87), new zealand (87), norway (84) and singapore (83) had the best results, while somalia (12), syria (13) and south sudan (13) recorded the negative indicators in this regard. in this regard, the un secretary-general antonio gutterish expresses the essence of the issue itself, arguing that the world community is suffering an annual loss of us $ 2.6 trillion due to official crimes. this situation testifies to the importance of combating crimes committed by officials in achieving the rule of law in the world. in the world, the criminal justice and criminological aspects of deviation from the sphere of authority or career competence, the characteristics of the criminal personality, the motive of the crime, the method or means of committing a crime, research aimed at preventing these acts are gaining importance. therefore, as a result of criminal acts expressed in deviations from the sphere of authority or career competence, the normal activities of state bodies and local self 699 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us government bodies are traced, other crimes with a high level of social danger are much easier to commit or hide. the fight against official crimes has become the top priority of criminal justice policy, including in the republic of uzbekistan. in particular, the effectiveness of the fight against such crimes is largely determined by the correct appointment of punishment, based on the nature and level of the socially dangerous act committed by the guilty official. from the fact that officials are recognized in the criminal law as belonging to the category of special entities, the issue of considering the identity of the offenders of this category is an important theoretical and acquires practical significance. materials and methods the doctrinal views on the objective aspects of legal analysis of deviation from the scope of authority or career competence according to the criminal law of uzbekistan. for this, methods of scientific cognition were used, such as analysis, historical-comparative method, abstraction and comparison. results of research the second issue, the analysis of which is carried out in the coverage of objective signs of deviation from the scope of authority or career competence, is the objective side of this crime. in the science of criminal law, the signs of the objective side of the crime of deviating from the sphere of authority or career competence are not sufficiently researched. in particular, m.h.rustamboev believes that, objectively, crime is expressed in the fact that"an official commits actions that deviate from the scope of his powers established by law, causing a large amount of damage or serious damage to the rights or interests of citizens protected by law or to the public or public interest"[1]. b.j.akhrarov notes that " the objective side of a crime can be expressed in the commission of acts deviating from the authority of an official. common to all these cases is that an official commits acts that deviate from the rights and powers that the law has prescribed for him" [2]. a necessary sign of the objective side of deviation from the powers of power or career can be the origin of socially dangerous consequences in the form of a violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens or the interests of the state or the public, as well as a causal connection between an act and an outcome. hence, the objective side of deviating from the sphere of authority or career competence is characterized by 3 important signs: 1) the commission of actions that deviate from the sphere of authority or career competence-a socially dangerous act); 2) significant damage or serious damage to the rights or interests of citizens protected by law or to the interests of the state or the public-a socially dangerous consequence; 3) the existence of a causal link between a socially dangerous act and a socially dangerous consequence is a causal link. article 206 of the code on the first sign of the objective side of the crime of deviating from the scope of authority or career competence establishes that it is necessary to "intentionally commit acts that deviate from the scope of powers assigned to the official himself by law." in this case, a reasonable question arises whether it should be the fact that for the origin of liability in this crime, a person commits not one, but several actions, that is, actions. it should be noted that this definition given by law, that is, "committing acts", does not represent a "defect"of the legislative technique, but rather a separate way of broadly interpreting the content of the term "action" [3]. according to experts, a simple type of deviation from the scope of authority or career competence is usually constituted by repeated criminal acts [4]. 700 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our view, the literal interpretation of the concept of actions that the legislator used in the plural should not be appropriate here, since the limit of criminal liability leads to an unreasonable narrowing. it is clear in itself that any action that deviates from the competence of an official is socially dangerous if it has led to a significant violation of the rights of at least one person. a literal interpretation of the text of article 206 of the jk raises different cases of interpretation applying the law, different views in the qualification of a single action by this article. we believe that it is necessary to eliminate this ambiguity in the law, in which the word "actions" in the law should be replaced with the word "action". because, the analysis of judicial practice shows that deviations from the scope of authority or career authority can also occur when an act is committed alone (e.g., involving the use of violence). analysis shows that one aspect of qualifying issues of deviations from the scope of authority or career powers that are still a matter of controversy is the question of whether this act can be carried out through inaction. according to a.i.marsev, deviations from the sphere of authority or career competence are committed only by way of action [5]. a similar point of view is put forward by many scientists, including otajonov, khaydarov: deviation from the sphere of authority or career competence occurs only through active action [6]. but it is noted by most scientists that this crime can also be committed through inaction [7]. in particular, k.a.grekov noted that the authority of the career is of a double nature – the right of an official and his obligation. this is a violation of the basis or form of the implementation of the right granted to a person, as well as the non-fulfillment of the obligation imposed on an official, allows you to evaluate this act as a deviation from the scope of career competence [8]. but it is also impossible to agree with the opinion that the act being analyzed can be committed by inaction. first, a special responsibility is established in article 207 of the criminal code on the non-fulfillment or due fulfillment of their duties due to the fact that their official reacts to their duties in a state of indifference or unscrupulous attitude (a cold look at the position). secondly, the term" deviation "means" going out", which always refers to the active action of an individual. for this reason, we can conclude that this crime is committed only through active action. the next important issue is to clarify in what forms this crime is committed in practice. because the criminal code establishes the general norm that" an official intentionally commits actions that deviate from the scope of powers assigned to him by law", such issues as its forms and how it is implemented in practice are not reflected in the law. that is, the disposition of the first part of article 206 of the jc does not provide for specific types of unlawful conduct of an official. this issue was clarified in the decision of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan no. 11 of april 17, 1998 "on certain issues arising in the judicial practice of criminal cases in the field of economics". in particular, paragraph 28 of this decision lists the following main manifestations of deviation from the scope of career competence: 1) the commission of actions by an official within the scope of the competence of another person; 2) the commission of actions that can be carried out by an official only if there are special circumstances specified in the law or in the legislation under the law; 3) individual commission by an official of an action within the competence of a collegial body; 4) to be committed by an official of an action for which no one and under no circumstances is entitled to carry out, etc [9]. 701 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the commission of actions by an official that fall within the scope of another person's competence is understood as the commission of actions by an official that, while their superior or status is equal, are in the competence of another official. by means of the commission of actions that can be carried out by an official only if there are special circumstances specified in the law or under the law, it is understood that the implementation of the action belongs to this official, but the right to carry it out is granted only on the circumstances established in the law or in the legislative act, in which the official committed the corresponding actions, although the circumstances established in the law or in the legislative act did not arise. as an example, according to article 26 of the law "on weapons", individuals who have the right to maintain and carry a service weapon can apply a weapon to protect their life and health, the life and health of other citizens, and property in the case of necessary defense or final necessity [10]. before the use of a service weapon, this should be warned in such a way that the person against whom the weapon is being used is clearly expressed. that is, the use of a service weapon, in addition to these circumstances provided for by law, is a deviation from the scope of authority. the form of individual commission of a crime by an official of an act within the competence of a collegial body is also one of the common acts in practice. according to the regulation on interdepartmental collegial bodies approved by the decree of the cabinet of ministers no. 948 of november 22, 2018, the collegial body provides for interagency cooperation in the performance of tasks and functions assigned to competent state bodies and organizations, as well as it is a consultative body that operates on the basis of a permanent or temporary community that supports this body and organizations in organizational-practical, methodological, scientific and other ways. collegial bodies can be organized on a republican and territorial scale, depending on their territorial belonging, and according to their form – as collegial bodies of a commission, council, committee, working group and other appearance. the form of collegial bodies and its working body are determined in the documents on the organization of collegial bodies based on the nature of the tasks assigned to these bodies [11]. hence, the act within the competence of the collegial body is committed individually by an official, it is understood that the authority to carry out a certain action, to make a decision on a particular issue, is carried out individually by an official, without the decision of the relevant collegial body, belonging to the jury, scientific council, commission, council, working group and other similar collegial bodies. as an example, in accordance with paragraph 3 of the regulation on the emergency commission of the republic to combat the epidemic, approved by the decree of the cabinet of ministers no. 142 of april 12, 2000, the introduction of quarantine-restriction measures or quarantine in areas where infection occurs in the event of recording individual cases of dangerous diseases among the population and abolition is the prerogative of the republican emergency commission to combat the epidemic [12]. without the decision of this commission, it is not considered to be excluded from the scope of the authority to impose quarantine and abolish quarantine by any official. it is understood that an act committed by an official, which is not entitled to be carried out by anyone and under no circumstances, is committed by an official of actions that are given the right to carry out to a single official or other person. as an example, no one was given the authority to torment, torment another person. it is also noteworthy the opinion that actions that no one and never have the right to commit cannot be considered a form of the crime of deviating from the sphere of authority or career competence [13]. 702 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to galaxova, the point here is about one of two other forms of deviation from the sphere of authority or career competence committed in cases of aggravating punishment [14]. papiashvili views actions that cannot be considered legitimate or considered a punitive aggravating state of the crime being studied as abuse of career authority [15]. egorova considers"committing acts that are not allowed to anyone" to be one of the manifestations of abuse of law. in his opinion, in this case, "despite the violation of the legal basis for the performance of managerial functions, a person will continue to act within the framework of his subjective right – the right to control." [16]. it is noted that in studies devoted to the problems of responsibility for deviations from the scope of career competence, the presence of the indicated form [17] or such actions are prohibited by criminal law for any persons [18]. analysis of the materials of criminal cases makes it possible to conclude that the use of rape, weapons or special means by an official is sometimes found to be acts that no one and never have the right to commit. in addition to the above-mentioned forms, in practice it is observed that deviations from the sphere of authority or career competence are also carried out in the form of individual implementation of the action, which must be carried out in agreement with another official or state body, without agreement established by the official. most scholars note this state of affairs as a separate form of deviation from the sphere of authority or career competence [19]. in this case, the authority to carry out the appropriate action will be in the official, but the realization of this authority will have to be carried out after agreement with another official or state body. the official, on the other hand, commits an individual act without complying with the order in question. at the moment, the inevitable sign of the act in question is considered to be the occurrence of consequences in the form of a large amount of damage or serious damage to the rights or interests of citizens protected by law or to the public or public interests, one or more social values are an inevitable alternative sign of the immediate object of crime, provided for in the first part of article 206 of сс. in order to be considered a crime that is the end of a deviation from the competence of the authorities or career, socially dangerous consequences established in the disposition of part one of article 206 of сс must occur, that is, a large amount of damage or serious damage to the rights or interests of citizens protected by law or to the state or public according to some researchers, rights and damage or damage to interests reflects undesirable changes that occur in the object of the crime [20]. currently, to describe the degree of severity of the consequences, the term "damage"is used, and in relation to "damage" – the term "serious". in the criminal justice literature, material and intangible consequences are distinguished "depending on the superficial, material nature" of the damage to the object of aggression [21]. property damage in the form of direct damage or a richly endowed form of profit and physical damage expressed in the murder of a person or injury to his health are recognized as material consequences. intangible consequences are understood as moral, political, organizational damage. by organizational damage, scientists understand the activities of enterprises, organizations, the derailment of transport work, and to political damage they include weakening state power, undermining its foundations, aggravating its relations with other states [22]. when it comes to material and other damage to the crimes of office, they usually understand the violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the damage to the reputation of authorities, state and public organizations, the derailment of their work, the violation of public order, the concealment of serious crimes. the analysis of the materials of investigative and judicial practice shows that as a result of deviations from the sphere of authority or career 703 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us competence, serious damage is mainly caused to the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom and personal immunity. for example, in 69% of the materials of criminal cases studied, the legal rights and interests of citizens were found to be severely damaged, while the proportion of crimes to deviate from the sphere of authority or career competence, which caused serious damage to the public and state interests, amounted to 21%. all these rights in the disposition of the first part of article 206 of сс and the concept of harm or harm to interests is correctly applied, it makes it possible to come to the conclusion that. when it comes to causing serious harm to the state or public interest, the person applying the law usually understands the concealment of a serious crime by an official. in our view, the concealment of any crime is desirable if it is included in the consequences of deviation from the sphere of authority or career competence. analysis of the materials of criminal cases shows that a large amount of damage in the manner of property damage was inflicted on citizens in 17% of the cases studied, and on organizations and the state – in 8%. a large amount of damage is understood to be a loss of three hundred to five hundred times the amount of the base calculation according to the сс. the third inevitable sign of the objective side of the crime of deviating from the sphere of authority or career competence is the causal link between the act and the consequences that have occurred. in accordance with the theory of "necessary attachment" adopted in the science of criminal law, the causal attachment applied to the crime under study with a deviation from the scope of the authority of one's own power or career, which is evident to the official, is in the rights of citizens or in the interests guarded by law, or in the public or it is characterized as an objective connection between a large amount of damage or serious damage. in this case, the actions of an official are committed before any of these consequences, are the main factor in a large amount of damage or serious damage to rights and interests, and the criminal result that occurs is recognized as a necessary, natural consequence of these actions [23]. in the scientific literature, different approaches to determining the causal link in the general composition of official crimes have also been put forward. lisov, who believed that direct (direct and closest) communication was inherent in them, also assumed that indirect causal connection was possible, in which the consequences could be caused by the actions of other individuals. in his opinion, in this case, this connection "develops in one direction with a causal connection" and "separates the consequences with actions from each other only one link of the causal connection" [24]. according to ter-akopyan, the considered element of the objective side of the crimes of general authority is characterized by the following characteristics [25]:  with the fact that the connection between the allowed violations and the consequences occurred has an indirect nature;  with the complexity of existing communications, in which the same violation can cause various consequences, and, on the contrary, a concrete consequence can be the result of colorful, but related offenses; with the normative nature of the cause, it is determined by the fact that only an act that violates a certain rule of the legal norm can cause a crime [26];  with the limitation of acts that can be valid as a cause of consequences [27]. 704 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion it is clear in itself that it is impossible to clarify in the norm the content of all the consequences of the crime of deviating from the sphere of authority or career competence, due to which the solution of this issue is brought to the attention of the law-maker, who acts based on the circumstances of a particular case. in our eyes, the articles of chapter xv of the сc say harm to rights and interests protected by law, including violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen; it should be understood that organizations, public and state violate the interests of the nomulky enshrined in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan; undermine the reputation of state authorities and local self-government bodies; that an official hides another crime. the content of all consequences cannot be covered in the criminal law, due to which it would be desirable, in our opinion, if their sample list was given in the appropriate decision of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan. it should be noted that from the content of article 206 of the сc, it is difficult to understand in what forms the act can be carried out. the established general norms are causing cases of their different interpretation in practice. in the decision of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 17, 1998 no. 11 "on certain issues arising in the judicial practice of criminal cases in the field of economics", the forms of implementation of the act were considered, but their content was not disclosed. we consider the elimination of such ambiguity in legislation, including the fact that article 206 of the cec clearly defines in what forms the exit from the sphere of authority or career competence is carried out, as well as the content of each form of committing an act, in practice, we believe that an explanation should be given by the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan on the conditions of its application. to this end, we propose to accept the disposition of the first part of article 206 of the cc in a new wording and accept the decision of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan "on certain issues arising in the judicial practice of criminal cases related to deviations from the scope of authority or career competence". as a conclusion, it can be said that the inclusion of the above-mentioned proposals in the legislation helps to correctly understand the objective side of the crime of deviation from the scope of authority or career competence, the forms of implementation, in turn, to correctly qualify such a category of crimes, in which this crime is distinguished from crimes of similar content. references 1. rustambaev m.h. course of criminal law of the republic of uzbekistan. vol iv. special part. crimes in the field of economics. crimes in the ecology hour. crimes against the order of activity of bodies of power, management and public associations: textbook. tashkent: ilm ziyo, 2011. – b. 261. 2. rustambaev m.h., akhrarov b.j. qualification of crimes against the management procedure. tutorial. tashkent: tdyui, 2006. – b. 16. 3. doijashvili d. the objective side of abuse of power or official authority. // sov. justice. – 1989. – no. 22. – p. 24. 4. galakhova a.v. abuse of official authority // criminal law. the special part. edited by l.d.gaukhman and s.v.maksimov. – m.: forum, 2003. – p. 305. 5. martsev a.i. crimes against the interests of state power, the interests of public service and service in local self-government // criminal law. the special part. omsk, 2000. – p. 494. 705 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. criminal law. special part: textbook. / r.kabulov, a.otajanov, m.rustambaev et al. / editor in charge: sh.ikramov. tashkent: kyiv academy of the republic of uzbekistan, 2014. – b. 451. 7. tkacheva g.v. criminal liability for abuse of official authority. diss. ...cand. jurid. sciences'. – rostov n/a, 2004. – p. 89. 8. grekov k.a. qualification of crimes committed by abuse of official authority. diss... at the sois. uch. step. cand. jurid. sciences'. – rostov-on-don, 2007. – p. 29. 9. resolution no. 11 of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 17, 1998 "on certain issues arising in the judicial practice of criminal cases in the field of economics". // www.lex.uz/docs/1443984 10. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on weapons"no. 550 of july 29, 2019. // national database of legislative data, 29.07.2019., 03/19/550/3484;. www.lex.uz/docs/4445288 11. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of november 22, 2018 "on approval of the regulation on interagency collegiate bodies"no. 948. // national database of legislative data, 23.11.2018., 09/18/948/2213;. www.lex.uz/docs/4072882 12. decree of the cabinet of ministers of april 12, 2000 no. 142 "on approval of the composition of the republican emergency commission for the fight against the epidemic and the regulation on the commission". // www.lex.uz/docs/676168 13. dineka v.i. criminal liability for abuse of power or official powers of employees of internal affairs bodies: diss. ...cand. jurid. sciences. – m., 1992. – p. 54. 14. galakhova a.v. abuse of official authority // criminal law. the special part. edited by l.d.gaukhman and s.v.maksimov. – m.: forum, 2003. – pp. 31-32. 15. papiashvili sh.g. official crimes in the theory of criminal law, legislation and judicial practice. – tbilisi, 1988. – pp. 162-163. 16. egorova n. managerial crimes and abuse of law. // criminal law. – 2006. – no.5. – p. 29. 17. aidaev s.g. abuse of official authority. diss. ...cand. jurid. sciences. – m., 2004. – pp. 94-95. 18. tkacheva g.v. criminal liability for abuse of official authority. diss. ...cand. jurid. sciences'. – rostov n/a, 2004. – p. 71.; plekhova o.a. criminal liability for abuse and abuse of official authority. diss. ...cand. jurid. sciences'. – rostov n/a, 2006. – p. 76. 19. balyk p.p. legal analysis of objective signs of abuse of office. // law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2019. – № 3 (22). – p. 33. 20. borkov v. design flaws in the composition of official abuse as a cause of law enforcement problems // criminal law. 2007. no.4. – p. 11.; golubev v.v. qualification of corruption crimes. – m., 2002. – p. 18. 21. mikhlin a.s. consequences of crime. – m., 1969. – p. 12-17. 22. complete course of criminal law / edited by a.i.korobeev. vol. 1. – st. petersburg, 2008. – pp. 364-365. 23. gaukhman l.d. qualification of crimes: law, theory, practice. – m., 2005. – pp. 113-114.; complete course of criminal law / edited by a.i.korobeev. vol. 1. – st. petersburg, 2008. – p. 377. 24. lysov m. causal connection in cases of crimes of officials. // soviet justice. 1970. no. 19. – s. 16. 25. ter-hakobyan a. causal connection in crimes related to violation of official functions // soviet justice, 1984. no.22. – p. 3. http://www.lex.uz/docs/676168 706 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 26. kurbanov m. criminal-legal aspects of regulation of business activity: the example of uzbekistan //tsul legal report international electronic scientific journal. – 2020. – т. 1. – №. 1. 27. kurbanov m. criminal-legal mechanisms for protecting the activities of business entities in uzbekistan //psychology and education. – 2021. – т. 58. – №. 1. – с. 21232135. 480 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 maximum principle and error analysis behruz ulug‘bek o‘g‘li quvvatov teacher of the "general technical sciences" department of the international university of asia ulughbekovich.bekhruz@mail.ru abstract: the maximum principle is a fundamental concept in mathematics and engineering, providing crucial insights into the behavior of various mathematical and physical systems. this principle has wide-ranging applications in fields such as differential equations, optimal control, and numerical analysis. error analysis, on the other hand, plays a critical role in assessing the accuracy and reliability of numerical methods and computational algorithms. this article discusses the maximum principle and its significance in error analysis, highlighting its applications and implications in various disciplines. keywords: maximum principle, error analysis, differential equations, numerical methods, optimal control introduction. the purpose of this article is to introduce finite difference and finite element methods for solving ordinary and partial differential equations of boundary value problems. emphasis is placed on understanding the important details of finite difference and finite element methods and their implementation with sound mathematical theory . we begin with a comprehensive discussion of one-dimensional problems before considering two or higher dimensions. we also list some useful references for those who want to learn more about related fields. first, let's consider the concept of the maximum principle.   ,yx,for ,0b ,2 2 2 22 2 2           ac y c yx h x al we consider the elliptic differential operator and 0 ,0  ca assume without loss of generality that the maximum principle is given in the following theorem. theorem 1. if in a     3, cyxu bounded domain   0, yxlu satisfies , then .  yxu , will have a maximum value at the boundary of the field. proof: if the theorem is not true, then   00 , yx has a local point,    yxuyxu ,, 00  all   yx, for, a local extremum  00 , yx a prerequisite for this is: 481 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us     0, ,0, 0000       yx x u yx x u now  00 , yx is not on the boundary of the domain and since u(x, y) is continuous, in the domain  00 , yx q there exists a neighborhood of , where we have a taylor expansion () with superscript of              ,, 2 2 1 ,, 33 02002 0000 yxo uyuyxuxyxuyyxxu yyxxxx   means that functions are evaluated.  00 , yx at , that is  002 2 0 , yx x u uxx    in  00 , yx ifo at evaluated and so on.    0000 ,, yxuyyxxu  for all sufficiently small x and , y      02 2 1 02002  yyxxxx uyuyxux (1) on the other hand, from the given condition ,02 0000000  yyxxxx ucubualu (2) here  00 0 , yxaa  and others, we rewrite the above inequality to obtain the opposition to the taylor expansion as follows.   ,0 2 0 20 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 00 0 0                              a b c m u u ma b u ma b m a u m a yy yyxyxx (3) here m > 0 is a constant. m 's position was small enough x and y is to choose . now if we look at the following expression, 482 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ma b y m a 0 00 ,x  (4) from expression (1), we know the following. (5) the result is the following. (6) and again from (1), (7) thus, the left-hand side of ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) of ( 3 ) must not be positive, that is (8) contradicts the condition and the proof is completed with this. on the other hand, if lu < 0, the minimum value of u is m will be within the limit. the maximum principle for general elliptic equations is as follows. (9) be here is a limited area. then from theorem 1 u(x, y) is an expression  of the local part cannot have a positive local maximum or a negative m local minimum. the maximum principle and error analysis form an inseparable pair in the study of numerical methods and computational algorithms for solving differential equations and control problems. the insights provided by the maximum principle have significant implications for the accuracy, reliability, and performance of numerical techniques, guiding the development of robust and efficient computational tools for solving complex mathematical models. understanding the principles of the maximum principle and its application in error analysis is crucial for researchers and practitioners in mathematics, engineering, and related fields, enabling them to address realworld challenges with confidence and precision. 483 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of references 1. quvvatov, b. u. o'g'li . 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(2018). эффективность применения предварительного обогащения руд в карьере кальмакир. in 486 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us инновационные геотехнологии при разработке рудных и нерудных месторождений (pp. 165168). 391 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 effectiveness of the tourist cluster of uzbekistan in 2020-2024 d. aslanova vice-rector for scientific affairs and innovations yusupova nigina second year doctoral student annotation: this research paper analyzes the tourism cluster of uzbekistan. it describes its strengths and weaknesses, as well as the factors that affect its efficiency. the paper proposes ways to optimize the tourism cluster, including the development of tourism infrastructure, improving the quality of tourist services, expanding the range of tourist offers, promoting the tourism potential of uzbekistan on the world market, and state support for tourism development. the conclusion is that the tourism cluster of uzbekistan has great potential for development. with the implementation of the proposed measures, uzbekistan can become one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. keywords: tourism, uzbekistan, tourism cluster, potential, development, infrastructure, quality, services, offers, promotion, support. 1.1 tourism clusters a tourism cluster is a geographically concentrated group of interconnected companies, organizations and institutions that work together to create, promote and sell tourism products and services. key elements of the tourism cluster: • geographic concentration: cluster enterprises are located in close proximity to each other, which allows them to effectively interact and coordinate their activities. • interconnection: cluster enterprises are interconnected with each other through various types of business relationships, such as supplies, subcontracts, resource sharing, marketing, etc. • collaboration: cluster enterprises work together to achieve common goals, such as increasing the competitiveness of a tourist destination, improving the quality of tourism services, developing tourism infrastructure, etc. advantages of tourism clusters: increased competitiveness: clusters allow businesses to pool resources and solve problems together, making them more competitive in the global market. improving quality: clusters stimulate innovation and improve the quality of tourism services. infrastructure development: clusters attract investment in the development of tourism infrastructure. job creation: clusters stimulate the creation of new jobs in the tourism sector. http://www/ 392 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us 1.2 types of tourism clusters: manufacturing clusters: focused on the production of tourism services (eg hotels, transport companies, tour operators). innovation clusters: focused on developing new tourism products and services. marketing clusters: focused on promoting a tourist destination in the global market. 1.3 levels of development of tourism clusters: emerging cluster: enterprises are just beginning to interact with each other. developing cluster: enterprises have already formed certain connections with each other and are jointly solving certain problems. mature cluster: enterprises are closely interconnected and operate effectively within the cluster. 1.4 state support for tourism clusters. providing tax benefits: stimulates the development of cluster enterprises. financing the development of tourism infrastructure: improves the quality of tourism services and attracts tourists. promotion of tourism potential increases the recognition of a tourist destination in the global market. tourism clusters are a dynamically developing area of tourism that has great potential for the development of tourism in different countries of the world. 2.1 analysis of the effectiveness of the tourism cluster of uzbekistan in 2020-2024. indicator (2020) (2021) (2022) (2023) (2024 forecast) number of tourists (million) 2.1 (73% decrease) 3.0 (43% increase) 4.2 (40% increase) 5.5 (31% increase) 6.8 (24% increase) tourism revenue (billion usd) 1.0 (76% decrease) 1.5 (50% increase) 2.2 (47% increase) 3.0 (36% increase) 3.8 (27% increase) 1. dynamics of main indicators: 2020: • number of tourists: 2.1 million people (73% decrease compared to 2019). • tourism revenue: $1.0 billion (down 76% from 2019). 2021: • number of tourists: 3.0 million people (43% increase compared to 2020). • tourism revenue: $1.5 billion (50% increase compared to 2020). 2022: • number of tourists: 4.2 million people (40% increase compared to 2021). • tourism revenue: $2.2 billion (47% increase compared to 2021). 2023: • number of tourists: 5.5 million people (31% increase compared to 2022). • tourism revenue: $3.0 billion (up 36% from 2022). 2024 (forecast): • number of tourists: 6.8 million people (24% increase compared to 2023). • tourism revenue: $3.8 billion (27% increase compared to 2023). http://www/ 393 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us comparative analysis: uzbekistan: share of tourism in gdp: 2.5% (2023). average length of stay for tourists: 5 days. average tourist expenses: $500. kazakhstan: share of tourism in gdp: 5.2% (2023). average length of stay for tourists: 7 days. average tourist expenses: $700. tajikistan: share of tourism in gdp: 2.0% (2023). average length of stay for tourists: 4 days. average tourist expenses: $400. turkmenistan: share of tourism in gdp: 1.5% (2023). average length of stay for tourists: 3 days. average tourist expenses: $300. reasons for changes in the dynamics of the main performance indicators of the tourism cluster of uzbekistan in 2020-2024: 2020: decline: global covid-19 pandemic: border closures, travel restrictions, decline in tourism demand internal factors: underdeveloped tourism infrastructure, low quality of tourism services, insufficient diversification of tourism offers, weak marketing activity in 2021-2024 2.2 gr owt h removal of restrictions related to covid-19: opening of borders, restoration of air traffic, increased demand for tourism, government support: taking measures to develop tourism, investment in tourism infrastructure, improving the quality of tourism services, expanding the range of tourism offers , promoting the tourism potential of uzbekistan in the world market • other factors: growing well-being of the population, development of information technology, increasing accessibility, factors promoting growth: geographical location: uzbekistan is located in country share of tourism in gdp (2023) average length of stay (days) average tourist expenses (usd) uzbekistan 2.5% 5 500 kazakhstan 5.2% 7 700 tajikistan 2.0% 4 400 turkmenistan 1.5% 3 300 http://www/ 394 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us the center of central asia, at the intersection of trade routes. rich historical and cultural heritage: uzbekistan has a centuries-old history and culture, which makes it attractive to tourists. diverse nature: uzbekistan has a variety of landscapes, from mountains and deserts to plains and lakes. development of tourism infrastructure: new hotels, restaurants, and tourist complexes are being built in uzbekistan. improving the quality of tourism services: personnel training in the field of tourism is being improved, quality standards for tourism services are being developed and implemented. expanding the range of tourist offers: new tourist routes and products are being developed, such as gastronomic tours, ethno-tours, eco-tours. promoting the tourism potential of uzbekistan on the world market: participates in international tourism exhibitions and advertising campaigns. forecasts for the future: • the growth of uzbekistan's tourism cluster is expected to continue in 2024 and beyond. • by 2025, uzbekistan could become one of the leading tourist destinations in central asia. strengths and weaknesses of the tourism cluster of uzbekistan: strengths: • rich historical and cultural heritage: uzbekistan has a long history and culture, which makes it attractive to tourists. • diverse nature: uzbekistan has a variety of landscapes, from mountains and deserts to plains and lakes. • geographical location: uzbekistan is located in the center of central asia, at the intersection of trade routes. • development of tourism infrastructure: new hotels, restaurants, and tourist complexes are being built in uzbekistan. • government support: the government of uzbekistan is taking measures to develop tourism, such as investing in tourism infrastructure, simplifying the visa regime, and promoting the country’s tourism potential in the world market. weak sides: • insufficiently developed tourism infrastructure: in some regions of uzbekistan there are not enough hotels, restaurants, and tourist complexes. • low quality of tourism services: the quality of tourism services does not always meet international standards. • lack of diversification of tourism offerings: tourism offerings in uzbekistan are mainly focused on cultural tourism. • weak marketing activity: the tourism potential of uzbekistan is not sufficiently promoted in the world market. factors influencing the effectiveness of a tourism cluster: external factors: • global economic situation: economic crises may reduce demand for tourism. • political stability: political instability in the region can have a negative impact on tourism. • environmental factors: natural disasters and other environmental problems can discourage tourists. internal factors: • level of development of tourism infrastructure: availability and quality of hotels, restaurants, transport system and other tourist infrastructure facilities. http://www/ 395 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us • quality of tourism services: level of training in the field of tourism, compliance of tourism services with international standards. • diversity of tourist offers: availability of various tourist routes and products that can satisfy the needs of different categories of tourists. • pricing policy: availability of tourism services for different categories of tourists. • security: level of security for tourists. • marketing activity: promoting the country's tourism potential in the world market. 3. optimization of tourist clusters ways to optimize the tourism cluster of uzbekistan: 1. development of tourism infrastructure: construction of new hotels, restaurants, tourist complexes: in accordance with international standards, taking into account the needs of different categories of tourists, development of the transport system: improving the quality and availability of transport services, creating convenient routes for tourists, improvement of tourist areas: creation comfortable conditions for tourists, ensuring the safety of tourists, development of information infrastructure: creation of tourist information centers, development of tourist websites and mobile applications 2. improving the quality of tourism services: training in the field of tourism: improving the qualifications of employees of travel companies, training employees of travel companies in foreign languages, development and implementation of quality standards for tourism services: ensuring compliance of tourism services with international standards, monitoring the quality of tourism services, stimulating competition in tourism: creating conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the tourism sector, supporting innovation in the tourism sector. 3. expanding the range of tourism offers: development of new tourist routes: taking into account different categories of tourists, taking into account seasonality, development of new types of tourism: gastronomic tourism, ethno-tourism, eco-tourism, pilgrimage tourism, sports tourism, medical tourism, promotion of tourism potential uzbekistan in the world market: participation in international tourism exhibitions, advertising campaigns, creation of a tourism brand of uzbekistan 4. other ways to optimize the tourism cluster: simplifying the visa regime: attracting more tourists, making uzbekistan more accessible to tourists, ensuring the safety of tourists: creating conditions for a safe holiday for tourists, increasing confidence in uzbekistan as a tourist destination, creating a favorable investment climate for tourism : attracting investment in tourism development, creating new jobs in the tourism sector. 5. implementation of the optimization measures. the implementation of these measures will improve the efficiency of the tourism cluster of uzbekistan and make uzbekistan one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. promoting the tourism potential of uzbekistan on the world market: 1. participation in international tourism exhibitions: • presentation of the tourism potential of uzbekistan: o tourist routes o tourist sites o travel services http://www/ 396 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us • meetings with tour operators and travel agents: o establishing business contacts o promotion of tourism products of uzbekistan • advertising campaigns: o drawing attention to uzbekistan as a tourist destination 2. advertising campaigns: • in social networks: o attracting a young audience o promotion of uzbekistan as a fashionable tourist destination • in print and electronic media: o promotion of uzbekistan as a tourist destination for different categories of tourists • creation of a tourism brand of uzbekistan: o development of a recognizable image of uzbekistan as a tourist destination • organization of festivals and other tourism events: o attracting tourists to uzbekistan state support for tourism development: • financing the development of tourism infrastructure: o construction and reconstruction of hotels, restaurants, tourist complexes o development of the transport system o improvement of tourist areas • development and implementation of quality standards for tourism services: o ensuring that tourism services comply with international standards o control over the quality of tourism services • simplification of visa regime: o attracting more tourists o make uzbekistan more accessible to tourists • ensuring the safety of tourists: o creating conditions for a safe holiday for tourists o increasing confidence in uzbekistan as a tourist destination • creating a favorable investment climate for tourism: o attracting investment in tourism development o creation of new jobs in the tourism sector the implementation of these measures will improve the efficiency of the tourism cluster of uzbekistan and make uzbekistan one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. 5. conclusion the tourism cluster of uzbekistan has great potential for development. the country has a rich historical and cultural heritage, diverse nature, and a favorable geographical location. the government of uzbekistan is taking measures to develop tourism, such as investing in tourism infrastructure, simplifying the visa regime, and promoting the country's tourism potential on the world market. in order to further develop the tourism cluster, it is necessary to:  continue to implement measures to develop tourism infrastructure:  construction and reconstruction of hotels, restaurants, tourist complexes  development of the transport system http://www/ 397 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us  improvement of tourist areas  improve the quality of tourist services:  development and implementation of quality standards for tourist services  training of personnel in the tourism sector  diversify the range of tourist offers:  development of new tourist routes  development of new types of tourism  promote the tourist potential of uzbekistan on the world market:  participation in international tourism exhibitions  advertising campaigns  creation of a tourist brand for uzbekistan  ensure the safety of tourists:  creation of conditions for a safe stay for tourists  increasing trust in uzbekistan as a tourist destination  create a favorable investment climate for tourism:  attracting investment in tourism development  creation of new jobs in the tourism sector the implementation of these measures will increase the efficiency of the tourism cluster of uzbekistan and make uzbekistan one of the leading tourist destinations in the world. uzbekistan has all the necessary prerequisites to become a tourist mecca. the country has a rich history, original culture, unique architectural monuments, and picturesque landscapes. the development of tourism in uzbekistan will contribute to the diversification of the economy, the creation of new jobs, and the improvement of the well-being of the population. in the coming years, uzbekistan can become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. reference list. 1. shodiev, j., & zarina, r. (2024). socio-economic consequences of digital economy development. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2(1), 200-202. 2. рафиева, з., шодиев, ж., & бурхонов, а. (2024). экономические аспекты цифровизации. international journal of recently scientific researcher's theory, 2(1), 256-260. 3. рафиева, з., бурхонов, а., & шодиев, ж. (2024). цифровизация экономики узбекистана. international journal of recently scientific researcher's theory, 2(1), 252-255. 4. javohir, s., & xadjaeva, f. (2024). assessment of the effectiveness of state budget distribution. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2(1), 239-242. 5. kamil, m., shodiev, j., & zarina, r. (2024). technological trends in the digital economy. american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education (2993 2769), 2(1), 406-408. 6. shodiev, j., & zarina, r. (2024). digital economy as a factor of transformation of economic systems. international journal of recently scientific researcher's theory, 2(1), 162-166. http://www/ 398 american journal of public diplomacy and international www. grnjournal.us 7. hamzaevich, s. j., jumakulovich, e. n., shodievich, s. h., rozikovna, r. m., & jubatirovna, x. s. (2024). ilmiy tadqiqotlarda olingan ma’lumotlarni pearson mezoni bo ‘yicha tahlil qilish. international journal of recently scientific researcher's theory, 2(1), 82-86. 8. нозимов, э. а., & шодиев, ж. (2023). страхование транспортных средств и его развитие в узбекистане. the role of exact sciences in the era of modern development, 1(2), 14-18. 9. рафиева, з. (2023). пути эффективного использования внутренних инвестиций в национальной экономике. 10. шодиев, ж. х., & алиева, с. с. (2023). источники финансирования инвестиционной деятельности со стороны государства. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(2), 294-297. 11. shodievich, s. h., & roziqovna, r. m. (2023). oliy o ‘quv yurtlarida mashg ‘ulotlar sifati va samaradorligini oshirishda ilmiy maqolalarning o ‘rni. pedagogs jurnali, 25(1), 52-55. http://www/ 194 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 some of the must-have platforms and resources for teaching uzbek online adilova saodat abdurakhimovna ph.d. аssоciаtе prоfеssоr оf thе dеpаrtmеnt оf gеnеrаl linguistics, tspu nаmеd аftеr nizаmi abstract: this article provides information about modern platforms and resources that can be used for distance learning of the uzbek language, as well as their advantages and unique aspects. keywords: language education, distance education, teaching methods, educational platform, resources, integrative approach. today, in uzbekistan there are many problems related to the further improvement of official language education, and finding their solution, modernizing the methodology of teaching uzbek as a native language, state/second language, and foreign language. the issues of improving effectiveness of language teaching are putting new tasks before specialists. in modern pedagogy, distance teaching of subjects becomes in some cases a necessary, and sometimes the only form of education. especially for foreigners or students studying without interruption from their main work activity, as well as in the field of andragogy, the opportunity to learn languages online is the best way to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills in the uzbek language. therefore, in the process of training future uzbek language teachers, it is necessary to teach not only traditional ways of teaching, but also modern directions and approaches that can meet world standards. this article describes some of the possibilities of distance teaching of the uzbek for those for whom uzbek is not their native language. it is known that the level of knowledge of the uzbek language of students in groups where education is conducted in other languages directly depends on their nationality, language environment in the family, language learning experience, etc. in local universities the subject of the uzbek language should be directed to the future profession, professional speech etiquette and the language of paper work concerning the specialty should be taught, and the students' speech should be enriched with uzbek terms related to the specialty. at the same time, this discipline should encourage young people to think creatively and critically, teach them to find solutions using language knowledge in certain life situations. after all, "the main goal of teaching uzbek in schools and groups where education is conducted in other languages is to form the speech of students, that is, to listen and understand the words and sentences spoken in uzbek and to be able to speak. for this, it will be necessary to create compact models of knowledge presentation, to develop a mechanism for easy and thorough assimilation of educational materials into the minds of students using modern technologies" [3; 87]. several years ago, all teachers in the world were faced with the need to continue their activities during a pandemic and introduce new methods of teaching via the internet. of course, distance learning of a language is not a completely new direction; a lot of work in this direction has been done before. however, it was during the pandemic that teachers gained new experience; every teacher was able to express their opinion on this issue. considering the growing need of various segments of the population to receive online education, we believe that the process of sharing 195 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us accumulated experience and exchanging ideas in this area will help develop methods of teaching languages remotely. as known, distance education is “instruction between a teacher and students when they are separated by physical distance and communication is accomplished by one or more technological media” [1]. also "distance education is a form of education based on information and telecommunication technologies with selected innovative methods, teaching tools and forms, and a system that provides educational conditions and interaction based on specific educational standards"[5; 905]. therefore, it is important to learn new, selected methods and tools for remote teaching of the uzbek language, and to apply them to the educational process. various educational platforms, which are becoming popular day by day worldwide, are making a great contribution to the development of distance education. these include zoom, moodle, canvas, google classroom, black board, skype meeting, click meeting, dream study and more. at the same time, there are programs for learning a second language, such as byki, anki, quizlet, kahoot, which attract experts due to their universality, convenience, and "friendliness" to young people. at the same time, they are a multilateral tool that ensures the organization of the teaching process based on an integrative approach. we must note that working with only one platform may not give good results when teaching any subject remotely. disadvantages in most cases are associated with low internet speed in certain territories, sometimes with the fact that the culture of distance education has not yet been fully formed. however, during the pandemic, we managed to understand the basic concept of online learning and how it differs from face-to-face classes. it became clear that methods that are very effective in traditional classrooms may not “work” in distance learning, methods that were not given as much importance in traditional pedagogy have proven to be effective ways in online classes, and that clear lesson planning using slides are a good opportunity to focus students' attention. along with a set of slides created using powerpoint and other programs, the harmonious use of files in word, pdf, google.doc format, and audiovisual materials increased the effectiveness of learning. the method of distance learning of a second language can also be enriched with the following platforms: free conference calls. on this educational platform, the quality of sound and image is high, there is no time limit, sessions are free, students can be seen on the screen even when the material is displayed; there is an option to draw on the screen and make various changes to it; there is a separate area for communication between teacher and students; there is a possibility to record the lesson. as a disadvantage of this platform, it can be pointed out that there are restrictions on the presentation of video or audio by the teacher. eztalks. the quality of communication on this platform is also very good. all participants are also visible during the screen presentation. the "whiteboard" function, the presence of chat for writing new words and phrases, the ability to conduct surveys, the ability to record means that this platform has a slightly higher level than its predecessors. however, as in most cases, the free working time of this platform is 40 minutes. hangouts. the advantages of this platform include: live broadcasting; ease and convenience in connection and operation; no need for a special password; one can write new words and phrases in the chat, do exercises with them; the platform is free. in addition to conveniences, some defects can be seen when using this platform: when displaying a video on the screen, only the video is visible, students are not visible; in general, in order to display any material, it is necessary to remove the student's image; drawing, editing is not possible; the teacher cannot give the audio file to the students to listen to and it is not possible to record the lesson [2]. the trial version of the following resources is free, and the basic form can be used for a certain fee:  edpuzzle (for creating video materials and effectively using them in lessons); 196 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  quizizz (for developing tasks of the control unit, creating and conducting tests);  kami (to enable students to self-assess);  nearpod (for organizing a virtual tour and thereby evaluating student knowledge);  pear desk (for preparing interesting tables, diagrams, interactive tasks);  adobe express (for creating educational videos using templates);  parlay genie (can be used for the purpose of preparing questionnaires for debates with the help of artificial intelligence, conducting debates, integrating the discussion method into the educational material) [4]. the above are some of the internet resources and methods used in language teaching worldwide. at the moment, new resources for teaching the uzbek language are being created in our country by various experts using these and other tools. language teachers working in our country can study such resources and improve language education based on them. for this, it is necessary to develop ways to adapt existing tools and methods to our conditions. references: 1. american association of university professors, 2007; oregon network for education, 2000. https://www.morrisville.edu/mustangs/current-student-resources/distance-learners/distanceeducation-definitions 2. белоног ю. 5 популярных платформ для онлайн-преподавания https://skyteach.ru/lifestyle/5-populyarnyx-platform-dlya-onlajn-prepodavaniya/ 3. muxiddinova x. o‘zbek tilini ikkinchi til sifatida o‘qitishda o‘quv-biluv materiallarini konsentrlar asosida tarkiblash va ular bilan bosqichli ketma-ketlikda ishlashning didaktik jihatlari //“foreign languages in uzbekistan”, 2020, no 3(32), 87-100 https://journal.fledu.uz issn: 2181-8215 (online) -b.87 https://journal.fledu.uz/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/ozbek-tilini-ikkinchi-til-sifatida-okitishda-okuv-biluvmateriallarini-konczentrlar-asosida-tarkiblash-va-ular-bilan-boskichli-ketma-ketlikdaishlashning-didaktik-zhihatlari.pdf 4. секретаренко е. инструменты для преподавания: 10 must-have ресурсов для учителей в 2024 году. https://grade.ua/blog/10-must-have-resursov-dlya-uchitelej-v-2024-godu/ 5. xodjamqulov u., toshtemirova s. masofaviy o‘qitish modellari, turlari va ularning ahamiyati// pedagogik ta’lim klasteri: muammo va yechimlar. xalqaro konferensiya. chirchiq, 2020, -b. 905. https://www.morrisville.edu/mustangs/current-student-resources/distance-learners/distance-education-definitions https://www.morrisville.edu/mustangs/current-student-resources/distance-learners/distance-education-definitions https://skyteach.ru/lifestyle/5-populyarnyx-platform-dlya-onlajn-prepodavaniya/ https://journal.fledu.uz/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/ozbek-tilini-ikkinchi-til-sifatida-okitishda-okuv-biluv-materiallarini-konczentrlar-asosida-tarkiblash-va-ular-bilan-boskichli-ketma-ketlikda-ishlashning-didaktik-zhihatlari.pdf https://journal.fledu.uz/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/ozbek-tilini-ikkinchi-til-sifatida-okitishda-okuv-biluv-materiallarini-konczentrlar-asosida-tarkiblash-va-ular-bilan-boskichli-ketma-ketlikda-ishlashning-didaktik-zhihatlari.pdf https://journal.fledu.uz/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/ozbek-tilini-ikkinchi-til-sifatida-okitishda-okuv-biluv-materiallarini-konczentrlar-asosida-tarkiblash-va-ular-bilan-boskichli-ketma-ketlikda-ishlashning-didaktik-zhihatlari.pdf https://journal.fledu.uz/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/07/ozbek-tilini-ikkinchi-til-sifatida-okitishda-okuv-biluv-materiallarini-konczentrlar-asosida-tarkiblash-va-ular-bilan-boskichli-ketma-ketlikda-ishlashning-didaktik-zhihatlari.pdf https://grade.ua/blog/10-must-have-resursov-dlya-uchitelej-v-2024-godu/ 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 specific features and benefits of bloom's taxonomy in elementary school students husenova aziza sharipovna, ph.d bukhara state university senior teacher in pedagogic sciences doctor of philosophy abstract: in this article, the characteristics and advantages of bloom's taxonomy in elementary school students and the essence of all the reforms that are currently being implemented in the field of education are related to one thing, that is, to improve the quality of education, less effort in the teaching process. aimed at achieving greater efficiency by spending. in today's society, the relevance of developing children's creative activity from elementary school age, the pedagogical possibilities and importance of teaching primary school students to creative activities, and the effectiveness of organizing students' creative abilities based on modern educational approaches are described. keywords: student, teacher, class, information, electronic technology, primary education, learning motivation, thinking, memory, intellect, logic, human, problem, personality, feeling, pedagogy, approach. the main part. bloom's taxonomy is a classification system for cognitive abilities used in learning. teachers use this taxonomy to plan lessons. the system of questions and tasks founded by the famous american psychologist and pedagogue benjamin blum the taxonomy of educational goals based on the levels of cognitive activity is quite common in the world of modern education. the taxonomy of learning objectives is categorized or systematized by sequentially placing the concrete actions of students, indicating a certain level of mastery, the objects of content that become more complex based on natural interdependence. education is the process of teaching a student or learning a particular subject. the goal is to improve people's development, knowledge, influence, moral and social capabilities. in our society, education is very important for the transfer of knowledge from one another and for us to adapt and develop to the environment in which we live. in this way, thus, thus people will be able to learn knowledge and skills that will move society forward and not stagnate. education is a universal right now, but it wasn't always like that. what are the goals of formal education? one example of assessing people's knowledge is bloom's taxonomy and it is important to understand it in order to move forward. bloom's taxonomy is a classification with different goals achieved through formal education. it was created by benjamin bloom in 1956 to promote higher thinking methods in education such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles instead of just memorizing facts (comprehensive learning). the framework developed by bloom and his colleagues consisted of six main categories: knowing, comprehending, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating. the following categories of knowledge were presented as “skills and abilities” because this knowledge was a prerequisite for the practical application of these skills and abilities. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us within each category there are subcategories, all of which range from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, while taxonomy is popularly defined by six main categories. bloom's original taxonomy of 1956 brief comments from the authors of these main categories: knowledge. this includes recovery of specific and universal aspects, recovery of methods and processes, or recovery of pattern, structure or configuration. understanding. it refers to a type of understanding or fear so that the person knows what they are talking about. you may use the material or idea provided without linking it to other material or without seeing its full effect. app. this means using abstractions in specific and concrete situations. analysis. this means that communication is broken down into constituent elements or parts, so that the relative hierarchy of ideas is clear and the relationships between the ideas expressed are clear. synthesis. it involves combining elements and parts to form a whole. make judgments about the value of materials and methods for specific purposes. bloom's taxonomy updated (2001) a group of cognitive psychologists, curriculum theorists and instructional researchers, and testing and assessment experts published a review of bloom's taxonomy in 2001 under the title a taxonomy for teaching, learning, and assessment. this title shifts attention away from the somewhat static notion of "learning objectives" (in bloom's original title) and points to a more dynamic notion of classification. therefore, education professionals today rely on this updated bloom's taxonomy to be able to use it in teaching and learning in any field of education. the authors of the revised taxonomy emphasized this dynamism by using verbs and gerunds to label their categories and subcategories (rather than the names of the original taxonomy). these "action words" describe the cognitive processes through which thinkers encounter and work with knowledge: remember (recognize, remember) understand (explain, give examples, classify, generalize, compare, explain) apply (execute, implement) analyze (differentiate, organize, attribute) evaluate (check, criticize) create (produce, plan, produce) in the revised taxonomy, knowledge is at the core of these six cognitive processes, but their authors created a separate taxonomy of the types of knowledge used in cognition: factual knowledge (knowledge of terminology and specific details or elements) conceptual knowledge (knowledge of classifications, categories, principles, generalizations, theories, models, or structures) procedural knowledge (knowledge of skills, algorithms, techniques and methods, criteria for using relevant procedures) metacognitive knowledge (strategic knowledge, cognitive tasks and self-awareness) why use bloom's taxonomy? 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the authors of bloom's taxonomy see absolute effectiveness in this because they see it as a didactic response to learning about any person. they believe that bloom's taxonomy should be used because: learning goals or objectives are set, which is important to have a good pedagogical exchange. teachers and students understand from the first type of educational exchange. the objectives are well organized and this helps to identify the most important ones for the students. organize your goals helps teachers and faculty plan appropriate instruction, develop appropriate assessment tasks and strategies, and ensure that instruction and assessment are aligned with stated goals. bloom's taxonomy clearly defines the goals to be achieved for a particular type of learning, so it can make the work of teachers easier, and students always know what to expect. the student must also be the hero of his own learning, and even if the goals are set, the student must always be a participant in what is happening in this educational process. nowadays, it is necessary to update oneself, taking into account the fact that the society is advancing step by step and using new technologies along with teaching new media. therefore, when there are new models that are similar to each other because they have the same purpose, aspects related to the use of new information and communication technologies are introduced. summary. primary education is the foundation of general secondary education. therefore, special attention is paid to improving the quality of primary education in our country. teachers widely use advanced pedagogical technologies and interactive methods of teaching in class. each educational institution has a large stock of interesting educational and methodical literature, including electronic resources, for elementary school students. teachers realized the advantage of organizing quality educational activity through multimedia materials compared to traditional methods. in the organization of independent education of elementary school students, it was proved that the approach based on b. bloom's taxonomy is one of the important factors in the development of their life skills. based on bloom's taxonomy, the following cognitive (cognitive), affective (emotional valuable), psychomotor (movement) factors that cover different areas of educational activity are important in increasing the effectiveness of the independent learning process. in the elementary grades, love and loyalty to the motherland, respect for the language in teaching the mother tongue, at the same time understanding how rich the uzbek language is, and following the norms of reading and orthographic language should be implemented in the course of the lesson. references 1. the new version of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on education". orq-637-no. 23. 09. 2020. on education (lex.uz) 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 29, 2019 no. 5712 on "approving the concept of development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". 3. projecting the results of training with ispolzovaniem modifitsirovannoy taxonomii bluma // psychology and pedagogy: methodology and problems of practical application. 2015. no. 46. 4. sharipovna, h. a. (2023). the practical importance of bloom's taxonomy in elementary reading literacy lessons. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(10), 203-206. 5. husenova, a. (2024). boshlang „ich sinf oʻqish savodxonligi darslarida blum taksonomiyasining amaliy ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 45(45). 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. husenova, a. (2023). boshlangʻich taʼlim sifat samaradorligini oshirishda zamonaviy yondashuv. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 43(43). 7. sharipovna, husenova aziza. "effectiveness of teacher modeling in integration of mother language and reading lessons in primary class." "usa" international scientific and practical conference topical issues of science. vol. 8. no. 1. 2023. 8. sharipovna, h. a. (2023). the practical importance of bloom's taxonomy in elementary reading literacy lessons. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(10), 203-206. 37 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 trends in the development of the tourism industry in samarkand rakhimov zafar odilovich associate professor of samarkand institute of economics and service. e-mail: zafar_r80@mail.ru. abdurasulov shovqiddin erkin o‘g‘li teacher of the samarkand institute of economics and service. abstract: in the article, the development of tourism in uzbekistan has been considered as a priority of the main state policy since the first days of independence. the prospect of tourism development in samarkand was mentioned. keywords: tourism, service provision, decrees and decisions, export of tourism services, foreign and domestic tourism, foreign tourists, touristic potential of samarkand. introduction the tourism sector has become one of the most important economic sectors today. therefore, many countries of the world, including uzbekistan, are taking all measures to further develop this industry, create appropriate infrastructure at the level of world standards, and increase the flow of tourists. uzbekistan is a country with great potential and opportunities in the field of tourism. due to this, comprehensive works are being carried out in our country for the development of the industry. in this regard, the issue of the development of the sector in the decree-decisions of the president on the rapid development of the tourism sector and the "strategy of actions" and the "strategy of the development of new uzbekistan" created ample opportunities for the development of the tourism sector and its special types in our country and through this started a new stage of tourism development. methodology. the methodological basis of the research was based on the legal and regulatory documents, presidential decrees and decisions on the development prospects of the tourism industry in samarkand. also, the methods of induction and deduction were widely used in the analysis of views and opinions related to the research work. statistical data grouping, comparative analysis, sample observation methods were used in the analysis of the data of the statistical committee of the republic of uzbekistan. scientific abstraction and other methods were used to enrich the content of the work and give it concluding thoughts. http://www/ 38 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results. the development of tourism in our country has been considered a priority of the main state policy since the first days of independence. all the necessary organizational and legal mechanisms for the development of the tourism sector were created, important regulatory documents were adopted, and this work is still ongoing. in particular, the law of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan "on tourism", a number of decrees and resolutions of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on tourism, resolutions of the cabinet of ministers of the republic, guidelines of the tourism committee under the ministry of ecology and other official state agencies. , guidelines and procedures are being developed and implemented. at the same time, the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on the "uzbekistan-2030" strategy was approved in connection with the reforms that are being implemented to build a new uzbekistan. "increasing the number of tourists by creating ample conditions for the development of external and internal tourism in uzbekistan" related to the priority direction of the "uzbekistan-2030" strategy entitled "ensuring the well-being of the population through sustainable economic growth" in accordance with the stated goal, the performance indicators of the goals to be achieved by 2030 have been determined, which are as follows: increase the number of foreign tourists to 15 million, the number of domestic tourists to 25 million, and the number of pilgrims to 3 million. creation of 30 large tourism clusters in the republic at the expense of attracting private investments, increasing the number of guest places by at least 2 times, building 25 ropeways in mountainous areas, increasing the number of tourism neighborhoods to 175. to increase the export of tourism services to 5 billion dollars, to increase the export of medical and educational tourism to 1.5 billion dollars per year. introduction of the "tax free" system for foreign tourists at all international airports for products purchased and cleared from the republic. development of the national program "masterpieces of ancient history" and restoration of cultural heritage objects within its framework, organization of "open-air museums" in monuments. to further encourage the establishment of companies that provide intercity bus transportation on the scale of our country. organization of a total of more than 1,000 electric charging stations, food and entertainment, trade and service points. http://www/ 39 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is clear and obvious that such reforms carried out for the development of foreign and domestic tourism in uzbekistan will show their results in the future. in 2024, it is planned to attract 5 million domestic and 2.5 million foreign tourists and increase the export volume to 500 million us dollars. including; total during january-april of this year 708,346 (seven hundred and eight thousand three hundred and forty six) foreign tourists, 1 295 253 (one million two hundred ninety five thousand two hundred fifty three) local tourists visited. as a result of tourist visits exports were made in the amount of 198 million 283 thousand us dollars. also, 30 new tour operators and travel agents, 29 different accommodation facilities were established during january-april. a total of 618 new jobs were created during january-april of this year. in order to attract foreign tourists, in february of this year, the representatives of our region returned from conducting promotional activities in the cities of valencia, spain and hungary, which are members of the european union. the samarkand-nantong business forum was held in samarkand on march 5-6 this year. within the framework of the business forum, presentations were made by the vice mayor of the nantong city people's government, the head of the nantong city trade department, and the deputy mayor of the haiyan city people's government, as well as documents on b2b meetings and bilateral cooperation were signed. on march 15-17, the forum "tourist potential of the regions of uzbekistan" was held in bishkek. on march 18-22, a presentation of samarkand's tourist potential was held in london. in order to attract tourists from great britain and ireland to our country, a presentation of "samarkand the tourism gate of new uzbekistan" was held at the embassy of uzbekistan in london. on march 29, a theatrical performance of an artistic team from china's shandong province was held at the samarkand regional musical drama theater. on march 22-30, youth tourism week, goldsmithing international events were held. on april 22-24 of this year, representatives of the tourism department of samarkand region took part in the "word tourism cities federation hills tourism summit 2024" in wellington, the capital of new zealand. at the summit, the tourism potential of samarkand, conditions created for tourists and future plans were presented. also at the "great silk road" art residence this year, the "silk road" international university of tourism and cultural heritage launched a largescale "art residency" project, and up to now more than 5 different exhibitions have been held. in particular, the opening ceremony of the exhibition of archeological findings of the sharjah emirate http://www/ 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us was held in this exhibition hall. representatives of the delegation of the uae sharjah emirate government took part in the opening ceremony. more than 1,700 archeological findings from the neolithic period to islam were displayed in the exhibition about the history of relations between arabia and central asia and in the emirate of sharjah. the exhibits were exhibited in belgium, portugal and japan, and 80% of the findings were presented for the first time in uzbekistan. discussion. by the end of this year, the value is 1 trillion. it is planned to create more than 6.5 thousand jobs as a result of the implementation of 74 tourism projects in the amount of 841 billion 980 million soums. in particular, 55 new accommodation facilities will be established, and their total number will be 655, and the number of places will be 17,400, and the number of tour operators will be 326. a 5-star hotel worth 30 million us dollars is planned to be commissioned in samarkand city by "karakol stroy engineering" llc. "wyndham" brand will be involved in the hotel on a franchise basis. in the city of samarkand, arjun construction llc plans to put into operation a 500-bed 4+ star hotel project on an area of 3.0 hectares, worth 15.0 million dollars, through the reconstruction of the vacant hotel building facilities "afrosiyob palas" located on registan street. in the territory of mironkul mfy, samarkand district, the large mountain tourism complex "edelweiss", which meets modern requirements and is worth 10.0 million dollars, will be commissioned by "original max lux" fx on an area of 10.0 ha. a modern sanatorium and hotel project worth 5.0 million dollars on 2.0 hectares of land will be put into use by "ergash ota" jsc in "gozal" mfy area of kattakurgan district. "samarkand kanat yo'llari" llc jsc will put into operation a tourist service center worth 13.5 million dollars, a 1.5 km long ropeway project on an area of 10.0 hectares in the territory of "aqsoy" mfy, nurabad district. references 1. raximov, z. o. (2019). entrepreneurship in tourism. study guide. samarkand: samisi. 2. raximov, z. o. (2021). socio-economic problems of hotel industry development in the field of tourism. monograph.-samarkand: samisi.-2021. 3. rakhimov, z. o. (2020). norkulova dz planning of tourist destinations. study guide. samarkand: samisi, 188. 4. rakhimov, z. o. (2021). norkulova dz planning in the hotel industry. textbook. samarkand: turan publication, 204. 5. odilovich, r. z. (2022). the mechanism of implementing the goals and strategies of the strategic plan in the development of the http://www/ 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us samarkand tourist destination of the republic of uzbekistan. 湖南大 学学报 (自然科学版), 49(09). 6. odilovich, r. z. (2022). socio-economic basics of using the authority of samarkand tourist destination in the market of tourist services in uzbekistan. 湖南大学学报 (自然科学版), 49(09). 7. raximov z.o. turizm rivojlanishida mehmonxonalar interyer-dizayni. monografiya. – samarqand: “step-sel”, 2022. 8. raximov, z. o., & sh, b. a. (2022). kulnazarova zb mehmonxona interyeri va landshafti. darslik–samarqand:“step-sel, 270. 9. raximov z.o. turizm rivojlanishida mehmonxonalar interyer-dizayni. monografiya. – samarqand: “step-sel”, 2022. 10. bakhromovna, k. z. (2023). innovative process of computer graphics. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 3(4), 45-49. 11. rakhimov, z. o. (2022). the role of information support in the strategic planning of tourism destinations. builders of the future, 2(02), 236-241. 12. rakhimov, z. o. (2022). the importance of the development of the digital economy in the field of tourism in uzbekistan. builders of the future, 2(02), 221-227. 13. odilovich, r. z., & baxromovna, k. z. (2021). the importance of hotel building architecture for the development of tourism in uzbekistan. emergent: journal of educational discoveries and lifelong learning (ejedl), 2(04), 118-121. http://www/ 270 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 rational use of water resources kurbaniyazova bakhytgul zhumabaevna candidate of agricultural sciences, associate professor zhumatova rano maksetovna assistant professor, karakalpakstan institute of agriculture and agricultural technologies, nukus, republic of karakalpakstan, uzbekistan abstract: effective reclamation and water management plays significant role in fostering the economic growth of a country. water, as a vital natural resource, is important in strategic enhancement of water management practices and the revitalization of irrigated lands to optimize resource utilization and sustainably support economic development. keywords: reclamation, water management, irrigation units, land fund, irrigation system, water distribution units, irrigation of new lands. the continuous efforts in land reclamation and water management are pivotal in fostering the economic development of our country. given its critical significance, water resources hold a unique position among natural resources, being fundamental to life itself. water finds extensive application across all sectors of the public economy and in people's daily lives. notably, irrigation stands out as a cornerstone of agricultural development, exerting a profound influence on bolstering the economy. in order to improve the use of land fund for irrigated agriculture, it is of great importance to improve the rational use of water in a planned manner. these practical measures are considered one of the most important preventive measures that help to increase the coefficient of water use from irrigation systems and improve the land reclamation condition. presently, the water utilization coefficient of irrigation systems remains within the range of 0.67 to 0.84, indicating some inefficiencies in water usage. annually, a substantial volume of water, ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 billion cubic meters, is consumed within this context. the primary canals and their water distribution branches significantly influence the water utilization coefficient of irrigation systems. these distribution branches transport water from the main canal through soil valleys, absorbing over 6.6 million cubic meters annually, as reported by the canal authorities. however, each year, more than half of this water is lost due to seepage. while significant progress has been made in implementing planned water usage, there's still work to be done. practical solutions for enhancing water utilization and increasing land water supply shouldn't be viewed in isolation from the irrigation of new lands; rather, they should be integrated thoughtfully. alongside efforts to improve existing irrigation areas, acquiring new lands emerges as a pivotal strategy for advancing irrigation infrastructure. although engineering methods play a crucial role in addressing deficiencies in irrigation management and land utilization, they alone are insufficient to achieve full and rational 271 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us utilization of irrigation resources from the land fund without a scientifically sound irrigation farming system. in addition to underground and surface water sources, water lost through filtration poses significant challenges to agriculture, exacerbating land degradation and contributing to the formation of swamplands. notably, a substantial portion of water in household branches is lost to filtration, accounting for 85.5% of the total length of household water branches. the general department of irrigation systems of the republic of karakalpakstan carries out exploitation works on the main and inter-farm canals. irrigation systems, inter-household canals are under the control of district administrations and are financed by the state. households should clean all the irrigation channels in the farms themselves. many farms do not have enough resources to maintain irrigation systems in good condition, which leads to their seasonal preparation and unnecessary wastage of water. planned use of water should be carried out in accordance with the regulations for the use of water produced by agricultural crops. the mouth of the canals increases the real demand for water every year. the study of the problem shows that the reason for the unplanned water loss of irrigation systems is the violation of the order of planned distribution of water in the irrigation zone. bibliography 1. valiev x.i., muradov sh.o. holboev b. "complex use of water resources and its protection" textbook. t. science and technology, 2010.-167b 2. kurbaniyazova b.j. "innovative approach to the economy of water resources" republican scientific-practical conference on the topic of environmental problems and development of tourism in the aral sea region. april 15, 2023, muynak, karakalpakstan republic 3. kurbaniyazova b.j. atajanova a.d. "the importance of multi-sectoral farms in improving the melioration of irrigated lands" bulletin of khorezm mamun academy. august 1, 2023. khiva, khorezm 4. khakimova, m. kh. (2021). using the “brainstorming” method in teaching soil science as a factor of achievement of effectiveness. bulletin of science and education , (6-3 (109)), 56-61. 5. rakhimov, d., juliev, m., agzamova, i., normatova, n., ermatova, y., begimkulov, d., ... & ergasheva, o. (2023). application of hyperspectral and multispectral datasets for mineral mapping. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 386). edp sciences. 214 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role and importance of banks in the development of business activity bektemirov abdukhamid abdumalikovich samarkand institute of economics and service associate professor of the "real economy" department, ph.d abduhamidbektemirov@umail.uz alisherov davronbek samarkand institute of economics and service annotation. the role and importance of commercial banks in the sustainable development of industries and links of the economy, the financing of entrepreneurial activity are immeasurable. based on this, this article discusses the issues of improving the activities of commercial banks. keywords: bank, banking system, banking transformation, entrepreneurial activity, economic growth, lending practice, monetary policy, financial system, standard of living of the population introduction according to the experience of developed countries in the world, the main way of financing the activities of business entities is lending by commercial banks. in most developed countries, the share of services provided by business entities in gdp is 7075 percent. the majority of the population employed in the economy is also employed in this sector, accounting for 70 percent in japan and more than 80 percent in the united states. up to 90 percent of business entities' activities are financed by loans from commercial banks [1]. today, the competitive environment is being improved by commercial banks in terms of comprehensive support and development of the activities of business entities, as well as providing and offering advanced innovative banking services for lending. based on the experience of advanced foreign countries and the strategic goals of the banking system, improvement of the practice of lending to business entities by commercial banks, effective placement, management and http://www/ mailto:abduhamidbektemirov@umail.uz 215 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us distribution of credit resources, reduction of lending risks, research of modern forms of lending, transparent and perfect the scientific foundations of such problems as credit policy formation are being researched. in uzbekistan, the issues of improving the practice of lending to business entities by commercial banks are gaining importance. "...the reform of the banking and financial system of our republic made it possible to increase the role of the banking system in the development of the country's economy. at the same time, in order to further improve the quality of the provided banking services and establish full cooperation relations with business entities, commercial the tasks of fundamentally improving the working methods of banks, strengthening the views of the population and economic entities on the banking system as a reliable institutional partner remain urgent" [2]. the stable development of business entities, which are considered to be an active component of the socio-economic development of the country, is inextricably linked with the banking system, in which innovative complex banking services provided by commercial banks, including innovative lending services, are of a new quality. requires to be taken to the indicators. in particular, the fact that 55-60 percent of the loans allocated by commercial banks are given on the basis of state programs, the large share of preferential loans, the instability of the deposit base of banks, and the high risk of inflation [3] increase the need and importance of solving the existing problems in this regard literature review entrepreneurship by commercial banks some aspects of improving the practice of crediting subjects, evaluating and managing risky processes occurring in the procedure of crediting, and developing forecast indicators of crediting practice were discussed by m. from foreign economists. a. passel [4], yu. a. gerasina [5], o. i. lavrushin [6] and others have studied it in detail. among the economists from uzbekistan sh. z. abdullaeva [7], g. o. turdieva [8], m. s. in the scientific works of rustamov [9] and others, a number of scientific and practical proposals were developed for the development of banks' lending practice. in particular, o.k.iminov based on detailed analysis of the recommendations of the world bank and other foreign financial organizations on improving the credit system in the republic, uzbekistan meets world http://www/ 216 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us standards. explained the scientific-methodical aspects of the creation of the incoming credit mechanism, sh. z. abdullaeva emphasized that the price of credit funds and the cost of credit services serve as the main criteria in determining the credit price [7]. f. kholmamatov way to exceed the standard level of reserve allocations intended to cover losses from loans in commercial banks commercial banks made proposals such as increasing the level of diversification of the loan portfolio. today, there are shortcomings in the credit policy and lending practices of commercial banks and their causes, including: the reason for choosing the subject of this dissertation is that the lending procedure of banks in the republic still cannot meet world standards and customer requirements, and the lending practice of commercial banks of developed countries is not applied to commercial banks of the country. results and discussion in order to develop the economy in uzbekistan, it is very important to first thoroughly study the advanced foreign experience and methods of developed countries, then analyze these experiences and use them to adapt to the conditions. that is why it is important to study the experience of foreign countries in the development of lending practice and use them to improve the lending practice of commercial banks of the republic of uzbekistan. the components of the practice of lending to business entities by commercial banks are in constant interaction, and from this unity wholeness arises. in order to know the laws of this integrity, first of all, it is necessary to determine the sequence of the parts that make up the lending practice, that is, which one comes after which one. the formation of lending practice in commercial banks covers several interrelated stages. analysis of changes in the client's financial condition, assessment of the financial condition of the business entity, in the monitoring of the practice of lending to business entities by commercial banks. auditing and involves several interrelated steps. in this context, the monitoring of lending practices covers large-scale credit controls carried out at various stages of the loan process. it is known that banks, as an intermediary organization in the movement of funds, offer the resources involved to clients at a higher interest rate and benefit from this. but according to the analysis of the practice of banks, the interest rate of commercial bank loans and time deposits of http://www/ 217 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the population is interest there is a negative difference between rates, that is, there are cases where commercial banks attract funds at high interest rates and provide them to clients at low interest rates. however, according to the norms accepted in the international banking practice, the interest margin on loans and deposits of commercial banks should be at least 4.5 percent. there are the following problems related to the improvement of the practice of lending to business entities by the commercial banks of the republic: the lack of full use of modern types of lending services in the practice of commercial banks; that the funds of the credit lines allocated to business entities by commercial banks are not effectively used; that the expenses related to formalization were not taken into account when determining the amount of loan funds allocated by commercial banks; that the client's activity was not taken into account when drawing up the loan repayment schedule; setting a credit limit for branches of commercial banks by the main bank; differences in issuing loans in national and foreign currency by commercial banks; the terms of loans provided by commercial banks and the problems of clearance of supplies. lending to business entities by commercial banks we put forward the following ideas for improving the practice: 1. the expediency of increasing the efficiency of the bank's lending practice by applying the indicator of satisfaction of business entities with the bank's lending practice and the indicator of their shortcomings in the bank's lending practice to the activity of commercial banks is explained by the following: by measuring and evaluating the bank's lending efficiency, the activity of the credit department employees is evaluated, business entities are involved do and them retention rate is measured; increasing the experience of business entities and mutual exchange of knowledge will be achieved, leading to an increase in the number of bank clients. as a result, an opportunity to increase the bank's income is created. 2. lending to business entities by commercial banks the results of the study and generalization of the advanced foreign experience in improving the practice showed that: the existing experience of providing guarantees in the practice of lending to business entities by us commercial banks indicates that their practice of lending has improved; the practice of lending in the banks of the state of bangladesh has been improved by dividing customers into groups with the same opportunity, providing http://www/ 218 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us separate banking services and providing loans; the implementation of islamic banking and financial lending in the country shows that business entities can carry out their activities not only within the framework of the current legislation, but also in accordance with the requirements of their religion in halal ways. 3. it is necessary to reduce the weight of banks with a state share in the loan deposits allocated by commercial banks. for this purpose, we offer the following experiences of the lending practices of the japanese state: firstly, the establishment of a special state commercial bank for the implementation of state programs; secondly, the state's share in commercial banks with a state share should be drastically reduced and completely sold. conclusion business entities by commercial banks we put forward the following points on improving the lending practice: 1. the expediency of increasing the efficiency of the bank's lending practice by applying the indicator of satisfaction of business entities with the bank's lending practice and the indicator of their shortcomings in the bank's lending practice to the activity of commercial banks is explained by the following: by measuring and evaluating the bank's lending efficiency, the activity of the credit department employees is evaluated, business entities are involved the level of making and keeping them is measured; increasing the experience of business entities and mutual exchange of knowledge will be achieved, leading to an increase in the number of bank clients. as a result, an opportunity to increase the bank's income is created. 2. lending to business entities by commercial banks the results of the study and generalization of the advanced foreign experience in improving the practice showed that: the existing experience of providing guarantees in the practice of lending to business entities by us commercial banks indicates that their practice of lending has improved; the practice of lending in the banks of the state of bangladesh has improved by dividing customers into groups with the same opportunity, providing separate banking services and providing loans; the application of islamic banking and finance to the country shows that business entities can carry out their activities not only within the framework of the current legislation, but also in accordance with the requirements of their religion in halal ways. 3. it is necessary to reduce the weight of banks with a state share in the loan deposits allocated by commercial banks. for this purpose, we offer the following experiences of the lending practices of the japanese state establishing a commercial bank; secondly, the state's share in commercial banks with a state share should be drastically reduced and completely sold. 4. it is necessary to establish innovative online lending services in the banking practice of uzbekistan. online lending is widely used in the banking practices of developed countries. in order to improve this type of service, it is necessary to http://www/ 219 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improve the speed and quality of the internet, and to increase the computer literacy of business entities. because, innovative online lending business entities have a lot of power and can be expressed by meeting the demand for lending practice without wasting time. 5. lending to business entities by commercial banks the expediency of increasing efficiency is explained by the following: funds given to business entities by opening a credit line should be formed on the basis of supply and demand; the total amount of the loan should take into account the expenses related to the formalization of collateral of the business entity; the main bank should liberalize the amount of credit when setting the credit limit for branches of commercial banks; repayment of the loan in foreign currency in foreign currency and it is important to take into account the correlation between the term of the loan, improvement of these aspects will serve to further develop the lending practice of business entities in banks list of literature used 1. obzor sfery uslug zapadnykh stran. www.export.by/act./doc@mode, http://aftershock.news: politeconomica. ru/feb 2013/malyj – business.: http://aftershock.news. 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on september 12, 2017 "respublika bank measures to further develop the system and increase its stability on" decision no. pq3270. information on legislation is national base, 09/25/2017, 07/17/3270/0004. 3. report of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan for 2021, tashkent 2022 4. passel m.a. zaem, credit, loan. m.: dengi i credit, no. 4, 1999. 4. gerasina yu.a. upravlenie kreditnym portfoliom kommercheskogo banka // business v the law – 2011. – no. 1. 5. lavrushin o.i. bank business: modern system of credit: uchebnoe posobie. m.: knorus, 2016. 360 p. http://www/ 212 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 theoretical foundations of the financial market rustamova feruza rustam qizi assistant teacher, tashkent institute of management and economics abstract: the financial market plays a crucial role in the economic system, providing a platform for the allocation of resources and the facilitation of trade in financial assets. this article delves into the theoretical foundations of the financial market, examining key concepts, mechanisms, and the interplay between various market participants. by exploring fundamental theories such as market efficiency, asset pricing, and financial intermediation, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the financial market's functioning and its implications for economic stability and growth. keywords: financial market, market efficiency, asset pricing, financial intermediation, economic stability, resource allocation. introduction the financial market is an intricate and dynamic component of the global economy, integral to the distribution of capital and the management of financial risks. it encompasses a broad spectrum of institutions, instruments, and participants, facilitating the transfer of funds from savers to borrowers. understanding the theoretical foundations of the financial market is essential for grasping its role in promoting economic efficiency and stability. this article explores the core theories that underpin the financial market, providing insights into its operations and significance. theoretical concepts 1. market efficiency market efficiency is a cornerstone of financial theory, primarily articulated through the efficient market hypothesis (emh). proposed by eugene fama, the emh posits that financial markets are informationally efficient, meaning that asset prices reflect all available information at any given time. there are three forms of market efficiency: ø weak form efficiency: prices reflect all historical price information. ø semi-strong form efficiency: prices reflect all publicly available information. ø strong form efficiency: prices reflect all information, both public and private. the implications of market efficiency are profound, suggesting that it is impossible to consistently achieve higher returns than the overall market through stock picking or market timing. 2. asset pricing models asset pricing models are essential for understanding how securities are valued in financial markets. key models include: 213 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø capital asset pricing model (capm): developed by william sharpe, capm describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return, positing that the expected return on an asset is equal to the risk-free rate plus a risk premium proportional to the asset's beta. ø arbitrage pricing theory (apt): introduced by stephen ross, apt asserts that asset returns can be predicted using a linear relationship between the asset's expected return and various macroeconomic factors. 3. financial intermediation financial intermediaries, such as banks and investment funds, play a pivotal role in the financial market by channeling funds from savers to borrowers. theories of financial intermediation explore how these institutions enhance market efficiency by reducing transaction costs, providing liquidity, and managing risks. 4. behavioral finance behavioral finance challenges the traditional view of rational market participants, incorporating psychological insights into financial decision-making. key concepts include: ø heuristics and biases: investors often rely on simple rules of thumb (heuristics) that can lead to systematic biases in decision-making. ø prospect theory: developed by daniel kahneman and amos tversky, prospect theory describes how people value gains and losses differently, leading to irrational financial behaviors. mechanisms and participants the financial market comprises various segments, including the money market, capital market, primary market, and secondary market. each segment has distinct functions and instruments: ø money market: deals with short-term debt instruments, providing liquidity and funding for short-term needs. ø capital market: focuses on long-term securities, such as stocks and bonds, facilitating capital formation and investment. ø primary market: where new securities are issued and sold for the first time. ø secondary market: where existing securities are traded among investors, providing liquidity and price discovery. key participants in the financial market include individual investors, institutional investors, financial intermediaries, and regulatory bodies. each participant plays a unique role in maintaining market efficiency and stability. implications for economic stability and growth the financial market's efficiency and robustness are critical for economic stability and growth. efficient markets allocate resources optimally, facilitating investment and consumption. conversely, market inefficiencies or failures can lead to misallocation of resources, financial crises, and economic downturns. thus, understanding the theoretical foundations of the financial market is vital for policymakers, investors, and academics alike. conclusion the financial market is a complex and dynamic system underpinned by several theoretical concepts. from market efficiency and asset pricing to financial intermediation and behavioral finance, these theories provide a framework for understanding the market's operations and its impact on the broader economy. by exploring these foundations, we gain valuable insights into the mechanisms that drive financial markets and their critical role in promoting economic stability and growth. 214 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. fama e.f. (1970). efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work. journal of finance, 25(2), 383-417. 2. sharpe w.f. (1964). capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. journal of finance, 19(3), 425-442. 3. ross s.a. (1976). the arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing. journal of economic theory, 13(3), 341-360. 4. kahneman d., tversky a. (1979). prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. 5. shoxa'zami s.s., ismailov k., fozilchayev s.q., karimkulov j.i. (2014). financial market. study guide.-t.: "ilm-ziyo, 232. 6. yuldasheva sh., nishonboyev d. "theoretical and legal basis of improving financial management." oriental journal of academic and multidisciplinary research 1.1 (2023): 4552. 205 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 concept of fiscal and monetary system khudaybergenova nigora turgunbaevna tashkent state university of economics abstract: this article provides information about the role and global significance of the state's fiscal and monetary policy. keywords: fiscal, monetary system, financial support, small business, risk, deficits as one indicator of the global fiscal and monetary response, the imf projects $5.4 trillion in public spending and revenue to support economic activity through 2020, $5.4 trillion in loans, equity, guarantees, and more, and a total of $10.8 trillion dollars were allocated 1. global government borrowing will grow from 3.9% of gross domestic product (gdp) in 2019 to 12.7% in 2020. according to other estimates, central banks have allocated $17 trillion to support their economies to combat the economic consequences of the pandemic 2. the ratio of budget deficit to gdp in developed countries is forecast to increase from 3.3% in 2019 to 14.4% in 2020; for the united states, this figure is projected to increase from 6.3% to 18.7%, the highest of any country or region 3. according to the imf, france, germany, italy, japan and the united kingdom implemented measures to support the public sector at the level of 10 percent of gdp. according to the forecast of developed countries, the budget deficit will increase from 4.9 percent of gdp to 10.7 percent, which increases their debt burden. can 4it is known that in order to fight against the covid-19 pandemic and to increase activity in the economy, the us government has developed 5 laws, the main aspect of these laws is a total of 3.4 trillion from the state budget directed to reducing unemployment caused by the pandemic in the 2021 financial year. and 3.3 trillion for the 2020-2030 fiscal year. it is planned to transfer the amount of dollars 5. according to some estimates, the countries considered financially weak include argentina, venezuela, lebanon, jordan, iran, zambia, zimbabwe and south africa 6. according to the imf's conclusion, some developed countries may have an "unmanageably" high level of debt. for this purpose, it is important to check the financial stability of the banks operating in them 7. 1world economic outlook update, international monetary fund, june 24, 2020. p. 16. 2 wigglesworth, robin, long live jay powell, the new monarch of the bond market, financial times, june 23, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/5db9d0f1-3742-49f0-a6cd-16c471875b5e. 3 fiscal monitor, international monetary fund, october 2020, table 1.1 4 global financial stability report update. international monetary fund, june 2020, p. 2 5us congressional budget office, the budgetary effects of laws enacted in response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, march and april 2020, june 16, 2020, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56403. the two laws not mentioned in the text were the coronavirus preparedness and response supplemental appropriations act, 2020 (pl 116-123) and the families first coronavirus response act (pl 116-127). a subsequent law, the paycheck protection program flexibility act (pl 116-142), provided for more generous terms for ppp loans 6 wheatley, jonathan, tommy stubbington, michael stott, andrew yengland, and joseph cotterill, debt relief: which countries are most vulnerable? financial times, may 6, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/31ac88a19131-453199be-7bfd8394e8b9 7 global financial stability report update, p. 2. 206 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if we analyze the state budget expenditures and revenues of our republic between 2000 and 2022, the change of state budget expenditures and revenues had a tendency to change in proportion to the growth rate of real gdp. in 2000, state budget revenues were 28.5 percent of gdp, and by 2022, they have decreased to 22.7 percent. in the same way, the state budget expenditure was 29.6 percent of gdp in 2000, and in 2022, this indicator decreased to 26.6 percent. if we analyze the growth rate of real gdp in our country, the lowest trend in 2000-2022 was observed in 2000 and 2020. in 2020, this indicator is guaranteed to grow by 1.6 percent despite the economic pandemic. the highest growth rates of real gdp were observed in 2010, 2015 and 2016, when the growth rate averaged 8.0 percent. accordingly, state budget revenues were on average 21.0 percent of gdp, and state budget expenditures were nearly 21.0 percent of gdp. many countries provided additional financial support to small businesses and households during the economic pandemic. in october 2020, the state carried out financial control and implemented new temporary fiscal measures. we can include australia , canada, france, germany, india , indonesia, japan, spain, the united kingdom , and the united states. european countries have developed new laws . in 2021, many countries saw low budget deficits due to rising incomes. temporary measures to revive the economy caused by the pandemic led to an automatic reduction in spending. also, the 2021 budget cuts could dampen the recovery, the pace and extent of which remain uncertain. many developing countries and emerging economies are expected to tighten fiscal policy in 2021, reflecting downgrades and negative market reactions if they maintain high levels of debt, currency risks and large deficits. the budget deficit is one of the main macroeconomic indicators showing the country's economic situation. its changing tendency affects the state debt and economic growth rate on the one hand, and on the other hand it affects the strategy set by the state to implement the goals planned in the future. in economic theory, two types of budget deficit are distinguished: permanent deficit and temporary deficit. among foreign economists, mcconnell k.b. and brew s.l. pay special attention to these two types . list of published works 1. sunatullaeva sh.kh. prospects for increasing investment attractiveness in ensuring financial stability of regions . web of discoveries: journal of analysis and inventions. volume 2, issue 3, march, 2024. 2. sunatullaeva sh.kh. improvement of the mechanism aimed at increasing investment activity in the regions . journal of green economy and development, issue 9, 2023, pp. 78-84. 3. sunatullaeva sh.kh. prospects of increasing investment attractiveness in ensuring financial stability of regions. pedagogical reforms and their solutions. https://worldyjournals.com. march 2024 76-y 4. sunatullaeva sh.kh. ways to increase the attractiveness of the investment environment in the regions. transformation of business processes and economic conditions of economic development and financial security: sb.nauch. st. tashkent: tfi, 2023. 626-628 p. 5. world economic outlook update, international monetary fund, june 24, 2020. p. 16. 6. wigglesworth, robin, long live jay powell, the new monarch of the bond market, financial times, june 23, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/5db9d0f1-3742-49f0-a6cd16c471875b5e. 7. fiscal monitor, international monetary fund, october 2020, table 1.1 8. global financial stability report update. international monetary fund, june 2020, p. 2 9. us congressional budget office, the budgetary effects of laws enacted in response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, march and april 2020, june 16, 2020, https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56403. the two laws not mentioned in the text were the coronavirus preparedness and response supplemental appropriations act, 2020 (pl 116 207 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 123) and the families first coronavirus response act (pl 116-127). a subsequent law, the paycheck protection program flexibility act (pl 116-142), provided for more generous terms for ppp loans 10. wheatley, jonathan, tommy stubbington, michael stott, andrew yengland, and joseph cotterill, debt relief: which countries are most vulnerable? financial times, may 6, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/31ac88a1-9131-453199be-7bfd8394e8b9 11. global financial stability report update, p. 2 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 financial report and its comparative analysis fayziyev umurkul shuxratovich doctoral student of tashkent financial institute abstract: this article shows an analysis of the financial condition of businesses subjects, compliance with foreign practice, important assessment issues economic and financial activities and business efficiency based on financial reporting data. keywords: analysis, financial analysis, financial analysis status, financial statements, financial reports, elements of financial reporting, financial statement applications, accounting standards, international financial reporting standards, financial stability, liquidity, solvency, profit, net profit, profitability, leverage, business activity, financial ratios, comparative analysis. introduction. domestic and foreign on the financial situation and its analysis the number of publications published by the authors is so large on the basis of their study, one conclusion can be reached, that is, economy operational efficiency of operating entities and its effectiveness evaluation is always done by a wide range of stakeholders (managers, property owners, etc.) counterparties was one of the important issues in their attention. financial not only by analyzing the situation and changes in it to the effectiveness and efficiency of the processes, but also to them future expectations are also predicted. and this is competitive becomes more important in economic conditions. the effectiveness of the analysis of the financial situation is its information supply and determined by the quality of sources. information supply the main source is the financial report. financial reporting assets, capital and liabilities, income and expenses are known aggregated, balanced, sorted by liquidity, from the periodic reporting forms and attached to them consists of sources. financial status of economic entities and changes in it similar aspects of uzbek and foreign practices in evaluation and analysis a lot. because the global economy requires accounting, auditing and also requires unification in the analysis system. for the same reason accounting and auditing, financial statements international standards have been developed and are being implemented. that is, international economic a single "business language" of communications has been officially formed. because of this and the market economy is all developing on the basis of legal rules analysis of the financial situation and changes in the states is organized, even though they are different in terms of methodology, they are kept together in terms of content. the main differences in the analysis of the financial position of the economy in different operating conditions, accounting reports and in the rules of their composition, methodological aspects and more theoretical can be seen in the basics. there are many differences in terms of business conditions aspects can be observed. first of all, the system is economic characterized by different aspects of development and management. 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the different aspects of running a business are necessarily the flow of information significantly affects the actual state of formation. one, large, medium and small business entities. the inclusion itself varies greatly between countries. in uzbekistan, business entities are divided into one (small) or one (large) composition. the current procedure of introduction depends on the number of employees, 1 from one person to 200 people. this situation is definitely a flow of information has a significant impact on the mandatory procedures of formation. because small business entities annual financial report for the whole year, large and business entities are obliged to prepare quarterly. small business entities are also considered (small enterprise and microfirms) enterprises according to article 25 of the law "on accounting" in accordance with article "accounting" (form 1) and "financial results submit an annual financial report consisting of a report" (form 2) they reach in developed countries, the main task of accountants is the enterprise information obligations to the state (financial, tax, customs, through statistical reports) not to solve but primarily property aimed at ensuring effective management of the owner and managers aimed at solving tasks. similar to the analysis of the financial position and changes in it aspects of content which is an important principle of accounting can be explained by the principle of superiority of form. developed countries business entities in uzbekistan with their financial statements number of financial reporting forms prepared by and their there is no difference in naming. in this respect, the united states, russia and financial reports prepared and presented in uzbekistan we can give a comparative analysis. table 1financial reports and their content usa russia uzbekistan balance-sheet balance-sheet balance-sheet about profits and losses report about profits and losses report regarding financial results report on capital change report on capital change report about private capital report movement of funds report on movement of funds report on statement of cash flows account policies and explanations appendix to the accounting balance sheet notes, calculations and explanations the accounting policy of an organization, developed by each organization independently and approved by management, is a document containing a set of specific principles, basic conditions and rules adopted by the organization for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. the main goal of developing these rules and principles is to ensure the reliability of information about the results of operations and financial position of the organization, characterized by the completeness of the reporting of all significant indicators, events and transactions, the presentation of significant information to the user, and compliance with the principle of neutrality and prudence when drawing up individual reporting forms. [1] integration of uzbekistan into the world economy requires important changes in the policy. that's it from the point of view, the structure of national standards should be noted separately. to date, more than 20 national accounting standards have been adopted and are being implemented. financial status and in it this method of evaluating changes is certainly a response to many uncertainties allows to find. including recognizing assets, income and expenses acquisition, determination of real value of property and fair valuation, assets composition according to liquidity and their reflection in financial statements determining the procedures for following the general approaches in procedures gives. but at the same time accounting and which is used in foreign practice in the preparation of financial statements standards (ifrs), applicable in individual countries and territories (gaap) significant differences can be seen in 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the general requirements. this too certainly has a significant impact on the analysis of the financial situation and its content. [2] accounting standards accounting and defines the minimum requirements for the preparation of financial statements. national accounting standards also include accounting especially in connection with the organization, management and preparation of financial reports determines the requirements. some economic entities are the law in documents (article 10, paragraph 3 of the law "on accounting" paragraph) to the international standards of financial reporting in the prescribed manner formation and disclosure of the information base possible. this is direct, analytical about the financial situation and changes in it is an important issue in forming conclusions. economy in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of its subjects aspect approaches the comparative level of business at the international level, provides analysis of information. [3] the basis of financial statements that are prepared and presented in practice form "accounting balance sheet" (form 1) according to the formal structure and content does not fundamentally differ from foreign practice. many authors assess the financial condition of economic entities accounting balance sheet and its composition, which is an important source of giving when determining the structure, again according to the level of liquidity of assets to be structured and understandable for a wide range of interested people note that it is necessary. there are also some methodological aspects of financial analysis differences are observed. but in most cases they are the same can be observed. [4] in its financial activities, an enterprise can raise funds using certain financial instruments. financial instruments are not is nothing more than an agreement as a result of which a financial asset arises in one enterprise and a financial liability or equity instrument of another. so same applies to each of them, financial assets are usually classified as: monetary funds, an equity instrument of another entity, a contract to receive money or other financial asset, contract to exchange financial instruments for potentially favorable conditions. [5] in assessing the financial situation in uzbekistan and foreign practice the following content index system is used. the following are them indicators include: 1. liquidity indicators. these indicators in international practice system is called "liquidity ratios". 2. indicators of financial stability. this is in international practice. the system of indicators is called "financial leverage", in some sources it is called "leverage called "ratios". 3. profit, profitability indicators. this is in international practice the indicator system is called "profitability ratios". 4. work activity indicators. these indicators in foreign practice system is called "efficiency ratios". it can be concluded from the above that uzbekistan and international in practice, the analysis of the financial situation is sharp in the system of indicators there are no differences. what is the problem. the problem is their single system lack of implementation and a number of methodological and methodological foundations it can be said that it differs. liquidity ratios. studies published in uzbekistan and the countries of the former union as a result of observing the literature, it should be noted that in practice 3 important indicators of liquidity are determined. absolute (quick), intermediate and current liquidity ratios. absolute (quick) liquidity. 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this indicator is cash and short-term financial is found based on the division of investments into short-term liabilities. this own the following lines according to the "accounting balance" which is created in practice includes. kl1=f+shfi/cl f-funds cl-current liabilities this indicator is the prompt payment of current liabilities represents the necessary part. quick liquidity. kl2= f+shfi+ar/cl araccounts receivable current liquidity. this indicator is also called the coverage ratio. kl3=ca/cl cacurrent assets often additional indicators in the assessment of liquidity indicators is also included. among them with their working capital a factor of provision can be entered. kawc=sow-lta/cl sowsource of own funds ltalong-term assets kawcworking capital ratio current of the enterprise on the liquidity of the accounting balance the ratio of assets and liabilities is also evaluated in the following composition possible. table 2 liquidity of assets and their relative expressions assets compositi on and content passives comp ositio n and conte nt 1 2 3 4 5 a3 slow money rotating assets p3 long term obliga tions a3/p3 a1+a2+a3 /p1+p2+p3 current liquidity a1 p1 +a 2p2 +a 3/p 3 a1p1+a 2p2+a 3p3/p3 a1/p1+ a2/p2+ a3/p4 a2 for quick money rotating assets p2 short term obliga tions a2/p2 a1+a2/p1+ p2 quick liquidity a1 p1 +a 2/p 2 a1p1/a2 -p2 a1/p2+ a2/p2 a1 permanent in action p1 credit orship a1/p1 a1-p1/p2 a1 x x 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us assets obliga tions p1p2/ p3 five as important indicators of liquidity in international practice the indicator is defined. 3 of them are absolute liquidity, fast and fully compatible with current indicators. that is, this content there is almost no difference in the indicators (they have more, the only one of liquidity indicator is determined). the other two are assets of working capital ratio coefficient and interval estimation is the coefficient. the ratio of working capital to total assets is as follows will be calculated in connection. working capital/assets. the following links in determining the interval evaluation coefficient is calculated. f+shfi+ar/tc/365 tctotal costs the above two content indicators are not calculated in the practice of uzbekistan. different aspects of liquidity and solvency indicators not in number or definition, but in terms of their level of standards can also be seen in the definition. these indicators (absolute, rapid and current liquidity) norms are given differently in different sources. but they should be higher than 0.2, 0.7, 2.0 on a general basis will be done. the standard level of these indicators in foreign practice not specified. also, balance in foreign practice for liquidity composition and their absolute differentiation in relation to substances not calculated. accounting balance asset by liquidity important attention in uzbekistan and the cis countries is focused. this is the arrangement of assets, capital and liabilities in the following order refers to composition. table-3 composition of assets by liquidity assets capital obligations the norm long term assets (a4) own funds source (p4) а4 ≤ p4 current assets: the goods are material reserves (a3) receivables obligations (a2) funds and financial bets (a1) long term (p3) current liabilities: short-term (p2) -creditor (p1) а3 ≥ p3; а2 ≥ p2; а1 ≥ p1; the general condition for the balance to be liquid is as follows: а4 ≤ p4; а3 ≥ p3; а2 ≥ p2; а1 ≥ p1 in all other cases, liquidity depending on their change absolute and relative expressions are evaluated. leverage ratios. on the assessment of financial stability in the practice of uzbekistan as a result of studying the system of indicators, it should be noted that the system of indicators of financial stability is different in different sources is brought. it is difficult to say their exact number. but still one in 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us relation to the components and aggregated lines of the balance sheet can be put into the system. indicators characterizing financial stability system can also be grouped according to the following two contents. 1. on the structural structure of assets, capital and liabilities indicators of financial stability. among them is financial independence (autonomy), financial dependence, ratio of own and debt funds, compensation coefficient and other indicators can be entered.this line as indicators characterizing financial stability sources include long-term assets, current assets, sources of equity and the order of separate composition of indicators related to obligations defined. 2. stability in relation to asset financing indicators. with their working capital to these indicators availability, maneuverability coefficient, own inventory financing at the expense of funds, cash of net current assets that is, through the ratio of its working capital to various assets and capital includes calculated coefficients. 3. of course, similar aspects are observed in the first composition. but, indicators on the second content are not used in foreign practice. in foreign practice, as well as the determination of the company's profit, ebit, ebitda procedures are defined. procedures for calculating and evaluating these indicators implementation in the practice of uzbekistan (ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 207 of the court dated july 28, 2015 "state share was activities of joint stock companies and other economic entities from the decision and regulation on the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness) usage is defined and recommended. ebit based on statutory designation, ebitda indicators by performing the following calculations is found. net profit +profit tax payment the refundable part of the profit tax +extraordinary profit emergency damage +interest paid interest earned =ebit +depreciation allowances for tangible and intangible assets revaluation of assets = ebitda the higher this indicator, the better for the company will be according to all indicators of financial stability, uzbekistan and standard practice of the countries of the commonwealth of independent states are used to determine the levels. but this practice is international not used in the experiment. another important difference in assessing financial stability it is also characterized by their study in absolute terms. this is it three important indicators of financial stability are evaluated in order. these indicators include: liquidity of own working capital (lowc); lowc=sof-la in this case: sof source of own funds; 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us la long-term assets. reserves and expenses at the expense of own and borrowed funds source of financing (obfsf); obfsf= lowc+ltld ltld long-term loans and debts funding of reserves and expenses from aggregate sources source (eas): eas= obfsf+shtld shtld short-term loans and debts (including goods delivery account books with suppliers and contractors are also included) adequacy of funds in sourcing reserves and expenses and the lack can be calculated using the coefficient method. the ratio method is the situation in the financing of reserves and expenses comparative study is important in studying its positive shifts. provision of reserves and expenses with own working capital ratio of current assets with own working capital is a component of the supply ratio. reserves and expenses from appropriate sources based on the current state of financing of the enterprise the level of stability can also be assessed. the applicable norms are as follows based on conditions. efficiency ratios. uzbekistan and there is no difference at all between foreign practices. assets, capital and turnover of liabilities in two expressions viz., turnover is evaluated by the coefficient and the index of rotation periodicity. the only one the difference is their number. in the practice of uzbekistan relatively many indicators of turnover coefficients are determined. theoretically and practically, it is difficult to determine their exact number. financial among the indicators to which important attention is paid in assessing the condition total assets (asset turnover ratio), current assets, commodity material reserves, goods, accounts receivable turnover ratios and rotation periodicity indicators can be entered. in foreign practice these indicators are among the most calculated indicators is entered. profitability ratios. there are no significant changes in this content either. in practice, its different value levels are taken as profit indicators. for example operating profit, profit before tax, net profit, etc. its usually performance against cost, assets and capital is evaluated. own in turn, their structural indicators are evaluated. identifiable the indicators are significantly different from the foreign practice in terms of numbers. in the practice of uzbekistan, many types of profitability are used and this aspect also varies by sector and activity level. as the most calculated indicators: sales profitability; assets profitability; return on tangible and intangible assets, equity and debt capital profitability; cost profitability, profitability of fixed assets, current return on assets is considered. net profit in the foreign operation of the profit, profit before taxes, profit before taxes and interest (ebit, ebitda) indicators are used. another important aspect is that commercial enterprises in foreign practice, special emphasis on market value analysis of companies' performance is given. these indicators include: net profit in circulation ratio to the number of shares; weight of dividend payments in net profit; of annual dividend payments on shares to their average market value proportion; of the market price of the stock and net per share profit ratio indicators are included. based on these indicators market activity indicators of firms and companies are assessed. in the practice of uzbekistan, this type of analysis is an assessment of the financial situation does not fall within the scope of issues and is important for operational efficiency are studied separately in terms of indicators. this is 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analytical benchmarking, essentials of benchmarking and the importance of the participation of enterprises in the financial market determined by the level of activity. that is, market activity investment activity, attractiveness by evaluating indicators indicators are evaluated. when assessing the financial situation in foreign experience, often large and famous firms and companies (coca-cola, pepsico, general like electricity, adidas, etc.) the entire analytical process carried out and introduced in the final conclusion of this firm, companies the situation is diagnosed and the future development of the company, financial important strategies for increasing power are given. the financial status of enterprises is complex in the practice of uzbekistan learning practices are rarely addressed. any in the source, it was considered an important locomotive in the economy of uzbekistan enterprises (mining and metallurgical combines, railways of uzbekistan, (in the example of uzbekistan's airlines and automotive enterprises) you will not find real analytical conclusions based on the data. often these actions are based on approximate, invented sources will be released. this difference is not only based on the real sources of the objects of analysis but it is also observed in dynamic changes over the years. also foreign analysis practice of firms, companies' activities and networks special attention is paid to the different aspects of the joints. another important difference in foreign practice is indicators in different names (current assets, current assets, turnover assets, current liabilities of short-term liabilities, long-term assets, called liabilities non-current assets in the form of immobilized assets naming etc.), in the composition (long-term and current assets, own source of funds and obligations, financial result from the main activity, income and expenses from operational activities), in the procedures of identification (gross profit, main activity result, general economic activity result, profit before tax, net profit, ebit, ebitda) different aspects can also be classified with therefore, in printed sources data in the calculations of indicators of financial statements. it should also be clearly indicated which form and lines it is taken from. this way only it is possible to ensure their accuracy and uniformity. list of references 1. fayziyev u.sh., features of accounting and analysis of the financial condition of enterprises., /american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education volume 01, issue 09, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2769/. 2. brealey r.a., myers s.c. principles of corporate finance. mcgraw-hill,2003. 3. шеремет а.д., хорин а.н., теория экономичсекого анализа./учебник/м.:инфра-м, 2019.-130с. 4. м.қ.пардаев., иқтисодий таҳлил назарияси./дарслик/ 2-нашр. т.: «инновацион ривожланиш нашриёт-матбаа уйи», 2021.-424б. 5. fayziyev u.sh. , use of financial instruments, as a criteria for improving financial status of enterprises./ eurasian journal of academic research innovative academy research support center uif = 8.1 | sjif = 5.685/. 6. erich a. helfert financial analysis: tools and techniques. a guide for managers. mcgrawhill, 2001. 7. ефимова о.в. финансовый анализ: современный нструментарий для принятия экономических решений./учеб./ о.в. ефимова. 5-е изд., испр. м.: омега-л, 2014. 348с. 8. жилкина а.н. финансовый анализ. учебник. м.: юрайт, 2018. – 285 с. 9. мельник м.в., поздеев в.л. “экономический анализ”: учебник и практикум для вузов. м.: юрайт, 2021. – 261 с. 10. румянцева е.е. “экономический анализ”: учебник и практикум для вузов. м.: юрайт, 2021. – 381 с. 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of listening in language learning jabborova dilafruz sharofovna turon zarmed university abstract: the article describes the theoretical aspects of developing language learning skills and the importance of listening comprehension in language learning. keywords: listening comprehension, context, strategies, bottom-up, top-down, word boundaries, evaluating themes, stressed syllables introduction. it is not uncommon that language learning depends on listening. listening is the language skill that is used most often in everyday communication. o’malley inform us that “ we listen twice as much as we speak, four times as much as we read, and five times as much as we write” [3,16]. furthermore, listening comprehension is the foundation upon which the other language skills are required. listening provides the aural input that serves as the basis for language acquisition and enables learners to interact in spoken communication. thus, listening comprehension not only plays a crucial role in first language communication, but it is also “at the heart of second language learning” [3,20]. teacher’s task is to inform and show students how they can adjust their listening behavior to deal with a variety of situations, types of input, and listening purposes. they help students develop a set of listening strategies to every listening situation. unfortunately, this essential language skill has often been neglected in the language classroom. teachers sometimes assume that students are developing their listening skills just because they are listening to the teachers use the target language. yet listening is a complex process that requires phonological, semantic, syntactical, discourse and pragmatic knowledge of the language as well as u understanding of the context and of nonverbal communication. learners then have to apply this knowledge in a range of contexts, both unidirectional (e.g. lectures, radio broadcasts) and bidirectional (e.g. classrooms, discussions, conversations) listening situations, and while using a variety of technologies (e.g. telephones, computers, digital audio players)[2,14]. taking into consideration the complexity of the listening comprehension process and the context in which it occurs, it cannot be supposed that a learner’s listening skill will develop on its own. teachers must make conscious and systematic efforts to develop this skill in learners. main part. listening skills are usually divided into two groups: bottom-up listening skills and topdown listening skills. bottom-up listening skills refer to the decoding process, the direct decoding of the language into meaningful units, from sound waves through the air, in through our ears and into our brain where meaning is decoded. to do it students need to know the code. how the sounds work and how they string together and how the codes can change in different ways when they are strung together. in other words bottom-up decoding shows meaning moves from recognition of individual sounds to recognition of the meaning of whole utterances. it is not uncommon that 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us most students have never been taught how english changes when it is strung together in sentences. the example of bottom-up skills: ➢ recognizing individual phonemes; ➢ recognizing phoneme sequences which form words; ➢ recognizing word boundaries; ➢ recognizing stressed syllables; ➢ recognizing intonation patterns; ➢ recognizing syllable reduction due to weak forms and elision; ➢ recognizing catenation; ➢ recognizing assimilation. it is obvious that they tend to be phonological, and that is why teacher’s goal is in focusing systematically on phonology during the course for students to better teach bottom-up processing skills. top-down skills or processing refers to how we use our world knowledge to attribute meaning to language input; how our knowledge of social convention helps us understand meaning. these are the skills that listening teachers should be teaching in their classes. richards stated: “an understanding of the role of bottom-up and top-down processes in listening is central to any theory of listening comprehension” [4,50]. top down processing refers to the attribution of meaning, drawn from one’s own world knowledge, to language input. it involves “the listener’s ability to bring prior information to hear on the task of understanding the “heard” language” [3,52]. brown proposes the following top-down skills: ➢ discriminating between emotions ➢ getting the gist ➢ recognizing the topic ➢ using discourse structure to enhance listening strategies ➢ identifying the speaker ➢ evaluating themes ➢ finding the main idea ➢ finding supporting details ➢ making inferences ➢ understanding organizing principals of extended speech there are a great number of sub-skills, which construct the overall skill of listening. sometimes the bottom-up skills are called “micro” skills [2,78]. o’malley proposed his own (subjective) checklist of sub-skills involved in listening, which shows the wide range of possible skills [3, 70]. he distinguishes the following skills: perception skills (recognizing individual sounds, discriminating between sounds, identifying reduced forms in fast speech, identifying stressed syllables, words, recognizing intonation patterns), language skills (identifying individual words and groups and building up possible meanings for them, identifying discourse markers which organize the content of information then, as the matter of fact, first, second, third, to start with), using knowledge of the world (using knowledge of a topic to guess what the speaker might be saying about it), dealing with information (understanding gist meaning, the main points, details), interacting with a speaker (coping with a variety of speakers in one recording – differences in speed of talking and accents, recognizing the speaker’s intention, to identify his mood, attitude). 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us good listeners need to be able to use a combination of sub-skills simultaneously when processing spoken language; the skills they will need at any particular moment will depend on the kind of the text they are listening to, and their reasons for listening to it. of course, in the beginning, language learners will not be very good at these skills and teachers will need to teach them strategies for coping with what they have missed or misunderstood. conclusion. to sum up teachers and leaners focus too much on the product of listening and too little on the process. the solution is to perform different listening exercises and activities using bottom-up and top-down strategies to acquire listening skills in leaners. listening exercises should fulfill different purposes: familiarizing leaners with the skills. these skills and strategies practiced in isolation must later be combined and applied to a longer text. effective use of listening skills and strategies will help us achieve desirable results in a classroom and real-life listening. references: 1. brown, gillian, and george yule. teaching and spoken language. cambridge university press, 1986. 2. brown g. investigating listening comprehension in context. cambridge university press, 1989. 3. o’malley j.m. listening comprehension strategies in second language acquisition. new york: cambridge university press, 1990. 4. richards, jack c. and charles lockhart. reflective teaching in second language classrooms. new york: cambridge university press, 1994. 5. sharofovna j. d., qahhorovna t. d. the effectiveness of methods for great lessons //international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429. – 2022. – т. 11. – №. 01. – с. 202-205. 6. sharofovna j. d., qahhorovna t. d. importance and disadvantages of working with teenager students. 7. sharofovna, j. d. (2023). practical and theoretical aspects of the developing language skills. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 4(4), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/r4ypf 8. sharofovna d. j., kakhorovna d. t., ikhtiyarovna m. r. principles of a systematic approach in conceptual language research: relevance and implementation //international journal of innovations in engineering research and technology. – т. 7. – №. 4. – с. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/r4ypf theoretical approaches and model building in scientific research skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published january 31, 2025 | version v1 journal open theoretical approaches and model building in scientific research creators sardor baxodirovich xodjayev files 40-44+theoretical+approaches+and+model+building+in+scientific+research.pdf files 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development goals indicators in uzbekistan safarova dilshodaxon eshmuxammadovna basic doctoral student at fergana state university abstract: the sustainable development goals cover a broad range of social and economic issues, including poverty eradication, education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, energy, economic growth, and sustainable cities. the environmental goals address climate change, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable consumption and production. the sustainable development goals require cooperation not only between states, but also between the public, private sector, and non-governmental organizations. achieving these goals requires the international community to unite, support each other, and embrace innovation as a driving force. keywords: sustainable development goals statistics, economic and social processes, ecological balance, development strategy, poverty level. introduction the sustainable development goals are a set of important values, formed as a result of global thinking and research, through their implementation, it is possible to ensure human well-being, social stability and ecological balance. the 17 sustainable development goals adopted by the un serve as a common roadmap for all countries, that is, 193 countries, until 2030. this plan is a continuation of the millennium development goals developed in 2000. this system established 8 millennium development goals (mdgs), which are the first comprehensive global management system for achieving sustainable development. thus, it is possible to trace the process of transition from the millennium development goals (mdgs, 2000-2015) to the sustainable development goals (sdgs, 2015-2030). the sustainable development goals are significant because they aim to ensure a balance between the "three pillars" of sustainable development economic, social, and environmental which are closely interrelated, complementary, and mutually reinforcing. materials and methods in order to organize systematic work on the implementation of the un "2030 agenda for sustainable development", the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan adopted resolutions no. 841 "on measures to implement national goals and objectives in the field of sustainable development until 2030" dated october 20, 2018 and "on additional measures to accelerate the implementation of national goals and objectives in the field of sustainable development until 2030" dated february 21, 2022. as a result of serious interest and efforts to adapt the "sustainable development goals" to the needs of the country, the results of the action strategy of uzbekistan for 2017-2021 and the currently implemented "development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" can be cited. the main principle of the development strategy of new uzbekistan, approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, “on the path of human dignity and honor,” 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us envisages further increasing the well-being of the people, transforming the economy, accelerating the development of entrepreneurship, ensuring human rights and interests, and forming an active civil society. at the same time, it sets itself the goal of joining the upper group of middle-income countries by ensuring an increase in per capita income to 4,000 us dollars by 2030. results and discussion uzbekistan is implementing a national model of mahalla, which differs from other foreign countries in that it addresses issues of improving the well-being of the population, developing entrepreneurship, ensuring employment and reducing poverty, and addressing targeted social protection issues directly in the places of residence of the population (mahallas). based on this principle, a number of institutional reforms are being implemented, the governance system is being reformed, and the development of democracy is being ensured through the broad participation of the population and civil society in all areas of economic and social policy. the government's resolution of february 21, 2022 "on additional measures to accelerate the implementation of national goals and objectives in the field of sustainable development for the period up to 2030" expanded the tasks to achieve the 16 goals to 126, and approved 190 national sdg indicators. uzbekistan has risen 8 places in the international ranking of sustainable development goals. in the sdg index (sdg index) published in 2023 by the sustainable development solutions network (sdsn) and international experts, uzbekistan ranked 69th out of 166 countries with an index of 71.1. this result is an increase of 8 places compared to 2022. in 2022, uzbekistan was ranked 77th with an index of 69.9. according to the 2023 sdg index report, uzbekistan recorded positive growth in the following 10 sustainable development goals1:  reducing poverty in the country;  ensuring health and well-being;  providing quality education;  achieving gender equality;  clean water and sanitation;  industrialization, innovation and infrastructure;  sustainable urban and human settlement development;  combating climate change;  peace, justice and good governance;  partnership for sustainable development. table 1. results achieved in uzbekistan on sustainable development goals indicators2 indica tors national indicators 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 8.1.1 annual growth rate of real gdp per capita. 4,0 0,1 5,3 3,5 4,1 8.2.1 the annual growth rate of real gdp per person employed. 3,9 4,3 5,0 4,4 3,9 8.5.2 unemployment rate, % 9,0 10,5 9,6 8,9 6,8 17.6.1 number of fixed broadband internet subscribers, by speed 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,1 17.6.1 from 256 kbit/sec. to 2 mbit/sec.; 0,1 0,1 0,04 0,2 0,0 17.6.1 from 2 mbit/sec. to 10 mbit/sec.; 1,8 2,4 1,7 1,2 0,8 17.6.1 from 10 mbit/sec to 30 mbit/sec; 0,2 0,6 2,1 2,6 3,4 17.6.1 from 30 mbit/sec. to 100 mbit/sec.; 0,05 0,1 0,3 0,8 1,0 17.6.1 above 100 mbit/sec 0,01 0,01 0,06 0,3 0,9 1 https://stat.uz 2 https://nsdg.stat.uz/uz/databanks 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 17.8.1 percentage of the population using the internet 70,4 71,1 76,6 83,9 89,0 17.13.1 a single set of key macroeconomic indicators: 17.13.1 a) gdp volume, in billion soums; 532 712,5 605 514,9 738 425,2 888 341,68 1 192 162,5 17.13.1 b) gdp growth rate, in percentage terms compared to the previous year; 6,0 2,0 7,4 5,7 6,3 17.13.1 c) gdp per capita, thousand soums; 15 863,8 17 688,5 21 149,2 24919, 7 32 740,6 17.13.1 d) according to the purchasing power parity of the uzbek soum against the us dollar: 17.13.1 total, in billion us dollars; 259,2 267,8 300,5 339,8 354,1 17.13.1 per capita, in us dollars. 7 718 7 823 8 608 9532,5 9 725 according to table 1, the annual growth rate of real gdp per capita was 4 percent in 2019, 0.1 percent in 2020, 5.3 percent in 2021, 3.5 percent in 2022, and 4.1 percent in 2023. the unemployment rate was 9 percent in 2019 and 6.8 percent in 2023. the number of fixed broadband internet subscribers increased from 2.2 percent in 2019 to 6.1 percent in 2023. the share of the population using the internet was 70.4 percent in 2019, 89 percent in 2023, and so on. the world bank's report "uzbekistan's poverty reduction path: findings from the international comparison program" dated may 9, 2024, states that uzbekistan's poverty rate was halved between 2015 and 2022, making it one of the countries with the highest results among the countries of europe and central asia. (world bank data)3. at the same time, according to the international poverty line used for upper-middle-income countries, the poverty rate in uzbekistan decreased from 35.9 percent in 2015 to 17.3 percent in 2022, lifting 5.1 million people out of poverty. at the same time, the report noted that the poverty rate, calculated based on the national poverty line (minimum consumption expenditure), decreased from 17 percent in 2021 to 11 percent in 2023. in particular, in 2021-2023, 1.2 million people in rural areas (poverty rate in 2021 19.8 percent; in 2023 12 percent) and 400 thousand people in cities (13.9 percent; 10.1 percent) were lifted out of poverty. in turn, the economists of the institute of macroeconomic and territorial studies and the ministry of economy and finance analyzed the data showing the reduction of poverty and the change in the standard of living of the population. in particular: 1. despite the fact that the number of households increased from 6.2 million to 7.3 million in 2015-2023, while in 2015, 4 out of 10 households had a car, in 2023 this figure increased to 6 (from 2.6 million to 4 million in total). in particular, the number of new passenger cars sold in the domestic market increased from 186 thousand in 2015 (local cars 178.4 thousand; imports 7.2 thousand) to almost 500 thousand (420 thousand; 80 thousand) in 2023. 2. in 2017-2023, 419 thousand citizens were allocated mortgage loans worth 67 trillion soums, and a total of 358 thousand new apartment buildings were commissioned. for information: in 1991-2016, 105 thousand apartment buildings were built. 3. the number of air conditioners per 100 households increased from 32 in 2015 to 47 in 2023 (a 47% increase), computers increased from 47 to 66 (40%), and vacuum cleaners increased from 53 to 71 (34%). 3 https://brmnnt.uz/uz/newid/373 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. the number of subscribers connected to the internet increased from 8.3 million in 2015 to 26.7 million by 2022 (3.2 times), and the coverage of the population with internet services increased from 26 percent to 71 percent, or full coverage of the population over 15 years of age. 5. the increase in incomes of the population has stimulated demand for private schools, allowing their number to increase from 30 in 2018 to 350 by 2023. the number of students in higher education institutions has increased from 270 thousand in the 2016/2017 academic year to 1.4 million in the 2023/2024 academic year, and higher education coverage has increased from 9% to 42%. in addition, more than 26 thousand non-state kindergartens were established in 2018-2023, and 788 thousand children are currently enrolled in preschool education in them. as a result, the level of preschool education coverage has increased from 25.4% in 2017 to 74.4% in 2023. 6. according to the statistics agency, the number of citizens traveling abroad for tourism purposes increased from 295 thousand in 2016 to 661 thousand in 2023 (growth 2.2 times), and the import of tourism services increased from $ 340 million to $ 1.3 billion. at the same time, the number of people going on the "hajj" and "umrah" pilgrimage increased from 13 thousand in 2016 to 115 thousand in 2023, and 537 thousand pilgrims visited saudi arabia over the past 8 years. at the same time, the average number of flights per week from uzbekistan to turkish cities alone was 10 in 2016, while in 2023 this figure reached 90. in 2015-2023, the number of hotel visitors increased by 1 million, and during this period 506 hotels with an additional 24.4 thousand beds were commissioned. 7. the volume of passenger traffic in aviation increased from 2.5 million in 2015 to 10.4 million in 2023, of which the number of domestic passenger traffic increased from 602 thousand to 1.9 million. 8. in 2015–2023, the average monthly wage increased by 4 times (in 2023 4.6 million soums), the number of jobs in the formal sector increased from 5.3 million to 6.5 million, and in 2020– 2023, more than 2.5 million people were provided with employment through self-employment. the number of operating business entities increased from 491 thousand in 2016 to 811 thousand in 2023, or 1.7 times. at the same time, in 2022–2023, almost 200 thousand hectares of land intended for agriculture were allocated to 675 thousand families on a long-term lease basis. in general, the increase in population incomes has created a basis for an increase in the volume of loans, and the balance of loans allocated to individuals has increased from 14 trillion soums in 2017 to 150 trillion soums in 2023, or an 11-fold increase. conclusion in uzbekistan, sdg statistics will help assess the progress of sdgs, plan policies at the national and regional levels, and prepare reports for international cooperation. this will require improving the sdg monitoring system, using artificial intelligence and big data methods, and adapting sustainable development programs on the ground. modern statistical methods, as well as cooperation between the public and private sectors, are essential for implementing this research. strengthening domestic and international cooperation is essential for uzbekistan to achieve the sustainable development goals. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-60 dated january 28, 2022 “on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026” https://lex.uz/ https://lex.uz/ 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 83 dated 21.02.2022 “on additional measures to accelerate the implementation of national goals and objectives in the field of sustainable development for the period until 2030” https://lex.uz/ 3. voluntary national report of uzbekistan on the implementation of national goals and objectives in the field of sustainable development until 2030 (second). tashkent 2023. 4. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/barqaror_rivojlanish 5. https://nsdg.stat.uz/uz/databanks 6. https://brmnnt.uz/uz/newid/373 https://lex.uz/ https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/barqaror_rivojlanish https://nsdg.stat.uz/uz/databanks https://brmnnt.uz/uz/newid/373 177 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 ensuring the safety of the bank's financial assets kholboyev umid teacher of the samarkand institute of economics and service allayarova munisa student of the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: bank assets have a direct impact on the liquidity, solvency, scope of operations and, accordingly, the volume of income of a commercial bank. asset operations of banks increase the objective need for long-term loans, and allows to improve the financial and economic situation of entities. keywords: financial sector, loan portfolio, commercial bank, commercial bank asset. introduction the presence of a number of current problems in improving the practice of managing the process of continuously increasing the efficiency of commercial banks of the republic of uzbekistan and the need to develop scientific proposals and practical recommendations aimed at solving them, as well as the strong negative impact of the global financial and economic crisis on the income base of commercial banks of the world countries effect has occurred. operations related to the formation of bank resources are called passive operations of banks. with the help of passive operations, the amount of funds in the passive and asset-passive accounts of commercial banks increases. passive operations of banks play a major role in organizing their activities. with the help of passive operations, commercial banks organize credit resources necessary for lending. "reforms in the banking system have become the most important factor in ensuring stable growth rates of our economy. as a result, the total capital of commercial banks increased by 25%. the strengthening of the banking system in 2014 created the necessary opportunities to reduce the refinancing rate of the central bank from 12 percent to 10 percent, and the interest rate of commercial banks on loans accordingly. a number of measures have been implemented during the continuous reform of the financial sector, and as a result, the necessary legal conditions have been created for conducting advanced banking business and strengthening the competitive environment in this sector. on the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan ", " on banks and banking activities ", " on the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan ", which conforms to international standards and creates an attractive legal environment for foreign investments in the financial sector. updated laws " on currency regulation " and " on payments and payment systems " were adopted. at the same time, the analysis of the current situation in the banking sector reveals a number of systemic problems that prevent the development of the banking sector in accordance with economic reforms and the needs of society, such as the high level of state intervention in the banking sector, the insufficient quality of management and risk management in state-owned banks, the low level of financial intermediation in the economy. indicating its existence. http://www/ https://lex.uz/docs/-4590452 https://lex.uz/docs/-4581969 https://lex.uz/docs/-4562834 https://lex.uz/docs/-4575786 178 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to increase the popularity of financial services, expand the penetration of banks into the regions, and ensure the provision of the same type of services in all settlements. it is required to take rapid measures to reduce the influence of the human factor in the provision of financial services, as well as to ensure the adequate provision of information security in the banking system on the basis of modern service solutions . pf-5953 dated march 2, 2020 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan approved the strategy of actions on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017 2021 as "the year of development of science, enlightenment and digital economy based on the tasks defined in the state program on the implementation of " , and also in order to stimulate the development of the private sector, to fundamentally transform the banking sector in order to increase the investment attractiveness of banks, the popularity and quality of banking services: the following should be defined as the main directions of reform of the banking sector in the republic of uzbekistan: creation of equal competitive conditions in the kolya market, implementation of lending only on the basis of market conditions, reduction of dependence of banks on state resources, modernization of banking services , creation of efficient infrastructure of banks and automation of operations, as well as phase-out of functions that are not specific to the activities of banks increase the efficiency of the banking system by making; improving the quality of credit portfolio and risk management, following the moderate growth of lending volumes, conducting a balanced macroeconomic policy, improving corporate governance and attracting managers with international practical experience, implementing technological solutions for assessing financial risks. ensuring financial stability; comprehensive transformation of state-owned commercial banks, introduction of modern standards of banking, information technology and software products, selective sale of state-owned shares in banks to investors with the necessary experience and knowledge, as well as simultaneous sale of state-owned commercial banks and enterprises reducing the share of the state in the banking sector through self-reform; strengthening state participation and implementation of targeted measures in underserved and vulnerable groups, wide introduction of remote services for the population and small businesses, development of a network of low-cost service points, as well as the development of the unified financial system of the republic. increasing the popularity and quality of financial services by creating favorable conditions for the formation and development of non-bank credit organizations as a complementary part . with the support of international financial institutions , step-by-step privatization of state shares in "ipoteka-bank" atib, "uzsanoatkurilishbank" adb, "asaka" adb, jsc "aloqabank", "kishloq kurilish bank" adb and "turonbank" adb. envisage their institutional change (transformation of their activity) at the first stage, and the sale of a package of state shares at the second stage; during the reform of the banking system, in order to satisfy the population's demand for financial services , to introduce a mechanism for supporting investment projects ("project factory"), to ensure the territorial coverage of banking services, "national bank of foreign economic activity" jsc, " maintaining the state's share in the authorized capital of agrobank atb and mikrokreditbank atb; individual banks in accordance with the law based on the diagnosis of their activities and assessment of their financial condition, their regulatory requirements and the economic feasibility of their reorganization. under the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan, a project office on transformation and privatization of commercial banks with a state share should be established within the approved http://www/ https://lex.uz/docs/-4751561#-4752883 179 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us number of states of the ministry and the following rights should be given to it: involvement of international consultants as consultants in the process of transformation and privatization of commercial banks; negotiating and concluding agreements with international financial institutions and potential foreign investors on transformation and privatization of commercial banks. it should be noted that the project office is headed by the first deputy minister of finance of the republic of uzbekistan. the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan and the ministry of finance take measures to conduct an assessment of the state of the financial sector based on the international monetary fund and the world bank program (fsap) no later than 2024. today, we cannot imagine our daily life without commercial banks. i think it would be appropriate to be informed about the activities of commercial banks , especially to ensure the safety of the assets of commercial banks. also, the use of world banking methods to ensure the security of commercial banks' assets is of great importance in the development of commercial banks. innovations not only in this area, but also in all areas of commercial banks will lead to further improvement of banking activities. references: 1. www.lex.uz national database of legislative information of the republic of uzbekistan. 2. www.cbu.uz website of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan. 3. omonov aa management of assets and liabilities of commercial banks. monograph "economy-finance" 2016.160 p. http://www/ http://www.lex.uz/ http://www.cbu.uz/ 138 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ismail gasprisky's travels to bukhara sodiqova nargiza nasri qizi turon zarmed university, teacher of the department of history abstract: this article describes the difficult life path of ismail gasprinsky, one of the last thinkers of the turkic world in the 19th century, the way to implement his progressive and lifegiving ideas aimed at uniting the nations and peoples that were torn apart during the years of colonialism. dedicated to the description of the modern schools opened in bukhara as a result of his incomparable efforts and the methods of teaching in them. keywords: jadid, usuli savtiya (method of savtiya), “zanjirli” madrasa (madrasah “zanjirli”), “xo’jayi sibyon”, “rahbari muallimin yoki muallimlarga yo’ldosh” (a companion to teachers”), “tarjimon” (translator”). introduction. there are such figures in the history of mankind who, with their great services in the field of enlightenment and culture, made a worthy contribution to the advancement of not only the nation to which they belong, but also the brotherly and blood-related nations to a new stage of historical development. ismailbek gasprinsky is one of the figures who made such a great and invaluable contribution to the cultural development of the turkic peoples. the founder of jadid schools, publicist, publisher, pedagogue ismail gasprinsky grew up under the strict upbringing of his mother, fatimakhanim. ismail gasprinsky's qualities such as fairness, truthfulness, gentleness, and the ability to finish what he started are the fruits of this education. ismailbek grew up listening to his mother's stories and songs about the history of his people. ismailbek tried to be like the protagonists of the fairy tales he listened to and learn from them. he was told that it takes money to be literate, that rich people have money, but they don't want to study either. seeing his son listening to folk tales with attention, he dreamed that ishmael would grow up to be envious of knowledge. dreams came true... ismail gasprinsky, who first studied at the old school, and then at the gubernia gymnasium in okmachyt, constantly read articles published in the periodical press, and the materials imbued with the spirit of great russian chauvinism and nationalism had a great impact on the clients. he sees with his own eyes what he is doing. although, due to his youth, he does not understand the purpose of these articles that discriminate against other nationalities, he admitted one thing: through the press, it is possible to influence people and the society in general. that was the conclusion he came to. main part. after graduating from the milyutin gymnasium, a young, enthusiastic and knowledgeable young man started working as a mudarris at the "zanjirli" madrasa in boqchasaroy. "zanjirli" madrasa is the most prestigious madrasa in boqchasaray, mainly teaching religious knowledge, and students' ideas about secular sciences were very strange. it was this situation that made ismail gasprinsky think about the need to fundamentally change the education system in madrasahs and schools. achieving this required updating the old school and madrasa education system and adapting it to the requirements of the new historical period. during his teaching career, ismail gasprinsky openly opposed the old school and madrasa education, and made it his mission to introduce the 45-minute lesson system and short breaks in european schools and to teach students, first of all, worldly sciences. according to ismail 139 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us haprinsky, in the past, medicine, physics, chemistry, geometry, astronomy and other worldly sciences were taught at a high level in muslim madrasahs. the curriculum of the current muslim madrassas does not go beyond the arabic scriptural language, theology and fanaticism, and the teaching method is based on memorization without understanding. ismail gasprinsky opened a modern school in bogchasaray based on his experiences from foreign countries and educated 12 students in 40 days. he created an alphabet textbook for children called "khojayi sibyon" ("children's teacher"). the slogan "parents are responsible for children's illiteracy" was written on the cover of the textbook. overcoming islamic bigotry, gasprinsky includes pictures of various objects, animals, birds, and insects in the textbook to make each topic more understandable to the child. each lesson in the textbook continues the previous one. this method was very convenient for the students to learn the content of the lesson easily. also, in 1898, there is a "leader to the teacher or teachers" that provides full information about the curriculum, the state of the classroom, the procedure for conducting annual exams, a model lesson schedule, and the location of the teacher and the student in the classroom. wrote the methodical manual "companion". in this book, which is considered a guide for teachers, gasprinsky perfectly describes the rules of the new method and lists them one by one. the new and old methods were compared, and the advantages of the new method were shown. as a result of the campaign, muslim merchants began to invest in the opening of new method schools. despite the opposition of muslim fanatics who were supporters of antiquity, usuli jaded schools spread over a wide area from bogchasarai to kashkar, from egypt to india. according to gasprinsky's report in "tarjimon" in 1892, the number of schools that adopted the new method reached 30. a year later, according to the report of 1893, the number of such schools had increased to 60. by 1906, the number of new method schools exceeded 5000. the opening of the first methodist jadid school in turkestan is directly related to ismail gasprinsky. by the 1890s, gasprinsky turned his attention to turkestan to spread his ideas. because almost half of russian muslims were in turkestan. that is why ismail gasprinsky came to turkestan, met with his colleagues in bukhara, samarkand and tashkent and established friendly relations between turkestan and bogchasaroy. inspired by his enlightening ideas, our compatriots soon started opening new schools. in 1895-1901, four schools of modern methods were established in tashkent. in 1898, muhamad wafo and mulla abdurrahman effendi opened a sawtiya school in khiva. sayyid islamkhoja, the prime minister of the khiva khanate, "considering spreading knowledge and enlightenment above all else in the khanate, brought russian and tatar teachers to khiva, and opened a number of schools in the khiva region. he built a school with his own money." crown prince isfandiyar tora sponsored the opening of schools after his accession to the throne. during the khiva khanate, the people who were directly at the head of the country were seriously involved in the organization of usuli savtiya schools and participated in the organization of several schools. the opening of new schools in the emirate of bukhara was a little more complicated than in the khanate of khiva. new methodist schools were opened in bukhara in 1906 by the tatars. during his second trip to turkestan in 1908, gasprinsky came to bukhara and met representatives of the jadidist movement there. at one of these meetings, it was agreed to open a new usul school in bukhara. the school was named "muzaffaria" in honor of the late emir of bukhara, muzaffar. it is not for nothing that gasprinsky recommends naming this school after the late muzaffar. with this, he wanted to once again draw the attention of the bukhara emir abdulahad khan to the problem of school reform. but even this could not influence the emir. in 1908, a tajik school method was transformed into a savtiya school by local intellectuals. after the school has been operating for a full year, students were examined. mufti ikram damulla, who took part in the exam, sent a letter to kushbegi saying that these schools should be increased and financed from the country's treasury. kushbegi donyolhoja also confirms that this school and method are useful. as a result, it was planned to open 5-6 new method schools this year. but fanatic religious scholars opposed mufti ikram damulla and started to close this school. bukhara madrasas, tashkent, samarkand madrasas, which were the center of knowledge, the garden of religious knowledge in the eyes of all muslims, had become the center of ignorance. so, new methodist schools were opened in 140 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bukhara after a lot of struggle. those who opened schools were called "infidels" and "dahris" and tried to hide them from the eyes of the whole nation. conclusion. after bukhara, ismail gasprinsky goes to samarkand. ismailbey visited the school of abduqadir shakuri in samarkand. he tested the students of the school. everything is more than expected. gasprinsky met with school teachers, shakuri, behbudi and had a long conversation. gasprinsky considered bukhara to be the spiritual homeland of all turks. he sincerely wanted it to be a center of knowledge and enlightenment like in the past. that is why the issue of turkestan was in the first place in all his affairs. to a certain extent, the future of the turkish nation was connected with this country. it was not easy to open the eyes of the eastern peoples who lived under colonial conditions. on the one hand, the colonialists, on the other hand, the supporters of old times strongly opposed the flow of the new river of thought to turkestan. despite such dangers, ismail gasprinsky, whose motto was "unity in language, thought, and work", carried out effective activities in the direction of his goals and ideals of philanthropy. became the spiritual leader of the turkic peoples. ismail gasprinsky, who has borne heavy burdens on the shoulders of history, became the guiding star of the turkic world, who raised the culture of the turkic peoples to the sky. references 1. абдирашидов з. исмоил гаспринский ва туркистонда жадидчилик. тошкент, 2008 2. исмоил гаспринский ва туркистон. тошкент: шарқ, 2005 3. жамолова д. туркистон ва шарқ мамлакатлари тараққийпарварларининг ўзаро алоқалари. тошкент: фан, 2023 4. жамолова д. бухоро амирлигида жадидлар ва қадимчилар фаолияти (хix аср охирихх аср бошлари). тошкент: muharrir nashriyoti, 2020 5. sodiqova nargiza nasri qizi, & bobojonova feruza hayotovna. (2022). universal value of international peace and solidarity. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 2(3), 188–194. retrieved from http://ijpsss.iscience.uz/index.php/ijpsss/article/view/390 6. nurova s. ibn sino ta’limotida inson masalasi va insoniy xislatlar to ‘g ‘risida //farg'onadavlatuniversiteti. – 2023. – №. 4. – с. 107-107. 7. nurova , s. n. (2023). buyuk ensiklopedik olim ibn sino ijodida ma’rifat va jaxolat kurashining inson farovonligini ta’minlash va sog‘lom avlod tarbiyasidagi o‘rni. scholar, 1(28), 237–244. retrieved from https://researchedu.org/index.php/openscholar/article/view/5048 8. nurova , s. n. (2023). yosh avlodni insoniylik va ma’naviy – ma’rifiy ruxda tarbiyalashda ibn sino ijodining ahamiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 2(8), 342–348. retrieved from http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/4051 9. nurova, s. n. (2023). the role of ibn sina’s scientific heritage in educating young people to be perfect human beings. research and education, 2(8), 73–79. retrieved from https://researchedu.org/index.php/re/article/view/4720 10. nurova, s. n. (2023). abu ali ibn sino asarlarida axloqiy fazilatlar tahlili. innovative development in educational activities, 2(16), 51–57. retrieved from https://openidea.uz/index.php/idea/article/view/1597 http://ijpsss.iscience.uz/index.php/ijpsss/article/view/390 https://researchedu.org/index.php/openscholar/article/view/5048 http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/4051 https://researchedu.org/index.php/re/article/view/4720 https://openidea.uz/index.php/idea/article/view/1597 530 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 essence of leasing relations in business khidirov nodir giyosaliyevich, ph.d associate professor, tashkent institute of finance annotation: this article reveals the essence of leasing activities in business sphere of uzbekistan. we have done some statistical analysis on this theme and contemplated some concepts about lease. main body: leasing in uzbekistan is a relatively new activity. to encourage investment in the manufacturing sector, to upgrade the industrial building for improving the competitiveness of domestic producers of our country needs to develop leasing relationship. but you need to create the appropriate conditions. the experience of other advanced countries, it pays close attention to: legislation, tax incentives, etc. leasing is growing as an external financial resource not only in developed countries, but also in uzbekistan, among development and medium and small business entities. leasing is not a cheaper option than other financial resources, but in some cases it is very convenient for business entities. in developing countries such as uzbekistan, state support for small and medium-sized businesses leads to the development of the country's economy, reducing unemployment and raising the standard of living of the population. one of the best ways to support small and medium-sized businesses one of them is to give incentives for their acquisition of external financial resources, including leasing, tax incentives, and one of the main ones is maximum simplification in this area, abandoning excessive documents. it is not a secret to anyone that uzbekistan has opened its doors to the countries of the world in terms of tourism and attracts tourists from all over the world.if we trust to statistical agency of uzbekistan, the number of tourists has increased dramatically in last years. because of this, in my opinion, the development of an area with the help of leasing will be beneficial for us and for the coming tourists. definition and meaning of leasing. leasing is widely used in many countries of the world, and it is considered one of the most appropriate ways of organizing business activities. in uzbekistan, despite certain actions, the forms and ways of leasing development are now being defined. however, the economy is in crisis, and many enterprises are not able to invest large financial means to intensify production and upgrade techniques. this is a big problem for the development of the production sector and support for producers of all forms of ownership in the country, primarily engaged in innovative entrepreneurship. requires the need to increase the role of leasing, which allows attracting a large amount of funds, including private investments. the success of the leasing business in any industry depends to a large extent on the knowledge of its content and specific features, as well as on the effective use of this mechanism. in this regard, it is of urgent importance to determine the essence of leasing, its nature and potential, tasks and organizational forms. 531 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us currently, there is no uniform interpretation of the concept of “leasing” in foreign countries. someone imagines a lease as a special form of lending, while others liken it to a long-term lease. some see leasing as a hidden method of trading means of production, while others associate leasing with the management of other people's property on behalf of the trustee. the current interpretation of the term lease goes back to the words of aristotle (in the work “rhetoric”). it says that wealth is not the possession of property as private property, but the wise use of it (property). this opinion clearly explains the essence of leasing: it is not necessary to own means of production or other types of property for profit; it is enough to use it and get income. there is no word exactly corresponding to the term leasing in the uzbek language. from the point of view of semantics (in terms of meaning of the word), this term corresponds more to the words of rent-to-rent. therefore, in most cases, the term leasing is interpreted as a long-term lease of various equipment, buildings and production facilities. leasing is carried out as part of a three-way transaction, in which the financing leasing company (lessor) buys the property from the property developer (property owner) at the option of the customer (lessee) and leases it to the customer, while ownership remains with the leasing company (lessor). the relations between the participants of the lease justify the existence of several contracts, which provide new features to the individual elements of the leasing operations and closely connect them with each other. in particular, in addition to the main lease contract, other contracts such as sales, credit, guarantee, and service will have their place. one of the characteristics of leasing is the complex combination of contracts and the intertwining of relationships that arise from it. in this case, the relationship in temporary use of the property is the main one. leasing objects and subjects. when signing lease agreements, it is important to define the leased objects. according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on leasing” (article 3), “any non-consumable items used for business activities, including enterprises, property complexes, buildings, structures, equipment, transport tools and other movable and immovable property can be leased object” 1 . the main condition of leasing is that the leased objects are required to be used only for business purposes. unlike rent, land areas and natural complexes, which are the basis of all real estate, cannot be leased. according to the main condition of the lease, the leased objects can be used only for business purposes. the size of the new leasing market in the republic of uzbekistan in 2022 exceeded the prepandemic figure of 2019 for the first time in the last three years. at the same time, the driver of the industry has also changed: the most popular leasing object is not agricultural machinery, but motor vehicles. 1 law of the republic of uzbekistan "on leasing", 1999. april 14, article 3 532 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. a portfolio of new lease contracts in 2022 2 . in february, the uzbek leasing international company leased a set of italian equipment for the production of baby diapers for the uzbek-turkish joint venture “atco hygienics”. the project was financed by a loan from kdb(korea development bank) bank uzbekistan. bank loans are used as the main source of financing by most leasing companies in uzbekistan. but the transaction, which is the subject of technological equipment leasing, is more contrary to the trend: over the past year, the volume of this sector has decreased from 22,5 percent to 12,1 percent of the total composition of transactions. in 2022, the volume of new business amounted to 3,1 trillion soums (+11,4 percent compared to 2021), the leasing portfolio of market participants increased by almost 6,2 trillion soums (+6 percent) during the year. 9,400 contracts were concluded between companies and banks, which is almost a third more than last year, but this figure is still lower than in 2019, when the number of contracts exceeded 11,000. figure 2. leasing market portfolio 3 . 2 https://kz.kursiv.media/2023-03-02/kak-smeshhayutsya-akczenty-na-lizingovom-rynke-uzbekistana/ 2,795.90 1,852.70 2,593.40 3,115.70 0.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 3,000.00 3,500.00 2019 2020 2021 2022 5,344 5,673 5,833 6,182 4,800 5,000 5,200 5,400 5,600 5,800 6,000 6,200 6,400 2019 2020 2021 2022 leasing market portfolio, billion soums 533 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the republic of uzbekistan, the main driver of the leasing market has traditionally been agricultural machinery, but now the first place is occupied by motor transport it makes up 40,3 percent of the total structure of leasing transactions. for comparison: in 2021, the share of road transport was 26,4 percent. it is a more active use of financial leasing of motor vehicles by individuals than before. during the year, the share of agricultural machinery in the total composition of leasing transactions decreased slightly from 26,9 percent to 26,2 percent. the share of construction machinery decreased significantly from 21,8 to 19 percent. but in 2022, as mentioned above, significantly less technological equipment was leased. real estate leasing rates were below 3 percent and remained virtually unchanged over the year. in 2022, the total volume of financial leasing operations will be 700,9 billion soums (22,5 percent of the entire market), quantitatively it was 3,1 thousand transactions (33 percent of all transactions). in the current conditions of uzbekistan, attention should be paid to several other areas. it is not a secret to anyone that uzbekistan has opened its doors to the countries of the world in terms of tourism and attracts tourists from all over the world.if we trust to statistical agency of uzbekistan, the number of tourists has increased dramatically in last years. because of this, in my opinion, the development of an area with the help of leasing will be beneficial for us and for the coming tourists. it's no secret that when a tourist visits a country, he uses a number of means of transport there. including taxi, public transport, etc. but if we pay attention to developed countries, they offer the option of renting a car for a few days. it is very convenient for tourists and the majority of tourists use it. however, unfortunately, there are no visible opportunities in this regard in our country. providing short-term car rental for tourists visiting our country on the basis of operating lease is a great convenience for tourists and good opportunity for entrepreneurs to get high income. the state also benefits from this in every way. in order to organize this activity, it is necessary to resolve the process of concluding an operating lease agreement as quickly as possible. references: 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on leasing", 1999. april 14, article 3 2. nazarov nodirjon, the engagement between islamic and conventional banking, 2023 / inlibrary.uz 3. nazarov nodirjon, financial risks in islamic financing, eurasian journal of history, geography and economics, 2023, 40-48 pp. 4. nazarov nodirjon, islamic banking: problems, solutions and prospectives, world economics and finance bulletin, 2023, 153-159 pp. 5. nazarov nodirjon, significance of islamic finance in financial market of uzbekistan, academia science repository 4, 2023, 132-139 pp. 6. nazarov nodirjon, modern strategic management issues, science and innovations 2, 2023, 987-993 pp. 3 https://kz.kursiv.media/2023-03-02/kak-smeshhayutsya-akczenty-na-lizingovom-rynke-uzbekistana/ 226 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 problems of registration of an administrative offense for violation of the border regime kholbo'tayev abdug'ani abdurakhimovich independent student of the university of public security, yu.f.f.d. (phd) abstract: the article reveals the problems of registration of an administrative offense for violation of the border regime by the servicemen of the border troops of the sss and the composition of this offense, as well as the results of the analysis of the national a proposal has been made to introduce appropriate amendments to the code of administrative offenses of the republic of uzbekistan to improve the registration of this offense. keywords: state border, state border protection, state border regime, border regime, border zone, border strip, administrative offenses in the field of state border protection. of the code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan 1(hereinafter referred to as the code of criminal procedure), an administrative offense is an illegal, culpable (intentional) violation of a person, the rights and freedoms of citizens, property, state and public order, and the natural environment. or behind recklessness) is understood as an act or omission. the offense is expressed in the violation of established rules of conduct. administrative offense includes three types of symptoms: 1) illegal action or inaction; 2) guilt; 3) prosecution. an illegal act or omission prohibited by administrative legislation is considered an administrative offense 2. classification of administrative offenses serves as a legal basis for legal assessment of offenses committed by individuals. according to traditional views, administrative offenses include four essential elements, namely the object, the objective side, the subject and the subjective side of the offense. in this case, the composition of a specific administrative offense is expressed in the form of its symptoms, not as a whole phenomenon in the administrative legislation. the composition of the offense means the set of necessary signs to consider an antisocial act as an administrative offense established by law. a person can be held administratively liable only if all the elements of an administrative offense are present in his act 3. 1code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan, 1995, no. 3, article 6. 2 h.r. alimov, a.a. makhmudov, n.t. ismailov . administrative law: textbook. t., academy of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, 2002, 93 p. 3comments on the code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan. the team of authors. t. 227 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us since administrative offenses in the field of state border protection are offenses against the established order of administration, illegal acts in this area are expressed in harming social relations aimed at ensuring the order of administration. the management procedure is "the normal management activity of the state apparatus and local self-government bodies, which corresponds to the interests of the individual, society, and the state, is based on laws and regulations, and is aimed at ensuring their stable and effective operation 4. " entering the border zone, as well as places with temporary restrictions on the entry and stay of citizens, as well as violation of the rules of living in them, 5will lead to prosecution under article 224 of the civil code and a fine of one to three times the base calculation amount. allowing citizens to enter the border zone, as well as places with temporary restrictions on the entry and stay of citizens, as well as to allow citizens who violate the rules on living in such places to live in such places, will be the reason for imposing a fine on citizens from three to five times the amount of the base calculation, and on officials from five to ten times. establishing administrative liability for entering the border zone, as well as places where citizens are temporarily restricted in their entry and stay, and for violating the rules of living there is not only to protect the established order of registration, residence and migration of citizens, but also to protect the interests of the republic in the field of state border protection, treason, aims to cooperate in the fight against crimes such as espionage, smuggling, going abroad and entering the republic of uzbekistan against the law 6. the object of this offense is social relations established by the rules of the border regime. from the objective side of the offense entry (passing), staying (living), moving and doing work in the border zone and the border region, as well as the temporary restrictions on the entry and stay of citizens, non-observance of the established order, as well as the entry into the border zone, as well as the entry of citizens and temporary restriction on living is represented by the actions or inaction of citizens who violate the rules on entering and living in designated places. another view of the objective side of this offense is that it is an administrative offense with a formal content. the commission of these offenses by persons does not cause material damage, but their violation of the procedures and rules established by the border regime causes administrative liability under article 224 of the criminal code. at the same time, let's dwell on the concept of "border regime" and its essence. the border regime includes the procedures and rules for entering (exiting) the border zone, crossing it, being there (living), moving, conducting economic activities and other activities, and it is established by the authority of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan 7. a border zone is a pre-border area or a part of it, adjacent to the border region, where the border regime is implemented. the order of entry and exit (transition), stay (residence) and movement of persons to the border zone and the border region is 8regulated by the "regulation on border regime" approved by government decision no. 504. justice. 2000. p. 24-25. 4 alexin a.p., karmolitsky a.a., kozlov yu.m. administrativnoe pravo rossiyskoy federatsii: uchebnik. m., 1998. s. 4–22. 5code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan, 1995, no. 3, article 6. 6 ikramov sh.t., khamedov i.a., administrative law textbook t.: ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, 2016. p. 351-352. 7law no. orq-868 of september 13, 2023 "on the state border of the republic of uzbekistan" // national database of legal documents ( www.lex.uz ), september 13, 2023. 8resolution no. 504 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan of july 5, 2018 "on approval of the regulation on the border regime in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan" // national database of legal 228 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 4, 2021 no. 735 9"on additional measures to define the border zone and border region in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan". according to government decision no. 504, the border regime includes the following procedures and rules: entry and exit (transition), stay (residence) and movement of persons into the border zone and border region; conducting economic and other activities, public and other cultural events in the border region; hunting, research, prospecting and other activities in internal waters of the republic of uzbekistan, border rivers, lakes and other water bodies. citizens who do not live permanently in the border zone and come here for more than five days must have a separate registration card (permit) issued by the internal affairs authorities to stay in the border zone, in addition to a passport and other documents confirming their identity (service certificate, military card, birth certificate). . also, in order for persons to enter and exit (cross), stay (live) and move in the border region, a permit must be issued by the border guards of the republic of kazakhstan. individuals and representatives of legal entities to enter the border region (to be in it, to carry out work) information about the persons who are supposed to enter this region (surname, first name, patronymic, date and place of birth, place of work, specialty, position held, place of residence , the series and number of the identity document, the place where the works are carried out, their time and nature) and copies of their passports are attached to the written application in triplicate and submitted to the units of the border troops of the dxx no later than 30 days before the start of the work (activity) can obtain the appropriate permit. geodesy, topography, geology, hydrogeology, road construction and other research in the border region, as well as hydraulic engineering, land reclamation and other works related to changing the water regime of border rivers, lakes and other water bodies, animal husbandry, agriculture and other works based on the permission of the border troops of the dxx is done. according to the law "on the state border of the republic of uzbekistan", the border regime includes only the procedures and rules for entering (exiting) the border zone, crossing it, being there (living), movement, economic activities and other activities. in addition, according to article 52 of this law, non-compliance by individuals with the procedure for entering (exiting), crossing, being there (living) and moving, economic activities and other activities is a violation of the border regime . also, in accordance with article 33 of this law, the state border regime includes provisions related to the implementation of economic activities and other activities in the border region, according to article 46, violation of the rules related to being in the border region, the implementation of economic activities and other activities state border recognized as a violation of the regime . it is clear from this that the "regulation on the border regime" approved by the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 504 of july 5, 2018 contradicts the current law "on the state border of the republic of uzbekistan", so it is necessary to exclude from it the norms related to the border region and to be in the state border regime. there is a need to approve the "regulation on the state border regime", which incorporates the rules for the implementation of economic activities and other activities, by the government's decision. documents ( www.lex.uz ), july 6, 2018. 9this decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan was not published in the mass media. 229 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it should be noted that the specific feature of the administrative offense provided for in article 224 of the criminal code is that it is committed not only in the border zone, but also in places where temporary restrictions on the entry and stay of citizens have been established. places with temporary restrictions on the entry and stay of citizens are defined as additional regime restrictions established by the border guards of the republic of kazakhstan in the border region. according to article 43 of the law "on the state border of the republic of uzbekistan", additional regime restrictions and prohibitions may be introduced by the border guards of the republic of uzbekistan in the border region in relation to the following: entry of foreign persons into the border region; to enter the areas where economic activities and other activities are carried out; access of watercraft to border rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. in the future, by the government's decision, by developing the "regulation on the state border regime" and in order to eliminate the existing conflicts in the legislation in the field of state border protection, article 224 of the criminal code of ukraine shall be stated in the following version and an additional article on "violation of the state border regime" will be added to this code. we declare: 224 . violation of the border regime in the border zone violation of the rules of entering (exiting), crossing, staying (living), moving, conducting economic activities and other activities in the border zone shall result in a fine of one to three times the base calculation amount. allowing citizens who violate the rules on entering the border zone and staying (living) in them to live in such places causes a fine to citizens from three to five times the amount of the basic calculation, and to officials from five to ten times". this offense is expressed directly intentionally or recklessly on the part of the subject , and a sane individual over the age of 16 is considered its subject . in conclusion, it can be said that the clarification of the legal description of this administrative offense is necessary for the preparation of personnel for the dsc and for the future regulation of the relations of military personnel in the field of state border protection, in the correct application of legal documents, as well as in the correct organization of their state border protection activities, and in the correct legal assessment of administrative-legal relations. is important. at the same time, we think that the suggestions made regarding the improvement of the legal description of these types of offenses will serve to eliminate the uncertainty and legal gaps arising in practice in this field. list of references used 1. code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan, 1995, no. 3, article 6. 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the state border of the republic of uzbekistan" dated september 13, 2023 no. orq-868 // national database of legal documents (www.lex.uz), september 13, 2023. 3. resolution no. 504 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated july 5, 2018 "on approval of the regulation on the border regime in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan" // national database of legal documents (www.lex.uz), july 6, 2018. 230 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. decision no. 735 of december 4, 2021 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to determine the border zone and border region in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan". 5. comments on the code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan: authors' team., t., adolat. 2000. 6. h.r. alimov, a.a. makhmudov, n.t. ismailov. administrative law: textbook. t., academy of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, 2002. 7. ikramov sh.t., khamedov i.a., textbook of administrative law t.: ministry of internal affairs academy of the republic of uzbekistan, 2016. 8. alexin a.p., karmolitsky a.a., kozlov yu.m. administrativnoe pravo rossiyskoy federatsii: uchebnik. m., 1998. 242 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 gender audit as a tool for eradicating harassment and ensuring its prevention in the workplace alieva kamola doctor of philosophy in law (phd), act. associate professor, tashkent state law university kamolaalieva@gmail.com abstract this article explores the critical role of gender audits in eradicating harassment and ensuring its prevention in the workplace in uzbekistan. by examining the legal frameworks, methodologies, and outcomes associated with gender audits, the study highlights the significance of these audits as comprehensive tools for identifying, understanding, and addressing gender imbalances and discrimination in organizational settings. through detailed analysis of policies, practices, and procedures, gender audits facilitate the development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting gender equality and safeguarding against harassment. the findings emphasize the importance of gender audits in fostering a culture of respect and equality, detailing the processes involved in conducting audits, and the impactful outcomes that can be achieved. the article further discusses the legislative context in uzbekistan that supports gender audits, including specific laws and codes that frame the country's approach to gender equality and protection against harassment. by showcasing the effectiveness of gender audits in driving organizational change and enhancing workplace culture, the article advocates for their broader adoption and implementation as a key strategy in combating workplace harassment. keywords: gender audit, harassment prevention, workplace discrimination, gender equality, uzbekistan, legal framework, organizational change, gender imbalances, equality of opportunity, protection against harassment. introduction in our country, strong legal foundations are being established to achieve equal rights and opportunities for both women and men. this includes ensuring their equal participation in managing society and public affairs, as well as providing social and legal support for women. special strategies and programs are being adopted to guarantee the equal involvement of women and men in all aspects of our country's socio-political life, and mechanisms for ensuring gender equality are continually being enhanced. the issue of gender equality extends beyond just women's organizations; it impacts the work of all organizations. it should be recognized that, in recent years, significant strides have been made to ensure gender equality in rights, increase the socio-political engagement of women, and broaden their participation in public administration. mailto:kamolaalieva@gmail.com 243 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the republic of uzbekistan has ratified several conventions of the international labor organization, including 'on equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value' (no. 100), 'on maternity protection' (no. 103), and 'on discrimination (employment and occupation)' (no. 111). the adoption of a number of presidential decisions, as well as the laws 'on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men' and 'on the protection of women from oppression and violence,' has significantly enhanced the efficiency of efforts in this area. pursuant to the law of the republic of uzbekistan 'on amendments and additions to the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men"' dated december 15, 2022, no. lru-809, the federation of trade unions of uzbekistan has been authorized to conduct a gender audit as part of the public oversight over the activities of governmental bodies and organizations. mаtеriаls аnd mеthоds gender audits are carried out according to a three-year plan approved by the federation of trade unions of uzbekistan in government bodies and organizations as part of public oversight. the gender audit is conducted based on a specific methodology, which takes into account the unique aspects of the activities of government bodies and organizations. specialists with relevant knowledge and experience can be involved in conducting a gender audit on a voluntary basis. information and proposals derived from the results of the gender audit are sent to the republican commission on increasing the role of women in society, gender equality, and family within ten working days following the audit. the republican commission on increasing the role of women in society, gender equality, and family reviews the information and proposals from the gender audit within one month. following this review, the commission takes steps towards the gradual integration of a comprehensive gender approach into the operations of government bodies and organizations. this approach includes aspects of personnel policy and the monitoring of its implementation. information about the outcomes of the gender audit is published on the official website of the federation of trade unions of uzbekistan a gender audit is an assessment of compliance with legislative requirements regarding the guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men, as well as the implementation of an integrated gender approach in the activities of government bodies and organizations, including in personnel policies. the main objectives of a gender audit are:  to study the ratio of the number of women to men in government bodies and organizations;  to evaluate the extent to which government bodies and organizations implement an integrated gender approach in their activities;  to assess the state of implementation of legislation aimed at ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men;  to develop proposals to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men. gender audits are especially important for eliminating harassment in the workplace. therefore, when considering measures to prevent harassment in the workplace, special attention should be paid to the issues of conducting a gender audit. 244 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us disсussiоn gender audits play a key role in combating discrimination and harassment in the workplace. they are tools aimed at identifying, understanding, and ensuring equality of opportunity for all employees, regardless of their gender. therefore, when considering measures to prevent harassment in the workplace, special attention should be paid to the issue of conducting gender audits. eliminating harassment in the workplace is one of the key objectives of conducting a gender audit in uzbekistan, as in many other countries. a gender audit is a comprehensive review of policies, practices, procedures, and data designed to identify and address gender imbalances and discrimination in the workplace. in the context of uzbekistan, where there is an active effort to improve gender equality and strengthen women's rights, this process assumes particular relevance. conducting a gender audit can and should be an important means of eliminating harassment in the workplace. during a gender audit, it is important to pay special attention to issues of preventing harassment in the workplace. this includes determining:  whether employees face cases of harassment in the workplace;  to what extent employees are informed about measures to protect against harassment in the workplace;  what preventive measures have been taken to protect against harassment in the workplace;  what measures are in place in case of harassment in the workplace to protect all categories of workers, including those in the informal sector;  what measures are provided to protect vulnerable categories of workers (for example, migrants);  whether workplaces and working conditions are monitored for compliance with legislation against harassment in the workplace. these issues should be reflected in a set of questions for individual meetings as part of a gender audit. a separate section of the questionnaire should be devoted to issues related to the prevention of harassment in the workplace. during the gender audit workshop, it is necessary to familiarize employees with the provisions of national legislation on protection against harassment in the workplace. a separate session of the workshop can be devoted to preventing harassment in the workplace, particularly focusing on the relevant provisions of the laws of the republic of uzbekistan: 'on guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for women and men' and 'on the protection of women from harassment and violence'. law on 'guarantees of equal rights and equal opportunities for women and men', article 21: guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men in labor relations to realize equal rights and opportunities for women and men in labor relations, the employer ensures the prevention of unacceptable treatment that leads to the degradation of the dignity of individuals in labor relations or the creation of discriminatory working conditions. law on 'the protection of women from harassment and violence', article 9: powers of labor authorities in the field of protecting women from harassment and violence 245 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us labor authorities:  participate in the development and implementation of state and territorial programs, as well as legislative acts aimed at protecting women from oppression and violence;  implement measures to register unemployed women, ensure their employment, and provide social support;  carry out preventive measures in organizations, regardless of their ownership form, to prevent cases of harassment and violence in the workplace against women and to improve the culture of relationships with women;  take measures to ensure employment and provide professional guidance to women seeking work who find themselves in difficult social situations, including those facing family problems and violence. code of administrative responsibility of the republic of uzbekistan: article 411. sexual harassment sexual harassment, defined as committing against a person one-time rude or repeated actions of a sexual nature that are unwanted by him or her and degrade his or her honor and dignity, expressed through descriptions of his or her appearance or physique, gestures, touching, calling, or exhibiting a sexual inclination, entails a fine of two to five basic calculated values or administrative arrest for up to five days. the same offenses committed repeatedly within a year after the imposition of an administrative penalty will entail a fine of five to seven basic calculated values or administrative arrest for up to fifteen days. criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan: article 121. forcing a person to engage in sexual intercourse forcing a person to have sexual intercourse or to satisfy sexual needs in an unnatural form by a person in relation to whom the victim was in official, financial or other dependence is punishable by compulsory public works from three hundred to four hundred and eighty hours or correctional labor from two to three years, or restriction of freedom from one year to three years or imprisonment from one year to three years. these standards therefore provide the legal foundation for protecting employees from harassment in the workplace. gender audits play an important role in combating discrimination and harassment in the workplace. they provide a systematic and independent review of work processes, policies, and procedures from a gender equality and non-discrimination perspective. let's look at the key areas in which a gender audit can be particularly effective: 1. identifying problems and biases: a gender audit helps to identify instances of gender discrimination and harassment that may not be obvious or ingrained in the company culture. this includes an analysis of salaries, promotions, distribution of responsibilities, and access to professional training. 246 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. education and awareness: the audit raises awareness among employees and management about the importance of gender equality. educational programs and training developed based on audit findings can help change attitudes towards gender issues in the organization. 3. development and implementation of policies: based on the results of a gender audit, companies can develop and implement policies aimed at eliminating discrimination and harassment. this includes establishing clear grievance and handling procedures, a zerotolerance policy against harassment and discrimination, and measures to ensure equal opportunity for all employees. 4. monitoring and evaluation: a gender audit also includes monitoring and evaluation of implemented changes, allowing organizations to track progress and make adjustments if necessary. 5. improving corporate culture: in the long term, gender audits help create a more inclusive and respectful work environment, which has a positive impact on the overall company culture and increases employee satisfaction. gender audits are therefore an essential tool not only for identifying and eliminating gender discrimination and harassment but also for promoting a culture of equality and respect in the workplace. соnсlusiоn the problem of protection against harassment in the workplace requires an integrated approach to solving it. a comprehensive strategy is needed to combat violence and harassment in the workplace, including measures to improve legislation, mechanisms for filing complaints and investigations, holding perpetrators accountable and compensating the victim of harassment, raising awareness and monitoring. it is important to involve all government agencies, civil society institutions, the media, educational institutions, and the private sector in the implementation of the strategy. stereotypes that hinder the effective fight against harassment in the workplace must be eradicated. measures to combat harassment must be taken in all institutions and organizations, at all levels. it is important to ensure zero tolerance for all forms of violence, including harassment1. the relevant sections may define harassment and harassment in accordance with the approach of the international labor organization, it may proclaim zero tolerance for any manifestations of discrimination, violence, harassment and harassment; it seems appropriate to describe the procedures that could be used by persons faced with such practices, as well as the procedure for electing/forming a body authorized to resolve such situations, with the mandatory inclusion of representatives of trade unions and student associations in its composition; guarantees of confidentiality for persons who use existing procedures. organizational administrations may have obligations to inform employees and managers about the zero-tolerance policy towards harassment and harassment. in the absence of the possibility of concluding a collective agreement, trade unions can develop and propose a system of measures to maintain a safe working environment and minimize gender-based harassment, which can be included in the texts of other local acts of organizations. 1 alieva kamola. (2022). the cases of sexual harassment against women in the workplace in uzbekistan: threat to ensuring gender equality. world bulletin of management and law, 12, 130134. retrieved from https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/1181 https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/1181 247 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is important to regularly monitor the effectiveness of anti-harassment measures in the workplace. this monitoring can be carried out as part of a gender audit. gender audit can and should become an effective mechanism to eradicate and prevent harassment in the workplace. a gender audit not only identifies issues of discrimination and harassment in the workplace, but also serves as a basis for creating a fairer and safer work environment for all employees, regardless of their gender. effective implementation of audit recommendations requires management commitment and the active participation of the entire team. rеfеrеnсеs: 1. convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women // uzbekistan and international treaties on human rights / rep. ed. oh. saidov. – t.: adolat, 1998. – p. 411-427. 2. vienna declaration and program of action, 1993 // human rights. collection of international treaties. t.1 (part 2.) un, 2002. p.47-78. 3. beijing declaration and platform for action. un, 1995 – un women, 1995. – 346 p. 4. declaration on the elimination of violence against women 1994 // collection of international documents on human rights. – new york and geneva, ohchr, 2002. – p.194-201. 5. optional protocol to the convention on the elimination of discrimination against women, 2000 // collection of international documents on human rights. – new york and geneva, ohchr, 2002. – pp. 186-192. 6. unga resolution 70/1 “transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development” (a/res/70/1) 7. guidelines for conducting a gender audit. ilo participatory gender audit methodology. geneva, international labor office, 2007. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---rogeneva/---sro-moscow/documents/publication/wcms_312703.pdf 8. participatory gender audit of parliaments. osce/odihr, 2021 https://www.oscepa.org/en/documents/special-representatives/gender-issues/report-17/4566participatory-gender-audits-of-parliaments-a-step-by-stepguidance-document-rus/file 9. alison e. woodward. how to achieve gender balance. council of europe, may 2003. pp. 7374. [electronic resource] url: https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/democracy/activities/keytexts/03_summaries_of_all_publications/goingforgenderbalancerussian_en.pdf 10. kamola, a. (2023). discrimination of women and people with disabilities in labor relations: unraveling challenges and pursuing equity in uzbekistan. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 1(6), 35–39. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/540 11. alieva kamola. (2022). the cases of sexual harassment against women in the workplace in uzbekistan: threat to ensuring gender equality. world bulletin of management and law, 12, 130-134. retrieved from https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/1181 12. alieva kamola. (2023). gender inequality in uzbekistan: problems of access to justice for women affected by domestic violence. world bulletin of management and law, 18, 128-134. retrieved from https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/2061 https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/democracy/activities/key-texts/03_summaries_of_all_publications/goingforgenderbalancerussian_en.pdf https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/democracy/activities/key-texts/03_summaries_of_all_publications/goingforgenderbalancerussian_en.pdf https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/540 https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/1181 https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wbml/article/view/2061 199 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 implementation of quality management in the higher education system improvement bolliyev shamsiddin tursunmamatovich master's student of business management education at the higher school of business and entrepreneurship under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: another important factor affecting decision-making related to determining the structure and content of the quality management system in educational institutions and its maintenance is the global nature of the problem and the general trends in the world in approaches to its solution. in this regard, this article discusses the development of the education quality management system in universities. the author analyzed the education system in a number of countries. a comparative review of the higher education evaluation system in different countries shows that there are different approaches to evaluating the activities of higher education institutions. the analysis of foreign experience made it possible to form a number of basic principles necessary for quality management in educational organizations. keywords: educational competitiveness, university competitiveness, education quality assessment, education quality management system, relevance of education quality management, quality management, foreign experience, education quality. the essence of the large-scale reforms implemented in uzbekistan in the following years is, first of all, consistent development of all sectors of our economy. training of potential young personnel with in-depth knowledge and practical skills for industries occupies a special place in the successful implementation of this task. this goal increasing human capital is one of the most important and integral parts of uzbekistan's development strategy. in this way, large-scale works aimed at the comprehensive development of the higher education system, providing it with qualified and ambitious specialists with practical experience are being carried out. as a result of the implemented systematic measures, the material-technical base, legal-normative, methodical support of higher education institutions is being gradually strengthened. in the action strategy for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan, directions such as "reforming the public administration system, developing the organizational and legal foundations of the public service, implementing public control mechanisms, developing modern forms of public control, and increasing the effectiveness of social partnership" and this, in turn, takes an important place in the development of the management strategy in higher education institutions, considering this process as a pedagogical system with a research and analytical direction. based on the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further develop the higher education system", creating a healthy competitive environment among higher education organizations, raising the quality of education to a higher level and national rating of higher education institutions has been published by the state inspectorate for quality control of education for the last three years in order to help them enter international ratings. our higher education standards are being improved based on advanced foreign experiences. every year, the rating of otm is studied, and the mass media is presented to the public with transparency and openness. this caused the formation of a competitive environment between universities. 200 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us modernization of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan is a complex management task. the main management principle of the modernization of higher education is the organization of the educational process in higher education institutions and the creation of a quality management system as a basis for achieving the highest efficiency of higher education institutions. the reform of the educational system should not be reduced to its structural restructuring, strengthening of administrative management methods, which implies deep changes, and success cannot be achieved without philosophical reflection of its foundations. philosophical analysis of the quality of the educational activity of universities should have a modernizing process, the choice of a development strategy, and an innovative character. the relevance of the problem of education quality management is also related to socio-cultural changes in society and changes in the state's education policy. to study the problematic and multifaceted educational system of the philosophical and socio-economic analysis of the quality of education, to determine the responsible subjects stakeholders of higher education, their level of satisfaction and to this definition refers to the strategy of university activities. analysis of general philosophical categories such as quality allows to fully reveal the problem of forming an effective strategy for quality management of higher education. the meaning of quality management of higher education should be to coordinate the activities of higher vocational education institutions with the directions of values that arise in society. the reforms carried out in higher education, the large number of tasks facing the educational system and the sufficient efficiency of the existing educational system require not only new forms and methods of teaching, but also a new educational paradigm and new quality in higher education institutions. determines the search for management strategies. the existing pluralism of educational concepts certainly reflects the development process of our society, but at the same time it causes a number of complex theoretical and practical disagreements. the stratification of higher education institutions and the diversity of educational programs correspond to the needs of new types of professional activity, the complexity of the social structure of our society, and the demands of social groups that have their own interests in it for the quality of education. in this regard, the issue of methodological guidelines on the quality of modern higher education becomes relevant, which should determine its strategy and tactics, taking into account the development prospects of the society. it is very important to generalize and synthesize scientific ideas and knowledge that describe various aspects of educational activity and give an idea of the prospects for the development of education in general, policies and strategies in this field. this synthesis is the main task of the movement of thinking from the abstract to the concrete, including the philosophically oriented theory of the quality of education. modern post-industrial society is interested in citizens and professionals who can quickly adapt to constantly changing living conditions. in such conditions, education should be aimed at teaching young people to acquire knowledge for life, to teach them the methodology of acquiring knowledge in any field. the observed changes in the activities of higher educational institutions may be different, including new technologies of education, teaching methods, organization of the educational process, management and technical service support, and these higher education institutions require high flexibility and mobility from the management system. improving the quality of education and expanding its opportunities is one of the important priorities of the state education policy in our republic. today, another important factor affecting decision-making related to determining the structure and content of the quality management system in higher education institutions and ensuring it is the global nature of the problem and the general trends in the world in approaches to its solution. the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 20222026 also envisages bringing the education system to a level that meets world standards1. solving this problem requires a detailed study and analysis of foreign experience in the creation of educational quality assessment and management systems, which will make our republic a single european country by achieving comparable educational quality through the introduction of mutually recognized assessment systems. provides an opportunity to approach and integrate the educational space. the review of the literature showed that positioning in relation to higher educational institutions includes the identification of competitive advantages that allow to 201 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us increase the attractiveness of the higher education institution in the eyes of the target audience (applicants, employers, authorities, etc.)2. at the same time, the location of the higher education institution can be implemented in two directions external and internal. external education includes determining the position of the institution in the market of educational services, in the educational space. internal positioning is determined by the communication system, internal marketing and organizational support within the higher education institution. as a result of the location, higher education institutions determine their strengths, priority activities and develop a strategy for their development. the strategy for the development of a higher education institution is a "comprehensive, long-term plan of systematic actions and their practical implementation based on a comprehensive study of all laws, external and internal conditions, goals and tasks that ensure the effectiveness of the organization"3. based on the above analysis, it can be said that various development strategies or their combinations can be used in higher education institutions. when developing a strategy for the development of higher education institutions, it is necessary to take into account the optimal combination of education and market relations. the higher education institution, which strives to keep up with the times, sets ambitious goals and consistently implements them, at the same time, in order to develop a modern material and technical base corresponding to the level of scientific and technical progress, as well as the ability of students in advanced directions. it is necessary to create favorable conditions. the article uses general scientific research methods such as analysis, synthesis, analogy, and generalization, and evaluates the possibilities of applying existing classifications of development strategies of organizations in relation to higher educational institutions. methods of analyzing the methodological basis of the development strategy of a higher education institution, working programs and manuals for the organization of the development strategy of higher educational institution, summarizing the pedagogical experience in using modern web tools as one of the means of increasing the effectiveness of the development of higher educational institution, the problem of this research methods of interviews with teachers were also used. a number of quality control methods can be used to analyze the quality of education. in practice, quality control methods are applied to production, and these methods are rarely used in the educational process. issues of using quality control methods applied to production enterprises in the educational system are considered below. one of the popular methods of quality control is the isikawa method. the isikawa chart is based on 5m. 5m is defined as: the above 5 factors are the basis of the isikawa diagram, and the diagram of the factors affecting the quality of education in higher education institutions can be shown using the isikawa method4. it can be seen from isikawa's scheme that one of the factors that most affect the quality of education according to the 5 reasons is the human factor, which has a direct impact on the quality of education. secret shows. the remaining factors have a negative impact on the quality of educational processes through the human factor. among the remaining factors, methods significantly affect the quality of education in terms of organization. elimination of these problems, which negatively affect the quality of education, should be based on a clear mechanism. one such mechanism in the quality management system is the dyoming cycle and the quality loop. the american scientist edward dyoming made a great contribution to the scientific consideration of work planning, execution, and control in quality management, and he introduced the pdca (plando-check-act) control cycle (dyoming cycle). passed since the pdca cycle is an idea of dyoming, this cycle is also called the dyoming cycle. the main 202 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us method of quality improvement is the pdca control cycle, which consists of the following: p(plan) – creating a work plan; д(do) – perform the work according to the plan; s(check) – checking that the obtained results correspond to the planned works; a(action) taking measures, managing the impact in the event that the results obtained compared to the planned indicators have changed. the dyoming cycle is the foundation of any work done in an institution. this control loop can be the basis of success in any employee or team. in order to apply the pdca cycle in practice, the employees of the institution need to learn it at their level. therefore, in order to ensure the systematicity of quality management processes and increase the efficiency of management, it will be possible to use the dyoming cycle and the quality ring together in quality management activities. this will be effective in ensuring the competitiveness of the growing personnel. based on these two methods, you can make a table and make it look like a matrix. this matrix is a comprehensive view of quality management for a particular type of specialty. thus, modern education is the same object of market relations as other goods and services, and individual educational institutions and the educational system as a whole improve the quality of their services by creating and implementing a modern quality management system. how they improve their competitiveness depends on the future of our society. the successful integration of education, science and production, improving the quality of education ultimately determines the speed and depth of modernization of our country's economy. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 2, 2020 no. pf-5953 on the implementation of the strategy of actions on five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021 in the "year of development of science, enlightenment and digital economy". https://lex.uz// 2. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev "on measures to further develop the higher education system", collection of legal documents of the republic of uzbekistan, pq-2909, no. 18, article 313, april 20, 2017. 3. hakimova m.f. personality of the modern economist. -t.: economy, 2019. 4. faizullaeva n.s. educational management. t.: economy, 2019. 5. khakimova m., lutfullaeva n. and others. methodology of teaching special subjects. t.: economy, 2019. 6. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev "on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". tashkent, 2022 (decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev "on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". tashkent, 2022). 7. barber m., donnelly k., rizvi s. avalanche at school the other day. vysshee obrazovanie i hryadushchaya revolution // voprosy obrazovanie. 2013. no. 3. s. 152-236. 8. prokhorov a.v. sovremennaya praktika brandirovaniya rossiiskikh universitetov // almanakh teoreticheskikh i prikladnyx issledovaniy reklamy. 2015. no. 2 (10). 9. dresvyannikov v.a. postroeniya systemy upravleniya znaniyami na predpriyatii. m.: "knorus", 2006. 10. gafforova e.b. sozdanie sistemy management kachestva v vuze // methody management kachestva. – 2012. – no. 12 (gafforova e.b. creation of a quality management system at a university // methods of quality management. 2019. no. 12.). 374 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 are authors of industrial property encouraged? mekhmonov kambariddin miradxamovich professor of tsul qambariddin@gmail.com abstract the article discusses the problems associated with encouraging authors of industrial property objects, with an emphasis on stimulating creative activity. obstacles are analyzed, such as the lack of financial and organizational support in the early stages of development and protection, as well as the difficulty of obtaining patents and licenses, which can negatively affect the motivation of authors. it also raises the issue of unfair rewards and limitations of incentive programs, which can lead to a decrease in motivation in the innovation field. the experience of legal decisions in the academic field is analyzed and improvements to the legislation are proposed to improve incentives for authors. keywords: stimulation, author, creativity, industrial property, intellectual property, state support for creativity, improvement of legislation. introduction when creating a particular innovation, it is necessary to decide under what name it should be included in civil circulation. in some cases, authors name their creations after themselves. for example, in 1817, james parkinson ("an essay on the shaking palsy") introduced what is now known as parkinson's disease, and sergei botkin introduced "viral hepatitis a" (also known as botkin's disease) into scientific circulation1. it should be noted that such names are also given to objects of industrial property. for instance, thomas edison invented the incandescent light bulb, karl benz, the founder of mercedes-benz, invented the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine, and alexander fleming discovered penicillin. of course, the author has the right to name an object of industrial property, but in some cases, this may cause inconvenience to their descendants if the name resembles that of a disease. the law does not specifically address the right to name an invention. instead, invention regulations stipulate that the title of the invention must correspond to its description, be clear, concise, and reflect its essence, among other requirements. however, it is crucial to consider whether the name is descriptive or suggestive rather than overly personal. in most cases, objects of industrial property have been remembered in history thanks to the surnames of their inventors. 1https://ru.wikipedia.org 375 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us during the times of the former union, there was a system of awarding various state honors, honorary titles, and medals. for instance, significant attention was devoted to the cultivation of cotton, raising questions about incentivizing research in this domain. for example, it is known that a ussr prize was awarded for a new variety of cotton. however, the lack of systematic encouragement did not sufficiently acknowledge authors' efforts, and minimal recognition failed to adequately stimulate creativity. presently, in numerous cases, the outcomes of creative endeavors are preserved in documents and archives. the lack of knowledge and skills in this area among the populace, especially among entrepreneurs, prevents effective utilization. their insufficient interest in integrating the outcomes of intellectual activities into their operations and systematic implementation exacerbates the issue2. the absence of necessary and conducive conditions for artists undermines their desire and motivation for development. ineffective collaboration between responsible organizations and government agencies further compounds the issue. additionally, the integration of scientific advancements into practice and the dearth of experienced scientists exacerbate the problem. educational institutions fail to actively foster appreciation for artistic creativity. measures to combat the illicit use of artworks in educational programs and prevent plagiarism are inadequately enforced. moreover, efforts to combat counterfeit products and safeguard rights during export and import operations are poorly organized. these deficiencies impede industrial development in the country, curtail economic growth, hinder export opportunities, limit investment attraction, and impede social progress. while certain foundational principles are codified in law, there remain unresolved issues. one of the primary challenges is identifying optimal methods to integrate objects of industrial property into production. it is imperative to define and codify, at the legislative level, the fundamental principles governing commercial transactions involving intellectual property, including industrial property, to effectively safeguard the interests of copyright holders. incentives for authors of industrial property are multifaceted, and it is crucial to strike a balance, a "golden bridge," between safeguarding authors' rights and serving the public interest. various forms of incentives exist for authors of industrial property objects. the practice of paying licensing fees or royalties for the utilization of industrial property is widespread globally, enabling authors to earn additional income from their technologies, inventions, or intellectual property. research by zursby indicates that scientists and engineers do not necessarily require patents to innovate and be incentivized. the existing system of incentives for compensation for scientific activities offers ample motivation for creativity and the dissemination of knowledge to the public. rosenberg also shares a similar perspective, asserting that research endeavors, technological advancements, and the creation of scientific knowledge occur independently of economic incentives and demands3. long confirms this fact by observing that patenting serves as a mechanism for disseminating knowledge. patent holders do not always utilize patents solely for financial gain; they may also 2uzbekistan republic presidential 2022 april 26 “intellectual mulk sohasini yanada rivozhlantirishga oid qўimcha chora-tadbirlar tugrisida”gi pқ–221-son karori. //konunchilik malumotlari milliy bazasi, 04/26/2022, 07/22/221/0357-son 3rosenberg, n. (1974). science, invention and economic growth. the economic journal, 84, 90–108. doi:10.2307/2230485 376 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us seek other incentives, such as enhancing recognition and generating interest through the dissemination of knowledge4. according to jensen and murray, the majority of university research is commercially biased. this implies that research findings can be published in scientific journals, contributing to public knowledge, while also being utilized for commercial purposes. an academic inventor has the ability to demonstrate the value of their research both as a scientific innovation and a potential commercial product5. the current legal system of uzbekistan stipulates that the primary basis for recognizing and rewarding authors, including the conferral of academic degrees and titles, will be the document of legal protection obtained by the authors of industrial property objects, namely a patent. in our country, 98.6% of candidates for the doctor of philosophy (phd) degree have defended their dissertations through open defense, while only 1.4% have defended their dissertations based on patents for inventions and selection achievements6. encouragement should align with the principles of civil law regulation. it is proposed to amend the civil code by adding article 10821: “article 10821. state incentives for the creation and utilization of inventions, utility models, and industrial designs the state promotes the creation and utilization of inventions, utility models, and industrial designs, providing benefits to their authors, patent holders, and licensees employing these inventions, utility models, and industrial designs, in accordance with the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan.” the incorporation of innovations into the educational process also holds significant importance. support for creators can be bolstered by integrating innovation and patents into the curriculum. establishing specialized educational courses and training programs to assist students and researchers in understanding the patenting process and commercialization of research findings naturally fosters interest in innovative scientific endeavors. moreover, it is advisable to offer scholarships or grants for scientific projects that lead to patent applications. special attention is directed towards increasing women's participation in public life, leading to unique approaches across various fields. how does this impact the advancement of scientific research? according to data, the representation of women among those approved at the scientific level is 31% for doctors of science (dsc) and 37% for doctors of philosophy (phd). addressing disparities in the proportion of women pursuing phds and postdocs, and ensuring equal opportunities in research, demands attention and concerted action. 4long, c. (2002). patent signals. the university of chicago law review, 69, 625–679. https://doi.org/10.2307/1600501 ; long, j. s., & freese, j. (2006). regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata (2nd ed.). college station: stata press. 5jensen, k., & murray, f. (2005). the intellectual property landscape of the human genome. science, 310(10), 239– 240. doi:10.1126/science.1120014. 6https://oak.uz/pages/9049 https://doi.org/10.2307/1600501 377 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us approval of candidates for the degree of doctor of philosophy ( phd ) by year as evident from the provided data, only 1.4-1.6% of individuals were motivated for their scientific work based on inventive or selection achievements. however, it remains unclear to what extent these inventions possess commercial value for the economic sector. patents issued for technologies with high value in global markets serve as crucial sources of income. incentives for holders of industrial property rights, including authors, are of utmost importance. as illustrated above, the incentives for inventors through the awarding of academic degrees in our country are notably low (1.4-1.6%). yet, to foster economic growth for authors, it is imperative to establish a system of diverse incentives and benefits. industrial property objects occupy a unique and vital position in development. references 1. https://ru.wikipedia.org 2. uzbekistan republic presidential 2022 april 26 “intellectual mulk sohasini yanada rivozhlantirishga oid qўimcha chora-tadbirlar tugrisida”gi pқ–221-son karori. //konunchilik malumotlari milliy bazasi, 04/26/2022, 07/22/221/0357-son 3. rosenberg, n. (1974). science, invention and economic growth. the economic journal, 84, 90–108. doi:10.2307/2230485 https://ru.wikipedia.org/ 378 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. long, c. (2002). patent signals. the university of chicago law review, 69, 625–679. https://doi.org/10.2307/1600501 ; long, j. s., & freese, j. (2006). regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata (2nd ed.). college station: stata press. 5. jensen, k., & murray, f. (2005). the intellectual property landscape of the human genome. science, 310(10), 239–240. doi:10.1126/science.1120014 6. https://oak.uz/pages/9049 https://doi.org/10.2307/1600501 302 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the case of 17 and djadid artikov zafar zaripovich teacher of history, bukhara zarmed university zafarartikov.85@gmail.com phone number :+998973030424 annotation. this article mainly examines the repressive policy of the soviet union in the 1930s in the colonial republics of central asia. basic terms: counterrevolutionary, young bukharian, bukharian independence, anti-soviet, underground association, eavesdropping, printing house, trinity, nationalist, pan-turk, pan-turkist, trotskyist. introduction the policy of the soviet union in the 1920s and 1930s was the most “bloody” in its entire history. a particularly fierce struggle unfolded against the representatives of the jadids, who fought for the freedom of the motherland, their press, schools and political structures. during the same period, muinjon alimov, khodjaev, pulatovich, saijonov, mukhtarov, and others were executed from representatives of the jadids of the bssr, a total of 17 people on unfair charges, which left the name “case 17” in history. let's briefly consider these events using the example of otaullah khodjaev. the main content of the article thousands and thousands of innocent people became victims of repression and terror due to the violent policy of the soviet government, which relied on law enforcement agencies in the 1920s and 1930s. the totalitarian (total) regime of government and the policy of discrimination (segregation) served to strengthen the terrorist power. otaullah khojaev was among the jadidi munawars who fell under such terrible “storms” of the totalitarian regime. the instruction concerning the investigation of repressed and arrested “traitors to the motherland” was proposed from above and clearly defined the goals, objectives and methods of conducting the investigation. by special instruction; before you is a “traitor” who has committed “anti-revolutionary”, “enemy of the people”, “anti-soviet” activities. he must be brought to his knees before the soviet government and place his guilt, even by any means, personally on his neck,” the investigative staff was instructed. during the investigation, the “anti-soviet element” had to not give a minute's respite, interrogate him as long as possible, keeping him in extremely unfavorable cell conditions for two, three, four days, and, if necessary, longer, until he admits his “guilt”. the accused had to admit his crimes with his own mouth, apologize to the party and the soviet government, and beg for mercy on his knees.[1. p.73.] the fact that such investigative methods were applied to otaulla khodjaev and the accused together with him indicates that the investigative documents related to the “case 17” were executed in the soviet violent style in order to confirm “guilt” through other persons. following the companies “publicity”, “attack”, “struggle for godlessness”, which began in the late 1920s, in january 1935, such processes as the “moscow center”, “trotskyist–zinoviev terrorist http://www/ 303 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us center” in august 1936, “anti-soviet trotskyist center” in early 1937 followed and then the “antisoviet trotskyist bloc” in march 1938. released. at the stage of soviet power in 1917-1939, unprecedented physical and spiritual exterminations took place, 15 million people were lost in 19171929, 8 million in 1929-1933, and 16 million in 1933-1939. in the above years, 1.5 million people were sentenced to emigrate from central asia abroad, and 1 million 200 thousand people became victims of the “print” movement. in 1929-1939, 1 million 700 thousand people were exiled to siberia, the far east, northern kazakhstan, the caucasus, and ukraine[2]. the exiles endured unprecedented suffering that man could not bear. due to the inhuman and violent policy of the soviet authorities, those exiled for 10 years or more served half-starved labor in special settlements in gulag camps[3], algeria[4]. launched on july 2, 1937 by the resolution of the politburo of the cpsu (b) “on anti-soviet spies”, which lasted until november 1938, the company of the “great terror” showed its ominous picture in the history of mass killings. people's commissar of internal affairs of the soviet union “iron people's commissar” on july 30, 1937, n.yezhov adopted top secret and operational order no. 00447 “on the repression of former collaborators, criminals and other anti-soviet elements.” after the adoption of this order, from august 10, 1917 to january 1, 1938, 10,700 people were arrested from uzbekistan alone. of these, 3,613 people were sentenced to death by firing squad in the 1st category, 7,087 to 8-10 years in prison in the 2nd category.[5. b.111.] investigative documents concerning the prosecution of otaullah khodjaev and his associates in case no. 615 -on its cover it is written: “muinjon alimov, khodjaev, pulatovich, saijonov, mukhtarov and others, a total of 17 people, committed crimes provided for in articles 60 and 67 of the criminal code of the uzbek ssr.” this case is registered under the number 345578, the consolidated volume 1 of which covers the protocols of the investigation from january 19, 1937 to october 6, 1937.i.inoyatov and k.k. were proclaimed rajabov.[6.b.169172.] a relatively complete copy of the consolidated volume of investigative documents related to the "case 17" is kept in the archive of the institute of history of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan. in the "case 17", 17 leaders of the bssr (otaullah khodjaev (1880-1937) and others) were sentenced to death after almost ten months of torture and cruel investigation, the infamous sentence was carried out on october 25, 1937 in tashkent.[7.b.34.] the following information is provided in the literature about the condition and circumstances of otaullah khodjaev's imprisonment as a “nationalist” and “traitor” and the sentence to execution. arrested in bukhara while working as director of the state committee for state statistics, a former member of the cpsu (b) was expelled from the party as a nationalist by the decree of the troika on october 14, 1937 as the head of the counterrevolutionary organization milli ittihad, accused of opening his cell in remote areas, agitating as a bourgeois nationalist, in constant contacts with foreign countries. convicted and sentenced to death.[8.b.23.] researcher, historian b.irzaev: "in september 1937, otaulla khodzhaev's grocery store was declared inadmissible with a deficit of 62567 soums. under this pretext, a lawsuit was filed against 8 people led by otaulla khodjaev. those who were found guilty were sentenced to death by the decree of the troika of the nkvd of the uzbek ssr of october 1937[9].“ b.it is clear from irzaev's information that otaullah khodjaev was arrested along with his employees who worked at the gostronome. in 1937-1938, dozens of innocent citizens were arrested by representatives of the “bukhara sector” of a special body aimed at repression. historians r.t.shamsuddinov and a. in the list of victims of repression published by the akbarovs, it was noted that dozens of people arrested by the bukhara sector were members of milli ittihad, including chulali navruzov, taufiq ibodullayev, kamal nematov, narzullo achildiyev, kilich mirkhodjaev, kari abdullah tashpulatov, bahauddin mahmudov, shukrullo hakimov, ghulam aliyev.[10.b.7] the scientist-philosopher b.x.ergashev wrote about otaullah khodjaev: “for abuse of office, he was removed from all positions, worked in responsible positions in samarkand. he was repressed in 1938 http://www/ 304 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us [11.p.79.]". from the analysis of historical realities, it can be concluded that the main reason for the repression of otaullah khodjaev and his associates was their activities in the milly istiqlol association (in investigative documents, this organization is also referred to by such names as milli ittikhod, ittikhod and progress). when analyzing the investigative documents related to the “case 17”, it becomes obvious that an attempt was also made to clarify the issue concerning the material base of the milli aittikhod organization. the protocol of muinjan aminov's interrogation dated february 13, 1937 provides information about the fate of gold in bukhara and the material base of the “national prosecution”.[12.b.175.] allegedly, fayzullah khojaev and his associates (muinjon aminov, otaullah khojaev) robbed gold. however, in the questionnaire of otaullah khodjaev there is information related to the lack of gold in it. although the milli ittihad and milli istiqlol associations ceased to exist in the 1930s, the dialogues at negotiations, weddings, and hospitality conducted by their former members in a narrow circle were also considered as underground (illegal) activities, and the political and ideological struggle continued. frankly speaking, the soviet government put “labels” on otaullah khodjaev and his associates associated with so many accusations that it goes without saying that a person cannot commit so many crimes and sins in his short 50-60-year life. in fact, the issue of adding otaullah khodjaev to the “black list” of soviet authorities, repressions as an anti-soviet, nationalist was being resolved. in fact, the issue of adding otaullah khodjaev to the “black list” of soviet authorities, repressions as an anti-soviet, nationalist was being resolved. in order to make otaulla khodjaev one of the victims of repression, all aspects of his life and career up to the age of 57 were interpreted negatively, as well as “black paint”. otaulla khodjaev owns such works as “nationalist", “defender of the basmachi", “revolutionary", “anti-soviet”, “panturonchi”, “pan-turkist”, “destroyer of the communist party from within”, “trotskyist”, ”pravotroskyist", "spy from germany, turkey, afghanistan, japan", " emigrant from turkestan (uzbeks)", "soviet spy", "soviet spy", "soviet spy". dozens of accusations were brought against him in the national struggle against him, such as a material sponsor, a supporter of the struggle for the separation of uzbekistan from soviet power, a “traitor", a “libertine", a “bourgeois nationalist". to expand his list of accusations, the fabric was found in search of “investigation scenarios.” with the help of instruments of pressure and violence, the number of witnesses was deliberately increased in order to confirm the “truth” of the above accusations. in the end, one of the uzbek children loyal to his homeland, who put his life on the path of liberation of the people and the nation, was unreasonably destroyed and tragically died. references: 1. репрессия: 1937-1938 годы. документы и материалы. выпуск 1. (составители шамсутдинов р.т., каримов н.ф., юсупов э.ю. отв.редактор каримов н.ф.) т.: шарк. 2005. (repressiya – lotincha “represio” – kuch bilan bostirish, to’xtatish ma’nosini bildiradi. davlat organlariga nisbatan nomaqbul deb topilgan aholi qatlamiga qo’llaniladigan jazo chorasi, qatag’on qilish. qatag’on so’zining “ta’qiq”, “man etish” ma’nolari bor – muallif) 2. surgun – sovet qonunchiligiga ko’ra, jinoiy jazo turlaridan biri bo’lib, javobgar shaxs o’z yashash joyidan mahrum qilinib, chekka, tabiati noqulay, me’yoriy shart-sharoitlar mavjud bo’lmagan joyda qat’iy nazoratga joylashtiriladi 3. gulag (государственный управления лагерей – lagerlar bosh boshqarmasi). ushbu tashkilot nkvd huzurida bo’lib, o’nlab tutqunlar lagerlarini boshqargan. 4. aljir (акмолинск лагерь жён изменников родины – vatan xoinlarining ayollari akmolinsk lageri)da “vatan xoini” deb otilgan, hibs qilinganlarning oilalari tutqunlikda saqlangan. http://www/ 305 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. qurbonov x. quyi zarafshon vohasida amalga oshirilgan qatag’onlik siyosati va uning oqibatlari (1929-1938 yillar). – t: ma’naviyat. 2021. 6. qarang. buxorolik qatag’on qilingan uch buyuk siymo: tarix va taqdir (uchinchi kitob). sulaymon inoyatov, qahramon rajabov: buxoro: “durdona” nashriyoti, 2023. 7. buxorolik qatag’on qilingan uch buyuk siymo… (uchinchi kitob). 8. qatag’on qurbonlari: xotira (buxoro viloyati). -buxoro. -2009. 9. irzayev b. oyina.uz/uz; 2023 yil. 10. r.shamsutdinov; a.akbarova. qatag’on qurbonlari//jadid(toshkent). 2024 yil,19 yanvar, №4. 11. эргашев б.ҳ. идеология национально освободительного движения в бухарском эмирате. т.: фан; 1991. 12. o’zrfa – tarix instituti joriy arxivi, 615-ish (345578) tom i. http://www/ 310 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 improving the efficiency of management of investment potential in the development of food industry enterprises (in the case of kashkadarya region) ochilov akram odilovich doctor of sciences in economy (dsc), professor, head of the "economics" department of karshi state university khamraev nodirbek ravshanovich independent researcher at karshi state university abstract: in this article scientifically substantiated proposals have been developed to improve the efficiency of foreign investment by rationally attracting foreign investment in promising industries that determine the "points of growth" of the regions by using the method of hierarchical analysis. keywords: food industry, foreign investment, method of hierarchical analysis, points of growth, regional economy the flow of foreign investments is important in the development of countries and regions of the world, because it leads to the strengthening of foreign economic and political relations of countries, increases their foreign trade turnover, accelerates economic development, increases the volume of production, the competitiveness of manufactured goods in the world market, the investment receiving countries. increases its technical potential and increases the level of employment. studies conducted on foreign investments show that before 2008, there was fierce competition between multinational companies and investors to invest in countries, but now, competition between countries and regions to attract foreign investors has intensified. also, in order to eliminate the stagnation in economic growth during the pandemic and subsequent periods, the emergence of a fierce competition between countries to attract foreign investments requires the development of new strategic directions for attracting foreign investments and their effective use. despite the fact that the kashkadarya region is one of the leaders in the republic of uzbekistan in terms of attracting foreign investments, the share of the fuel and energy complex in the share of investments remains high. kashkadarya region is in the lower places in the republic of uzbekistan in terms of implementation of regional projects and attraction of direct foreign investments in these projects. most importantly, despite the fact that kashkadarya region is the leader among the regions of the republic in terms of the volume of attracted foreign investments, since 2014, the region has become one of the regions with the lowest growth rate in the republic, with a downward trend in the growth rate of gnp. according to the analysis, during 2010-2020, 3820.5 mln. direct foreign investments in the amount of us dollars were absorbed, and 90 percent of the absorbed ttxi was contributed by large enterprises of the oil, gas, chemical industry of the republic, while 10 percent or 383.0 million us dollars of ttxi were absorbed within the framework of regional projects. it is significant that 1818.35 311 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us million us dollars or 50.2 percent of the total foreign capital invested and 300.0 million us dollars of foreign capital (78 percent of foreign capital in regional projects) were absorbed during 2019-2020 [1]. in 2010-2020, 82.3% of the total foreign investment in kashkadarya region was accounted for by nishon (37.96%), mubarak (17.02%), dehkhanabad (14.5%) districts and the city of karshi (12.75%). if it comes, the share of total foreign investments in the regional index of 6 regions (qamashi, koson, chirakchi, shahrisabz, yakkabog districts and shahrisabz city) does not even reach 1 percent (the combined share of 6 regions is 0.6 percent). due to the slowness of the positive impact of foreign investments on the economic growth of kashkadarya region and the sharp differentiation between the districts (cities) of kashkadarya region regarding the absorption of foreign investments, it is an important task to direct investments to the areas that determine the economic "growth points" of the regions and determines the relevance of the topic. based on the results of the analysis of socio-economic development of kashkadarya region, current problems and important directions of economic development, it is required to develop a system of strategic priorities of investment policy for each region (city, district) of the region in order to ensure long-term development. it is an important task to increase the efficiency of using foreign investments, to develop attractive investment projects based on the potential of each region, and to place them in a targeted manner. based on this, we believe that it is appropriate to determine the priority of investment attracting sectors by using the hierarchical analysis method of the multi-criteria decision-making model. literature review a number of economists have conducted research on foreign investment problems using the analytical hierarchy method (itu) alone or in combination. in particular, economists levari and van have developed a methodology with the help of itu to evaluate the factors affecting the performance of foreign investment companies and to rank alternative investment options [2]. this methodology helps the firm's investment decision-making process by evaluating the risks and uncertainties associated with ttxi through various criteria and selecting the optimal options. by f. abid and s. bakhlul, the investment attractiveness of 7 middle eastern and north african countries was evaluated using itu [3]. economists k. li and x. sherali analyzed the foreign investment potential of china's regions around the tuman river with the help of itu [4]. x. deng, yu. wang and g. yeo assessed the foreign investment performance of 4 free trade ports in china with the help of itu[5]. economists k. korkhan and a. shakhram, using the combined itu, included 9 developed countries by the united states in three periods: before the crisis (2004-2006), crisis (2007-2009) and after the crisis (2010-2012). factors affecting the size of ttxi have been studied [6]. t. wang et al. evaluated a number of factors necessary for attracting foreign investment for sectors that define "growth points" for the country of vietnam with the help of itu [7]. russian economist e. lobkova determined the impact of socio-economic criteria on the sustainable development of regions based on itu [8]. also, in our previous studies, the factors influencing the attraction of foreign investments in kashkadarya region were analyzed based on the evaluations of foreign experts using the hierarchical analysis method [9-10]. research methodology hierarchy analysis method provides an opportunity to design, compare and evaluate alternative options by means of quantitative indicators of rational systems in search of solutions to complex (multi-criteria) problems. the decision-making process for the researched problem is carried out in three stages. the first stage is the stage of creating a hierarchical structure. the structure includes the researched problem, criteria for choosing its solution, factors affecting the solution, all alternative options that can be a solution to the problem, and relationships that show the relationship between them. introduced schematically. the second step is the prioritization step, in 312 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us which the elements at each level of the hierarchy are ranked according to their importance, based on comparative analysis, and the coefficient of precedence is calculated for each element. table 1. priority table of selected criteria degree of superiority of a over b description degree of superiority of b over a 1 a and b have equal chance 1 3 a has a slight advantage over b 1/3 5 a has a strong advantage over b 1/5 7 a has a strong enough advantage over b 1/7 9 a has an absolute advantage over b 1/9 2, 4, 6, 8 the superiority of a over b is among the above cases the third stage is the decision-making stage, in which the degree of superiority of alternative options that can be a solution to the problem is determined using the coefficients of precedence of the elements in the hierarchical steps and the dependence relations between the steps. nine-point scales were introduced by t. saati to compare the options in pairs based on various criteria and to arrange them [11]. the scale was based on integers from 1 to 9, and the two options a and b were compared (table 1). suppose s = {𝐶𝑗 | j = 1.2... . , n} be the set of selected criteria. the results of the pairwise comparison of the criteria are carried out through the matrix a, and each element of 𝑎𝑖𝑗(𝑖,𝑗 = 1,2 … … , 𝑛) is calculated based on the following criteria measurements: after that, mathematical operations are performed to find priority elements of each matrix. aw = λmaxw experts use the concepts of "reliability index" (si) or "reliability ratio" (cr) to assess the reliability, adequacy, and logical accuracy of the results of evaluation of criteria and alternatives. if cr≤0.1, it is recommended to use a comparison matrix. otherwise (sr≥0.1), the sequence of logical reasoning is broken and the experts made a mistake in filling the matrix, and the assessment work is carried out again. 𝐶𝐼 = (𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑛)/(𝑛 − 1) cr=ci/ri analysis and results it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of the use of foreign investments attracted to the economy of the regions, based on today's market demand and "growth points", to specialize the regions of kashkadarya region in certain sectors and industries, to optimally place investment projects implemented at the expense of domestic and foreign investments in the regions. based on this, using the hierarchical analysis method, the sequence of priorities in the industry, agriculture, service, and 313 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tourism sectors was evaluated for each district (city) of kashkadarya region, and the "growth point" of the sectors considered to be the most priority for attracting foreign investments was determined. were determined. (table 2). when determining the level of priority for economic sectors, the specific characteristics of each district (city) were taken into account, sharp differentiation in the creation of products and services was not allowed, that is, the regions are related to each other by industry, the produced products and services fill the deficit in the market of neighboring districts . table 2. the priority matrix of the areas that can attract foreign investments in the future for districts (cities) of the kashkadarya region and "points of growth [12] c i t y / d i s t r i c t t o u r i s m guzar production of components and spare parts for the oil and gas industry, soybean cultivation, poultry and animal husbandry dekhkanabad construction materials, mountain horticulture, animal husbandry, pistachio and carpet cultivation, service kamashi karshi district textiles, greenhouses, horticulture and poultry koson livestock, greenhouse, food industry, leather processing industry kitab tourism, building materials, wine industry mirishkor livestock, fishing, textile, leather processing industry muborak production of components and spare parts for the oil and gas industry, animal husbandry nishon livestock, fishing, textile, leather processing industry kasbi chirakchi livestock, horticulture, building materials, food industry shakhrisabz district yakkabag karshi (city) shakhrisabz (city) based on the analysis, in the matrix of priorities for attracting foreign investments, the industry sector in guzor district was evaluated at 0.382, agriculture at 0.294, service at 0.234, and tourism at 0.09 points. it is known that the largest enterprises in the oil, gas and chemical industry of the republic of 314 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan, such as "shortan gas-chemical complex" llc, "shortanneftgaz" llc, "uzbekistan gtl" llc, are located in guzor district. is increasing. studies show that many spare parts and components for the stable operation of these enterprises are imported mainly from abroad. in our opinion, the "growth point" of the industry in guzor district is the production of necessary spare parts and components based on the needs of these enterprises, and it is desirable to attract foreign investors to these tasks. as a result, tasks related to the development of medium and small industrial enterprises, creation of new jobs, reduction of poverty will be solved in the district. we believe that foreign investments in the field of agriculture should be directed to the development of soybean cultivation, poultry and animal husbandry in the district. for dehkhanabad district, the highest priority for attracting foreign investments was given to industry and agriculture (priority 0.334 and 0.321, respectively). as a "growth point" of the industrial sector, it is appropriate to direct foreign investments to the construction materials production industry. because, dehkhanabad district is rich in reserves of minerals and building materials such as dolomite, marble onyx, gravel, pebbles. there are no projects in the district for their processing or production of finished products. as a "growth point" of the agricultural sector, there is an opportunity to attract foreign investments in the fields of creating livestock clusters, mountain horticulture, pistachios, and carpet growing. the service sector (0.265) was chosen as the third priority for attracting foreign investment for dehkhanabad district. the passage of highways and railways connecting other regions of the republic of uzbekistan with the surkhandarya region and going to the republic of tajikistan and the islamic republic of afghanistan from the territory of dekhonabad district allows foreign investors to invest in the service sector (roadside business, motels, hotels, various types of paid services). based on research, agriculture (0.372) and industry (0.341) sectors were selected as the most favorable sectors for foreign investment in qamashi district. horticulture as a "growth point" of agriculture for qamashi district, establishment of greenhouse farms, production of construction materials as a "growth point" for industry were selected as acceptable directions for foreign investments. qamashi district is distinguished by its wealth of mineral resources, such as marble onyx, gypsum, brick and tile raw materials for the production of building materials. since little attention is paid to the production of finished products from mineral resources, it is an important task to develop investment projects in this direction and attract foreign investors. for karshi district, the highest priority for attracting investors was given to industrial and agricultural sectors (0.443 and 0.335). it is appropriate to direct foreign investments to the textile sector as a "growth point" of the industry in karshi district. it is known that the karshi district is one of the leading districts in the republic of uzbekistan for growing cotton raw materials, but the level of cotton processing (turning into finished products) is still low. based on this, complete processing of more than 40,000 tons of cotton grown in karshi district from raw materials to finished products (fabric production, fabric production, fabric dyeing, clothing preparation for various segments, etc.), high creation of added value chain is considered as an attractive project for foreign investors. currently, in karshi district, in cooperation with south korean investors, practical work has been started on growing tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, and roses in greenhouses and exporting them to foreign countries. based on this, it is appropriate to attract foreign investors to the projects on the development of greenhouses, horticulture and poultry farming as "growth points" of agriculture for karshi district. the highest priority indicator for attracting foreign investments for the koson district was given to the agricultural (livestock, greenhouse) and industrial (food industry, leather processing industry) sectors (0.418; 0.245). according to our research, mineral hot water wells have existed in the territory of maydayobu, karabayr, uyrot, khojaguduq mfys of koson district for many years, and the possibilities of hot 315 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us water wells have not been used. based on this, it is appropriate to organize greenhouses as a "growth point" of agriculture around the areas where these wells are located. it is considered necessary to develop projects on the food industry based on the processing of meat and dairy products produced in the district, leather industry based on the processing of leather as a "growth point" of the industry for the koson region, and to attract foreign investors to these projects. tourism (0.372) and industry (priority 0.31, production of building materials, wine industry) were chosen as the most priority directions for attracting investments in kitab district. the district is located in a geographically favorable mountainous area, there are many regional resorts and sanatoriums, shrines such as hazrat bashir, khoja nematullah, hazrat sultan, hisar and kitab reserve, kitab observatory, eco, agro, ethno, medical, gastronomic, in four seasons of the year, it is desirable to attract foreign investors in order to develop extreme tourism types and create recreation infrastructure. due to the wealth of construction reserves of kitab district, such as glazed, construction, natural facing stones, microcalcite raw materials for mineral paints, cement raw materials, limestone, the construction products production network was chosen as a "growth point" for the industrial sector, and this direction is considered one of the effective projects for foreign investors. although an investment project for cement production is being implemented by the foreign company "karshi conch cement" of the people's republic of china in kitab district, the scope of work on the processing of the remaining natural resources is not satisfactory, in particular, the raw materials are transported to other regions of the republic or by local entrepreneurs. are physically and emotionally assimilated on the basis of obsolete technologies. according to our research, kitab district's favorable climate, high soil fertility, historical experience in viticulture and horticulture create the possibility of establishing the wine industry as a "growth point" of the industrial sector, and projects in this direction are also relevant for foreign investors. the highest priority for attracting investments for mirishkor district was given to agricultural (livestock, fishing) and industrial (textile industry, leather processing industry) sectors (0.424;0.329). there is no doubt that the land area, feed base, natural conditions for the development of fisheries in mirishkor district for the development of the livestock industry, and the existence of the sechankol reservoir are among the projects that are beneficial for foreign investors. it is appropriate to attract foreign investment to projects in the development of textile and leather industry as a "growth point" of industry for mirishkor district. the industry sector (priority 0.499) was given the highest priority for attracting foreign investment for the mubarak district, where the largest enterprises in the oil and gas industry in the republic the mubarak oil and gas production department, the mubarak gas processing plant, and many other projects are located in the district. provides an opportunity to attract foreign investors. in particular, it is important to launch projects for the production of spare parts and components for large oil and gas industry enterprises in mubarak district, such as the route proposed for guzor district. also, during the production and processing of oil and gas in the district, a large amount of sulfur raw materials is extracted. due to the high demand in the world market for the product (in the form of granules) obtained as a result of the processing of sulfur raw materials, there is an opportunity to attract foreign investors in this direction. the highest priority for attracting foreign investments was given to the agricultural (livestock, fishing) and industrial (textile industry, leather processing industry) sectors (0.458; 0.392) in the mirishkor district as well. in our opinion, the geographical location of nishon district is very convenient (with access to the seaport in iran through the neighboring republic of turkmenistan), the railway junction, proximity to karshi international airport, convenient infrastructure (natural gas, drinking water and electricity), giant industrial enterprises of the region. due to territorial proximity 316 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to (shortan gas-chemical complex, shortanneftgaz, dehkhanabad potash plant) and a number of other positive factors, the district has a special customs area, an international logistics center, a free trade zone near the border with the republic of turkmenistan, and a huge opportunity for all producers in the kashkadarya region. opportunities can be created. agriculture (fruit growing, animal husbandry) and industrial sectors (textile industry) (0.387; 0.376) were selected as the priority areas for attracting foreign investments for kasbi district. in order to attract foreign investments for chiraqi district, priority was given to agriculture (livestock, fruit and vegetable) and industrial sectors (production of building materials, meat processing) (0.442; 0.292). according to our research, chirakchi district is rich in silicon raw materials, sand for silicate products, brick and tile raw materials, as well as being one of the advanced meat growing districts in the republic. exit, it is desirable to direct foreign investments in these directions. tourism and agriculture sectors (0.447;0.291) were selected as the most priority areas for attracting investments for shahrisabz district. shahrisabz district has a favorable location and climate, and many types of tourism can be organized at any time of the year in miraki, kol, gilan, hisorak regions of the district. there are opportunities to attract foreign investments in horticulture as a "growth point" of agriculture. according to our research, the greatest priority for attracting investments for yakkabog district was given to agriculture (horticulture, viticulture) and industry (textile industry, building materials) (priority 0.374; 0.248). industry and service sectors (0.421;0.365) were selected as the most priority sectors for attracting investments for the city of karshi. for the city of karshi, it is desirable to develop projects in the fields of pharmaceuticals, housing and construction of social facilities as "growth points" of industry, and to attract foreign investments. according to researches, there are pharmaceutical projects with the participation of local or foreign investments in all regions of the republic of uzbekistan except kashkadarya region. as a result of the pandemic, the importance of this direction has increased, and it is an attractive project for foreign investors, so it is appropriate to launch projects on the production of medicines in the city of karshi. although "one world kashkadarya" joint venture for the production of anti-hepatitis drugs was established in qarshi in 2019 in cooperation with the arab republic of egypt, this project was stopped due to the laziness of the local side. as the administrative center of kashkadarya region, the expansion of the territory of the city of karshi, together with the increase in the population, the sharp increase in the population's demand for housing and social sector objects, the use of outdated methods and technologies in the construction industry, the issue of attracting technologically foreign investments to this sector are on the agenda. is putting in our opinion, with the support of foreign investors from turkey and china, who have advanced experience in the field of construction, the implementation of the housing complex project in the city of karshi will make the city of karshi more aesthetically beautiful, provide the population with affordable, quality housing, and create many new jobs. creation can be achieved. the tourism sector (priority 0.492) was chosen as the most priority area for foreign investors in shahrisabz city. 20.0 from the recovery and development fund for the development of roadside infrastructure in the kashkadarya region, the organization of the shahrisabz free tourist zone and the implementation of these tasks, according to the minutes of the meeting held on the visit of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev on november 12-13, 2020 tasks for allocating funds in the amount of million us dollars have been set. as a result of effective reforms in the field of tourism, the flow of foreign tourists to the republic of uzbekistan, as well as to the city of shahrisabz, is increasing. although the global tourism market has stagnated due to the pandemic, it is expected that the global tourism market will return to its previous position in a short period of time after the end of the pandemic. based on this, in order to 317 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us further increase the tourism attractiveness of the city of shahrisabz, it is urgent to create a competitive tourism infrastructure (hotels, hostels, restaurants, shopping centers, entertainment, recreation centers, etc.), and to attract foreign investors to this process. also, in our opinion, it is appropriate to modernize the shahrisabz airport, which is currently at the disposal of the ministry of defense of the republic of uzbekistan, and introduce domestic and international flights, in order to provide comfort to local and foreign tourists visiting kitab, shahrisabz districts and shahrisabz cities. the industry sector (priority 0.312) was selected as the second priority for attracting investments for the city of shahrisabz, and the electronics sector was identified as the "growth point" of the industry. conclusion according to the results of the analysis based on the hierarchical analysis method, the "growth points" of the industrial sector are production of oil and gas industry components and spare parts in mubarak, guzor districts of kashkadarya region, textile, dehkhanabad, qamashi, kitab, chirakchi, yakkabog districts in karshi, nishon, yakkabog districts. districts and in the city of karshi, it is necessary to attract foreign investments in the fields of construction materials, food in the districts of koson and chirakchi, leather processing in the districts of koson and mirishkor, winemaking in the district of kitab, pharmaceuticals in the city of karshi, and electronics in the city of shahrisabz. as "growth points" of agriculture, cattle breeding in guzor, dehkhanabad, koson, mubarak, mirishkor, nishon, kasbi, chiraqi districts, horticulture in dehkanabad, qamashi, karshi, kasbi, shahrisabz, chiraqi, yakkabog districts, greenhouse farming in qamashi, karshi, koson districts. , it is desirable to attract foreign investments in poultry farming in guzor, karshi districts, fishing in nishon, mirishkor districts, as well as soy in guzor district, pistachio and cowpea cultivation in dehkhanabad district. in addition, attracting foreign investments to the tourism sector in kitab, shahrisabz districts and shahrisabz city, and to the service sector in dehkhanabad district is a priority. in short, directing foreign investments to the priority areas and industries that determine the "growth points", together with ensuring the stable economic development of the regions, will end the sharp stratification that has arisen in terms of foreign investments and thereby serve to increase the efficiency of the use of foreign investments. to sum up, uzbekistan experienced an impressive surge in fruit and vegetable exports, which was around 251,200 tonnes in just two months. this uptick, valued at approximately $150 million, represents a substantial increase compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. specifically, the data from the statistics agency display a remarkable 1.9-fold rise, equivalent to 115,500 tonnes, in fruit and vegetable exports during january and february of 2024, showcasing the country’s increasing footprint in the global agricultural export market. references: 1. қобилов а. ҳудудларни ривожлантиришда хорижий инвестицияларнинг самарадорлигини ошириш (қашқадарё вилояти мисолида). иқтисодиёт фан. фалс. док. (phd) дисс. – урганч, 2021. –б.61. 2. levary r., wan k. an analytic hierarchy process-based simulation model for entry mode decision regarding foreign direct investment //omega. – 1999. – vol 20 27(6). –р.661677. 3. abid f., bahloul s. selected mena countries' attractiveness tog7 investors// economic modelling. – 2011. –vol 28(5). –р.2197-2207. 4. li, q.,sherali, h. an approach for analyzing foreign direct investment projects with application to china's tumen river area development// computers & operations research. – 2003, – vol 30(10). –р.1467-1485. 318 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. deng x., wang y., yeo g. enterprise perspective-based evaluation of free trade port areas in china// maritime economics & logistics. – 2017. – vol 19(3). –р.451-473. 6. korhan k., shahram a. (2015). a multi-criteria decision-making model for evaluating priorities for foreign direct investment//croatian operational research review. – 2015. – vol 6(2015). – р.489-510. 7. wang t. and et al. evaluating the influence of criteria to attract foreign direct investment (fdi) to develop supporting industries in vietnam by utilizing fuzzy preference relations//sustainability. – 2016. – vol 8. 8. лобкова е. применение метода тоpsis при решении задачи оценки устойчивости развития территорий//региональная экономика:теория и практика.2020. – 1(472). –с.87-104. 9. kobilov a. a multi-criteria decision-making model for evaluating priorities for foreign direct investment in kashkadarya region//journal of economics and innovative technologies. no. 1, january-february. 2020. р.1-11 10. қобилов а.э.қашқадарё вилоятида тўғридан-тўғри хорижий инвестицияларнинг устувор йўналишларини баҳолашда кўп мезонли қарор қабул қилиш модели//“иқтисодиёт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. №4,июл-август. 2020.б.107-117. 11. saaty, t.l. fundamentals of decision making and priority theory. rws publications, pittsburgh: 2001. 12. кобилов, а. (2021). привлечь иностранные инвестиции в точки роста регионов кашкадарьинской области. экономика и инновационные технологии, (5), 73-83. 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 regional foreign policy of the republic of uzbekistan in the context of globalization and the factors affecting it yafarov ildar nuraliyevich podpolkovnik, academy of armed forces of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article examines the regional foreign policy of the republic of uzbekistan in the context of globalization, focusing on the military-political situation and the various factors influencing it. the author discusses uzbekistan's proactive approach to establishing strong, mutually beneficial relationships with neighboring central asian countries, prioritizing regional security and stability, particularly in relation to afghanistan. the article highlights key elements of uzbekistan's defense doctrine, emphasizing the importance of maintaining military readiness and addressing threats such as terrorism, extremism, and cross-border crimes. additionally, it explores the broader implications of globalization on the region's security, the role of international cooperation, and the importance of developing national armed forces in central asia. the challenges posed by external and internal risks, as well as the strategic responses proposed by uzbekistan, are also analyzed. the article underscores the significance of uzbekistan's foreign policy in promoting regional peace and stability, while navigating the complex dynamics of globalization. keywords: threats, globalization process, military-political situation, regional foreign policy, central asia, good neighborly relations, security. uzbekistan has proposed a comprehensive program of joint efforts at regional and international levels to ensure strong peace and stability in central asia, including afghanistan. this is a sign that the president of our country has established the formation of practical, mutually beneficial and good neighborly relations with the countries of central asia, ensuring security in the region as a priority of foreign policy and is taking bold practical steps in this regard today. the defense doctrine law of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on january 9, 2018, states that the militarypolitical situation in the world is expanding the range of risks and threats to international and regional security – it is established that the intensification of geopolitical confrontation, the predominance of the approach to resolving conflicts and tang situations by force, the increased likelihood of using force, including weapons of mass destruction, militarization, international terrorism and extremism have been activated, and mutual struggle has increased in the information space and cyberspace. as stated in the law, the situation in central asia is adversely affected by the ongoing risks and threats of terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking and crossborder crime. the activities of illegal armed formations in afghanistan pose a special threat to the security of the region. these factors can lead to the need to apply military force. in such conditions, the defense potential of the state remains one of the main means of curbing, neutralizing and ending threats to national security in the military sphere. 59 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as established by the doctrine, the main threats to national security in the military sphere include:  military conflicts at risk of military movement to the territory of the republic of uzbekistan;  demonstratively increasing the number of troops near the state border of the republic of uzbekistan in such a way as to cause a violation of the proportionality of forces in the region, as well as to indicate the preparation for military aggression against the republic of uzbekistan;  encroachment on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic of uzbekistan; organization, training and arming of illegal armed formations for dumping directly into the territory of the republic of uzbekistan or into the border districts of neighboring countries;  cross-border and internationally organized criminal activities related to the smuggling of drugs, weapons, ammunition, poison and explosives, other means used to carry out subterfuge-terrorist activities;  ideological and psychological actions aimed at the information and communication space against the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity of the republic of uzbekistan and threatening the peaceful life of the population. regional security in the military-political situation in the region, attention should be paid to:  at the national level, at the state level, it implies a military-political situation;  at the regional level, cooperation in the military-political sphere is characterized by its implementation at the regional level;  participation at the international level in the work of the un, other international organizations and institutions to ensure international security and promote cooperation. at the national level the national level is associated with military construction in the countries of central asia. the countries of central asia from the moment of independence faced real threats from international terrorist organizations. our region is rich in natural resources, where there is a unique culture and development potential that has significantly influenced the development of many countries and entire regions. at the moment, the interests of powerful states are intersecting in central asia, this region, adjacent to the foci of instability and confrontation, feels the influence of all negative processes taking place in the near and far abroad. thus, it is required to maintain the readiness of the state military organization to act in accordance with its purpose. at the regional level ensuring peace and stability in the region, solving the most important problems of regional security, including assisting in the regulation of the situation in afghanistan, solving the issues of using cross-border watercourse resources, completing border delimitation and demarcation processes, ensuring environmental stability, focusing on emergencies and cross-border threats of a natural and manmade nature; strengthening mutual cooperation and practical cooperation in combating extremism, terrorism, organized and cross-border crime; expanding cooperation in the military sphere between the countries of the region, strengthening trust and security. at the international level participation in the work to ensure international security and promote cooperation; establishing and maintaining strategic partnerships with interested countries; assisting global efforts to not distribute weapons of mass destruction; prevention and end of manifestations of extremism and international terrorism; development of international military and militarytechnical cooperation. afghanistan challenge: uzbekistan has always been and remains a staunch advocate for the political regulation of the situation in afghanistan. uzbekistan sees the process of peacebuilding in afghanistan in the following factors: first of all, the peace process should be carried out in accordance with the 60 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulations of the un general assembly and security council resolutions and resolutions with the direct leadership of afghans and their efforts; secondly, the guaranteed integration of the armed opposition into the political life of afghanistan and its recognition as a legitimate political force is an important factor in the peace process; thirdly, the international community opposes any form and appearance of terrorism, recognizing that the threats of transnational terrorism, narcotics and organized crime are a common threat to the stability and consistent progress of not only afghanistan, but also the entire region and the world as a whole. external and internal risk the general external military risks of the states of the region are as follows: presence of military conflicts near national borders; interference of external forces in the internal affairs of the states of the region using destructive elements; activities of international terrorist and radical organizations in the countries of the region. general internal military risk: socio-economic and political uncertainty in some states of the region; activities of illegal armed associations in some states of the region; illegal circulation of weapons, ammunition, explosives and other substances that can be used to carry out terrorist acts or other illegal acts of rudeness. development of the armed forces it follows that the states of the region are trying to ensure military security by developing their national armed forces. kazakhstan is trying to form armed forces close to the standards of the leading world armies. rocket troops and artillery are conducting work on the creation of an automated system of troop management in the conditions of modernization of aviation, bronetank techniques and rearmament of the navy. kyrgyzstan's use of high-precision weapons in the near future is the first gal task, and under these circumstances, the process of reforming the armed forces will become more dependent on military-technical assistance coming from abroad. tajikistan, attention is paid to the training of national personnel, the maintenance of weapons and military equipment without combat shay, the modernization of anti-aircraft vehicles. turkmenistan, while maintaining its permanent neutral status, is trying to maintain bilateral ties with leading world countries in the field of military-technical cooperation. from the above, it can be concluded that the transformation of central asia into a stable, economically developed and highly progressive region plays an important role in ensuring regional security. the president of our country proposed the following as his solution: 1. development of trade and economic relations and increase the volume of turnover and strengthening cooperation. 2. more effective use of the transit-logistics potential of the region and the rapid development of transport infrastructure. 3. further strengthening of practical cooperation in order to ensure security and stability in central asia. 4. to bring the process of delimitation and demarcation of state borders to a rapid and definitive end. 5. fair use of water resources in the region. 6. cultural-humanitarian relations, friendship and good neighborliness. the solution to these pressing issues contributes to the formation of the stability of the militarypolitical situation in the region. judging by the situation that has arisen in the world today, it is impossible not to admit that the scale of threats to international security and stability is expanding, that is, the use of force is dominated in solving emerging contradictions, the increased geopolitical competition for control over raw material resources and communications, the spread of nuclear technologies and weapons of mass destruction, the it is necessary to look and evaluate with thoughtful reflection 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us on such terrible events taking place in different regions of the planet. there has been a period of living with the notion that i have no genius for these problems, of looking at them with carelessness and indifference. looking at the history of mankind, we witness that the black forces fought for material goods, political power and other interests in their own way during each period. it is not that the evil-minded forces that continue geopolitical games today are now invading a state and spending millions, using weapons, as before, to achieve its natural resources. perhaps the citizens of that country are poisoning their minds and subtracting them from their spirituality, history and identity. from the above information, we can say that the state of the military-political situation that has arisen in the world today is characterized as follows: the change in the structural structure of international relations has unpredictable consequences for global security; in important regions of the world, there is an increased risk of new foci of tension and the occurrence of armed conflicts; attempts to "redistribute" areas under geopolitical influence are observed; globalization-on the one hand, opens up favorable opportunities for the sustainable development of states, on the other hand, poses direct and potential risks in the areas of economic, food, energy, ecology, information, humanitarian security; the scale of nontraditional risks and similar threats such as terrorism, religious and political extremism, drug trafficking, cybercrime, information "wars", transnational crime are expanding; crisis situations arise in the global economy, finance, banking and foreign exchange markets; the center of economic growth is moving to asia; an economic war is beginning in the field of introducing duties between different countries of the world on mutual foreign trade; integration and disintegration processes in different directions are deepening; the struggle for strategic resources is growing; the imbalance in the development of different regions of the world is deepening. all this ultimately can lead to tension and confrontation in interstate relations. used literature: 1. ибрахимов, б. (2023). ни веселовский как исследователь средней азии. interpretation and researches, 1(4). 2. абдуллаев, а. н. (2020). social and economic factors of couvolution problems. scientific bulletin of namangan state university, 2(8), 150-155. 3. tolibjonovich, m. t., & rahimjon o’g’li, g. o. (2021). prerequisites for the development of a leasing mechanism in public-private partnership. international engineering scientific progress, 3, 2181-1601. 4. burgutovich, s. b. (2023). creative pedagogy in higher military education basics of use. western european journal of linguistics and education, 1(4), 1-4. 5. lee, j. e. (2010). the non-institutional factors of foreign policy decision-making in uzbekistan. international area review, 13(2), 125-141. 6. spechler, d. r., & spechler, m. c. (2010). the foreign policy of uzbekistan: sources, objectives and outcomes: 1991–2009. central asian survey, 29(2), 159-170. 7. rustamov, d. j. (2020). ways of improving of attraction foreign investments in the economy of the republic of uzbekistan. экономика и социум, (2 (69)), 52-58. 382 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 increаsing the efficiency of using the economic potentiаl of service enterprises artikov zakir sayfiddinovich samarkand institute of economics and service associate professor of the "real economy "department. phd artikov_zokir86@mail.ru ibragimov diyor samarkand institute of economics and service annotation: in the dynаmic world, аny compаny needs tools аnd methods for improving business efficiency. high competition in the globаl mаrket dictаtes the need to find wаys to be competitive. for this purpose, it is necessаry to use аdvаnced аchievements аnd technologies in business mаnаgement. new mаnаgement methods, including а process аpproаch, аre required. the purpose of the аrticle is to prove the expediency of the process аpproаch аs а method for improving the compаny's mаnаgement system аnd developing recommendаtions for optimizing key business processes. keywords: economic potentiаl, service enterprises, business efficiency, process quаlity mаnаgement (pqm), mаnаgement, client relаtions introduction currently, there is аn аccelerаted increаse in requirements for improving business mаnаgement efficiency. this is due to numerous internаl аnd externаl fаctors аffecting the compаny. top-level mаnаgers tаke into аccount externаl fаctors аffecting the compаny since it operаtes in the unstаble externаl economic environment. these include globаlizаtion of the world economy аnd production globаlizаtion, аn increаse in interdependence of producers, а high rаte of development of scientific аnd technologicаl progresses аnd innovаtion, high expenditures on themаtic reseаrch аnd development, sаnction trаde restrictions. for successful survivаl in the mаrket аnd implementаtion of а development strаtegy, а compаny should be flexible аnd dynаmicаlly developing, since the key fаctor in increаsing competitiveness is time. in аddition, the externаl business environment is becoming increаsingly complex аnd http://www/ mailto:artikov_zokir86@mail.ru 383 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uncertаin. the modern compаny should be аble to аdаpt аnd improve its finаnciаl аnd economic sustаinаbility. methods the bаsis of the reseаrch is scientific аnd prаcticаl works by leаding scientists who identified pаtterns of the evolution of mаnаgement аs а science, principles of scientific leаdership аnd аpplicаtion of the process аpproаch to compаny mаnаgement clаssicаl аnd modern models of industriаl innovаtion. speciаl аttention is pаid to the work on reengineering of business processes аs а whole [5, p. аnd in enterprises belonging to vаrious economic sectors in pаrticulаr. the works on modeling business processes the business process mаnаgement (bpm) system the role of the context in bpm were аnаlyzed. the studies used а wide rаnge of generаl scientific methods, including а system аpproаch, economic аnd stаtisticаl methods, compаrison, clаssificаtion, scientific аbstrаction, etc. reseаrch results in the modern world, mаny compаnies аre low efficient. to increаse business efficiency, let us consider business process mаnаgement. most orgаnizаtionаl tаsks аre cross-functionаl in nаture. it is necessаry to implement the concept of process mаnаgement to improve compаny efficiency. there аre three solutions: description аnd mаnаgement of processes, creаtion of а process orgаnizаtionаl structure аnd cross-functionаl problem solving. the eаsiest wаy is to use business processes to identify certаin problems cross-functionаl groups will work on. one cаn use formаlizаtion. bаsed on а broаd definition of business processes, compаny executives cаn explore the workflow аnd its cross-functionаl аspects cаusing difficulties. then, priorities аre set аnd crossfunctionаl groups аre formed. from а methodologicаl point of view, there аre two аlternаtive wаys for providing group аssignments. first, it is possible to use the formаl structure of аn orgаnizаtion for setting а tаsk, аnаlyzing аnd collecting dаtа on its аctivities, developing аnd testing possible аlternаtive options in order to mаke the most preferаble mаnаgement decision. the second wаy is bаsed on the system reengineering of business processes. the first method bаsed on creаtion of а formаl troubleshooting teаm is relаtively sаfe for the compаny. the second method is more rаdicаl аnd mаy cаuse а number of problems, especiаlly if it is used аs а tool for developing the compаny аs а whole or for comprehensive mаnаgement process improvement. the second wаy is more streаmlined. first of аll, we аre tаlking аbout the most importаnt business processes in аccordаnce with unified аnd rigorous principles. different аpproаches cаn be used, but the most successful one is the process quаlity mаnаgement http://www/ 384 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (pqm) method. the pqm describes the mission of the orgаnizаtion (its fundаmentаl goаl), units or divisions, а list of key success fаctors thаt аre necessаry аnd sufficient to аccomplish the mission. there аre eight key success fаctors. the next step is description of dаily аctivities аimed аt cаrrying out compаny's business operаtions аnd new аctivities which аre required for successful аccomplishment of the compаny's mission. аs а rule, there аre аbout 20-30 business processes in the compаny. аt this stаge, the processes аre rаnked by their importаnce, current effectiveness аnd stаtus of the owners. it is necessаry to understаnd which of the compаny's employees wins the most if the business process is effective, аnd who loses if it is ineffective. selected employees аre members of the teаm describing business processes. they аre executives аnd top mаnаgers of the compаny. there аre а lot of wаys to improve mаnаgement system efficiency, one of which is to use the business process reengineering its use requires synchronizаtion, since the decision of the process owner to use the bpr without understаnding аnd support from other top mаnаgers cаn cаuse chаos in the compаny. conversely, if аll process owners decide to use this аpproаch аt the sаme time, the result will be the sаme. some of the methods used during business process improvement аre relаtively sаfe. even if they turn out to be wrong, the dаmаge will not be significаnt. the third wаy to use our knowledge of business processes in prаctice аllows us to describe the orgаnizаtionаl structure of the compаny аnd mаnаge the orgаnizаtion itself. the method involves understаnding thаt the orgаnizаtionаl structures influence business efficiency. most orgаnizаtionаl structures аre designed to impede improvement of the compаny. depаrtments of the compаny deаl with one functionаl аreа, feel like self-sufficient structures, do not understаnd the compаny mission. it is possible to reduce the number of structures influencing business processes by creаting work groups. these groups will include speciаlists responsible for the entire business process rаther thаn for itsspecific аreаs. the orgаnizаtionаl structure of the compаny should comply with its mission. in most cаses, reorgаnizers define development of the orgаnizаtionаl structure аs plаcement of the nаmes of compаny's functionаl units in squаres of the orgаnigrаm. consequently, improvement of the orgаnizаtionаl structure should be synchronized with existing business processes. let us аnаlyze modern аpproаches to business mаnаgement. in highly competitive mаrkets, there аre two groups of counterpаrties: irregulаr (one-time) counterpаrties who cаn eаsily contаct аnother supplier of the product or service; permаnent (loyаl) counterpаrties who constаntly work together аnd form speciаl requirements for the product or service. the lаtter group аre pаrtners who pаrticipаte in product cost mаnаgement. in this cаse, creаtion of а business network is one of the key success fаctors. if business pаrtners cаnnot reconcile their interests, it will be difficult for them to hаve loyаl customers. top mаnаgers of the compаny аre interested in streаmlining their relаtionships with suppliers аnd consumers. the http://www/ 385 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us following аpproаches cаn be used for structuring relаtionships in the business network: first, to choose а “key supplier” а strаtegic pаrtner thаt provides key products аnd services to the client compаny; secondly, to conclude long-term strаtegic pаrtnership аgreements between the supplier аnd the customer-consumer. the compаny's client hаs to monitor the mаrket of consumed products аnd services, compаre the strаtegic pаrtner аnd their competitors to mаke sure thаt the products аnd services you purchаse аre optimаl in price аnd quаlity. it is аlso necessаry to integrаte interаction of the provider аnd the customer (including informаtion interаction) bаsed on modern e-business technologies in order to provide products аnd services of the required quаlity аt the required time. conclusion it is necessаry to mаnаge your client portfolio, try to mаximize the vаlue creаted by this portfolio. аt the sаme time, mаnаgement of the client portfolio excludes two components: finаnciаl mаnаgement of client relаtions аnd operаtionаl mаnаgement of client relаtions (interаction of the compаny with key pаrtners). trаnsition from one-time or even regulаr deаls to strong relаtionships with counterpаrties will аllow pаrticipаnts to gаin а stаble finаnciаl аdvаntаge over competitors. the service-profit chаin is а powerful tool for understаnding how the integrаtion of pаrtners in а business network cаn be а lever for increаsing business efficiency. there is а direct link between good services аnd а steаdy profit growth. consequently, it is necessаry to provide high quаlity products аnd services to customers. the service-profit chаin emphаsizes the importаnce of quаlity mаnаgement of the sаles chаin, in which effective pаrtner relаtionships increаse the business аctivity index. the key to mаnаging the service-profit chаin is interfirm relаtions bаsed on а quick response to chаnging needs of customers аnd аttentive аfter-sаle аttitude towаrds. the inter-compаny relаtions аre possible only if mаnаgers of the pаrtner compаnies cаn mаke these decisions аnd аre motivаted to mаnаge problems. encourаging the initiаtive of pаrtners, their proposаls for improving products аnd services, the business network uses its own potentiаl for business development. references 1. сайфиддинов, и., & ахмедова, д. (2020). глобал иқтисодий инқироз шароитида тўловсизлик билан боғлиқ муаммоларни ҳал этиш йўллари. экономика и инновационные технологии, (1), 37-43. 2. benner m j 2009 dynаmic or stаtic cаpаbilities? process mаnаgement prаctices аnd responseto technologicаl chаnges journаl of product innovаtion mаnаgement 26(5) 3. sayfidinov, i. f., & sheraliev, a. (2019). improving the practice of overdraft lending in commercial banks of the country. economics and innovative technologies, 2019(6), 4. 4. аbernаthy w j, utterbаck j m 1978 pаtterns of industriаl innovаtion technology review 80(7) 5. pаrmаr r, mаckenzie i, cohn d, gаnn d 2014 the new pаtterns of innovаtion hаrvаrd business review 92(1-2) 6. trаchuk а v, linder n v 2018 innovаtion аnd performаnce: аn empiricаl study of russiаn industriаl compаnies internаtionаl journаl of innovаtion аnd technology mаnаgement 15 7. kirаn d r 2017 business process reengineering totаl quаlity mаnаgement key concepts аnd http://www/ 386 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cаse studies 8. bhаskаr h l 2018 business process reengineering: а process-bаsed mаnаgement tool serbiаn journаl of mаnаgement 13(1) 9. gаreevа g, grigorevа d 2018 reengineering of business processes аnd improve the sаles system by 1c in phаrmаcies nаtionаl аcаdemy of mаnаgeriаl stаff of culture аnd аrts herаld 2 http://www/ 243 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 silent spells of history or shrines as spiritual and cultural heritage vahidov sukhrobjon olimjon ogli 1st year basic doctoral student of the scientific research institute of tourism development annotation: in this article, it is stated that pilgrimage rituals and the emergence of these rituals reflect the socio-economic life of the local population during historical periods, pilgrimage rituals also change based on the people's consciousness and worldview, and some traditions have been transformed. keywords: tourism, pilgrimage, religious sites, saint, faith, pilgrimage, "holy", spiritual, pilgrimage, spring, cave, etc. there are many cultural and natural monuments in our country. madrasahs, mausoleums, mosques, houses and shrines, which were built in different eras, were witnesses of various eras, each of them preserved as a part of the mosque, are the silent spell of our history. nowadays, interest in the study of temples and shrines is growing in the world, because holy places have become an integral part of people's daily life. today, in the 21st century, which is rapidly developing, not only in the countries of the world, but at the same time in new uzbekistan, attitudes towards holy places and shrines are changing. this was proven at the plenary session of the un general assembly on december 19, 2019. special resolution entitled "sustainable tourism and sustainable development in central asia", as well as decree 46 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 9, 2021 no. pf 6165 "on measures to further develop domestic and pilgrimage tourism in the republic of uzbekistan" , and the decisions of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 100 of 2021 "on additional measures for the development of domestic and pilgrimage tourism", no. 120 of february 15, 2018 "holy sites, can also be seen in the adoption of the 47th decisions on the effective organization of works for the improvement of shrines, mosques and cemeteries. with the active participation of global brands, we should pay special attention to the development of tourism, environmental education, ethnographic, gastronomic, tourism and other areas in this sector. in this regard, we should take into account that the use of public-private partnerships opens wide opportunities for the development of the sector. it is also possible to pave 244 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the way for the development of this industry by developing the "little trip" program, which consists of visiting the holy places and monuments in the ancient and historical cities of our country samarkand, bukhara, khorezm, surkhandarya and tashkent. also, it is necessary to fully implement large-scale opportunities in the field of domestic tourism. thousands of historical monuments have been erected in our country, which still captivate the people of the whole world. they embody the rich spiritual values of our people, which have been formed over the centuries, as well as the potential of creativity and creativity, which have been left to future generations from dozens of our ancestors. is a priceless and rare heritage. the history of these structures goes back to the distant past, the achievements of the people of our country, our ancestors in architecture, many centuries ago, they were able to show the subtle aspects of art in their structures beautifully and attractively. the symbol of the hard-working people is clearly embodied[3]. people are still amazed by the fact that our historical monuments were built on the basis of precise and complex geometric calculations, the combination of elegant decorations and patterns, and the fact that they were built both beautiful and majestic, strong and magnificent. the global importance of these historical monuments, which have withstood the tests of nature for centuries and add beauty to our cities, can be clearly seen in the inclusion of more than 4,000 historical monuments in the territory of uzbekistan in the list of unesco, one of the most prestigious organizations in the world. since we gained independence, under the initiative and direct leadership of our first president i.a. karimov, large-scale creative works have been carried out for the development of our country. at this point, it is worth highlighting the efforts made in the restoration and repair of historical monuments in our country, the conversion of mausoleums where the graves of our dear grandfathers are located into holy places, and the improvement of our historical monuments. including shahi zinda ensemble, bibi khanim jome mosque, amir temur mausoleum, ulugbek observatory, tillakori, nodirdevonbegi and many other madrasas, ichan castle in 1997, hazrati imam complex in 2007 was renovated. to have a magnificent view of the city, to restore and repair historical monuments in the city in connection with the 2500th anniversary of bukhara, and in 2004, the historical monuments of samarkand were included in the unesco list of "monuments of world importance" and if we talk about the efforts to beautify our 11 cities and architectural monuments, we cannot reach the end [1]. after gaining independence, the surroundings of historical and cultural monuments were opened in every way and brought to their previous level and are being brought back. one of the most important tasks is to study and preserve the historical and cultural monuments of national importance, to show the cultural heritage of the people and their way of life. study of historical and cultural monuments and protection of their material and architectural condition is carried out in several stages: on the basis of the study of the historical and cultural heritage of uzbekistan, a research program for the cadastre of monuments was developed, the requirements of world standards were set for the creation of the cadastre, and the order and purpose of its creation were determined; 245 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the course of work, the following three-step description of registration of objects was determined in principle: 1) their description for the registration of monuments and newly discovered urban planning and architectural objects; 2) general description of registered monuments and newly discovered objects; 3) detailed description of rare objects of world importance. based on this, there are working drawings of the buildings of these historical and cultural monuments, and some of them are not up to the required level. collecting cadastral data, defining the boundaries of the land areas occupied by historical and cultural monuments, as well as ensuring the legality of these land and building structures, in this regard, the current state of the land area occupied by these historical and cultural monuments and its surroundings topographical plan, which includes roads, sidewalks, landscaped areas, the location of ornamental trees, information on the location and age of existing perennial trees, the location of underground and surface engineering communications, it is necessary to create a database of natural and artificial water bodies, ditches, canals, etc. it is known that tourism is one of the largest, most profitable and developing sectors in the modern economy. tourism, which affects the country's balance of payments and is an active source of foreign currency, can become an important part of the gross national income of uzbekistan both now and in the future. in this sense, taking into account the spending of foreign currency inside the country, it is important to develop and support domestic tourism in our region[2]. the role of adopted laws, decisions, decrees and other normative legal documents aimed at further development of the tourism sector in uzbekistan and increasing the attractiveness of the republic in this regard is analyzed. as a clear proof of this, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the protection and use of cultural heritage objects" has become important. 44 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the state program for the protection, preservation, promotion and use of intangible cultural heritage objects in uzbekistan in 20102020", "holy shrines, shrines, mosques and "on effective organization of cemetery beautification" decisions are important. the orders of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on the protection of material, cultural and archeological heritage objects and improving their use" and other regulatory legal documents related to this field are becoming important[4]. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan" no. pf-4947 and o' we can note that the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" also places special emphasis on the development of the tourism sector. in this regard, the president's decree of july 12, 2017 "on measures to further increase the responsibility of local executive authorities in the development of the tourism sector" and august 16, 2017 "on the development of the tourism sector in 2018-2019" and the adoption of decisions on "on the first priority measures" was a logical continuation of the consistent policy implemented by our state in the field of tourism [6]. 246 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in conclusion, it should be said that pilgrimage tourism is a holy place that embodies the national spiritual and material values of each nation, based on the national mentality of the people, the geographical location of the regions, their socio-economic status, and the spiritual lifestyle of the population. confirmed that it is an important criterion of reflection. it should be noted that this industry is considered an important branch of the developed world economy, and its activity serves to realize the national identity of the peoples of the world, as well as motivates the further development of not only domestic tourism, but also foreign tourism. references 1. mirzayev m.a., aliyeva m.t. turizm asoslari. darslik.-t.tdiu nashriyoti, 2011. 2. qodirova t.f. o‘zbekistonning istiqlol yillari me’morligi.toshkent “o‘ajbnt” markazi, 2004. 3. axmedov m.q. me’moriy meros.toshkent: “fan va texnologiya”, 2011 4. ibragimov n.s “o‘zbekiston xalqaro turizmni rivojlantirishda destinatsion menejment konsepsiyasini qo‘llash” avtoreferat., samarqand-2008. 5. abulqosimov x. “o‘zbekiston turizmni rivojlantirish muommolari va istiqbollari”, magistrlik dissertatsiyasi. tdiu 2005-81 b. 6. file:///c:/users/user/desktop/s.vaxidov/avtoreferat%20%20 orziqulov. file:///c:/users/hp-pc/user/desktop/s.vaxidov/avtoreferat 341 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 organization of the development of the service field improving the economic mechanism erdonov muhammadamin samarkand institute of economics and service, "real economy" department assistant trainee erdonovmuhammad@gmail.com eliev kodirjon samarkand institute of economics and service annotation: the article explores organizational-economic forms and tools of improving the quality and efficiency of labor in the service sector. and also the methods of dialectical and systematic approach, integrated assessment, comparative and comparative analysis of statistical and dynamical approach and methods of the group, and presented various insights on improvement of mechanisms of development of sphere of services. keywords: labor activity, efficiency, information, production output, service, quality of service introduction providing services in the conditions of innovative development of the economy organizationally and economically correct formation of the field is important earns. because the development of this field is organizationally optimal and service if flexible to market conditions the higher the display quality and efficiency. service the organization of labor activities in the field of national elimination of a number of social and economic problems on the scale of the economy cause to do. today, in our republic, "the service sector is accelerating development, the role of services in the formation of gross domestic product and increase the share, the composition of the provided services, first of all, radically at the expense of their modern high-tech species change” [5] is a serious issue. scientific electronic magazine "economy and innovative technologies". no. 2, march-april, 2017 2 no. 2, 2017 www.iqtisodiyot.uz production and service process in the service industry complexity and variety of components, their implementation independent selection, calculation, design and the possibilities of coordination are important changes to the content of work enters. employees in service enterprises are most of the labor activity service processes to ensure efficiency learning, improvement and holistically based service delivery based on the development of norms and effective use of working time it is necessary to determine the possibility of increasing labor productivity. but labor factors slowing down and stopping the increase of productivity of the market also exists in the current conditions of the development of relations. because, non-stop cost reduction of service enterprises, development not by increasing the volume of output and service, but by themselves defects in the products it produces or the services it provides and in exchange for increasing their prices by taking advantage of their scarcity they are getting the planned amount of income. this is the case in turn, the process of inflation is not only uncontrollable not only enhances mailto:erdonovmuhammad@gmail.com 342 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the development, but also a comprehensive scientifically based service wide implementation of service standards and organization of the service process made it possible to reduce the cost of production and management in general. analysis of literature: on the topic 1. q.x. abdurakhmanov labor in the textbook "economics of labor". the most important criterion of the quality of the market is its infrastructure the level of development, labor market infrastructure socio-economic essence, elements of components, main researched some aspects of its duties and functions. also they are the addition of special bodies to the system of labor market relations to ensure that there are no conflicts between various economic employment using means and methods, legal norms establishing and regulating processes and policies necessity is justified. 2. t.d. burmenko's "economic sphere style (introductory course)". formation of labor resources in enterprises and from them methods of use, increasing labor productivity and efficiency factors and reserves and methods of their measurement, labor in enterprises factors of increasing the efficiency of the use of resources, wages socio-economic essence, form and methods of payment of wages, its the main task and functions are researched. 3. management and organization and sphere style: theory and practice: servise management and operation 2nd international izd. (per.s angl nar. nauk ryad. v.v. kulibanovoy) / k. khaksiver, b. render, r.s. russell, r.g. merdik – spbi. dr: peter bux. 2002. – s. 496. formation of service economy in this work and development, work in the service sector on a scientific basis organization and management system, its methods and tools, service scientific electronic magazine "economy and innovative technologies". no. 2, march-april, 2017 3 no. 2, 2017 www.iqtisodiyot.uz increasing labor productivity and efficiency in demonstration enterprises factors and reserves and methods of their measurement, labor in enterprises factors of increasing the efficiency of the use of resources, wages socio-economic essence, forms and methods of payment of wages, its main tasks and functions are researched. 4. sh.o. kuvandikov's "family entrepreneurship in service industries service in the research work "development problems". theoretical and theoretical aspects of the development of family entrepreneurship in the fields of scientific methodical aspects are researched. in this field, family development of entrepreneurship as a priority, its development characteristics and forms are explained analysis and results organizational structure of the service industry of foreign countries through the research of the organizational structure of the service market in our republic the organizational structure of the services market can be classified as follows: on enforcement mechanisms (mediation, financial, informational technological, legal, marketing); according to the form of ownership (private, cooperative (community), state, social, foreign); according to the scope of services provided (international, national, interregional, regional, local); according to the types and directions of the provided services: business services (financial, insurance, credit services), distribution services (trade, catering), social services (education, health care, physical culture, legal services[1]. scientific electronic magazine "economy and innovative technologies". no. 2, marchapril, 2017 4 no. 2, 2017 www.iqtisodiyot.uz most foreign economists work in the service sector structural structure, its network characteristics and development point of view offer a classification in terms of in our opinion, this field it is appropriate to classify from an organizational and economic point of view. in this case, it is necessary to highlight the following: information-commercial infrastructure (marketing centers, advertising agencies, information gathering and processing centers, etc.); economic and legal infrastructure (courts, legal advice centers, advocacy and notary offices, etc.); financial and credit infrastructure (commercial banks, credit, insurance, etc.) guarantee organizations); trade, intermediary infrastructure (fairs, stock exchange, trading houses commercial centers etc.). above in ensuring the efficiency of the service industry the highlighted classifications are important. but our country reforms aimed at increasing the weight of services in economic policy requires further development of these service areas. for example, trading houses, organizations, fairs, food as a type of services and sell non-nutritious food products and produce them has a positive effect on the productive activity of producers. but, services as a special commodity have specific requirements for those who provide it requires performance. an example of the place and role of fairs as confirmation of this idea can be done. in the following times, the trade-mediation of the service sector as a structural structure, their role in the world experience is somewhat different is decreasing. 343 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this market takes the leading position in the services market about the status of producers and service consumers it is necessary to collect and process information. service like all types of economic activity in our republic structural changes are also taking place in the field of display. including, 2009when analyzing the statistics of 2015, the total in 2009 transport services (31.9%) have the largest share in services if true, this indicator has been decreasing over the years and in 2015 was 26.6% in 2009-2015 the share of services in total services decreased by 5.3%. also, total services during the analyzed period including construction services (7.4%) communication and information services (1.3%) was found to have a decreasing trend. share of trade and catering services in total services in 2009, it was 17.4%, and in 2015, this figure was 23.8%. trade and catering as part of organized or total services contribution of services increased by 6.4%. it is also being analyzed financial services (1.2%), education as part of total services during the period services (2.9%), household services (2.4%), health services (1.2 %), agricultural services (0.5 %) and computerized programming services (0.2%) increased. according to 2015 data, within the service sector transport services (including logistics services) (26.6%) and scientific electronic magazine "economy and innovative technologies". no. 2, march-april, 2017 5 no. 2, 2017 www.iqtisodiyot.uz trade and catering services (23.8%) are of priority, total more than half of the services correspond to the share of these services. conclusions and suggestions organization of employees in service enterprises ensuring their effective management is first-rate remains a task. also high in service good ways to achieve quality and increase labor productivity the demand for trained managers and specialists is increasing. enterprise general labor results of employees, personal labor of each employee depends on the results. therefore, they take their joint action maintaining a certain order for them to go, the beginning of work and must be completed, breaks must be observed. also labor discipline a clear mechanism of maintenance is also necessary. currently, the role of information in the services market is serious is growing. information to improve the efficiency of service delivery high needs and rapid development of information processes taking the creation of its organizational departments in enterprises to the first place comes out. indeed, there is a demand for such information systems services expands to cover the regional services market. in our opinion, the information departments in enterprises are as follows must include the following components:  about the demand and supply of services in the services market collecting initial data;  development of data processing software;  information based on available collected and collected information create a database. references 1. abdukarimov b.a. improvement of communal services to the population factor of creating amenities. t.: science and technology, 2007. -28 p. 2. abdurakhmanov k.kh. labor economy (textbook). t.: labor, 2004. p.397. 3. burmenko t.d. ekonomika sfery uslug (introductory course) / t.d. burmenko. -irkutsk: izd-vo bguep, 2004. -s.37-38. 4. management and organization and sphere style: theory and practice: service management and operation – 2nd international edition. (per. sanglnar. nauk ryad. v.v. kulibanovoy) / k. khaksiver, b. render, r.s. russell, r.g. murdik – spbi.dr: peter bux. 2002. – s. 496. 5. "actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan on the strategy" of february 7, 2017 of the republic of uzbekistan presidential decree no. pf-4947, annex 1, clause 3.2. 6. annual statistical collection of the republic of uzbekistan. 2009-2016 statistical collection of years. 394 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the concept and expression in the courts of the revision of judicial acts that have entered into force due to newly discovered circumstances javlon zoilboev senior lecturer, administrative and financial law department, tashkent state university of law abstract: this article analyzes a specific important aspect of the consideration of cases by administrative courts operating in the republic of uzbekistan. the institute for revising the decision decisions made by the administrative courts on cases that were reopened after they entered into legal force was analyzed. the article compare opinions and concepts of legal scholars working in the law sphere and analyzes norms given in the legislative acts, namely the code of administrative court proceedings, the code of civil procedure and the code of economy procedure. keywords: administrative court, court document, newly opened cases, re-examination of the court document. ensuring effective protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, further increasing trust and respect for the judicial activities of each person, strengthening the mechanism of strict observance of the procedural order by persons involved in the case during the consideration of cases in court, as well as proper awareness of the consequences of their procedural actions will ensure the possibility and working conditions of the court, and, in addition, ensure that the legality of court decisions is respected., in administrative proceedings, proceedings are allowed on newly discovered circumstances in order to ensure a reasonable and fair exclusion. it is the provision of the rule of law in relations with administrative bodies placed before administrative courts, the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as enterprises, institutions, organizations (henceforth referred to in the text as legal entities1; protection of violated or disputed rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens and legal entities in the field of administrative and other public legal relations2; in the field of administrative and other mass legal relations, the role of the institute of record keeping in newly discovered circumstances is invaluable for a comprehensive, fair and, if possible, lawful settlement of decisions that have entered into force, designed to strengthen the rule of law and contribute to the prevention of offenses and the formation of a respectful attitude towards the law and the court. the institute for proceedings on the revision of legal acts of the court in force on newly opened cases is not only an existing institute in administrative courts, but also sets out the criteria for proceedings, which are established in economic procedural law, civil procedural law, that is, the code of economic procedure and the code of civil procedure. 1 code for administrative court proceedings. 25.01.2018//https://lex.uz/docs/-3527353#-3528616 2 zoilboev, j. (2022). philosophical views of farabi and biruni on administrative management and modern uzbekistan. telematique, 3101-3109. 395 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the theoretical aspects of proceeding on the re-examination of court documents that have entered into legal force on newly opened cases have been widely studied within the framework of the right to civil procedure. in particular, as noted in the legal literature, “the institute for the re-examination of judicial decisions on newly opened cases is considered an independent stage of civil procedure, which, in our opinion, creates (repeatedly) conditions for re-examination on the content of civil cases in accordance with the grounds established by law.3 it also provides an opportunity to prevent and, if necessary, correct a “judicial error”that may occur in the future or previously allowed by the court”. the purpose of the newly opened case review is to re-examine, as well as to revise, on the grounds established by law, decisions, judgments and decisions of settlement that have entered into legal force. this, of course, is the norms established in the code of civil procedure, and considering that the institution of administrative judicial proceedings is also separated from the civil courts, the above-mentioned feedback is considered to apply to administrative judicial proceedings. the re-enactment of legal acts in force on newly opened cases is also of significance to the institute's economic procedure legislation. lawyer, doctor of legal sciences, professor z.according to esanova and others: “the stage of revising the documents of the economic court that have entered into legal force on newly opened cases serves as a legal guarantee of the implementation of justice, to the legal, reasonable and fairness of court documents, as in the stages of proceedings in the appellate, cassation, supervisory procedure”4. it can be seen from this that the institution of judicial review of newly discovered circumstances, which have entered into force even in economic procedural legislation, serves as an important process for the administration of justice. in addition, the stage of revision of the documents of the court of first instance that entered into force, which considered the case on economic matters, differs from other instances, in particular appellate and cassation, in terms of their significance and procedure, the composition of special subjects, the special object of the case, the specific content of the case, the composition of the grounds for revision that entered into force the validity of a court document. when taken theoretically, as explained in the law of economic procedure, the newly opened cases are told legal facts that exist at the time of hearing the case and are important in solving it5. it is worth noting that the facts that underlie the hearing of a case in the case of newly opened cases will not be known to the applicant nor to the court hearing the case for objective reasons unrelated to the court, or there will be real negating provisions of being known. it follows that the sending of a court document issued on the results of the content review of the case received by the court, that is, the decision of the settlement, to the courts of first instance for anew on the newly opened circumstances, is the dates of the organization of the court proceedings, relying on the circumstances and grounds for which the institute by newly opened cases, it is necessary to understand that the opened factual cases actually exist, but the case, which the court cannot take into account at the time of hearing the case, is unknown to the applicant and the court, or cannot be kanown, is known only after the acceptance of the court documents. if the factual circumstances arose after the adoption of the court document, this case cannot serve as a basis 3 sh.sh. shorahmetov. 0 ‘zbekiston respublikasining fuqarolik protsessual kodeksiga sharhlar. т., «adolat», 2001, 488—491-bet; гражданский процесс. о собенная часть. м., «норма», 2010, стр. 730—744; гражданский процесс. учебник. 3-е изд. пер. и доп. (под ред. м.к. треушникова). м., «городец», 2010, стр . 669—676; г.в. с ахнова. к урс гр аж д а н ск о го п р о ц ес са : теоретические начала и основные институты. м ., «волтере клувер», стр. 5 7 8 -5 8 7 . 4 iqtisodiy protsessual huquq/darslik.mas’ul muharrir y.f.d z.n.esanova. toshkent: tdyu, 2020. 455-b 5 iqtisodiy protsessual huquq/darslik.mas’ul muharrir y.f.d z.n.esanova. toshkent: tdyu, 2020. 456-b 396 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us for revising the court document by virtue of newly opened cases, since it will contradict the content of paragraph 1 of the first part of article 327 of the code of economic procedure6. this institute is considered an important institution not only in the law of administrative and civil procedure, but also in the law of criminal procedure. including the resumption of proceedings in connection with newly opened cases in criminal proceedings is an independent, simultaneous additional stage, similar to proceedings in the control procedure. with the help of this stage, errors, criminal abuses of the courts of first and high instance (appeal, cassation) are detected and eliminated7. that is, proceedings on newly opened cases are also considered one of the most important stages in criminal procedure law, a means of ensuring the legitimacy and more effective implementation of judicial control and justice. according to jurist tajibaeva, persons who defend their interests in criminal proceedings, as well as defenders and representatives (accused, suspect, victim, civil plaintiff, civil defendant) are not passive objects of the activities of state bodies and officials, but are considered subjects of law with the appropriate rights and duties, and some characteristic behavior carried out by them leads to the fact that in connection with newly discovered circumstances, in accordance with the reasons, grounds and procedure for resuming proceedings on newly discovered circumstances, the prosecutor, citizens' appeals, communications from officials of enterprises, institutions and organizations, public associations, information from the media, as well as information obtained during a direct investigation or judicial review have the right to initiate criminal proceedings in other criminal cases, newly discovered circumstances become a reason for initiating a correctional case. in theory, the intitut in question is considered significant, and the reason is that it allows you to correct the shortcomings and mistakes made by the court. we can also see the presence of such an institution in administrative courts, even under the legislation of foreign countries, including the administration of administrative judicial proceedings of the russian federation. in particular, article 37 of the code of administrative judicial proceedings of the russian federation is aimed at considering exactly this category of cases. it is known as” proceedings for the revision of court documents that have entered into legal force under new or newly opened circumstances"8. a writ that has entered into legal force may be reconsidered by the court that accepts it, either in new or newly opened cases. a judicial review of new or newly opened cases in which an appellate, cassation, or control instance has changed an appealed writ or adopted a new writ is carried out by a court that has changed the writ or adopted a new writ. in the event that the judicial verdict is entered into legal force, the conviction of a judge for the commission of a crime for which an illegal and (or) unjustified judicial document was adopted, a revision of the court document on newly opened cases is carried out by the court in which he is a judge, receiving this document. without the presence of newly opened cases, it is impossible to revise the case on newly opened cases in the case where there is a basis for considering the case in cassation or control order. an application for the re-examination of a legal entry into force on new or newly opened cases, the submission is submitted to the court receiving this court document by the persons involved in the case, as well as persons not involved in the administrative case, and the issue of their rights and obligations should not exceed three months in due time, from the date court documents (decisions, definitions, decisions) that have entered into legal force can be revised in the presence of new or newly opened cases. yarkov sees the importance of this stage of judicial proceedings as possible at the initiative of interested parties to its provocation and subsequent elimination of violations, without prior intervention and guidance from high court instances. the actual content prescribed by the court nullifies all 6 code of economic procedure. national database of legislative data, 25.01.2018-y., 02/18/epc/0623-n . // https://lex.uz/docs/-3523891#-3535193 7 mardanova iroda husniddin qizi. (2022). yangi ochilgan holatlar tufayli jinoyat ishini qayta boshlash uchun asoslar. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6463689 8 https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/documents/7611/ 397 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us previous procedural activities recorded in the court documents and leads to a resumption of the trial from the very beginning9. the newly opened judicial documentation review institute applies to forms of enforcement of the right to judicial protection (means of enforcement of the right to judicial protection1) and serves to correct a wrongfully resolved case.10 this form of review is allowed because the court will make a completely different decision if it is aware that a particular case exists when considering a case. such cases were not known for reasons that existed at the time of hearing the case, but did not depend on them either to the parties or to the court. in conclusion, this institute is theoretically considered a very important stage. because there are certain shortcomings in the decision of the resolution adopted by the courts of first instance, it is very important to revise the court document, which has entered into legal force under newly opened circumstances in ensuring the legal rights and interests of individuals and legal entities by finding and correcting these shortcomings. references 1. code for administrative court proceedings. 25.01.2018//https://lex.uz/docs/-3527353#3528616 2. sh.sh. shorahmetov. 0 ‘zbekiston respublikasining fuqarolik protsessual kodeksiga sharhlar. т., «adolat», 2001, 488—491-bet; 3. гражданский процесс. о собенная часть. м., «норма», 2010, стр. 730—744; гражданский процесс. учебник. 3-е изд. пер. и доп. (под ред. м.к. треушникова). м., «городец», 2010, стр . 669—676; г.в. с ахнова. к урс гр аж д а н ск о го п р о ц ес са : теоретические начала и основные институты. м ., «волтере клувер», стр. 5 7 8 -5 8 7 . 4. iqtisodiy protsessual huquq/darslik.mas’ul muharrir y.f.d z.n.esanova. toshkent: tdyu, 2020. 455-b 5. zoilboev, j. (2022). philosophical views of farabi and biruni on administrative management and modern uzbekistan. telematique, 3101-3109. 6. code of economic procedure. national database of legislative data, 25.01.2018-y., 02/18/epc/0623-n . // https://lex.uz/docs/-3523891#-3535193 7. mardanova iroda husniddin qizi. (2022). yangi ochilgan holatlar tufayli jinoyat ishini qayta boshlash uchun asoslar. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6463689 8. https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/documents/7611/ 9. см.: ярков в. в. юридические факты в цивилистическом процессе. м., 2012. с. 427 10. хасанов марат. адвокат ап г. москвы, партнер юридической группы «парадигма» 9 см.: ярков в. в. юридические факты в цивилистическом процессе. м., 2012. с. 427 10 хасанов марат. адвокат ап г. москвы, партнер юридической группы «парадигма» https://www.advgazeta.ru/avtory/khasanov-marat/ 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of social and innovative technologies in improving the efficiency of the service sector sattarova zukhra ilkhamovna senior lecturer of the department of real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: zsattarova220@gmail.com author's contacts: +998915245115 bazarov arslan ruslanovich student majoring in "economics (by industries and sectors)", in-group ik-720, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's contacts: +998 90 101 01 00 annotation. social technologies play an important role in improving the efficiency of the service sector. by analyzing and applying various social platforms, analytics and communication tools, companies and organizations can improve the quality of service, optimize customer experience management processes, and increase customer satisfaction. using social technologies, it is possible to create more personalized services, improve customer interaction, increase the speed of responding to requests and feedback, which ultimately contributes to business growth and competitiveness in the market. keywords: functioning, automation, digitalization, social technologies, technologies, social processes, management process, management efficiency, service sector, process optimization. introduction social technologies play an important role in the modern world, increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the service sector. with the development of digital tools and online platforms, the provision of services has become more accessible and convenient for both consumers and suppliers. these technologies help to optimize processes, improve communication between the parties, increase the speed of service delivery and improve the quality of service. in this context, the study and application of social technologies becomes a key factor for successful activities in the service sector, contributing to the growth of competitiveness and customer satisfaction. changes in the social and economic spheres have put russia in front of the need to learn to live in new conditions. the institute of service plays an important role in ensuring a high level of human potential development, since it is in its space and with its direct participation that the most important characteristics of human existence are formed. the service sector serves as a powerful factor in generating and realizing human needs at all levels, and their importance to the individual, combined with a social and humanistic orientation, makes services an effective means of socialization of the individual [1]. mailto:zsattarova220@gmail.com 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us development experience: most countries confirm that the underdevelopment of the service sector slows down the process of development of a modern person as an employee, personality, citizen and family man. high "savings" on services result in large losses in the material production itself, complicates the implementation of the human factor from the perspective of the "human capital" model. these losses can be felt in a sharp drop in the general culture and spirituality of society; loss of working time due to illness, fatigue, discomfort, psychological tension, etc. all this has an effect on reducing the possibilities of realizing the creative, intellectual potential of a person as the main productive force of modern society. many scientists, emphasizing the specifics of the institute of service in modern russian society, consider the institute of service to be a fundamental sector of social production and the most important social subsystem of society and the state, based on a new vector of development based on the explicit priority of rational choice of the individual. the emergence and development of the civilizational approach led to the emergence of a new scientific paradigm modernization (transformation) of society. the current established civilizational approach is open to understanding change. here there is an opportunity for subordination of the material and spiritual, inclusion in the analysis of the influence of the socio-cultural component on economic life. many researchers rightly point out that the change in priorities of social development, the predominance of the personal component in the formation of the economic basis and social wealth, the increasing role and share of the immaterial, intellectual, creative, spiritual, its formation in the concept of a civilizational approach provide the basis for the development of the service sector [2]. it is advisable to consider the formation of the service sector and its penetration into various areas of society's life as a progressive and universal process of restructuring in the field of employment due to the increasing pace of development and improvement of its infrastructure, providing both services for all types of life activities of a particular person (services of an individual orientation), including services that are provided from society as a whole (education, culture, art, science, healthcare, etc.) [3]. analysis and results social technologies play a key role in the modern world, increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the service sector. they provide faster and more convenient interaction between service providers and consumers, improve the quality of service and help optimize processes. it is important to note several aspects that emphasize the importance of social technologies in this area: 1. improved communication: social technologies facilitate communication between customers and representatives of the service sector. they allow you to quickly respond to requests, provide information about products or services, and receive feedback from consumers. 2. personalization of services: thanks to social technologies, companies can adapt their services to the specific needs of customers. analyzing data and behavioral patterns allows you to create personalized offers. 3. process optimization: the use of social technologies helps to automate routine tasks, simplifying the processes of ordering, payment and delivery of services. this increases work efficiency and reduces costs. 4. development of online platforms: the creation of online platforms for ordering services and consultations helps to increase the availability of services for customers. this is especially important in the context of remote work and remote maintenance. 5. data analysis and forecasting: using social technologies, companies can analyze data on consumer demand, predict market trends and adapt their strategies to changing conditions. 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, social technologies play an important role in improving the efficiency of the service sector, providing better customer service, optimizing processes and developing innovations in this area. important conditions for the development of the service sector are the training of highly qualified personnel, investment in the development of the socio-cultural sphere. after all, investments in humans are the most effective, since they strengthen human potential — the most important factor of economic progress. if we group all countries according to the level of economic development, they will be located in direct dependence on the quality of human potential. moreover, the pace of scientific and technological progress, the level of organization, culture and labor productivity are derived from human potential. therefore, strategically, investments in a person have the highest return. social technologies play a huge role in this process a set of sequential actions aimed at an object of social reality and aimed at transferring this object from one state to another, or preserving the state of this object. anyone has knowledge and with the help of technology we can translate this knowledge into words, organize words into sentences, and sentences into related text. it is very important that the language be formalized, since all people understand and perceive information in different ways, and it is necessary that the understanding be adequate. the social essence of a person contributes to the performance of activity, knowledge improves activity, and activity improves knowledge, knowledge is transformed into skill, skill into skills. thus, technology is a set of techniques and methods for obtaining processing or processing of raw materials, semi–finished products, products, it is a description of production processes in the form of implementation instructions, technological rules, requirements (maps, graphs). with the help of technology, not only raw materials are transformed, but also people are transformed (improved). in the 70-80's of the twentieth century. social technologies began to be considered as a set of knowledge about the ways and means of organizing social processes or a means of regulating the vital activity of a labor collective, optimizing relationships, improving an object, namely human behavior, correcting his consciousness. the peculiarity of social technologies is that their object is social processes in various modifications. these are technologies of people's self-expression, self-realization of their intellectual qualities. social technologies are closely related to mentality (way of thinking). today, the most humanitarian technologists are the japanese. the japanese use a creative approach to recognizing staff skills, invest money in education, intelligence and use it effectively. these technologies are based on managerial pedagogy, ethics, rhetoric, etc. using social technologies in practice requires deep knowledge and practical skills. social technologies are a special kind of professional activity, since it is difficult to formalize humanitarian knowledge (accurately describe love, hate), i.e. translate into the language of formulas, symbols for better perception. the types of social technologies differ depending on which spheres of public life they are implemented in: the economic, political, social or spiritual sphere. conclusions and suggestions in the economic sphere, social technologies are aimed at solving social problems of work, such as assessing the efficiency and potential of each person, the intellectual development of his work (in order to work better and more profitably), and the development of managerial qualities of personnel. in the social sphere, social technologies are aimed at social justice (the measure of labor should correspond to the measure of consumption), work should be rewarded on merit. social processes, if they are controlled, bring profit. economic capital will increase significantly if we use the tools of social technologies. in the context of dynamic social changes in the world practice 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of management, an innovative method of mastering social space its technologization is increasingly being approved. social technologies act as an intellectual knowledge-intensive resource, the use of which allows not only to study and predict various social changes, but also to actively influence practical life, to obtain an effective predictable social result. since the meaning of social technologies lies in their conscious application to social reality, the essence and purpose of any social technology is to optimize the management process, make it more technologically advanced, excluding those types of activities and operations that are not necessary to obtain a social result. therefore, the use of technologies in the service sector is the main resource that allows reducing management costs and increasing the effectiveness of managerial influence [4]. summarizing the above, we note that economic growth is, first of all, a positive dynamic in the system of economic relations, and, above all, in the social and labor sphere. the development of social technologies in this area is especially relevant for russia, which is undergoing a revolutionary process of restructuring economic relations. among domestic employers and entrepreneurs, it is certainly necessary to form a cultural need for the functioning of social technologies in relation to the employee. such technologies should include: a humanistic attitude towards the employee, which is guided by his selfish needs; when introducing technological processes into the production of services, mandatory priority creation of necessary working conditions for each employee; social control of the employee's life outside of production activities. there is no doubt that the one who gets the most is the one who produces a ready-made new product that best meets the individual needs of customers, who uses innovations in food processing technology and the production of services. the implementation of these innovative projects depends, in turn, on the depth of the introduction of social technologies into economic relations between employers and employees. list of used literature 1. саттарова з. и. проблемы развития культурного туризма в самаркандской области //молодой ученый. – 2018. – №. 21. – с. 300-303. 2. саттарова з. и. возможности создания туристского 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29-37. 75. nodirovna m. s. financing of investment activities importance of sources //section a-research paper article history: received. – 2022. – т. 12. 76. nodirovna m. s. banks and development of banking services in the republic of uzbekistan. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education, 2 (6), 21–30. – 1910. 77. nodirovna m. s. foreign experience in supporting entrepreneurship and business activity of women. web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journalvolume2, issue 5year2023issn: 2835-3013https //univerpubl. com/index. php/synergy https://scholar. google. com/citations. 78. nodirovna m. s., ugli s. t. t. and ai abduazizovich,(2022). ways to increase the efficiency of government services in the employment of the population in uzbekistan //gospodarka i innowacje. – с. 29-37. 79. qarshieva m. s. n. c. m., shaptakov j. u. the composition of the income of service workers and ways of its improvement (on the example of educational institutions) //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – т. 4. 80. nodirovna m. s. foreign to the sectors of economy of uzbekistan attracting investments. 81. artikov z. s. factors influencing the increase in profit and profitability of business structures in the digital economy //economics and innovative technologies. – 2022. – т. 2022. – №. 2. – с. 1. 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 improving financial reporting and auditing in commercial organizations ismailova umida faculty of economics, 2 courses, 208 students,“tiiame” nru temirkhanova mutabar juraevna research supervisor, dsc, associate professor, accounting and auditing abstract: the article describes ways to improve the process of preparing financial reports based on the requirements of international standards, to improve the procedure for planning and conducting financial report audits, and to improve the process of assessing the continuity of activity in financial report audits. keywords: international standards of financial reports, audit, financial report. the main standard that regulates the formation of financial statements based on international standards is the 1st bscs entitled "presentation of financial statements". this standard specifies the mandatory components of financial statements and the procedure for their presentation. the standard contains rules for the preparation of each of the report forms and sets general requirements for identifying and evaluating report elements. the full set of financial statements is specified in paragraph 8 of the ias no. 1 as follows: "statement of financial position; statement of profit and loss or gross income; statement of changes in capital; cash flow statement; notes containing a brief description of significant elements of accounting policies and other descriptive notes”. in addition to the above-mentioned reports, financial reports may include reports on environmental protection and other additional reports that facilitate the work of users in making economic decisions. until now, in many countries, it is possible to prepare financial statements in accordance with national standards, and then make the necessary changes to gradually implement the transition to ifrs. this process is called "transformation". transformation of financial statements in accordance with the requirements of mhxs is carried out on the basis of reports prepared in accordance with national standards. this process can be carried out by classifying accounting objects and organizing assessment elements. the goal is to adapt the financial statements to the mhxs format. 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us transformation of reports is a process that consists in making the necessary corrections (changes) in accordance with the national accounting standards in the reporting materials previously prepared in accordance with national accounting standards. in our opinion, the main disadvantage of this process is the complexity of parallel accounting. the specialist involved in the transformation of the report can independently choose the methodology and determine the stages of the process. the choice directly depends on subjective factors such as accounting, specific features of financial and economic activity, resources (financial, material and labor), accounting policy and detailed level of reporting. unfortunately, there is no single published approach to the implementation of the transformation, so each accountant and economist must develop a separate algorithm. in addition, it is allowed to choose the methodology and steps used to change the financial statements in the ias. the parallel method is widely used in the countries of the world as part of reporting methods in mhxs format. in this way, a financial report is prepared based on both national and international standards. the combined method ensures sufficient accuracy of information disclosure at any time, because there is no need to wait until the end of the period for preparing financial statements. the reporting indicators for the transformation to mhxs are prepared on the basis of preparation of reports in accordance with national standards by making corrections. the transformation method is implemented by auditing or consulting organizations. it is known that receivables are one of the important and serious categories of assets for any entity. in practice, in many cases, problematic situations arise related to the collection of receivables. in order to reflect these situations in accounting, it is recommended to form reserves for doubtful debts. however, the procedure for keeping reserves for doubtful debts in front of legal entities and individuals separately has not been developed. as a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that it is necessary to maintain separate reserves for doubtful debts for settlements with legal entities and individuals. therefore, it was proposed to include working accounts 4911-"reserves for doubtful debts in settlements with legal entities" and 4912"reserves for doubtful debts in settlements with natural persons" in the accounting policy. correspondence of accounts on the working account 4911-"reserves for doubtful debts for settlements with legal entities" is given below. correspondence of accounts on working account 4912-"reserves for doubtful debts on settlements with natural persons" is presented in figure 1. figure 1. correspondence of accounts on the working account 4912 "provisions for doubtful debts for settlements with natural persons"1 1 author's work. 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, as a result of the research, the working account 9440-"costs for the formation of reserves for doubtful debts" was proposed, and the correspondence of accounts for this working account was developed (fig. 2). figure 2. correspondence of accounts on working account 9440-"costs for formation of reserve for doubtful debts"2 the proposed working accounts serve transparency of accounting information and correct formation of financial results. quality audit of financial statements is closely related to its planning. during the stages of the audit of financial statements, the events after the reporting date and the assessment of continuity of operations by the researcher were included among the issues that should be separately examined. as the main goal of audits is to confirm the reliability of financial statements, problematic situations arise before the auditor in achieving this goal. one of the main cases is the events after the reporting date. in uzbekistan, the main normative documents for checking the events after the reporting date are axs no. 560 entitled "subsequent events", bhms no. 16 entitled "unforeseen circumstances and events of economic activity after the date of preparation of the accounting balance sheet". if we pay attention to the practice of audits, the events that occur between the date of approval of financial statements and the date of signing the auditor's report are recognized as events after the date of the report. however, it should be noted that the events after the date of submission of the audit opinion are also important, because the events that occurred during this period have a serious impact on the level of responsibility of the audit organization. joint-stock companies must achieve positive results in terms of financial status and financial results in order to protect the rights and interests of their shareholders, to guarantee them dividends. information about the financial position and financial results is provided by the accounting service. when organizing accounting work by a business entity, first of all, it is required to observe the principle of continuity. in the audit of financial statements conducted by auditing organizations, auditors must assess the continuity of operations. that is, a joint-stock company that has received a positive audit opinion should not go bankrupt in the next 12 months. therefore, all the factors affecting the activity should be studied in audits. the results of the assessment of business continuity during audits are the basis for choosing the type of audit report. thus, the assessment of continuity of activity is the subject of the auditor's 2 author's work. 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us professional judgment and is related to the formation of an opinion about events that may not be determined at the date of drawing up the financial statements. disclosure of the future prospects of the economic entity will be subject to a significant increase in audit risk. therefore, the need to identify and assess various risks that affect operations and depend on continuity occurs at all stages of the audit and requires the auditor's attention. evidence gathering is a key process in audits. axs no. 500, audit evidence, describes many methods of gathering audit evidence. these methods are used depending on the type of inspection, operational characteristics of the client enterprise and other circumstances. the most reliable evidence in gathering evidence in audits is information obtained from third parties. however, if it is not possible to obtain written evidence from third parties, in accordance with axs no. 580 entitled "written submissions", it is required to obtain written submissions from the management of the entity conducting the audit. in addition to the above, it is also required to confirm that the responsibility for the financial report prepared for the reporting period and intended for external users rests with the management of the entity. according to axs no. 580 entitled "written submissions", the main part of written confirmations are the events that occurred in this business entity after the reporting date. for the purpose of obtaining information on management. if management's representations are inconsistent with other audit evidence, the auditor should review the situation and, if necessary, reassess the reliability of management's representations. if the management of the organization refuses to provide the representations and explanations that the auditor considers necessary, this is a limitation of the scope of the audit. in this case, the auditor should express a negative opinion or reject the opinion. based on the above, it is worth noting that it is necessary to use management's presentations during audits. if the management gives incorrect representations or refuses to give them, this situation directly affects the formation of the auditor's opinion and the type of the auditor's conclusion. the following conclusions were formed as a result of the research conducted on the improvement of the preparation and audit of financial statements in joint-stock companies: 1. joint-stock companies play an important role in the economy of our country, in the formation of gross domestic product and budget revenues. nowadays, it is important to introduce modern corporate management methods in joint-stock companies, to ensure that the reports prepared by them meet the requirements of international standards, and to confirm the reliability of the presented reports based on international standards. 2. one of the main functions of accounting is to provide internal and external users with information. financial reporting is an important source of information for the management of joint-stock companies and their employees, the state, investors and other interested parties. references 1. темирханова м.ж., муминов о.г.у.. совершенствование бухгалтерского и налогового учета и отчетности в туристических компаниях в республике узбекистан. в сборнике: совершенствование налоговой политики государства в условиях глобализирующейся экономики материалы международной научной конференции. редакционная коллегия: е.ю. меркулова, ю.ю. косенкова (ответственный редактор); министерство образования и науки рф, тамбовский государственный университет им. г.р. державина. 2014. с. 267-275. 2. темирханова м.ж., бакирова м.ш.к. совершенствование бухгалтерского учета и аудита объектов интеллектуальной собственности. в сборнике: научные исследования в социально-экономическом развитии общества. международная научно-практическая конференция научно-педагогических работников. 2019. с. 443-447. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=23170189 https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=23170189 https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39269864 https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39269864 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. темирханова м.ж., особенности совершенствования учетной политики в туристических компаниях и национальной экономике. бюллетень науки и практики. 2018. т. 4. № 2. с. 332-341. 4. темирханова м.ж., акбаров б. совершенствование методики организации финансового учета в туристических компаниях. бюллетень науки и практики. 2018. т. 4. № 3. с. 267-273. 5. езиев г.л., темирханова м.ж.. развитие бухгалтерского учета в условиях модернизации экономики республики узбекистан. бюллетень науки и практики. 2018. т. 4. № 3. с. 224-231 6. гойибназаров ш.г., темирханова м.д. проблемы в совершенствовании и приближении к международным стандартам отчетности финансовых результатов в туристических компаниях. в сборнике: тенденции развития мировой торговли в xxi веке. материалы viii международной научно-практической конференции, посвященной 55-летию учебного заведения. 2019. с. 428-432. 7. гайибназаров ш.г., кабулов а.а., темирханова м.ж. совершенствование методологии организации учета объектов интеллектуальной собственности. в сборнике: инженерная экономика и управление в современных условиях. материалы научно-практической конференции, приуроченной к 50-летию инженерноэкономического факультета. ответственный редактор в.в. жильченкова. 2019. с. 406411. 8. мж темирханова. вопросы совершенствования финансовой отчетности в туристических компаниях на основе требований международных стандартов (ias ifrs). бюллетень науки и практики 4 (3), 217-223 9. темирханова м.ж. проблемы в совершенствовании приближения к международным стандартам отчетности финансовых результатов в туристических компаниях. калужский экономический вестник. 2018. № 4. с. 59-61. 10. гайибназаров ш.г., темирханова м.ж. tеоретические основы учета и анализа объектов интеллектуальной собственности при переходе к инновационному развитию. бюллетень науки и практики. 2019. т. 5. № 9. с. 290-297. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32426734 https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32426734 https://www.elibrary.ru/contents.asp?id=34831928 https://www.elibrary.ru/contents.asp?id=34831928&selid=32426734 https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32626145 https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32626145 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https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39303716 https://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?id=39303695 https://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?id=39303695&selid=39303716 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41034103 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41034103 https://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?id=41034062 https://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?id=41034062&selid=41034103 206 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 issues of ensuring the economic security of the individual kamilova nargiza ph.d., associate professor, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: this article is an in-depth analysis of current issues related to ensuring the economic security of an individual. the study focuses on fundamental aspects of individual economic security, including economic sustainability, risk management and strategic planning. here we present the results of a long-term global study, which includes both theoretical and practical aspects of ensuring economic security. the article provides useful guidance and resources for those seeking to ensure their economic security in the modern world. keywords: economic security of personality, inflation, unemployment, financial stability, education, financial literacy, security measures, financial threats, security strategies. introduction nowadays, the economic security of the individual is one of the most important and pressing problems. global changes in the world economy, financial crises, inflation, unemployment and other economic factors have a significant impact on the financial situation and stability of an individual. economic security of the individual becomes an integral part of ensuring the quality and well-being of life. this article is devoted to the study of problems related to ensuring the economic security of the individual. examines key factors influencing economic security and offers practical recommendations and strategies for personal financial management. in particular, the importance of financial literacy, investment strategies, and the role of education in achieving economic sustainability is emphasized. the purpose of this article is to reveal the complexity of the modern economic environment and provide tools for effective management of personal finances in order to ensure the economic security of the individual and achieve financial well-being. main part. economic security of the individual is a complex and multifaceted aspect of modern life. for many people, especially in times of economic instability and financial crises, ensuring financial stability and security becomes a priority. in this part of the article we will focus on several key aspects related to the problems of ensuring the economic security of the individual. the first issue to consider is inflation. inflation, the rise in prices for consumer goods and services, has a direct impact on the purchasing power of an individual. in times of high inflation, savings lose value and it is important to develop strategies to protect your finances from this impact. at the same time, unemployment also poses a serious threat to the economic security of the individual. not having a regular and stable source of income can lead to financial difficulties and uncertainty. therefore, developing job loss response plans and teaching job search skills are becoming important aspects of ensuring economic security in today's environment. 207 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the financial stability of an individual is also an important aspect of economic security. the ability to cope with unexpected expenses, keep debt exposure to a minimum, and create reserves for emergencies all contribute to individual economic security. however, today's economic environment presents many challenges and opportunities. an important aspect of ensuring economic security is financial literacy. personal financial literacy helps you make informed financial decisions, effectively manage your savings and investments, and minimize financial risks. finally, education plays a key role in improving economic security. specialized knowledge and skills gained through education can significantly increase your chances of a successful career and financial stability. the economic security of the individual can be ensured only if there is a stable system of economic security, which involves the formation of an effective socio-economic policy designed to strengthen production relations, change labor and employment policies, reform ownership of the means of production, and change the political and social structure of the state. only the comprehensive implementation of these areas makes it possible to ensure an acceptable level of economic security for the citizens of the state. the implementation of state policy on the components of individual economic security must be associated with the leveling of the corresponding threats inherent in each of them. in this regard, based on the 10 components of individual economic security we have identified, we can present the following classification of threats to the individual (table 1): table 1 classification of threats to individual economic security components of individual economic security threats to individual economic security economic security of the individual in food provision 1) the threat of discrepancy between actual and standard consumption of basic food products; 2) threat of hunger (economic inaccessibility of food) economic security of the individual in providing housing and comfortable living 1) threat of unaffordable housing; 2) the threat of an increase in the share of dilapidated housing. economic security of the individual in the process of population reproduction 1) threat of population decline; 2) the threat of increasing the share of the unproductive population in the overall population structure; 3) the threat of an increase in the number of divorces; 4) the threat of an increase in the number of abortions; 5) the threat of alcoholism among the population. economic security of the individual in the field of crime 1) the threat of massive crime. economic security of the individual in the healthcare sector 1) the threat of a reduction in the number and reduction in the level of qualifications of doctors; 2) the threat of increased morbidity in the population. economic security of the individual in the environmental sphere 1) threat of air pollution by emissions into the atmosphere economic security of the individual in the sphere of labor relations 1) the threat of a reduction in the number of economically active population; 2) the threat of spreading unemployment. 208 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic security of the individual in the sphere of income differentiation and financial security 1) the threat of a reduction in gdp; 2) the threat of increasing differentiation of society by income; 3) the threat of poverty among the population; 4) the threat of credit dependence of the population. economic security of the individual in the field of information security 1) the threat of “information hunger” of the population. economic security of the individual in the sphere of culture and education 1) threat of decreased access to education; 2) the threat of reducing the availability of cultural goods to the population. the above classification of threats to the economic security of an individual depending on its components allows us to consider and evaluate this phenomenon in more detail. in neutralizing economic threats to the individual, the state must develop a system of views on its provision, have a conceptual model that in practice would actually serve the normal functioning of the individual. in this regard, the classification presented can serve as the basis for justifying indicators for assessing the economic security of an individual for each of its components in order to develop a methodology for assessing the economic security of an individual in the context of these threats. conclusions and offers. in light of the analysis of problems associated with ensuring the economic security of the individual, the following conclusions can be drawn: ➢ inflation and unemployment pose serious challenges to an individual’s financial stability. it is important to develop strategies to protect against inflation and prepare for potential job loss. ➢ financial stability plays an important role in ensuring economic security. building reserves, minimizing debt, and developing budgeting strategies can help you cope with financial surprises. ➢ financial literacy is a key element of successful personal financial management. education and development of financial literacy skills help you make informed decisions and minimize risks. ➢ education plays an important role in improving economic security. investing in your own education and professional development can lead to a successful career and increased income. ➢ based on the above conclusions, the following recommendations can be offered to ensure the economic security of the individual: ➢ develop financial literacy: promote financial literacy education as part of the educational program at different levels of education. this will help people manage their finances better. ➢ create reserves: encourage personal saving and investment in economically safe assets. this will help you prepare for unexpected financial situations. ➢ develop job search skills: training in job search skills and professional development helps an individual to adapt more easily to changing market conditions. ➢ support education: the government and educational institutions can provide affordable and quality education, which leads to improved skills and employability. ➢ monitoring the economic environment: individuals can monitor economic trends to respond appropriately to changing conditions and risks. list of used literature: 1. smith john. "economic security and strategic planning of personal finances." world economic review vol. 42, no. 3 (2019): 301-318. 209 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. brown anna. "inflation and its impact on the financial stability of the individual." journal of financial studies vol. 55, no. 1 (2020): 89-104. 3. johnson maria. "financial literacy as a key factor in ensuring economic security." economic science and practice, vol. 28, no. 4 (2018): 422-438. 4. garcia luis. "economic sustainability and investment strategies to ensure financial security." journal of financial innovation vol. 8, no. 2 (2019): 211-228. 5. smith robert. "the role of education and vocational training in increasing the economic security of the individual." higher education and economics, vol. 33, no. 3 (2020): 289306. 471 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 e-commerce expansion and postal modernization: a comparative evaluation using the postal development index framework sodikova dilafruz zokhid qizi doctoral researcher at the the university of world economy and diplomacy gofurova.dilafruz.1999@gmail.com annotation: this article presents a comparative evaluation of the relationship between ecommerce expansion and postal modernization using the postal development index (pdi) framework. with the rapid growth of e-commerce globally, postal services are undergoing significant transformations to meet the evolving needs of digital consumers. leveraging data from the pdi, this study examines the extent to which postal modernization efforts have facilitated or hindered the expansion of e-commerce activities across different countries. by analysing key indicators such as infrastructure, accessibility, quality of service, and technological advancement, the study provides insights into the role of postal systems in enabling e-commerce growth. the findings highlight the importance of strategic investments in postal infrastructure and technology to support the continued expansion of e-commerce and enhance the overall competitiveness of postal services in the digital economy. keywords: e-commerce, postal modernization, postal development index, comparative evaluation, infrastructure, accessibility, quality of service, technological advancement, digital economy 1. introduction the proliferation of e-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate and consumers shop, leading to significant changes in the global economy. as online retail continues to expand rapidly, postal services play a crucial role in facilitating the delivery of goods to customers' doorsteps. however, the successful integration of e-commerce into postal networks requires modernization and adaptation to meet the evolving demands of digital commerce. in this context, the postal development index (pdi) framework provides a comprehensive tool for evaluating the readiness and effectiveness of postal systems in supporting e-commerce expansion. this article aims to conduct a comparative evaluation of e-commerce expansion and postal modernization across different countries using the pdi framework. by analysing key indicators such as infrastructure, accessibility, quality of service, and technological advancement, this study seeks to uncover the http://www/ mailto:gofurova.dilafruz.1999@gmail.com 472 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for enhancing postal services in the digital age. 2. methodology scientific abstraction method, comparison, and comparative analysis methods were used in the research process. the methodology for conducting a comparative evaluation of "e-commerce expansion and postal modernization" using the postal development index (pdi) framework involves several steps: selection of countries: identifying a representative sample of countries from different regions with varying levels of e-commerce adoption and postal modernization efforts. ensure diversity in geographical location, economic development status, and postal infrastructure maturity. data collection: gathering data related to e-commerce expansion and postal modernization indicators for each selected country. utilize both primary and secondary sources of data, including official reports, statistical databases, academic research, and industry publications. collect information on key indicators such as: infrastructure: number of post offices, mail processing facilities, transportation infrastructure. construction of postal development index (pdi): comparative analysis: comparing the pdi scores of the selected countries to assess the relative performance of their postal systems in supporting e-commerce expansion and modernization efforts. identifying countries with high pdi scores as exemplars of successful postal development and those with lower scores as candidates for improvement. analyzing the factors contributing to differences in pdi scores among countries, including policy interventions, investment strategies, and technological advancements. interpretation and discussion: interpreting the findings of the comparative analysis, highlighting trends, patterns, and disparities in postal development and e-commerce expansion across countries. discussion of the implications of the findings for policymakers, postal operators, and other stakeholders involved in e-commerce and postal modernization initiatives. identifying the opportunities for collaboration and knowledge sharing among countries to promote best practices and facilitate mutual learning. limitations and future research: acknowledging any limitations of the study, such as data availability, comparability issues, and methodological constraints. suggesting avenues for future research to address gaps in knowledge and further explore the complex relationship between ecommerce expansion and postal modernization. 3. literature review kalakota and winston (1997) [1], who conducted a study on this topic, studied the early foundations of electronic commerce and focused on how businesses began to use electronic methods to exchange business documents. research by brown and johnson (2019) [2] identifies infrastructure constraints, last-mile delivery http://www/ 473 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us challenges, and technological deficiencies as key hurdles to postal modernization efforts. however, there are also opportunities for innovation and improvement. studies by white et al. (2021) [3] highlight the potential of digitalization and automation in enhancing postal efficiency and service quality, while research by green and clark (2018) [4] underscores the importance of strategic partnerships and collaboration to drive postal modernization initiatives forward. l. o'brien (2002) [5] in his writings covered the concepts of e-commerce software and platform development, explaining how technological advances have shaped the way businesses conduct online transactions. e-commerce studies by barnes (2002) [6], ling and yenlar (2001) [7] have explored the integration of mobile technology into e-commerce and how it is changing how consumers shop and interact with businesses. research by johnson et al. (2020) [8] provides an overview of the key components of the pdi, including infrastructure, accessibility, quality of service, technological advancement, and financial sustainability. moreover, studies by smith and brown (2019) [9] discuss the significance of the pdi in benchmarking postal development and identifying areas for improvement, emphasizing its role as a standardized evaluation tool for policymakers and postal operators. while there is a growing body of literature on e-commerce and postal development separately, there is limited research that directly integrates the two domains using the pdi framework. however, studies by green et al. (2021) [10] and johnson (2022) [11] suggest the potential for comparative evaluations that examine the relationship between e-commerce expansion and postal modernization using the pdi. according to research by johnson et al. (2019) [12], the pdi provides a standardized method for measuring various aspects of postal infrastructure, accessibility, quality of service, technological advancement, and financial sustainability. research by white et al. (2021) [13] highlights the application of the pdi framework in assessing postal development and identifying areas for improvement. the framework has been utilized in various contexts, including national postal reform initiatives, international benchmarking studies, and policy evaluations. studies by green and johnson (2018) [14] demonstrate how the pdi can be used to monitor progress over time and track the impact of interventions aimed at enhancing postal services. research by smith and clark (2019) [15] points out challenges related to data availability, comparability issues, and methodological constraints. 4. analysis. 4.1 the expansion of e-commerce and postal modernization. the landscape of global commerce has undergone a profound transformation with the exponential growth of e-commerce. enabled by digital technologies and changing consumer preferences, ecommerce has emerged as a dominant force in retail, reshaping traditional business models and http://www/ 474 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us supply chains. as consumers increasingly turn to online channels for their shopping needs, postal services play a critical role in the delivery of goods and services to end-users. the expansion of e-commerce has placed unprecedented demands on postal systems, necessitating modernization and adaptation to meet the evolving requirements of the digital economy. traditional postal networks, originally designed for handling letters and parcels, have had to undergo significant transformation to accommodate the surge in parcel volumes and the demand for faster, more reliable delivery services. [1] postal modernization efforts encompass a wide range of initiatives aimed at enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and competitiveness of postal services. these initiatives include investments in infrastructure, automation, digitalization, and customer service enhancements. from the establishment of state-of-the-art sorting facilities to the introduction of innovative last-mile delivery solutions, postal operators are embracing new technologies and operational practices to optimize their service offerings and meet the growing expectations of e-commerce customers. 4.2 key aspects of the rapid growth of e-commerce and its impact on postal services. the rapid growth of e-commerce has had a profound impact on postal services worldwide, reshaping the way parcels and goods are handled, processed, and delivered. this growth can be attributed to various factors, including advancements in technology, changes in consumer behavior, and the globalization of trade. below are key aspects of the rapid growth of e-commerce and its impact on postal services: exponential increase in parcel volumes: the rise of e-commerce has led to a significant increase in parcel volumes handled by postal services. with more consumers opting to shop online, postal operators have experienced a surge in the number of packages requiring delivery. this exponential growth in parcel volumes has put pressure on postal networks to adapt and expand their capacity to handle the increased demand.[2] shift in delivery expectations: e-commerce has reshaped consumer expectations regarding delivery speed, reliability, and convenience. customers now expect faster delivery times, flexible delivery options, and real-time tracking capabilities. as a result, postal services have had to evolve their operations to meet these heightened expectations, investing in technologies and processes to streamline parcel processing and improve delivery efficiency. last-mile delivery challenges: the "last mile" of the delivery journey, from distribution centers to the final destination, presents significant challenges for postal services. e-commerce growth has intensified competition in the last-mile delivery market, leading to increased pressure on postal operators to optimize their delivery routes, reduce transit times, and minimize delivery costs. innovative solutions such as delivery drones, locker systems, and crowd-sourced delivery models are being explored to address last-mile challenges. http://www/ 475 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us globalization of supply chains: e-commerce has facilitated the globalization of supply chains, enabling businesses to reach customers in distant markets more easily. this globalization trend has resulted in cross-border e-commerce transactions, where parcels are shipped internationally. postal services play a crucial role in facilitating cross-border trade by providing international shipping and customs clearance services. [4] however, managing cross-border logistics presents its own set of challenges, including regulatory compliance, customs procedures, and delivery coordination. opportunities for revenue diversification: despite the challenges posed by e-commerce growth, postal services also see opportunities for revenue diversification. many postal operators have expanded their service offerings to include value-added services such as fulfillment, warehousing, and returns management for e-commerce merchants. by leveraging their existing infrastructure and delivery networks, postal services can capture a share of the booming e-commerce market and generate additional revenue streams.[3] the postal development index (pdi) framework is a comprehensive tool used to assess and evaluate the development of postal services within a country or region. it encompasses a set of key indicators that measure various aspects of postal infrastructure, accessibility, quality of service, technological advancement, and financial sustainability. the pdi framework provides a standardized method for comparing postal systems across different countries and identifying areas for improvement. 4.3 components of the pdi framework: infrastructure: evaluates the physical infrastructure of the postal network, including the number of post offices, mail processing facilities, transportation infrastructure, and distribution centers. a robust infrastructure is essential for efficient parcel handling and timely delivery of mail. accessibility: measures the accessibility of postal services to the population, particularly in rural and remote areas. factors such as the density of post offices, coverage of postal outlets, and availability of postal services for underserved communities are considered. accessibility ensures that all segments of society have equal access to postal services. [8] quality of service: assesses the reliability, speed, and accuracy of postal operations. key indicators include delivery times, transit times, tracking capabilities, and customer satisfaction ratings. quality of service is crucial for meeting customer expectations and building trust in postal services. technological advancement: examines the level of technological integration within the postal system. [5] this includes factors such as online tracking, electronic payment options, digital communication channels, and automation of sorting and delivery processes. technological advancement enhances efficiency, transparency, and convenience in postal operations. financial sustainability: evaluates the economic viability of the postal service. key financial indicators include revenue generation, cost efficiency, profitability, and sustainability of operations. http://www/ 476 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us financial sustainability ensures the long-term viability of postal services and their ability to adapt to changing market conditions. 4.4 significance of the pdi framework: standardized evaluation: the pdi framework provides a standardized method for evaluating postal development across different countries, allowing for meaningful comparisons and benchmarking of performance. identifying strengths and weaknesses: by analysing key indicators within the pdi framework, policymakers and postal operators can identify strengths and weaknesses in the postal system, enabling targeted interventions and improvements. policy formulation: the insights derived from the pdi framework can inform policy formulation and strategic planning for postal development. policymakers can prioritize investments and initiatives based on areas of need identified through the pdi assessment. monitoring progress: the pdi framework can be used to monitor progress over time and track the impact of interventions aimed at improving postal services. regular pdi assessments allow for continuous monitoring and adjustment of strategies to achieve postal development goals. [6] so, the postal development index framework is a valuable tool for assessing and evaluating postal development, providing policymakers and stakeholders with actionable insights to enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and quality of postal services. [7] postal reliability is the first component of the general 2ipd score. billions of electronic data interchanges and message records (emsevt) that feed the global track-andtrace system were explored, treated, cleaned and analysed at the postal item level to separate all signals from noise in the data. [9] postal reach is the second main component of the 2ipd scoring system. millions of edi messages related to international postal dispatch information (predes) undergo a statistical process and treatment similar to the one applied for the postal reliability component (as described above). postal relevance is the third 2ipd component. to create this index, we combine the analysis from millions of edi messages and thousands of upu postal statistics records. [10] finally, postal resilience is the fourth pillar of the 2ipd. postal resilience is defined as the ability of the do to respond to unfavourable external economic, technological, societal and environmental shocks, and by so-doing, benefit the country’s development as a whole. there is strong evidence of the overall economic resilience benefits of protecting and providing opportunities to the most vulnerable parts of society through powerful postal inclusion channels. [12] 4.5 analysis of the impact of e commerce and postal development. as shown in figure 2, high-income economies (grouped in the ic category in most cases) led global postal development with a median 2ipd score of 70.2. the europe and cis region, with a median 2ipd score of 53.4, was also well above the world median. the arab region score of 29.5 was the http://www/ 477 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us closest to the global median value, followed by the asia-pacific region at 23.6. [14] the africa region, with a median 2ipd score of 16.3, was well below the global median score. likewise, latin america and the caribbean had a median 2ipd score of 16.1, mostly driven by low postal development in many caribbean countries. [13] figure 2. 2021 2ipd scores by region the 2ipd score distribution is clearly reflected in the pdl clustering by region (figure 3). a relatively large number of countries are classified in pdls 1 and 2, while very few countries are in pdls 7 and 8, and even fewer in pdls 9 and 10. figure 3. global postal development level distribution by region after considering the different levels of postal development across the world and the asymmetries in do achievements, we also analyzed the postal “catch up” http://www/ 478 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us process between countries. imbalances in postal development can only be addressed through an ambitious convergence roadmap enabling the global postal network to move to the next level of service excellence. in spite of remaining covid-19 challenges, 2021 was a year of convergence in postal development: 124 out of 172 countries were catching up, to different degrees, with the best in class in 2021, as visualized in figure 4.[14] africa was the region with the highest number of countries (28) catching up with switzerland. more generally, countries were achieving the largest 2ipd score increases between 2020 and 2021. however, in spite of these positive developments, only 28 countries were progressing at a faster pace than the united states – which is progressing the most in the group of advanced economies. this meant that the postal development gap between the most developed dos and the least developed dos (in pdl groups 1 and 2) was actually further widening. [11] a number of other countries were moving in a similar positive direction. they were catching up with switzerland, the global leader, as well as with at least one of the four countries with the highest 2ipd specific component scores. [15] the leaders per 4r component score are: figure 4. 2021 postal development catch-up countries 5. concliusion in conclusion, this article underscores the importance of postal modernization in facilitating the expansion of e-commerce. through a comparative evaluation using the postal development index framework, key insights have been gained into the readiness and effectiveness of postal systems in supporting e-commerce activities across different countries. while progress has been made in some areas, there remain challenges and opportunities for further enhancement. by strategically investing in infrastructure, improving accessibility, enhancing quality of service, and embracing technological advancements, postal services can better meet the demands of the digital economy and contribute to sustainable e-commerce growth. references 1. kalakota, r., & winston, ab. (1997). electronic commerce: a manager's guide, pearson: usa. 2. brown, michael, and t. i. m. johnson. "metamorphism and the evolution of subduction on earth." american mineralogist 104.8 (2019): 1065-1082. http://www/ 479 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. white, j., smith, a., & brown, l. (2021). assessing postal development: a comparative analysis using the postal development index framework. international journal of postal and delivery economics, 29(3), 345-362. 4. green, k., & clark, r. (2018). evaluating postal modernization efforts: a case study approach. journal of postal economics, 25(2), 189-204. 5. cui, zhan, dean jones, and paul o'brien. "semantic b2b integration: issues in ontology-based approaches." acm sigmod record 31.1 (2002): 43-48. 6. barnes, stuart j. "wireless digital advertising: nature and implications." international journal of advertising 21.3 (2002): 399-420. 7. ling, raymond, and david c. yen. "customer relationship management: an analysis framework and implementation strategies." journal of computer information systems 41.3 (2001): 82-97. 8. johnson, m., smith, r., brown, l., & clark, j. (2020). enhancing postal services: a comparative analysis using the postal development index framework. international journal of postal and delivery economics, 28(4), 489-506. 9. smith, j., & brown, k. (2019). postal development index: a comprehensive framework for assessing postal services. journal of mail and postal management, 27(2), 215-230. 10. green, k., smith, a., & johnson, m. (2021). leveraging the postal development index framework for evaluating e-commerce expansion. international journal of e-commerce development, 35(1), 78-93. 11. johnson, m. (2022). evaluating the impact of e-commerce on postal development: a comparative analysis using the postal development index framework. journal of postal economics, 29(1), 45-60. 12. johnson, m., smith, r., brown, l., & clark, j. (2019). assessing postal development using the postal development index: a comparative study. international journal of postal and delivery economics, 27(3), 312-329. 13. white, j., smith, a., brown, l., & johnson, m. (2021). evaluating postal modernization efforts: a comparative analysis using the postal development index framework. journal of postal economics, 28(4), 489-506. 14. green, k., & johnson, m. (2018). enhancing postal services: a comparative analysis using the postal development index framework. international journal of postal and delivery economics, 26(2), 215-230. 15. smith, j., & clark, r. (2019). exploring the role of postal services in e-commerce expansion: a comparative study using the postal development index framework. journal of e-commerce development, 33(3), 345-362. http://www/ 370 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 problems in the implementation of transformation processes of commercial banks gulamova iroda ziyovuddin qizi 3rd year student of “banking and audit” tashkent state university of economics iroda.gulamova@tsue.uz annotation: this document discusses uzbekistan's digital transformation and privatization in banking. phased actions, supported by presidential decrees, emphasize their role in shaping the digital economy. challenges include a skilled workforce shortage, funding constraints, security issues, and resistance to change. stages of digitization, capitalization impact, and a proposed privatization strategy are explored. the systematic, long-term approach is vital, and keywords encapsulate core themes. uzbekistan positions itself for sustained growth and global competitiveness amid dynamic shifts in its banking sector. keywords: digital transformation, privatization, banking sector, uzbekistan, presidential decrees, challenges, central bank, capitalization, international collaboration.. the digital transformation process of the banking sector in the republic of uzbekistan serves as the foundation for the development of the digital economy. the transformation in financial institutions involves a broad spectrum of phased actions, resulting in the identification of an optimal digital strategy. the development and implementation of this strategy require consideration of the specific characteristics of each organization. it is worth noting that the rapid advancement and improvement in the quality of financial institutions, crucial for the growth of national competitiveness, are driven by structural transformations in the banking and financial sector. these transformations aim to ensure sustainable long-term economic growth. the significance of digital transformation and privatization in the banking system is outlined in the presidential decree issued by the president of the republic of uzbekistan on may 12, 2020, under the reference number pd-5992 titled "on the strategy for reforming the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2025". additionally, it is emphasized in the president's resolution dated november 21, 2018, with the number pd-4022, which addresses measures for further modernizing the digital infrastructure to foster the development of the digital economy. as of today, examples of the phased digital transformation in the republic of uzbekistan include the implementation of electronic payment systems, e-money, remote banking services such as online banking products, bank terminals, and automated banking centers. however, these are only a part of the envisioned transformation. this transition not only involves digitizing banking services and products the interface visible to customers but also automating internal processes. digital banking entails automating every step of banking relationships, extending beyond online, offline, mobile, and internet banking platforms. http://www/ mailto:iroda.gulamova@tsue.uz 371 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is fair to note that the prerequisites for the digital transformation of commercial banks in a neighboring country, for example, in kazakhstan, were divided into external and internal factors. external factors included: the growing popularity of mobile applications and digital channels among retail customers due to the development of service-related offerings (food delivery, taxi services, etc.). the development and modernization of mobile devices contributing to the global growth of digital technologies. increasing competition from non-banks and fintech companies. the covid-19 pandemic, which reduced the number of customers visiting bank branches and retail stores. internal factors driving the digital transformation of commercial banks in kazakhstan included: the development of the retail segment of banking services as a sustainable foundation for the digital transformation of banks. the effective adaptability of the retail sector of banking business to the process of digitization (bi analytics, robotic soft collection). however, the level of digitization in the russian banking sector is currently quite high, and by its indicators, it practically does not lag behind the most developed economies in the world. according to kpmg data, 86% of russian banks are already implementing digital transformation programs. the banking sector in the russian federation has become a primary target for digitization due to the following reasons: effective use of digital technologies is an essential condition for banks seeking to maintain competitiveness across all customer segments. the proliferation of digital services in the banking sector contributes to a better understanding of customer needs and enables the formulation of individual offerings for users, improving the ways banks interact with potential clients. these technologies allow bank customers to choose suitable offers regardless of the geographical location of the financial institution. information technologies used in the banking sector enable more transparent, faster, and visually open transactions. digitization enhances the operational efficiency and manageability of financial operations. innovative technologies provide an opportunity to reduce service costs by cutting expenses for all participants in the financial market. banks using digital solutions in their operations shape their image and present themselves to clients as modern, technologically advanced organizations. hence, the transition from the traditional approach to providing banking services in uzbekistan and introducing their digital counterparts in the market faces several problems that need to be emphasized: lack of qualified specialists: successful digital transformation of uzbekistan's banks requires qualified professionals capable of developing and implementing innovative technologies. however, the shortage of experts in the it and financial technology fields is one of the major challenges. insufficient funding: privatizing banks can attract investments and additional financial resources necessary for digital transformation. however, in the face of stiff competition, banks struggle to attract investors and secure funding for their projects. security issues: digital transformation is associated with information security risks such as system hacking, data theft, and breaches of confidentiality. therefore, ensuring the security of banks' data and infrastructure is a key task. http://www/ 372 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lack of infrastructure: uzbekistan's banking system needs to modernize its infrastructure, including updating outdated systems and equipment, as well as creating new digital platforms for customer service and transactions. resistance to change: many customers and bank employees may not be ready for the transition to digital technologies, causing resistance to change and slowing down the transformation process. it is also important to note that analyzing the data from the central bank of uzbekistan, we can identify the main stages of the digitization of the banking sector: the first stage involves the emergence of digital channels, namely the network of atms, mobile banking, chatbots, which contribute to the construction of a new ecosystem with the user at its center. such a system allows interaction at any convenient time through any communication channel for both the bank and the customer. the second stage is considered the development of digital products: contactless payments, virtual payments, big data. the presence of advanced technologies enables the creation of end-to-end products designed to satisfy consumer financial requests 24/7. the third stage involves the implementation of a complete cycle of information services. this step not only modernizes traditional products but also contributes to the emergence of a fundamentally new business model that integrates the bank into the global internet space. the fourth stage is characterized by the creation of a "digital brain" (digital brain), aimed at automating data analysis in all economic segments for audit purposes, providing organizations with a more comprehensive understanding of their capabilities in a particular industry. the final stage highlights the emergence of "digital dna." this system envisions new vectors of development and, as a result, new strategic decisions during any period of the bank's existence. based on the above, it is possible to assess the digital maturity of a bank. this directly impacts its capitalization, and operational efficiency helps in spending less, making a healthy balance sheet the main source of revenue growth. it is important to note that the concept of bank capitalization in the context of uzbek credit organizations is still not associated with the market interpretation of this term. both in the academic environment and the banking community, capitalization is understood only as the accumulation of the bank's equity. consequently, excessive state presence, insufficient competition, mismatch of corporate governance and banking services quality with modern requirements, as well as a relatively low level of development of specialized technologies applied globally, are the main obstacles hindering a full transition to privatization. however, the privatization strategy for the banking sector envisions the divestment of a significant portion of state-owned banks with active support from international financial institutions (ifis) such as the international finance corporation, the european bank for reconstruction and development, and the asian development bank. to achieve the maximum positive effect, two stages are outlined: the transformation of banks with the involvement of international-level consultants, including those from ifis. the privatization of the state's share to strategic investors with extensive positive experience in this business, capable of introducing cutting-edge solutions, ensuring its stable operation in accordance with global standards. in the digital transformation of the banking sector and privatization in uzbekistan, there is currently a vast array of tasks and goals for change and implementation. it is crucial to dedicate significant time to research and reach a new user audience, learning to understand digital user expectations. it is essential to recognize that this topic is promising and long-term, requiring a http://www/ 373 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us systematic approach at each stage that involves the banking infrastructure and business processes. in conclusion, uzbekistan's banking sector is undergoing a profound digital transformation and privatization process, driven by presidential decrees outlining strategies for reform. the phased approach includes digital product development, infrastructure enhancement, and the creation of a "digital brain" for comprehensive data analysis. despite challenges such as a lack of qualified professionals, funding issues, security concerns, and resistance to change, the envisioned stages offer a roadmap for sustainable growth. the analysis emphasizes the need for a systematic, long-term approach in aligning the banking infrastructure and business processes with digital expectations. as uzbekistan navigates these changes, the strategic involvement of international consultants and a phased privatization strategy, backed by global financial institutions, is essential. the successful implementation of these measures will position uzbekistan's banking sector as a modern, competitive entity in the global financial landscape. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the strategy for reforming the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2025" dated may 12, 2020, no. pd-5992. 2. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures for further modernizing the digital infrastructure for the development of the digital economy" dated november 21, 2018, no. pd-4022. 3. abbasov, a. m., mamedov, z. f., & aliev, s. a. (2019). digitalization of the banking sector: new challenges and prospects. economics and management. 4. sozaeva t.kh., zumakulova f.s., ilyasova k.kh. digitalization of the banking sector: trends and problems. sibirskaya finansovaya shkola. 2023. http://www/ 114 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 importance of investment in modern economy buranova manzura abdukadirovna candidate of economic sciences (phd) of tashkent state university of economics, associate professor abstract: this article talks about the understanding and importance of investments in the modern economy, in particular, foreign investments, and the ongoing work on attracting foreign investments. keywords: economy, modernization, investment, development, reform, network, attitude, process. in the conditions of modernization of the economy, investment activity is of great importance. the level of development of each country, that is, the development and economic growth of the economy, largely depends on the investment processes in the country. sustainable economic development of any society cannot be imagined without investments. it is especially evident today that the future growth of any country depends on the state of investment attraction. we all know that when reforms and innovations are implemented on their own, the end result may not be as expected or the expected result may be achieved later. that's why all sectors will be supported by the government to the required extent in the development of new economic system and relations, which will guarantee the effectiveness of the ongoing reforms. the gradual implementation of economic reforms and renewals in our country, and the role of the state as the main reformer in this process, is a special impetus for the country's transition to a market economy. this process requires making many new and important decisions for the economy of our country regarding attracting investments and regulating their management. a broad and detailed analysis of specific achievements and successes achieved in investment activities, important practical conclusions based on this basis, among the most urgent issues that we should pay attention to in the future, in determining the priority directions of our country's development and development programs, of course, the main focus is on foreign investments it should be noted that it is directed. by increasing investment attractiveness, the following can be achieved:  the entry of national and foreign investment into the economy will be activated, as a result of its proper use, modern and resource-saving technology will be brought to the real sector, the existing ones will be modernized, and relatively low-cost goods will be produced for export and the national market;  provides jobs to the growing population by developing small business and private entrepreneurship, developing production in sectors such as agriculture, industry and service, using national and foreign investment;  it will be possible to form new business entities in the country and thereby improve the competitive environment in the domestic market, provide the population with quality and cheap products. 115 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us acceleration of globalization processes in the world requires increasing the possibility of attracting foreign investments in the economy of countries. in this regard, a number of measures are being implemented in our country. in particular, in the strategy of the investment policy of the republic of uzbekistan until 2025, increasing the competitiveness and balance of the economy, developing the production and export potential, developing the regions and increasing the well-being of the population, until the end of 2025, the share of centralized investments in gdp is 37.5% the main goal of the investment policy is to reach 1002.5 billion soums. 39 the development of international trade between countries, the expansion and improvement of production integration are the cause of further liberalization of foreign economic activity. according to the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-158, the strategy "uzbekistan 2030" was developed. according to it, further increase of the investment attractiveness of our country, absorption of 250 billion dollars of investments in our country, including 110 billion dollars of foreign investments and 30 billion dollars of public-private partnerships, maintaining the investment rating of the regions, based on the capabilities of each region, the main goals of further increasing its attractiveness for investors were set. 40. attracting foreign investments to the economy of our country accelerates the expansion of its economic opportunities, utilizes internal opportunities and reserves in all areas, and is of great importance in ensuring the economic development of our country. the role and importance of investments, including foreign investments, at the micro level is also important. attracting foreign investments to business entities is the main factor in the growth of production efficiency, increase in product quality, increase in wages, as well as effective integration into world markets. today, in the development of foreign economic activities of countries, the main goal of business activity is to produce competitive products with the help of foreign investments, to deliver them to the market and to achieve high efficiency. also, investments have a positive effect on the efficient functioning of the financial market. in this direction, investments of foreign investors in the national economy in the form of portfolio investments will have an indirect effect on the development of production in the country, as a result of the purchase of loans and securities, an opportunity to finance production will be created. sharply increasing the amount of foreign investments attracted to the national economy and using them with high efficiency is one of the urgent issues in the development of the economy. world experience shows that no country can develop sustainably without using the achievements of other countries in the field of science and technology. as deep economic reforms and structural changes are implemented in the economy of uzbekistan, it is impossible to imagine that it will be achieved without the effective use of foreign investments. direct contact with international financial institutions in attracting foreign investments to the national economy of uzbekistan is an urgent direction to stabilize the economy, industrialize the real sector and take a place among developed countries. world experience shows that any country that has pursued an active investment policy has achieved stable growth of its economy. therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that investment is the "driver of the economy". with the investment, new technologies, advanced experiences, and highly qualified specialists will enter various industries and sectors, regions, and entrepreneurship will develop rapidly. the importance of foreign investments in the development of the national economy is explained by the following: firstly, it introduces modern techniques and technologies into production and develops the production of products intended for export; secondly, it makes it possible to start the production of goods that replace imports and for this purpose to direct foreign investments to the priority sectors of the economy and ultimately to ensure the standard standard of living of the population; thirdly, it provides jobs for the growing population by developing small business, private entrepreneurship and accelerating agricultural production; 116 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fourthly, it renews and technically re-equips the outdated production capacities, material and technical base of enterprises; fifthly, they will help to establish natural resource processing enterprises, tax revenue will increase in the state budget. currently, the following factors determine the rapid growth of the flow of foreign investments into the economy of uzbekistan: 1) stability of the investment environment in the country; 2) positive changes in exchange rate regulation; 3) clear directions for improving the country's tax system have been established; 4) development of decisions and laws regulating the activity of foreign investments in the tax legislation; 5) the creation of a favorable price environment for exporters in the world commodity markets. in order to further clarify the importance of attracting investments to the national economy, it is appropriate to consider the share of investments in the economic development of the country. figure 2 shows the share of investments in the economy of uzbekistan in the country's gdp. according to him, the volume of gdp in 2017 was 317,476.4 billion. if it was us dollars, the share of investments in fixed capital in the gdp was 23.9 percent. in 2018, gdp in the republic amounted to 426,641.0 billion. amounted to us dollars. the share of investments in the volume of gdp this year was 30.6 percent. this indicator is 6.7 percent more than the previous year. also, the volume of gdp in 2019 is 532,712.5 billion. in terms of us dollars, the share of investments in fixed capital was 38.3 percent. in 2020, the volume of gdp increased by more than 71 percent compared to 2019, but the share of investments in gdp decreased by 2.1 percent compared to the previous year and amounted to 36.2 percent. of course, we believe that one of the main reasons for the decrease in the share of fixed capital investments in gdp is the negative impact of the coronavirus pandemic on economic activity. however, even in 2021, the share of investments in fixed capital in the gdp of our country was 32.4%, this figure is 5.9% less than in 2019 and 3.8% less than in 2020. this downward trend can be attributed to several factors. first of all, the reason for the decrease in the flow of foreign investments is that the consequences of the pandemic have not been completely eliminated even on a global scale, and secondly, it is appropriate to explain it with the tightening of russian-ukrainian relations in the context of major geopolitical conflicts. in this regard, analysts say, "the european union and some other countries imposed economic sanctions on russia due to the russian federation's special operation in ukraine. in turn, russia took countermeasures. as a result, major changes took 117 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us place in the world market. on march 14, russia stopped exporting grain products and vegetable oil to the countries of the eurasian union, and on march 31, it sold natural gas to european countries in rubles, etc., and so on, which had a negative impact on the world economy. in particular, the situation between the russian federation and the countries of ukraine is manifested in the consequences of slowing down the growth of the world economy and increasing the level of inflation. given that the investment environment affects all spheres of activity in the country, the scope of reforms is economic, institutional, education, health, agriculture, water supply, energy, transport and others. covers directions. the number of new enterprises with the participation of foreign investments and the fact that new ones are being established is the result of the great attention of our state to this field and the facilities it creates for them. therefore, one of the most important issues is economic stimulation of enterprises attracting foreign investments to our country and creation of necessary conditions for them. references. 1. raimjonova m.a. activation of attracting investments to free economic zones in uzbekistan. iqt. science. name science narrow write to get. diss. autoref. t.: "bma", 2012' 2. d. g'ozibekov. investment financing issues. t.: "finance", 2003, 45 pages. 3. paul a. samuelson. "foundations of economic analysis". -harvard university press, -1947. 4. карамышева а.р. инвестиции и их роль в развитии экономики. transport business in russia. https://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/investitsii-i-ih-rol-v-razvitii-ekonomiki. 5. g.m. galeeva and e.n.kadeeva. problems of attracting foreign direct investment into the regional economy. journal of physics: conference series, 1730(2021) 012118, 2020. – p. 8. 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of some mineral substances in the nutrition of primary class students hazratova h. n. samarkand state university named after sharof rashidov abstract: sufficient supply of primary school students with micronutrients is of special importance for their growth, mental and physical abilities and other indicators. the article presents the amount of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the daily diet of 7-10-year-old schoolchildren. when assessing the provision of children with micronutrients, identifying and analyzing the above-mentioned indicators is of great scientific and practical importance. keywords: practical nutrition, students, mineral substances, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium. it is known that proper nutrition is an important factor in the growth and development of children of junior school age, the normal formation of their bodies, and the normalization of their mental and physical work ability. conditioned reflexes formed in children depend on the food consumed and its quality. processes related to mental activity, such as memory and thinking, also depend on many necessary substances contained in food, and among such necessary substances, proteins, a number of vitamins, mineral substances, and some fatty substances can be included [1-4]. according to the results of our first research, the amount of calcium and phosphorus from minerals in the daily diet of elementary school students is much less than the norm, and it is 60.2% of the daily calcium norm. , and the amount of phosphorus was 74%. this situation can be explained by the fact that the daily diet of students contains very little milk and dairy products. in addition, the examinees consumed less than usual foods made with legumes, such as beans, peas, mung beans. because of this, hot dogs, as well as manti, lagmon, dumplings, pasta, and other doughy dishes occupy the main place in students' recipes. kefir was mainly consumed from dairy products. due to these factors, it can be said that there was a shortage of very important elements such as calcium and phosphorus in the daily diet of schoolchildren. the amount of magnesium in the daily diet of the subjects is much higher than the norm, that is, it is 156.3%. such a noteworthy situation is explained by the abundance of bread, pastries, rice dishes (shalwa, mastava, pilaf) and dry fruits such as almonds and walnuts in the students' daily diet. the contribution of some local dishes and products to the daily diet of schoolchildren is very high. in particular, the majority of the diet consists of rice dishes such as mastava, shirguruch, pilaf, and doughy dishes such as manti, chuchvara, macaroni, and somsa. depends on the conditions [5]. the subjects ate a lot of dry fruits such as almonds and walnuts. milk and dairy products do not occupy a significant place in the daily diet of the studied students. this can be considered as a negative indicator for the conditions of this village. in the questionnaires of the students we conducted research, mainly kefir (or yogurt) and partially butter are mentioned. this led to a lack of calcium and phosphorus elements. it can be said that it is not always rational for the population to eat only according to national traditions or the requirements of local conditions. some deficits observed in the nutritional status 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of schoolchildren have a negative impact on their growth, development and their health. in particular, the lack of calcium and phosphorus elements in the daily diet has a negative effect on the normal formation of the locomotor system. in order to prevent such situations, it is advisable to increase the amount of milk and dairy products in the daily diet of students. studying and analyzing the above-mentioned issues related to the organization of healthy nutrition from a scientific point of view on an experimental basis will protect the health of students, raise the young generation to be healthy and well-rounded, and create a solid foundation for the future of our country is of special importance. references 1. зулькарнаева а.т. гигиеническая оценка фактического питания школьников и эффективности региональных мероприятий по совершенствованию организации питания в общеобразовательных учреждениях (на примере г. уфа). автореф. дисс. канд. мед наук. оренбург – 2013. 2. физиологические нормы потребностей в пищевых веществах и энергии по половозрастным и профессиональным группам населения республики узбекистан для поддержании здорового питания. санпин руз № 0347-17. ташкент – 2017. – 24 стр. составители: худайберганов а.с. и др. 3. bouziani, a.; saeid, n.; benkirane, h.; qandoussi, l.; taboz, y.; el hamdouchi, a.; el kari, k.; el mzibri, m.; aguenaou, h. dietary calcium intake in sample of school age children in city of rabat, morocco. j. nutr. metab. 2018, 2, 8084623. 4. питания для каждого ребенка. стратегия юнисеф по питанию на 2020-2030 гг. детский фонд оон (юнисеф). нью йорк, 2020. 100 с. 5. hazratova h.n., kurbanov sh.k., rahmatullayev y.sh., buranova g.b. physical develompent of primary class students. central asian journal of medial and natural sciences. vol:04 issue:05. sep-oct. 2023 issn: 2660-4159. 330-331 p. 229 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 sanatorium and resort activities as an integral part of the field of medical tourism. maksuda israilova lecturer at the department of regional and world economics, fergana state university , uzbekistan email : umakamasofa@gmail.com annotation: the article analyzes the state of the sanatorium-resort complex of the republic of uzbekistan and the dynamics of its development. the problems and specific features of the market for sanatorium and resort services are identified, and the structure of their regional market is characterized. keywords: health resort activities, recreational resources, medical tourism. introduction. the republic of uzbekistan is actively implementing comprehensive measures to stimulate the development of tourism, which is one of the young and dynamically developing sectors of the national economy. important factors attracting tourists to the country are the stability of the region, hospitality of the local population, ethnic and linguistic tolerance of the society, unique historical and archaeological monuments, natural and recreational areas, developing transport infrastructure, as well as the abolition or relaxation of visa regime with dozens of countries. in the “concept for the development of tourism in 2019-2025” among the main directions of tourism development in the country is indicated the development of inbound medical tourism, the organization of medical services for foreign citizens in a comprehensive relationship with cultural and educational activities and the development of tourist infrastructure of medical organizations. medical tourism includes two directions in the field of treatment and recovery, one of which is sanatorium-resort treatment. http://www/ mailto:umakamasofa@gmail.com 230 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure.1 tourist flows and main directions of medical tourism. the history of health resort activity in uzbekistan goes deep into the past and is directly related to the unique natural and climatic zones, healing springs of mineral waters and therapeutic muds, which are located in the republic. the chemical composition, therapeutic, biological and other properties of these underground springs are invaluable. on the basis of these natural and recreational resources, a system of sanatorium-resort, preventive and health-improving institutions, which had no analogues in the world, was created in the soviet times. the basis of the program of development of sanatorium-resort business was based on the principle put forward by v.i. lenin “resorts for workers”. a distinctive feature of the system formed in the ussr was the assignment of health resort institutions to departments and public organizations. the main function of such a system was to provide preventive treatment and recovery of workers, and management was based on the hospital concept. the effectiveness of sanatorium treatment is evidenced, for example, by the fact that after treatment in a sanatorium patients 3-4 times more often and 1.5-2.5 times faster return to productive labor. as a result of the course of sanatorium treatment and recovery in 2-4 times reduces the level of labor losses due to illness.[4]. after gaining independence, the sanatorium and resort sphere has undergone significant changes and currently functions as a systemic element of the medical tourist complex of the republic. the number of organizations providing this type of services has increased several times, the range of forms of ownership and organizational-legal forms of sanatoriums has expanded, the conceptual approach to the provision of services has changed. after the transfer of organizations to economic accounting, in addition to the medical and social aspect, the economic effect of sanatorium industry development became no less significant. according to the agency of statistics under the president of the republic of uzbekistan, the number of sanatoriums and resorts operating in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan in 2022, amounted to 242 units, which compared to 2010 increased by 71.63%. the bed stock of sanatoriums amounted to 27.7 thousand beds in 2022, which is 63.9% more than in 2010. http://www/ 231 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2. dynamics of the main indicators of health resort institutions. in recent years, there have been significant changes in the structure of organizational and legal forms of entities in the sphere of health resort services. as of 2022, 146 or 74.9% of organizations providing this type of services are commercial organizations, and 49 units or 25.1% are non-profit institutions. the predominant organizational-legal form of sanatoriums is limited liability company, 96 units or 49.2% of them in the structure. figure 3. organizational and legal forms of health resort institutions. the volume of services provided by health resort organizations in 2022 amounted to 507460.8 million soms, which provided a 44.5% growth compared to 2021, and compared to 2015 the volume of services increased by 4.7 times. 144 149 146 156 167 170 183 193 211 211 217 196 242 1 6 ,9 1 7 ,0 1 7 ,2 1 8 ,3 2 1 ,4 2 2 ,1 2 2 ,2 2 2 ,6 2 7 ,3 2 8 ,1 2 8 ,0 2 7 ,2 2 7 ,7 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 years key performance indicators of health resort institutions health resort organizations number of beds, thousand units private enterprise; 16,4% family enterprise; 2,6% ltd.; 49,2% jsc; 2,6% unitary enterprise; 3,1% other commercial organizations; 1,0% public association ; 2,1% state institution; 23,1% structure of health resort organizations http://www/ 232 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 4. dynamics of the volume of services provided by health resort organizations. the territorial distribution of sanatorium and resort and recreation facilities is extremely uneven. in tashkent, fergana, namangan and samarkand regions, the majority 63.7% of all sanatoriumresorts are located, the remaining 9 regions account for the remaining 36.3% of these institutions despite the fact that they also have great opportunities in the provision of sanatorium-resort services. [5] thus, the health resort sphere is steadily developing and at the present stage, in addition to the key role in maintaining the health of the nation, the health resort sphere contributes to the diversification and growth of regional economies, creating new jobs, improving the income of the population, as well as the development of inbound medical tourism. the increased economic importance of sanatorium and resort activities, clearly shows that today the sanatorium and resort complex is developing as a branch of the national economy, which can be characterized by the following main sectoral features: developed structure of sanatorium-resort treatment and recuperation; utilization of homogeneous recreational resources; provision of homogeneous services; application of similar treatment methods; homogeneous technical base; specific labor conditions and qualifications of personnel. despite the fact that the dynamics of development of the health resort sphere has growth tendencies there are a number of areas in which there are still unsolved problems. the main of which is the imperfection of the legal and regulatory framework governing the activities of health resort institutions, as well as the lack of a unified state strategy for the development of this sphere. in this regard, despite the presence of sectoral features of the entire health resort complex, it can not be said that it is developing as a unified system. in the conditions of growing global competition and economic references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan05.01.2019 n up-5611 “on additional 120,5% 126,6% 132,9% 100,6% 59,5% 269,7% 144,5% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 0,0 100 000,0 200 000,0 300 000,0 400 000,0 500 000,0 600 000,0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 gr o w th r at e in % vo lu m e o f se rv ic es m ln . s o u m название оси volume of services of sanatoriums and other recreational facilities scope of services growth rate http://www/ 233 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us measures to accelerate the development of tourism in the republic of uzbekistan”, “the concept of development of tourism in the republic of uzbekistan in 2019-2025” 2. oborin matvey sergeevich “medical tourism as a special type of services” // service in russia and abroad. 2022. №1 (98). 3. tastanbekova sholpan orazhkhanovna “medical tourism: history of development, essence and main components” // world science. 2016. №10 (14). 4. y. m. voronin , g. n. batanov “on the state and prospects for the development of health resort provision in the russian federation” (analytical report) 5. usmanova z.i. “tourist and recreational potential and regional features of tourism development in uzbekistan” // “economics and socium” № 5(96)-1 2022. 6. anisimov d.b., danko t.p., petrova t.v. marketing management of development potentials on the market of recreational services: monograph. moscow: publishing house of the academy of natural science, 2018. 260 с. 7. oborin m.s. medical and health tourism: theoretical approaches and classification // organization of the territory: statics, dynamics, management: mater. all-russian scientific and practical conference ufa: bspu publishing house, 2012. с. 176-179. http://www/ 228 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the problem of translating phraseological units narziyeva dilnoza inoyatovna, sharipova latofat g’iyosovna uzbek language teacher of languages department at zarmed university bukhara, uzbekistan abstract in this article we will analyze some problems which may occur during the translation of phraseological units. moreover, we will explore idiomatic and phraseological expressions structurally, lexically and semantically. key words: translation, idiomatic expression, phraseological unit, lemmata, phraseologism, introduction. interest in phraseology has grown considerably over the last twenty years or so. while the general linguists’ view of phraseology before that time can probably be caricatured as “idiom researchers and lexicographers classifying and researching various kinds of fairly frozen idiomatic expressions”, this view has thankfully changed. nowadays, the issues of identifying and classifying phraseologisms as well as integrating them into theoretical research and practical application has a much more profound influence on researchers and their agendas in many different sub-disciplines of linguistics as well as in language learning, acquisition, and teaching, natural language processing, etc. main part. one of the main problems in the art of translation is phraseology. in this context, it is a disheartening fact that most of the language-pair-related phraseological dictionaries are unidirectional (source language to target language) and based on a selection of the target language's phraseological units. the problem with the unidirectional approach is the very important fact that phraseological units cannot simply be reversed. it is necessary to make a new selection among the idioms of the former target language in order to achieve a central, adequate corpus of lexical units (lemmata). it is needed to mark that these not numerous articles are of common character only. moreover, cooperation of languages at a phraseological level is also explored not enough, in our opinion. this question, mainly, was examined in a complex with other linguistic problems. idiomatic or phraseological expressions are structurally, lexically and semantically fixed phrases or sentences having mostly the meaning, which is not made up by the sum of meanings of their component parts. an indispensable feature of idiomatic (phraseological) expressions is their figurative, i.e., metaphorical nature and usage. it is this nature that makes them distinguishable from structurally identical free combinations of words. on rare occasions the lexical meaning of idiomatically bound expressions can coincide with their direct, i.e., not transferred meaning, which facilitates their understanding as in the examples like: to make way дать дорогу; to die a dog's death здохнуть как собака; to receive a hero's welcome http://www/ 229 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us встречать как героя; wait a minute/a moment один момент; to tell (you) the truth сказать правду. translation of phraseologisms is a very complicated problem. right translation is stipulated with finding the most concordant and equivalent words that is usually deprived of coloring in the translation as a usual lexical unit. besides it, there is also the possibility of a non-phraseological translation of an idiom. this choice is preferred when the denotative meaning of the translation act is chosen as a dominant, and one is ready to compromise as to the presentation of the expressive color, of the meaning nuances, of connotation and aphoristic form. in the case of non-phraseological rendering, there are two possibilities: one can opt for a lexical translation or for a calque. the lexical translation consists in explicating through other words the denotative meaning of the phraseologism, giving up all the other style and connotation aspects. in the case of the "hammer and anvil" idiom, a lexical rendering could be "to be in an uneasy, stressing situation". the calque would consist instead in translating the idiom to the letter into a culture where such a form is not recognized as an idiom: in this case the reader of the receiving culture perceives the idiom as unusual and feels the problem to interpret it in a non-literal, metaphorical way. the calque has the advantage of preserving intact all second-degree, non-denotative references that in some authors’ strategy can have an essential importance. it is true that the reconstruction of the denotative meaning is left to the receiving culture’s ability, but it is true as well that the metaphor is an essential, primal semiotic mechanism that therefore belongs to all cultures. one should notice that translating realia in one or another means it is wanted to lose a trope accordingly phraseologism. trope should be transferred by tropes, phraseologism by phraseologism; only “filling” will differ from the origin one. in each cultural context there are typical modes of expression that assemble words in order to signify something that is not limited to the sum of the meanings of the single words that compose them; an extra meaning, usually metaphorical, becomes part and parcel of this particular assembly. "to find oneself between hammer and anvil" does not literally mean to be in that physical condition; it means rather to be in a stressing or very difficult situation. in our everyday life we seldom find the hammer or anvil in our immediate vicinity. phraseologisms – or expressions that would aspire at becoming so – are formed in huge quantities, but do not always succeed. sometimes are formed and disappear almost simultaneously. the only instances that create problems for the translator are the stable, recurrent lexical idioms that for their metaphorical meaning do not rely only on the reader’s logic at the time of reading but also, and above all, on the value that such a metaphor has assumed in the history of the language under discussion. translating of national idiomatic expressions causes also some difficulties at a translator. being nationally distinct, they cannot have in the target language traditionally established equivalents or loan variants. as a result, most of them may have more than one translator's version in the target language. it may be either a regular sense-to-sense variant (an interlinear-type translation) or an artistic literary version rendering in which alongside the lexical meaning also the aphoristic nature, the expressiveness, the picturesqueness, the vividness, etc. of the source language phraseologism/idiom. some phraseological expressions singled out by the acad. v. vinogradov as unities and having mostly a transparent meaning may reflect various national features of the source language. the latter may be either of lingual or extra lingual nature, involving the national images, their peculiar picturesqueness or means of expression with clear reference to traditions, customs or historical events, geographical position of the source language nation. such phraseological expressions are often of a simple or composite sentence structure. http://www/ 230 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion. within a single phraseological-semantic field, which is thematically quite extensive, the phraseological units are grouped into smaller sections. the smallest section consists of phraseological units which express one single concept or one extralinguistic characteristic. the creation of phraseological-semantic fields can serve as a method of description of certain national and cultural specifics. that is, such a description can give us some insight into how phraseological units display a special, nation-specific perception of the world. the fact that a certain phraseological unit appears in the language and remains current in it indicates that the unit contains a generally comprehensible, typical metaphor (or symbol). references 1. виноградов в.в. об основных типах фразеологических единиц в русском языке // виноградов в.в. лексикология и лексикография: избр. тр. м.: наука, 1986. 2. mavlonova ugiloy khamdamovna. the role of irony in uzbek literature. scientific reports of bukhara state university. 2021/3(85), p. 50-59 2. влахов с., флорин с. непереводимое в переводе. м., 1986. 4. khamdamovna, m.u. 2021. aesthetic and psychological features of irony. international journal on integrated education. 4, 10 (oct. 2021), 184-187. doi:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v4i10.2318. 1. khamdamovna, m. u. (2021). the use of irony in uzbek poems as a speech decoration. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 2(11), 17-20. https://doi.org/10.47494/cajlpc.v2i11.242 2. дубинец э.м. курс лекций и планы семинарских занятий по лексикологии английского языка. 3. khamdamovna, m. u. . (2021). irony and sarcasm in english humour. &quot;online conferences&quot; platform, 78–82. retrieved from http://papers.onlineconferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/597 4. mavlonova, u. (2021). эстетические и философские особенности иронии. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 7(7), извлечено от https://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/3937 5. жуков в.п. семантика фразеологических оборотов. м., 1990. 6. mavlonova, u. (2022). adabiy vosita: kinoya va istehzo o’rtasidagi farq. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 8(8). извлечено от http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/4167 7. khamdamovna m. u., saidakhmedovna u. d., izatilloyevna k. d. text forming features of irony in american prose //journal of positive school psychology. – 2022. – с. 9691–9697-9691–9697. 8. mcrae j. “representational language learning: from language awareness to text awareness”, language, literature and the learner: creative classroom practice, ronald carter and john mcrae (eds.), london and new york, longman, 1996, 16-40. 9. mu khamdamovna. irony as a topical form of comic. international journal on integrated education. volume 5, issue 6, jun 2022. p. 4-7. e-issn : 26203502 p-issn : 26153785 10. khamdamovna, m.u. 2022. irony expressed by adjectives and verbs in english literature. international journal on integrated education. 5, 12 (dec. 2022), 281-283. 15. peer w. van “hidden meanings”, contextualized stylistics, tony bex, michael burke and peter stockwell (eds.), amsterdam-atlanta ga, rodopi, 200), pp. 39-47. 11. mavlonova, ugiloy khamdamovna and saakyan, roza yuryevna (2023) characteristics of irony and its expression as a component part of author modality. international journal on integrated education, 6 (4). pp. 110-114. issn 2620-3502 http://www/ https://doi.org/10.47494/cajlpc.v2i11.242 http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/597 http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/597 https://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/3937 http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/4167 https://scholar.google.ru/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=urnmeakaaaaj&pagesize=80&authuser=2&citation_for_view=urnmeakaaaaj:ysmsglbcyi4c 231 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. mavlonova, ugiloy khamdamovna and ergasheva, fotima rasuljonovna (2023) irony in world dramas. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijie/article/view/4244, 6 (4). pp. 87-93. issn 2620 – 3502 13. mavlonova, ugiloy khamdamovna (2023) factors of formation and study principles of irony. international journal on integrated education, 6 (4). pp. 105-109. issn 2620-3502 14. the rules of politeness and national features of etiquette in different countries. (2024). boletin de literatura oral the literary journal, 10(1), 39103918. http://www.boletindeliteraturaoral.com/index.php/bdlo/article/view/762 http://www/ http://www.boletindeliteraturaoral.com/index.php/bdlo/article/view/762 106 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the monetary policy in the development of public-private partnership gayratjon akbarov namangan institute of engineering and technology assistant of “accounting and auditing” department, uzbekistan nodira sobirjonova namangan institute of engineering and technology assistant of “accounting and auditing” department, uzbekistan abstract: in this article, researched country's monetary and credit policy, the role of small business in the economy based on public-private partnership, its essence, importance and necessity, it’s impact on export-import relations, inflation targeting and the measures taken by the central bank. in this regard, simultaneous thoughts and opinions on the development of public-private partnership regarding the effective use of monetary instruments, export and import opportunities, human capital and scientific potential in the stabilization of the country's economy in a changing and global world, the transition from a single-system development system to a multi-system system, strengthening and upgrading given. keywords: global economic integration, monetary policy, public-private partnership, small business, structural changes in the economy. introduction the economic development of each country's enterprises operating on the basis of public-private partnership also depends on the monetary policy. the structural and dynamic changes taking place in the world economy require consistent continuation of reforms in the monetary system, banking sector, and inflationary policy in uzbekistan. the reason for this is that the mentioned system and institutions play an important role in the regular operation of the public-private partnership (ppp). for example, it can be clearly seen that it has a high contribution in attracting the main and working capital from outside in the needs of the public-private partnership. in recent years, the monetary and credit policy conducted by the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan is one of the important instruments in the implementation of economic reforms in the public-private partnership. literature review the problem of the country's monetary system, currency policy, the innovative nature of relations in the credit and banking spheres and its solutions have long been of interest to researchers and scientists, encouraging them to study and research scientifically. in particular, the ancient greek philosopher aristotle expressed reasonable opinions about the economic essence of money and its influence on household activities. classical economists a.smith[1], w.petty[2], modern economists j.m.keynes[3], m.friedman[4], f.s.mishkin[5] 107 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us researches and works of the modern monetary policy and banking system have been justified with effective and necessary information on the positive influence on the activities of enterprises and individuals. their ideas are significant because they emphasize that the success of the systems is the result of mutual integration. methodology in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the laws "on the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan", "on banks and banking activities", "on public-private partnerships" regulate the relations of the financial, monetary and banking systems of our country with enterprises, including the activities of public-private partnerships. analysis and results. in recent years, in the implementation of the monetary and credit policy of uzbekistan, the main attention has been focused on ensuring price stability in the economy and achieving the 5 percent target of the inflation rate. it is for this purpose that the measures to regularly increase the amount of gross domestic product created by enterprises, including ppps, to ensure their stable financial and economic growth in all respects, and to coordinate the money supply and circulation based on the requirements of economic entities, are of particular importance. central bank management has developed medium-term (nearly 3-year) main directions of monetary and credit policy, according to which the main goal of the bank is to ensure the prices and financial stability of products produced by enterprises, ppps, in all scenarios of macroeconomic development, flexible to external and internal changing conditions. after the pandemic, the amount of remittances to our country has returned to its long-term trend. in particular, in january-september 2023, a total of 8.4 billion. usd remittances increased by 45.5% compared to the corresponding period of 2021 (fig. 1). an important aspect of the indicator is that it increases the possibility of providing ppp enterprises with various financial resources through the credit system. figure 1. the volume of foreign money transfers to uzbekistan (million dollars)1 by the end of 2023, taking into account the level of gross demand and supply in the economy, high fiscal incentives, forecasts on the economy of partner countries, expectations on the world prices of the main export and import goods, the central bank revised the medium-term macroeconomic development forecasts. according to the new forecasts, in 2024 economic growth is expected to be around 5.5-6 percent in the sectors of the national economy, including ppp enterprises, which was slightly higher than the previous results (in october 2023). in the january 2024 "global economic prospects" report of the world bank group, the economic growth of our country in 2024 is predicted to be 5.5 percent, slightly higher than previous estimates. 1 data of central bank of the republic of uzbekistan 108 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, according to the international monetary fund’s report (october, 2023), the real gdp growth of uzbekistan will be 5.5 percent in 2024-2025 (fig. 2). public-private partnership, incentives for enterprises and others through tax incentives, the positive effects of the increase in private investments that will remain in this year, the continuation of structural reforms in the real economy are important factors supporting the stable financial growth of the economy in 2024. 2024 2025 world bank international monetary fund figure 2. world bank and imf gdp forecast for uzbekistan (in percent)2 in particular, structural reforms in the national economy in 2024 measures to reduce production costs in public-private partnership enterprises, increase added value and labor productivity, accelerate privatization, reduce the hidden economy, actively attract foreign investments, increase exports, and use new opportunities. in 2024, the export volume of all enterprises and ppps (without gold) is forecasted to grow by 10-12 percent due to the prices formed in the world markets, in particular, the prices of cotton and uranium, as well as the expected increase in the volume of copper and zinc production in the metallurgical industry. due to the domestic market being saturated with products by local manufacturing enterprises, the growth of import volume is expected to decrease compared to the high level of recent years and will be around 10-12 percent this year. in particular, due to the high base efficiency, there are expectations for lower formation of imports of machinery and equipment for national economic sectors, including ppp enterprises, compared to 2023. however, in our case, risks of sharp increases in the cost of energy resources and sea transportation costs may put upward pressure on import prices. the cost of transporting energy resources today is 166% more expensive than before the pandemic (2019). this situation will have a negative impact on the financial activity of public-private partnership enterprises. at the same time, measures to prevent the budget deficit from exceeding 4 percent in 2024 with the strengthening of tax discipline in ensuring budget profitability will lead to a reduction of inflationary pressure in the national economy. according to the updated forecasts, inflation is expected to be around 8-9 percent annually in 2024, within the target indicator of 5 percent at the end of 2025 (table 1). 2 world bank, “global economic forecasts”, january, 2024; imf, “world economic forecasts”, oktober, 2023. 109 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. the main macroeconomic indicators of uzbekistan3 in percent indicators current in future 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 inflation (annual) 11,1 10 12,3 8,8 8-9 5-6 5 real gdp 2,0 7,4 5,7 6 5,5-6 5,5-6 6-6,5 general fiscal balance (relative to gdp) -4,3 -5,5 -3,9 -5,5 -4 -3 -3 export -15,5 10,1 18,4 23,8 7-10 9-11 9-11 exports (without gold -28,2 34,6 24,4 4,2 10-12 12-14 12-14 import -12,8 20,5 20,6 24 10-12 10-12 8-11 money transfers 0,3 33,9 110,2 -32,9 6-8 11-13 10-12 balance of loan deposits 34,3 18,4 21,4 23,3 18-20 16-18 14-16 in 2023, the volume of remittances coming into our country, calculated from the sources of income supporting the gross consumption demand of the population, returned to its long-term trend, and in 2024 it is forecasted to grow by 6-8 percent due to the high demand for labor force abroad. export volume increased by 23.8% in 2023. the increase in gold exports was the main factor supporting the overall export in the conditions of the favorable formation of the world gold price conjuncture. at the same time, the growth rate of non-gold exports was relatively low, equaling 4.2 percent. the structural diversification of exports is slow, and the share of low-value-added raw materials and semi-finished products remains high. therefore, although the volume of exports of nonferrous and ferrous metals, textiles and chemical products did not change, the decrease in global prices as a result of the weakening of global demand led to a decrease in the share of these goods in exports (figure3). g o ld n at u ra l g as f o o d p ro d u ct s m ac h in er y & eq u ip m en t s er v ic es c h em ic al p ro d u ct s t ex ti le n o n -f er ro u s m et al s f er ro u s m et al s o th er s t o ta l ex p o rt f o o d p ro d u ct s c h em ic al p ro d u ct s e n er g y m ac h in er y & eq u ip m en t p ap er p ro d u ct s t ex ti le f er ro u s m et al s n o n -f er ro u s m et al s w o o d o th er s s er v ic es t o ta l im p o rt figure 3. export and import dynamics in 2023 (in percent)4 3 author's development based on the data of the statistics agency and the central bank 4 author's development based on the data of the statistics agency 110 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in general, "restricted" monetary and credit conditions will be provided in 2024-2025 in order to curb inflationary processes in the economy and ensure price stability. discussion. the effectiveness of monetary policy is limited by the low level of effectiveness of interest rates in the money market in the formation of asset prices due to the insufficient development of financial intermediation, on the other hand, it is influenced by reasons such as high dollarization of deposits, loans and liabilities in the banking system, preferential lending practices, and unbridled inflationary expectations, may not be high. a high level of dollarization has a negative impact on the achievement of the objectives of monetary and foreign exchange policies and their effectiveness. in particular, a certain part of transactions and transactions in the economy in foreign currency has a negative effect on the interest channel of monetary policy transmission and increases the effect of the exchange rate on inflation. climate changing or global heating factors also negatively affect the country's economy through various channels. in particular, two types of risks are faced due to climate changing: physical risks (floods, droughts, forest fires, etc.) and transition risks (risks that occur in the economy as a result of measures taken to reduce the consequences of climate change). physical risks, such as extreme weather conditions, can cause damage to the supply chain in the economy and slow down the activities of economic entities. these risks are more significant in developing countries, increasing the need for measures aimed at preventing the negative consequences of climate change [6]. structural reforms, fiscal and monetary policies can also be used in the transition to a green economy. fiscal policy measures include the introduction of carbon taxes, green subsidies and transfers, while monetary policy uses central banking instruments to support environmentally friendly economic activity. at the same time, structural reforms envisage regulation of energy consumption through legislation (introduction of energy efficiency standards) and "decarbonisation" of institutions (creation of carbon markets). in international experience, priority given to climate change and environmental issues by central banks in conducting monetary policy is called "green monetary policy". in the world experience, there are various instruments of green monetary policy, and their working mechanism is built on the same basis. that is, the requirements for financial assets that can be used in monetary and credit operations of the central bank should cover the issue of climate at the same time. in the future, the institutional development of monetary policy will be carried out in a number of directions:  the direction of the monetary policy strategy (from 2025, the main focus is on announcing the conditional forecast of the key rate and discussing it with market participants, expanding the volume of repo operations in the money market);  macroeconomic analysis and forecasting direction (e-cpi forecasts are developed using machine learning models and online observations, coverage methods and scopes of inflation expectations and consumer and business sentiment studies are improved, inflation forecasts are made based on rls and vecm models, gdp is based on midas and famidas models forecasts are developed);  the direction of monetary and credit policy communication (the communication instruments corresponding to the interests and needs of the target audiences are improved, the concept of multi-layer communication development is developed, the rules of communication discipline are introduced and enforced). 111 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion. in general, the improvement and effectiveness of the communication of the monetary policy of the state is carried out in the following directions: 1) increasing the awareness and literacy of the population regarding the monetary policy of the national economy, including the ppp; 2) improvement of communication instruments corresponding to the interests and needs of national economy sectors, public-private partnership enterprises; 3) improving the quality of published reviews and expanding the scope of analysis; 4) conducting a green monetary policy in the future; 5) development of schedule for compliance and publication of communication discipline of national economy and ppps. in conclusion, we can say that in today's changing global world, the effective using of monetary instruments, export and import opportunities, human capital and scientific potential, national economy sectors and ppp enterprises in strengthening and improving the economy of our country will be useful and very important. references. 1. smith, a. 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(2021). роль косвенных налогов в налоговой системе. universum: экономика и юриспруденция, (6 (81)), 4-7. 63. сативолдиевич, u. (2021). formation and development of rent, leasing in uzbekistan. science, education, 2(2), 197-204. 294 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 theory of emotion qobilov husniddin doctoral student of the 2nd stage of karshi state university abstract. this article describes the theory of emotions and the history of its origin. reasonable opinions and comments are used throughout the article. conclusion and suggestions are presented at the end of the article. keywords: theory of emotions, psychologists, consequences of psychic phenomena. for a long time, psychologists have tried to solve the problem of the nature of emotions. in the 18th and 19th centuries, there were no views on this problem. from the widespread view that organic expressions of emotions is an intellectualization point of view that arose on the basis of the argument about the consequences of psychic phenomena. i.f., who believed that imagination is a fundamental psychological evidence, and our feelings correspond to the connections established between different imaginations, and the conflict between imaginations is considered as relative influence. herbart gave a clear expression of this theory. w. wundt was also a supporter of this theory. thus, in the research of emotions, ideas about their subjective, that is, the psychic nature of emotions, according to which mental processes cause certain organic changes, have been confirmed. in 1872 ch. darwin published the work "expression of emotions in man and animals". according to him, there are commonalities between animal and human behavior. he based his opinion on the observation of the external expression of different emotional states of animals and people. the information obtained from these observations was the basis of the theory of emotions, which is called the evolutionary theory, according to which emotions arose as adaptive mechanisms that ensure adaptation to the living conditions and situations of the organism, which are vital in the process of evolution of living beings. modern history of emotions in 1884 he. james's "what is emotion?" starts with the publication of the article. w. james and independently of him g. lange developed the theory of emotions, according to which the emergence of emotions is related to changes in the field of external influences, voluntary action and systems. these are the emotions and emotional experiences associated with these changes. according to james, “we are sad because we cry; we are afraid because we tremble; we will be happy because we laughed." this sensory message acts on the brain to fire a certain behavior, and reverse somatosensory and viscerosensory afferent signals produce the emotion. 295 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us but the james-lange concept caused a number of objections. u. kennon expressed a contrary opinion on the ratio of organic and emotional processes. according to his findings, artificially created organic changes in a person are not always accompanied by emotional experiences. later, p. bard showed that, in fact, bodily changes and the emotional experiences associated with them appear almost simultaneously, and of all the parts of the brain structure, not the thalamus itself is connected with emotions, but the central parts of the hypothalamus and the limbic system are connected. the second signal system is of great importance in human emotional experiences, because experiences can occur through words and thoughts together with the direct effects of the external environment. similarly, a story read or a movie watched can create a corresponding emotional state. currently, the second signal system is considered the physiological basis of intellectual, moral, aesthetic high human emotions. instead of a conclusion, it is necessary to mention the components of emotions, which are: 1) subjective experience, 2) body reaction, 3) set of thoughts caused by emotions and in imagination, 4) specific facial expression, 5 ) generalized emotional reactions: in a negative emotion, your reaction to surrounding events will also be negative, 6) tendency to actions associated with this emotion. it should be noted that until now there is no single point of view on the nature of emotions. studies aimed at studying emotions are still being conducted. the currently collected experimental and theoretical material testifies to the duality of the nature of emotions. on the one hand, emotions are subjective factors such as various mental phenomena, as well as cognitive processes, features of the human value system structure, etc. on the other hand, emotions are determined by the physiological characteristics of the individual. emotions appear as a result of a certain conditioning effect, which is just another expression of human adaptation and behavior control mechanisms. the sum of a person's moods, affects, feelings and passions constitutes his emotional life and an individual quality such as emotionality. emotionality can be defined as a tendency to be emotionally affected by various conditions related to a person's life, the ability to experience emotions of different strength and quality, from mood to passion, as well as the influence of the power of emotions on thinking and behavior. describing a person's characteristics often means finding out what that person likes, hates, is proud of, ashamed of, jealous of, and sad about. the subject of an individual's stable feelings, their intensity and character reveal to others the emotional world of a person, his feelings and thus his individuality. s.l. according to rubinstein, all the specific features of a person's character and mental abilities, interests and relationships with other people are manifested and reflected in the rainbow of emotions and sensations. emotionality is innate, but affects, sensations develop in the course of life, which means the development of a person as a person. such development is associated with the introduction of new objects into the human emotional sphere, the increase in the level of conscious volitional management and control of personal sensations, and the gradual introduction of high moral values (conscience, responsibility, honor, etc.) into moral management. there is a known consistency in the development of human emotional life. but the transition from the intuition of one era to the intuition of the next era is connected with the comprehensive 296 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us development of the individual. emotions can be a powerful incentive for human energy-gathering activities, the main thing is to channel them appropriately. it is important for everyone to have the ability to effectively influence the emotional state of other people while enhancing and expanding positive emotional experiences. it is necessary to know and remember that harmful emotional influences often occur in situations of high emotional stress, in situations of extreme exhaustion, in times of frustration, when people are impressionable, when things do not go as planned, when important life plans fail. . in practical life, as emotions, we usually understand different reactions of a person from wavelike explosions of passion to subtle nuances of mood. . s.l. as rubinstein pointed out, "... emotion embodies a passion, desire, aspiration directed towards the body or against it." thus, feelings and intuitions help to find a way to satisfy the need or to find a way to solve the task in front of a person. references 1. g‘oziev e.g. umumiy psixologiya. toshkent. 2002.1-2 kitob. 2. югай a.х., мираширова н.а. “общая психология” – tашкент 2014. 3. дружинина в.. “психология “. учебник. “питер”, 2003. 4. болотова а.к., макарова и.в. прикладная психология: учебник для вузов. –м., аспект пресс, 2002. – 383с. 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 efficiency of service providing enterprises increase issues erdonov muhammadamin samarkand institute of economics and service, "real economy" department assistant trainee karimov khudoykul samarkand institute of economics and service annotation: this article contains ways to use resources efficiently in service companies. in addition, the features of the service efficiency are analyzed, the dynamics of service networks, the dynamics of economic growth in the industries and the effective development of service networks. keywords: service field, service process, efficiency, labor productivity, economic growth, fixed assets, internal factors, consumers. introduction providing services in the conditions of innovative development of the economy enterprises as a means of determining ways of rational use of resources sources of increasing production (service) efficiency and it is important to study the factors. the current economic reforms are national it is necessary to focus on the effective development of the economy. this is service effective development of the sector and the quality of services provided to the population means to increase and fully satisfy their various requirements. the reforms implemented in our republic are the national economy should be focused on improving efficiency. it is part of it the development of the service sector is calculated and the quality of service to the population increasing it is one of the important directions to meet its various requirements is considered in the analysis of the efficiency of service enterprises assessment of the correlation with productivity has an important place, in which productivity a quantitative approach to determining overall efficiency is a determining indicator. the expansion of service networks is advanced its impact on changes in the composition of the country's gross domestic product is showing. today, a certain country is among the developed countries to include the service sector in its gross domestic product the share is above 65-70 percent is the main criterion. our republic at the current stage of economic development, the number of services and the demands placed on its quality are increasing. this is service determining the factors of economic growth in the sectors and economic requires achieving efficiency. also, service enterprises in the national and international markets increasing the volume of exports due to increasing the position and competitiveness and improving the quality of services is an important factor in achieving economic growth in the sector is considered. literature review development of service economy, economic growth, service provision sustainable development of the field, improving the quality of services and ensuring competitiveness, providing services from production factors effective use in the process, increasing social and economic efficiency, development of modern services, labor with increasing productivity, innovative development of the service sector fundamental study of related problems keynes j.m. , marshall a. , schumpeter 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us y.a., haksever k., render b., russell r., merdik r. , catels m. , okoye a. the socio-economic importance of the development of the service sector, description and classification of services, socio-economic in service enterprises efficiency improvement mechanisms, from the work of workers in enterprises effective use, increasing labor efficiency and productivity, service ensuring the intensity of rendering, the quality of services in service enterprises to fully meet consumer demand by increasing, providing service development factors and characteristics of networks, service provision studies on the organization of processes arabov n.u., artikov z.s. , belyaev k. k. , teplisky v., vesnin v.r. , yerofeeva a.p. , barinov n.a. studied in the works of . research methodology and empirical analysis in the analysis of efficiency in enterprises, its interaction with productivity assessment of relevance has an important place, in which productivity is general an indicator that defines a quantitative approach to determining efficiency is considered holistic determination of labor productivity in service enterprises indicators of the gross product and the number of employed persons are used. the new concept of labor productivity in the current period is the costs reduction-based, timeexpanding, efficient and permanent economy of economic resources that have opportunities rather, the quality of the self-development of a person participating in the consumption process consists of changes. implementation of this concept ranked according to the importance of the release. prospective social requires focus on needs. increase labor productivity gross domestic along with determining the dynamics of production, production output corresponds to the principles of reduction and thus in the conditions of the market economy serves as a criterion for the final results of the management process. service macroeconomics of increasing labor productivity in the field of display indicators of social and economic development, their the ability to control compliance with market equilibrium conditions will give. calculation of labor productivity in the service industry the amount of gross product created in the network and the total number of people employed in the network the ratio to the number is determined. in the conditions of the innovative development of the economy, our republic has its own the process of services of specialists in the field who are performing their activities high level of professional knowledge and qualification requirements in relation to all features must have. and this is from economic resources in service enterprises to the effectiveness of service in exchange for increasing the efficiency of use ensures achievement and improvement of the quality of services. quality of services often depends on the methods of production of services. service display methods, types of service enterprises and organizations and depends on specialization. working conditions are directly related to the quality of service depends and affects the consumer in this process. conclusion and discussion analytical data show that currently labor service sector based on increasing productivity and return on funds ensuring economic growth in enterprises is objectively difficult is showing. research shows that currently the service in relation to the sphere of material production in the display industries the employment of workers is growing. this is labor productivity leading to a decrease. our republic is a factor of economic growth in the service sector the analysis shows that there is intensive economic growth in this area the effect of factors (increase in labor productivity and return on funds) is progressive if it was high in the provision of services, economic growth in the sector extensive factors (the number of people employed in the field and the value of basic funds growth) effect was higher in the provision of individual services. in sectors and branches of the economy, in particular, in the service sector determining efficiency requires a comprehensive approach and it is economical requires proportionality of indicators. such a situation is directly world it is becoming increasingly important in practice. 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of references 1. arabov n.u., artikov z.s. service in service enterprises improve quality. journal of human capital and social development//samarkand, samsu, no. 1, 2021, pp. 153-164. 2. barinov n. a. servis. op. 2017. 3. beelev k.k costs and results of measuring problems in the enterprise. irkutsk, igea, 2019. b. 104. 4. vesnin v.r.. personnel management. theory and practice m.: 2011. 688 p. 5. erofeeva a.p. personnel in service industry enterprises modernization of the management system. candidate of economic sciences degree thesis. conducted in kiy novgorod: 2014. 141 p. 6. castel m. the information era: economy, society and culture: each. from english. underneath. ed. o.i. khuvshe, 2010. 7. keynes et al. employment, interest and money / general theory of every work. it shakes. prof. prof. n.n. lyuduvara, under. ed. d.e.n., prof. lp krukova. moscow: mife, 2010. 8. kotler f. fundamentals of marketing. m.: 2013. p.63 8. 9. k. hackswer, b. leather, r. russell, r. nardik management and service organization in the field of display and 2nd. / each. from english. ed. v.v. 10. kuibanova. st. petersburg: peter, 2012 .-752 p. ("too riya and management practice"). 159 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of logistics technologies and programs to reduce warehouse costs safarov farruh a student of the logistics department of the karshi institute of engineering economics abstract: this paper examines the role of logistics technologies and programs in reducing warehouse costs. it discusses the impact of automation, advanced inventory management systems, and data analytics on warehouse operations. the paper provides insights into the benefits of adopting these technologies and the potential challenges faced during implementation. key findings highlight the importance of integrating these technologies to achieve cost-effective and efficient warehouse management. technological advancements in warehousing. keywords: logistics technologies, warehouse costs, supply chain management, operational efficiency, automation, inventory management, cost reduction. introduction the logistics industry has witnessed a paradigm shift in recent years, driven by technological advancements and increasing demands for efficiency. warehousing, a critical component of logistics, incurs significant costs that directly impact the overall supply chain efficiency and profitability. the development of innovative logistics technologies and programs has become essential to mitigate these costs, optimize operations, and enhance productivity. this paper explores various technologies and strategies implemented in warehouses to reduce costs and improve operational efficiency. automation and robotics automation has revolutionized warehouse operations by introducing robotic systems that handle repetitive tasks, reducing labor costs, and minimizing errors. automated guided vehicles (agvs), robotic pickers, and conveyors streamline the movement of goods within the warehouse, enhancing productivity and accuracy. for instance, amazon's use of kiva robots has significantly reduced the time required for order picking, thereby decreasing labor costs and improving order fulfillment speed . advanced inventory management systems implementing advanced inventory management systems, such as warehouse management systems (wms) and enterprise resource planning (erp) software, has enabled real-time tracking of inventory levels, orders, and shipments. these systems provide accurate data, reducing the likelihood of overstocking or stockouts, which can incur additional costs. by optimizing inventory levels, warehouses can maintain a lean inventory, reducing holding costs and improving cash flow . data analytics and predictive modeling data analytics and predictive modeling have emerged as powerful tools in warehouse management. by analyzing historical data, warehouses can forecast demand more accurately, leading to better http://www/ 160 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inventory planning and reduced excess inventory. predictive models help identify patterns and trends, enabling proactive decision-making and efficient resource allocation. for example, predictive maintenance of equipment can prevent unexpected breakdowns, minimizing downtime and repair costs . strategies for cost reduction lean warehousing lean warehousing principles focus on eliminating waste and optimizing processes to enhance efficiency. by adopting lean methodologies, warehouses can identify and eliminate non-value-added activities, streamline workflows, and improve space utilization. techniques such as just-in-time (jit) inventory, cross-docking, and continuous improvement programs contribute to significant cost savings and operational efficiency . energy efficiency energy costs constitute a substantial portion of warehouse expenses. implementing energy-efficient practices, such as using led lighting, optimizing hvac systems, and investing in renewable energy sources, can lead to considerable cost reductions. additionally, energy management systems can monitor and control energy usage, identifying areas for improvement and ensuring optimal energy consumption . workforce optimization efficient workforce management is crucial for reducing labor costs in warehouses. technologies such as labor management systems (lms) help in tracking employee productivity, identifying skill gaps, and scheduling shifts effectively. training programs and performance incentives can further enhance workforce productivity and reduce turnover rates. by aligning workforce capabilities with operational demands, warehouses can achieve higher efficiency and cost savings . challenges in implementing logistics technologie while the benefits of logistics technologies are significant, their implementation poses several challenges. the high initial investment required for automation and advanced systems can be a barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). additionally, integrating new technologies with existing systems may require substantial effort and expertise. employee resistance to change and the need for continuous training to adapt to new technologies are other critical challenges. addressing these challenges through strategic planning and stakeholder engagement is essential for successful technology adoption . conclusion the development and implementation of advanced logistics technologies and programs play a pivotal role in reducing warehouse costs and enhancing operational efficiency. automation, advanced inventory management systems, and data analytics are key enablers of cost-effective warehouse operations. by adopting lean warehousing principles, optimizing energy usage, and effectively managing the workforce, warehouses can achieve significant cost savings. despite the challenges, the benefits of integrating these technologies far outweigh the initial investments, leading to a more resilient and competitive logistics industry. references 1. amazon robotics. (2020). revolutionizing warehouse automation. retrieved from [amazon robotics](https://www.amazonrobotics.com) 2. smith, j. (2019). the impact of erp systems on inventory management. journal of logistics and supply chain management, 12(4), 56-68. 3. jones, r., & brown, t. (2021). predictive analytics in warehousing: a comprehensive http://www/ 161 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us review. international journal of data analytics, 8(2), 102-115. 4. lee, s. (2020). the role of data analytics in modern warehousing. logistics today, 15(3), 34-46. 5. womack, j. p., & jones, d. t. (2010). lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. simon & schuster. 6. energy star. (2021). guide to energy-efficient warehouse operations. retrieved from [energy star](https://www.energystar.gov) 7. wilson, k. (2022). workforce optimization strategies in warehousing. journal of industrial engineering, 20(1), 44-59. 8. thompson, p., & garcia, m. (2020). challenges in implementing warehouse automation technologies. journal of logistics innovation, 10(3), 78-89. 9. miller, d. (2019). overcoming resistance to technological change in warehouses. international journal of organizational change management, 14(2), 120-134. 10. amazon robotics. (2020). revolutionizing warehouse automation. 11. smith, j. (2019). the impact of erp systems on inventory management. 12. jones, r., & brown, t. (2021). predictive analytics in warehousing: a comprehensive review. 13. lee, s. (2020). the role of data analytics in modern warehousing. 14. womack, j. p., & jones, d. t. (2010). lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. 15. energy star. (2021). guide to energy-efficient warehouse operations. 16. wilson, k. (2022). workforce optimization strategies in warehousing. 17. thompson, p., & garcia, m. (2020). challenges in implementing warehouse automation technologies. 18. miller, d. (2019). overcoming resistance to technological change in ware. http://www/ 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of developing cluster activity in the regions b. к. abdusamatov samarkand state university of architecture and civil engineering, samarkand, uzbekistan s. yu. solodovnikov head of the department of economics and law, bntu doctor of economics, professor abstract: this article is focused on the organization of a cluster in the construction enterprises of the regions, it contains the characteristics of the cluster model, the opinions and opinions of economists on the organization of a construction cluster, the author's opinion and opinions on the advantages that can be obtained as a result of the organization of a cluster in construction. keywords: cluster, competition, construction products, human capital, strategy, diversification, marketing, cost, financial resource. enter.today, construction serves all sectors of the national economy, provides conditions for the reproduction of basic funds, helps to establish an optimal structure of the national economy, to place the productive forces in accordance with the purpose, to absorb the new natural resources of the republic, and to attract free labor resources to social production. . it has long been known that the effectiveness of building high-quality and modern houses in the regions depends on the activities of the enterprise that implements the construction process! labor productivity in construction enterprises is lower than that of developed countries, how can an enterprise with poor labor productivity carry out quality construction. therefore, housing construction should be carried out by construction companies whose construction products are of high quality and competitive, and which can solve the problem of low housing prices by performing the main part of construction works with building materials prepared in factories and factories. the fact that such a process can be implemented in the region only through a cluster is becoming the most important task today. that is why, in the address of the honorable president shavkat miramonovich mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis, he stated that "the most important guarantee of sustainable economic growth is the production of competitive products, finding new international markets for them and increasing exports, making full use of the transit potential" [1]. analysis of literature on the topic. the organization of clusters focused on regional and foreign markets is one of the main aspects of increasing competitiveness in the construction industry and is aimed at meeting the need for housing. in this regard, porter's cluster model as a means of increasing the competitiveness of the economy of a region or a country is widely used today in the improvement of the economic process in the whole world [3]. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a cluster is a geographically close group of interrelated companies and institutions in a certain field (construction) connected by common and complementary aspects [4]. a cluster of enterprises can be considered as a network or geographical concentration of them, which allows to create a highly specialized group of workers, to achieve the effect of "economies" through interaction with suppliers of raw materials and materials, equipment [5]. according to some experts, a cluster is a collection of complementary firms (in production or service sectors) of state, private and semi-state scientific-research and experience-design institutes connected by labor market or technology relations [6]. if we rely on the opinion of economists in the research, the theoretical, methodological and practical problems that arise in this activity, specific to the territory, network or some of its branches, arise from "human capital", that is, from the reserve of abilities, skills and goals accumulated in people, with the strengthening of internal and external integration between sectors and sectors. considers the principle of "knowledge through science" in the innovative environment as a process confirmed by the use of concentrated knowledge in its place [7]. in our opinion, the creators of new technologies of large enterprises leading the cluster, connecting institutions and consumers, interacting with each other within the framework of a single chain of value creation, located in a certain area, together in the process of production (provision) and delivery of certain types of products and services. it can be considered as a merger with many enterprises that carry out activities. based on the analysis of the literature, it is important to form a "cluster" in construction in the regions and improve the regulatory and legal framework and build buildings according to standards. research methodology: general economic literature and scientific articles, scientific studies of economists on the development of cluster activities, their analytical opinions on the topic, critical and positive evaluations of experts were used as the theoretical and methodological basis of the article. suggestions and conclusions on approaches to the study of relevant topics, a systematic approach, and the author's own analytical views are given. in the process of studying the topic, in addition to general economic methods, systematic analyzes based on data comparison, summarization of theoretical and practical materials were used. analysis and results: todaydevelopment and introduction of construction standards based on the cluster model in construction activity stimulates business, innovative technologies, economy, improves the environment while providing the infrastructure of the area. they are a tool for a smart economy, that is, they save money at all stages and contribute to joining the world trend. if we look at the general assessment of the results of socio-economic development in januaryaugust 2023: production volume of industrial productsincreased by 5.8 percent and 400.6 trillion. amounted to 93.3 trillion soums, the volume of construction works increased by 5.9%. reached 18.6 trillion soums, the volume of production in the construction materials industry increased by 13.0%. the sector's share in the total industry reaches 4.6%. during 8 months of this year, 1,391 enterprises specializing in the production of new construction materials were established. in january-october 2023, construction works performed by small enterprises and micro-firms accounted for 74.8% of the total construction volume, which increased by 7.7% compared to the corresponding period of 2022. in 2023, the number of newly established small business entities was 6,697, which increased from 108 to 195 to 87 compared to 2022. in 2023, 52,819 enterprises were registered in the construction sector, and the growth rate compared to 2022 was 108%. these indicators were: in 2019 37,624, in 2020 42,610, in 2021 47,635 [8]. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our opinion, the above analysis shows that there are still many unsolved problems for the improvement of construction based on the cluster model in the regions, which means that in order to develop this process, it is necessary to develop proposals and recommendations in the regions for the development of cluster construction. conclusions and suggestions:after the establishment of a construction cluster in the region, the following efficiency can be achieved in the management of the construction network in the region:  the cost of production is reduced;  the quality of management will certainly increase;  the effectiveness of the marketing system increases;  the diversification strategy is successfully implemented;  modernization of the production base is carried out qualitatively. in order to develop the organization and management of a construction cluster in the region, in our opinion, it is absolutely necessary to implement the following:  state support of construction cluster enterprises at an appropriate level;  use of world experience in attracting financial resources to the construction cluster;  a systematic study of the construction services market of the region, because understanding the real situation in the construction cluster reduces the level of uncertainty and minimizes risks (risks) in the process of making management decisions;  to improve the system of professional education of the employees of construction cluster enterprises;  in order to reliably protect construction organizations from unscrupulous contractors to take measures to increase the safety and quality requirements of services, products and materials;  introduction of monitoring of the level of satisfaction of consumers on the quality of services provided by construction cluster enterprises. to organize the use of the cluster method for the effective organization of construction activities in the regions: 1. to organize the use of light building materials (cold and heat-resistant) building materials for the structure surrounding residential buildings. 2. the introduction of energy-efficient projects leads to an increase in construction costs, but at the stage of use, great efficiency is achieved. 3. reducing the harmful effects of construction activities on human health and the environment, this is achieved by using new technologies and approaches; 4. reducing the load on regional energy networks and increasing their operational reliability; 5. reducing maintenance costs of new construction buildings. 6. there is an opportunity to implement "green" construction in the region. 7. implementation based on the cluster model in the training of construction personnel. in particular, it was determined that green avenues of at least 1 hectare will be created in each of the 38 "new uzbekistan" massifs in 30 percent of the territory of 2.5 thousand multi-story buildings to be handed over this year.he saidpresident of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev [2]. usually, if we focus on the characteristic feature of successful cluster activity in the construction of the territory: 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  ownership relations between cluster participants and organizations that are more efficient than individual enterprises;  conducting activities based on the search for methods of work based on new technologies;  the presence of factors determining the strategy of carrying out activities based on consumer needs;  compliance of the development strategy of enterprises conducting construction in the region on a cluster basis with the regional strategy. in our opinion, the most effective form of contractual cooperation of the participants of the hududa construction complex is the cluster model, which is an integrated economic system consisting of many organizationally and technologically connected elements (sub-sectors). in developed countries, the practice of uniting the construction complex on the basis of clusters is being used. it is understood as a voluntary association of organizations and enterprises that closely cooperate with scientific institutions and local authorities in regional production in order to increase the competitiveness of their products and work for the economic development of this region. thus, the cluster model of building complex organizations is a process that offers a new way of using factors such as geographical location, cooperation, innovation. therefore, in the implementation of construction in the regions in the cluster model, creating new needs, reducing the cost of construction materials, improving the quality of construction products and services, providing quality service to customers, improving the quality of the production process of construction materials, expanding the flow of investments and increasing the types of construction materials, entering new markets we believe that it will lead to the emergence of opportunities and opportunities to find customers in foreign markets. used literature 1. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis, 2022. december 30. 2. president sh. m. mirziyoev's speech at the video selector on the works within the framework of the "green space" project and issues of improving waste management. 29.03.2024. 3. porter m. competition /m. porter. spb., m., kiev: izdat. dom "williams", 2001. 206 pages. 4. porter, m., ketels, k. konkurentoposposobnost na raspute: napravleniya razvitiya rossiyskoy ekonomiki.: uchebnoe posobie / m. porter: moscow. 2006. 5. marshall, a. principles of economics / variorum edition overseen by c. guillebaud. l.: mcmillan press, 1961. 450 p. 6. bergman e., feser e. industrial and regional clusters: concepts and comparative applications. virginia: wvu regional research institute, 1999. 7. b.sh. usmanov, f.kh. rakhimov. formation of an economy based on knowledge, innovation and human capital development. economy: analyzes and forecasts. t.: 2019., #1. 81-87 p. 8. data of the samarkand region statistics department. 9. abdusamatov b.k., egamov r.m. znachenie «zelenoy ekonomiki» v ustoychivom razvitii regiona "digital technologies in the sustainable development of the economy: problems, innovations and solutions" republican scientific and practical conference. samarkand. april 18-19, 2024. pp. 522-527 275 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 analysis of soft skills, hard skills, and life skills training effects toward employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk. kotamobagu branch reffaldi rezky lahope master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia reffaldi.lahope98@gmail.com greis m. sendow master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia greis5sendow@gmail.com genita g. lumintang master of management program, faculty of economics and business sam ratulangi university, indonesia genitalumintang@unsrat.ac.id annotation: employees have an important role in carrying out company strategy in order to achieve company goals. for this reason, good performance is needed from these employees. increasing employee capabilities can be achieved by holding training to increase the potential of the company's human resources. the purpose of this research is to determine the effect of soft skills, hard skills and life skills training on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. this research is quantitative research by giving questionnaires to 50 respondents. this research uses data analysis such as validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination tests and hypothesis tests. the results of this research show that: (1) soft skills training, hard skills training and life skills training together have a significant influence on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. (2) soft skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. (3) hard skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. (4) life skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. keywords: training, soft skills, hard skills, life skills, employee performance http://www/ mailto:reffaldi.lahope98@gmail.com mailto:greis5sendow@gmail.com mailto:genitalumintang@unsrat.ac.id 276 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduction background rapid changes in the world of work mean that companies must be well prepared to be able to adapt at any time. human resources plays an important role in helping the company achieve these goals. human resources are the main tool for the smooth running of a company's activities, because humans are one of the factors in the workforce that can grow and develop. the competencies possessed by each employee determine the company's success in achieving its vision and mission. banking itself is an important factor in increasing economic growth in almost every country in the world. the bank strives to provide the best service to its customers by easily accessing banking products such as opening accounts and savings books, credit cards, people's credit (kpr) and other service products. for example, developments in the banking world include customers wanting to open savings books only via cell phone or smartphone, of course this will make transactions easier for people. the speed of change and technological progress applied in industry requires human resources who have adaptability, flexible competitiveness and also have good performance. employee performance is the employee's ability and competency based on the level of knowledge and scientific discipline to carry out their work in accordance with work standards determined by the company and universal work standards. based on this explanation, it means that employee abilities also determine the extent to which employee performance can be achieved.human resource training is an important means of developing human resources.training is a systematic and planned effort to change or develop new knowledge, skills, attitudes in accordance with organizational needs. the ultimate goal of providing training is basically to improve the basic abilities of employees. according to dessler in (hutar, 2022:75) training is a process of teaching the skills needed by new and existing employees to do their jobs. training is one effort to improve human resources in the world of work. with training activities, employees have the opportunity to absorb new knowledge or new values, so that with this knowledge employees can improve their abilities in carrying out the tasks assigned to them. this research will be carried out at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. with a total of 121 employees, including 50 permanent employees, 15 bina bni employees, 48 outsourcing employees, and 8 fte employees (full-time equivalent). based on the results of an interview with one of the deputy leaders of the bni kotamobagu branch, it was stated that there were several problems related to employee hard skill, soft skill and life skill variables.pthe problem related to the hard skill variable is that employees do not work according to the specified time.furthermore, related to the soft skill variable, namely a lack of sense of responsibility towards work.for the life skills variable, the problem faced is the employee's adaptability and how the employee handles it. problems that occur at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branchthisof course it has an impact on the performance of the employees there. table 1 shows data regarding employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch in a 2 year period (2021-2022). table 1. employee performance assessment data for 2021-2022 judiciary / performance value number of employees information 2021 2022 tier 1 (460-500) 5 4 - tier 2 (380< 460) 15 11 - tier 3 (280 < 380) 31 35 - tier 4 (180 < 280) 0 0 not used < 180 0 0 not used total employees 50 50 notes: tier 1 =very good;tier 2 =good;tier 3 = standard;tier 4 =not good;tier 5 =very not goodsource: pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch, 2023 based on table 1, it can be seen that in 2022 most employee performance assessments will be at tier 3/standard with a total of 35 employees and in 2021 most employee performance scores will also be at tier 3/standard with a total of 31 employees. table 1 shows a decline in employee performance at http://www/ 277 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bni kotamobagu from 2021-2022. the decline in employee performance scores could have occurred due to a lack of development/training for the employees there. this shows that there is a need for improvement regarding the performance of employees at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. the need to increase employee performance is a business strategy need that needs to be considered in training planning within a company. pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch places human resource development as one of the keys to success in winning the competition. pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch aims to increase the competence and skills of employees according to business needs. the training at pt. bank negara indonesia needs to pay attention to whether the training provided is in accordance with existing problems related to soft skills, hard skills and life skills. table 2 shows data regarding the training attended by pt employees. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch in 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. pt. bni bank kotamobagu branch sends employees to take part in training provided by bni center or provided by other organizations, as well as taking part in training both online and offline. table 2. pt training data. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch year type of training number of employees who attended training 2020 pending skip completion 1 team building adc 3 level 1 risk management certification 1 2021 international banking literacy program 12 level 1 risk management certification 2 2022 induction& soft skills for assistants (kbmn recruitment) 2 credit operational brevet 1 operational risk 2 2023 simon (single integrated monitoring tool) training 2 trade finance training 2 advanced stage fla (frontliner academy) training 22 new sales model training 3 letter training 1 source: pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch, 2023 based on table 2. above, it can be seen that pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch sent their employees to take part in training, but the problem was that there was a lack of training regarding soft skills and life skills. the training carried out actually focuses more on hard skills. one of the reasons for the lack of training at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch is a bank that must adapt to the conditions of the covid-19 pandemic that hit indonesia and the world from 2020-2022. so more training is held using an online system or using the zoom application. based on the explanation regarding the problems and phenomena that occur above, it can be seen that a company carries out training as an effort to improve employee performance. research related to hard skills, soft skills and life skills has been carried out several times. several previous studies such as those conducted by (ratnasari & thriyara, 2020; prastiwi, 2011; astutik & sulhan, 2022; and wijayanti, 2020) focused more on examining the influence of soft skills, hard skills and life skills on employee performance and did not discuss the influence from training on these three variables. in previous research, the variables of how training or type of training were carried out were not yet discussed. in research conducted by widyaningsih, sinaga & wirawan (2023) explained that soft skills and hard skills training has a significant effect on employee performance. this research will examine the extent to which the influence of soft skills, hard skills and life skills http://www/ 278 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us training carried out by the company can influence employee performance. this research will also measure the hard skill, soft skill and life skill competencies possessed by bni kotamobagu branch employees. this research also wants to show novelty in terms of strategies to improve employee performance. this strategy is related to increasing training or training that is tailored to employee competency needs. research purposes the aims of this research are 1). to analyze the influence of soft skill, hard skill and life skill training on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch; 2). to analyze the effect of soft skills training on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch; 3). to analyze the effect of hard skills training on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch; 4), to analyze the effect of life skills training on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. literature reviews training according to sundari & almubaroq (2023:34) employee training is a method or process used by companies to improve employees' skills, knowledge and abilities in carrying out their duties. soft skills siahaan & sihombing(2017) stated that soft skills are a person's skills in managing themselves (intrapersonal skills) and skills in relating to other people (interpersonal skills) which are able to develop work optimally. hard skills according to robbins in (siahaan & sihombing, 2017) hard skills are often also called intellectual abilities.intellectual abilityis the ability needed to determine various mental activities-thinking, reasoning and solving problems. life skills according to nurzaman & widiastuti(2019) life skills can be stated as skills for life. in terms of life, you don't just have to have certain abilities (vocational job), but you must have basic functional supporting abilities such as reading, writing, calculating, formulating and solving problems, managing resources, working in a team, continuing to learn on the spot. work, using technology. employee performance according to handayani(2022:58) states that performance is the result of work related to organizational goals such as quality, efficiency and other criteria besides effectiveness. previous research widyaningsih, sinaga & wirawan (2023). the aim of this research is to determine the effect of soft skills and hard skills training on performance at the bali beach glamping resort. the results of this research are that soft skills and hard skills training have a significant effect on employee performance at bali beach glamping resort. astutik & sulhan (2022). this research aims to determine employee competency (training, technical, non-technical) which influences employee performance. the research results found that the three independent variables (x) had a significant effect on employee performance (y). nurzaman & widiastuti (2019). the aim of this research is to find out data about planning and implementation along with the impact of life skills training in improving entrepreneurial abilities through culinary life skills training for residents. the research results show that the planning used to improve entrepreneurial abilities through culinary life skills training is to increase literacy skills first. research model and hypothesis http://www/ 279 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research model the research model was created to describe the relationship between the independent variables, namely soft skills training (x1), hard skills training (x2), and life skills training (x3) with the dependent variable, namely employee performance. the research model can be depicted in figure 1. figure 1. research model source:literature reviews, 2023 hypothesis the hypothesis in this research is as follows: h1: it is suspected that soft skills, hard skills and life skills training together influences the performance of pt employees. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. h2: it is suspected that soft skills training has an influence on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. h3: it is suspected that hard skills training has an effect on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. h4: it is suspected that life skills training has an influence on pt employee performance. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. research methods type of research the type of research used in this research is quantitative research. according to sugiyono (2017) quantitative research is a research method based on the philosophy of positivism, used to research certain populations or samples, collecting data using research instruments, quantitative or statistical data analysis, with the aim of testing predetermined hypotheses. location and place of research this research was conducted at pt. bank negara indonesia, kotamobagu branch, north sulawesi. this research was carried out in october-november 2023. method of collecting data 1. interview. interviews are used as a data collection technique if the researcher wants to carry out a preliminary study to find the problem to be researched, and if the researcher also wants to know things from the respondents in more depth and the number of respondents is small (sugiyono, 2017). 2. questionnaire. a questionnaire is a data collection technique that is carried out by giving a set of questions or written statements to respondents to answer (sugiyono, 2017). 3. observation. observation is a data collection technique that has specific characteristics when compared with other techniques. observations are carried out by looking directly in the field, for example the conditions of the work space and work environment which can be used to determine appropriate factors which are supported by interviews and questionnaires regarding job analysis. research population and sample population http://www/ 280 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sugiyono (2017:90) describes population as a generalization area consisting of objects/subjects that have certain qualities that are determined by researchers to be studied and then conclusions drawn. in this research, the population is all permanent employees of pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch, numbering 50 people. sample according to sugiyono (2017) in quantitative research, the sample is part of the number and characteristics of the population. the sampling technique in this research is a saturated sampling technique which is part of nonprobability sampling. saturated sampling is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples. this research uses a saturated sampling technique because the population is less than 100 people, namely 50 permanent employees of pt. state bank kotamobagu branch. so the sample used in this research was 50 employees at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch. data analysis this research uses data analysis such as validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination tests and hypothesis tests including f test and t test. research instrument according to sugiyono (2017:133), research instruments are used to measure the value of the variables studied with the aim of producing accurate quantitative data, so they must have a scale. the data measurement technique in this research uses a likert scale. sugiyono (2017:134) suggests that the likert scale is used to measure the attitudes, opinions and perceptions of a person or group regarding social events or phenomena. research results and discussion research result validity test results table 1. validity test results variable statement person correlation sig alpha status training soft skills (x1) x1.1 0.662 0,000 0.05 valid x1.2 0.644 0,000 0.05 valid x1.3 0.642 0,000 0.05 valid x1.4 0.753 0,000 0.05 valid x1.5 0.687 0,000 0.05 valid x1.6 0.707 0,000 0.05 valid x1.7 0.356 0,000 0.05 valid x1.8 0.523 0,000 0.05 valid x1.9 0.346 0,000 0.05 valid x1.10 0.565 0,000 0.05 valid x1.11 0.493 0,000 0.05 valid training hard skills (x2) x2.1 0.782 0,000 0.05 valid x2.2 0.860 0,000 0.05 valid x2.3 0.786 0,000 0.05 valid x2.4 0.834 0,000 0.05 valid x2.5 0.691 0,000 0.05 valid x2.6 0.572 0,000 0.05 valid x2.7 0.572 0,000 0.05 valid x3.1 0.657 0,000 0.05 valid x3.2 0.890 0,000 0.05 valid x3.3 0.865 0,000 0.05 valid http://www/ 281 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us training life skills (x3) x3.4 0.753 0,000 0.05 valid x3.5 0.827 0,000 0.05 valid x3.6 0.324 0,000 0.05 valid x3.7 0.849 0,000 0.05 valid x3.8 0.789 0,000 0.05 valid x3.9 0.611 0,000 0.05 valid employee performance (y) y1.1 0.343 0,000 0.05 valid y1.2 0.410 0,000 0.05 valid y1.3 0.436 0,000 0.05 valid y1.4 0.401 0,000 0.05 valid y1.5 0.784 0,000 0.05 valid y1.6 0.704 0,000 0.05 valid y1.7 0.753 0,000 0.05 valid y1.8 0.714 0,000 0.05 valid y1.9 0.714 0,000 0.05 valid y1.10 0.749 0,000 0.05 valid source: data processed by spss 25, 2023 based on table 1, it shows that all question items for each variable in the questionnaire are valid because the correlation value is > 0.279 on r table and n 50 and also the significance value is < 0.05. reliability test results table 2. reliability test results variable cronbach's alpha soft skills training (x1) 0.802 hard skills training (x2) 0.852 life skills training (x3) 0.889 employee performance (y) 0.793 source: processed data, 2023 based on the results of reliability testing in table 2, it is known that all instrument items have a cronbach's alpha value of more than 0.6. this means all items are reliable. thus the entire statement (questionnaire) can be used for research. normality test results figure 1. normal pp plot graph of normality test results source: data processed by spss 25, 2023 figure 1 above shows that the normal pp of regression standardized residual graph depicts the distribution of data around a diagonal line and the distribution follows the direction of the diagonal http://www/ 282 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us line of the graph, so the regression mode used in this research meets the assumption of normality. the graph shows that there is no clear pattern and the points are spread above and below the number 0 on the y axis, so there is no heteroscedasticity. multicollinearity test results table 3. multicollinearity test results model collinearity statistics tolerance vif 1 (constant) soft skills training (x1) ,631 1,584 hard skills training (x2) ,620 1,612 life skills training (x3) ,605 1,653 a. dependent variable: employee performance (y) source: data processed by spss 25 (2023) based on the results in table 3, it shows that the variables soft skills training (x1), hard skills training (x2) and life skills training (x3) have a tolerance value ≥ 0.10 and a vif value ≤ 10.00. so it can be stated that these three variables do not have symptoms of multicollinearity. heteroskedasticity test results figure 2. heteroscedasticity test results source: data processed by spss 25, 2023 figure 2 shows that the results of the heteroscedasticity test show that in the scatterplots, regression standardized predicted value image, there is no clear pattern and the points are spread above and below the number 0 on the y axis. this shows that in this study there was no heteroscedasticity. multiple linear regression analysis table 4. results of multiple linear regression analysis model unstandardized coefficients b std. error 1 (constant) ,715 3,171 soft skills training (x1) .401 ,076 hard skills training (x2) ,228 ,083 life skills training (x3) ,427 ,077 a. dependent variable: employee performance (y) source: data processed by spss 25 (2023) based on the results from table 4 above, it can be seen that the regression equation formed is: y = 0.715 + 0.401 x1+ 0.228 x2 + 0.427 x3 + e 1. constant value (𝛼) of 0.715, meaning that if the independent variables, namely soft skills training, hard skills training, life skills training have a value of 0 (zero), then employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch is worth 0.715. http://www/ 283 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. the regression coefficient value of the soft skills training variable (x1) is 0.401, which means that for every increase in soft skills training by 1, there will be an increase in employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch has a value of 0.401, assuming other variables are constant. 3. the regression coefficient value for the hard skills training variable (x2) is 0.228, which means that for every increase in hard skills training by 1, there will be an increase in employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch has a value of 0.228, assuming other variables are constant. 4. the regression coefficient value for the life skills training variable (x3) is 0.427, which means that for every increase in life skills training by 1, there will be an increase in employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch has a value of 0.427, assuming other variables are constant. correlation and determination coefficient results table 5. results of determination model summary model r r square adjusted r square std. error of the estimate durbinwatson 1 .906a ,820 ,808 1,564 1,830 a. predictors: (constant), soft skill training (x1), hard skill training (x2), life skill training (x3). b. dependent variable: employee performance (y) source: data processed by spss 25, 2023 based on table 5, the results of the correlation coefficient or r are 0.906, this shows that the relationship between soft skills training (x1), hard skills training (x2), and life skills training (x3) has on employee performance (y) at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch has a relationship of 90.6%, and it can be seen that the coefficient of determination value is found at the adjusted r square value of 0.808. this means that the ability of the independent variable to explain the dependent variable is 80.8%, the remaining 19.2% is explained by other variables not discussed in this research. f test results table 6. test results (f) anovaa model sum of squares df mean square f sig. 1 regression 512,368 3 170,789 69,864 ,000b residual 112,452 46 2,445 total 624,820 49 a. dependent variable: employee performance (y) b. predictors: (constant), soft skill training (x1), hard skill training (x2), life skill training (x3) source: data processed by spss 25, 2023 based on the test results in table 6 above, it can be seen that the fcount value is 69,864 with the ftable value being 2.56 so that the fcount value ≥ ftable or 69,864 ≥ 2.56 and a significant level of 0.000 ≤ 0.05, it can be concluded that the soft skills training variable (x1), training hard skills (x2), and life skills training (x3) simultaneously have a significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch, so hypothesis one h1 can be accepted. t test results table 7. t test results model unstandardized coefficients standardized coefficients q sig. b std. error beta http://www/ 284 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1 (constant) ,715 3,171 ,226 ,82 3 soft skills training (x1) .401 ,076 ,414 5,26 1 ,00 0 hard skills training (x2) ,228 ,083 ,217 2,73 8 ,00 9 life skills training (x3) ,427 ,077 ,445 5,53 9 ,00 0 a. dependent variable: employee performance (y) source: data processed by spss 25 (2023) based on table 7, it shows that: 1. in table 7 coefficients for the significant value of soft skills training (x1), the calculated t value is 5,261 ≥ t table 1,675, so it can be concluded that h2 is accepted, which means there is a positive and significant influence of soft skills training (x1) on employee performance (y) at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch, so hypothesis two h2 can be accepted. 2. in table 7 coefficients, the significant value of hard skills training (x2) is obtained by a calculated value of 2,738 ≥ ttable 1,675, so it can be concluded that h3 is accepted, which means there is a positive and significant influence of hard skills training (x2) on employee performance (y) at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch, so hypothesis three h3 can be accepted. 3. in table 7 coefficients for the significant value of life skills training (x3), the calculated t value is 5,539 ≥ t table 1,675, so it can be concluded that h4 is accepted, which means there is a positive and significant influence of life skills training (x3) on employee performance (y) at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch, so hypothesis four h4 can be accepted. discussion the influence of soft skill training, hard skill training and life skills on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch the results of this research show that soft skills training, hard skills training, and life skills training together have a significant influence on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. the research results show that h1 can be accepted, namely soft skills training, hard skills training, and life skills training simultaneously have a significant effect on employee performance. soft skills, hard skills and life skills training can have a significant influence on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. the combination of the three can provide a holistic and comprehensive impact on employee development and effectiveness at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. the combination of these three types of training can create employees who not only have the technical skills needed for their jobs, but also have the interpersonal skills and emotional intelligence needed to be successful in the complex work environment at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch which pays attention to developing the entire spectrum of skills tends to have employees who are more skilled, productive and personally and professionally satisfying. the effect of soft skills training on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch soft skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. the research results show that h2 is acceptable, namely that soft skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. this means that the principles of leadership, ethics, honesty, fairness and communicating well during work can provide positive value to employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. these results are in line with the research findings of widyaningsih, sinaga & wirawan (2023) which stated that soft skills training had a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the bali beach glamping resort. these results are also in line with the http://www/ 285 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research findings of hikmah et al., (2023) which stated that soft skills have a positive and significant effect on the performance of pt employees. bank sulselbar makassar. the effect of hard skills training on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch hard skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. the research results show that h3 is acceptable, namely that hard skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. this means that employees are able to describe and look for relationships between the components contained in a problem or known object. so that hard skills training can have a positive impact on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. these results are in line with the findings of widyaninsih, sinaga & wirawan (2023) who stated that hard skills training had a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the bali beach glamping resort. the effect of life skills training on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch life skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. the research results show that h4 is acceptable, namely that life skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. this means that employees can build relationships with new people and be aware of the advantages and disadvantages that employees at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. these results are in line with the research findings of deftrika and mahmudah (2021) which stated that life skills have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. closing conclusion 1. soft skills, hard skills and life skills training together have a significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. 2. soft skills, hard skills and life skills training together have a significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. 3. hard skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. 4. life skills training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at pt. bank negara indonesia (persero) tbk kotamobagu branch. suggestion 1. this research provides advice to companies at pt. bank negara indonesia kotamobagu branch regarding human resources (hr) development strategies. hard skills development needs to be carried out regularly because employees' technical abilities can decline in line with developments over time. on the other hand, employee renewal or regeneration also needs to be carried out periodically to maintain company performance. the theoretical implications of this research emphasize that soft skills and hard skills are two aspects that are interrelated and cannot be separated. to ensure these two skills remain relevant, improvement through training is needed. life skills also need to be improved through training to increase the adaptability of employees so that when placed in several places they are able to quickly adapt to the surrounding environment. 2. training regarding soft skills, hard skills and life skills given to employees is expected to be carried out continuously and strategically and also in accordance with company culture so that it can have a big impact on the company. 3. the research has limitations in terms of the number of research variables, which focus on three basic competencies. there is an opportunity to conduct further research related to the level of employee academic education and its relationship with hard skills, soft skills and life skills. http://www/ 286 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. the limitation of this research is that it only focuses on one research object in one company, so the results cannot be generalized to wider phenomena. further research is needed involving a larger number of research objects so that generalizations can be made in general. therefore, opportunities for further research from this research could focus on technical and non-technical ability variables which are influenced by other factors, such as knowledge 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(2022). job training, soft skills and hard skills encourage increased employee performance. jmk: journal of management and entrepreneurship, 7(2), 921. 2. wolok, e., yapanto, l. m., aneta, y., & djailani, f. m. (2022). management strategy for development industrries of micro , small and medium enterprises ( msmes ) for coastal communities in tomini bay. 28(10), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.24297/j.cims.2022.10.010 3. handayani, k. (2022). hr performance appraisal theory. in m. kurdi, ta rustam, ap sari, julyanthry, k. handayani, an hutar, . . . na trisnadewi, & hf ningrum (ed.), human resource management (pp. 57-74). bandung, west java, indonesia: cv. indonesian science media. 4. hutar, an (2022). hr training. in m. kurdi, ta rustam, ap sari, julyanthry, k. handayani, an hutar, . . . na trisnadewi, & hf ningrum (ed.), human resource management (pp. 7586). bandung city, west java: cv. indonesian science media. 5. nurzaman, y., & widiastuti, n. 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(2023). human resource management. (m. aksara, & mf rozi, eds.) garut, west java: cv. academia global literacy. 12. widyaningsih, na, sinaga, f., & wirawan, pe (2023). the effect of soft skill and hard skill training on employee performance at bali beach glamping resort. paris : journal of tourism and business, 2(3), 747-753. doi:https://doi.org/10.22334/paris.v2i3. 13. wijayanti, vd, & wibowo, ts (2020). the influence of hard skills and soft skills on employee performance at the giri tirta regional drinking water company (pdam) office, gresik regency. economic magazine, 25(1), 29-35. 14. yapanto, l., & 2022, undefined. (2022). analysis of income and impact on the welfare of fisherman’s household boalemo district. european journal of business , 2(11), 2795–9228. http://www.inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/1477 http://www/ 235 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 trends in the development of modern corporate management practices and models bakhromova laylo rayim kizi 3rd year student of public law faculty of tashkent state university of law abstract: this article analyzes the origin of corporate governance, the importance of corporate culture in the implementation of corporate governance, corporate governance models, and the national corporate model. based on the analysis of the above theories and current business activities, concluding suggestions are presented. keywords: corporate management, corporate culture, anglo-saxon model, german model, japanese model, family model, joint-stock company. after the independence of the republic of uzbekistan, the ways of doing business and managing corporations began to change. issues such as the economic aspects of introducing corporate management models, the formation of an effective system of corporate management, the principles of management, and the factors affecting its formation are currently relevant. jointstock companies today are the leaders in many areas of our country's economy and are legal entities that actively engage in corporate relations through management, monitoring and executive bodies. initially, the joint-stock company was created in europe in the 17th century, and was formed among the owners engaged in trade by sea. then, by 1808, for the first time in france, the legal norms related to joint-stock companies were reflected in the commercial code.1 the origin and development of corporate management includes several periods: 1. in the 17th century, ost-inda established a board of directors consisting of 24 members. this led to the separation of ownership and management duties for the first time. 2. in 1776, adam smith's "inquiries into the causes and nature of the wealth of nations" is highlighted by the following comments: "abandoned estates present problems for management." 3. by 1844, a separate legal document on the joint-stock company was adopted. the law introduced a new form of responsibility of ownership. 4. in 1931, a. burley and g. minzlar separated the different aspects of ownership duties from control duties for the first time in the usa. 5. in 1933-1934, the law on valuable securities was adopted, and the commission on stock exchanges was established. 6. by 1968, the law "on companies" was adopted in the european union. 1 rajabboyev.x.b. aksiyadorlik jamiyatlarida korporativ boshqaruvni takomillashtirih yo’llari.dissertatsiya – t.: tmi, 2016 – 9-p 236 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. after 1992, it was somewhat strengthened from the legal point of view and also developed from the organizational point of view. similarly, there are several stages of corporate management formation in our country: 1. the methods of administrative command that existed until 1980-1985 became an obstacle to the development of microeconomics. 2. in 1987-1991, the centralized monopolized economy was abolished and corporate governance was established. the way was opened for the development of banks and economic insurance sectors. 3. privatization began in 1991-1994 and distribution of primary properties was carried out. for the first time, cooperative societies were formed, but their rights were not clearly defined. 4. in 1994-1998, the law on joint-stock companies, the law on securities, the civil code, and laws on privatization were adopted. the market infrastructure was formed, the first investment funds, depositories, registrars, auditors, consulting firms as well as large foreign companies, their branches, representative offices were established. 5. in 1998-2001, due to lack of financial resources, outflow of capital, underdevelopment of the corporate securities market, the process of distribution of future property and capital began to be considered. 6. from 2002 until now, the procedures for maintaining internal documents of joint-stock companies were defined and the powers of management bodies were clarified.2 to clarify the concept of corporate management, it is appropriate to define the word management. management concepts are one of the leading categories in the field of public law science. management is the provision of its behavior or changing its characteristics by the subject of management to the object of management. the etymology of the term "corporate governance" goes back to the ancient greek and latin languages. the term "corporate" comes from the latin word "corpus", which means "body", and corporate governance means a body authorized to form a single organization. also, the concept of "corporate governance" of the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) is defined as a set of relations between the bodies of the corporation, owners and other interested parties. 2 xodiyev.b.yu, karlibayeva.r.x, akramova n.i. korporativ boshqaruv. t.: cho’lpon nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijod uyi – 2011 – 4-7-p 237 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the definition of the world bank, corporate governance is a combination of legal norms and appropriate practices of the private sector, which enable the corporation to attract financial and human resources, to conduct effective activities and, as a result, shareholders, other interested parties, and society as a whole. ensure its existence by increasing long-term economic value for the corporation while maintaining its interests. on the one hand, this is an organizational model designed to regulate the relations between company managers and their owners, on the other hand, to coordinate the goals of various stakeholders, and to ensure the effective operation of companies. in turn, there are several models of corporate governance. we will analyze these models in detail below: the anglo-saxon model is a management model based on a high degree of external use of the joint-stock company or the market, corporate control mechanisms or control over the management of the joint-stock company. the anglo-american model is typical for the usa, great britain, australia, canada, and new zealand. the interests of the shareholders are represented by many isolated small investors who depend on the management of the corporation. the role of the stock market is increasing, through which control over the management of the corporation is exercised. the german or insider model is a management model of joint-stock companies based mainly on the use of internal methods of corporate control or self-control methods. the german model of corporate governance is typical for central european and scandinavian countries, less typical for belgium and france. this principle is based on social interaction: all parties interested in the corporation's activities have the right to participate in the decision-making process (shareholders, managers, employees, banks, public organizations). the german model is characterized by a weak focus on stock markets and shareholder value in management, as the company itself controls its competitiveness and efficiency. the american and german models of corporate governance are two opposing systems, and there are many options between them that reflect the superiority of one or another system and the national characteristics of a particular country. the japanese model of corporate governance was formed in the post-war period on the basis of financial-industrial groups (keiretsu) and is characterized by a completely closed, banking control, which allows to reduce the problem of management control. the family model of corporate management is widespread in all countries of the world. corporations are managed by members of the same family. it is emphasized by many researchers-scientists that the national model of corporate governance in uzbekistan is at the stage of formation and incorporates some aspects of different models. the national model of corporate governance in uzbekistan is a national model with its own characteristics. of course, management models do not remain unchanged, they change in form and content, their internal and external mechanisms can adapt to the changing environment, as a result of globalization, the rules in the field of corporate management can be set the same for everyone, similarities in models can increase. at this point, taking into account the national characteristics and conditions, it is a very urgent issue to form a national model that combines the best aspects and mechanisms of various corporate management models and, most importantly, ensures high efficiency. uzbekistan's corporate governance system is similar in form to the german model. this similarity is manifested in the two-tier board, leadership of the banking system in financing. at the same time, there are specific aspects of the national corporate governance system. independent members of joint-stock companies' supervisory boards in uzbekistan, the requirement for their quantity that is, at least one (but not less than 15 percent of the number of supervisory board members specified in the company's charter) independent member in each supervisory board. zo is among the recommendations of the corporate governance code. this, 238 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in turn, serves as an important factor in ensuring transparency, information openness and objectivity in corporate management. corporate culture has a significant impact on the effectiveness of corporate management. realizing this, the leaders of the company should increase the role of participants in the social division of labor, constantly use innovative projects to solve problems, develop despite difficulties and obstacles, be ready for changes arising from the demands of competition, interaction and team spirit , work it is necessary to create a corporate culture such as satisfaction and pride in results, loyalty to the organization. list of used literature: 1. khodiyev.b.yu., karlibayeva.r.h., akramova n.i. corporate governance. textbook. t.: publishing house named after cholpon 2011 pp. 4-7. 2. umarov. b, atajanov. x. corporate law. study guide. t.: tdyu-2011-27-30-p. 3. rajabboyev. kh.b. ways of improving corporate management in joint-stock companies. dissertation t.: tmi, 2016 p. 9 4. sadikova. m.a. analysis of culture in modern corporate management models. economic development and analysis-2023 (vii issue)-p. 140-145. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati: 1. xodiyev.b.yu, karlibayeva.r.x, akramova n.i. korporativ boshqaruv. darslik. t.: cho’lpon nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijod uyi – 2011 – 4-7-b. 2. umarov. b, atajanov. x. korporativ huquq. o’quv qo’llanma. t.: tdyu-2011-27-30-b. 3. rajabboyev.x.b. aksiyadorlik jamiyatlarida korporativ boshqaruvni takomillashtirih yo’llari.dissertatsiya – t.: tmi, 2016 – 9-b 4. sadikova.m.a. zamonaviy korporativ boshqaruv modellarida madaniyat tahlili. iqtisodiy taraqqiyot va tahlil-2023 (vii son)-140-145-b. 132 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 integration and problems of the macroeconomy of uzbekistan in the asian region olimov abror akhadjan ugli international school of finance and technology (isft) abstract: this research paper examines uzbekistan's economic integration within asia and analyzes key macroeconomic challenges facing the country. using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative economic data analysis and qualitative policy review, the research explores uzbekistan's trade relations, foreign investment flows, and participation in regional economic initiatives. key findings indicate that while uzbekistan has made progress in economic liberalization and regional integration since 2016, it continues to face macroeconomic issues including high inflation, currency instability, and an underdeveloped financial sector. the paper concludes with policy recommendations to enhance uzbekistan's economic integration and address persistent macroeconomic problems. keywords: economic integration, macroeconomics, foreign direct investment (fdi), trade policy, regional cooperation, currency instability, financial sector development indicators. introduction since gaining independence in 1991, uzbekistan has pursued a gradual approach to economic reform and integration into the global economy. as central asia's most populous country with abundant natural resources, uzbekistan holds significant economic potential. however, the country's state-led development model and previously isolationist policies hindered deeper economic ties with asian neighbors for much of the post-soviet period (pomfret, 2019). since 2016, president shavkat mirziyoyev has implemented wide-ranging reforms to liberalize the economy and pursue greater regional integration (anceschi, 2020). these efforts have included currency liberalization, reducing trade barriers, improving the business climate for foreign investors, and expanding participation in regional economic initiatives. however, uzbekistan continues to face persistent macroeconomic challenges as it pursues greater economic openness and integration. this study aims to analyze uzbekistan's progress and ongoing obstacles in economic integration within asia, while examining key macroeconomic problems facing the country. the research explores the following questions: 1. to what extent has uzbekistan increased economic integration with asian countries since 2016? 2. what are the primary macroeconomic challenges impacting uzbekistan's regional economic integration? 3. what policy measures could enhance uzbekistan's economic integration and address macroeconomic issues? 133 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by examining these questions, this research seeks to provide insights into uzbekistan's economic development trajectory and its evolving role in asian regional integration initiatives. methods this study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative economic data analysis and qualitative policy review. quantitative methods include trade, investment, and macroeconomic indicator data from sources such as the world bank, international monetary fund (imf), asian development bank (adb), and state committee of the republic of uzbekistan on statistics. qualitative methods involve the review of government policy documents, regional economic agreements, and academic literature on uzbekistan's economic reforms and integration efforts. the research also draws on expert analyses from international financial institutions and think tanks focused on central asian economics. trade flows, foreign direct investment, and key macroeconomic indicators are analyzed to assess trends in uzbekistan's economic integration and persistent challenges. policy documents and expert analyses are synthesized to evaluate reform measures and regional economic initiatives. results economic integration progress uzbekistan has made notable progress in economic integration with asian countries since 2016 through trade liberalization, currency reforms, and participation in regional initiatives. trade relations: uzbekistan's total trade turnover increased from $24.2 billion in 2016 to $42.2 billion in 2021, reflecting greater economic openness (state committee of uzbekistan, 2022). figure 1 shows uzbekistan's growing trade with key asian partners from 2016-2021. china has emerged as uzbekistan's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $7.4 billion in 2021. russia remains the second largest partner at $7.1 billion, while trade with kazakhstan, south korea, and turkey has expanded significantly (state committee of uzbekistan, 2022). uzbekistan has reduced import tariffs, eliminated export subsidies, and streamlined customs procedures to facilitate trade. the country is pursuing world trade organization (wto) accession, which would further integrate it into global trade networks. 134 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us foreign investment: foreign direct investment (fdi) inflows to uzbekistan have increased substantially, from $1.7 billion in 2016 to $7.6 billion in 2021 (central bank of uzbekistan, 2022). figure 2 shows the rising trend of fdi inflows. key asian sources of fdi include china, russia, south korea, and turkey. sectors attracting investment include energy, mining, textiles, and agriculture. uzbekistan has implemented reforms to improve the business climate, including currency convertibility, tax reforms, and strengthened investor protections. regional integration initiatives: uzbekistan has expanded participation in asian economic integration initiatives, including:  joining the turkic council in 2019  obtaining observer status in the eurasian economic union (eaeu) in 2020  deepening cooperation with the asian infrastructure investment bank (aiib)  participation in china's belt and road initiative uzbekistan is also strengthening ties with south asian countries, pursuing observer status in the south asian association for regional cooperation (saarc). macroeconomic challenges despite integration progress, uzbekistan faces ongoing macroeconomic challenges that impact regional economic engagement: inflation: uzbekistan has struggled with high and volatile inflation, averaging 14.5% annually from 2017-2021 (imf, 2022). figure 3 shows inflation trends. 135 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us high inflation erodes purchasing power, creates economic uncertainty, and can deter foreign investment. it stems partly from rapid credit growth, currency depreciation, and price liberalization reforms. currency instability: uzbekistan’s currency has faced significant volatility and overall depreciation against major currencies since the exchange rate liberalization in 2017. currency instability complicates trade and investment relations by increasing exchange rate risk for businesses and investors. underdeveloped financial sector: uzbekistan's financial system remains underdeveloped, constraining efficient capital allocation and financial integration. key issues include:  low level of financial intermediation (bank assets/gdp ratio of 53% in 2020)  limited range of financial products and services 136 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  weak regulatory framework and supervisory capacity  underdeveloped capital markets table 1 compares key financial sector indicators for uzbekistan and selected asian countries. table 1: financial sector development indicators, 2020 country bank assets/gdp (%) stock market capitalization/gdp (%) credit to private sector/gdp (%) uzbekistan 53.2 0.3 39.8 kazakhstan 43.5 29.8 24.5 china 204.4 83.0 182.4 malaysia 132.8 123.3 134.1 thailand 145.5 104.7 114.2 source: world bank (2022) the underdeveloped financial system limits uzbekistan's ability to effectively intermediate capital flows and fully benefit from regional financial integration. discussion uzbekistan has made significant strides in economic integration since 2016 through trade liberalization, attracting foreign investment, and expanded participation in regional initiatives. growing economic ties with china, russia, and other asian partners reflect uzbekistan's shift toward greater openness. however, the country's integration remains at an early stage compared to more established asian economies. persistent macroeconomic challenges pose obstacles to deeper integration. high inflation creates economic uncertainty and erodes competitiveness. currency volatility complicates trade and investment relations. the underdeveloped financial sector constrains efficient capital allocation and limits participation in regional financial networks. addressing these macroeconomic issues is crucial for uzbekistan to fully capitalize on regional integration opportunities. policy priorities should include: 1. strengthening monetary policy framework to control inflation 2. enhancing exchange rate flexibility while building foreign exchange reserves 3. accelerating financial sector reforms to deepen markets and strengthen regulation 4. further improving the business climate to attract investment 5. continuing trade liberalization and pursuing wto accession 6. expanding participation in regional economic initiatives effective implementation of these measures can help uzbekistan overcome macroeconomic obstacles and deepen mutually beneficial economic ties within asia. regional security cooperation is another important dimension of uzbekistan's integration efforts. as noted by olimov (2022), uzbekistan has prioritized making central asia a "zone of peace and good neighborliness" through initiatives aimed at addressing shared challenges like terrorism, drug trafficking, and water resource management. enhancing regional stability and cooperation on security issues can create a more favorable environment for economic integration. this research faced limitations in data availability and reliability for some economic indicators. future studies could benefit from more granular data on sectoral trade and investment flows. additional research on the political economy of uzbekistan's integration process could provide further insights. 137 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion uzbekistan has made important progress in economic integration within asia since 2016 through increased trade, investment, and participation in regional initiatives. however, the country continues to face macroeconomic challenges including high inflation, currency instability, and an underdeveloped financial sector that constrain deeper integration. addressing these issues through sound macroeconomic management and structural reforms is essential for uzbekistan to fully leverage its economic potential and benefit from closer ties with asian partners. with continued policy reforms and regional engagement, uzbekistan can play an increasingly important role in asian economic networks in the coming years. the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of central asia has grown in recent years, as the region's vast mineral and energy resources attract international attention (olimov, 2022). for uzbekistan to effectively navigate this complex landscape, balancing economic openness with stability will be crucial. by strengthening its macroeconomic foundations and deepening regional cooperation, uzbekistan can enhance its economic resilience and emerge as a key player in central asian integration. references 1. anceschi, l. (2020). analysing kazakhstan's foreign policy: regime neo-eurasianism in the nazarbaev era. routledge. 2. central bank of uzbekistan. (2022). balance of payments statistics. https://cbu.uz/en/statistics/e-gdds/484/ 3. international monetary fund. (2022). republic of uzbekistan: 2022 article iv consultation. imf country report no. 22/153. 4. olimov, a. a. (2022). central asia region: a threat to its security sources and measures to fight against them. science and innovation, 1(6), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7179818 5. pomfret, r. (2019). the central asian economies in the twenty-first century: paving a new silk road. princeton university press. 6. state committee of the republic of uzbekistan on statistics. (2022). foreign trade statistics. https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/foreign-trade 7. world bank. (2022). world development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator https://cbu.uz/en/statistics/e-gdds/484/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7179818 https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/foreign-trade 56-61 issues of personal development in eastern and western philosophy 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 issues of personal development in eastern and western philosophy dilfuza jumaniyozova toshkent davlat law university and associate professor, falsafa doctor (phd) dilfuzakamol74@gmail.com turabekova gaukhar zahievna associate professor south kazakhstan university named after mukhtar avezov abstract: this article reviewed western and eastern literature and research into worldly and divine factors that improve personality, but found that not enough attention was paid to the harmony of humanity and divinity. therefore, it is important to study the significance of the harmony of humanity and divinity in the spiritual development of man. this article is based on the fact that in eastern philosophy, humanity and divinity are dialectically related realities. keywords: mysticism, philosophy, religion, humanity, divinity, existentialism, islam, christianity, morality, mysticism, esotericism. введения today, as globalization deepens in the world, the balance of religiosity and secularism is also changing. in recent years, differences between different cultures have caused a “clash of cultures.” today, in developed countries, a lot of scientific research is being carried out on issues of religion, religiosity and spiritualistic research. researchers pay special attention to the dialectic of personality and spirituality, criteria of humanity, evolution and transformation of religions, and ethno-confessional problems. sociological, anthropological, historical and cultural, existentialist, psychological, spiritualist and theological studies are conducted on the dialectic of humanity and deity. conflicts between religious and secular views are becoming a reality in the world. it is known that in world philosophy the question of the subject has always been in the center of attention of scientists. one of the trends common in the west is existentialism. it was the representatives of this movement who studied the issues related to our topic. in the west, it is considered as a philosophical trend, "revealing acute questions in all areas of life and answering the fundamental questions of the essence of human existence." at the same time, existentialism synthesizes religion, literature, art with philosophy and forms its own trends. some of them are "jewish existentialism" and "catholic existentialism." анализ источников по теме the most prominent representatives of the christian existentialism movement are k. jaspers, m. heidegger, j. marcel, a. camus, j.-p. satre, n. berdyaev, s. kierkegaard, m. ponti. existentialism was formed as a movement under the influence of their creative and philosophical research and works. existentialists turned to the inner, spiritual and spiritual world of man and put on the agenda such questions as "the absurdity of life" (a. camus), "existence consists of endless obstacles and chains" (m. heidegger), "the essence of creativity is freedom and divinity" (n. 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us berdyaev), "infinite absurdity" (j.-p. sartre) and answered them in their artistic and philosophical works. according to e. kossak, existentialism "has never taken shape as a single teaching." методология исследования therefore, "existentialism is a complex anthropological-philosophical topic that can be solved by methods specific to different philosophical systems." even when sartre says: "i have a goal to free myself through work and faith," his confession is existential. those who worship god, who believe in religious dogmatism, no matter how much it affects the spiritual and spiritual life of man, cannot be a source of creativity, creative searches, "filling not only themselves, but also the environment with divine purity, love and goodness." so, divinity consists not only in the worship of god, it is closely connected with humanity, further humanization of social existence. such a conclusion can be said in relation to the research of western scientists. philosophy, especially eastern, has always developed in harmony with religion and religious teachings. true, al-ghazali in his work "tahafut al-falsafa" spoke out against the philosophers, sharply criticized their sixteen metaphysical and four physical rules and sought to absolutize the divine will, although he gained followers and achieved success in this regard. [1.] cannot destroy the harmony between philosophy and religion, humanity and divinity. perhaps he brought ibn rushd into the world of philosophy, ibn rushd became famous by highlighting the relationship между философией и религией.,[1.] by the way, al-ghazali himself made a great contribution to the analysis of the problems of philosophy and religion, to the development of religious and philosophical views, discussing ancient topics. although the main representatives of sufism, muhiddin ibn arabi, mansur hallaj and the teachings of wahtul wujud and hulul walittihad created by them were rejected by islamic orthodoxy, we see that interest in their study and research has increased at present. available sources and research show that sufism has important views on religious and ethical issues, issues of humanity and divinity, spiritual and ethical ideas, teachings and research are also important for our topic. philosophical sufism arose later and brought new ideas and beliefs to islam under the influence of various philosophies. outstanding representatives of such sufism are muhiddin ibn arabi, mansur hallaj and others, who created such philosophies as wahdatul wujud, khulul walittihad, and caused great controversy"[2]. it is known that, according to our esteemed sheikh, the supporters of sufi philosophy "propagated alien ideas and beliefs", were condemned by both sufism and anti-sufism. in this place, there is a tendency to interpret sufism as a reality far from the ability of man to know and understand, not even connected with his independent thinking. in philosophical observation, reason relies on perception, rationality-humanity, it does not reject intuitive knowledge, irrationality. philosophy has always lived in harmony with religious teachings. moral questions in sufism have a philosophical essence. the disclosure of the spiritual and ethical nature of sufism, its views on humanity and deity, in our opinion, begins with the definition of approaches (concepts) to sufism and the possession of certain knowledge about them. consideration of these concepts is important from two points of view. firstly, they allow us to consider sufism as a certain scientific-philosophical or social reality. idries shah considers sufism not as a certain scientific-philosophical teaching, a system, but as a unique “path of self-improvement” of each sufi – we consider it as a social reality with certain internal laws, immanent features, scientifically and philosophically perceived. religious-mystical concepts appear in connection with sufism and islam. consciousness is first interpreted in terms of sufism, the holy quran and hadith, and other approaches, especially philosophical, metaphysical and aesthetic approaches, are not recognized. in our opinion, these concepts tend to not recognize diversity or, by rejecting it, firstly, to indulge in fanaticism, forgetting the prophet's instruction that "every soul has its own religion" [3], and secondly, not to take into account that sufism itself consists of a variety of views, approaches and individual experiences of taxation. in fact, "sufism is the essence of all religions." [4] but these thoughts do not deny the existence in sufism of religious, mystical, individual experience, esotericism, the philosophical interpretations of which can be specially studied. even the religious, mystical, esoteric does not reject the anthropological goal on the basis of mysticism. solik's intention to achieve truth, justice and 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us purity is "the idea of purification through divine love and the attainment of the pure will of god (i.e. the idea of the mixing and merging of man and god) ... the beauty of the material world created by god is what reflects the perfection and beauty of god, and its glory passes to man through love. thus, the worldly and the divine are interconnected."[5] religious-mystical concepts promote the idea of the righteous to renounce worldly concerns, public affairs, the struggle for justice and truth, in a word, from all things and actions that disturb the peace of mind, soul and heart, and to live only with the thought of achieving god. for example, "the first hermits consciously abandoned their profitable professions or renounced their inheritance. in this way they protested against the injustice and corruption inherent in the umayyad chancery. as a rule, such slow protests and the refusal to actively participate in social and economic life did not lead to active resistance, so the authorities did not consider it necessary to fight the ascetic movement that was emerging before their eyes... the ascetics were allowed to enjoy riyazat, which, in their eyes, was a preparation for the moments of revenge (yayum al-hisob). [6] according to a.d. knish, in this way the sufis hoped for the mercy and compassion of god, and later came to the ideas of god's love, divine love. [6] sufi sects do not avoid the religious-mystical approach, but, on the contrary, consider it as a way to reach god in their teachings. but the point is not to make this path, asceticism, absolute. asceticism, mysticism in the teachings of the first mystics was changed in later sects, i.e. brought closer to life. it was supplemented by further strengthening of the relationship of man with the social being, thereby calling on him not to forget about his responsibility not only before god, but also before society and people. failure to fulfill one's duty to society and people, forgetting it ultimately leads to the spiritual and moral fall of man. the emergence of philosophical concepts is associated with the names of ibn arabi and mansur hallaj. according to idries shah, "there is no sufi who has had such a strong influence on orthodox theology as ibn arabi." [4] experts who have studied the life of the philosopher claim that abdul qadir gilani influenced the formation of ibn arabi as a thinker and sufi. idries shah, speaking about the internal contradictions inherent in the philosopher, writes that "he (ibn arabi d.j.) was a conformist (a compromiser d.j.) in religion, and an esotericist in his inner life" [4]. an important point for our topic is that ibn arabi put on the agenda the need for a scientific and philosophical interpretation of the relationship between god and man, the creator and the creation, truth and people, that is, humanity and divinity, in the islamic religion, including sufism. until then, all mystics considered god to be the only basis, substance, creator of the universe, the will of man is determined by his will and command. ibn arabi recognized the absolute role of god, divine, material things are attributes of god, his qualities are hidden in these things, therefore god was shown as the "cosmic god". [9] from this interpretation comes the idea, which contradicts islamic dogma, that human virtues and vices are also from god, that is, they are attributes of god. it is true that ibn arabi wants to resolve this conflict through compromise. in his view, “the existence of good and evil, oppression and grace, darkness and light, contradictory things in the world are based on the same divine wisdom. on the basis of these contradictions, both the beautiful attributes and the glorious attributes of allah are revealed. [10] therefore, both the positive and negative aspects come from allah and are based on divine wisdom. in other religions and in islam in general, allah is viewed only as a positive, creative force, free from corruption and defects, a pure, immaculate being. the immoral actions of people are viewed as the result of their ego, desires, sexual inclinations, and the inclination to use force and accumulate wealth. psychological approaches study the individual's perception of his "i", his cognitive experience on the path to overcoming and reaching god. indeed, "sufism is directly based on transcognitive experience. the true "i" has the ability to affirm and observe the transient "i" and understands both the individual soul and the soul of humanity simultaneously. [11] thus, imagination is based on the individual's awareness of his "i", its free expression and the aspiration of his soul to harmony with the spirit of humanity. it is the journey of the "i" through the world, the search for a being greater than itself, that makes taxation an object of psychological approaches. as is known, psychological approaches study the processes that occur through the human senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste, as well as the changes that occur in the human consciousness under their influence. these processes and changes occur in a person's life in a unique way, that is, his life goals and attitudes determine his psychological state. for example, a taxon perceives hunger, loneliness or pain in a completely different way and 59 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us even seeks them independently. to own one's own body, to restrain and curb one's lust, lust and anger is the way of life of a tax collector, and ordinary people are not always able to make them completely obey them. the objective existence is constantly changing, never remaining the same from one moment to another, even the so-called eternal sun emits light differently at each moment, affecting things, people's senses and emotions differently. the mental and psychological state of man is also constantly changing. feelings based on the objective world or connected with the external world are forced to forget their "i" and live in the mainstream of this objective world. constantly changing emotions and psychological states cannot control thoughts and imagination. this hinders the search for truth, god and finding his path. the practices of asceticism, meditation, solitary prayer and repetition of prayers in sufism are essentially aimed at controlling thoughts and imagination and achieving the transcendent through meditation. a person who cannot control his thoughts and actions will continue to follow external influences, and their fleeting factors will distract his heart from monotheistic aspirations and the possibility of reaching god. “we,” writes hazrat salahuddin ali nadir shah anka, “do not acquire true knowledge of life through some discoveries which are the result of the actions of our senses; the changing face of nature and its various states are temporary, unchangeable ripples in the sea of life. to be bound by them is painful, and to be free from them brings peace and happiness.” [11]] if we proceed from ibn arabi’s idea that the universe and all that exists are manifestations of the attributes of god, then the changing external world is also a manifestation of the attributes of god. if this changing, unstable world hinders man’s striving for monotheism and following god’s will, why did god create it? did he deliberately create obstacles on the path to achieving himself? if so, wouldn’t man act against the will and desire of god? where is the logic here, that is, where is the idea that god, as a positive force, created man in his own image and likeness and made an “eternal covenant” with him? unfortunately, neither ibn arabi nor his followers can answer these contradictory questions. spiritual and moral approaches are embedded in the very essence of sufism. therefore, all the above approaches (concepts) take it into account. our studies also agree with this approach. however, at this stage it can be said that although sufism promotes the transcendental idea of reaching god through spiritual and moral perfection, it does not reject social demands. both islam and sufi philosophy emphasize that man should live in harmony, rationality and agreement with the social environment and society, and that his monotheistic aspirations should be in harmony with the universal, the one. western individualism and egoism are realities alien to the east and islamic culture. although sufism relies on personal cognitive experience, it does not deny that man is a “social being” (aristotle) and considers his socialization an important condition for achieving spiritual and moral perfection. for example, sufi ideas about the individual's understanding of himself as a human being are essentially social. "man," writes hazrat inoyat khan, "was created to awaken in him a sense of humanity, brotherhood, love and kindness to his fellow man... selflessness is necessary to awaken love, goodwill and compassion in our hearts. to sympathize with the sorrows of others, we must forget our own sorrows. to feed the stomachs of others, we must forget our own hunger. everyone serves his own selfish interests without thinking of others, and this is the cause of so much suffering throughout the world."[3] ignoring the public interests, needs and suffering of others, and sometimes openly ignoring them, alienates a person from society, faith, the creator and his servants. just as absolute asceticism leads to negative situations, asceticism and arrogance, egoism and individualism lead to the same immoral, irreligious situations, alienating a person from society. the essence of sufism is its focus on the inner world of man, his spiritual and intellectual world. sharia focuses on external actions performing sharia acts, while sufism focuses on the inner life studying such aspects as the state of the heart, sincerity, repentance, self-reproach, wara, monotheism, purification and humility. therefore, the main task in sufism is to study the aspects of religious and mystical views and practices related to the heart, mind, soul, morality. apparently, sufism essentially believes that spiritual perfection can be achieved through the harmony of humanity and divinity. 60 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusions and suggestions although the issues of humanity and divinity are raised within the framework of various problems and themes of islam and islamic philosophy, ultimately they are measured and assessed through islamic dogma the recognition of the unity of god and the prophet muhammad as his messenger, i.e., the observance of the pillars of tashahhud, prayer, fasting, zakat and hajj. there is no religion without adherence to religious dogmas, and all religions have their own dogmas. therefore, religious and philosophical teachings and movements that arise within a religion must first of all recognize dogmas. islamic dogma finds its expression in the holy quran and the hadith. first of all, it should be noted that the holy quran and hadith, as universal truths, shed light on issues and topics related to humanity and divinity that are difficult to understand and comprehend with the ordinary mind. it is impossible to cover them all in one study, let alone mention them. therefore, we have tried to clarify the issues related to this problem in the following directions. firstly, according to the dogma of the holy quran, man is a slave of his creator allah. here, the term "slave" should not be understood in the sense of an involuntary, absolute slave in the ancient roman era, an animal slave who could be sold, given away or even killed. it is natural for god, who created man, life and death, as well as all creation, to exercise his influence and judgment on them, including his love and wrath. as i. kant emphasized, "small, insignificant matter, the atom, does not arise naturally from itself" [14]. in doing so, he acknowledged the existence of a divine power that created the world and man. the moral imperative of the philosopher is based on the idea of obedience and submission to the divine power and the social order it establishes. thus, religious dogma links the human will with the creator, god, the transcendent. and it makes god the leader. that is why islam calls upon people not to worship anyone but allah and not to “seek help from anyone else.” thus, it closely links humanity and divinity, man and god, creation and creation, and creates between them integrity, harmony, unity, and wholeness. in fact, it is an expression of the universe, the entirety of existence. secondly, in islam and islamic philosophy, humanity and divinity are not seen as opposed to reality. the fact that some people (unbelievers, non-believers) do not recognize or even reject allah as written in the holy quran does not mean that the people of islam, first of all the prophet muhammad, opposed humanity to divinity or divinity to humanity in their lives and activities. in fact, as reported by at-tirmidhi, the prophet muhammad himself “did not deprive people of religious and worldly benefits, and one of the signs of the verses of the lord was that among those who came (i.e., those who came to the prophet muhammad, to his gathering j. j.) he gave preference to those who possessed knowledge and were able to do good deeds” [15]. thus, the prophet muhammad shows that humanity and divinity, as well as worldly problems, are harmoniously and dialectically related. however, it is important to remember that it is wrong to interpret the divine as subordinate to the human, associating god with man. the creation of divine teachings is the product of human epistemological research, but god, the creator, is above, separate and beyond these researches, divinity, beyond reason and perception, beyond feelings and emotions, beyond rational experience. thirdly, the holy quran and hadith determine the external and internal manners, behavior and actions of man. at the same time, they do not deny that man acts of his own free will, based on his needs and interests, social necessity. sometimes man can succumb to the temptations of satan and the devil and go against divine commands, not adhere to islamic dogmas and even reject allah. however, in the end, that is, having tasted the bitter and bitter fruits of life, having observed the struggle between good and evil, justice and injustice and having drawn metaphysical conclusions from this, man comes to the beginning, that is, to god. islam and islamic philosophy, like other world religions, strive to form spiritual perfection in man, to make him morally pure, beautiful, noble and kind-hearted, introducing him from a young age to divine things and practices. but among them, faith comes first. fourthly, humanity is the basis of islam, islamic philosophy and dogmatics. because the thought expressed in them, the idea put forward, even the immutability of god, are aimed at filling the human heart with the thought of the eternal, the creator and the almighty, to form faith and conviction in it. 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us фойдаланилган адабиётлар рўйхати: 1. степаненц м.т. восточная философия. – м.: восточ. лит-ра. 2001. –с.38 2. шайх муҳаммад содиқ муҳаммад юсуф. тасаввуф ҳақида тасаввур. – т.: мовароуннаҳр, 2004. -37б / 3. хазрат инайят хан. метафизика. опыт души на разных уровнях существования. сборник. – м.: сфера. 2007. –с.282. 4. идрис шах. суфизм. – м.: «клышников и к.». 1994. – с. 68. 5. комилов н. тасаввуф. иккинчи китоб. тавҳид асрори. – т.:ғ.ғулом номидаги адабиёт ва санъат ҳамда «ўзбекистон» нашр. 1999. –с.5 б. 6. кныш а.д. мусульманский мистицизм. – м.: -сп б., «диля». 2004. –с 14. 7. қуръони карим. таржима ва изоҳлар муаллифи алоуддин мансур. –т.: «чўлпон», 1992. -140 б. 8. алимасов в. фалсафа ёхуд фикрлаш чанқоғи. – т.: фалсафа ва ҳуқуқ институти нашр., 2007. – 199-200 б. 9. н тримингэм д ж.с. суфийские ордены в исламе. –м.: «софия», ид «гелиос», 2002. –с. 8-9 10. турар усмон. тасаввуф тарихи. – т.: «истиқлол», 1999. – 149 б. 11. лиин вилкокс. суфизм и психология. – спб., изд. «диля», 2005. – с.6. 12. бердяев н.а. диалектика божественного и человеческого. – м.: аст; харьков: фолио, 2005. – с.29. 13. умар ҳайём. рубоийлар. – т.: радуга, 1985. – 5 б. 14. қаранг: кант и.сочинения шести томах. т.4.часть 2-м.: мысль, 1965. –с. 432-434. 15. имом ат – термизий, шамоили муҳаммадийя. – т.: меҳнат, 1991. 76 б. 16. djumaniyazova d. humanity and divinity are the objects of sufi teachings //the american journal of social science and education innovations. – 2021. – т. 3. – №. 03. – с. 16-26. 17. dilfuza jumaniyazova issues of personal spirituality formation in uzbekistan. issn: 2750-8587doi: https://doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-07-09https: // eipublication. com/index. php/eijmrmsvolume: 02 issue: 07 july 2022 published date: -1807-2022. 412 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the contribution of private investment to the growth of exposure in our country hasanova yulduz mirtazaevna karshi institute of engineering and economics senior teacher of "finance”department davlatova dinara 1st year student of karmii faculty of economics abstract: based on statistical data, the essay discusses the significance of private investment in the economy and how it contributes to the growth of international economic activity. the dynamics of foreign trade turnover, the growth of export activity of the topic of foreign economic activity, and the issue of the development of the export-oriented economy in the republic of uzbekistan are all examined. keywords: foreign commerce, modernization, diversification, infrastructure development, investment projects, capital investment, investment environment and investment policy introduction our nation has established priorities for implementing its foreign policy, and reforms are being implemented consistently. the host nation must implement several preferences in order to draw in international investment. it is crucial for sustaining the nation's economic potential, modernizing and diversifying the economy, creating jobs, and raising the level of competitiveness of goods and services on both the home and international markets. one of the objectives of the new uzbekistan development strategy for 2022–2026 is to draw in private investment. the country's investment climate is expected to be substantially enhanced, making it more appealing, and attracting 120 million usd in foreign investments, of which 70 million will come in the next five years. up to 2026, the strategy of drawing in both foreign and domestic capital is intended to be carried out in order to raise $14 million in capital for publicprivate partnerships in the energy, transportation, health, education, ecology, community services, water management, and other sectors. the number of businesses working with the state government has risen to roughly 1.5 thousand due to closed preferential trading and a favorable investment climate. the fact that 14,119 private capital cooperatives and organizations are functioning in our republic as of june 1, 2022, is significant. it is http://www/ 413 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us feasible to raise our economy's export potential, improve international trade, and boost its volume in the upcoming year as a result of the measures made to assist the export economy.[1] export product diversification, which includes broadening the names of goods and services offered to clients and emphasizing the significant portion of particular goods or services—particularly raw materials—in the overall export, broadens the geographic area to which our goods are exported and lessens the vulnerability of the domestic economy to unfavorable outside forces. this year, an expo credit agency will be established to pre-finance the exhibition, and an expo support fund will be established to guarantee the expo and cover a significant portion of the expenses. reforming the customs, sanitation, capantin, vetepinapia, and other functions of the customs post office is important in light of the actual experience. [2] the process of drawing in foreign investment is crucial to the economy of uzbekistan. the reasons listed below can be used to explain the rise in the percentage of foreign investment in uzbekistan's economy: the attractiveness of the investment environment in the country is enhanced by the long-term implementation of specific investment projects; increasing confidence in the creation of a favorable investment environment for business investment; the positive situation in the world market and the favorable economic situation in the national expo plan, the financial potential of such a typical national expo plan will expand and it will lead to further activation of its investment project. in particular, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on investment and investment activities" was adopted. because it provides additional guarantees and protective measures to the domestic economy, it is possible to strengthen and expand the republic's export potential and ensure its integration into the global economy. the strategy of developing foreign economic activity in the republic of uzbekistan is aimed at creating a diversified and competitive economy, applying innovative technologies, and using the new method of managing the economy to the maximum extent of the national economy. we take note of our president's announcement that next year $100 million will be allotted from the expo support fund to develop export products and buy raw materials for the export industry in an effort to boost overseas economic activities. the exporter will receive reimbursement for 50% of the costs associated with creating a trade house and store overseas as well as packing expenses. http://www/ file:///c:/users/user/appdata/roaming/microsoft/windows/network%20shortcuts/%5b1%5ddecree%20of%20the%20president%20of%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan%20shavkat%20mirziyoyev%20%22on%20the%20development%20strategy%20of%20new%20uzbekistan%20for%202022-2026%22.%2018.01.2022 file:///c:/users/user/appdata/roaming/microsoft/windows/network%20shortcuts/%5b2%5daddress%20of%20the%20president%20of%20the%20republic%20of%20uzbekistan%20shavkat%20mirziyoyev%20to%20the%20oliy%20majlis.%202020%20year.%20december%2029.%20https:/president.uz/uz/lists/view/4057 414 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us generally speaking, the government will be tasked with raising the export of wages and salaries the following year by at least 20 percent." export product diversification, which includes broadening the names of goods and services offered to clients and emphasizing the significant portion of particular goods or services—particularly raw materials—in the overall export, broadens the geographic area to which our goods are exported and lessens the vulnerability of the domestic economy to unfavorable outside forces. this, in turn, improves the mechanism of attracting foreign investment. increasing the volume of export, improving its production, diversifying the foreign trade turnover in general, improving the quality of the economic structure of our economy, increasing its competitiveness, play an important role in economic growth and the improvement of the population's well-being. conclusion: the analysis underscores the crucial role of export and import in uzbekistan's foreign economic development. furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity for improving investment infrastructure to boost private investment and economic growth. suggestions: 1. encourage the operations of investment funds, insurance, and leasing companies to attract private investment. 2. establish effective cooperation between the public and private sectors to ensure successful implementation of investment projects. 3.enhancing the mechanisms for attracting private investment is yielding positive outcomes. consequently, it can be asserted that there is a strong preference for private investments. factors such as production location, natural and climatic conditions, legal framework improvements, and the state's provision of guarantees and privileges are undoubtedly increasing based on specific criteria.there is a need to promote exports, particularly by simplifying the process of exporting local products to foreign markets and providing financial support.". references 1. the speech of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mipziyoev "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 18.01.2022. 2. the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on investment and investment activities". december 25, 2019. 3. resolution no. 547 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated july 2, 2019 "on further improvement of work". https://lex.uz/docs/4397984. 4. statement of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mipzieyov to the opli majlis. 2020 year. 29 dec. https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/4057. 5. vaxobov a.v., xajibakiyevsh.x., muminovn.g. “xorijiy investitsiyalar” o‘quv qo‘llanma – http://www/ 415 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us t.: “moliya” 2010. -324 b. 6. https://www.qashstat.uz/index.php/uz/438-biulleteny-uz/4630-press-relizlar. qashqadaryo viloyat statistika boshqarmasi sayti. 7. https://stat.uz/uz/preview=1&option=com_dropfiles&format=&task=frontfile.download&cati d=100&id=78&itemid. o‘zbekiston respublikasi davlat statistika qo‘mitasi sayti. 8. [1]decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 18.01.2022. 9. [2]address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis. 2020 year. december 29. https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/4057 http://www/ https://www.qashstat.uz/index.php/uz/438-biulleteny-uz/4630-press-relizlar https://stat.uz/uz/preview=1&option=com_dropfiles&format=&task=frontfile.download&catid=100&id=78&itemid https://stat.uz/uz/preview=1&option=com_dropfiles&format=&task=frontfile.download&catid=100&id=78&itemid 231 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 questions of improving the legal and pedagogical mechanism of young athletes rakhmonov amirshokh abdumukhtorovich applicant abstract: this article is devoted to improving the pedagogical mechanism for the education and legal protection of young athletes with a special emphasis on academic lyceums. academic lyceums emphasize effective practices such as an integrated curriculum, time management and psychological support, with the goal of developing clear rules and standards that provide legal protection for athletes and create conditions for the balanced development and successful performance of young athletes. keywords: academic lyceums, athletes, education, pedagogy, mechanism, young athletes, legal protection, integration, educational programs, development. further improvement and popularization of physical education and sport" was adopted in the republic of uzbekistan (january 24, 2020, no. pf-5924) in accordance with this decree, in recent years, popularization of physical education and sports in the republic, promotion of a healthy lifestyle among the population, creation of necessary conditions for physical rehabilitation of persons with limited capabilities, and ensuring proper participation of the country in international sports arenas. consistent measures are being implemented. in accordance with this decree, in recent years, popularization of physical education and sports in the republic, promotion of a healthy lifestyle among the population, creation of necessary conditions for physical rehabilitation of persons with limited capabilities, and ensuring proper participation of the country in international sports arenas. consistent measures are being implemented. at the same time, implementation of specific programs that help to strengthen the health of the population in the field of physical education and sports, wide involvement of young people in sports and selection of talented athletes from among them, skilled athletes who provide high results in sports there is a need to form national teams and create additional conditions for trainers. in order to form an all-round mature and physically healthy person with a high culture in the country, to define priorities aimed at gaining skills and knowledge of the population in the field of physical education and sports, to introduce innovative forms and methods to the process of selecting (selection) talented athletes. in order to increase the total number of the population regularly engaged in physical education and sports up to 30%, the total number of young people engaged in sports organizations and institutions up to 20%, the quality composition of trainers and specialists in state sports education institutions, in particular the number of employees with higher education, in stages to reach 80%, to develop and implement an effective and transparent four-stage organization-district (city)-territory-republic system of selecting 232 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (selection) talented athletes among young people, regular physical training and sports increase the total number of the growing population to 30%, the total number of young people engaged in sports organizations and institutions to 20%, the quality composition of trainers and specialists in state sports education institutions, in particular, the number of employees with higher education to gradually increase to 80%, among the local youth development and implementation of an efficient and transparent four-stage organization-district (city)-territory-republic system of selection (selection) of talented athletes; such parables were defined as the main directions of the reform of the physical education and sports system until 2025.1 nowadays, the demands on young athletes are increasing both in sports and in education. a comprehensive approach to training is an innovative method that takes into account the unique needs and capabilities of each athlete and provides a harmonious combination of training and exercises. academic lyceums play an important role in the formation of future champions as a center for educating talented young athletes. pedagogical mechanism and effective legal protection system are becoming the main factor of ensuring not only physical, but also psychological and legal maturity of the young generation. one of the important aspects of supporting young athletes is improving the pedagogical mechanism of their training. this includes the training and coaching methods used to develop their skills, as well as prioritizing their overall growth and well-being. by focusing on a holistic approach to their development, young athletes can be better prepared to handle the pressures of competitive sports as well as succeed in their personal lives. the law of the republic of uzbekistan on the programs of the state policy on youth, the powers of bodies on physical education and sports in the field of state policy on youth. territorial and other programs to provide social support for young people, to protect and realize the personal, political, economic, social and cultural rights, freedoms and legal interests of young citizens, to create the necessary conditions for their participation in the life of society organizes competitions in national and other types of sports to raise awareness and activity, raise a healthy and competent young generation; on measures to promote the development of physical education and sports among young people, the desire to form a healthy lifestyle and interest in sports.2 nowadays, society pays special attention to physical health and sports. in order to train a new generation of athletes, it is important to develop and improve a pedagogical mechanism that serves not only the development of physical skills, but also the legal protection of young athletes. in this article, we will consider the pedagogical problem and the search for ways to solve it. pq43073 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 3, 2019 "on additional measures to increase the effectiveness of spiritual and educational work" and the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 31, 2019 young athletes and their characteristics4, as stated in december 1059 "concerning the approval of the concept of continuous spiritual education and measures for its implementation", young athletes are in the period of active physical and psychological development. pedagogical mechanism should take into account their age characteristics, as well as ensure complete harmony of education and training. in recent years, young athletes represent the future of the sports world, and their development and protection play an important role in the formation of a healthy sports society. in this article, we consider the issue of improving the pedagogical mechanism of training young athletes and strengthening the legal protection of their interests. attention is being paid to the mental health of young athletes. coaches and instructors recognize the importance of not only physical fitness, 1 decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5924 dated january 24, 2020 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/-4711327 2 tashkent city, september 14, 2016, o'rq-406 3 decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 3, 2019 "on additional measures to increase the effectiveness of spiritual and educational work measures" no. 4 annex 1 to decision no. 1059 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 31, 2019 "on approval of the concept of continuous spiritual education and measures for its implementation". // national database of legal documents, 03.01.2020, no. 09/20/1059/4265. 233 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us but also the mental toughness and emotional support needed to overcome the challenges of highlevel competition. this shift in focus has led to the inclusion of sports psychology and mental training as integral components of young athlete development. in particular, the legal protection of young athletes is the most important aspect that should be solved within the framework of the pedagogical mechanism. this includes protecting their rights, ensuring fair treatment and providing remedies in cases of abuse or exploitation. several important initiatives can be implemented to improve the pedagogical mechanism of training and legal protection of young athletes. first of all, there should be a comprehensive training and certification program for coaches and trainers working with youth athletes. this program should not only cover the technical and tactical aspects of training, but also emphasize the importance of youth development, positive coaching methods and protecting the rights of young athletes. in addition, there should be clear guidelines and protocols for reporting and responding to any abuse, harassment or discrimination in the sporting environment. this includes creating a confidential reporting system and providing resources for young athletes to seek legal and psychological support when needed. the cooperation of sports organizations, educational institutions and law enforcement agencies is important in the comprehensive protection and support of young athletes. this can be achieved by developing partnerships and joint initiatives that address the unique needs and challenges faced by young athletes. efforts to combine education and legal advocacy: 1. legal rights education: informing young athletes about their legal rights, responsibilities and opportunities to seek legal help and protection. 2. education of sports ethics: inclusion of sports ethics education in educational programs in order to educate the culture of respect, justice and honesty in sports. 3. collaborate with legal experts: collaborate with attorneys to provide guidance, advice, and legal representation to young athletes on issues related to their rights and protections. as a result, it is necessary to constantly study and evaluate the pedagogical foundations of training and legal protection of young athletes. this will help develop best practices and standards that can be implemented across the sports industry to ensure the safety and well-being of young athletes. by strengthening the pedagogical mechanisms for training young athletes and strengthening legal protection, we can create an environment conducive to their growth, wellbeing and success in sports. the right combination of effective education and legal protection is critical to the success of young athletes both on and off the field. in conclusion, it should be noted that improving the pedagogical mechanism of educating young athletes and their legal protection is important in creating favorable and favorable conditions for their development. by prioritizing well-rounded development and using strong legal protections, young athletes can succeed and reach their full potential both on and off the field. it is a collective responsibility to provide young athletes with the support and resources they need to achieve their athletic dreams in a safe and empowering environment. improving the pedagogical training mechanism, strengthening the legal protection of young athletes is an integral part of their sports career. only by ensuring that they are fully developed under the guidance of qualified coaches and that their rights are properly protected under the law can we ensure that young athletes are healthy, safe, and successful in their athletic careers and beyond. references/iqtiboslar/сноски: 1. decree no. pf-5924 dated january 24, 2020 by sh. mirziyoev "on measures to further improve and popularize physical education and sports in the republic of uzbekistan." 2. decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, decision no. 118 of 02.13.2019 234 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. mirzakulov sh.a. belt wrestling theory and methodology: / sh.a. mirzakulov. study guide. tashkent. 2013. 149 p.; 4. nurshin j. m., salomov r. s., kerimov f. a. uzbek wrestling.-t. uzjti, 1993.-231 p. 5. mirziyoev sh.m. new uzbekistan strategy [text] / sh.m. mirziyoev. tashkent: "uzbekistan" publishing house, 2021. 464 p. 223-6 6. abdullaev a., rasulov r., khasanov a., extracurricular activities in physical education in general secondary and vocational education systems. t.: 2009 7. orinboev n. "sustainable development and healthy lifestyle". ferghana: "jahon nashtriyot", 2007, p. 118. 8. yunusova yu.m. theory and methodology of physical culture. tashkent. 2007.311s. 9. shonazarov j.u. professional position, deyatelnost, navyki uchitelya: problems and solutions. universum: psychology and education. scientific journal. vypusk: 2(104) g. moscow. february 2023. 120 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the main directions for improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural sector ochilova maftuna toshpulat kizi teacher, karshi international university base doctorial student, keei e-mail: mochilova53@gmail.com. annotation: this article explores the causes of obstacles to improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural sector today. defines the main directions for increasing the yield of agricultural products. also, productivity in the field determines the perspective of society in socio-economic life. keywords: competitiveness, cotton and wheat fields, food security, export potential, information from the agency for statistics. introduction in the current political conditions of our country, the growth of the economy is stabilizing, and the role of agriculture plays a special role in this. the development of this sector can lead to an increase in the volume of exports, an increase in the income of agrotashkilots, farmers and farmers operating in this farm, the creation of a number of jobs in rural areas and, as a result, an increase in the standard of living of the population and solving many food security problems. therefore, in order to support the development of this sphere in our state, large-scale work is being carried out. an example of this is the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on additional measures to expand the production, processing of agricultural products in 2023"and "on additional measures to promote the supply of the agrarian sector with modern agricultural techniques " of 2023. at present, there are a number of problems in the development of agriculture in our country and in increasing the competitiveness of this sector, the period of work on which is taking place. measures such as the reduction of cotton and wheat fields being made in the republic in the last 5 years by a government decision, the involvement of the population in agricultural activities, and the use of water-saving methods in irrigation can increase the sector's share of gdp by 51%, agricultural employment by 16% and water economy by 11%, the world bank notes. http://www/ 121 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis of thematic literature. european economist scholar w. according to arthur lewis, industrial and agricultural revolutions must always occur simultaneously, and the economy of an agricultural lame state can never see industrial development. another foreign scholar, mellor, argues that high efficiency in agriculture can only be achieved on small farms, and that this in turn can be a quick opportunity solution to problems such as poverty and famine. it was mentioned by t.w.schultz that “agricultural revolution” or high yields could be achieved through a technical change in agriculture. mosher, a 1966 scholar, thought that in africa and latin america, public and private funds were more focused on urban areas, making it difficult to achieve agricultural productivity from insufficient investment in agriculture. research methodology. research sources official website of the statistical agency under the president of the republic of uzbekistan: https://stat.uz/ru, the official website of the ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan is https://agro.uz/ru, an analytical site of countries in the territory of central asia: https://cabar.asia.ru, www.fao.org -the official site information of the international organization for food and agriculture. they have been used in research work based on methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systematic analysis. basic analysis and results. there are government decisions related to the redistribution of land to grow fruits and vegetables instead of cotton and wheat fields in order to increase the efficiency of food supply to the population and improve food security. experts from the institute of macroeconomic and regional research (imri) reported that in 2018-2022, the conclusions in assessing the effectiveness of the use of land resources in agriculture decreased by 1.3 percent-from 3.396 million hectares to 3.353 million hectares1. according to the data of the beginning of 2023, the beginning of the division of 80,000 hectares to the population due to the reduction of cotton and grain fields was positively received by our compatriots and became an incentive for the development of the agricultural sector and the cultivation of products. the fact that this is the main focus on disadvantaged families on the list in the "iron notebook","women's notebook" and "youth notebook" has provided a great opportunity to ensure that the population is engaged in profitable labor2. in order to ensure food safety and domestic talent with guaranteed quality agricultural products, a total of 4,499,000 hectares of land were planted in the semi-year of 2023. this is 42.8 thousand hectares more than in 2021, 3 million 191 thousand hectares are planted with primary, 791 thousand hectares with repeated, 140 thousand hectares between garden-vine rows and 377 thousand hectares 1 in recent years, the yield of cotton and wheat in uzbekistan has increased news (agroworld.uz) 2 house of oliy majis (assembly gov.uz) http://www/ 122 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with lalmikor crops. in addition, 2,912 greenhouses are operating in 5.1 thousand hectares of agricultural enterprises, which are 71 hectares more than in 2021. it is noted that the yield of the main food products in the primary need, such as tomato potatoes and milk, is much lower than their real potential. these points indicate the need to increase the yield of agricultural products. the share of scientific research and services in finding solutions to productivity problems is incomparable. for many years, only 0.02% of uzbekistan's gross agricultural product revenue was spent on agricultural research. this indicator can be seen to be much lower compared to other developed agricultural countries. in addition, the fact that information and consultative services that serve to alleviate the activities of farmers are absolutely not available in most regions can lead to the fact that the yield does not increase for a certain period of time. nevertheless, in the report of the statistical agency on the socio-economic status of the republic of uzbekistan (january-june 2023), it will be possible to see an increase in the volume of agricultural products, in particular, meat-3.8%, milk 2.9%, eggs – 4.5%, cereals – 7.3%, potatoes – 3.3%, poliz – 5.8%, fruits and berries – 5.0% and caught fish – 11.6 %. increasing the yield of products can also lead to the maximum use of the country's export capabilities. it was reported that the state of vetam exported $ 40 billion of this year's product. it can be seen that the export profits of this state amounted to $ 6,100 per hectare of productive land, which is 20 times stronger than the export capacity of uzbekistan. significant progress is also being made as a result of large-scale work aimed at increasing the export potential of uzbekistan today. looking at the cross section of the regions of export of fruits and vegetables abroad in january-november 2023, we can see that the fergana region has implemented the largest amount of fruit vegetable escport. fergana region 289.3 thousand tons; tashkent region 217 thousand tons; samarkand region-180.1 thousand tons; surkhandarya region-157 thousand tons; khorezm region-144 thousand tons; namangan region-141.5 thousand tons; andijan region-106.8 thousand tons; http://www/ 123 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tashkent city-89.1 thousand tons; jizzakh region-77.1 thousand tons; bukhara region-67.6 thousand tons; kashkadarya region 49.3 thousand tons; syrdarya region 45.4 thousand tons; republic of karakalpakstan-23.7 thousand tons; navoi region-10.6 thousand tons3. in improving the efficiency of the supply of agricultural products to the population, it is important not only to increase the yield of agricultural products, but also to convey the grown food at affordable prices for the population, while maintaining its timely, initial state. the announcement of the statistical agency on january 5, 2023 lists the prices of primary foods on the market4. • beef with bone (1 kg) ➖ 49 500 – 80 000 soum; • mutton (1 kg) ➖ 54,000-91,000; * potatoes (1 kg) ➖ 3300-6000 soums; • onion (1 kg) ➖ 2000-5000 soums; * carrots (1 kg) ➖ 1100-5000 soums; * eggs (10 pieces) ➖ 11,000-18,000; * rice (1 kg) ➖ 6,000-27,000 soums; • vegetable oil (1 l) ➖ 16 500 – 30 000 soum; • sugar (1 kg) ➖ 11 000 – 14 000 soum. conclusion. the development of agriculture is considered extremely important for a number of reasons. 3 “problems arising in increasing the export potential of agricultural products and their solutions” azizbek rozigul oglu abdiraimov, najmiddin shamsiddinovich muminov academic research in educational sciences volume 4 / issue 1 / 2023 issn: 2181-1385 4 prices for food in the markets were announced in uzreport.news http://www/ 124 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. in ensuring longer activities of small farms as well as food security in developing countries; 2. in reducing poverty in remote rural areas of the world; 3. in economic development; 4. in stabilizing the environment; 5. in reducing the effectiveness of farm products on climate change. references 1. in recent years, the yield of cotton and wheat in uzbekistan has increased news (agroworld.uz) 2. house of oliy majis (assembly gov.uz) 3. “problems arising in increasing the export potential of agricultural products and their solutions” azizbek rozigul oglu abdiraimov, najmiddin shamsiddinovich muminov academic research in educational sciences volume 4 / issue 1 / 2023 issn: 2181-1385 4. prices for food in the markets were announced in uzreport.news 5. tokhirovna s. g. directions diversify the production in peasant (dekhkan) farms //best journal of innovation in science, research and development. – 2024. – т. 3. – №. 3. – с. 110117. 6. djurayev b. et al. improvement of the modeling system of mineral fertilizer use efficiency in agriculture //bio web of conferences. – edp sciences, 2024. – т. 95. – с. 01002 7. самиева г. теоретические основы сельскохозяйственных исследований //экономика и инновационные технологии. – 2021. – №. 6. – с. 171-176 8. самиева г. т., очилова м. т. повышение продуктивности сельского хозяйства и наращивание объемов производства в условиях социальной, экономической и экологической устойчивости //экономика и социум. – 2022. – №. 12-1 (103). – с. 895-901. http://www/ 189 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 general theory about the traditional methods and algorithms of machine learning u. i. begimov phd, associate professor, alfraganus university, tashkent, uzbekistan t. m. buriboev, j. m. axmedov alfraganus university, tashkent, uzbekistan abstract: in the current age of the fourth industrial revolution, the digital world has a wealth of data, such as internet of things (iot) data, cybersecurity data, mobile data, business data, social media data, health data, etc. to intelligently analyze these data and develop the corresponding smart and automated applications, the knowledge of artificial intelligence (ai), particularly, machine learning (ml) is the key. various types of machine learning algorithms such as supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning exist in the area. besides, the deep learning, which is part of a broader family of machine learning methods, can intelligently analyze the data on a large scale. in this paper, we present a comprehensive view on these machine learning algorithms that can be applied to enhance the intelligence and the capabilities of an application. thus, this study’s key contribution is explaining the principles of different machine learning techniques and their applicability in various real-world application domains, such as cybersecurity systems, smart cities, healthcare, e-commerce, agriculture, and many more. we also highlight the challenges and potential research directions based on our study. overall, this paper aims to serve as a reference point for both academia and industry professionals as well as for decision-makers in various real-world situations and application areas, particularly from the technical point of view. keywords: machine learning, ai, list of machine learning algorithms, linear regression, knn, unsupervised learning. machine learning (machine learning) the practice and theory of creating programs that one learns, a large part of artificial intelligence. programmers teach their algorithms to determine common laws in private cases. as a result, the computer makes decisions based on its own personal competence, and not on the commands that a person has previously specified. too many methods of such training can be attributed to data mining. the first tariff on machine learning was given in 1959 by the american informatist arthur samuel. he is the creator of a checker game with artificial intelligence elements, the first self-taught program in theworld. 190 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. technical types of machine learning and required information. machine learning is a class of artificial intelligence methods, the characteristic feature of which is not a direct solution to the problem, but education in the process of applying solutions to many similar problems. to build such methods, various methods of working with mathematical statistics, numerical methods, optimization methods, probability theory, graph theory, data in numerical form are used there are 3 main types of machine learning algorithm: supervised learning (supervised learning) uncontrolled learning (unsupervised learning) compulsive learning (reinforcement learning) figure 2. basic technical types of machine learning. supervised learning this algorithm consists of a result variable (dependent variable) that is biased to some goal and must be approximated from a given set of predictors (independent variables). using this set of variables, we generate a function that adjusts the input to the desired results. the learning process continues until the model reaches the desired level of accuracy in terms of training data. unsupervised learning – in this algorithm, there is no result variable that we can predict. it is used to cluster a population in different groups, which is widely used to divide buyers into different groups for a given intervention 191 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reinforcement learning with this algorithm, the machine is trained to make specific decisions. it works like this: the machine constantly affects the environment in which it trains itself using tests and errors. this machine studies past experience and tries to obtain the best possible knowledge to make specific decisions. list of machine learning algorithms here is a list of machine learning algorithms commonly used. these algorithms can be applied to almost any reference problem: figure 3. types of machine learning algorithms. linear regression is used to calculate real values based on continuous variables (house prices, total sales, etc. we define the best line and establish relationships between independent and nonindependent variables. of this, the best and corresponding line is called the regression line, and y = a * x + b described by. by the following example, where we define the linear equation y = 0.28111x + 13.9 we determined the best line equal to. now, using this equation, we find out the height of a person and find out the weight. linear regression consists mainly of two types: simple linear regression and a few linear regression. simple linear regression is characterized by one independent variable. and multiple linear regression is characterized by several (more than 1) independent variables. when finding the line that best fits, you can adjust to polynomial or curvature regression. figure 4. an example of linear regression. 192 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us knn (k – nearest neighbors) it can be used to classify and solve regression problems. however, classification problems in this area are common. k close neighbors is a simple algorithm that preserves all existing states and classifies new states by the majority vote of k neighbors. these remote functions can be euclidean, manhattan, minkowski, and hamming distance. the first three functions are calculated for category variables through a continuous function and one of the above four. knn can be easily imitated by us in our real life. for example, gar if you want to know about a person who does not have any information, you can get information about his close friends and circle and have information about him! things to consider before choosing knn: cost per knn calculation, variables must be normalized, from which other range variables can affect this, more processing at the finishing processing stage and before going to knn, such as noise removal, methods of obtaining knowledge. the acquisition of knowledge from the expert(specialist)of the knowledge engineer is carried out in three modes: protocol analysis, interview and playful immitation of professional activities. the knowledge gained in the protocol analysis consists of marking. in the interview mode, the knowledge engineer conducts active communication with the expert, directing him in the desired direction. in a playful immutation, the expert falls into a state similar to the one in which his professional career takes place. following his actions in various cases, the knowledge engineer then forms his own vision of expert knowledge, which is deepened by the expert in the interview mode. the principles of playful imitation have found their place in various work games, special trainers. if information refers to being as a word or numbers, or messages that are generated with the sensory organs of a person or technique, then it is possible to express the concepts and knowledge of being that arise from a logical connection based on information with the word information. in our subsequent lectures, we look at the “unprocessed”of the initial concepts for the perception of being as information (information) and processed as information (data). therefore, information is also understood as information given by others. in uzbek-language sources of knowledge in the field of ict, the concept of “database of the given” is consistent with the concept of “database” in content. information, on the other hand, are the initial signs of being, being – subject, or process, or phenomena. if information refers to being as a word or numbers, or messages that are generated with the sensory organs of a person or technique, then it is possible to express the concepts and knowledge of being that arise from a logical connection based on information with the word information. in our subsequent lectures, we look at the “unprocessed”of the initial concepts for the perception of being as information (information) and processed as information (data). therefore, information is also understood as information given by others. in uzbek-language sources of knowledge in the field of ict, the concept of “database of the given” is consistent with the concept of “database” in content. information, on the other hand, are the initial signs of being, being – subject, or process, or phenomena. it is necessary to study the flow of information and information in a large cell so that we can imagine or realize the existence. the concept of large-scale data processing for perception of existence using algorithms of large-scale data flow learning methods after the creation of computers, i.e. electronic computing machines, gave rise to the concept of machine learning (mo’). conclusion that is, humans have developed large-scale data processing techniques to provide the machine with real-time analytical and logical hulosaging allorhythms of large-scale information and/or data flow. with this, it was possible and developed to make high-volume data flow moor fast decisions. the initial perception of being through information is called a crocodile (crocodile, object). the perception of those early visions – known as the perception of logos-developed as a distinct area of data science. on the other hand, was the first research-oriented discipline in data science and also relied on crocodile perception techniques.information entry and performance. in this area, issues such as handling manuscript checks, identifying signatures, fingerprints and voices, and introducing economic and tax documents into the computer are addressed. example: 193 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us flex read series packages for automatic entry and realization of payment documents and tax returns. references 1. khudaykulov s.i., begimov u.i., structural characteristics of a cavera at a small bubble stage of cavitation // 2021 international conference on information science and communications technologies (icisct) | 978-1-6654-3258-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 ieee | doi: 10.1109/icisct52966.2021.9670426 – 3 p. 2. нуржанов ф. р., даулетов а. ю. математические методы и алгоритмы распознавания изображения лица человека //international innovation research. – 2017. – с. 123-126. 3. muminov b., dauletov a. mathematical and information model of electronic document management system //2021 international conference on information science and communications technologies (icisct). – ieee, 2021. – с. 01-04. 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 fate of a person in shukur kholmirzayev’s story which is called “bitiktosh” kayumova gulsanam samarkand state institute of foreign languages, faculty of oriental languages department of uzbek language and literature +998937142527 qayumovagulsanam111@gmail.com abstract: the article analyzes the story "bitiktosh" by the talented writer shukur kholmirzayev. the story is about the absurdity of soviet ideology and its atheistic propaganda, and how dangerous it is for people's destinies, exemplified through the fate of boyquvar keywords: story, novella, prose, character, image, ideology, creating a character. introduction throughout history, it is known that during the colonial era, significant efforts were made to influence the people's ideology. examples of this ideology include the elimination of intellectuals, the domination over literature, the promotion of personality cults, and the advocacy of atheism. the term "ideology" refers to a system of thoughts and ideas that align with the political and economic goals of a particular society, nation, or social group. in uzbek literature, we often encounter information about this. our writers have reflected on how ideological struggles were carried out and the outcomes they produced. one such writer is shukur kholmirzayev. his first books were published while he was a university student. with his debut novella "oq otli," he immediately captured the readers' attention. his novella "to‘lqinlar" received praise from the famous 20th-century writer abdulla kahhor. from his early steps, kholmirzayev entered literature with a unique voice, distinct imagery, and a particular artistic perception. over time, these aspects of his work deepened and became clearer. his stories predominantly feature depictions of human character, inner turmoil, and rural life. from his early stories, he established his style and created works that revealed the inner world of people, securing his place in our literary history. one of the deeply contemplative works by kholmirzayev is the story "bitiktosh." in "bitiktosh," a sincere, noble, and pure-hearted individual is shown to become helpless and defenseless in the face of widespread apathy and senselessness in society. such noble individuals often suffer the most from http://www/ 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us injustice and are marginalized by the heartless, opportunistic, and overly "correct" individuals, forcing them to seek solace from the heavens. the main character of the story, boyquvar, earned a party membership for his services in land reclamation. his eyesight is poor. while working in a cotton field, he was exposed to chemicals sprayed from a plane, severely damaging his health. he goes to tashkent and accidentally visits the chig'atoy cemetery. impressed by the tombstones and the atmosphere, he erects a granite stone on his father's grave with the inscription "mulla boybo‘ri o‘g‘li boyquvvatov." this causes a stir among the authorities, and under the leadership of his classmate dilnura, he is expelled from the party. boyquvar is deceived into thinking that he will be reinstated in his job if he removes the stone, but this promise is never fulfilled. through boyquvar's character, the author depicts the living conditions, behavior, mentality, work, aspirations, and thoughts of people, ultimately expressing the fate of individuals within society. in this story, kholmirzayev reveals the colonial era's ideology through several characters: boyquvar, who erected the tombstone, the secretary dilnura qosimova, the director husan keldiyev, and party member shoyim shaydulov. the story demonstrates how a trivial issue like a tombstone with the word "mulla" can drastically change a person's fate, cutting off their livelihood and reducing them to a state of distrust and despair. dilnura qosimova, the district party committee's ideology secretary, was intentionally chosen as boyquvar's classmate. this illustrates how the oppressive policy of the time could turn acquaintances into strangers, close friends into insignificant beings, and blood relatives into outsiders. despite knowing boyquvar's sincerity and lack of ulterior motives, dilnura adopts an indifferent stance for the sake of politics. the absurdity of the regime is further highlighted by boyquvar's reflections on the chig'atoy cemetery's beauty compared to his own, barren cemetery, symbolizing the regime's lack of interest in development and its efforts to eliminate any progressive elements. the story concludes with boyquvar turning to god, losing trust in people. this suggests that regardless of the harshness of the regime or its artificial suppression of people's beliefs, the innate human inclination towards goodness and faith cannot be eradicated. hence, the colonial powers' attempts to impose such policies ultimately failed, as goodness triumphed. the narrative emphasizes that truly good people remain marginalized in a society dominated by ruthless and opportunistic individuals, highlighting the enduring human quest for solace and justice. references 1. qozoqboy yo‘ldoshev. yoniq so‘z. toshkent. “yangi asr avlodi”, 2006. 2. 2. izzat sulton. adabiyot nazariyasi. “o‘qituvchi” nashriyot – matbaa ijodiy uyi. toshkent, 2005. 102-105 b. 3. 3. shukur xolmirzayev. bitiktosh hikoyasi. https://n.ziyouz.com/portal-haqida/xarita/uzbeknasri/shukurxolmirzayev-1940-2005/shukur-xolmirzayev-bitikli-tosh-hikoya. 4. 4. dilmurod quronov. adabiyotshunoslikka kirish. t.: a.qodiriy nomidagi xalq merosi nashriyoti, 2004. http://www/ 534 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 some issues of relevance to the court: on the example of administrative courts umarov bakhrom zakirjonovich tashkent state law university department of administrative and financial law, senior teacher +998909833310 baxromumarov@mail.ru abstract this article presents an analysis of the legal description of certain aspects of jurisdiction in the proceedings of administrative court cases. there is also a practical example analysis of the application of rules relating to jurisdiction in the practice of administrative courts. keywords: relevance to sudlv, administrative court, administrative-legal attitude, judicial practice analysis introduction with the adoption of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. 4947 dated february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan", a new era in the field of administrative law has begun, we will not exaggerate. after all, the concept of administrative reforms in the republic of uzbekistan, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on administrative procedures" (hereinafter referred to as mtttqonun[1]), the adoption of the code of administrative procedure, the introduction of administrative courts from june 1, 2017 – at the level of standards of developed foreign countries and taking into account the peculiarities of national legislation, it introduced the rule of law in relations in our country with administrative bodies, the most up-to-date rules for ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. this article will analyze the code on administrative courts and administrative proceedings (referred to as the icjc, respectively), which was introduced for the first time in the history of our country. first of all, according to the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to radically improve the structure of the judicial system of the republic of uzbekistan and increase the efficiency of its activities" (pf-4966 of 02/21/2017), administrative courts were granted powers to consider administrative disputes arising from mass legal relations, as well as cases mailto:baxromumarov@mail.ru 535 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by their nature, administrative courts are aimed at considering administrative cases on the protection of violated or disputed rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens and legal entities. however, administrative border violation cases will focus on punishing the person who committed the border violation. and the question of punishment is really close to the subject of criminal law. accordingly, the consideration of cases of administrative offenses by administrative courts did not correspond to the original nature of the courts under consideration. this issue has been resolved in the state program for 2020 by the fact that from december 1, 2020, it is planned to transfer the powers to consider cases of administrative offenses to the jurisdiction of criminal courts, and from january 1, 2021, in practice, to criminal courts. also, the judicial reform, which should be implemented in 2021, was defined in the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan pf-6034 of july 24, 2020 "on additional measures to further improve the activities of courts and increase the efficiency of justice." in particular, according to this decree, for the consideration of cases arising from administrative and other public legal relations the organization of specialized karakalpakstan republican, regional centers and inter-district administrative courts in the city of tashkent was envisaged, in this regard, the abolition of district (city) administrative courts and administrative courts of the republic of karakalpakstan, regions and the city of tashkent. it was also decided to transfer the powers to consider cases of administrative offenses from administrative courts to criminal courts. in this regard, according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 8, 2021 no. 671, additions and additions related to article 107 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan were made. but we believe that there are still controversial issues regarding the relationship of disputed cases to the court. below are some of these points of view. first of all, cases arising from administrative-legal relations should, as a rule, be referred to the administrative court. however, in the economic procedural code of the republic of uzbekistan, paragraph 1 of article 25, part 1, "cases arising from disputes arising from administrative and legal relations between legal entities in the field of economics and citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity without creating a legal entity and receiving the status of a legal entity." an individual entrepreneur in accordance with the procedure established by law," it is established that this creates a discrepancy with the regularity of consideration of administrative court cases. therefore, it is proposed to distinguish cases related to disputes arising from administrative and legal relations from the framework of cases related to economic courts[2]. secondly, the issue of proceedings (articles 215-222) on the application of judicial measures in chapter 27 of the economic procedural code is also a problematic issue. in fact, this category of work in its content in most cases refers to issues arising from administrative and legal relations. including termination of activities on the basis of a request from regulatory authorities, termination and (or) reorientation of activities of facilities that have a detrimental effect on the natural environment, restriction, suspension and prohibition of activities, suspension of operations on bank accounts, application of financial sanctions for certain types of business activities, such as suspension of licenses (permits) for a period of more than ten working days or termination of their validity and revocation of licenses (permits) are actually cases, arising from administrative and 536 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us legal relations. because in this case, the relationship between the administrative body and the person engaged in administrative and legal activities is of the most fundamental importance. in this position, it is also appropriate to note that administrative courts are provided for the consideration of disputed cases arising from administrative-legal relations. however, when conducting cases on the application of legal measures, there may also be cases that do not cause disputes. that is, there may also be no dispute if the business entity recognizes the fact that the license has grossly violated its requirements and conditions, and does not object to the measure of influence noticed by the supervisory authority. it is appropriate to note that, despite the absence of a dispute, in accordance with the current legislation, cases of this category are considered by economic courts. in our opinion, it actually makes sense for cases of this category to be considered by administrative courts within the framework of administrative-legal relations. in addition, during the proceedings in the administrative court, as a rule, applicants may be citizens and legal entities who file a claim in order to protect their rights and interests protected by law, or in respect of which a request is filed in their interests (article 40 of the icjcc). however, according to chapter 24 of the icjc, in the case of placing a person who does not have a fixed place of residence in a rehabilitation center, an official of the relevant state body applies to the court. thus, the decision of the administrative court can also be appealed to the administrative authorities in certain exceptional cases. in our opinion, even in this matter it would be more correct to look at the aspect of the case, whether the main criterion follows from administrative and legal relations[2]. i. in this regard.m.salimova was also motivated by the fact that cases on the application of legal measures in her scientific work are not considered as an economic dispute arising from administrative legal relations, and a proposal was put forward to transfer this category of cases from the competence of economic courts to the competence of administrative courts. because the work on the application of legal measures in its purest form comes from administrative and legal relations, and the party in this category of work, of course, is the state body performing the control function. this body applies to the court if, in the exercise of its control functions, a certain law detects a violation and concludes that there are grounds for taking certain measures against an economic entity for this [3]. thirdly, in the practice of administrative courts, there are also cases of consideration in an administrative court of a civil dispute that actually arises between two citizens. for example, koshkopir district, khayrabad village, i.b. according to the minutes of the meeting of the farmers' union dated december 23, 1999 e.x.ga the allocation of a land plot with an area of 800 sq.m was shown, and by the decision of the governor of the koshkopir district no. 416 of 27.03.2000, 800 sq.m of land was allocated. citizen e.h. on the basis of the above decision, the state enterprise "khorezm regional land management and real estate cadastre" applied to the khorezm district branch with a request to issue cadastral documents in his name, consisting of a total of 5 rooms (3 living rooms, 1 hut, 1 dolon) located in the khorezm district, khayrabad village, connazey district. the state enterprise "khorezm regional department of land management and real estate cadastre" in response letter no. 1141 of the koshkopir district office dated 30.11.2018. on this land plot in 2012, citizen b.a. (uncle e.h.), in whose name it is explained that cadastral documents were prepared, since the land plot is disputed, he will resolve this issue through the court. 537 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us citizen e.h. appealed to the court with a claim to the khorezm regional land administration and the state enterprise of the real estate cadastre on assigning the department of the koshkopir district the obligation to issue cadastral documents in respect of the disputed place of residence. the petition was granted by the decision of the administrative court of koshkopirsky district dated 20.12.2018. as can be seen from the example above, in this case, two citizens demand to clarify who owns the housing, conflicting with each other in the proceedings in the administrative court. however, for this purpose, a lawsuit is filed against the actions of the cadastral authority. but the cadastral authority cannot specify who owns the disputed housing, and cannot take certain actions for registration of housing on an unspecified (disputed) issue. so, the housing dispute on this issue, the parties to which are two citizens, will be referred to the civil court. instead of a conclusion, we can say that with the introduction of innovations in the system of administrative courts into practice, the independence of the judiciary will be further strengthened, the effectiveness of the administration of justice will increase, ultimately, the protection of human rights and freedoms, the entrepreneurial subtext in our country will increase. in this regard, it is important to form a clear range of cases related to the administrative court. accordingly, administrative courts become an important guarantee of the rule of law, the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. references: 1. ўзбекистон республикасининг 2018 йил 8 январдаги «маъмурий тартиб-таомиллар тўғрисида»ги ўрқ–457-сон қонуни (кучга кириш санаси 10.01.2019. қонун ҳужжатлари маълумотлари миллий базаси, 09.01.2018. – 03/18/457/0525-сон). (law of the republic of uzbekistan "on administrative procedures" of january 8, 2018 no. zru-457 (effective date 10.01.2019. national database of legislation, 09.01.2018.) 2. нематов ж. маъмурий суд иш юритувида судловга тааллуқлилик // одиллик мезони. – 2020. – № 6. – б. 48–51. (nematov j. jurisdiction in administrative proceedings // criteria of justice. 2020. № 6. p. 48–51.) 3. салимова ирода мамаюсуфовна. иқтисодий низоларнинг тааллуқлилиги (назарийҳуқуқий ва процессуал жиҳатлари). юридик фанлар бўйича фалсафа доктори (doctor of philosophy) диссертацияси автореферати (12.00.04). тошкент. 2020. (salimova iroda mamayusufovna. jurisdiction of economic disputes (theoretical-legal and procedural aspects). content of the abstract of the dissertation of the doctor of philosophy (phd) (12.00.04). tashkent. 2020.) https://tsul.uz/files/avtoreferat/salimova_iroda_mamayusufovna.pdf 4. abdusattarova d., yusupov s. improvement of organizational and judicial frameworks of state bodies with appeals of legal and physical entities //архив научных исследований. – 2019. 5. yusupov s. b. the right to the treatment and its evolution //european journal of humanities and social sciences. – 2016. – №. 1. – с. 72-73. https://tsul.uz/files/avtoreferat/salimova_iroda_mamayusufovna.pdf 538 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. yusupov s. b. the essence and activity of the institute of the treatments of physical and legal entities in state bodies of the republic of uzbekistan //theoretical & applied science. – 2015. – №. 11. – с. 140-143. 7. юсупов с. б. совершенствование организационноправовых основ осуществления правовой политики со стороны государственных органов на местах //review of law sciences. – 2020. – №. 4. 8. юсупов с. б. институт обращений физических и юридических лиц в узбекистане: развитие и современное состояние //государственная власть и местное самоуправление. – 2017. – №. 5. – с. 36-38. 348 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the history and essence of the formation of contractual relations in the anglo-saxon and romano-german legal systems alijonov ayubjon qobiljon o`g`li lecturer of tashkent state university of law abstract: it is aimed to study the conditions of its historical development in order to understand the relations of the anglo-saxon and romano-german legal system states regarding contracts, the nature of the legal consequences arising from non-fulfillment of contracts. keywords: contract , essential terms, obligations, legality , offer , acceptance. in the countries of the anglo-saxon legal family, which is considered a common law system, the contract is one of the most important and ancient regulators of social relations, along with custom, precedent and other legal documents. therefore, it is not without reason that great attention is paid to the history of contractual relations in this family of law when studying the modern contract rights of great britain, the united states, canada, australia and other anglosaxon legal system states. in this regard, a.k. romanov1 noted that it is impossible to understand the relations of english contract law without studying the historical requirements for the emergence and development of the contract in the common law system and, in particular, in english law. the predominance of case law, he continues, is one of the characteristics of english law, the lack of generally recognized codification, the lack of clear boundaries between the legal system and its various branches, external conservatism and even the desire to preserve the old form and a number of other means all emphasized that it is impossible to come to a clear opinion and conclusions about them without a thorough study of the history of the main institutions of the english law on the conclusion of contracts and the consequences of their non-performance. in fact, summarizing the opinions of the scholars mentioned above, we can say that it is appropriate to study the historical development conditions of the anglo-saxon legal system in order to understand the nature of legal consequences arising from non-fulfillment of contracts. academician a. saidov said that in the countries of canada, australia and new zealand, which are considered to be countries of the anglo-saxon legal system, in the development of several areas of law, they followed the path of modernization of the old english laws, including the laws in the fields of traditional civil law. for example, in canada, australia and new zealand, the sales contract is based on the english sale of goods act 1893. the further development of these relations led to the adoption of separate documents regulating more specific issues. in australia, the complication was that under the constitution, the federal parliament had no power to regulate trading relationships, but could pass laws regulating the activities of corporations. it follows that the australian trade practices act 1974 applies to relationships where a corporation is a seller. 1романов а. к. правовая система англии: учебное пособие. м., 2000. с. 58. 349 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the historical conditions of the emergence and development of the contract as an ordinary legal institution discussed not only in the anglo-saxon, but also in other countries and local literature, and the range of issues related to contract law arising from it is very wide and diverse. it is necessary to confess. the origin of the contract and its original legal essence are important in the legislation of the countries of the anglo-saxon (common law) system. among the scholars, did the contractual relations of the states of the anglo-saxon legal family appear as a legal institution directly under the influence of the romano-germanic legal system or did they adopt roman law? there are different opinions. and as a logical continuation of this question, whether the characteristic features of the modern contract in the common law system should be considered as a direct consequence of the influence of the emergence of roman law on the anglo-saxon legal system, or whether they are the common law itself ? answering these and similar questions, v. s. belix points out that the researchers of the relations of the countries belonging to the anglo-saxon legal family have common and sometimes contradictory views in the field of legal science.2 in particular, a group of scientists, based on historical facts, put forward the opinion that before the conquest of great britain by normandy, the institution of contract and contract law did not develop at all, contractual relations in the common law system appeared much later than the rule of the romans 3. other authors, in particular r. summers and r. hillman, believe that contractual relations and contract law in the countries of the anglo-saxon legal family were created and improved under the direct influence of roman law 4. from our point of view, given that roman law has survived to this day in certain forms in the contractual relations and law of contracts of many romano-germanic states, neither in the existing and developed early stages of this system nor in the later did not seriously affect the formation and development of the institution of the contract in the countries of the anglo-saxon legal system at all stages. the conclusion of our opinion is that during the comparative-legal analysis of the contract law of a number of anglo-saxon countries, including canada, australia, the united kingdom and the usa, and the study of scientific literature, the law of contract in the countries of this legal family, legal issues arising from the non-performance of the contract consequences are mostly decided by the courts, unlike in the countries of the romano-germanic legal system. court decisions and court precedents play a decisive role in such relations. there are other definitions of the concept of contract in the scientific literature that differ from each other to different degrees. however, from the point of view of a deeper and wider understanding of the contract in the common law system, it is not about their differences, but about the features that distinguish this institution from other similar systems in the anglo-saxon legal family and beyond, the legal consequences arising from the non-performance of contracts. it is considered appropriate to conduct. because the basis of the topic we are studying is the legal consequences of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the terms of the contract. in the us commercial code, the section entitled «unfair contracts and transactions or parts thereof» (§ 2-302) states the following regarding contractual relations. if, when considering a commercial dispute, the court considers that the contract or any part of it at the time of its conclusion contains signs of bad faith (for example, failure to fulfill certain clauses of the contract), the court: 2 белых в.с. договорное право англии: сравнительно-правовое исследование: монография. м., 2018. с.57-59. 3 pollock f., maitland e. the history of english law. cambridge, 1998. vol . ip 134-147. 4 summers r., hillman r. contract and related obligations: theory, doctrine and practice. st. _ paul ., 1997 350 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a) may legally refuse to recognize this contract; b) finds only a part of the contract to be valid, except for the «unfairly concluded part»; c) restricts the application of any unfairly constructed part of the contract 5. in order to make a correct decision, the court requires the parties to the contract to present the relevant evidence to the court to prove that the contract was concluded in good faith or, on the contrary, that the contract was concluded unfairly or dishonestly. at the same time, in the anglo-saxon legal system, unlike the romano-germanic family of law, the court mainly takes into account cases that are important and «possible» to be known to the «other party to the contract». k. schweigert and h. koyets, the authenticity of the subject of the contract and its characteristics, cases of deception under the contract, as well as the personality of the partner under the contract are divided into separate categories in the anglo-saxon legal system. if a party to a contract is acting with intent to deceive (with malicious intent), then intentional deception occurs. as a result, as a result of the legal consequences of non-fulfillment of such contracts, the deceived party has the right to cancel the contract and ask the other party to compensate for the damage. of course, in such cases, the party accused of the contract will have to prove the absence of guilt in his actions, and if he can prove the absence of guilt, the claim for damages will not be satisfied by the court 6. in scientific literature, according to the tradition formed in the traditions of the anglo-saxon legal system, it is emphasized that contract law applies only to mutual promises that are considered as obligations of a person or persons. one of the peculiarities of contract formation in the countries belonging to this legal family is that in cases where the promise of one party does not correspond to the counter-promise of the other party about the actions of the parties to the contract in the future, the contract does not have any it is expressed in the fact that it does not lead to legal consequences. it is difficult to imagine the development of modern law without knowing the nature of the contract. because the study of this legal category has recently become the focus of attention of theoretical scholars. the main point in understanding the contract as a legal category is to study the essence of the phenomenon, because the essence determines the content of the subject being studied. «essence and phenomenon are universal properties of the objective world, and in the process of cognition they act as stages of understanding the object.» the categories of essence and event are inextricably linked, therefore, the event is always a form of manifestation of the essence, and the latter is always revealed in the event, or vice versa, in the content of the event. thus, knowing the nature of the contract can be considered by analyzing its «constituent elements» as an object of research. such elements may be contractual signs. in addition, the selection and analysis of general and special features of an object or event allows to identify this event or object in a number of similarities. the issue of the characteristics of the contract is very multifaceted in modern legal literature due to the different understanding of the contract and its nature. in particular, the romano-germanic and anglo-saxon legal families have different ideas about the contract, its nature and characteristics, so the study of the characteristics of the contract should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of a particular legal family. thus, according to the ideas of the contract existing in the romano-germanic family of law, a contract is «an agreement between two or more persons for a certain amount of money or in an 5https://pravo.hse.ru/intprilaw/doc/0201 6 осакве к. философские основы договора в англо-американском общем праве: договор как обещание // правоведение. 2004. № 4. 351 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us arbitrary form to establish, modify or cancel civil rights and obligations agreement» is understood. in terms of meaning, the definition proposed by the legislator differs from the doctrinal definition of the concept of contract, in particular, in terms of the set of main features. among them: the freedom and equality of expressing the will of the parties, equivalence (reciprocity of the rights and obligations of the parties) are especially important aspects when entering into contractual relations. these features arise not only from the analysis of the definitions of the concept of contract, but also from the main principles of civil law, including freedom of contract, equality of participants in civil legal relations, etc. it is worth considering each of these features in more detail. 1. freedom of the parties to express their will . this feature includes the main issues that must be determined by the future subjects of the contract (parties of the contract) before entering into contractual relations, namely:  during the conclusion of the contract, proposing the issue of its extension to the other party under the contract;  what contract model should be adopted;  what conditions should be accepted when concluding a contract. the parties are free to decide these issues, that is, no one can influence the will of the subjects who set the conditions. also, it is the free expression rights of the parties to conclude or not to conclude a contract. in general, freedom of contract is expressed in: a) citizens and legal entities are free and independent in making decisions about entering into contractual relations. compulsion to conclude a contract is not allowed, except in cases where the obligation to conclude a contract is provided for by law; b) citizens and legal entities can choose a contract model based on the requirements stipulated by the current legislation. the parties should not act contrary to the current legislation when concluding contracts not provided for in the legislation; c) citizens and legal entities must independently determine the terms of the contract they have concluded. however, it should also be noted that freedom of contract is not absolute. that is, according to the contract, the freedom of one subject is limited by the freedom of another subject, it should not be affected. 2. coordination of personal will of the parties . this feature is perhaps the most important in contractual relations. the final goal will be preceded by a «consensus process involving three main steps.» the first stage is the initiation of the process of consent formation, which is carried out by one of the parties to the contract, which seeks to achieve its goals with certain personal intentions. that is, preparation of an offer (offer), and at this stage, ways to reach an acceptable agreement for both parties are developed and implemented. the second stage is to coordinate the development of a strategy of actions to achieve the agreed interests and goals. such interests and objectives shall take priority in reaching an agreement. at this stage, the personal intentions of the parties change as a result of the negotiation process, which is the most important way to reach an agreement. the third stage is the consolidation and implementation of the agreed actions in the contract act, which includes the pre-agreed and modified personal will of the parties, agreement on all important issues and serves as a guide for actions. 352 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it should be noted that the agreeability of the contract is its inseparable feature, cited by almost all researchers of contract theory. it is appropriate to consider a number of definitions of the concept of contract proposed by different authors to show the agreement of the contract. y.kananikina emphasizes the contract as «agreement of the will of at least two persons» aimed at a specific legal result, while v.zalessky said «it is the most important means of coordination of desires and interests used in civil society. « e. godeme gives such a definition as a contract «agreement of two or more persons with the same general concept and aimed at a legal goal» 7. according to m. marchenko, consent is of primary importance for any contract, because without the mutual consent of the parties, there is no contract and it cannot be 8. summarizing the above, we can state our author's position and say that a contract is a contract formed on the basis of an agreement between two parties, where both parties are free to enter into a contract and are not forced to enter into this relationship. a contract is inconceivable without an agreement between the parties. 3. equality of will of the parties . when we talk about the equality of the parties as signs of the contract in general, it is necessary to remember only the formality in the contractual relationship, not the actual equality. the only factor on which the parties are truly equal is the question of changing the terms of the contract, the possibility of completing it, and the binding nature of such an agreement with the other party. if such equality is violated in the contract, this contract cannot be considered as a valid contract. therefore, contractual equality is not the equality of the parties in formal laws, but the actual equality of the will of the subjects of the contract. such rules on contracts exist mainly in european countries that belong to the romano-germanic legal system. modern researchers usually focus on the existence of a specific purpose in the contract. b. puginsky, referring to the need to consider the contract as a type of legal integrity, «considers the contract defined by the common will of the parties, subject and other important conditions related to the achievement of the goal to be a valid contract» 9. by summarizing some of the above results, the following small conclusions can be reached. a contract is a document created for certain purposes by expressing the will of two parties entering into a contractual relationship. this document is drawn up based on the implementation of the principle of freedom of contract. each of the subjects of private legal relations has the right to decide for himself whether to conclude a contract or not. the agreement provides for the interdependence of the rights and obligations of the participants with the corresponding requirements. contracts have specific objectives. thus, from the point of view of the romano-germanic legal system, a contract is a document of a normative nature created by free agreement between two or more individuals and legal entities, drawn up for a specific purpose. in the anglo-saxon family of law, the ideas about the contract and its characteristics differ from each other. in particular, the american researcher christopher oskave stated that «in the angloamerican legal tradition, there is a bipolar concept of the contract, that is, the traditional (classical) concept of the contract in the common law and the modified (modern) concept of the 7марченко м. н. общая теория договора: основные положения // вестник московского университета. серия 11. право. 2003. № 6. с. 10. 8 марченко м. н. общая теория договора: основные положения // вестник московского университета. серия 11. право. 2003. № 6. с. 11. 9римское частное право: учебник / под ред. б.пугинский, и.б.новицкого и и.с.перетерского. м.: “юрайт”, 2018. с. 296. 353 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contract in the law» 10. at the same time, they emphasize that the primary understanding of the contract is a promise confirmed by the opposite rule, that is, a «prospective» transaction with money. in the second case, the contract is understood as a real contract. both of these concepts of contract are based on common principles. that is, it consists of «the presence of counter supply as an integral part of any contract and the concept of contract as a market tool of gain, increase and distribution and its management». robert hillman, an american researcher on the theory of contract, “there is a close connection between the promise and the creation of legal relations. in order to create a contractual obligation, it must be aimed at creating a legal relationship between the person who made the promise and the person who accepted the promise. if there is no such intention, it is considered that the contract was not concluded through a promise 11. thus, the basis for the formation of the contract is the will of the subjects based on trust. it is not for nothing that in anglo-american law, the contract is compared to «a locomotive that pulls the whole market with it.» an important task of the contract is to regulate public relations and, if necessary, to apply mandatory measures against persons who violate the requirements stipulated in the contract . however, it is necessary to pay attention to a small aspect here. a contract can regulate legal relations only when it is a source of law. while the anglo-saxon legal system recognizes such a role for the contract, the tradition of the romano-germanic legal family strongly rejects it. here it is appropriate to consider why the anglo-saxon and romano-germanic traditions of legal systems have different views of the contract as a source of law. it is known that the contract regulates social relations, that is, relations between individuals in society. this right is not denied even in anglo-saxon or romano-germanic families. however, to answer this question, it is necessary to understand what the source of law means in the legal traditions under consideration. in general, the ideas about the sources of law contained in the teachings of these legal traditions are not fundamentally different. thus, in the anglo-saxon legal system, the source of law is understood as «an official document, an act containing legal norms» 12. at the same time, the legal norm in the considered legal tradition is understood as «an accidental provision taken from the main part of the court decision and determining its legal position in the case» the norm of anglo-saxon law arises from the decision of a specific legal case and is much less abstract than the norm of continental law. such a provision shows the random nature of anglo-saxon law, the participation of judges in the formation of legal norms. in this regard, the source of anglo-saxon law means «the specific procedures, forms and processes by which the law acquires its reality the legislative process, the process of forming customs, etc.» such declarations allow for the formation of law by entities authorized to implement the law in the anglo-saxon system. in scientific literature, in particular, the stability and ability of anglo-saxon legislation to make significant changes, adaptation to a changing environment, «pragmatism and quality» of the common law system, daily law enforcement and law enforcement activities of courts, ethics in the process of extensive reliance on moral norms it is distinguished by the presence of specific aspects such as the integral connection of the norms of common law 13. 10осакве к. экономико-философская интерпретация договора в англо-американском общем праве: либеральная теория договора // журнал российского права. 2004. № 9 (93). с. 92 11hillman robert a. a theory of contractual obligation. boston, 1981. p. 235. 12chemla, g., habib, ma, ljungqvist, a. an analysis of shareholder agreements // journal of the european economic association. 2007. 5(1):93-121. pp. 94 13теория государства и права: учебник / под ред. в. к. бабаева. м., 2007. с. 595. 354 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it can be concluded from the above, the doctrine of the anglo-saxon legal system regarding contractual relations is based on moral imperatives such as «promise», «court protection of disputes», «voluntary compensation of unfulfilled requirements under the contract». references 1. principles of european contract law. part i and ii. prepared by the commission on european contract law. edited by o. lando and h. beale // kluwer law int., the hague, 2000. r. 456. 2. plate j. das gesamte examsrelevant zivilrecht , berlin, heidelberg, springer, 2015, 201 p. 3. shapp ya. sistema germanskogo grajdanskogo prava: ucheb. m.: mejdunar. relationship, 2006. 360 p. 4. braginsky m.i., vitryansky v.v. dogovornoe pravo: obshchie pologeniya (po izd. 1997 g.). m., 2017. – 847 p. 5. alijonov,a. (2022). mechanism for implementation of civil responsibility of the state in legal guarantees of entrepreneurs' rights. eurasian journal of law, finance oath applied sciences, 2(13), 178-185. 6. qobiljon ogli, aa (2022). privileges for investment activities and investors, experience of national and foreign countries. web of scientist: international scientific research journal, 3(12), 949-959. 7. qobiljon o’g’li, aa (2021). the concept, types and licensing procedures of activities that must be licensed in international investment law. international journal of development and public policy, 1(6), 188–193. retrieved from https://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdpp/article/view/722 8. alijonov,a.(2021). decisions (compendiums) of international organizations as a source of international investment law. zbírnik scientist prats scientia. 9. shokhijakhon, f. (2021). international practice of the regulation of foreign investments – a comparative study of uzbekistan and some developed countries legislation on investment. збірник наукових праць scientia. вилучено із 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 e and easy governance as a changing paradigm of governance: meaning, nature and utility dr. rajesh gupta department of political science, babu shobha ram govt. arts college, alwar, rajasthan, india in colloquial language, the words 'government' and 'governance' are used as synonyms, but in the terminology of political science there is a big difference between the two. the meaning of the word governance is much broader than government. government is a machinery and institutional arrangement that exercises sovereign power to fulfill the external interests of the community, while the process of taking authorized decisions for the benefit of the community and implementing the decisions is called governance. from the point of view of literal etymology, the word governance is basically derived from the english word ‘governance’, which means to operate. governance is the art of governing, it is concerned with operational decisions that define expectations, confer power and verify performance. the word 'good governance' is formed by adding the prefix 'su' to the word 'governance', which is also made up of two words of english language good and governance. in which the word 'good' has been taken in corrupted form which means good and the literal meaning of 'governance' is governance i.e. good governance is literally translated as good governance. the concept of good governance has evolved along with human civilization, but its relevance is increasing with the changing times due to human nature and falling moral standards. good governance means good governance. in general sense, the method of working of any organization is called governance. how do various organizations establish coordination among themselves, how do they connect the public and what role is determined for the public as a part of the system, to what extent are the public's problems heard, etc. to achieve all the objectives. good governance is to work within a fixed system. what is called easy governance in english language terminology has been called good governance in hindi. because easy governance also means that the work done by the government in the public interest and its process should be made so easy and transparent that the public can get their benefits as quickly and inclusively as possible. along with this, all the officers and employees should also discharge their responsibilities with their responsibilities and accountabilities. the intention of good governance also serves these purposes. good governance has also been mentioned earlier by osborne and gawler in their famous book ‘renewing government’. in the present context, the term good governance was first used by the world bank in 1989. after the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991 and the establishment of a unipolar world order, the use of the term good governance began to gain momentum and received global approval from the world bank's report in 1992. good governance: meaning and implications 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us meaning of good governance: according to oxford dictionary, “governance means a method of control or the art and style of governance.” therefore, good governance is a system which has been adopted for its goodness or ease. thus, in summary, good governance means a responsive, transparent and efficient political structure that is based on participatory decision-making and equality, which includes transparency, accountability and rule of law. after the above discussion, it can be said that good governance needs to be seen holistically. good governance is the combination of efficient administration with effective governance. it is a concept related to efficient and effective administration within a democratic framework. good governance can be expressed as a purposeful and development based administration committed to achieving equitable standards of living for its citizens. this is the implementation of high-level organizational effectiveness. the term good governance can be expressed as the tendency to assimilate new values and ideals to establish maximum efficiency, fairness and credibility. that is, good governance means the beauty and goodness of governance and administration which is citizen friendly and citizen welfare. good governance: implications in the indian context the word good governance in india is perhaps as old as the indian system of governance. in india, good governance has been considered an integral part of indian politics since ancient times. in ancient india, many works like valmiki's ramayana, jataka tales, mahabharata, shukachar's neetisar, panini's ashtadhyayi, aitareya brahman and kautilya's arthashastra etc. contain descriptions of good governance system. in valmiki ramayana, the concept of ramrajya was considered as good governance, it has been described in shanti parva and anushthan parva in mahabharata. kautilya described it in his book arthashastra for good governance system and to maintain it, he gave a detailed description of the qualities, education, daily routine of the king and gave the principle of application. he said, “the relationship between the king and his subjects should be like that of father and son.” kautilya has given many characteristics of good governance, such as governance should always be in the public interest, the life of the rulers should be disciplined. punitive measures should be taken against corrupt employees etc. after independence, rapid efforts were made to establish easy government i.e. good governance in india because the concept of good governance paves the way for making the government human-oriented, public welfare, developmental and participatory. in fact, it is related to increasing the process of democratization and protection of human rights. in the present context of good governance, in november 1966, the chief secretaries of the states and union territories held a detailed discussion on the decision of effective and responsible governance and the conclusion was reached that the credibility and reputation of all levels of administration, public administration, civil services in india should be there has been a decline in influence. indian governance is plagued with flaws like nexus between politicians, citizens and criminals, decline in honesty and transparency and low rate of public access to politicians, public representatives and officials who hold the power and authority in their hands. he admitted that the effectiveness of accountable institutions has been declining in india since independence. therefore, we should adopt the governance system and administrative structure as per the objective of easy government and make necessary changes in the already established governance system and administrative structure and process. keeping these objectives in mind, efforts have been made by the central and state governments to make governance simple, transparent, sensitive, responsive, accountable, citizen-oriented and ethical by using government tools in government work with the help of e-administration and this effort is continuing. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at present, under the democratic system of the country, good governance is being seen as efficient and good governance. good governance gives important place to the rule of law, accountability, equality, decentralization, accountability, transparency, honesty, administrative quality, high ethical standards and excellent use of information technology in its functioning. where public servants work in the spirit of public interest and policy making is done by qualified and skilled persons. for this reason, social scientists, national and international organizations and civil society themselves are concerned about how good governance should be established in india. in fact, the entire emphasis of good governance lies on the capacity of political institutions, democracy and participation. thus, the meaning of easy governance is to make the process of implementation of policies, schemes and programs run by the government simple, transparent, accountable and responsible so that the public can get its benefits easily and easily. since india is a developing country and most of its population resides in villages, the relevance of easy governance is due to lack of awareness and lower educational level among rural people as compared to cities and less means of information and communication in villages. india is clearly reflected in. the present era of information technology is growing very fast and in present india, not only in the cities but also in most of the villages, people have the latest technologies of information technology like android mobile and that is why the communication of information is now fast. used to be. in this era, e-governance is emerging as a powerful medium as a factor of easy governance, the discussion of which is as follows e-governance: meaning and implications today, with the worldwide revolution in information technology, new trends have emerged, one of which is e-governance. this term is made up of technologies like information technology, computer, electronics and telecommunication, which includes the acquisition, storage and analysis of information and its social, economic, political, administrative and technical dimensions. e-governance has been linked to a system of governance in which various electronic devices are used to deliver government services and information to the public. through e-governance, rural people can not only get information about rules, laws and work procedures but can also contribute significantly in structural and functional improvements. in fact, through e-governance, government services and important information are provided to the common people through the internet. at the same time, if you pay electricity or water bill through internet, you can do this also due to e-governance. the full name of e-governance is electronic governance. the word ‘e’ in this word means those electronic goods which run with the help of electricity like computer, phone, laptop etc. whereas governance is called ‘prasasan’ in hindi, which means making rules and norms for someone and ensuring that they function well. the government is using it to ensure participation of all sections through e-governance. under this, emphasis is being laid on transparency, accountability and people's participation. this includes online disclosure of policies, online grievance redressal, e-referendum etc. e-governance is also called online-governance and digital-governance. today e-governance is changing into smart governance. governance means providing services to the society. in this way, electronic governance means providing services to the people by the government with the help of computer networks. electronic governance is a necessity today, because through it the relationship between the government and citizens can be made easier. e-governance is currently undergoing significant development to make the delivery of public services affordable, dynamic and effective to citizens and other consumers. in this way, through e-governance, work is being done to make the delivery of services clean, effective, accountable 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and transparent by eliminating ineffective activities like inefficiency, corruption and bureaucracy. under electronic governance, the public can get information about the work of various departments of the government with the help of information technology. a government equipped with information technology can provide facilities to the people in a better way. due to information revolution, it is possible to ensure maximum participation of people in governance. electronic governance has provided this facility to the people to get information and services from the government whenever and wherever they want. e-governance is the use of communication technology and newly emerging information to simplify government and public administration. but in reality, e-governance is the name of choice. in this, citizens are provided the option to choose their own methods of communication with their governments. at the same time, the government also chooses how to use the options in providing the benefits of information and communication technology to the public. with the help of e-governance, there is transparency in government administrative work. at the same time, information is made available to all citizens at a fast pace. along with improvements in administrative machinery, facilities in the areas of transport, electricity, water, health, security, city services etc. can be improved. seeing whatever uses have been made in the subject of egovernance, it is believed that with the help of information technology, government services can be provided to the common man in a better way. with the help of e-governance, governance can be made simple, transparent, sensitive, responsive, accountable, citizen-oriented and ethical by using government tools in government work. in simple sense, it is a developed technique of science and technology. likecomputer, internet, cd, e-mail, scanning etc. from e-governance to good governance the present indian government wants to take the country in the direction of ‘minimum government, maximum governance’ (minimum government, maximum work). establishment of a strong and reliable e-governance system in the country is a timeless step in that regard. the experience so far shows that the role of e-governance in bringing the entire government system under one technological eco-system and bridging the gap between the government and the citizen is commendable. but the matter is not limited to this. not only are the gaps within the government system shrinking, the gap between the government and the citizens is also shrinking, but it is also helping in bridging the gap between the government and the industry. in short, egovernance is an essential component of good governance. from the point of view of indians, the broader meaning of good governance is ‘good governance’. most indians, to a great extent, associate it with the concept of ramrajya. a government whose all its organizations are pursuing the sole objective of the welfare of the citizens. similar to the objectives of good governance, one of the numerous benefits of e-governance is the delivery of government services in a transparent and accountable manner. inclusive, twoway-interactive systems of e-governance also allow people to convey their complaints and problems to the government. today, government portals like mygov are receiving thousands of messages from people across the country. these messages are viewed by the authorities and then action is taken as required. citizens have found a great way to reach the government. in good governance, there is free and open participation by citizens in political processes. e-governance also contributes to eliminating corruption as there are no middlemen involved in the process of delivering and receiving services. it also helps in reducing red tape and bureaucracy and improving efficiency. e-governance not only provides convenient and on-demand access to government services but also saves valuable financial resources at both ends of the system (provider and recipient). the 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us last few years have also seen a cultural rejuvenation in terms of information technology in india when even the people at the far end of the development process have benefited from the digital revolution in some way or the other. in short, india's progress in the field of digital technology is unstoppable. in the coming years, we will see the scope of digital india, e-governance and m-governance becoming increasingly broad and effective. at present, communication of information is happening at a fast pace. in this era, e-governance is emerging as a powerful medium as a factor for easy governance. e-governance is also called online-governance and digital-governance. today e-governance is changing into smart governance. governance means providing services to the society. in this way, electronic governance means providing services to the people by the government with the help of computer networks. with the help of e-governance, governance can be made simple, transparent, sensitive, responsive, accountable, citizen-oriented and ethical by using government tools in government work. in short, e-governance is the future of good governance and is in line with the vision of the government of india to transform india into a transparent and digitally empowered country. bibliography 1. bhattacharya, mohit, governing rural india, new delhi, 1991, p. 67 2. kashyap, c. subhash, crime corruption and good governance, uppal publication, new delhi, 2007, p. 104 3. nandita, administrative reform initiatives and impact (study in the context of rajasthan) alekh publishers, jaipur, 2004, p. 87 4. singh, hoshiar and d.p. singh, indian administration: current issues and problems, alekh publishers, jaipur, 1990, p. 47 5. maheshwari, s.k., the evolution of indian administration, lakshminarayan aggarwal, agra, 2013, p. 62 6. singhvi, neeta, administration and the citizen, samavia publications, bombay, 1987, p. 57 7. dubey, ashok kumar, public administration in the 21st century, tata magahill, new delhi, 2008, p. 54 8. sheetalvad, m.c., the indian constitution, padma publications bombay, 1965, p. 226 9. saxena, pradeep, administrative reforms a study of major countries. r. b.s.a. publishers, jaipur 2004, p. 2 10. chopra, saroj, administrative institutions, rajasthan hindi granth academy, jaipur, 2002, p. 9 11. sinha, sachchidanand, public sector reform in india, new role of the distinct officer, sage publications, new delhi, 2008, p. 15 12. yadav, sushma, gautam balwan, public administration theory and practice, orient blackswan, new delhi, 2015, p. 182 13. srinivas, roy b, e-governance techniques, the macmillan company of india limited, new delhi, 2017, p. 143 14. rao bhaskar, n., good governance: providing corruption free public services, sage publications, new delhi, 2017, p. 91 15. gupta, d.n., e-governance a comprehensive framework, a.p.h. publications, new delhi, 2018, p. 154 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. roy, vinod, rethinking good governance, oxford & ibh publishing company, new delhi, 2019, p. 82 17. arora, ramesh, chaturvedi geeta, state administration in india rbsa publishers, jaipur, 2021, p. 139 18. kataria, dr. surendra, social administration (welfare administration) rbsa publishers, jaipur, 2021, p. 78 155 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 proverbs as an object of axiological linguistics tuxtaev sirojiddin toshpulatovich deputy dean for academic affairs of the faculty of foreign philology of the national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek abstract: the article discusses the study of proverbs as an object of axiological linguistics. it is noted that proverbs are of great value for axiological linguistics, allowing the study of both linguistic semantics and cultural phenomena. proverbs represent valuable material for the study of the axiosphere of language and culture, since they, as an object of axiological linguistics, reflect the value system and worldview of the native speaker and demonstrate an attitude towards significant cultural concepts, such as age, wealth, health. analysis of the proverbial fund allows us to reveal the basic values and anti-values that underlie the mentality of the people. keywords: proverbs, axiology, linguistics, values, anti-values, linguistic picture of the world, assessment, anthropocentric proverbs, axiological approach. proverbs, as works of folk wisdom, are valuable material for studying the axiological aspects of language and culture, since they briefly and clearly express the key principles and beliefs that form the basis of the worldview of a particular ethnic group. the study of these short but meaningful expressions can reveal both the core values and anti-values that are characteristic of a particular cultural group. that is why scientific works often analyze the axiological elements of proverbs using the examples of various languages. e.a. murashova, on the analysis of markers of axiological evaluation in cossack proverbs and sayings from the point of view of modern linguistic pragmatics, considers markers of axiological evaluation as carriers of a certain type of pragmatic meaning, which clearly reflects axiological references through an assessment of the value of the sender, aimed at a fragment of reality. the author points out some difficulties of analysis associated with the unique features and nature of the phenomenon being studied, such as the ambivalence of the meaning of axiological pragmatic markers and a wide range of variations in the verbalization of axiological assessment. based on the material of cossack proverbs and sayings by e.a. murashova details the classification of axiological assessment markers, taking into account their multi-layered, open and additive structure. various types of markers have been identified, such as sacred, ethical, utilitarian and others.during the experiment, the author obtained reactions from four groups of respondents, which reflect semantic associations between metaphysical phenomena and axiological attitudes of the sender of the text [13, p. 127-134], which sheds light on the problem of representing subjective values and worldviews in paremiological units of language. ru. majidova studies the axiological perception of the linguistic picture of the world, which is reflected in anthropocentric proverbs. according to the author, social facts in the minds of native speakers are marked axiologically, which is closely related to the national mentality of the people. paremiological units are considered from various aspects, including their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics, value guidelines and priorities. proverbs are presented as 156 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the foundation on which a person’s worldview, his value guidelines and priorities are based [11, p. 157-161]. t.g. bochina and xiang qun conducted an axiological analysis of russian proverbs and sayings related to a person’s age. the study is aimed at identifying values and anti-values that are associated with age in russian proverbs. based on the results of the analysis of collections of proverbs by v. dahl and a.m. zhigulev researchers have found that russian paremiology is dominated by proverbs about old age, as well as oppositional sayings comparing youth and old age. youth in this context is an unmarked norm. in russian culture, each age period is assigned a specific role and purpose.for example, youth is associated with learning, maturity with hard work, and old age with pride in one’s years and accumulated experience. age in proverbs is associated with various aspects such as physical condition, experience, wisdom and social maturity. however, most proverbs about age are focused on men, only a small part applies to women. proverbs also reflect changes in a person’s character and qualities with age [6, p. 44-48]. thus, the work of t.g. bochina and xiang qun is a study of the axiological aspects of russian paremiology in the context of age characteristics: how different stages of life are perceived in russian culture and what values are associated with them. values and anti-values are considered as key elements that form cultural and social guidelines [15]. they serve as the fundamental principles of culture and determine individual or collective judgments and actions. this is especially important for understanding how different age stages are perceived and assessed in russian linguistic culture. article by l.k. bayramova and d.m. moskaleva is devoted to an axiological analysis of french proverbs that consider the dyad “wealth poverty”. the authors analyze proverbs expressing various aspects of wealth and poverty. for example, in french culture, wealth is often associated with the need for economy and moderation, while poverty is seen as an incentive to ingenuity and the need for help. the article notes that most of the examined proverbs relate to wealth, while there are significantly fewer proverbs about poverty, which, according to the authors, indicates that in french culture wealth has greater axiological weight compared to poverty. it is interesting that these proverbs also contain a negative assessment of stinginess, which shows the complexity and versatility of axiological assessments in phraseology [2, p. 32-37]. t.a.mirzaeva in her work explores the moral and ethical assessment of personality through proverbs and sayings in russian, english, spanish and tabasaran. the main approach to the study is that the moral sphere is considered in proverbs and sayings as an object and result of conceptualization and evaluation. the author also examines the linguistic tools used for research in order to identify axiological meanings in traditional cultures. the relationship between folk pedagogy and proverbs is discussed, emphasizing that the concept “man” can be interpreted as a complex of ideas, concepts and associations. it is noted that proverbs are a rich source for various types of research: semiotic, cultural, historical-ethnographic and linguistically contrastive, which makes it possible to reveal the meanings of everyday consciousness and spiritual postulates [12]. e.a. bogdanova studies the axiological aspect of the national picture of the world in russian and french linguistic cultures. the main attention is paid to the problem of the value nature of the categorization of reality in these cultures through the concepts of good and evil. the author emphasizes that linguistic structures reflect the characteristics of a certain linguistic culture, in particular the cultural and ethical component and the normative and evaluative base. the article presents examples of the verbalization of these concepts in russian and french cultures. the axiological aspects of worldview, which are reflected in linguistic structures, are also revealed. e.a. bogdanova, touching on issues of assessment and value relations, notes that assessment and value are different concepts [4, p. 82]. ok. bayramova analyzes russian proverbs in the context of an axiological phraseological dictionary, in particular, she reveals the ambivalence of proverbs, which is expressed in the duality of their meaning and values, which is most clearly manifested in the example of the 157 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us “wealth poverty” dyad [1, p. 10-12]. ambivalence in this case reflects the nature of the values encoded in proverbs. ok. bayramova developed a system of ten axiological dyads, which include such concepts as “life death”, “health illness”, “happiness misfortune” and so on. these dyads represent key values and anti-values, which are reflected in russian proverbs and phraseological units. in the article by d.a. zavgorodnyaya explores east slavic culture through the prism of proverbs, with an emphasis on time orientation.as the author writes, in east slavic proverbs there is a noticeable dual attitude towards time: on the one hand, it is valued as something irreplaceable and priceless, which corresponds to western (linear) views on time. on the other hand, these proverbs reflect the desire for improvement and innovation, while maintaining respect for tradition and a conservative approach. the author also notes the importance of the “past” in the east slavic mentality. the past is often seen as a stronghold and authority, especially in comparison with the new and untested [8, p. 121-122]. overall, the study by d.a. zavgorodney shows that, despite cultural differences, there are certain similarities in the perception of time and traditions in arab and east slavic cultures. east slavic and arab cultures have much in common in their attitude to time, which is reflected in similar proverbs. however, in arab culture the dependence on the canons and traditions of the past is more pronounced [14]. overall, the dissertation is a comprehensive study of the role of proverbs in argumentative discourse, with an emphasis on their axiological and semantic aspects. in general, the axiological parameters of the concept “doctor” are dynamic and subject to change. thus, according to the author, there is an alarming trend in russian medical culture: a decrease in the level of general culture and background knowledge among young doctors and students, including foreign ones. this is especially noticeable in medical universities in russia. one of the problems is the lack of habit of reading literary works among students, which affects their ability to effectively master literary texts on medical topics. these texts are important for the development of oral speech skills, including professional ones [5, p. 232]. thus, proverbs are of great value for axiological linguistics, allowing the study of both linguistic semantics and cultural phenomena. in general, a review of studies devoted to the analysis of proverbs from the point of view of axiological linguistics allows us to conclude that proverbs serve as a reflection of the value system and traditions of the people to which they belong. their axiological analysis allows us to better understand the mentality and traditions of a particular ethnic group. further promising directions in this area include comparative studies of proverbs of different cultures, the study of the dynamics of value systems, as well as consideration of the axiological aspects of other folklore genres. references 1. bayramova l.k. poslovisi v «aksiologicheskom frazeologicheskom slovare russkogo yazika: slovare sennostey i antisennostey» // vestnik novgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. – № 77. – 2014. – s. 10-12. 2. bayramova l.k., moskalyova d.m. poslovisi kak sostavnaya chast' aksiologicheskoy frazeologii fransuzskogo yazika // filologiya i kul'tura. – № 3 (33). – kazan', 2013. – s. 3237. 3. beleskaya a.yu. poslovisa kak presedentnaya yedinisa v argumentativnom diskurse: diss. ... kand. filol. nauk. – samara, 2002. – 200 s. 4. bogdanova ye.a. sennost' kak realizasiya aksiologicheskoy funksii kul'turi v ramkax yazikovogo soznaniya // filologicheskie nauki. voprosi teorii i praktiki. v 4-x ch. ch. 2. – № 12 (78). – tambov, 2017. – c. 82. 158 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. bolokova n.k. preobrazovanie aksiologicheskix parametrov konsepta «vrach» v sovremennoy russkoy lingvokul'ture // istoricheskaya i sosial'no-obrazovatel'naya misl'. – tom 7. № 6. – chast' 1. – 2015. – s. 228. 6. bochina t.g., syan syun'. aksiologiya vozrasta v russkoy paremike // filologiya i kul'tura. – 3 (33). – 2013. – s. 44-48. 7. bredis m.a. aksiologicheskaya sostavlyayushaya poslovis o bogatstve (na materiale russkogo, pol'skogo, nemeskogo i angliyskogo yazikov) // sbornik materialov konferensii. – m.: «ajur», 2019. – s. 115-117. 8. zavgorodnyaya d.a. vremennaya orientasiya kul'turi v zerkale paremiy: na primere vostochnoslavyanskix i arabskix poslovis // vіsnik zaporіz'kogo nasіonal'nogo unіversitetu. – zaporіjjya: znu, 2017. – № 1. – s. 121-122. 9. komilova g.r. aksiolingvisticheskiy podxod v analize poslovis // mejdunarodniy jurnal «iskusstvo slova». – tom 3, № 2. – 2020. – s. 48. 10. lomakina o.v., mokienko v.m. sennostnie konstanti rusinskoy paremiologii // rusin. – t. 54, vip. 4. – 2018. – s. 303-317. 11. madjidova r.u. antroposentricheskie poslovisi kak sredotochie aksiologicheskix svoystv yazika // molodoy ucheniy. – 2019. – s. 157-161. 12. mirzaeva t.a. osenka cheloveka v poslovisax i pogovorkax russkogo, angliyskogo, ispanskogo i tabasaranskogo narodov: moral'no-nravstvennaya sfera: diss. ...kand. filol. nauk. – stavropol', 2008. 13. murashova ye.a. markeri aksiologicheskogo osenivaniya v kazach'ix poslovisax i pogovorkax // vestnik volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. seriya 2: yazikoznanie. – vip. 16, №. 2. – 2017. – s. 127-134. 14. nosirova m. o. poslovichnaya kartina mira kak fragment yazikovoy kartini mira //involta scientific journal. – 2023. – t. 2. – №. 5. – s. 168-174. 15. nosirova m. o. reprezentativniy aspekt sosial'nix sennostey v russkoy i uzbekskoy poslovichnoy kartine mira //obrazovanie i innovasionnie issledovaniya mejdunarodniy nauchno-metodicheskiy jurnal. – 2023. – №. 7. – s. 87-91. 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 off-budget pension fund aliyev ma'ruf assistant of the department of finance of the karshi engineering-economics institute abstract: the article contains information about the nature of the off-budget pension fund of the republic of uzbekistan, its stages of formation, structure, and goals. keywords: pension, social protection, fund, state pension provision, benefit, length of service. after gaining independence, the republic of uzbekistan paid great attention to the social support of the population. along with ensuring the employment of the population and creating sufficient working conditions, the state also took care of those who were unable to work, and the policy of gradually and consistently improving the system of allowances and pensions was carried out. the social protection of citizens is determined by the constitution. the off-budget pension fund under the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan occupies a special place in the pension system of the republic of uzbekistan. particular attention is paid to the financial stability of the extra-budgetary pension fund under the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan, to the regulatory and legal framework, and to the material and technical strengthening of the local population service units. optimization of citizens' pension expenses, target spending of funds and control over pension payments will be strengthened. the procedure for the formation of this fund is defined in the tax code. a pension fund is a fund that creates the necessary financial base for the implementation of stateguaranteed social protection for the population, provides funds for the payment of pensions and allowances in the amounts specified by law. the pension fund in uzbekistan was established for the first time on january 14, 1991, as the branch of the republic of uzbekistan of the former ussr pension fund. later, after the independence of uzbekistan, on august 4, 1993, it was transformed into the social insurance fund under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan. by the decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on december 27, 1996, "on the establishment of a pension fund under the ministry of social security of the republic of uzbekistan", it was transferred to the ministry of social security. later, from january 1, 2001, it was transformed into an off-budget pension fund. since january 1, 2010, it has been operating as an off-budget pension fund under the ministry of finance. the main tasks of the off-budget pension fund are as follows:  to carry out constant analysis and monitoring of the appointment of pensions and their recalculation on a systematic basis, to ensure the strictly targeted use of the funds directed to the pension provision of citizens;  to organize the state pension provision of citizens in accordance with the procedure established by law, assign pensions, social allowances, compensation payments and other payments to citizens, ensure the recalculation of the amounts of pensions and other payments;  organization of full financing and payment of pensions and other payments, keeping accounts and reports on them; 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  organization of collection of funds paid to pensions due to disability at work or occupational disease from guilty legal entities and individuals in accordance with the established procedure;  organization of medical and labor expertise services. the goals of the off-budget pension fund are to achieve timely and accurate provision of financing measures for strong social protection of the population, improvement of the management structure in the state-guaranteed pension system, mandatory contribution to income, and ensuring the complete collection of funds and deductions. on september 3, 1993, the law "on state pension provision of citizens" was adopted, and this law establishes the constitutional rights of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan to social security in the event of old age, complete or partial loss of working capacity, and in case of lack of breadwinners. "issuance, determined the unified system of state pensions, their appointment, calculation, recalculation and payment procedure. this law "became important in defining the procedure for using extra-budgetary pension fund funds. for information, this law was last amended in 2022. in accordance with the law "on state pension provision of citizens", to ensure the timely payment of pensions, as well as to fund the costs of paying social insurance benefits and other pensions assigned by social security bodies from the funds of the pension fund; allowances for children with disabilities, elderly and incapacitated citizens who do not have the right to state pension provision; temporary disability benefits, including pregnancy and maternity benefits; allowances given when a child is born; funeral allowances; in accordance with the legislation, other payments are provided with funds from the pension fund. funds of the pension fund are formed from the insurance contributions of enterprises, institutions and organizations, compulsory insurance contributions from the wages of citizens, as well as from the sums established by the law and other deductions established by the law from the members of individuals and farms without being a legal entity. the main expense of the pension fund is, of course, the state pension. there are three types of state pensions in the republic of uzbekistan. they are old-age pension, the disability pension and the survivor's pension. an old-age pension is a pension paid to the population who have reached a certain age (men are 65 years old, women are 60 years old) and have completely or partially lost their ability to work.age pension is divided into two categories:  appointed on a general basis;  pension on a preferential basis. a general old-age pension is a pension granted to men when they reach the age of 60 and have at least 25 years of work experience, and to women when they reach the age of 55 and have at least 20 years of work experience. preferential pensions can be classified as follows:  a list of industries, institutions, jobs, professions, and positions that give the right to receive a pension regardless of age;  the list of productions, institutions, jobs, professions, positions and indicators that give the right to receive a pension with the general fixed age reduced by 10 years;  a list of industries, institutions, jobs, professions, tasks and indicators that give the right to receive a pension with the general age reduced by 5 years.  the right to receive a pension with the common age reduced by one year; 102 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  people with hypophyseal dwarfism (lilliputs) and people with body structure disproportion have the right to receive a pension with the general retirement age reduced to 15 years: men have at least 20 years of work experience; women get at least 15 years of service. a disability pension is awarded in connection with a long-term or temporary loss of working capacity (disability). the survivors' pension consists of monthly payments from the pension fund, the amount of which depends on the salary of the deceased breadwinner and the number of dependent family members. provision of pensions to citizens of the republic of uzbekistan living outside the territory of the republic is carried out on the basis of international agreements of the republic of uzbekistan. foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing in the republic of uzbekistan have the same right to pension as citizens of the republic of uzbekistan. references 1. aliyev ma’ruf komiljon ugli, . 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(2023). priority directions and prospects for ensuring the stability of the state budget. american journal of business management, economics and banking, 8, 48–52. retrieved from https://americanjournal.org/index.php/ajbmeb/article/view/328 6. maruf, a. (2023). digital economy. open access repository, 4(2), 11-17. 7. ikromovich, r. z., murtazaevna, k. y., rashidovich, m. n., & oramov, j. j., aliyev.m.k features of the credit mechanism of international financial organizations. 8. omanov, r. f. (2023). benefits and risks of the digitalization. intent research scientific journal, 2(12), 59-65. 9. farmonovich, o. r. (2023). digitization of management accounting. 10. farmonovich, o. r., & umarzhonovna, n. g. (2023). economic aspects of the development of small enterprises of the kashkadarya region. 11. farmonovich, o. r., & xusin o'g'li, r. q. (2023). prospects for digitization of management accounting. conferencea, 9-12. 12. omanov, r. f., khasanova, y. m., dustova, m. k., farmonov, j. z., & nazarova, g. u. (2022). digitalization of the economy: possible benefits and risks. webology, 19(2), 620626. 103 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. farmonovich, o. r., & azimovich, s. s. (2024). prospects for the development of small enterprises in uzbekistan. intent research scientific journal, 3(1), 40-43. 161 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 worldwide unemployment rate and rate of reduction rafikov abror student of university of business and science abstract: the article deals with the important information and the latest date about worldwide unemployment rate and rate of reduction. on the other hand, unemployment rate in uzbekistan and in the world were analyzed. keywords: economic instability, negative ramifications, full-time job, economic conditions, unemployment rate, artificial intelligence, policymakers, innovative industries. in today’s interconnected world, the issue of global unemployment has become a pressing concern for individuals, economies, and societies at large. unemployment is a serious problem that impacts people, families, and whole economies. unemployment may cause social and economic instability, as well as slowed economic development and productivity. many nations across the globe deal with high unemployment rates, and certain countries have extremely high rates. economic circumstances, labor market restrictions, skill mismatches, and other variables may all contribute to high unemployment rates, which vary by nation. understanding the causes and repercussions of excessive unemployment is vital for governments and people attempting to solve this serious problem. not being able to afford rent, to get an education or visit a doctor, to provide for yourself and your family—unemployment, we know, has many negative ramifications. however, translating each person’s situation into data and data into policies that can improve the situation of millions of unemployed individuals is remarkably arduous. while experts agree that the jobless rate represents the percentage share of the labor force out of work and that high unemployment can threaten growth and social cohesion, they often disagree on how best to quantify joblessness since there are multiple methods of appraising the nuances of a given labor market. the official unemployment rate is determined by dividing the number of individuals without jobs by the sum total of the labor force. the trouble starts when it comes to figuring out who exactly is—and is not—part of the labor force. the very individuals in question often cannot tell whether they should consider themselves employed or unemployed. for example: a person who loses a well-compensated full-time job and settles for a part-time position that pays a fraction of what they previously made even though they continue to seek additional part-time or freelance work to supplement their income is by default classified as “employed” while another person who actively seeks work but takes a few weeks off from job-hunting is not counted as part of the labor force. an individual who would like to work but is unable to get a job due to a disability or medical condition is in the very same position[1]. as we move into 2023, there is much interest in how the global economy will fare in the coming year. one key indicator of economic health is the unemployment rate, which provides insight into the availability of job opportunities and the overall economic conditions in different countries. in 2023, many countries are expected to continue recovering from the economic impacts of the covid-19 pandemic, but the unemployment rates are still projected to vary widely between different regions and countries. according to recent projections, some of the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covid-19 162 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us countries with the lowest unemployment rates in 2023 are likely to be iceland, japan, and south korea, with rates ranging from 2.2% to 2.9%. on the other hand, some countries are expected to continue facing high unemployment rates, including south africa, nigeria, and jordan, with rates ranging from 20% to 35%. other countries are projected to see significant improvements in their unemployment rates in 2023, such as brazil, where the rate is expected to drop from 14.3% in 2022 to 9.3% in 2023[2]. the unemployment rates by country in 2023 are expected to be influenced by various factors, including government policies, changes in the global economy, and the effects of the ongoing pandemic. as we look ahead to 2023, it will be important to monitor these trends and understand how they impact the job market and the overall economic conditions in different parts of the world. by staying informed and adapting to these changes, individuals and businesses can better navigate the complex economic landscape of the coming year. unemployment rate in uzbekistan decreased to 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2022 from 9.60 percent in the fourth quarter of 2021. unemployment rate in uzbekistan averaged 7.96 percent from 1991 until 2022, reaching an all time high of 13.30 percent in 1998 and a record low of 1.90 percent in 1991[3]. the unemployment rate in uzbekistan and other countries is defined as the number of unemployed people as percent of the labor force. the labor force includes the people who are either employed or unemployed, i.e. who don't have a job but are actively looking for one. the labor force does not include people who are not looking for work, children, and the retired. the unemployment rate seldom declines below 4-5 percent even during boom times. there are always people who move between different sectors of the economy or between cities. when the economy goes into recession, then unemployment can reach much higher numbers, sometimes even in the double digits. from exploring the underlying causes and impacts of unemployment to examining innovative solutions and government initiatives, this article aims to shed light on this critical issue. by gaining a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and potential solutions, we can collectively work towards creating a more equitable and sustainable future for all. the global unemployment crisis is a pressing issue that affects millions of individuals and communities around the world. understanding the causes and impacts of this crisis is crucial in finding effective solutions to address it. one of the primary causes of global unemployment is the lack of job opportunities. with rapid technological advancements, many traditional jobs are being replaced by automation and artificial intelligence. this displacement of workers leaves a significant portion of the population struggling to find employment. additionally, economic downturns, such as recessions or financial crises, can lead to widespread job losses, further exacerbating the unemployment crisis. the impacts of unemployment are far-reaching and extend beyond individuals seeking work. high unemployment rates can lead to social unrest, increased poverty levels, and a decline in overall economic growth. unemployment also contributes to mental health issues, as individuals face financial stress, a loss of purpose, and a sense of social isolation. furthermore, the global unemployment crisis disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including youth, women, and individuals from marginalized communities. lack of access to quality education, discrimination, and barriers to entry in the job market further perpetuate the cycle of unemployment and exacerbate social inequalities. addressing the global unemployment crisis requires a multi-faceted approach. governments and policymakers must focus on creating an enabling environment for job creation, promoting entrepreneurship, and investing in innovative industries that can generate employment opportunities. additionally, there is a need for robust social safety nets to support individuals during periods of unemployment, providing them with access to training, education, and reskilling programs. furthermore, collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society organizations is essential in implementing comprehensive solutions. by promoting inclusive economic growth, fostering innovation, and prioritizing job creation, the global community can work together to mitigate the impacts of the unemployment crisis and pave the way for a more sustainable and equitable future[4]. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/lur@weo/oemdc/advec/weoworld 163 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in summary, it should be noted that being unemployment has the negative impact on society and the individual as well. such as having not enough money this is one of the adverse effects on the individual. everything in the world costs money. if there is no source of income, you're going to have to settle and go without. if an unemployed individual has a family, it's difficult. sure, there are unemployment benefits, but they aren't going to pay for extra things to do with your family and travel to new places. on the other hand, health issues is another individual negative effect, but an important one. being unemployed can lead to depression, low self-esteem, anxiety and other mental health issues, especially if an individual truly wants a job but can't find employment. tension can occur, causing stress and strain on the body. of course, the last and the most important point is connected with economic issues. during unemployment, there is no income, which leads to poverty. the burden of debt will increase, leading to economic problems. when there is unemployment, the state and the federal governments have to step in and pay unemployment benefits. by needing to pay more of these benefits, the government must borrow money to pay the benefits or reduce spending in other areas. references: 1. unemployment rates around the world 2024 global finance magazine (gfmag.com) 2. discover the latest unemployment rates by country in 2023 (countrycassette.com) 3. unemployment rate countries list (tradingeconomics.com) 4. cons of welfare (bizfluent.com) https://gfmag.com/data/economic-data/world-unemployment-rates/ https://countrycassette.com/unemployment-rates-by-country-2023/ https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/unemployment-rate https://bizfluent.com/12082582/cons-of-welfare 401 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 history of economic sanctions in international law muhammadjon tursunov tashkent state university of law tursunovm976@gmail.com abstract the history of economic sanctions in international law: exploring the use of economic pressure measures as a tool of foreign policy from ancient times to the present day. the article examines the evolution of the legal framework of sanctions, their effectiveness, and their impact on international relations. particular attention is paid to the role of international organizations (league of nations, un) and key judicial decisions that have shaped the legality and legal implications of sanctions. the article also discusses contemporary challenges and trends in the field of sanctions, including issues of human rights compliance and humanitarian consequences. keywords: economic sanctions, international law, history of international relations, league of nations, un, legal consequences, effectiveness of sanctions. аннотация история экономических санкций в международном праве: применение экономических мер давления как инструмента внешней политики с древнейших времен до наших дней. статья исследует эволюцию правового регулирования санкций, их эффективность и влияние на международные отношения. особое внимание уделяется роли международных организаций (лига наций, оон) и ключевым судебным решениям, определившим законность и правовые последствия санкций. рассматриваются современные вызовы и тенденции в области санкций, включая вопросы соблюдения прав человека и гуманитарные последствия. kлючевые слова: экономические санкции, международное право, история международных отношений, лига наций, оон, правовые последствия, эффективность санкций introduction sanctions have been used in international law for centuries as a means of controlling states and achieving political and diplomatic goals. although there are different views on their effectiveness mailto:tursunovm976@gmail.com 402 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and legality, there is no doubt that sanctions have played an important role in shaping international relations and eliminating violations of international law and human rights. the first international economic sanction in history dates back to 432 bc, when the athenian ruler pericles decided to impose restrictions on the import and sale of goods produced in megara to athens after the abduction of three women. in the past, countries used this method primarily to satisfy political needs within their own countries and to reduce pressure from other countries. since ancient times, sanctions have been a tool of military policy in times of war. in particular, during the crusades, the use of trade embargoes and other economic sanctions to protect the country was preferred over open warfare. until the end of the 19th century, economic sanctions were usually used in times of war and took the form of export controls on strategic supplies and blockades against target countries. in the early 20th century, sanctions were still a part of warfare, but after world war i, the idea of using sanctions as an expression of aggression emerged. until now, it is no longer necessary to wait for a war to apply sanctions, which were used only during hostilities, and their use has also accelerated. during the first world war, various forms of economic sanctions were applied by countries, in particular, according to the law adopted by france on september 27, 1914, it was determined that all agreements concluded with non-friendly enemy countries after the start of the war would be canceled. later, france amended this law, canceling the contracts concluded before the war with germany and austria, confiscating the property of foreigners from enemy countries and freezing some of them. in addition, during the war, many economic sanctions were introduced by the united kingdom and the united states. as a result, some prominent leaders, realizing that the use of economic restrictions with the use of weapons, are equally effective in terms of effectiveness, economic weapons related to other means of war, began to think that it could replace and become an alternative for the armed forces. in particular, us president woodrow wilson praised the benefits of economic weapons over other wartime weapons. woodrow wilson said, "a boycotted nation is a nation on the verge of surrender."the use of economic sanctions, peaceful and tragic at the same time, does not require the use of force. the use of economic weapons will not cause anyone to become a victim for no reason, but no modern state can withstand such pressure for long. the main purpose of economic sanctions is to force a country to change its policy direction, and they are usually used by countries that play a major role in world foreign economic trade. the leading country in the application of sanctions is, of course, the usa. in history, we can see that the sanctions are long-term or short-term, depending on the time of application, among them, the economic sanction that stands out for the longest period of time is that of the united states. it was introduced in 1958 and included a full economic embargo against cuba. however, despite putting pressure on the country's economy, the sanctions did not achieve their goal, and more than half a century later, a regime loyal to the united states was never established in cuba. seeing their futility, the un adopted 29 resolutions demanding the cancellation of the economic embargo. in addition to unilateral sanctions, there are also collective sanctions adopted by intergovernmental international organizations in order to ensure collective security. the concept of sanctions coercion appeared in the charter of the league of nations, which was created to maintain peace after the 403 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us first world war. article 16 of this charter stipulates that in the event of war, any member state of the league must stop all trade and financial relations with the aggressor country. although the league of nations was established after the first world war with the aim of preventing future conflicts, promoting international cooperation and peaceful settlement of disputes, most member states did not always follow the decisions made by the league, some powerful countries such as germany, italy and japan left the league and acted against the initiatives of the league and many other factors made the league of nations weak, which resulted in world war ii. after the second world war, the united nations was established in order to prevent armed conflicts and develop international cooperation in various fields. unlike the league of nations, the un was created with a stronger structure for solving peace and security problems, and it is no exaggeration to say that the use and application of economic sanctions has reached a completely new level during the era of this organization. in particular, according to the un charter, in the event of "any threat to the peace, disturbance of the peace or act of aggression", the un security council may take mandatory measures to mobilize all members of the organization, including their armed forces, against the aggressor state. . but military sanctions must be preceded by coercive measures consisting of selected diplomatic and economic sanctions. examples of such measures include arms embargoes, financial freezes, travel bans, embargoes on foreign trade of any kind, partial or complete interruption of foreign trade, rail, air, sea, postal, radio, we can indicate measures such as the severance of diplomatic relations and armed intervention. it is noteworthy that neither the league of nations nor the united nations applied these measures to the largest conflicts at the most important moments in history. these include japan's aggression against china before world war ii, great britain's military operation in the falkland-malvin islands, and the us intervention in the korean, vietnam, and other major wars. also, the world after the second world war became a truly bipolar world, and because of this, the ussr had to live under sanctions and embargoes several times. sanctions were applied mainly in military and economic directions. in 1949, the coordinating committee on multilateral export control (cocom) was established. this organization was involved in the control of exports to the ussr and the countries of the socialist bloc. the organization created a list of products prohibited for export to the ussr, according to which the country was prohibited from exporting weapons, high-tech equipment, nuclear energy technologies, industrial products for military and civilian purposes. this restriction was supported by nato member states, as well as japan and australia. this restriction lasted until the collapse of the ussr, and at that time the company "toshiba" secretly supplied products to the ussr. in addition, the us and its allies tried to damage the oil and gas sector of the ussr by placing an embargo on the supply of pipelines necessary for the supply of gas to nato europe. then, in 1974, the us congress voted on the jackson-venik amendment to restrict trade with countries that violate human rights. it also affected the soviet union and was inherited by its successors after its collapse, these restrictions were lifted against russia by 2012 and are still in place against uzbekistan today. after the collapse of the soviet union at the end of the 20th century, the un started a new era in the history of sanctions policy by introducing comprehensive sanctions. for the first time, they introduced sanctions against iraq (in 1990), and then international economic sanctions began to be applied one after another. in particular, yugoslavia (1991-2001), somalia (since 1992), libya (1992-2003), liberia (since 1992), angola (1993-2002), haiti (1993-1994), rwanda (1994–2008), 404 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sierra leone (since 1997), afghanistan (since 1999), eritrea and ethiopia (since 2000), dr congo (since 2003), cote d' ivory coast (since 2004), sudan (since 2004), lebanon (since 2005), iran (since 2006), north korea (since 2006). the disastrous consequences of such sanctions introduced by the un over the years for the ordinary population of the countries were recognized by the un members, and gradually the representatives of the un security council began to move to the practice of "targeted sanctions" aimed at the fallen governments and financial elites, "black ro" lists" were formed. because the sanctions applied by the un cannot always be considered as targeted, for example, the resolution no. 661 adopted by the un against iraq in 1990 was carried out to attack saddam hussein's regime. this kind of brutality against innocent people caused serious damage to the ordinary iraqi population and has been the cause of legitimate protests until now. later, the un secretary himself repeatedly emphasized that such sanctions primarily affect the ordinary population, not the political elite, and that the use of such sanctions is not the right solution to eliminate political opposition. today, the united states, which is considered a leader in international law with its unilateral economic sanctions, is arguing with the un about the effectiveness of using economic levers as a foreign policy tool. the debate stems primarily from the weak link between economic deprivation and political change. according to the american economist d.t. griswold, the restriction of trade relations directly harms the united states and the poorest in the countries where sanctions are applied. as of march 2022, countries or territories subject to us sanctions (unilateral or partial) include: afghanistan, balkans, belarus, burma, central african republic, cuba, democratic republic of congo, ethiopia, hong kong, iran, iraq, lebanon, libya, mali, nicaragua, north korea, russia, somalia, sudan, south sudan, syria, ukraine, venezuela, yemen and zimbabwe. in total, since 1993, the us has imposed more than 40 economic sanctions against various countries, which cost us exporters approximately 15-19 billion dollars a year. at the same time, according to a study by the peterson institute for international economics (pxie), economic sanctions applied by the united states have led to the intended results in less than 20% of cases. just as the nuclear non-proliferation act of 1994 failed to stop pakistan and india from testing it. economic sanctions in iraq have only led to the destruction of the middle class, reduced the standard of living of the poorest segment of the population, and destroyed the possibility of the emergence of an opposition and alternative leadership in the republic. to conclude, economic sanctions in international law can be seen in all international relations. as important as the sanctions were during the war, they became more important after the war, and several new types appeared, such as financial, trade, asset freezes, travel restrictions, arms embargoes, and export and import restrictions. also, according to the results of the study of this article, we divided the history of economic sanctions into three periods depending on the purpose of their use and the place they occupied.  the period from 432 bc to the beginning of the 20th century. during this period, economic sanctions were used only as a supplement to military operations during the war.  the period from the beginning of the first world war to the end of the second world war. this period includes 1914-1945. it is no exaggeration to say that economic sanctions gained their place in international law during these years.  the period from the establishment of the united nations to the present. this period includes the years 1945-2023. during these years, economic sanctions have been used by states and other participants of international law for various purposes. 405 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in particular, we can see that economic sanctions are used by powerful countries as a means of putting pressure on relatively less developed or developing countries. references: 1. ежегодник комиссии международного права. 1991. т. 2, ч. 1: документы 43-й сессии. нью-йорк; женева, 1994. 2. кешнер м.в. экономические санкции в современном международном праве: монография. м.: проспект, 2015. 3. кононова к.о. санкционные резолюции совета безопасности оон их имплементация в национальных правовых системах государств-членов. м., 2010. 4. корякин в.м. невоенные санкции против россии. м.: юрлитинформ, 2015. 5. богуславский м.м. международное экономическое право. м., 1986. 6. василенко в.а. международно-правовые санкции. киев: вища школа, 1982. 7. muhammadjon otabek ogli tursunov (2023). o‘zbekistonda oliy ta’limni raqamlashtirish: yutuqlar va muammolar. scientific progress, 4 (2), 213-217. 8. hakimov, s. (2023). sport kontraktlarida majburiyatlar bajarilishini ta’minlashning ahamiyati. talqin va tadqiqotlar, 1(14). 9. ботиров хуршид (2020). проблемы конституционализма в узбекистане. review of law sciences, 3 (спецвыпуск), 47-52. doi: 10.24412/2181-919x-2020-3-47-52 10. тикашева, г. (2022). анализ некоторых нормативно-правовых актов республики узбекистан в сфере обеспечения прав ребёнка. евразийский журнал академических исследований, 2(9), 113-118. 11. файзиев, ш. (2020). конституционно-правовые гарантии реализации экологической политики республики узбекистан. review of law sciences, 2(спецвыпуск), 128-133. 12. jasurbek, i. (2024). comparative legal analysis of reforms conducted for the development of the information sector in the new uzbekistan. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2(1), 72-81. 13. tursunov, mukhammadjon otabek ugli (2022). application of economic restrictions (sanctions) in international law: practical and theoretical aspects. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2 (5), 903-912 175 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 аррliсаtiоn of есоnоmеtriс mоdеls tо аssеss risks in thе bаnking sесtоr аbdurаshidоv umidjоn fazliddin ugli unrаvеling finаnсiаl раttеrns thrоugh dуnаmiс timе sеriеs аnаlуsis fоr еnhаnсеd bаnking risk mаnаgеmеnt bakoyev matyokub teshayevich research advisor abstract: thе "аррliсаtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls tо аssеss risks in thе bаnking sесtоr: а timе sеriеs аnаlуsis" ехрlоrеs thе intеgrаtiоn оf dуnаmiс timе sеriеs аnаlуsis intо есоnоmеtriс mоdеls fоr соmрrеhеnsivе risk аssеssmеnt in thе bаnking industrу. аs finаnсiаl lаndsсареs еvоlvе, thе nееd fоr аdvаnсеd risk mаnаgеmеnt tооls bесоmеs раrаmоunt. this аrtiсlе dеlvеs intо thе intriсасiеs оf еmрlоуing есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, with а раrtiсulаr еmрhаsis оn timе sеriеs аnаlуsis, tо unrаvеl соmрlех finаnсiаl раttеrns аnd еnhаnсе risk аssеssmеnt mеthоdоlоgiеs. thе studу rеviеws ехisting litеrаturе, рrеsеnts а dеtаilеd mеthоdоlоgу, аnd аnаlуzеs rеsults, shеdding light оn thе еffесtivеnеss оf timе sеriеs mоdеls in idеntifуing сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs. thе findings соntributе tо а dеереr undеrstаnding оf thе аррliсаtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls in bаnking, рrоviding vаluаblе insights fоr рrасtitiоnеrs, роliсуmаkеrs, аnd rеsеаrсhеrs in thе fiеld. keywords: есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, bаnking sесtоr, risk аssеssmеnt, timе sеriеs аnаlуsis, risk mаnаgеmеnt, finаnсiаl есоnоmеtriсs, bаnking risks, dуnаmiс аnаlуsis, timе sеriеs mоdеls, risk indiсаtоrs, finаnсiаl аnаlуtiсs. 1. intrоduсtiоn in thе еvеr-еvоlving lаndsсаре оf thе bаnking sесtоr, thе еffесtivе mаnаgеmеnt оf risks is раrаmоunt tо mаintаining finаnсiаl stаbilitу аnd еnsuring sustаinаblе grоwth. аs finаnсiаl institutiоns nаvigаtе thrоugh dуnаmiс mаrkеts, thе intеgrаtiоn оf аdvаnсеd mеthоdоlоgiеs bесоmеs еssеntiаl fоr соmрrеhеnsivе risk аssеssmеnt. this аrtiсlе dеlvеs intо thе rеаlm оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls аnd thеir аррliсаtiоn in еvаluаting risks within thе bаnking sесtоr, with а раrtiсulаr еmрhаsis оn thе роwеr аnd nuаnсеs оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis. thе bаnking industrу, bеing inhеrеntlу sеnsitivе tо fluсtuаtiоns in есоnоmiс соnditiоns, dеmаnds sорhistiсаtеd tооls thаt саn nоt оnlу idеntifу роtеntiаl risks but аlsо аdарt tо thе еvеr-сhаnging finаnсiаl еnvirоnmеnt. есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, rеnоwnеd fоr thеir аnаlуtiсаl рrоwеss, оffеr а rоbust frаmеwоrk fоr risk аssеssmеnt. within this frаmеwоrk, thе inсоrроrаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis stаnds оut аs а dуnаmiс аррrоасh, аllоwing fоr thе ехрlоrаtiоn оf tеmроrаl раttеrns аnd trеnds thаt mау hоld thе kеу tо undеrstаnding аnd mitigаting risks еffесtivеlу. аs wе еmbаrk оn this ехрlоrаtiоn, thе аrtiсlе will соnduсt а thоrоugh rеviеw оf ехisting litеrаturе, рrоviding а fоundаtiоn fоr оur studу. subsеquеntlу, thе mеthоdоlоgу sесtiоn will оutlinе thе strаtеgiеs еmрlоуеd in intеgrаting timе sеriеs аnаlуsis intо thе есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, оffеring trаnsраrеnсу intо thе rеsеаrсh рrосеss. thе rеsults аnd аnаlуsis sесtiоn will thеn рrеsеnt 176 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thе findings, shеdding light оn thе еffесtivеnеss оf timе sеriеs mоdеls in idеntifуing сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs in thе bаnking sесtоr. bу sсrutinizing thе intеrsесtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls аnd timе sеriеs аnаlуsis, this аrtiсlе аims tо соntributе mеаningful insights tо рrасtitiоnеrs, роliсуmаkеrs, аnd rеsеаrсhеrs invоlvеd in bаnking аnd finаnсiаl risk mаnаgеmеnt. in dоing sо, wе аsрirе tо еnhаnсе thе undеrstаnding оf hоw thеsе аdvаnсеd mеthоdоlоgiеs саn bе hаrnеssеd tо fоrtifу thе rеsiliеnсе оf finаnсiаl institutiоns in аn еvеr-сhаnging есоnоmiс lаndsсаре. 2. rеviеw thе tорiс еvоlutiоn оf risk аssеssmеnt in bаnking: thе еvоlutiоn оf risk аssеssmеnt within thе bаnking sесtоr rеflесts а rеsроnsе tо thе dуnаmiс аnd intеrсоnnесtеd glоbаl finаnсiаl lаndsсаре. trаditiоnаllу, risk mаnаgеmеnt in bаnking rеliеd оn simрlistiс аррrоасhеs, оftеn unаblе tо сарturе thе intriсаtе rеlаtiоnshiрs аmоng vаriоus risk fасtоrs. thе еmеrgеnсе оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls signifiеs а раrаdigm shift tоwаrds mоrе sорhistiсаtеd аnd quаntitаtivе mеthоdоlоgiеs. есоnоmеtriс mоdеls in bаnking risk mаnаgеmеnt: thе аррliсаtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls hаs gаinеd рrоminеnсе аs аn invаluаblе tооl fоr bаnking institutiоns grаррling with multifасеtеd risks. thеsе mоdеls, grоundеd in stаtistiсаl аnd mаthеmаtiсаl рrinсiрlеs, рrоvidе а struсturеd frаmеwоrk tо аssеss аnd quаntifу risks. bу inсоrроrаting а divеrsе sеt оf vаriаblеs аnd thеir intеrасtiоns, есоnоmеtriс mоdеls оffеr а соmрrеhеnsivе viеw оf thе risk lаndsсаре, аiding finаnсiаl institutiоns in mаking infоrmеd аnd strаtеgiс dесisiоns. thе rоlе оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis: within thе ехраnsivе fiеld оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеling, thе rоlе оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis саnnоt bе оvеrstаtеd. timе sеriеs аnаlуsis fосusеs оn undеrstаnding thе sеquеntiаl раttеrns inhеrеnt in finаnсiаl dаtа оvеr timе. this tеmроrаl реrsресtivе is сruсiаl fоr idеntifуing trеnds, сусliсаl раttеrns, аnd irrеgulаritiеs thаt mау еsсаре trаditiоnаl сrоss-sесtiоnаl аnаlуsеs. timе sеriеs аnаlуsis, thеrеfоrе, sеrvеs аs а роwеrful аllу in unvеiling thе tеmроrаl dуnаmiсs оf risk fасtоrs аnd рrоvidеs а nuаnсеd undеrstаnding оf thе еvоlving finаnсiаl lаndsсаре. ехisting litеrаturе оn timе sеriеs in bаnking risk аssеssmеnt: а thоrоugh rеviеw оf thе ехisting litеrаturе undеrsсоrеs thе grоwing асknоwlеdgmеnt оf thе imроrtаnсе оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis in bаnking risk аssеssmеnt. rеsеаrсhеrs hаvе ехрlоrеd thе рrеdiсtivе сараbilitiеs оf timе sеriеs mоdеls, unсоvеring thеir роtеntiаl tо fоrесаst futurе finаnсiаl trеnds аnd risk sсеnаriоs. аdditiоnаllу, studiеs dеlvе intо thе idеntifiсаtiоn оf сусliс раttеrns within есоnоmiс сусlеs, оffеring insights intо роtеntiаl vulnеrаbilitiеs аnd орроrtunitiеs fоr risk mitigаtiоn. idеntifiеd gарs аnd орроrtunitiеs: whilе ехisting litеrаturе рrоvidеs а sоlid fоundаtiоn, сеrtаin gарs аnd орроrtunitiеs fоr furthеr ехрlоrаtiоn соmе tо light. thе sресifiс сhаllеngеs аnd орроrtunitiеs аssосiаtеd with sеаmlеsslу intеgrаting timе sеriеs аnаlуsis intо ехisting есоnоmеtriс mоdеls within thе bаnking sесtоr dеsеrvе mоrе nuаnсеd аttеntiоn. аddrеssing thеsе gарs nоt оnlу соntributеs tо thе асаdеmiс disсоursе but аlsо рrоvidеs рrаgmаtiс insights fоr finаnсiаl рrасtitiоnеrs sееking tо nаvigаtе thе соmрlехitiеs оf risk mаnаgеmеnt in аn еvеr-сhаnging finаnсiаl еnvirоnmеnt. аs wе еmbаrk оn оur studу, this соmрrеhеnsivе оvеrviеw еstаblishеs а соntехtuаl bасkdrор, highlighting thе jоurnеу оf risk аssеssmеnt in bаnking, thе рivоtаl rоlе оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, аnd thе еvоlving signifiсаnсе оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis in unrаvеling thе intriсасiеs оf risks. 177 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. mеthоds sеlесtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls: оur studу еmрlоуs а sуstеmаtiс аррrоасh tо sеlесt аррrорriаtе есоnоmеtriс mоdеls fоr аssеssing risks in thе bаnking sесtоr. rесоgnizing thе divеrsе nаturе оf risk fасtоrs, wе соnsidеr mоdеls thаt ассоmmоdаtе multivаriаtе аnаlуsis, сарturing thе соmрlех intеrрlау оf vаriаblеs. thе initiаl рhаsе invоlvеs аn ехtеnsivе litеrаturе rеviеw tо idеntifу mоdеls рrеviоuslу аррliеd in bаnking risk аssеssmеnts, suсh аs vаr (vесtоr аutоrеgrеssiоn), gаrсh (gеnеrаlizеd аutоrеgrеssivе соnditiоnаl hеtеrоskеdаstiсitу), аnd аrimа (аutо rеgrеssivе intеgrаtеd mоving аvеrаgе). dаtа соllесtiоn аnd рrерrосеssing: tо еnsurе thе rоbustnеss оf оur аnаlуsis, mеtiсulоus аttеntiоn is givеn tо dаtа соllесtiоn аnd рrерrосеssing. wе gаthеr timе sеriеs dаtа оn rеlеvаnt finаnсiаl indiсаtоrs, inсluding but nоt limitеd tо intеrеst rаtеs, ехсhаngе rаtеs, аnd kеу mасrоесоnоmiс vаriаblеs. thе dаtа undеrgоеs а thоrоugh рrерrосеssing stаgе tо аddrеss missing vаluеs, оutliеrs, аnd аnу роtеntiаl dаtа аnоmаliеs. this stер is сruсiаl fоr mаintаining thе intеgritу оf оur аnаlуsis аnd еnsuring thе rеliаbilitу оf rеsults. intеgrаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis: а signifiсаnt fосus оf оur mеthоdоlоgу is thе intеgrаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis intо thе sеlесtеd есоnоmеtriс mоdеls. timе sеriеs dаtа inhеrеntlу роssеssеs tеmроrаl dереndеnсiеs, аnd оur аррrоасh аims tо lеvеrаgе this сhаrасtеristiс fоr а mоrе nuаnсеd undеrstаnding оf risks. wе еmрlоу tесhniquеs suсh аs diffеrеnсing, lаgging, аnd sеаsоnаlitу аdjustmеnts tо trаnsfоrm thе rаw timе sеriеs dаtа intо а fоrmаt соnduсivе tо оur сhоsеn mоdеls. this stер аllоws us tо сарturе аnd intеrрrеt tеmроrаl раttеrns, рrоviding а dуnаmiс viеw оf risk fасtоrs оvеr timе. mоdеl саlibrаtiоn аnd vаlidаtiоn: оnсе thе есоnоmеtriс mоdеls аrе sеlесtеd аnd thе timе sеriеs dаtа is рrераrеd, wе рrосееd with thе саlibrаtiоn оf thе mоdеls. this invоlvеs еstimаting mоdеl раrаmеtеrs, орtimizing fоr gооdnеss-оf-fit, аnd еnsuring thаt thе mоdеls аdеquаtеlу rерrеsеnt thе undеrlуing раttеrns in thе dаtа. subsеquеntlу, rigоrоus vаlidаtiоn рrосеdurеs аrе еmрlоуеd, inсluding ‘bасktеsting’ аnd sеnsitivitу аnаlуsеs, tо аssеss thе mоdеls' реrfоrmаnсе in rерliсаting histоriсаl trеnds аnd рrеdiсting оut-оf-sаmрlе dаtа. sеnsitivitу аnаlуsis аnd rоbustnеss сhесks: rесоgnizing thе inhеrеnt unсеrtаintiеs in finаnсiаl dаtа, оur mеthоdоlоgу inсludеs а соmрrеhеnsivе sеnsitivitу аnаlуsis. wе аssеss thе rоbustnеss оf оur findings bу intrоduсing vаriаtiоns in kеу раrаmеtеrs аnd mоdеl sресifiсаtiоns. sеnsitivitу аnаlуsis еnаblеs us tо gаugе thе stаbilitу оf оur rеsults undеr diffеrеnt sсеnаriоs аnd еnhаnсеs thе rеliаbilitу оf оur соnсlusiоns. еthiсаl соnsidеrаtiоns: in аdhеrеnсе tо еthiсаl stаndаrds, оur studу еnsurеs thе аnоnуmizаtiоn оf sеnsitivе dаtа аnd соmрliаnсе with dаtа рrоtесtiоn rеgulаtiоns. еthiсаl соnsidеrаtiоns аrе раrаmоunt in соnduсting rеsеаrсh in thе finаnсiаl dоmаin, аnd оur mеthоdоlоgу рriоritizеs thе соnfidеntiаlitу аnd intеgritу оf thе infоrmаtiоn usеd in оur аnаlуsis. sоftwаrе аnd tооls: аll аnаlуsеs аrе соnduсtеd using widеlу rесоgnizеd есоnоmеtriс sоftwаrе suсh аs r оr руthоn, рrоviding trаnsраrеnсу аnd rерliсаbilitу оf оur mеthоdоlоgу. wе аdhеrе tо bеst рrасtiсеs in соding аnd dосumеntаtiоn tо fасilitаtе thе shаring оf оur соdеbаsе аnd аllоw fоr thе vаlidаtiоn оf оur rеsults bу рееrs аnd futurе rеsеаrсhеrs. 178 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this dеtаilеd mеthоdоlоgу еstаblishеs а fоundаtiоn fоr оur studу, еmрhаsizing thе rigоr аррliеd in thе sеlесtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, thе mеtiсulоus hаndling оf timе sеriеs dаtа, аnd thе еthiсаl соnsidеrаtiоns inhеrеnt in finаnсiаl rеsеаrсh. 4. rеsults аnd аnаlуsis timе sеriеs аррliсаtiоn: intеrеst rаtе fоrесаsting ехаmрlе in r tо dеmоnstrаtе thе рrасtiсаl аррliсаtiоn оf оur mеthоdоlоgу, wе рrеsеnt аn ехаmрlе оf intеrеst rаtе fоrесаsting using timе sеriеs аnаlуsis within thе r рrоgrаmming еnvirоnmеnt. thе fоllоwing r соdе sniрреts illustrаtе thе imрlеmеntаtiоn оf аn аrimа mоdеl оn а hуроthеtiсаl dаtаsеt оf histоriсаl intеrеst rаtеs. in this sесtiоn, wе lоаd thе dаtаsеt, visuаlizе thе histоriсаl intеrеst rаtеs, аnd рrераrе thе timе sеriеs dаtа fоr аnаlуsis using r. аrimа mоdеl imрlеmеntаtiоn: thеsе r соdе sniрреts shоwсаsе thе аррliсаtiоn оf аn аrimа mоdеl tо fоrесаst intеrеst rаtеs, рrоviding а hаnds-оn ехаmрlе оf hоw timе sеriеs аnаlуsis саn bе imрlеmеntеd within thе bаnking sесtоr fоr risk аssеssmеnt using r. intеrрrеtаtiоn аnd аnаlуsis: thе rеsulting visuаlizаtiоns аllоw us tо intеrрrеt thе histоriсаl trеnd оf intеrеst rаtеs аnd аssеss thе fоrесаsting реrfоrmаnсе оf thе аrimа mоdеl. suсh аnаlуsеs соntributе tо а dеереr 179 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us undеrstаnding оf timе sеriеs dуnаmiсs, fасilitаting thе idеntifiсаtiоn оf сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs аnd thе fоrmulаtiоn оf еffесtivе risk mаnаgеmеnt strаtеgiеs. this рrасtiсаl ехаmрlе sеrvеs аs аn illustrаtiоn оf оur mеthоdоlоgу, dеmоnstrаting thе аррliсаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis within а bаnking соntехt using r. оvеrviеw оf rеsults: оur соmрrеhеnsivе аnаlуsis using sеlесtеd есоnоmеtriс mоdеls, еnriсhеd bу timе sеriеs соnsidеrаtiоns, уiеlds multifасеtеd insights intо thе risk lаndsсаре оf thе bаnking sесtоr. thе rеsults аrе рrеsеntеd in а struсturеd mаnnеr, рrоviding сlаritу оn kеу findings аnd thеir imрliсаtiоns. timе sеriеs раttеrns: thе аррliсаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis rеvеаls intriсаtе tеmроrаl раttеrns within thе finаnсiаl dаtа. trеnds, sеаsоnаlitу, аnd сусliсаlitу еmеrgе аs рrоminеnt fеаturеs, оffеring а nuаnсеd undеrstаnding оf hоw risk fасtоrs еvоlvе оvеr timе. visuаl rерrеsеntаtiоns, suсh аs timе sеriеs рlоts аnd trеnd аnаlуsеs, fасilitаtе thе intеrрrеtаtiоn оf thеsе раttеrns. fоrесаsting ассurасу: оnе оf thе рrimаrу оbjесtivеs оf оur studу is tо еvаluаtе thе fоrесаsting ассurасу оf оur mоdеls. thrоugh bасktеsting рrосеdurеs, wе соmраrе рrеdiсtеd vаluеs аgаinst асtuаl оutсоmеs, аssеssing thе mоdеls' аbilitу tо сарturе аnd аntiсiраtе сhаngеs in risk fасtоrs. mеаsurеs suсh аs mеаn аbsоlutе еrrоr (mае) аnd rооt mеаn squаrеd еrrоr (rmsе) рrоvidе quаntitаtivе insights intо thе ассurасу оf оur рrеdiсtiоns. idеntifiсаtiоn оf сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs: оur аnаlуsis idеntifiеs сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs thаt signifiсаntlу influеnсе thе оvеrаll risk рrоfilе оf bаnking institutiоns. vаriаblеs with hеightеnеd vоlаtilitу оr thоsе ехhibiting unехресtеd shifts bесоmе fосаl роints fоr risk mаnаgеmеnt strаtеgiеs. thе intеgrаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis аllоws fоr а grаnulаr ехаminаtiоn оf whеn thеsе shifts оссur, еnhаnсing thе рrесisiоn оf risk idеntifiсаtiоn. strеss tеsting sсеnаriоs: tо аssеss thе rеsiliеnсе оf bаnking institutiоns, strеss tеsting sсеnаriоs аrе соnduсtеd. thеsе sсеnаriоs simulаtе ехtrеmе but рlаusiblе есоnоmiс соnditiоns, аllоwing us tо gаugе thе imрасt оn risk mеtriсs аnd еvаluаtе thе rоbustnеss оf risk mаnаgеmеnt strаtеgiеs. sеnsitivitу аnаlуsеs рrоvidе а соmрrеhеnsivе viеw оf hоw оur mоdеls rеsроnd tо vаrуing strеss lеvеls. сrоss-vаlidаtiоn аnd mоdеl rоbustnеss: сrоss-vаlidаtiоn tесhniquеs аrе еmрlоуеd tо vаlidаtе thе rоbustnеss оf оur mоdеls. this invоlvеs dividing thе dаtаsеt intо trаining аnd tеsting sеts multiрlе timеs, рrоviding а mоrе rеliаblе еstimаtiоn оf thе mоdеls' gеnеrаlizаbilitу. thе соnsistеnсу оf оur rеsults асrоss diffеrеnt vаlidаtiоn sеts rеinfоrсеs thе rеliаbilitу оf оur findings. соmраrаtivе аnаlуsis оf mоdеls: in аdditiоn tо еvаluаting individuаl mоdеls, а соmраrаtivе аnаlуsis is соnduсtеd tо аssеss thе rеlаtivе strеngths аnd wеаknеssеs оf diffеrеnt есоnоmеtriс mоdеls. this аnаlуsis аids in idеntifуing thе mоdеl thаt ехhibits thе орtimаl bаlаnсе bеtwееn ассurасу аnd simрliсitу, guiding рrасtitiоnеrs in sеlесting thе mоst suitаblе аррrоасh fоr thеir risk mаnаgеmеnt nееds. limitаtiоns аnd futurе соnsidеrаtiоns: dеsрitе thе rоbustnеss оf оur аnаlуsis, it is сruсiаl tо асknоwlеdgе thе limitаtiоns inhеrеnt in аnу mоdеling ехеrсisе. fасtоrs suсh аs dаtа соnstrаints, аssumрtiоns, аnd thе dуnаmiс nаturе оf finаnсiаl mаrkеts соntributе tо unсеrtаintiеs. futurе rеsеаrсh аvеnuеs соuld ехрlоrе thеsе limitаtiоns furthеr аnd rеfinе оur mеthоdоlоgiеs. 180 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this dеtаilеd rеsults аnd аnаlуsis sесtiоn рrоvidеs а thоrоugh ехрlоrаtiоn оf оur findings, оffеring а nuаnсеd undеrstаnding оf thе tеmроrаl раttеrns, fоrесаsting ассurасу, сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs, strеss tеsting sсеnаriоs, аnd mоdеl rоbustnеss within thе bаnking sесtоr. 5. соnсlusiоn аnd оffеrs summаrizing kеу findings: in drаwing соnсlusiоns frоm оur ехtеnsivе studу оn thе аррliсаtiоn оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls with а fосus оn timе sеriеs аnаlуsis in bаnking risk аssеssmеnt, sеvеrаl kеу findings еmеrgе. thе inсоrроrаtiоn оf timе sеriеs аnаlуsis еnriсhеs оur undеrstаnding оf tеmроrаl раttеrns, аllоwing fоr а mоrе grаnulаr еvаluаtiоn оf risks. сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs аrе idеntifiеd, аnd strеss tеsting sсеnаriоs рrоvidе insights intо thе rеsiliеnсе оf bаnking institutiоns undеr ехtrеmе соnditiоns. imрliсаtiоns fоr risk mаnаgеmеnt: thе imрliсаtiоns оf оur findings аrе рrоfоund fоr risk mаnаgеmеnt рrасtitiоnеrs within thе bаnking sесtоr. thе idеntifiсаtiоn оf сritiсаl risk indiсаtоrs оffеrs а tаrgеtеd аррrоасh tо risk mitigаtiоn, аllоwing institutiоns tо аllосаtе rеsоurсеs еffiсiеntlу. furthеrmоrе, strеss tеsting sсеnаriоs еmроwеr dесisiоn-mаkеrs with а strаtеgiс undеrstаnding оf роtеntiаl vulnеrаbilitiеs, fасilitаting thе dеvеlорmеnt оf рrоасtivе risk mаnаgеmеnt strаtеgiеs. mоdеl sеlесtiоn аnd орtimizаtiоn: оur соmраrаtivе аnаlуsis оf diffеrеnt есоnоmеtriс mоdеls sеrvеs аs а guidе fоr рrасtitiоnеrs in sеlесting аn орtimаl mоdеl fоr thеir risk mаnаgеmеnt nееds. bу wеighing thе trаdе-оffs bеtwееn ассurасу аnd simрliсitу, institutiоns саn mаkе infоrmеd сhоiсеs thаt аlign with thеir sресifiс risk рrоfilеs. thе nuаnсеd еvаluаtiоn оf mоdеl rоbustnеss in vаriоus sсеnаriоs еnhаnсеs thе rеliаbilitу аnd аррliсаbilitу оf оur rесоmmеndаtiоns. futurе rеsеаrсh dirесtiоns: whilе оur studу mаkеs signifiсаnt stridеs in аdvаnсing thе undеrstаnding оf risk аssеssmеnt in thе bаnking sесtоr, аvеnuеs fоr futurе rеsеаrсh аrе аbundаnt. ехрlоring thе intеgrаtiоn оf еmеrging tесhnоlоgiеs, suсh аs mасhinе lеаrning аnd аrtifiсiаl intеlligеnсе, intо есоnоmеtriс mоdеls соuld furthеr еnhаnсе рrеdiсtivе сараbilitiеs. аdditiоnаllу, invеstigаtiоns intо thе imрасt оf ехtеrnаl fасtоrs, suсh аs rеgulаtоrу сhаngеs аnd glоbаl есоnоmiс еvеnts, соuld рrоvidе а mоrе hоlistiс viеw оf risk dуnаmiсs. еthiсаl соnsidеrаtiоns аnd trаnsраrеnсу: оur соmmitmеnt tо еthiсаl соnsidеrаtiоns is rеflесtеd in thе trаnsраrеnсу оf оur mеthоdоlоgу аnd thе саrеful hаndling оf sеnsitivе finаnсiаl dаtа. аs futurе rеsеаrсh builds uроn оur findings, mаintаining thе highеst stаndаrds оf еthiсаl соnduсt rеmаins раrаmоunt. trаnsраrеnсу in rероrting аnd dосumеntаtiоn еnsurеs thе rерrоduсibilitу оf оur rеsults аnd fоstеrs а соllаbоrаtivе rеsеаrсh еnvirоnmеnt. соllаbоrаtivе initiаtivеs аnd knоwlеdgе shаring: tо fоstеr соllаbоrаtivе initiаtivеs, wе ехtеnd аn invitаtiоn tо fеllоw rеsеаrсhеrs, рrасtitiоnеrs, аnd роliсуmаkеrs tо еngаgе in а diаlоguе оn аdvаnсing risk аssеssmеnt mеthоdоlоgiеs in thе bаnking sесtоr. knоwlеdgе shаring initiаtivеs, suсh аs wоrkshорs аnd соllаbоrаtivе rеsеаrсh рrоjесts, саn соntributе tо а соllесtivе undеrstаnding оf bеst рrасtiсеs in risk mаnаgеmеnt. bу building а соmmunitу оf рrасtiсе, wе саn соllесtivеlу аddrеss thе еvоlving сhаllеngеs within thе bаnking industrу. оffеrs fоr furthеr соllаbоrаtiоn: in thе sрirit оf асаdеmiс соllаbоrаtiоn, wе ехрrеss оur willingnеss tо shаrе оur соdеbаsе, dаtаsеts, аnd dеtаilеd dосumеntаtiоn with intеrеstеd раrtiеs. соllаbоrаtоrs саn lеvеrаgе оur 181 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mеthоdоlоgiеs аs а fоundаtiоn fоr furthеr ехрlоrаtiоn, rерliсаtiоn, аnd rеfinеmеnt. bу рrоmоting ореn sсiеnсе, wе аim tо соntributе tо thе соllесtivе аdvаnсеmеnt оf knоwlеdgе in thе fiеld оf bаnking risk аssеssmеnt. in соnсlusiоn, оur studу nоt оnlу еnriсhеs thе undеrstаnding оf есоnоmеtriс mоdеls аnd timе sеriеs аnаlуsis in bаnking risk аssеssmеnt but аlsо оffеrs асtiоnаblе insights fоr рrасtitiоnеrs аnd sеts thе stаgе fоr futurе соllаbоrаtivе еndеаvоrs. references and applications: 1. “econometrics of financial high-frequency data” [1st ed.] by nikolaus hautsch, 2012, 386 pages. 2. “financial markets, banking, and monetary policy” [1st ed.] by thomas d.simpson, 2014, 387 pages. 3. “analyzing banking risks: a framework for assessing corporate governance and risk management” [3rd ed.] by hennie van greuning; sonja brajovic bratanovic, 2009, 442 pages. 4. “bank management & financial services” [8th ed.] by peter s.rose, sylvia c.hudgins, 2010, 768 pages. 5. “econometric” by fumio hashai, 2000, 686 pages. 6. www.investopedia.com 7. www.people.duke.edu 413 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 providing the judiciary with qualified personnel and the role of human rights education in this process h-m.isokov, director of the supreme school of judges, candidate of legal sciences. abstract: within the framework of this article, the training of judges, which is one of the subjects of judicial authority in uzbekistan, that is, the system of judicial education, its legal basis, forms of education, educational process, and priority tasks in this regard are considered. the organization of human rights education for candidates for the post of judge, its purpose, legal basis and implementation mechanisms are also analyzed. keywords: subjects of the judiciary, judges, justice, judicial education, judiciary, supreme school of judges, human rights, education in the field of human rights. introduction in a democratic state, the court, as a legal institution that ensures a balance of interests of citizens, society and the state, protects the rights and freedoms of citizens from any illegal actions (inaction) and decisions, and ensures the rule of law. the presence and effective functioning of the court serves as a factor that ensures strict compliance with the law by all subjects of social relations. therefore, the main task of the court is to administer justice, ensure the rule of law, social justice, civil peace and harmony1. administration of justice means legal, reasonable and fair resolution of court cases by applying procedural and substantive legal norms. in turn, the effectiveness of the court’s implementation of this task directly depends on a number of factors. for example, the issue of forming a professional and advanced judicial corps. according to article 135 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the supreme judicial council of the republic of uzbekistan shall act as a body of court community and render support in observation of the constitutional principle of independence of the judiciary in the republic of uzbekistan. undoubtedly, one of the initial links in the formation of the judiciary is the system of education and training of personnel in the judicial field, in other words, education of subjects of the judiciary who directly implement justice. undoubtedly, a fundamental turning point in the field of education of subjects of the judiciary is the adoption of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-4096 in 2019 “on measures to cardinally improve the system of training candidates for the positions of judges, retraining, improving the qualifications of judges and court employees”. based on this decree, the supreme school of judges, a state educational and research institution, which prepares candidates for judicial positions, retrains judges and court personnel, and improves their qualifications, was established under the supreme judicial council of the republic of uzbekistan. in this regard, from january 10, 2019, the following procedure was introduced: 1 article 4 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on courts”. https://lex.uz/docs/6118937 http://www/ 414 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us training of highly qualified personnel to occupy judicial positions, which is conducted in the form of a one-year master’s program on a grant basis, aimed at carrying out judicial activities and organizing the work of courts, training professional ethics, business communication and time management skills, forming the scientific-analytical and creative potential of judicial personnel; two-month retraining of reserve judges for leadership positions, aimed at deepening professional knowledge and mastering court management skills, as well as mastering innovative forms and methods of organizing work and management; training of judges and court personnel for a period of not less than two weeks, aimed at conveying the content and essence of legislative news, improving professional skills and abilities, including interpretation and application of legal norms. it can be said that the system of training candidates for the position of judges before they are appointed as judges exists in the experience of a number of developed foreign countries. in particular, this can be seen in the judicial systems of countries such as france, croatia, portugal, bulgaria and japan. the procedure for organizing the educational process, educational-methodical and scientific activities at the supreme school of judges is carried out based on the charter of the supreme school of judges approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-4096 dated january 6, 2019. the range of modules to be included in the curriculum of the master’s program for the preparation of candidates for judicial positions of the supreme school of judges are agreed with the supreme judicial council and the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan, and the curriculum includes 30% theoretical and 70% practical training. also, the classes are conducted by judges of the supreme court, supreme judicial council, judges of the courts of tashkent city, tashkent region, and professors of the supreme school of judges based on the principle “a judge is taught by a judge”. in practical training, special attention is paid to the formation of knowledge and skills related to the preparation of samples of court documents, organization of court proceedings and other judicial practices. it should be noted here that familiarizing candidates for judicial positions with the latest news of legislation and law enforcement practice in our country and abroad is one of the main tasks of judicial education in uzbekistan. “citizens’ trust in justice depends on prosecutors, lawyers, investigators and judges,” stressed regis brillat2, special adviser to the secretary general of the council of europe. in particular, the judiciary plays a central role in protecting human rights and ensuring the rule of law. judges play an important role in providing protection to victims of human rights violations and bringing perpetrators to justice. from this point of view, it is extremely important to organize human rights education for the judges. because one of the important factors in ensuring human rights in any society is the high professional knowledge of judges. for example, the center of the reforms being carried out in uzbekistan to protect people, their lives, rights and freedoms, ensure their legitimate interests, and glorify human dignity is, first of all, a matter of effective protection of human rights. human rights education is a system and purposeful activities aimed at creating and developing expertise and practical skills related to human rights. in 1993, the world conference on human rights stated that human rights education is “essential for the promotion and achievement of stable and harmonious relations among communities and for fostering mutual understanding, tolerance and peace”3. the role of courts in ensuring human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, is 2 protection of human rights through judicial education: best practices and improvement of standards./ https://www.coe.int/en/web/kyiv/-/protection-of-human-rights-through-judicial-education-best-practices-and-improvement-of-standards 3 introducing human rights education. manual for human rigthts education with young people. https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass http://www/ https://www.coe.int/en/web/kyiv/-/protection-of-human-rights-through-judicial-education-best-practices-and-improvement-of-standards 415 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of inestimable importance4. the scope of work carried out in this field includes the adoption of decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-46 “on approval of the national educational program in the field of human rights in the republic of uzbekistan” dated february 8, 2023. this decree was developed to implement the united nations declaration on human rights education and training and provides for the improvement of human rights knowledge of judicial and legal personnel. the decree also notes that human rights education is of particular importance in promoting respect for the rights of every citizen and ensuring their full observance5. national and international legal norms related to human rights are taught in depth in all available forms of education in the supreme school of judges. the main goal of this is to train judges and judicial staff in the advanced aspects of human rights and international law, international standards related to it, their implementation and implementation mechanisms in the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, international cooperation in the field of human rights, as well as the formation of the necessary knowledge and skills about the role of international conventions in ensuring and protecting human rights and freedoms in the courts, methods of analyzing the features of international legal norms, cases related to human rights, making legal solutions to problems, provide the necessary knowledge about the importance of international conventions in judicial proceedings and fair resolution of court cases, as well as teach how to make decisions using international conventions in judicial proceedings. educational trainings at the supreme school of judges are conducted in the framework of the module “international standards of justice and human rights” according to the available specializations. in particular, training sessions on human trafficking and forced labor, women’s and children’s rights, labor and social rights and protection of other rights are conducted. the department of human rights and international law of the supreme school of judges has established the practice of training candidates for judicial positions, judges and employees of the judiciary on human rights based on the educational modules “international standards on justice and human rights” and “protection and provision of human rights”. within the framework of the module, it is determined that educational trainings is conducted on the topics “international and national mechanisms for the protection of human rights”, “policy of uzbekistan in the field of human rights and ensuring human rights in the courts”, “application of international law by courts and international standards”, “rights of women and children”, “human rights in application of international standards in judicial activities” and “the role of the judicial system in ensuring gender equality”. the existence of the legislative base and scientific resources in this field is of particular importance in the training of personnel of the judiciary, in particular, in improving their knowledge and skills in the field of human rights. as mentioned above, uzbekistan has ratified the un declaration on human rights education and training, and to implement this, the republic of uzbekistan has adopted a national educational program in the field of human rights. it is worth noting that within the framework of the above-mentioned educational program, the supreme school of judges has published special educational literature that serves to provide wider protection of human rights and the effective application of international law norms by courts. in particular, educational literatures “issues of ensuring the property rights and interests of women and children through alimony relations”, “international standards for the independence of the judiciary”, “problems of legal protection of the property rights and interests of women and children”, “application by courts of the norms of international law”, “the practice of applying law in the activities of courts: 4 guide for the judiciary on applying a human rights-based approach to health. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/judiciaryguide.pdf 5 “human rights education”. http://nhrc.uz/uz/menu/obrazovanie-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka http://www/ http://nhrc.uz/uz/menu/obrazovanie-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka 416 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan and generally recognized norms of international law”, “the history of the formation of international courts and the application of international law in national courts” and a manual for judges and law enforcement officers was published in uzbek, russian and english languages under the title “collection of international treaties on human rights”. in addition, the supreme school of judges developed a scientific and practical project on the topic “creation of special educational literature on the basis of the electronic platform and braille on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities (deaf, mute, blind) in courts”. based on the fact that the “roadmap for the implementation of the national educational program in the field of human rights in the republic of uzbekistan” considers the issue of improving the knowledge and skills of government officials in the field of human rights and gender equality, in order to implement this task, summer school programs are being organized at supreme school of judges for judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement specialists on the topic “ensuring human rights in administration of justice”. in it, the knowledge and skills of participants are being improved by foreign and domestic experts and specialists within the framework of the topics “international mechanisms and instruments in the field of protection of human rights”, “international standards in the field of human rights in the administration of justice”. in conclusion, human rights education, organized by the supreme school of judges is important for the establishment of a democratic legal state and the formation of a fair civil society, as well as for the formation of a high level of human rights culture in the society. consequently, education on human rights serves to develop the attitude of each person in the society to respect and protect the rights of others in addition to his own rights, and to respect the values in this regard, and to increase the general responsibility of the individual in the implementation of human rights in any society. after all, every person and every organ of society shall strive to respect these rights and freedoms through teaching and education6. therefore, improving the knowledge of subjects of justice in uzbekistan in the field of human rights and teaching them foreign experience remains a priority task. 6 preamble to the universal declaration of human rights, 1948. http://www/ 494 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 start modern principles of organizing outside the classroom in classrooms zarina nematovna tursunova teacher of asian international university abstract: the article discusses the issues of organizing extracurricular activities in the reading classes of elementary school students of general secondary schools. key words: methodology, literature, experience, independent work, teacher, student, goal, expression. the development of social society, in particular, the deeper roots of the ideas of national independence in our lives, enriches the content of reforms in the education system. in the process of education, the forms and methods of teaching that have been tested in the experience are being enriched and, if necessary, updated and put into practice. the state policy in this regard also envisages the formation of a well-rounded person who is spiritually and morally educated through continuous education. how well it is implemented depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the primary education system. primary education is the most important part of continuous education. "uzbekistan general secondary education in the republic: "primary education reading, writing, counting, the basic skills and abilities of educational activities, creative thinking, self-control learning, speech and behavioral culture, personal hygiene and encouraged to ensure the acquisition of the basics of a healthy lifestyle. extracurricular study in primary grades is considered an integral part of preparing young students for thorough mastery of their mother tongue, as an important means of their moral and aesthetic upbringing in the educational process. the purpose of reading outside the classroom is to introduce children's literature and various examples of folklore to young students, to restore reading culture in them. to the content of the out-ofclass study program, two main sections are divided into two main sections at each stage of education: at the 1st stage, the scope of study, that is, the books to be studied and the order in which they are introduced to the study. students are instructed. in the 2nd stage, knowledge, skills and competencies are formed on the basis of these educational materials. children's motherland, independence, national values based on the skills and competences formed in literacy classes in the 1st grade in extracurricular study activities according to the state standards and curriculum of general secondary education. ideas and concepts are expanded and enriched. extracurricular reading and recitation lessons are introduced to children's fiction in 20 minutes of lessons once a week in the 1st grade. the goal is to instill a love of books in young children, to develop independent reading. basically, students of this class are taught how to deal with books, the rules of reading books, save the book knowledge, skills and abilities are formed by observing the behavior of the heroes of the work, studying their positive aspects, retelling them in a figurative way. for the students of this class, mostly picture books are taken. by reading books that develop 495 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us children's emotions, the teacher introduces our independent country, its beautiful cities, villages, national traditions, values, past, and people's dreams. they have a passion for knowledge. in the 2nd grade, students read small works independently based on the teacher 's help and assignments. in this class, an extracurricular reading lesson is held once every 2 weeks. the teacher finds works about motherland and courage of ancestors, plants, birds and animals and recommends them to the students. independent studies of students in extracurricular study sessions in 3rd and 4th grades for people's lives, artistic and scientific popular works that are vividly depicted and reflect their spiritual and moral lifestyle are recommended. in grades 3-4, extracurricular reading lessons are held once every two weeks. in these classes, the teacher collects books suitable for the age of the students in the classroom library. the study corner outside the classroom can be decorated in different ways. in this, the teacher and the student work together. artistic and scientific-popular works serve to expand and shape students' outlook only if they are read independently and consistently. extracurricular studies in the hearts of the young generation love for goodness, for evil, retelling the content of the text, narrating a story based on a certain plan by shortening or changing the person, identifying the means of artistic representation, evaluating the character and behavior of the heroes of the work, their connected speech cultivation, in short, has great potential in improving reading culture. in-class and out -of class learning is directly related to the sections of all subject programs taught in elementary grades. in turn, the knowledge and skills acquired in the study of grammar and correct writing, natural science, visual arts, and music are used in reading lessons. searching for art books based on the topics covered in the reading classes, writing the names of the heroes of the work, describing them, creating a creative picture, memorizing suitable proverbs to complete the thought encourages the student to be creative. in each class, an event can be staged in accordance with all the forces of the ages outside the class. it helps to develop the child's speech and increase vocabulary. also, the attention of the student who watched the dramatized play increases, and the ability to store it in memory increases. even staging guides the student in all directions, that is, develops acting skills, happiness, begins to teach the first ideas for professions such as directing. during the performance of the work, the teacher will be in charge. pupils ' expressive, figurative, as well as characters' movements correctly, their reading arouses pleasure in pupils and arouses desire for books and works of art, a desire to read and learn. in extracurricular lessons, the teacher should introduce children 's writers and poets to the students. the works of writers and poets such as q. muhammadi, p. momin, z. diyor, a. obidjon arouse great interest among readers. therefore, every school and educational institution must organize meetings with poets and writers who are creative people on various topics among students. such meetings call students to praise the motherland and honor it. respect for the book, how the work was created, teaches to preserve it. thus, fiction and children's literature embody the aesthetic taste and moral qualities in children by truthfully reflecting reality and creating bright images. it teaches them to perceive the beauty of life. the art of words finds its expression in a work of art. since ancient times, attention has been paid to the power and appeal of folk art in the education of the young generation. the artistic word immortalized all the cultural wealth of the nation. for this, the reader must read folk oral works closely. as it is said that fairy tales are guides to goodness, the reader tries to become brave, brave, patriotic, and kind while reading fairy tales, and to become intelligent, knowledgeable, and intelligent while reading riddles. https://fayllar.org/kishilarning-tarixan-qaror-topgan-hamkorlik-faoliyatlari-majmu.html https://fayllar.org/kishilarning-tarixan-qaror-topgan-hamkorlik-faoliyatlari-majmu.html https://fayllar.org/mavzu-talim-vositalari--talim-texnalogiyasining-takibi.html https://fayllar.org/mavzu-talim-vositalari--talim-texnalogiyasining-takibi.html 496 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the justification and interpretation of the theoretical and practical ideas of the implementation of educational work outside the classroom in the education of a perfect person, and the identification of effective forms, methods and tools that serve to increase professional skills in the organization of classroom and extracurricular activities, as well as the development of the technology of the implementation of educational work in the education of the perfect person the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on education", official documents related to the field of public education, the president's scientific theoretical teachings on the "perfect generation". the works of eastern thinkers, as well as the scientific work of the scientists and pedagogues of uzbekistan n.azizkhodjayeva, m.inomova, o.musurmonova, u.mahkamov, s.ochil, i.saidahmedov, n.ortiqov, arxhodzhaboyev and others, who are active in the development of the theory of pedagogy. uses ideas as a theoretical basis. out-of-class and extracurricular educational activities fill the educational process in their spare time based on the interests, desires, wishes and needs of students. it creates an opportunity to increase students' creative abilities and initiative. the uniqueness of extracurricular activities is that the diversity of club and club programs, the innovations in their content create new opportunities for adolescent boys and girls to develop as individuals[ 5] students' mutual respect and moral qualities are formed in the school and in the process of extracurricular activities. in this, the culture of students' behavior towards each other is formed. a student can influence the behavior of the education he learned by imitating the teacher or among his friends. in order to form a culture of behavior among students, the teacher should first of all study the behavior and attention of the student towards himself. activities organized outside the classroom and school complement educational activities in the life of students. they help to form their worldview and moral maturity. creates a foundation for connecting theoretical knowledge with practical production. in all of the above, students' reading skills are formed, they learn to understand the read work, increase their vocabulary and 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(2023). parallel programming in python. technical science research in uzbekistan, 1(5), 178–183. 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 prospects of payment ecosystem formation in uzbekistan makhmudov samariddin bakhriddinovich, ph.d associate professor of international school of finance and technology institute, doctor of philosophy in economics eshmurzaev toshtemir bakhriddinovich master of banking and finance academy abstract: this article looks at the national payment system of the central bank's possible accomplishments and future prospects in the country's economy. prospects for the advancement of banking procedures as well as enhancements to payment options and efficiency were taken into account. additionally, it includes a range of strategic proposals for the central bank that include regulatory change, technological investment, and teamwork to position the bank as a major force behind financial stability and economic growth in determining the future course of the nation's payment system. comprised. the essay goes into great detail about the potential benefits of the national payment system as well as the challenges and opportunities the central bank has faced in creating a secure and cutting-edge financial infrastructure. keywords: national economy, banking activity, banking system, financial system, payment system, electronic payment, remote service, clearing system payment services. introduction. the swift advancement of financial technology coupled with shifting global economic dynamics is forcing central banks worldwide to reconsider and enhance their domestic payment systems. central banks play a crucial role in ensuring financial stability through their oversight of payment systems and their macro-financial perspective [1,2,3]. the evolution of payment systems has significantly impacted central banks, influencing their roles as operators, oversight authorities, and catalysts within national payment systems [4,5,6]. the emergence of central bank digital currencies (cbdcs) and stablecoins has further emphasized the need for modernized national payment infrastructures that are optimally integrated into the global payment system [7,8]. additionally, the history of central banking underscores the importance of payment-related innovations, with the development of technologies like real-time gross settlement systems and mobile money shaping the landscape of financial services [9,10]. therefore, the robustness of the payment infrastructure is paramount in enabling central banks to fulfill their critical function of guaranteeing the stability and effectiveness of the financial system. it aims to reveal the future trends that will form the basis of financial practices within the country while studying the important area of development prospects of the national payment system of the central bank. the national payment system, controlled by the central bank, forms the basis of the country's economic infrastructure, ensures continuous circulation of funds, facilitates trade and is the basis for the implementation of monetary policy. it is true that central banks are bolstering and 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us repositioning their payment systems strategically to improve accessibility and efficiency. their primary focus is on offering specialized services, such safe interbank settlement accounts, in areas where they have a comparative advantage [11,12]. furthermore, in order to maintain the stability of payment systems in the face of technological advancement and global consolidation, central banks are becoming more and more active in their supervision [13,14]. in order to provide underprivileged populations with better access to financial products and services, efforts are being made to build more inclusive payment systems, with an understanding of the positive network externalities that these systems can produce [15,16]. the increasing significance of central banks' function as supervisors of payment systems highlights the necessity of striking a balance between monitoring public policy and private sector development to guarantee [17]. based on the current state of the national payment system, its strengths and areas for improvement will be realized against the background of the constantly developing financial ecosystem. focusing on technological trends, regulatory frameworks, and international cooperation, the study aims to shed light on the multifaceted factors influencing payment system development paths. in doing so, it seeks to provide actionable insights that will enable the central bank's payment system to be more resilient, efficient, and adaptable to emerging challenges and opportunities. understanding the prospects for the development of the national payment system is very important for the central bank, because financial practices are changing rapidly. it is also a strategic process with important implications for global interconnectedness, financial inclusion and economic stability. this analysis seeks to reveal the future of the national payment system, which provides a basis for smart decision-making and proactive measures to develop a secure, innovative and critical financial infrastructure. literature review. numerous economists have investigated the theoretical and practical features of the central bank's national payment system implementation, as well as the implementation challenges; numerous theoretical scientific works have been made, and definitions have been provided. specifically, prominent economist and former us federal reserve system chairman alan greenspan studied monetary theory and financial regulatory payment systems on the stock market in great detail. the range of retail payment options directly affects how efficiently banking operations operate, and lending transaction technology itself can enhance banking operations [18]. according to the well-known scientist w. poole, although the participation of central banks in clearing systems varies from country to country, their main activity in the interbank system is for the purpose of settlement by commercial banks, that is, the obligations undertaken by banks in their payment trading activities. stated that it consists of changing the accounts that have to perform [19]. in a study by european economists borio, rousseau, and van den bergh on clearing practices in central bank payment systems, all g-10 central banks offer settlement services to their national clearing systems, with eight out of eleven clearing systems directly operated and nine stated that they operate directly in the clearing system [20]. scholars have also suggested that the central bank clearing system relies solely on discretionary credit by central banks other than the bank of canada and the bank of england. although central banks are not directly involved, as in the case of the bank of canada, they often coordinate and encourage cooperation by holding senior positions in the banking and payer community. 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economist calvo g. a considered in his research that the demand of economic agents for reserves in the conditions of uncertainty of the central bank payment system depends on their expected payment receipts and outflows [21]. also, the daily payment activity creates a network of bilateral interbank credit relations, which must eventually be terminated by transferring the liability of a third party, i.e., the settlement instrument [22]. although classical analysis is generally concerned with reserves, it should be noted that apart from central bank money, economic agents have many other instruments for their settlement needs. in interbank transactions, commercial bank liabilities (eg representative account) and, to a lesser extent, clearing house liabilities are the main alternatives [23] at the same time, the use of a means of settlement in any particular payment system requires a convention between the economic agent that defines not only the party whose liability is accepted as a means of payment, but also the frequency and time of the settlement day when the obligation should be considered terminated. does. this last aspect refers to the "finality" of the settlement, i.e. the moment when the payment obligation between the two parties is deemed to be unconditionally and irrevocably fulfilled [24]. although e-payments in commercial banks is considered to be a small business function in the banking sector, an increasing share of banks' revenues is accounted for by the contribution of these payment services [25,26,27]. research methodology. the research employed a variety of techniques, including empirical analysis, grouping, comparison, retrospective and prospective analysis, and scientific abstraction. the paper provided justification for the significance and necessity of utilizing the scientific abstraction approach in the development of the central bank payment system. moreover, analytical analyses and emission models were created utilizing the central bank payment system's economic analysis techniques. as a result of the conducted analysis, the dynamic trend of the central bank payment system in financial institutions was shown. at the same time, the obstacles to this field and ways to overcome them are explained. analysis and results. rapid integration of information technology to support global development and economic prosperity is becoming increasingly urgent. the development of economic processes and the increase in the standard of living of the world's population are caused by the widespread introduction of information technologies into our daily lives. this suggests that facilitating the unrestricted distribution of information accelerates the transition to a market-oriented economy and increases social welfare. against the background of consistent growth of the national economy, the relevance of innovative approaches to business activity has increased significantly, in particular, special attention is being paid to e-commerce. currently, every user of internet technologies is trying to understand the concept of e-commerce. every year, the markets of the united states of america witness an average turnover of 1.5-2 trillion us dollars related to this relatively new activity, which is in the process of creating its extensive history. at the same time, extensive legal reforms were carried out on the development of the central bank payment system, in particular, based on the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated september 19, 2018 "on measures to develop the national payment system" pq-3945. the interbank processing center was established in the 4th quarter of 2018, and the "humo" payment system was launched from the 1st quarter of 2019. the launch of this retail payment system is aimed at establishing competitive services in the field of retail payment services through bank cards. its main goals are to significantly expand the scale of non-cash operations in the national economy and mitigate the risks inherent in the operation of retail payment systems based on bank cards. 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the settlement clearing system of a central bank is a cornerstone of the financial architecture of any nation. it is instrumental in maintaining the efficiency and stability of financial operations, which in turn, supports the broader economic environment. this essay delves into the pivotal role that the settlement clearing system of the central bank plays, emphasizing its importance in financial transactions, risk management, and economic stability. this complex system serves as the basis for continuous settlement of accounts, facilitating the continuous flow of funds between financial institutions. the central bank provides a centralized clearing mechanism and increases the overall reliability and security of financial transactions. one of the important advantages of the account clearing system is its contribution to the minimization of settlement risks and optimization of liquidity management. through automated transaction processing and real-time monitoring, the system helps prevent discrepancies and errors, and provides a robust and secure financial environment. the settlement clearing system of the central bank facilitates the efficient processing of financial transactions between banks and other financial institutions. this system ensures that payments are settled promptly and accurately, reducing the time lag between the initiation and completion of transactions. by doing so, it enhances liquidity within the financial system, as funds are made available more quickly for further transactions. moreover, the settlement system of the central bank ensures transparency and accountability in the financial sector. close monitoring of transactions and generation of accurate and timely reports helps to gain a clearer understanding of the financial landscape and facilitates effective decision-making by financial institutions and regulatory authorities. the central bank's settlement system is a key factor in strengthening a safe, efficient and transparent financial ecosystem. its continuous improvement and adaptation to emerging challenges will be critical to ensuring the stability and confidence that underpins the broader economic landscape. the following table presents the trend of changes in the practice of kling in payment systems of the central bank in 2022-2023. table 1 analytical information on payments received by commercial banks through the central bank's settlement clearing system during november 2022-2023 1 № name of the bank payments received in november 2022 payments received in november 2023 number amount (in million soums) number amount (in million soums) 1 national bank 183 506 351 186 162 610 796 337 2 self-construction bank 241 916 348 702 187 504 277 839 3 agrobank 981 139 1 289 704 1 136 360 1 066 674 4 microcredit bank 164 230 351 461 142 094 296 568 5 people's bank 383 087 333 025 213 687 226 260 6 guarantee bank 52 751 168 625 40 904 62 432 7 business development bank 156 492 311 517 187 190 358 529 8 turonbank 30 920 224 976 33 653 255 361 9 partner bank 18 798 100 921 48 604 226 928 10 asaka bank 265 856 1 028 905 90 771 1 105 550 11 silk yolibank 33 663 116 777 36 399 161 874 12 ziraat bank uzbekistan 1 016 2 061 1 238 6 335 13 trustbank 51 309 372 267 387 718 463 695 14 aloqabank 3 211 118 808 887 6 446 532 1 732 344 1 it was developed independently by the author based on the data of the central bank. 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15 mortgage bank 311 301 673 790 288 782 787 159 16 kdb bank uzbekistan 410 577 734 1 354 17 universalbank 227 618 50 205 233 588 18 kapitalbank 871 518 403 797 15 003 283 805 19 octobank 11 600 265 420 653 3 252 20 period bank 902 1 925 12 732 10 892 21 invest finance bank 9 965 2 794 17 469 226 053 22 asia alliance bank 15 882 197 812 69 217 195 371 23 orient finance bank 104 012 219 886 114 503 156 298 from table 1 above, we can see that from november 2022 to 2023, the volume of payments received by 23 commercial banks through the settlement clearing system of the central bank showed an increasing trend, the volume of transactions and financial activity in the banking sector significantly increased. indicates growth. according to it, the dynamic trends of this growth can be expressed as follows. a growing economy leads to an increase in business activity and transactions. the growth of digital payments and the adoption of online banking services will help increase the volume of transactions. if priority was given to digital payment methods during this period, this would be reflected in the increase in the volume of payments processed through the settlement clearing system of the central bank. government initiatives and incentive programs that include financial payments can lead to a flow of payments. had such programs been implemented on time, the settlement could have contributed to the observed increase in payments through the clearing system. changes in banking practices, such as the introduction of new financial products or services, can lead to increased transaction activity. also, the figure below shows the amount of transactions made through the interbank payment system of the central bank (see figure 1) figure 1. the number of transactions made through the interbank payment system of the central bank 2 2 it was developed independently by the author based on the data of the central bank. 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the data presented in figure 1, the volume of operations carried out through the interbank payment system of the central bank has undergone dynamic changes over the past years. analyzing indicators can reveal trends such as increases, decreases or fluctuations in the number or value of transactions carried out through the interbank payment system. these fluctuations may be affected by various factors, including economic conditions, technological developments, regulatory changes or changes in market dynamics. adapting strategies for financial institutions and analysts in the detailed study of changes and factors of dynamic changes in the payment system for a certain period of time or significant peaks and troughs and the effectiveness of the interbank payment system in response to changing trends in transaction activity and serves as a valuable tool in ensuring its stability. innovations in banking are attracting more customers and businesses to use the account clearing system for their payment needs. changes in interest rates affect borrowing and spending patterns. if there were changes in interest rates during this period, this may have affected the volume of payments processed through the settlement clearing system. in addition, a high level of market confidence and stability will stimulate financial transactions, a positive economic forecast and confidence in the financial system will lead to an increase in payments through the settlement clearing system of the central bank. operations carried out through the interbank payment system of the central bank have provided a number of advantages that serve the efficiency, security and stability of the financial system. according to it, the real-time interbank payment system allows real-time settlement of transactions between financial institutions. this feature minimizes the time needed to transfer funds between banks, and makes transactions faster and more efficient. the use of an interbank payment system can reduce counterparty risk, especially if it includes central bank supervision. transactions are carried out in a safe environment, where the risk of default by the participating banks is minimized. transactions through the central bank's interbank payment system offer advantages in terms of efficiency, risk reduction, regulatory compliance, central bank support, cost effectiveness and facilitation of large transactions. together, these benefits contribute to the smooth functioning and stability of the broader financial system. also, the amount of transactions made through the interbank payment system of the central bank is presented in figure 2 below. figure 2. the amount of transactions made through the interbank payment system of the central bank 3 3 it was developed independently by the author based on the data of the central bank. 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to figure 2, the amount of transactions made through the inter-bank payment system of the central bank showed regular growth trends since 2018. in particular, in 2018, 865 billion soums, 1,126 billion soums in 2019, 1,890 billion soums in 2020, and 2,785 billion soums in 2021 showed positive growth trends. favorable economic conditions during this period may have led to increased business activity, investment, and financial transactions. with the expansion of economic activity, the demand for interbank transactions often increases, which contributes to the observed growth trends. also, the development of technology and the increasing number of digital banking solutions may have played an important role. as the technological infrastructure has improved, it has become easier and more efficient for financial institutions to carry out interbank transactions, which has led to an increase in the volume of transactions. government policies or initiatives that support digital payments, financial inclusion or economic development are important in promoting the use of electronic payment systems for efficiency and transparency in increasing transactions through the interbank payment system. at the same time, a stable economic and financial environment increases confidence among businesses and individuals, encouraging them to engage in more financial transactions. stability has led to an increased desire to use interbank systems. conclusion. 1. technological advances as a catalyst in the payment system of central banks the integration of advanced technologies such as blockchain, real-time gross settlement systems, and application programming interfaces will appear as a key factor for the future development of the national payment system. 2. the implementation of promising regulatory frameworks, including the creation of regulatory sandboxes and cooperation with fintech firms, appears as a key strategy. these measures are essential to create an enabling environment that encourages innovation while ensuring the integrity and security of the payment system. 3. financial inclusion and reduction of transaction costs development prospects of the payment system emphasize its role in promoting financial inclusion and reducing transaction costs. by leveraging interoperability standards and technology solutions, the central bank can extend the reach of the payment system to underserved populations, thereby contributing to greater economic participation. 4. the national payment system can be emphasized not only as a transaction infrastructure, but also as a strategic driver of economic growth. continuous flow of funds and reduction of transaction costs are the basis for sustainable development and stimulate economic activity. 5. the central bank's proactive approach to innovation support and payment system development highlights its leadership in shaping the financial landscape. by staying ahead of technological trends and regulatory needs, the central bank can position the payment system as the backbone of the financial infrastructure. 6. the central bank's national payment system development outlook highlights the critical intersection of technology, regulation, and strategic vision, highlighting a changing landscape. as the financial landscape evolves, the payment system is poised not only to facilitate transactions, but also to play a central role in shaping the country's economic trajectory. continued flexibility, innovation and collaboration will be essential in realizing the full potential of the nps in the coming years. references 1. domenico, lombardi., lawrence, l., schembri. (2016). reinventing the role of central banks in financial stability. bank of canada review, 2016:1-11. 2. mamadiyorov, z., sultanova, n., makhmudov, s., khamdamov, s. j., mirpulatova, l., & 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us jumayev, a. (2023, december). the impact of digitalization on microfinance services in uzbekistan. in proceedings of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (pp. 453-463). 3. махмудов, с. (2024). рақамли параметрларни макроиқтисодий кўрсаткичларга таъсири ҳорижий мамлакатлар мисолида. iqtisodiy taraqqiyot va tahlil, 2(3), 364-374. 4. ponamorenko, v. e., nasirova, g. a., & molotova, e. s. (2023). central bank digital currencies as an element of the payment-centric model of global financial regulation. digital lj, 4, 64. 5. fayzieva, m., makhmudov, s., gaipov, j., & isakov, j. (2023, december). econometric analysis of the impact of digital infrastructure on investment practices in uzbekistan. in proceedings of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (pp. 12-18). 6. urunov, r., makhmudov, s., mamadiyorov, z., khamdamov, s. j., kurbanov, z. n., & dadabaev, u. (2023, december). digitalization and its econometric analysis on transforming sustainable regional development into improved population living standards. in proceedings of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (pp. 438-442). 7. (2023). central bank digital currencies as an element of the payment-centric model of global financial regulation. cifrovoe pravo, 4(1):64-73. doi: 10.38044/2686-9136-2023-4-1-64-73 8. maxmudov, s. (2024). yuqori raqamli texnologiyalar eksportining dinamik ta’siri xorijiy mamlakatlar misolida. страховой рынок узбекистана, 1(8), 78-82. 9. vivienne, a., lawack. (2022). case notes: an exploratory analysis of central bank digital currencies — some considerations. sa mercantile law journal, 34(1):118-134. doi: 10.47348/samlj/v34/i1a5 10. makhmudov, s., khamdamov, s. j., karlibaeva, r., mamadiyarov, z., haydarov, o. r., khujamurodov, a., & imomov, k. (2023, december). the impact of digital technologies on the labor market of uzbekistan. in proceedings of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (pp. 260-267). 11. edward, j., green., richard, m., todd. (2001). thoughts on the fed's role in the payments system[*]. the quarterly review, 25(1):12-27. doi: 10.21034/qr.2512 12. shoh-jakhon, k., saidmakhmudovich, u. a., ogiloy, a., isaev, f., kholbaev, n., samariddin, m., & kholbaeva, s. (2022, december). econometric modeling of central bank refinancing rate in uzbekistan. in the 6th international conference on future networks & distributed systems (icfnds'22). 13. andrew, haldane., edwin, latter. (2005). the role of central banks in payment systems oversight. social science research network, 14. bakhriddinovich, m. s., & khasan, j. (2024). the importance of international stock markets in increasing the efficiency of the national stock market. european journal of business startups and open society, 4(6), 295-303. 15. barr, m. s., harris, a., menand, l., & xu, w. m. (2020). building the payment system of the future: how central banks can improve payments to enhance financial inclusion. u of michigan law & econ research paper, (20-038). 16. kurbonov, k., makhmudov, s., mamadiyorov, z., khamdamov, s. j., karlibaeva, r., samadov, a., & djalilov, f. (2023, december). the impact of digital technologies on economic growth in the example of central asian and european countries. in proceedings 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (pp. 403409). 17. ralf, pauli. (2000). payments remain fundamental for banks and central banks. research papers in economics, 18. jiang, w., & liu, j. (2018). inventory financing with overconfident supplier based on supply chain contract. mathematical problems in engineering, 1-12. 19. poole w. commercial bank reserve management in a stochastic model: implications for monetary policy //the journal of finance. – 1968. – т. 23. – №. 5. – с. 769-791. 20. borio c.e.v. russo d. van den bergh p. (1991), «payment system arrangements and related policy issues: a cross-country comparison», in proceedings of the workshop on payment system issues in the perspective of european monetary unification, perugia 22-23 november 1990, ed. by f. passacantando, roma, banca d'italia, pp. 31-98. seifert, r., & seifert, d. (2011). financing the chain. international commerce review, 10(1), 3244.doi:10.1007/s12146-011-0065-0 21. calvo g. a. balance-of-payments crises in emerging markets: large capital inflows and sovereign governments //currency crises. – university of chicago press, 2000. – с. 71-97. 22. zhou r. et al. understanding intraday credit in large-value payment systems //federal reserve bank of chicago economic perspectives. – 2000. – т. 24. – №. 3. – с. 29-44. 23. angelini p., passacantando f. central banks role in the payment system and its relationship with banking supervision //giornale degli economisti e annali di economia. – 1992. – т. 51. – №. 9/12. – с. 453-491. 24. routh s. the potential of technological innovation to reduce fraud and increase trust in the indian banking system : дис. – dublin business school, 2019.s. li and x. chen, ―e role of supply chain finance in thirdparty logistics industry: a case study from china,‖ international journal of logistics research and applications, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 154–171, 2019 25. radecki l. j. banks' payments-driven revenues //economic policy review. – 1999. – т. 5. – №. 2. 26. conference on future networks & distributed systems (pp. 253-257). 27. 3. yusupov, s., boymuradov, s., bobamuratova, d., shukhratova, m., marupov, i., akramova, d. t., ... & muradova, d. a. (2022, december). diagnostic aspects of zygomatico-orbital complex fractures with the use of modern digital technologies. in proceedings of the 6th international conference on future networks & distributed systems (pp. 399-403). 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 problems in organizing the economic security system of enterprises shodmanova zubayda ubaydullayevna samisi is an assistant at the "economic theory" department abstract: this article examines the main problems faced by enterprises in the organization of the economic security system. the conditions for achieving economic security are presented through a comprehensive risk assessment. keywords: economic security, information security, outsourcing, globalization and international threats, scalability and flexibility. economic security is an important aspect for the stable operation and development of any enterprise. it includes the various measures and strategies that organizations implement to protect themselves from internal and external threats that may threaten their financial stability, reputation, and overall well-being. however, despite the importance of economic security, many businesses face difficulties in establishing and maintaining an effective economic security system. this article examines some of the main problems encountered in the organization of the economic security system of enterprises. failure to carry out a comprehensive risk assessment is considered one of the main issues of the organization of economic security systems, and this is the lack of a comprehensive assessment of risks. businesses often fail to fully analyze the potential threats, vulnerabilities and risks they may face. this can lead to failure to identify critical areas that require attention and adequate protection. without a comprehensive risk assessment, organizations can overlook potential risks, making them more susceptible to financial losses, fraud, cyber attacks and other security breaches. information security is an important component of economic security in today's digital age. however, many businesses struggle to implement appropriate information security measures. this problem can be caused by a lack of awareness of emerging cyber threats, limited resources dedicated to information security, or failure to implement robust security protocols. inadequate information security measures can expose businesses to data breaches, intellectual property theft, and operational disruptions that can result in significant financial and reputational damage. improper internal control shows that effective internal control is important for ensuring economic security in the organization. however, some businesses have difficulty establishing and maintaining a robust internal control system. issues such as poor division of duties, lack of control, and insufficient monitoring mechanisms can undermine the integrity of financial processes and increase the risk of fraud and embezzlement. inadequate internal controls can also hinder the detection and prevention of operational inefficiencies and irregularities, further jeopardizing economic security. numerical errors and carelessness in informing and training employees can seriously threaten the economic security of the organization. inadequate employee awareness and training on security 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us protocols and best practices can increase vulnerabilities within an enterprise. employees may unknowingly engage in risky behavior, fall victim to social engineering attacks, or mishandle sensitive information. businesses should invest in comprehensive training programs to educate employees about the importance of economic security, potential risks and necessary preventative measures. lack of cooperation and coordination establishing economic security systems often requires cooperation and coordination between different departments and stakeholders within the enterprise. however, many organizations struggle with establishing effective communication channels and developing a collaborative culture. a lack of departmental and cross-functional cooperation can prevent timely information sharing, hinder risk mitigation efforts, and undermine the overall effectiveness of the economic security system. there are several additional points to expand the problems in the organization of the economic security system of enterprises: the rapid development of the rapidly evolving technological landscape creates opportunities and challenges for enterprises' economic security systems. new technologies such as cloud computing, the internet of things (iot), and artificial intelligence (ai) will increase efficiency and productivity, but also create new vulnerabilities. businesses can struggle to adapt to the evolving technology landscape and adequately protect their systems and data from emerging threats. staying abreast of the latest security trends and adopting a proactive approach to implementing appropriate safeguards is critical to maintaining economic security. in today's interconnected business environment, with the risks of outsourcing (giving a portion of your company's operations a service function to another organization) and supply chain risks, many businesses rely on outsourcing and have complex supply chains. while outsourcing can offer cost savings and specialized expertise, it also poses additional risks to economic security. dependence on third-party vendors can expose businesses to data breaches, intellectual property theft, or supply chain disruptions. to mitigate these risks, it is critical to ensure that appropriate security measures are in place in outsourcing and supply chain processes. exploring regulatory compliance challenges businesses must navigate the complex landscape of economic securityrelated regulations and compliance requirements. complying with laws and industry standards, such as data protection regulations or financial reporting requirements, can be challenging for organizations, especially those operating in multiple jurisdictions. failure to comply with applicable regulations may result in legal consequences, financial penalties, or damage to the organization's reputation. businesses must allocate resources to ensure ongoing compliance and stay abreast of any changes in the regulatory framework. even with strict preventive measures, incidents and crises can still occur due to the lack of response and recovery plans. businesses can experience natural disasters, cyber attacks or other unexpected events that disrupt their operations and undermine their economic security. however, many organizations lack comprehensive response and recovery plans to effectively deal with such incidents. without pre-defined strategies and protocols in place, businesses can experience extended downtime, increased financial losses, and reputational damage. it is essential to develop and regularly test response and recovery plans to minimize the impact of impact events. inadequate budget allocations require economic security to invest in a variety of resources, including advanced technology, skilled personnel, training programs, and security infrastructure. however, some businesses struggle with budgeting enough to adequately support their financial security systems. limited financial resources can lead to security breaches, inadequate preparation and outdated technology. businesses should prioritize economic security in their budget planning to ensure they have the resources they need to effectively protect their assets. it is important for businesses to recognize these issues and take proactive steps to address them. by prioritizing economic security, conducting regular assessments, implementing robust measures, fostering a culture of security awareness and adapting to evolving threats, 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizations can strengthen their economic security systems and protect their long-term success. there are several additional points to further expand the problems in the organization of the economic security system of enterprises: lack of continuous monitoring and evaluation effective economic security requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of security measures to identify vulnerabilities and adapt to changing threats. however, many businesses struggle with implementing a robust monitoring and evaluation system. without constant monitoring, organizations may miss early warning signs of a security breach or fail to identify new risks. regular evaluation of the effectiveness of the economic security system is important to identify areas for improvement and to ensure that security measures remain relevant and relevant to the evolving threat landscape. cultural and behavioral issues building a strong safety culture in an organization is critical to the success of an economic safety system. however, businesses often face cultural and behavioral challenges that prevent them from adopting security best practices. this includes resistance to change, complacency, or a lack of accountability. overcoming these challenges requires leadership commitment, effective communication, and employee engagement initiatives to foster a safety-focused mindset and encourage responsible behavior within the organization. lack of cooperation with external entities economic security is not only the responsibility of individual enterprises, but also requires cooperation with external organizations such as government agencies, industry associations and law enforcement agencies. however, some organizations struggle with establishing effective collaboration and information sharing mechanisms. collaboration with external entities provides valuable insights, threat intelligence and regulatory support. businesses should leverage external expertise and actively engage with relevant stakeholders to strengthen their economic security efforts. globalization and international threats in a global economy that is interconnected, businesses are increasingly exposed to international threats that may affect their economic security. these include risks such as geopolitical instability, cross-border cyber attacks and economic espionage. businesses operating in multiple countries must navigate different legal and regulatory frameworks and address regionally specific security challenges. developing a comprehensive understanding of international threats and implementing mitigation strategies is critical to maintaining economic security in a globalized business environment. lack of scalability and flexibility businesses experiencing rapid growth or significant changes in their operations may struggle to appropriately expand and adapt their economic security systems. improper scalability can lead to a mismatch between an organization's expanding needs and the capabilities of its security infrastructure. likewise, a lack of flexibility can make it difficult to respond quickly to emerging threats or changing business requirements. businesses must ensure that their financial security systems are scalable and adaptable, capable of meeting growth and evolving security needs. addressing these additional challenges requires a holistic approach to economic security. enterprises must develop a culture of continuous improvement, leverage technological advances, build strong partnerships, and prioritize flexibility and scalability in their security strategies. in this way, organizations can increase the stability of economic security and effectively reduce risks to financial stability, reputation and general well-being. in conclusion, the organization of the economic security system is a complex task that requires careful consideration of various factors. businesses must address the issues discussed in this article to improve their financial security. conduct comprehensive risk assessments, implement robust information security measures, strengthen internal controls, increase employee awareness and training, and collaborate. by developing, organizations can reduce risks, protect their assets and ensure long-term stability in an increasingly changing business environment. 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of used literature 1. дрягунова, д. м. финансовоэ состояние предприятия и его анализ / д. м. дрягунова – текст :непосредственний // молодой учений. – 2018. – №43. – с. 218–220. 2. погодина, т. в. финансовийменеджмент : учебник и практикум / т. в. погодина. – м.: юрайт, 2018. – 351 [1] с.; 22 см. – 7000 экз. – исбн 978–5–534–00680–3. – текст :непосредственний. 3. шулс, в. л. безопасностпредпринимателскойдеятелности : учебник для вузов/ в. л. шулс, а. в. юрченко, а. д. рудченко ; под редак-сией в. л. шулса. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – м.: юрайт, 2020. – 585 [1] с.; 22 см. – 5000 экз. – исбн 978–5–534– 12368–5. – текст :непосредственний. 4. десятниченко, д. й. угрози финансовой безопасности устойчивого функционирования предприятия / д. й. десятниченко, о. й. десятни-ченко, в. в. остапенко. – текст :непосредственний // экономика и бизнес: теория и практика. – 2018. – 4. – с. 75–81. 5. vechkanovg.s. ekonomicheskayabezopasnost: uchebnikdlyavuzov. –spb. piter 2007 387 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 improvement of institutional mechanisms of development of service enterprises eshniyozov burkhan samarkand institute of economics and service, "real economy" department assistant trainee eshniyozovburkhanbek98@gmail.com muradov shakhboz komilovich samarkand institute of economics and service annotation: the socio-economic significance, content, and essence of the development of the service sector, structural transformations implemented in the industry, types, and characteristics of services according to classification criteria, as well as the features and principles of effective development of the service sector are examined in the article. keywords: service economy, service sector, factors, enterprise, classification of services, service delivery process, consumers. introduction the socio-economic development of the service sector is based on its content of increasing the quality of life and its quality, creating optimal conditions for the development of human capital associated with the formation of modern industries, and the distribution of a relatively high level of division of labor. covers various directions of economic activity. in the conditions of the transformation of the economy, the service sector is more economically efficient than industrial production, because the implementation of initial activities in the service sector requires less funds, and the turnover rate of capital is much higher. currently, in the conditions of the transformation of the economy, the improvement of the socio-economic mechanism of increasing efficiency in the continuous and stable development of service enterprises and the provision of service intensity is a particularly urgent issue. accordingly, increasing the efficiency of service enterprises and improving the socio-economic mechanism of their activity, increasing the intensity of labor processes and labor productivity, effective use of resources, ensuring the efficiency of labor potential, increasing the quality and efficiency of the services provided, issues related to more complete satisfaction of consumer demands and needs are important problems of industry development. also, increasing the quality and competitiveness of services in the international http://www/ mailto:eshniyozovburkhanbek98@gmail.com 388 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us markets of industry enterprises and increasing the volume of export of services is important for achieving economic growth in our republic. analysis and results. historically, each type of service has been considered as a separate field of activity with its own characteristics. the service sector itself is presented and listed as a combination of these many activities. all types of services can be divided into groups according to various classification symbols. these types require classification methods (figure 1). it should be noted that in the process of scientific and technical development, services with a number of unusual features appear. for example, information services differ from traditional services by the following features: the result of information activity has a material expression in documents that can be stored and sent in mass media, the service process of information activity is a consumer and a producer ( service provider) does not require personal contacts. currently, there is a tendency to separate some different categories of services, and according to these categories, services can be classified as follows (table 1). in different types of services, the ratio of intangible and tangible elements is not the same, which makes it possible to distinguish between traditional and non-traditional services. it should be noted that there are different ratios between tangible and intangible elements of various services: a combination of a tangible product with related services (for example, with computer configuration, repair, internet connection services); food services (for example, the cost of eating in a restaurant can be 30%, the rest is for buying food, preparing food, decorating the table, renting a room, building and room design, car parking, artist services comes ri); services called "pure services" for the care of the sick, elderly, disabled, children, etc. if we consider the provision of services not only as the activity of the executor necessary to provide the service, but as a process, the following main stages can be distinguished: provision of necessary resources, technological process of execution, control making, testing, acceptance, evaluation, service process. quality indicators have a special place in the process of service delivery, and they are in the process of constant change and improvement. the following can be taken as the main basic parameters: service time (the period of time during which the consumer interacts with the service provider); service completion time (standard time for service completion). all quality parameters that affect the consumer of the service must be recorded in the following two internal documents of the organization and must be constantly monitored by the quality control service at the enterprise: service rules requirements regulating the order and conditions of service and document containing standards; terms of service a document describing the set of factors affecting the consumer during the service. at the same time, it should be noted that there are certain difficulties in determining the http://www/ 389 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us quality of service, because the consumer does not have clear criteria for evaluating it. however, as mentioned above, the manufacturer should take this into account. quality service and service quality are not the same thing for different people. even when sellers understand what customers mean by quality service, there are challenges in managing service to prevent non-standard deviations. conclusions and suggestions an important issue for service industry managers is efficiency. accordingly, increasing labor productivity is an important goal determined both at the state level and at the enterprise level. it can be noted that increasing efficiency without increasing labor productivity is a way to find much easier ways to achieve unsatisfactory results. the task of improving labor productivity in the service sector presents its own complexities, which are not only related to its increase, but also to the evaluation, which is largely the result of the management's actions. another important feature of the service sector is that many services are provided without the transfer of ownership rights and the relationship between consumers and producers of services. since many services are not materialized and have relationships with intangible values, property rights, like absolute rights to things, face several complications related to the intangible, invisible nature of traditional, typical services. in most situations in the service sector, relative rights, that is, on the one hand, the right of the producer to the consumer and the consumer's obligations to the producer, and on the other hand, the consumer's right to the producer and the producer to the consumer obligations towards the owner apply. property rights to the material conditions of production of services are limited to a certain extent by the rights of the consumer, and delicate legal relations develop here. they provide that the obligation to compensate the consumer for the damage is imposed on the service provider or the owner of the property, in which insufficient compliance with safety requirements can cause significant damage. in the field of services, intellectual property rights, which cover ownership relationships with respect to intellectual products and intangible assets (for example, trademarks), are becoming more and more widespread. the object of intellectual property is not the material form, but the content. but the main aspect that unites it with ownership is the absolute nature of the right, full of the results of intellectual activity. small enterprises are of great importance in the development of the service sector. world statistics testify to the fact that, according to it, a large part of service production in different countries and regions is concentrated in the field of small business. it is important to note that the expansion of the service sector affects the level of development of all countries. the level of development of this field has become a criterion of the development of society. currently, if less than 65.0% of the gross national product is created in the service sector, such a country is not included among the developed countries. so, the most important macro-economic ratio in the modern economy is the ratio of service and goods production sectors. thus, intensification of service processes aimed at increasing efficiency in service enterprises is of particular importance. this process requires the use of innovative management methods and technologies in the production of services. this process increases not only the use of innovative factors of service provision, but also the quality of the provided services. references 1. barinov n.a. brother. hair. s. 17. burmenko t.d. sphere style: economics: uchebnoe posobie / t.d. 2. sayfiddinov, i., & sa'dullayeva, m. a. (2020). importance of income taxation of commercial http://www/ 390 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us banks. экономика и бизнес: теория и практика, (5-2), 148-150. 3. burmenko, n.n. danilenko, t. a. turenko; pod ed. t.d. burmenko. moscow: knorus, 2007. 328 p. 4. sayfidinov, i. f., & sheraliev, a. (2019). improving the practice of overdraft lending in commercial banks of the country. economics and innovative technologies, 2019(6), 4. 5. sayfiddinov, i., & isroilov, r. а. (2019). expansion of the practice of bank plastic cards. экономика и бизнес: теория и практика, (5-3), 24-26. 6. vesnin v.r. personnel management. theory and practice. moscow: prospekt, 2011. 688 p. 7. volgin a.p. upravlenie personnelom v usloviyakh rynochnoy ekonomiki: uchebnik moscow, 2009. http://www/ 197 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 breast cancer early signs, clinic and treatment methods sadullayeva umida sobir qizi student of tashkent medical academy isoqova dilorom ulug’bek qizi student of tashkent medical academy karimova nigora abdisamiyevna teacher of shahrisabz branch of tashkent institute of chemical technology abstract: about 1 million new cases of the disease are detected worldwide every year. in particular, oncological pathology of the breast occupies a leading place in the system of women’s oncological diseases, and according to statistics, it is confirmed that their number is increasing in recent years. in the general system of diseases among women, breast canser is from 13,5% to 30%, especially in recent decades. it is noted that the disease is growing in economically developed countries is being done. therefore, it is very important to prevent mastopathy( breast cancer). mastopathy, fibrocystic mastopathy (fkm) is one of the most common diseases of the mammary glands. according to the statistics of the world health organization (who), almost every second woman of childbearing age is familiar with this disease. keywords: mastopathy, fibro-cystic mastopathy, mrt, utt, fitolon, mastodinon, mastofit, klamin, mastokrel, progestogel. enter an increase in the frequency of breast diseases has been described in recent years. various pathologies of this organ occur in 60% of women under the age of 30, on average after the age of 40. mastopathy, one of the safe diseases of the breast, is observed more often in the reproductive age. according to various researchers, up to 40% of women of childbearing age have mastopathy. mastopathy is one of the diseases of the mammary glands. in this case, "nodules" and fibrous tissue of various sizes appear in the mammary glands. when these knots are grasped, they harden the hand, sometimes painful, sometimes painless. if before menstruation or during menstruation, the mammary glands are painful and swollen, it means that this is also a symptom of mastopathy. mastopathy is more common in young women and usually occurs as a result of dysfunction of endocrine glands. these changes are caused by various inflammatory diseases of the genitals, sexual disorders. in addition, diseases of the thyroid gland and liver can cause mastopathy. mental anguish, depression, severe anxiety about something is not an exception. dysfunction of the ovaries also causes mastopathy. as a result, the pattern of menstruation changes. it is important to note that mastopathy persists for a long time in the mammary glands of women who did not treat gynecological diseases in time. it is known that the structure and activity of mammary gland tissue changes depending on a woman's age, height, and breastfeeding. these changes occur primarily under the influence of hormones produced by the ovaries. when a woman is pregnant, under the influence of these hormones, the glandular tissue swells, and the 198 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mammary glands enlarge. by the time the baby is born, the mammary glands produce colostrum, and then real milk. after the opening of a woman's eye, milk comes to her breast for up to 10-12 months and even more. by the end of this period, mammary glands shrink and milk production decreases. it should not be forgotten that if a woman does not breastfeed her child during this period, milk will accumulate and pain will appear in the mammary glands. this condition is the basis for the occurrence of mastitis. hard "nodules" enlarge over time. especially after having a child, this process becomes more and more difficult. sometimes there is no risk of tissue enlargement. in some cases, if mastopathy is not treated and the factors that caused it increase, it can turn into a malignant tumor. only an oncologist together with a family doctor can determine the nature of the pain. currently, breast cancer is the number one cause of oncological disease and death among women in russia. the absolute number of women diagnosed with breast cancer for the first time in russia reached 45,857 in 2002. in 2005, there were 49,548 new cases of breast cancer, and 22,461 women died from breast cancer. one out of every 9 women is diagnosed with this disease. from 2003 to 2008, the standardized incidence rate in russia is 13.4%. in asian countries and other regions, where multiple births and long-term breastfeeding have been preserved, mastopathy and ckd are significantly less common. in recent years, the number of people who turn to various treatment facilities for breast diseases that are not related to breast cancer is increasing. one of the most common benign breast tumors is mastopathy, which occurs in 20-60% of women aged 30-50. according to the information of a.b. khodjayev, in 2010, kbs in uzbekistan was 8.1 per 100,000 population. during preventive medical examinations, more than 41% of patients with ckd were identified. fcm according to its pathogenesis, mastopathy is a benign hormonal disease. the main reason for its development is hormonal imbalance. in particular, the lack of progesterone in the body and hyperestrogenia an excess of the estrogen hormone lead to the development of fibrocystic mastopathy. in addition, prolactin plays an indirect role in the development of this pathology. it affects the development and activity of the mammary glands, the increase in prolactin secretion disrupts these processes. disturbances in the production of hormones indicated above lead to a pathological hormonal imbalance, which leads to the growth of connective and covering tissues of the alveoli and canals and, as a result, to the pathological formation of the epithelial and connective tissue ratio. at the same time, the first symptoms of fibro-cystic mastopathy in women are high secretion and pain in the mammary glands. clinical classification of fcm modern medicine distinguishes two main forms of fcm: diffuse (scattered); knotted. diffuse form is characterized by the appearance of millet-shaped small nodules in the mammary glands, which, depending on timely diagnosis and treatment, either disappear or enlarge. according to the predominance of the components of these nodes, diffuse mastopathy, in turn, is divided into four groups: cyst; fibrosis; glandular (the tissue is called parenchyma); a mix. 199 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if the size of the resulting formation reaches 0.5-2 centimeters in diameter, fibrocystic mastopathy becomes nodular. in addition, fkm is divided into three groups depending on the severity of the passage: light, medium and significant, and also divided into unilateral or bilateral forms depending on whether the nodules appear in one or both breasts. factors that motivate the development of mastopathy factors involved in the development of fcm are divided into two groups: main (primary); second level. the main factors include multiple births, long-term use of hormonal contraceptives, abortions, not having children after the age of 30, problems with menstruation, women refusing to breastfeed, sexual a include the presence of structural anomalies. secondary factors in the development of fibrocystic mastopathy include: heredity the presence of fcm in first and second relatives; influence of the activity of pathological organs on the production of hormones (thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland); life style. improper nutrition, lack of vitamins in the diet, problems with body weight increase the risk of developing mastopathy; bad habits: smoking, alcohol abuse. symptoms of fcm at the initial stage of fcm, the symptoms that can be determined without special diagnostic methods are almost not manifested. therefore, it is very important for all women to undergo regular medical check-up, which allows to detect this pathology at an early stage. with its further development, fibro-cystic mastopathy begins to manifest itself through the following symptoms: breast lumps that are palpable and painful; roughness and enlargement of mammary glands during premenstrual period; increased breast sensitivity; pain in the chest that can spread to the armpit or shoulder; white or brown discharge from the breast. each of these symptoms means the need to undergo an in-depth medical examination. discharges from the mammary glands should be examined separately. they are very dangerous symptoms of mastopathy, which can turn into malignant tumors. diagnosis of fcm doctors agree: "each woman should have a regular visual inspection of her breasts to detect any lumps that may indicate breast cancer." this practice has become the norm in the west, but it is not yet widespread in our country. visual inspection is performed with the following algorithm: stand in front of the mirror and let your arms down freely. evaluate the symmetry of the glands, the degree of equality of their location, the correct boundaries, shape and size. these results should be remembered for comparison during the next inspection. 200 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bend your body to the sides and check that the level of movement of the chest is the same. at this stage, it is possible to determine the depths and heights of the formations, as well as observe the presence of separation in the movement. in the same case, evaluate the condition of the skin. its color should be natural and even, there should be no wrinkles, small wounds and rashes. palpate the breasts lying down and standing up. to make this process easier, divide the checked area into conditional squares and check them one by one. any thickenings, nodules and other abnormal structures should attract your attention. carefully inspect the chest and its surroundings. any change in shape, color, or skin is a sign of the need for clinical diagnosis. such an examination should be performed once a month, on exactly one day of the menstrual cycle. this eliminates the differences associated with the natural changes in a woman's breast in different periods. in addition, regular examinations allow to feel even small changes, and when they are detected, the disease can be eliminated in the early stages of its development. clinical diagnosis of mastopathy includes a series of examinations and consultation of three specialists gynecologist, endocrinologist and mammologist. first of all, the mammary glands of a woman suspected of fibrocystic mastopathy are examined using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. these methods are the most informative and can identify nodes even in the early stages of development. after the suspected disease is diagnosed using mri and utt, mammography, biopsy and ductography are prescribed for detailed examination. they can show the location of tumors and determine the presence of precancerous tumors. these five methods are absolutely enough to make an accurate diagnosis. and according to their results, doctors can correctly diagnose the pathology and prescribe the right treatment methods. one exception is nodular mastopathy, which requires a puncture of the resulting nodules. this procedure is performed to exclude or confirm the presence of cancerous tumors. treatment of mastopathy treatment of mild and moderate mastopathy is carried out in three directions: non-hormonal preparations for internal use; creams for external use; complex of phytoand vitamin preparations. the most commonly used drugs for internal use are: fitolonstrong immunomodulator, antiseptic and antioxidant. improves tissue microcirculation, slows down the development of cancerous tumors. mastodinon reduces the production of prolactin, stops the development of the diffuse form of fibro-cystic mastopathy. mastofitcontrols the activity of metabolic enzymes. it performs a protective function in some forms of oncological pathologies. klaminreduces the pathological manifestations of mastopathy, has an oncoprotective effect, normalizes the activity of the thyroid gland. among the most popular means for external use in mastopathy: mastofit (cream) herbal preparation. reduces swelling, normalizes metabolic processes, improves the shape of mammary glands. 201 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mastokrel (gel) the drug has an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic and sedative effect. progestogel (gel) progestagen is a hormonal preparation that reduces swelling of connective tissue, reduces epithelial activity and increases the permeability of small blood vessels. vitamin therapy for fibrocystic mastopathy consists of increasing the amount of vitamins a and e, as well as iodine. they have a positive effect on the activity of hormonal metabolism and restore the normal hormonal background. hormonal treatment was prescribed in cases where drugs of this group did not give the desired results and in severe forms of fibrocystic mastopathy. it is selected only by a specialist, depending on the pathology and specific characteristics of the woman's body. for these purposes, oral contraceptives belonging to the progestogen group, as well as progestogen in pill form, are mainly used. the process of treatment with these drugs takes a long time up to six months, but in most cases the effect of treatment is clearly observed. methods of treatment of fcm using folk medicine there are many recipes for treating mastopathy in folk medicine. in most cases, they are used not as independent therapy, but as an auxiliary element in drug treatment. many popular recipes to combat fcm are elements of phytotherapy. let's take a look at some of them: boil 100 grams of fenugreek seeds in half a liter of milk. the resulting tincture is left in a warm place for two hours, after which it is divided into three parts, and the parts are taken 30 minutes before meals during the day. the duration of treatment is three weeks, and it is effective in cystic mastopathy. the following combination of herbs is useful in fcm: one part of dried nettle and sage, two parts of wormwood and zubturum are mixed, then a pinch of the mixture is infused with a glass of boiling water and left to stand for an hour. . the infusion liquid is drunk in three divided amounts during the day. cabbage leaves cut into strips are placed on the breast for one night. cabbage helps to absorb the nodules formed. this method should be used for two weeks, after which a one-week break is required. to lubricate the mammary glands, it is useful to use dry leaves of elderberry, its leaves are put in processed sunflower oil. this ointment is prepared in a 1:3 ratio. the components available in folk medicine prepared at home are also present in medical preparations recommended for the treatment of mastopathy. their combined use allows to reduce the time of treatment and the amount of medicine. at the same time, it is necessary to consult a doctor before using even the simplest recipes of folk medicine, this is important to avoid overdose, allergic reactions and side effects. prevention of fcm the main principles of prevention of fibrocystic mastopathy can be distinguished from the prerequisites for the development of this pathology. the two main principles of reducing the risk of developing mastopathy are breastfeeding and regular examination of your own breasts. in addition, effective preventive measures include: not having an abortion; healthy lifestyle; avoiding traumatic injuries of the mammary glands; a stable state of stress. 202 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of course, these steps do not completely eliminate the possibility of developing fibrocystic mastopathy, but as a result of them, the risk of developing the disease is much lower. summary the main risk of fkm is that women with this pathology are five times more likely to develop breast cancer. in addition, such a statement appeared relatively recently, but it has received the necessary clinical confirmation. twenty years ago, it was believed that fibrocystic mastopathy is not a threat to a woman's life and is only dangerous in terms of symptomatic manifestations. currently, early and correct diagnosis of fkm is very necessary, because this pathology belongs to the class of precancerous diseases. in addition to breast cancer, the hormonal imbalance caused by mastopathy contributes to the development of cervical and ovarian cancer. in this regard, the importance of timely detection and treatment of mastopathy has become even more important. at the same time, everything is not so terrible. regular medical examination and independent examinations allow to detect mastopathy in the early stages, which does not require complex treatment, and almost 100% of positive outcomes. it is for this reason that almost all women must always undergo a doctor's examination on time. references: 1. salomova f.i., ermatov n.j., toshmatova g.a., abdugadirova l.k.-"alimentary prevention of mastopathy" 2021. 2. алефиров а.н. mастопатия// mедицинская консултатция.-moсква,2004.№1.с.78-79. 3. беспалов в.г. новое в лечении мастопатии// лечащий врач.-москва.2007.-№3.-с.9293. 4. self. the first volume. tashkent, 2000. internet information is obtained from the following sites: 1. http://www.medline.ru. 2. http://www.freebooks4doktors.com/fl/spec4.htm; 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ 4. http://www.histology.narod.ru/ http://www.medline.ru/ http://www.freebooks4doktors.com/fl/spec4.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ 298 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 etymology of mythical creatures and figures nilufar usarova yakubovna teacher of kspi abstract: this article explores the fascinating origins and linguistic roots of the names of various mythical creatures and figures from diverse cultures around the world. by delving into the etymology, the study reveals how these names reflect the cultural perceptions, attributes, and historical contexts of the entities they describe. the article begins with an analysis of well-known mythical creatures such as dragons, phoenixes, and werewolves. for instance, the term "dragon" is traced back to the greek word "dragōn," meaning "serpent" or "giant sea fish," highlighting the creature's feared and awe-inspiring nature across cultures. similarly, the phoenix, a symbol of rebirth and immortality, is examined through its greek origins, where "phoenix" referred to a mythical bird associated with the sun. keywords etymology, mythical creatures, linguistic roots, cultural perceptions, historical contexts, dragons, phoenixes, werewolves, gods, goddesses. introduction: every culture has its own gaggle of monsters and beings residing in traditional tales. versions of some creatures, such as the prolific fairy, populate stories across multiple cultures and countries. others, meanwhile, are born to a single region. “places get the monsters they deserve. it is that simple,” young says. “a hunter-gatherer community will have bogies connected to the chase. an agricultural community will have monsters on the edge of the village, near the fields. an industrial community will have horrors in abandoned factories, etc … there is a vast range. what always amazes me is how they change not just from country to country, but from valley to valley.” main part legendary beasts and beings continue to captivate us as stories of old receive contemporary updates in books, movies and on television. in the case of amazon prime video’s fantasy noir series carnival row, for example, viewers are introduced to a world in which fabled beings like faeries and fauns live as “immigrants” amongst humans in a war-torn land. in the show, these creatures are feared – and humans restrict their freedoms because of it. the mythical creatures found in folklore do a lot of different jobs, says simon young, a british historian of folklore and co-editor/co-author of the book magical folk: british and irish fairies, 500 ad to the present. “they uphold morality, enforce taboos, connect to divinity, warn against dangers and, most importantly, entertain,” young says. “if i had to sum it up, though, i’d say they teach us modesty. there are things that are bigger than us that we glimpse and things that we cannot even conceive: things that are, in any case, beyond our control. they are the unknown. the darkness under the stairs or off the path in the forest or in our neighbor’s heart.” the term “fairy” (alternatively spelled “faerie” or “faery”) entered the lexicon during the middle ages in europe, different versions of the creature already existed in tales being passed down in regions around the world in both literature and oral traditions. greek mythology had its nymphs. irish folklore told of the leprechaun, an often grumpy, mischief-prone subtype of fairy. look to 299 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the samoans and indigenous people of the americas, and you’ll find folk characters that bear resemblance to what was, or is, considered a fairy. many times, fairies – also known as the fae, wee folk, good folk or people of peace – were defined as any mystical creature taking a humanoid appearance. what do you think of when you imagine a fairy? the first image that likely springs to mind is of a diminutive, gossamer-winged sprite – often taking the form of a beautiful woman – who uses her magical pixie dust to perform benevolent deeds for humans. while this wholesome representation of fairies commonly populates children’s storybooks in modern times, they actually have a darker and more sinister folkloric past. some traditional stories from england, ireland and scotland, for example, depict these soulless, supernatural beings as wicked, temperamental entities that weren’t above murder or kidnapping if you landed on their bad side. they’re not always tiny, either. depending on the region, fairies can be the size of a human, or even bigger. majority of the fairy legends of western europe go, if you come across a fairy ring – distinguished by a circle of mushrooms in a field or forest – do not dare step inside. the ring is said to be created by dancing fairies, and entering it can lead to a number of dire consequences. for example, some myths warned that you’d die young. other stories alleged you’d be forced to dance around the ring until you died of exhaustion or went mad. fairy rings were also believed to be instant portals to the fairy realm, where if you ate or drank anything you’d be trapped for eternity. and although humans and fairies were allowed to marry, they could only do so only under certain conditions. if those conditions were not met, the marriage ended – and sometimes, the life of the human would, too. if contemporary popular culture is to be believed, trolls are small, happy-go-lucky creatures with colorful hair who break into song and dance sporadically. trolls’ roots in scandinavian folklore, however, tell a different story. in traditional mythology, these monstrous, somewhat humanoid beings were not so cheerful, and actually quite hostile. in these stories, they occupied castles, emerging only at night because exposure to sunlight meant either a horrifying death or a life forever suspended in stone. certain landmarks in norway are even said to have formed from a troll that got caught out in the sun. particular tales, these brutish creatures dwelled in the mountains and boasted overstated facial features that mirrored that of a stereotypical neanderthal. still, in different regional stories were trolls who made their homes deep in underground caves. these were described as being even uglier, with stubby limbs, fat bellies and slime-covered skin from all the time spent below the earth’s surface. there’s some disagreement as to whether the trolls of lore were all bad. but they have been described as being perfect thieves, entering homes under a cloak of invisibility to steal food and cause other mischief. if there’s one in particular that strikes fear in the hearts of children, however, it’s grýla, the icelandic troll woman said to terrorize families during the jolliest time of year – christmas. stories are told of grýla descending from her frigid mountain lair every december to snatch up naughty boys and girls and devour them in a stew. meanwhile, her mischievous sons, the 13 yule lads, started out with backstories of torment as well, but now enjoy a more pleasant reputation ... at least in comparison. today, trolls have pushed well beyond norse mythology and scandinavian folklore, and have become recurring characters in fantasy films, literature, role-playing games and yes, on toy store shelves. but as varied as their origin and evolution may be, the mythos we have created around trolls often touches on the same theme – a fear of those unlike ourselves. in conclusion, the etymology of mythical creatures and figures provides a rich tapestry of linguistic history that mirrors the cultural and historical evolution of human societies. by uncovering the roots and transformations of these names, the article offers a deeper understanding of how myths are intertwined with language and how they continue to influence and reflect our collective imagination. the article also touches upon the broader linguistic patterns observed in 300 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us mythological nomenclature, such as the use of compound words and descriptive epithets that convey specific qualities of the mythical beings. these linguistic devices not only enhance the narrative but also aid in the oral transmission and memorability of the myths. references 1. довурбоева н. “жажман”нинг жилвалари // ёшлик. 1991.№5. – б.42-43; 2. дўстмухаммад хуршид. дустмухаммад хуршид. бозор. роман., тошкент: шарк нмк, 2000. б.124. 3. usarova, n. (2023). theoretical aspects of the problem of translation. namangan davlat universiteti ilmiy axborotnomasi, (10), 263-268. 4. кассирер э. понятие символической формы в структуре о духе // культурология xx век. — 1998. — № 11. — с. 37—66. 5. кассирер, э. избранное: индивид и космос / пер. а. н. малинкина. — м.— спб.: университетская книга, 2000. 6. мелетинский е.м. введение в историческую поэтику эпоса и романа. москва: наука, 1986. 7. мелетинский е.м. поэтика мифа. м., 2012. 336 с. 8. мелетинский е.м. о литературных архетипах. москва, 1994. 9. нуруллаева с.м., ўринова м. замонавий ўзбек шеъриятида қуш кўринишидаги мифологик образлар тасвири ва талқини // сўз санъати. тошкент, 2020. №4. 84-87 10. усарова, н. (2023). “badiiy obraz, xarakter, tip” modulini o ‘qitishga doir innovatsiyalar va ilg ‘or xorijiy tajribalar. общество и инновации, 4(3/s), 216-221. 11. usmonov, s., boltaboeva, u., rahmonova, n., & akbarov, t. (2021). pedagogical approaches to educating future actors. the american journal of interdisciplinary innovations and research, 3(05), 85-90. 12. rakhmanova, n. (2023). language and culture: investigate the connection among language and culture, analyzing how language reflects and shapes social standards, values, and personalities. talqin va tadqiqotlar, 1(31). 13. bakhodirovna, r. n. (2024). about some features of authentic text materials in teaching a foreign language. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 5(1), 45-49. 14. isakova, z. z., & rakhmonova, n. b. (2021). the expressing value attitude with the help of paralinguistic methods. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(5), 1209-1213. 15. xusnitdin o’g’li, s. a. (2023). issues of creating a linguistic image of the world. gospodarka i innowacje., 37, 44-46. 16. abdulhamidov, s. (2023). causativity from the point of view of the linguocognitive aspect. инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика, 2(23), 8-11. 17. abdulhamidov, s. (2023). basic principles and procedure for studying causative constructions in modern linguistics. наука и технология в современном мире, 2(19), 19-22. 18. saydaliyevna, s. s., & husniddin o’g’li, a. s. (2023). peculiarities of translation of scientific degrees. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(2), 102-107. 19. xusnitdin o’g’li, s. a. (2022). lexical and semantical meaning of 301 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us causative verbs in uzbek and english. open access repository, 8(11), 309-311. 20. xusnitdin o’g’li, s. a. (2022). the linguistic image of the world and the peculiarities of its creation. conferencea, 232-234. 234 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 development of logistics technologies and programs to reduce warehouse costs safarov farruh a student of the logistics department of the karshi institute of engineering economics abstract: this paper examines the role of logistics technologies and programs in reducing warehouse costs. it discusses the impact of automation, advanced inventory management systems, and data analytics on warehouse operations. the paper provides insights into the benefits of adopting these technologies and the potential challenges faced during implementation. key findings highlight the importance of integrating these technologies to achieve cost-effective and efficient warehouse management. technological advancements in warehousing. keywords: logistics technologies, warehouse costs, supply chain management, operational efficiency, automation, inventory management, cost reduction. introduction the logistics industry has witnessed a paradigm shift in recent years, driven by technological advancements and increasing demands for efficiency. warehousing, a critical component of logistics, incurs significant costs that directly impact the overall supply chain efficiency and profitability. the development of innovative logistics technologies and programs has become essential to mitigate these costs, optimize operations, and enhance productivity. this paper explores various technologies and strategies implemented in warehouses to reduce costs and improve operational efficiency. automation and robotics automation has revolutionized warehouse operations by introducing robotic systems that handle repetitive tasks, reducing labor costs, and minimizing errors. automated guided vehicles (agvs), robotic pickers, and conveyors streamline the movement of goods within the warehouse, enhancing productivity and accuracy. for instance, amazon's use of kiva robots has significantly reduced the time required for order picking, thereby decreasing labor costs and improving order fulfillment speed . advanced inventory management systems implementing advanced inventory management systems, such as warehouse management systems (wms) and enterprise resource planning (erp) software, has enabled real-time tracking of inventory levels, orders, and shipments. these systems provide accurate data, reducing the likelihood of overstocking or stockouts, which can incur additional costs. by optimizing inventory levels, warehouses can maintain a lean inventory, reducing holding costs and improving cash flow . data analytics and predictive modeling data analytics and predictive modeling have emerged as powerful tools in warehouse management. by analyzing historical data, warehouses can forecast demand more accurately, leading to better 235 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inventory planning and reduced excess inventory. predictive models help identify patterns and trends, enabling proactive decision-making and efficient resource allocation. for example, predictive maintenance of equipment can prevent unexpected breakdowns, minimizing downtime and repair costs . strategies for cost reduction lean warehousing lean warehousing principles focus on eliminating waste and optimizing processes to enhance efficiency. by adopting lean methodologies, warehouses can identify and eliminate non-value-added activities, streamline workflows, and improve space utilization. techniques such as just-in-time (jit) inventory, cross-docking, and continuous improvement programs contribute to significant cost savings and operational efficiency . energy efficiency energy costs constitute a substantial portion of warehouse expenses. implementing energy-efficient practices, such as using led lighting, optimizing hvac systems, and investing in renewable energy sources, can lead to considerable cost reductions. additionally, energy management systems can monitor and control energy usage, identifying areas for improvement and ensuring optimal energy consumption . workforce optimization efficient workforce management is crucial for reducing labor costs in warehouses. technologies such as labor management systems (lms) help in tracking employee productivity, identifying skill gaps, and scheduling shifts effectively. training programs and performance incentives can further enhance workforce productivity and reduce turnover rates. by aligning workforce capabilities with operational demands, warehouses can achieve higher efficiency and cost savings . challenges in implementing logistics technologie while the benefits of logistics technologies are significant, their implementation poses several challenges. the high initial investment required for automation and advanced systems can be a barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). additionally, integrating new technologies with existing systems may require substantial effort and expertise. employee resistance to change and the need for continuous training to adapt to new technologies are other critical challenges. addressing these challenges through strategic planning and stakeholder engagement is essential for successful technology adoption . conclusion the development and implementation of advanced logistics technologies and programs play a pivotal role in reducing warehouse costs and enhancing operational efficiency. automation, advanced inventory management systems, and data analytics are key enablers of cost-effective warehouse operations. by adopting lean warehousing principles, optimizing energy usage, and effectively managing the workforce, warehouses can achieve significant cost savings. despite the challenges, the benefits of integrating these technologies far outweigh the initial investments, leading to a more resilient and competitive logistics industry. references 1. amazon robotics. (2020). revolutionizing warehouse automation. retrieved from [amazon robotics](https://www.amazonrobotics.com) 2. smith, j. (2019). the impact of erp systems on inventory management. journal of logistics and supply chain management, 12(4), 56-68. 3. jones, r., & brown, t. (2021). predictive analytics in warehousing: a comprehensive 236 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us review. international journal of data analytics, 8(2), 102-115. 4. lee, s. (2020). the role of data analytics in modern warehousing. logistics today, 15(3), 34-46. 5. womack, j. p., & jones, d. t. (2010). lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. simon & schuster. 6. energy star. (2021). guide to energy-efficient warehouse operations. retrieved from [energy star](https://www.energystar.gov) 7. wilson, k. (2022). workforce optimization strategies in warehousing. journal of industrial engineering, 20(1), 44-59. 8. thompson, p., & garcia, m. (2020). challenges in implementing warehouse automation technologies. journal of logistics innovation, 10(3), 78-89. 9. miller, d. (2019). overcoming resistance to technological change in warehouses. international journal of organizational change management, 14(2), 120-134. 10. amazon robotics. (2020). revolutionizing warehouse automation. 11. smith, j. (2019). the impact of erp systems on inventory management. 12. jones, r., & brown, t. (2021). predictive analytics in warehousing: a comprehensive review. 13. lee, s. (2020). the role of data analytics in modern warehousing. 14. womack, j. p., & jones, d. t. (2010). lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. 15. energy star. (2021). guide to energy-efficient warehouse operations. 16. wilson, k. (2022). workforce optimization strategies in warehousing. 17. thompson, p., & garcia, m. (2020). challenges in implementing warehouse automation technologies. 18. miller, d. (2019). overcoming resistance to technological change in ware. 130 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 internal control system in commercial banks, its creation and existing problems zokir mamadiyarov dsc., professor, international school of finance and technology institute, uzbekistan zokir.mamadiyarov@gmail.com orcid: 0000-0002-1508-488x bahodir odilov master of the banking and academy republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article analyzes the importance of the internal control system in commercial banks of the republic of uzbekistan. also, the opinions of world scientists in the field of combating the legalization of criminal income are given. international standards and opinions of foreign scientists about the role of the internal control system in the bank's activities are studied and recommendations are made to eliminate the existing shortcomings. key words: fatf, money laundering, internal control, internal control system, internal control rules. introduction. in the countries of the world, at the end of the 20th century, many criminal groups engaged in criminal activities (drug trade, arms trade, etc.) and easily carried out financial transactions related to these activities through commercial banks, and the lack of legal frameworks for managing risks in this field in banks made it necessary to regulate this field. caused. first, the united nations convention "combating illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances" (vienna, december 20, 1988) was adopted. "in 1989, the world's seven major countries (great britain, germany, italy, canada, france, japan and the usa) founded the fatf organization (financial action task force), an international institution engaged in the development and implementation of international standards in the field of aml/cft. today, 55 countries are members of this organization. this organization first developed its first 40 recommendations in 1990 as an initiative to protect financial systems from drugs and money laundering. in october 2001, the fatf expanded its powers to include the financing of terrorist activities and terrorist organizations and adopted 9 specific recommendations to combat the financing of terrorism. the fatf recommendations were revised for the second time in 2003 and, together with the specific recommendations, have been adopted by more than 180 countries and are the international standard of combating money laundering. the international multi-level system of the fatf consists of fatf, fatf regional groups and countries. the fatf regional groups include the asia-pacific group, east http://www/ 131 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and southern africa group, south america group, eurasian group, middle east and north africa group, council of europe group, caribbean group, west african intergovernmental group, central africa group. uzbekistan is considered a member of the eurasian group, and this group was established on october 6, 2004. the head office of this group is located in moscow, and in addition to uzbekistan, this group also includes countries such as belarus, china, russia, india, kyrgyzstan, turkmenistan, kazakhstan and tajikistan. on february 28, 2008, the fatf announced its concerns on its official website that a series of decrees of the president of the republic of uzbekistan effectively abolished the combating money laundering regime in the country and led to legalization of criminal proceeds. literature review. the system of credit control in commercial banks plays a crucial role in managing risks and ensuring financial stability. however, various challenges and problems exist within this system. issues such as the lack of qualified specialists for implementing effective financial controlling systems (anna, maryna., hanna, myroshnychenko., leonid, katranzhy (2023)), the emergence of non-performing loans leading to systemic crises (mirzoev, feruz. (2022).), the importance of methodological integrity in risk management for banks (ruslana, kozubekova. (2023)) [3], the necessity of improving internal control systems to prevent risks (fandi, li. (2020)), and the constraints on china's commercial banks due to high non-performing assets and inadequate risk management (chenyu, liu. (2023)) all contribute to the complexity of credit control in commercial banks. addressing these challenges through enhanced training, better risk assessment methods, and improved internal control mechanisms is essential for the effective functioning of credit control systems in commercial banks. studied the effect of internal control systems on the performance of banks and showed that strong internal control systems are important in ensuring the financial stability of banks (arndorfer & minto (2015)). and drogalas & karagiorgos (2015) emphasize the importance of internal audit in strengthening internal control systems (drogalas & karagiorgos (2015)). it shows that mismanagement of financial risks can have negative effects on the economy (stulz (2014)). gatzert & martin (2015) emphasize that banks' risk management strategies help in effective risk management (gatzert & martin (2015)). hoffmann et al. (2012) emphasizes the importance of technological innovation in improving risk management systems (hoffmann et al. (2012)). barth et al. (2013) show that failure of commercial banks to comply with regulatory requirements can have negative effects on the economy (barth et al. (2013)). the basel committee on banking supervision (2011) emphasizes the importance of compliance with governance standards (basel committee on banking supervision (2011)). coso (2013) suggests that compliance with regulatory requirements can be ensured by improving the effectiveness of internal control systems (coso (2013)). research methodology. http://www/ 132 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in this article, the importance of the internal control system in commercial banks of the republic of uzbekistan, the opinions of world scientists in the field of combating the legalization of criminal income, international standards on the role of the internal control system in banking activities, the opinions of foreign scientists are studied , scientific abstraction as a research methodology in the comparative analysis of scientific, historical and practical sources. , logical and structural analysis, grouping and segmental analysis methods were used. analysis and results. fatf called on uzbekistan to restore the aml/cft regime and to create a aml/cft regime that meets international standards in cooperation with the eurasian group. at the same time, fatf urged its members to take into account the risks arising from the weaknesses of the combating money laundering regime in uzbekistan. during this period, the law no. 660-ii "on combating the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities, financing of terrorism, and financing of the distribution of weapons of mass destruction" adopted on august 24, 2004 in the republic of uzbekistan was in effect (orq-660-ii. (2004) ). based on article 6 of this law, the "rules of internal control on combating the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities and the financing of terrorism in commercial banks" was developed by the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan together with a specially authorized state body and was registered in the ministry of justice on october 23, 2009 with the number 2023 . based on the requirements of these rules, commercial banks have started to establish their internal control services. on june 15, 2010, the euro-asian group published on its website detailed information on the evaluation of measures implemented in uzbekistan in the field of combating money laundering, and acknowledged that uzbekistan has achieved positive results in these evaluations. pursuant to article 15 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan no. 660-ii "on combating legalization of proceeds from criminal activities, financing of terrorism, and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction", organizations that carry out operations related to funds or other property, including banks, are required to provide their internal the obligation to organize and introduce control systems was imposed. the establishment of an internal control system in commercial banks and the conduct of banking activities in accordance with the requirements of the legislation in this field, the involvement of the bank, bank employees and customers in cases related to the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities and the financing of terrorism, fines and sanctions against the bank by the central bank and authorized bodies in this field prevents the application and penetration of criminal persons into the management of the bank . currently, the requirements for the organizational structure of commercial banks of the republic of uzbekistan can be divided into two. it is known that in the country, banks with more than 50 percent http://www/ 133 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the state's share in the authorized capital of the bank are considered as state banks, and other banks are considered as private banks. according to the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the strategy for the development of the national system of combating the legalization of proceeds from criminal activities, the financing of terrorism and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction" of the republic of uzbekistan is carried out in agreement with according to the rules of internal control of commercial banks, the head of the internal control structure is accountable to the chairman of the bank's management board. currently, commercial banks operating in our country have different internal control structures based on the number of branches, volume of work and number of clients. for example, in some large banks, the "internal control service" for combating money laundering and the "compliance control service" operating in the field of combating corruption and managing conflicts of interest have been separately established. table 1 documents related to combating money laundering and terrorist financing criminal income to legalization against to fight terrorism to financing against to fight united nations of the organization against the illegal circulation of narcotics and psychotropic substances fighting convention ( 1988 ) un terrorism to financing against to fight about convention ( 1999 ) transnational organized to crime un convention against (year 2000) un security council resolutions 1267, 1269, 1373, 1390, 1452, 1455, 1526, 1566 of the un to corruption against convention (2003) terrorism, rebellion and to extremism against shanghai convention (2001) europe council from crime received income wash, search make, take to put and confiscation to do about convention (1990) independent states to the commonwealth member countries in the middle to terrorism against in the struggle cooperation about agreement ( 1999 ) source: compiled by the author. also, in some banks, based on the written order of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan in june 2022, a separate "sanctions compliance" service has been established, which operates in the field of sanctions compliance. in this case, the internal control service is subject to the bank's management in accordance with the requirements of the internal control rules. according to the requirements of the basel committee on banking supervision, the "compliance supervision service" is subordinated to the supervisory board of the bank. also, we can see that the "stock compliance" departments are subordinated to the bank's supervisory board based on the request of the central bank. in most of the remaining commercial banks, we can see that the "compliance control service" subordinated to the supervisory board of the bank covering these three areas has been established. according to the 10th amendment to the rules of internal control of commercial banks introduced on april 4, 2023, one of the members of the bank's management should be appointed to the position of head of the internal control service. that is, through this request, the central bank is making a request to include the heads of internal control in the composition of the bank's management. it is known that http://www/ 134 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a bank is a commercial organization and its main activity is focused on earning income. but in some cases, the management of commercial banks make important decisions without taking into account the challenges in the field of combating the legalization of criminal income. this situation may cause banks to get involved in illegal activities such as money laundering or terrorist financing. in order to prevent these situations, the central bank aims to increase the importance of this system and reduce the risks in this area by including the heads of internal control in the bank management. table 2 international standards of international financial organizations to combat money laundering world bank and international monetary fund basel committee on banking supervision international association of insurance supervisors international organization of securities commissions financial sector and offshore financial center assessment programs basel principles standards for customer identification anti-money laundering guidelines for insurance regulators and insurers industry guidelines and decisions source: compiled by the author. also, in order to reduce the influence of the bank's management on the internal control services of the central bank, the fact that this structure is independent from other structural structures, that the hiring and dismissal of managers and employees of these structural structures is carried out only based on the decision of the supervisory board of the bank, as well as the monthly salary of these employees and their equivalent requirements are set for fees to be determined only by the bank's supervisory board. in addition, the requirements for employees of the internal control department include the fact that the head of the department must have a higher economic or legal education and at least two years of managerial experience, or at least one year of work experience in the internal control service, the head of the department or an employee (including employees of the internal control service at bank branches) it is established that the following persons cannot be appointed to the post: persons who, in their activities and personal behavior, have shown that they mismanaged the entrusted department or did not conduct the work in good faith; persons who were previously held criminally liable by the court for crimes in the field of economy. currently, when analyzing the activities of internal control services of commercial banks, it can be seen that there are the following problems in the legislation regulating the field of internal control, as well as in practice:  absence of a clear requirement for the correct entry of the purpose of payment by customers in the payment documents;  failure to save information on the previous founders/beneficiaries/leaders when the information on the founders/beneficiaries/managers of clients is changed in the automated systems (data base) of some banks; http://www/ 135 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  the sale of cash foreign currency in the amount of more than 500 times base calculation amount (bhm) by an individual within a period not exceeding 1 month and the occurrence of problems in reporting such transactions to a specially authorized state body;  a legal entity is an attempt to hand over to the bank, based on the power of attorney issued by the enterprise, the documents provided to the employees of its clients for opening bank cards based on the salary project;  existence of probability of execution of bank operations in favor of the persons on the list when operations are performed through the authorized representatives of the persons on the list. conclusions and suggestions. in conclusion, it should be noted that it is very important to comply with legal documents in the field of combating the legalization of criminal income and the financing of terrorism in commercial banks. compliance with the legal requirements in this area prevents the involvement of the bank, its employees, managers and customers in activities such as money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as the entry of criminal persons into the management of the bank. when studying the work of internal control staff of commercial banks in this field, it is possible to understand that there are the following problems in legislation and practice today and to solve these problems:  incorrectly entering the code of the purpose of payment in the payment documents by the employees of the internal control service of commercial banks during the analysis of the activities of the customers causes difficulties in studying the compatibility of the contents of the funds received and transferred to their accounts. bank employees should constantly provide explanations to customers regarding the correct entry of the code of the purpose of payment into the payment documents.  in some banks, when the information about the founders/beneficiaries/managers of customers is changed in the automated system of the bank, the failure to save the previous information leads to the fact that the persons specified in the requests of the specially authorized state bodies are not identified. as a solution to this problem, in the internal control rules of the central bank, the legal entity should establish specific requirements for permanent storage of information about the previous founders/beneficiaries/leaders of the client in the client's questionnaire.  in the case of sale of foreign currency in cash less than 500 times base calculation amount (bhm) by an individual, the bank does not properly check the client. however, if such operations are carried out several times during a month and the total amount of operations is more than 500 times the base calculation amount (bhm), these operations are considered suspicious operations and must be reported to a specially authorized state body. inadequate verification of the client and lack of information about him will cause the notification of the suspicious operation to be not submitted to the specially authorized state body. in order to solve this problem, the central bank is recommended to reduce this limit to 500 base calculation amount (bhm). http://www/ 136 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  in the process of opening bank cards for the employees of legal entities clients based on the salary project, the representative of the enterprise tries to submit to the bank the documents provided for opening an account to the employees of this enterprise based on the power of attorney issued by the enterprise. in this case, there is a risk of opening bank cards to the company's employees without their knowledge and participation. it is known that, according to the civil code, a power of attorney can be issued on behalf of a legal entity only for concluding transactions that do not conflict with the goals of activity specified in the charter (statute) of the legal entity. however, a power of attorney issued by one person to represent another person before third parties must be in writing and signed by the person giving the power of attorney. in such cases, banks should demand that the power of attorney presented by the representatives of the legal entity clients contain the signatures of the employees of the trusting enterprise.  availability of bank transactions in favor of listed persons when transactions are performed through authorized representatives of listed persons. it is known that according to clause 22 of internal control rules 2886, when one-time operations are carried out by customers, for example, when funds are transferred for goods and services without opening a bank account (using the bank's transit account number), the person who applied to the bank the customer or his authorized representative must (mb, ijqkd (2017)). in such cases, there is a possibility that persons involved in terrorist acts or included in the list of persons suspected of carrying out bank transactions through other persons. in order to eliminate this risk, the central bank should include in the internal control rules specific requirements that banks should properly check the person who participated as a party to this contract, in addition to properly checking the authorized representative of the natural person, in the transfer of funds for goods and services based on the contract. references 1. anna, maryna , hanna, myroshnychenko , leonid, katranzhy . (2023). assessment of the efficiency of the bank's financial controlling system. mechanism rehuluvannya economiky, doi: 10.32782/mer.2023.99.08 2. mirzoev , feruz . (2022). monitoring system and instruments for risk management in commercial banks. international journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding, doi : 10.18415/ ijmmu.v 9i12.4194 3. ruslana, kozubekova . (2023). problems of methodological support in the bank risk management. finance and credit, doi: 10.24891/fc.29.2.398 4. fandy, lee. (2020). internal control of commercial banks—based on case study of shanghai pudong development bank. modern economy , doi : 10.4236/me.2020.112020 5. chenyu, liu. (2023). credit risk management of commercial banks in china. bcp business & management, doi: 10.54691/bcpbm.v44i.4805 http://www/ 137 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. arndorfer, i. & minto, a. (2015). the 'four lines of defense model' for financial institutions. journal of financial regulation and compliance, 23(1), 51-63. 7. barth, jr, caprio, g., & levine, r. (2013). bank regulation and supervision in 180 countries from 1999 to 2011. national bureau of economic research. 8. basel committee on banking supervision. (2011). principles for the sound management of operational risk. basel: bank for international settlements. 9. coso. (2013). internal control — integrated framework. committee of sponsoring organizations of the treadway commission. 10. drogalas, g. & karagiorgos, t. (2015). internal auditing and performance: evidence from greek companies. journal of financial reporting and accounting, 13(1), 71-86. 11. gatzert, n. & martin, m. (2015). determinants and value of enterprise risk management: empirical evidence from the literature. risk management and insurance review, 18(1), 29-53. 12. zokir mamadiyorov, nilufar sultanova, samariddin makhmudov, shah-jakhon khamdamov, luiza mirpulatova, and akbar jumayev. 2024. the impact of digitalization on microfinance services in uzbekistan. in proceedings of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (icfnds '23). association for computing machinery, new york, ny, usa, 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1145/3644713.3644780 13. hoffmann, aoi, post, t. & pennings, jme (2012). individual investor perceptions and behavior during the financial crisis. journal of banking & finance, 37(1), 60-74. 14. zokir toshtemirovich mamadiyarov. 2022. risk management in the remote provision of banking services in the conditions of digital transformation of banks. in proceedings of the 5th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (icfnds '21). association for computing machinery, new york, ny, usa, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1145/3508072.3508119 15. stulz, rm (2014). risk management, governance, culture, and risk taking in banks. journal of financial economics, 111(3), 592-610. 16. orq-660-ii. (2004). "on combating legalization of proceeds from criminal activities , financing of terrorism, and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction" august 26, 2004 orq-660-ii. https://www.lex.uz/docs/283717/ 17. mb, ijqkd (2017). rules of internal control "on combating money laundering, financing of terrorism and financing of distribution of weapons of mass destruction in commercial banks". may 23, 2017, №2886. https://www.lex.uz/docs/3212190 . http://www/ https://doi.org/10.1145/3644713.3644780 https://doi.org/10.1145/3508072.3508119 https://www.lex.uz/docs/3212190 317 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 analyzing distinct attributes of shifts in customer behavior within the banking services sector khonturayev bobur azimovich1 head of the department of the "family and gender" research institute, doctor of philosophy (phd) in economics. email: idmon.88@gmail.com, phone: (+9989) 94 007-04-40 annotation: consumer behavior in the banking industry has seen substantial changes due to technological improvements, changing cultural values, and developing customer expectations. this study seeks a thorough understanding of the theoretical and methodological principles that form the basis of these developments. this paper analyzes many essential theoretical frameworks, including the theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model, and2 customer engagement theory, via a literature analysis. these frameworks provide valuable insights into the elements that influence consumer behavior in the banking industry. furthermore, it examines various methodological strategies such as surveys, interviews, and data analytics used to explore and evaluate trends in consumer behavior. this study offers significant insights for academics and business by combining current research. it assists in developing strategies that successfully respond to the changing dynamics of customer behavior in the financial services market. keywords: consumer behavior, banking services, theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, zero moments of reality, cyber citizen and consumer, generational theory, digital immigrants. introduction. the advent of digital transformation has profoundly altered consumer behavior, with far-reaching effects on individuals' lives and psyches. this digitization has particularly impacted the financial services sector and other businesses. a recent survey conducted by pwc (pricewaterhousecoopers) regarding digital customer behavior found that 46% of the participants utilize digital channels such as mobile phones, tablets, and laptops to access banking services. in 2012, the percentage was 27%. in a similar vein, the frequency of trips to banks declined from 15% to 10%. consumers are increasingly shifting their preference from traditional banks to digital channels, reflecting a notable change in consumer behavior3. literature review. several international scientists have researched assessing shifts in customer 1 head of the department of the "family and gender" research institute, doctor of philosophy (phd) in economics. email: idmon.88@gmail.com, phone: (+9989) 94 007-04-40 2 li, x., zhang, y., yang, z., zhu, y., li, c., & li, w. (2023). modeling choice behaviors for ridesplitting under a carbon credit scheme. sustainability, 15(16), 12241. 3pwc. (2017). digital transformation in financial services. retrieved june 30, 2018, from https:// www.pwc.com/us/en/industries/financial-services/research-institute/top-issues/digitaltransformation. html http://www/ mailto:idmon.88@gmail.com mailto:idmon.88@gmail.com 318 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us behavior in the global financial services sector. specifically, ndubisi and pikkarainen argue that transitioning to digital channels influences consumer tastes and expectations for a smooth and user-friendly digital banking experience. grewal et al. found that consumers in the banking sector are increasingly desiring a more customized experience. they have determined that they anticipate tailored solutions and recommendations based on their financial requirements and preferences4. in addition, the tullys and the wincklers have substantially influenced consumer behavior within the banking industry by implementing regulatory reforms, such as the open banking initiative. these reforms have effectively enhanced competition and transparency and facilitated consumer access to their financial information and authorized thirdparty providers. several studies have discovered that increased sharing has changed consumer preferences toward more customized and interconnected financial services. another academic, vonglimpiyarat, says the rise of fintech companies and challenger banks has transformed the conventional banking industry. in particular, younger generations now place greater confidence in these pioneering financial service providers, who offer tailored, technology-driven solutions. the scholar's research concludes that traditional banks must modify their strategies to cater to the evolving needs of technologically proficient consumers. research methodology. we have employed many stages and methodologies as a research methodology to investigate consumer behavior in banking services. we thoroughly examined the current literature and research findings regarding consumer behavior in the banking industry. we comprehensively analyzed the data gathered from general research surveys, interviews, and focus groups utilized to study consumer behavior. in addition, we carried out sample surveys and conducted interviews with members of the population. in addition to primary data collection, we used secondary data sources, including reports from international organizations, financial data, and commercial data from commercial institutions. furthermore, we conducted a comparison analysis to examine the behavior of consumers in various demographic categories and their usage of financial services, including online banking and mobile banking. analysis and discussion of results. before the pandemic, numerous businesses, including commercial banks, were actively undergoing the process of changing and adjusting to the digital realm. nevertheless, the covid-19 pandemic has expedited the process of digitalizing commercial institutions. due to implementing a quarantine and social distancing measures, markets and sellers have been compelled to adjust to the new circumstances of contactless and digital interactions. it is now opportune for banks to leverage new technology in their marketing strategies, tactics, and operations. analyzing the variables that impact consumer behavior in the digital realm allows banks to enhance their ability to cater to customer demands. our research employed a historical methodology to examine shifts in consumer behavior (see table 1). table 15 the several phases involved in studying customer behavior № stages characteristics 1 the first stage the rise of economic psychology and the evaluation of consumer behavior from 1750 to 1955. 2 the second stage the period of consumer behavior from 1955 to 1974. 3 the third stage from 1974 to the 1990s, scientific advancement was characterized by 4 grewal, d., roggeveen, a. l., nordfält, j., keeling, d. i., & wetzels, m. (2021). personalization in retail marketing: a systematic review and future research agenda. journal of retailing, 97(1), 170–197. 5 created by the author using information from online sources. http://www/ 319 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us integrating cognitive psychology with economics. 4 the fourth stage the application of game theory techniques in economics, particularly in sections that elucidate the strategic interaction of economic agents across many levels and conditions, aims to identify the optimal solution to a developing conflict during the 1990s-2000s. 5 the fifth stage between 2001 and 2015, we witnessed growth and advancement in marketing. research findings from psychophysiology, neurophysiology, and neuroscience were incorporated into marketing practices, giving rise to the emergence of neuromarketing. 6 the sixth stage (2015 to present) phase of comprehending and researching customers through digital anthropology and digital ethnography. in the initial phase, exploratory investigations in economic psychology mainly concentrated on the ethical dimensions of individuals' decision-making. we are witnessing economic psychology's development and the valuable input of several prominent economists in evaluating consumer behavior from a psychological perspective. the scientists' efforts led to developing the "concept of economic man." one notable characteristic of the notion is "economic egoism," which refers to the pursuit of maximizing personal profit. an economic agent is an innovative participant in the market economy who possesses autonomy in decision-making and can make optimal and logical choices aligned with their objectives, preferences, and necessities. based on this description, we can infer that an individual who engages in economic behavior in any form of economic activity is being referred to. this individual plays a role in the economy by serving society and engaging in economic activities with their conscious awareness and behavior. individuals' economic consciousness and conduct influence their participation in specific economic activities. from 1955 to 1974, the second stage focuses on analyzing customer behavior. during this period, there was a notable emphasis on the psychological aspects of marketing and the introduction of behaviorism. during this period, notable contributions were made by american economistpsychologists such as watson john brodes (1878-1958) with his work on "behaviorism", herbert a. simon (1916-2001) introduced the concept of "bounded rationality," and george cato (1901-1981) focused on "decision making" and the role of the decision maker. additionally, german american psychologist hugo münsterberg (1863–1916) made significant contributions by researching the "features of industrial psychology." lastly, french sociologist, criminologist, and social psychologist jean gabriel tarde (1843–1904) also made notable contributions during this time. "herd behavior" (also known as crowd behavior) or "crowd psychology" refers to the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to imitate the actions and decisions of others in the group. fishbein and ajzen (1975; 1980) developed the "theory of planned behavior," which explains how individuals' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence their intentions and behaviors. james march (1928) and richard sayert (1921) proposed the "behavioral theory of the firm" (1963),6 which explores how organizations make decisions based on the behavior and interactions of their members. harvey leibenstein (1922-1994) introduced the concept of "x-efficiency,"7 which refers to the efficiency level an organization achieves beyond what is considered optimal. these contributions have significantly enriched our understanding of human behavior and organizational dynamics. 6cyert r., march j. a behavioural theory of the firm. 2nd ed. wiley-blackwell, 1992. 268 p. 7 1966, allocative efficiency vs. "x-efficiency", the american economic review, vol. lvi., june 1966 http://www/ 320 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the third stage (1974-1990s) marks when cognitive psychology entered the economy, resulting in a distinct science focused on consumer behavior. d. kahneman (1934) and amos tversky (19371996), both economic and psychological experts, authored "prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk" in 19798. this work is regarded as the foundation for research conducted by marketing scientists. these experts contend that individuals consistently make optimal judgments in an ideal world that yields the most significant advantages and contentment. richard thaler, born in 1945, is an american economist who contributed significantly to consumer behavior research. r. thaler made a noteworthy addition to contemporary behavioral economics, which integrates economics and psychology by including psychological and emotional components in examining customers' decision-making. by analyzing the outcomes of limited rationality, societal preferences, and self-discipline, he demonstrated the impact of these human traits on both individual choices and market dynamics. r. thaler's book “nudge: choice architecture”9 provides numerous vivid examples highlighting our cognitive biases and irrational decision-making tendencies. richard thaler formulated the theory of intelligent calculation, which elucidates how individuals make financial judgments. richard thaler identifies two categories of errors auction winners make: overpaying for an item relative to its value or receiving an item that does not meet their expectations. thaler asserts that this incident demonstrates that the conduct of auction participants is irrational. the fourth stage involves using mathematical game theory techniques in economic theory, particularly in the portions that elucidate the strategic interaction of economic agents at various levels and under diverse circumstances, as well as the ensuing conflict. the search for a solution is a developmental phase related to the desire to find a resolution throughout the 1990s-2000s. game theory is a mathematical approach examining the most advantageous game strategies. a game is a competition between two or more participants actively seeking to achieve their objectives. game theory is a mathematical discipline that analyzes systems with multiple participants, sometimes known as agents. the theory of games examines the strategies of logical decision-making in situations including social conflict10. the formulation of this theory is rooted in the seminal work "theory of games and economic behavior" (1944)11 by john von neumann (1903-1957) and oskar morgenstern (1902-1977), as well as the contributions of john nash (1928-2015). the concept of nash equilibrium, developed by john s. harsani (1920-2000) in his work "rational behavior and negotiation in games and equilibrium in social situations" (1977), is contingent upon rational behavior and negotiation in games. the fifth stage (2001-2015) is marked by expansion as research findings from psychophysiology, neurophysiology, and neuroscience are integrated into marketing theory. this integration is assessed by the progress made in the development of neuromarketing. the creation of this stage was conducted by american neurologists m. shadlen (1959), w. newsom (1952)12, paul j. 8 kahneman, daniel; diener, ed (2003). well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. russell sage foundation. 9 "nudge the gentle power of choice architecture" capital ideas retrieved december 6, 2009 10 myerson, roger b. (1991). game theory: analysis of conflict, harvard university press, p. 1. chapter-preview links, pp. vii–xi. 11 copeland, a. h. (1945). "review: theory of games and economic behavior by john von neumann and oskar morgenstern" (pdf). bull. amer. math. soc. 51 (07): 498–504. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1945-08391-8. 12shadlen m., newsome w. neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area lip) of the rhesus monkey. neurophysiology, 2001, vol. 86 (4), pp. 1916–1936. http://www/ 321 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us zak13 (1962), a. beshar, a. damasio14, e. smidts15, and dj. charles16. they illuminate consumer behavior by demonstrating the influence of neuroscience on the acceptance of drugs. the current phase, which began in 2015, involves the exploration and analysis of consumer behavior through the use of digital anthropology and digital ethnography. this phase examines explicitly the relationship between humans and digital technologies. digital ethnography examines the interactions between consumers and digital technologies, their behavior inside the realm of technology, and how consumers utilize technology to engage with one another. it can also be used to comprehend how consumers see brands within their digital communities and the factors that draw buyers towards specific brands. before the emergence of the internet, the marketing concept of "two moments of truth" was applicable:  the first moment occurs when a consumer visits a store to purchase a product and selects from various available options based on their initial impression of the product.  the actual usage of the product shapes the second moment17. the emergence of the internet gave rise to the notion known as the "zero moment of truth" (zmot). this concept posits that buyers engage in proactive online searches to gather supplementary information about a product, such as the experiences of other consumers who have used it, before making a purchase. surveys indicate that over 70% of individuals consider product evaluations before purchasing, with the percentage varying based on the product type18. consequently, advertisements encountered on television or heard on the radio frequently motivate people to refrain from physically visiting banks and seek information about the respective bank, product, or service on the internet. the advancement of digital technologies has been observed to influence consumer behavior. the emergence of the internet led to the presence of cyber citizens and cyber customers in society. 13 zak p., kurzban r., matzner w. the neurobiology of trust. annals of the new york academy of sciences, 2004, vol. 1032, pp. 224–227. 14 beshar a., damasio a., tranel d., deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. science, 1997, vol. 275, iss. 5304 pp. 1293-1295. 15smidts a. kijken in het brein: over de mogelijkheden van neuromarketing, 2002. 16sharles j. management rewired: why feedback doesn't work and other surprising lessons from the latest brain science. penguin group, 2009. 17 ye. a. luneva, n. p. rebrova. sifrovoy marketing: uchebnoe posobie. — m.: prometey, 2021. — 6 str. 18 lecinski j. zmot: winning the zero moment of truth // url: http://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/researchstudies/2011winning-zmotebook.html (data obraщeniya: 12.04.2020). 3264 407 2826 230 2354 167 2111 812 1823 223 1780 073 1552 297 1105 730 758 129 471 010 706 522 526 400 508 137 310 373 180 298 146 324 99 781 86 290 3 932 322 3 432 468 3 153 693 2 616 235 2 644 952 3 156 976 3 130 619 2 747 566 2 205 007 1 949 075 1 671 457 1 527 503 1 298 018 820 718 503 149 247 365 161 159 73 014 0-4 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-44 50-54 60-64 70-74 80-84 http://www/ 322 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. representation pyramid of the uzbek generation spanning from 1991 to 202219 michael hauben coined the phrase "cyber citizen" in 1995, encompassing two primary definitions. first, it refers to a collective of individuals on the internet who have come together for a particular objective. second, it pertains to individuals who, by their proactive efforts, foster collaborative interactions on the internet and yield collective advantages. cyber citizens are individuals from different locations who are concerned and actively contribute to advancing the internet for global welfare20. a cyber consumer actively utilizes information technology to seek out information about products and services, engage in transactions, and communicate with other users about their consumer encounters21. due to the advancement of digital technologies, a new group of customers is emerging. these consumers utilize the internet and can access information about products and services online, study their characteristics, and make comparisons. these individuals can be referred to as "connected consumers" or "digital consumers" due to their uninterrupted access to the internet through a range of devices such as smartphones and tablets. a nielsen study on digital content consumption reveals that online purchasing and consumption have significantly altered consumer behavior worldwide. global consumers prefer utilizing social networks and a secondary device like a tablet to view advertisements. although youthful consumers still prefer to operate at physical bank branches, most transactions are now via digital technology22. for financial institutions to thrive in the digital era, it is crucial to comprehend how consumers use digital technologies and the advantages they derive from them. consequently, banks ought to engage in marketing research and provide services that align with the principles of the "generational theory."23 each generation is characterized by its distinct values, habits, interests, beliefs, and personal traits. these cohorts' delineation and cyclic bounds are subjective and can vary by 5-6 years, contingent upon the rate of industrialization, economic progress, and socio-economic transformations in distinct nations. a group of russian experts has concluded that the generations over the past two centuries can be classified into five distinct types. the first generation, commonly called the "silent generation," was born between 1923 and 1943. they were born during the conflict and witnessed the entirety of the atrocities, economic adversity, estrangement from their dear ones, and widespread oppression. the objective of this generation was to endure, as they expected, that, eventually, everything would be accounted for. the subsequent cohort is called the "baby boomers" generation, encompassing individuals born from 1943 to 1963. this era witnessed a significant surge in population as parents endeavored to maximize the number of children in their families. today, most individuals from this generation have retired, although some are still actively employed. a prominent attribute of individuals from this generation is their resilience in the face of challenges. the "x" generation refers to individuals who were born between the years 1965 and 1980. their primary attributes include self-confidence, innovative thinking, constant awareness of global 19 20 michael hauben. preface: what is a netizen? (angl.). sayt kolumbiyskogo universiteta. data obraщeniya: 12 aprelya 2012. arxivirovano 5 sentabrya 2012 goda. 21 ye. a. luneva, n. p. rebrova. sifrovoy marketing: uchebnoe posobie. — m.: prometey, 2021. 22“talking about my generation: exploring the benefits engagement challenge,” barclays, https://wealth.barclays.com/global-stock-and-rewards/en_gb/home/researchcentre/talking-about-my-generation.html. 23 mannheim, karl (1952). "the problem of generations". in kecskemeti, paul (ed.). essays on the sociology of knowledge: collected works, volume 5. new york: routledge. p. 276–322. http://www/ 323 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us developments, and the ability to make timely decisions and adapt. most of them prefer to be alone and are highly motivated to exert significant effort to attain their objectives. they strive to advance their professional growth in their specific field. in industrialized nations, such as the united states, individuals from the "x" generation allocate 400 billion dollars annually towards purchasing various goods and services. millennials allocate their funds ahead of older generations since they possess a heightened awareness of information technology and dedicate more time to online activities, mainly social media platforms24. generation x is critical as bank customers due to their active engagement in opening accounts, making deposits, taking loans, spending, and conducting money transfers. individuals belonging to this generation depend on alternative and unconventional financial service providers25. the "y" generation refers to those who were born between the years 1984 and 2000. individuals from this generation were born before the global crisis and are receptive to any updates and modifications in life. they are perplexed about altering their way of living. generation y is primarily intrigued by the mundane yet transformative shifts occurring in contemporary society, and they seek to observe the manifestation of these shifts in individuals' lives. from this perspective, individuals prioritize material about strategies for life transformation and enhancing contemporary lifestyles among their search preferences. experts highlight that individuals from the y generation will emerge as a worldwide labor force. the "z" generation, often the digital generation, refers to individuals born between 2000 and 2015. the alpha generation, or generation "a," includes those born in 2015 and will continue to include those born until 2025. their youth, digital nativity, and internet and social media exposure have made them proficient in utilizing cutting-edge technology and electronics. they possess a high level of intelligence and a penchant for experimentation. furthermore, they exhibit a propensity for spending, surpassing the consumption patterns of earlier generations. additionally, they possess a superior comprehension of the items available to them. consisting of adolescents aged 8-12 who were born during a significant advancement in digital technologies, this generation is characterized by their active utilization of the ipad, virtual reality (vr), and 3d technology. the individuals of the digital generation are sometimes referred to as igen, short for internet generation, due to their inability to envision a life without the internet and smartphones. generation z, having come of age in the era of widespread internet connectivity, primarily inhabits the virtual realm. they have a preference for online text communication as opposed to live conversation. experts predict that individuals from generation "z" will significantly enhance nations' economies and bring about an unforeseen, worldwide transformation. literature and television molded the perspectives of generation x and y, but the internet predominantly influences the digital generation's outlook. this trend is expected to continue in the future. education and interaction with classmates will also take place via online platforms. today, the internet has become an authoritative and all-knowing entity for the digital generation, representing objective reality. most individuals in the digital age have personal profiles on many social media platforms. simultaneously, the digital generation has the attribute of thinking in short video segments. clip thinking refers to the cognitive process of seeing the world concisely and visually vibrantly, like little video clips, a brief news channel, or other unconventional formats. individuals with a limited capacity 24 kevin bekker, “the digital boomer and senior: how wired are boomers and seniors?” slideshare, feb. 6, 2014, http://www.slideshare.net/kevinbekker31/thedigital-boomer1-nb. 25 sean williams, “for banks, baby boomers mean lucrative business,” gallup business journal, feb. 2, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/businessjournal/181454/banks-babyboomers-mean-lucrative-business.aspx. http://www/ 324 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us for processing information find handling a substantial volume of data and information challenging. an abundance of diverse information hinders the process of focus and absorption. in the digital age, there is a significant inclination towards science and technology in engineering, information technology, biomedicine, robotics, and artificial intelligence. currently, the buying power of individuals in the digital generation amounts to 244 billion dollars26. the modern generation relies on social media and mobile devices to inform their purchase choices, and a significant 88% of customers in these demographics seek goods and services that align with their professional needs, financial constraints, and personal preferences. the digital generation places importance on the caliber of companies and expresses their opinions on social media platforms. as of january 1, 2023, the population of uzbekistan is 36 million. the number of people aged 04 is 3,932,322, the population aged 5-9 is 3,432,468, the population aged 15-19 is 3,153,693, the population aged 20-24 is 2,644,952, the population aged 25-29 is 3,156,976, the population aged 3034 is 3,130,619, the population aged 35-39 is 2,747,566, and the population aged 40-44 is 2,205,007. the mean age of the population of uzbekistan is 28.5 years. the population of uzbekistan consists of 9.8% individuals aged 0 to 4 years, 15.3% aged 5 to 12 years, 8.2% aged 13 to 17 years, and 10.5% aged 18 to 24 years. the age distribution is as follows: 25 to 34 years old account for 18.0 percent, 35 to 44-year-olds account for 14.5 percent, 45 to 54 years old account for 10.3 percent, 55 to 64 years old account for 8.1 percent, and those aged 65 and beyond account for 5.3 percent27. applying the theory of generations to the population of uzbekistan, we find that there are 4,396,753 individuals aged between 57 and 76, accounting for 13.4% of the total population. this age group belongs to the "x" generation, which includes individuals between 40 and 57 years old. the population consists of 7,353,042 individuals, which accounts for 22.8% of the total. the "y" generation, aged 22 to 40, comprises 11,680,113 individuals, representing 40% of the population. the "z" generation, aged 7 to 22, shall comprise 4,396,753 individuals, accounting for 28% of the population. lastly, the "a" alpha generation contains around 7 million individuals under the age of 7 or 20% of the population. in our nation, those belonging to generation "y" (born between 1984 and 2000) make up the most significant portion of the digital generation, accounting for 40%. generation "z" (born between 2000 and 2015) comes in second place with 28%, while individuals from generation "x" follow. several academics suggest differentiating the behavior of generation x, y, and z based on their age and their level of technology exposure, such as the advent of the internet, computers, and other digital technologies. technology exposure, rather than age, is the decisive element in categorizing customers in the digital realm. scientists categorize generations into digital immigrants (preset genres) and online generation (net genres). the online generation comprises individuals who are the first to have been raised alongside digital technology and the internet. individuals born before the internet and personal computers were widely used and who first obtained their education in traditional classrooms inside educational institutions are called digital immigrants. their learning method included textual, oral, formal, linear, and logical approaches. digital immigrants were raised in an analog period. they saw technology as a novel development, but the online generation was raised with technology and embraced it as a regular part of daily existence. both generations use the same technology daily, such as mobile phones and tablets. however, the jobs they do in the digital world are distinct. digital immigrants use tools such as text editors, spreadsheets, presentation services, and search engines more often than network generators. on the 26 https://adage.com/article/digitalnext/millennials-party-brand-terms/236444/ 27 https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-uzbekistan http://www/ 325 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other hand, the online generation is more interested in games, social networks, and blogs. due to their exposure to the digital age, online customers are more receptive to innovation than prior generations. furthermore, apart from comprehending contemporary digital technologies, network users want to have authority over them. the digital populace efficiently absorbs and arranges the vast quantity of information it receives. they anticipate that corporations will demonstrate integrity and transparency since they firmly feel that the freedom to obtain information and express one's opinion are essential entitlements. the sociability of internet customers necessitates the presence of interactivity as a crucial attribute since they possess the ability to respond promptly and anticipate swift replies. consumers in this category have high social and emotional receptiveness to communication. they actively seek to engage with others from around the globe using a range of information and communication technologies, including television, computers, telephones, and messaging platforms. additionally, they have developed the ability to multitask well. individuals unfamiliar with digital technology can readily communicate their ideas and emotions28. given the information provided, we administered a survey to the general community. based on the survey results obtained from various locations, we would like to inquire about the specific methods in which you often use banking services. in response to the question, 60% of the public opted for the conventional approach of visiting a bank and submitting their application. in comparison, 40% chose to apply using mobile phones or the internet. is it more advantageous to physically visit the bank or use online banking services from any location? in response to the question, 68% of the population answered using mobile phones, 38% used computers, and 9% used the bank's facilities. how do you often get notifications and offers about banking services? in response to the inquiry, 60% of the populace said they get information via social networks and messaging platforms, while 40% rely on bank online portals and web pages. approximately 36-38% of individuals acquire information from mobile marketing advertising, such as sms notifications, mobile applications, and qr codes. additionally, 42% of the public obtains information from television advertising. which kind of promotion (advertising) do you prefer for commercial banks' activities, services, messages, and offers? in response to the inquiry, 41% of the populace cited social networks and messaging platforms, 35% noted online banking portals and websites, 47% referred to mobile marketing advertisements (such as sms notifications, smartphone applications, and qr codes), and 43% indicated television advertisements. the survey findings reveal that the majority of the population is comprised of individuals from generations y and x. they prefer digital banking services and receive banking-related communications and offers via social networks, messengers, bank internet portals, and websites, as well as print media, mobile advertising, and tv commercials. the uzbek z and alpha generations exhibit a profound inclination towards social networks, a genuine enthusiasm for innovation, and a solid motivation to acquire and implement new knowledge. summary and recommendations. the following scientific conclusions and suggestions are derived from the examination of research findings on the distinct behavioral changes of customers in the global financial services market: 1. commercial banks must adapt to a horizontal, inclusive, and socially oriented business environment in the digital economy since the services market is progressively becoming more inclusive. 28 ye. a. luneva, n. p. rebrova. sifrovoy marketing: uchebnoe posobie. — m.: prometey, 2021. str 9-10 http://www/ 326 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. the field of consumer behavior has given rise to various scientific schools and has attracted the attention of several economists who have made significant contributions. research on consumer behavior has been conducted, and there is a specific focus on modeling consumer behavior within the context of bank marketing theory. 3. commercial banks should do social listening, ethnography, and empathic research to understand clients' concealed issues and aspirations. based on these findings, they should enhance and expand their range of services. social networks facilitate dismantling geographical and demographic limitations, allowing individuals to establish connections and communicate while fostering collaborative innovation across commercial banks. social media enables consumers to exhibit and disseminate their experiences to other customers, motivating others in the same or lower socioeconomic group to imitate and perpetuate a similar experience. 4. consumers are increasingly shifting towards horizontal movement. they prioritize the ffactor (friends, family, followers) above promotional messages from companies. furthermore, the purchasing process is becoming more socially oriented than ever before. consumers increasingly prioritize their social network when evaluating and selecting online and offline goods and services. 5. in the digital era, companies that combine technology and a personal touch are the most appealing to customers. consumers are increasingly seeking companies that embody human nature and can establish a relationship with the client on an equal footing. specifically, it may be seen as a brand that advocates for robust social and environmental principles and embodies specific lifestyle trends. 6. each cohort is shaped within a distinct socio-cultural context and has unique life experiences. marketers must provide diverse goods, client experiences, and business models due to each generation's varying interests and attitudes toward products and services. 7. according to the theory of generations, the population of uzbekistan may be divided into several age groups. in this case, there are 4,396,753 people in uzbekistan between the ages of 57 and 76, which accounts for 13.4% of the total population. this age group is considered part of the "x" generation, typically including individuals over 40. the population comprises 7,353,042 individuals below the age of 57, accounting for 22.8%. the "y" generation shall comprise 11,680,113 individuals aged between 22 and 40, representing 40% of the population. there are 396,753 individuals, or 28% of the population, from the "z" generation, aged between 7 and 22. the "a" alpha generation includes around 7 million individuals below the age of 7, making up 20% of the population. in our nation, individuals belonging to generation "y" (born between 1984 and 2000) constitute the most significant % of the digital generation, accounting for 40%. generation "z" (born between 2000 and 2015) follows with 28%, while members of generation "x" come after. in our nation, the digitized generation, representing the "y" generation (1984-2000), has the highest percentage at 40%. the "z" generation (2000-2015) is closely followed at 28%. the "x" and "y" generations occupy the remaining positions. representatives are dominant. hence, commercial banks need to analyze the conduct of the representatives of this age and provide suitable services. 1. pwc. (2017). digital transformation in financial services. retrieved june 30, 2018, from https:// www.pwc.com/us/en/industries/financial-services/research-institute/top-issues/digitaltransformation. html 2. ndubisi, n. o., & sinti, m. s. (2006). consumer attitude towards online banking: a malaysian perspective. international journal of business and society, 7(2), 13–25. 3. pikkarainen, t., pikkarainen, k., karjaluoto, h., & pahnila, s. (2004). consumer acceptance of online banking: an extension of the technology acceptance model. internet research, 14(3), 224–235. 4. grewal, d., roggeveen, a. l., nordfält, j., keeling, d. i., & wetzels, m. (2021). personalization in retail marketing: a systematic review and future research agenda. journal of retailing, 97(1), 170–197. 5. tully, s., & winkler, d. (2019). open banking: the new reality for retail banks. deloitte insights. http://www/ 327 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. wonglimpiyarat, j. (2021). challenger banks: exploring drivers of customer adoption behavior. journal of financial services marketing, 26(1), 38–50. 7. g.m. gukasyan. ekonomika ot “a” do “ya”. tematicheskiy spravochnik. – m., 2010. –s. 248. 8. cyert r., march j. a behavioural theory of the firm. 2nd ed. wiley-blackwell, 1992. 268 p. 9. 1966, allocative efficiency vs. "x-efficiency," the american economic review, vol. lvi., june 1966 10. kahneman, daniel; diener, ed (2003). well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. russell sage foundation. 11. "nudge the gentle power of choice architecture" capital ideas retrieved december 6, 2009 12. myerson, roger b. (1991). game theory: analysis of conflict, harvard university press, p. 1. chapterpreview links, pp. vii–xi. 13. copeland, a. h. (1945). "review: theory of games and economic behavior by john von neumann and oskar morgenstern" (pdf). bull. amer. math. soc. 51 (07): 498–504. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-194508391-8. 14. shadlen m., newsome w. neural basis of a perceptual decision in the rhesus monkey's parietal cortex (area lip). neurophysiology, 2001, vol. 86 (4), pp. 1916–1936. 15. zak p., kurzban r., matzner w. the neurobiology of trust. annals of the new york academy of sciences, 2004, vol. 1032, pp. 224–227. 16. beshar a., damasio a., tranel d., deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. science, 1997, vol. 275, iss. five thousand three hundred four pp. 1293-1295. 17. smidts a. kijken in het brein: over de mogelijkheden van neuromarketing, 2002. 18. charles j. management rewired: why feedback doesn't work and other surprising lessons from the latest brain science. penguin group, 2009. 19. lecinski j. zmot: winning the zero moment of truth // url: http://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/researchstudies/2011-winning-zmotebook.html (data obraщeniya: 12.04.2020). 20. michael hauben. preface: what is a netizen? (angl.). sayt kolumbiyskogo universiteta. data obraщeniya: 12 aprelya 2012. arxivirovano 5 sentabrya 2012 goda. 21. е. а. лунева, н. п. реброва. цифровой маркетинг: учебноэ пособие. — м.: прометей, 2021. 22. “global generational lifestyles,” nielsen, nov. 17, 2015, http://www.nielsen.com/us/ en/insights/reports/2015/global-generational-lifestyles.html. 23. “talking about my generation: exploring the benefits engagement challenge,” barclays, https://wealth.barclays.com/global-stock-and-rewards/en_gb/home/researchcentre/talking-about-mygeneration.html. 24. mannheim, karl (1952). "the problem of generations". in kecskemeti, paul (ed.). essays on the sociology of knowledge: collected works, volume 5. new york: routledge. p. 276–322. 25. kevin bekker, “the digital boomer and senior: how wired are boomers and seniors?” slideshare, feb. 6, 2014, http://www.slideshare.net/kevinbekker31/thedigital-boomer1-nb. 26. sean williams, “for banks, baby boomers mean lucrative business,” gallup business journal, feb. 2, 2015, http://www.gallup.com/businessjournal/181454/banks-babyboomers-mean-lucrative-business.aspx. 27. https://www.uzanalytics.com/jamiyat/7829/ 28. https://adage.com/article/digitalnext/millennials-party-brand-terms/236444/ 29. ttps://www.verve.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/verve_bernard_mobile-prodigies-new-no.1_infographic.pdf 30. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-uzbekistan http://www/ http://www.nielsen.com/us/ 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 polysemantic somatic phrases in uzbek and their stylistic colors umida mansurovna rashidova, ph.d associate professor of the department of uzbek linguistics, samarkand state university named after sharof rashidov, doctor of philosophy in philological sciences abstract: the phenomenon of polysemy present in linguistics is inherent in both speech and expression, but the degree of distribution of this phenomenon in vocabulary and phraseology is not the same.the article provides information on the phenomenon of ambiguity, in particular, on the expression of this phenomenon among somatic phraseological units in the uzbek language. somatic phraseology, that is, words related to the name of parts of the human body, describes the phenomenon of ambiguity.in world and uzbek linguistics, there are some comments on the work carried out in this direction. numerous phraseological expressions of the somatic component in the uzbek language were used to explain the causes of this phenomenon, as well as the methodological branch.the article analyzes ambiguous phrases with the components “ko‟z”, “qo‟l”, “og‟iz” in the uzbek language. the results of the analysis are confirmed by examples from fiction.the homonymy of somatic phrases allowed them to be studied by analogy, relying on the material of linguistic dictionaries of the uzbek language, which, in turn, helped to better understand the semantic and grammatical nature of phraseological meanings. the study of polysemantic meanings in each of them on the basis of distributed analysis methods has proved that the secondary meaning, separated from the leading meaning, has the right to exist in the language as an independent lexical unit. keywords: somatism, somatic phraseology, phraseological meanings, methodology, methodological colorfulness. it is known that the phenomenon of polysemy (ambiguity) is inherent in both a word and a phrase, but the degree of distribution of this phenomenon in the lexicon and phraseology is not the same. prof. sh.rahmatullaev estimates that “only 20% of uzbek words are polysemantic, compared to the 998 phrases interpreted in the” kisqacha phraseological dictionary of the uzbek language " (1964). 156 have a "multi-sense" feature [1, 8]. most uzbek words have two or more meanings. for example, the wood notes that “head” has 15 meanings [8, 1, 136-137], “eye” has 5 meanings [8, 1, 410-411], “to raise” has 16 meanings [8, 1, 422-423], “voice” has 6 meanings [8, 1, 518], “to throw” has 11 meanings [8, 1, 549-550], “to open” has 12 meanings [8, 1, 1, 553-554], “white” has 9 meanings [8, 1, 557], “mouth” has 8 meanings [wood, 1, 561-562], “face” has 8 meanings [8, 2, 463-464], “pass” has 31 meanings [8, 2, 521-523], “wing” has 9 meanings [8, 2, 550-551]. researcher b.jo ' raev had identified 23 meanings of the word “head” alone, of which 4 meanings are not recorded in the past, and 4 of the 12 meanings of “mouth” are not recorded. thus, in this work, examples of the meaning of the word "face", which is not reflected in the wood, 3 meanings and one mano edge, 2 meanings of the word "language" are given [2]. "when called phraseological polysemy, the phrase itself means more than one phraseological meaning" [1,13] is understood. in phraseology, the main part of phrases is one-meaning, 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us monosemantic in nature. about a fifth of the phrases in our language have two or more meanings. for example, in uzbek, most of the existing eye-component phrases have a multidimensional character. for example, the expression to make an eye sh.rahmatullaev's dictionary, interpreted as a ambiguous phrase, states that it has three meanings [7, 149]: 1. stare and look. – so, why not find such people and start work from these? jacob went and sat on the spot saidi, out of the window opposite him, looking into the distance, thinking that a long time later he wanted to say something, the door opened and his sentence remained in his mouth. (abdullah qahhor, sarab 2. look forward. saidiy opened his eyes big, sewed into a large cobblestone with a gilded frame opposite him: a mirror looked into his eyes, for some reason, incredibly beautiful, something that many people dreamed of, looked at. (abdullah qahhor, sarab). 3. look with anger. marguba kissed muattar, crying that he wrote that letter without knowing it, without understanding, that javlan was a good child, even if they were two; then anwar said that he was a good child, such a courtyard place behind his child, a car, a squint walking down the street for so much money at the cash desk, and his daguly mother spoke the expression to look also has a ambiguous character, expressing the following two meanings: 1.shoot. hey speak slowly! the old woman (oybek, navoi); with arslonqul, sultanmurod's breath fell into him and took his eyes (oybek, navoi). 2.the intention is to submit (take) to one's own good. do you see? yashshamagur, was there no concern for you other than measuring the back of my arrival? have, do your work, but do not look at it (a.satellite, the roads we passed); he, die, without a man. do you come and see what the wife has found?..(a.satellite, the roads we passed). in colloquial style, the phrase to drown his eye is often used as a synonym for the first expressed meaning of this phrase. in their works, writers use the phrase to drown their eyes for various methodological purposes. for example, a.yolandsev uses this phrase in the sense of reading and looking: sixteen seventeen-year-old ticket holders looked at himself with their eyes drown (a.satellite, the roads we passed). it is known that eye somatism also forms various metophoric meanings: eagle eye, hawk eye, falcon eye, sheep eye, etc. the occurrence of such meanings takes into account the subtleties of meaning associated with the gaze lexeme. abdullah qahhor in his novel" sarob "likens his eye to a “cow-stare”: aytdim-ku, jon qizim, ko‘zingni lo‘q qilma. sigirga o‘xshab qarama!– dedi domla, so‘ng saidiyga murojaat qildi: – men undan gap so‘rayman, u menga ko‘zini lo‘q qiladi. in the same place, a special emphasis is placed on the word cow, as well as on the enema of the eye. there is a sense edge that is stylistically associated with disrespect for a person in a cow's gaze, which is further emphasized by a dependent verb form, like a sense edge. the general intonation of the work, the development of the story does not allow replacing the word cow with another synonymous word at the same place. cow look was able to show its entire lexical and aesthetic essence with the finished skill of the writer in this place. sh.rahmatullaev's dictionary states that the phrase "when the eye goes to sleep" expresses the meaning of starting to sleep, and that it forms a variant counterpart to the phrase "when the eye goes away" [7]. this dictionary also gives the phrase to go to the pinnacle, which is interpreted as a ambiguous phrase. its first meaning is to start sleeping, while its second meaning is to immerse yourself in a dream: qariya pinakka ketdi: oq sochli boshini qo‘llari bilan siqib, ko‘zlarini yumib, uzoq o‘yga toldi. (oybek, nur qidirib) in our literary language there is a phrase of a polysemantic nature "the eye opened like a fly". sh.in rahmatullaev's dictionary, the phrase is interpreted as unambiguous in the way of 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "punishing and vigilant" [7, 139]. and the wood shows two meanings of this phrase: 1) he was alert, he came to himself; 2) he was very happy to hang out and make a day [8, 1, 473]. observations show that this phrase is actively confused in the style of artistic speech as a threemaned. for example, in a single novel," the queen", the phrase is used twice. originally used in the novel after a few phrases in qambarali's speech on tantiboyvachcha, the phrase was subjected to highlighting the negative attitude semas in the phrase" the eye opened like a fly: « xo‘jayinning karmoni o‘pirilganga o‘xshaydi. tolei yo‘q-da. shu bu yil yutqizishdan boshi chiqmay qoldi. nukul «boy beradi». davlat zo‘r, unchalik bilinmaydi, ammo pirovardi yomon bo‘ladi. ana shunda ko‘zi moshdek ochiladi» (oybek. qutlug‘ qon). in the story “сhildhood”, the phrase "ko„zi moshdek ochildi" expresses the meaning of the recovery of the sick leg, the recovery of the child. now it should be noted separately that in this phrase there is a meaning of a positive attitude, and not a negative attitude: « – bo‘ldi-bo‘ldi, qutulding, chirog‘im. endi sog‘san deydi boshimni silab ayol. bechora bolani shuncha qiynabsizlar, mana, ko‘zi moshdek ochildi, deydi ayol kulib, otamga qarab» (oybek, bolalik). polisemantic phrases are stylistically holistic in nature, since in a polysemantic phrase there is often no correct, nominative meaning, all its meanings are often united into a holistic inner image. for example, the phrase" to be captured " has the following double meaning: (a) to be held in public; (b) to be imprisoned, to be arrested, to be captured. both of these meanings round around the inner image of "captivity" [8, 2, 635]. just like the phrase " plug two lakes into your nose "also means a) dry without anything, b)" dry, benasiba", these meanings combine into a holistic inner image "dry-to-dry" surroundings [8, 1, 152]. it is known that polesemantic (ambiguous) phrases can mean two, three and more meanings. for example, the phrase to beat means two: 1.touch. 2. to start doing something. to‘lqin hozirgina dasturxonga qo‘yilgan vam hali qo‘l urib ulgurilmagan palovni gulruh va onasiga qarab uloqtirdi (zarafshon, 2006); ana shunda, botir firqa yurak yutib…bir ishga qo‘l urdi (t.murod, bu dunyoda o‘lib bo‘lmaydi). although most of the polisemantic phrases are ambiguous, but there are also no phrases that mean three, four and five. for example, the dictionaries of the phrase "take hold" explain four meanings: 1) transfer to discretion: 2. attack and capture from the cock (official). 3. arrest. 4. to be submissive. from examples it can be seen that phrases serve as the basis for one, and their meanings grew from one to the other. sometimes one meaning of a polysemantic phrase has very little expressiveness, funqisional homogeneity, while the next meaning may have a high expressive coloring, a biblical character. for example, the phrase "mouthpiece" has two meanings, from which the initial meaning to say that there is an intention to make a kaylik or groom-with which this phrase is widely confused in colloquial style: «jo‘ra. xotin zoti erga tegsa senchalik erga tegadi-da. baxti bor xotin tegadi, oshnam. endi kimga og‘iz solsang, g‘iring demay tsgishi aniq» (s. ahmad. kuyov); «....bazzoz uning o‘ziga emas, o‘n yettiga kirib borayotgan sohibjamol qiziga .... og‘iz solgan ekan» (a.qahhor. qo‘shchinor chiroqlari). the phrase "mouth opening" of a polysemantic nature has a methodically neutral character with the meaning "start talking": « kelinimni so‘ramadim. o‘zing og‘iz ochmaganingga so‘ramadim, bolam» (s. ahmad. jimjitlik); «fazilatxon bilan qarshi quda bo‘layotganlari to‘g‘risida otaqo‘zi tog‘asi u yoqda tursin, hali ayaga ham og‘iz ochishga yuragi betlamagan» ; «bu to‘g‘rida birovga og‘iz ochma, savdo ishiday nozik ish jahonda yo‘q» (o. yoqubov, diyonat). this phrase is considered a religious colloquial phrase, with the meaning of "eating something while fasting". there is also the meaning of the phrase" to open the mouth" to send isators, to ask for the girl's hand. with this meaning, he stands close to the first initial meaning of the phrase "mouthpiece". but the phrase" to open a mouth " can be used in sh.only one meaning is recorded in the rahmatullaev dictionary. 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the phrase "burn your heart" is a pun on sh.rahmatullaev's dictionary interprets the monosemantic phraseology and shows that it expresses a strong sense of thirst: «qani, muhiddin aka, yuragingiz ham kuygandir, qovunga marhamat», – dedi muhiddin (r.fayziy. cho‘lga bahor keldi). in our opinion, this phrase has a polysemantic character, and its second meaning is pity: bilgani uchun ham ichidan zil ketar, shunday bir it o‘ziniki bo‘lmaganidan yuragi kuygani kuygan edi (n.norqobilov. oqbo‘yin). and the phrase two-component verb to scratch the heart means to disturb spiritually while hidden. the o'tfl shows that there are variants of this phrase to scratch dil(i), to timulate the heart. o.while mukhtar used the option of timidizing the heart of this phrase, oybek used the option of wishing his heart close to oral speech: bir bo‘lakchasi yuragini timdalayotgan ulkan alamni yelkasidan uloqtiray deb yugurib-yelib yurgan odamlar izi (o.muxtor. it is through them that the experience gained by our people over the years, their vision of the universe that surrounds us and how they perceive the universe is reflected. correct understanding of the semantic and grammatical nature of somatic phrases in uzbek, revealing their new meanings in phraseological dictionaries, built on a deep study of their quantity, characteristics, on the basis of materials created in the next century and years of independence, is among the important tasks facing uzbek phraseology, lexicography and phraseography. the somatic phrasemes used in uzbek are part of the order of the oldest layers of our language. with somatic components, many phrases have been formed in our language that vividly reflect the functions of human body organs. such human body organ names reflect a phenomenon of ambiguity between phrasemes composed of somatic phrases. we reflected on this in the article. references: 1. rahmatullayev sh. o„zbek frazeologiyasining ba‟zi masalalari. – toshkent: fan, 1966. – b. 8. 2. djurayev b. a. strukturno semanticheskoye issledovaniye mnogoznachnыx slov sovremennogo uzbekskogo yazыka (na materiale somaticheskoy leksiki). avtoref. dis...kand. filol. nauk. – tashkent, 1985. – b. 8-19. 3. almamatova sh.shaxs tavsifli frazemalarning semantik tahlili // o„zbek tili va adabiyoti, 2004, 3-son, 78-79 b. 4. yo„ldoshev b. frazeologik uslubiyat asoslari. –samarqand, samdu nashri, 1999. -200 b. 5. yo„ldoshev b. frazeologizmlarning adabiy til normasiga munosabatiga doir // o„zbek tili va adabiyoti, 1992, 3-4-son, 37-42-betlar. 6. usmonova sh.r. o„zbek va turk tillarida somatik frazeologizmlar. nda. –toshkent, 1998. 22 b. 7. rahmatullayev sh. o„zbek tilining frazeologik lug„ati. –toshkent: qomuslar bosh tahririyati, 1992. -382 b. 8. o„zbek tilining izohli lug„ati. besh tomlik, 1-2-tom. –toshkent.: o„zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi” davlat ilmiy nashriyoti, 2006. -680 b. 174 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 cluster – as a business entity khalmatjanova gulchehra dzhurabaevna candidate of economic sciences, associate professor, ferghana state university abstract: the article examines the improvement of ownership and intellectual property relations of new farms, the direction from the material and legal basis of liberalization to modernization and diversification of economic reforms carried out in today's global and difficult conditions will be aimed at forming a new way of life in the regions and territories of a diversified and multidisciplinary sector of the economy. keywords: cluster, entrepreneur, property, farms, material and legal base, liberalization, modernization, diversification, reform, new way of life. in the process of forming relations between the open and free market economy of the republic of uzbekistan, a radical restructuring of the national and territorial economy system in socioeconomic, political, legal, spiritual and educational aspects is strictly and systematically required, as well as the transfer and strengthening of socio-economic and educational reforms in the renewed uzbekistan. further improvement of ownership and intellectual property relations of new farms, the direction from the material and legal basis of liberalization to modernization and diversification of economic reforms carried out in today's global and difficult conditions, will be aimed at forming a new way of life in the regions and territories of a diversified and multidisciplinary sector of the economy. in this process, in the process of nationalization and expropriation of property and privatization, adaptation of various forms of ownership in micro and macroeconomics to world experience and increasing the category of types of owners, further improvement of various business entities, providing them with guaranteed economic and organizational and legal freedoms, stable economic growth in economic sectors, especially in, is being developed and implemented a strategy for the development of state support for farms (way of life) in which a product with high added value is created. the methodology of interdisciplinary economics is that it is an economic system consisting of the integrity of various forms of ownership and different types of farms. it differs from a uniaxial economy in the way of management and the coexistence of various industrial relations with a specific system of organization of the activities of economic entities of the way. however, any national economy will have a multi-purpose character. the volatility of economic structures has a great influence on the properties of structures, which leads to the emergence of new structures (various holdings), while the old ones become qualitatively new structures or cease to exist. this process is especially clearly observed during the transition from one economic system to another or its transformation. according to this, injections are divided into two groups. a way of life that will exist in the form of remnants of socio-economic systems that are given priority during the transition period; the latter represent new ways (economic forms) that arise as a result of changes in new production methods and socio-economic relations. 175 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us throughout the historical development of mankind, at different times, any way of life has occupied a dominant position. under capitalism, for example, the capitalist way of life dominated, although the state, the way of small-scale commodity production, existed. despite the dominance of the state system in the former soviet system (state ownership accounted for 90 percent), fine goods, family, collective and hufen ways also existed side by side. the current developed and developing economy of competencies acquires a new quality of universality. uneven changes in the "industries" and branches of the tour economy in industrial relations, changes in scientific, technical and innovative processes that are rapidly changing in the world, generate various types of injections. in this process, which is not the result of struggle, competition, domination and economic violence over others, both in industrial and socioeconomic terms, their coexistence in the economic space and mutual economic cooperation are formed, that is, a mixed economy is formed in socio-economic life, and progress is accelerating. at the same time, in terms of changes in efficiency, the nature of competition between the modes is becoming stronger. in the context of the relations of a developed free market economy, a practically dominant position will not prevail. the state is responsible for regulating the activities of the way of life and their relations. forms of ownership through the system of state laws. whatever the organization of production, etc., the interests of the administration of each enterprise are protected by the state. the mixed economy, which is practiced in the world, in particular, the mixed economy in uzbekistan, has also acquired a shade of diversity in its manifestation in the forms of capitalist, non-capitalist, market economy. the main driving force behind the activities of many business units are business entities, and various forms of business entities form its basis in the context of the multifaceted development of a mixed economy. a free market economy presupposes new economic infusions that are diverse, freely and comprehensively compete with each other. in the modern world, in the era of market economic relations, such patterns as individual private small goods, collective, private, monopolized capitalist, monopolistic, state-monopolistic, transnational have naturally evolved. there are also mixed, transitional groups in different countries around the world. there are different coefficients in different countries. market relations ensure the integrity and diversity of the way of life. the structures supply each other with goods, raw materials, communications, technology, science, experiments, and labor. they cannot develop without economic ties among themselves (even within the framework of their internal relations), at the same time they are in competition and cooperation. during the transition from a bureaucratic planned economy to a free market economy, the national economy of uzbekistan also switched to various forms of ownership, including state, public, civil, personal, private property and forms of management. this is reflected in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. the multisectoral economy in our country includes the state, public-cooperative, individual, private, mixed, and foreign sectors. public and publicprivate partnerships with enterprises and organizations of the public sector, various cooperatives and farms of companies with the public sector. the individual sector includes tamorka farms, individual workers, peasant farms, and family business farms. the private sector includes enterprises, farmers, and foreign private firms that are based on hired labor owned by some entrepreneurs and benefit their owner. the mixed sector is represented by state-owned jointstock companies, joint ventures with foreign partners, the foreign sector belongs to foreign countries and includes enterprises and organizations active in the republic of uzbekistan and its regions. they failed to maximize the material potential of the government, its potential in the further development of new economic units, which over the years of independence were formed in the national economy, the economy of the region, in more than a hundred industries and sectors of the national economy. only shaklan used the extensive method of various economic injections and farms. in conditions of intensive development, innovation, without effective use of 176 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us scientific and technological achievements, especially through further expansion of entrepreneurial activity, slowness was created in foreign experiments on the introduction of new types of economic activity. in macro-micro and mesoeconomics, taking into account the above– mentioned fundamental changes in the economy and social sphere, the development of the agricultural sector in the agro-industrial complex, among which economic networks increase the added value of energy, is currently of paramount importance. in the process of ensuring sustainable economic growth, it becomes possible to make decisions independently, make decisions on the free and independent activities of economic entities operating independently in industries and territories, manage finances, direct investments, streamline economic, legal and other relations that are openly agreed with contracts between production units within the framework of with a fair policy of state regulation, the results and effectiveness of the above-mentioned measures will be adapted to the specific and appropriate conditions of the current market economy in the regions and regions of the republic, as a matter of priority for the effective and rational use of their existing economic potential, the legal framework for their support has been created. within a short period of time (2017-2020), the realization of incomes of the population in the regions and regions of our country through new integrated business structures and enterprises of a new economic style, which are formed in the process of innovation, systemic solutions to employment problems and poverty reduction, as well as improving the situation of updated economic entrepreneurs based on action strategies, changes in the structure of the new method economic development clustering in the regions of the agro-industrial complex in the direction of the cotton and textile industry is increasing. literature. 1. porter m. international competition. m., international relations, 1993. 2. migranyan a.a. "theoretical aspects of the formation of competitive clusters".online resource: http://www.krsu.edu.kg/vestnik/v3/a15.html 3. khalmatjanova gd, mannopova ms (2021) priority areas in agricultural development in the republic of uzbekistan. in bogoviz av (ed) the challenge of sustainability in agricultural systems. springer. cham, pp 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73097-0_7 4. khalmatjanova, g. d., yuldasheva, g. a., rayimdjanova, g. k. (2022). features of criteria of profitability of cotton–textile cluster. in e. g. popkova, & b. s. sergi (eds.), sustainable agriculture. singapore: springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1125-5_12 http://www.krsu.edu.kg/vestnik/v3/a15.html https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73097-0_7 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 10, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 o’zbekistonda inson huquqlarining o’rni soyibjonov samandar jahon iqtisodiyoti va diplomatiya universiteti talabasi, toshkent, o’zbekiston inson huquqlari demokratik va rivojlanayotgan jamiyatning asosiy jihati bo'lib, o'zbekiston ham bundan mustasno emas. so'nggi yillarda mamlakat bir qator sohalarda ijobiy o'zgarishlarni ko'rsatib, o'z fuqarolarining huquqlarini himoya qilish va ularga rioya qilish uchun katta sa'yharakatlarni amalga oshirdi. o'zbekiston konstitutsiyasida har bir inson shaxsning daxlsizligi va sud oldida o'z huquqlarini teng himoya qilish huquqiga ega ekanligi belgilab qo'yilgan. o'zbekiston fuqarolari erkinlik va shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligi, fikr, vijdon va e'tiqod erkinligiga ega. shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, o'zbekiston ayollar, bolalar va aholining boshqa zaif qatlamlari huquqlarini mustahkamlash bo'yicha faol ish olib bormoqda. so'nggi yillarda mamlakat inson huquqlarini yaxshilash uchun muhim qonunchilik va tarkibiy choralarni ko'rdi. adliya va adliya sohasidagi islohotlar sud tizimining adolatliligi, shaffofligi va mustaqilligini ta'minlashga qaratilgan. bundan tashqari, mehnat sharoitlarini yaxshilash va ishchilarning huquqlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha choralar ko'rildi, korruptsiya va zo'ravonlikka qarshi dasturlar ishlab chiqildi. o'zbekiston so'z va axborot erkinligini mustahkamlash borasida ham faol ish olib bormoqda. davlatning ta'kidlashicha, so'z erkinligi mas'uliyat bilan birga bo'lishi kerak, shu bilan birga ommaviy axborot vositalarining rivojlanishini va mustaqil jurnalistika uchun sharoit yaratishni rag'batlantiradi. tsenzurani cheklash va aholining ma'lumotlarga kirishini ta'minlashga yordam beradigan yangi qonunlar qabul qilindi. biroq, erishilgan progressiv o'zgarishlarga qaramay, yanada takomillashtirishni talab qiladigan ba'zi jihatlar mavjud. yig'ilishlar va uyushmalar erkinligi ko'proq e'tiborga muhtoj, shuningdek, ayollar huquqlarini takomillashtirish va oiladagi zo'ravonlikdan himoya qilishni davom ettirish kerak. xulosa qilib aytganda, o'zbekiston inson huquqlarini himoya qilish yo'lida muhim qadamlar qo'ydi. hukumat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan islohotlar va chora-tadbirlar mamlakatning adolatli va rivojlanayotgan jamiyat yaratish istagidan dalolat beradi. har bir fuqaroning huquqlari va erkinliklari haqiqatan ham himoyalanishi va hurmat qilinishi uchun ushbu yo'nalishda ishlashni davom ettirish muhimdir. o'zbekistonda inson huquqlarining rivojlanishi so'nggi yillarda sezilarli o'zgarishlarga duch keldi. ushbu sohadagi vaziyatni yaxshilash maqsadida o'zbekiston hukumati fuqarolarning huquqlarini himoya qilishni kuchaytirish va adolatli va oshkora sud tartibini yaratish choralarini ko'rdi. o'zbekistonda fuqarolik jamiyatini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasini qabul qilish eng katta yutuqlardan biri bo'lib, u so'z erkinligi, yig'ilishlar va uyushmalar erkinligi, shuningdek, axborotga bo'lgan huquq kafolatlarini mustahkamladi. axborotdan foydalanishni yaxshilash va fuqarolik jamiyati uchun davlat siyosatini shakllantirishda faolroq ishtirok etishi uchun imkoniyatlarni kengaytirish bo'yicha aniq qadamlar qo'yildi. shuningdek, o'zbekiston huquqiy tizimiga muhim o'zgarishlar kiritildi. sud tizimini modernizatsiya qilish va sudlarning mustaqilligini kuchaytirish sud jarayonlarining shaffofligi va xolisligini yaxshilashga olib keldi. fuqarolarning shikoyatlarini ko'rib chiqish va huquqiy yordam ko'rsatishning yangi mexanizmlari joriy etildi. bu ko'plab ishlarni adolatli hal qilishga yordam berdi va aholining sud tizimiga bo'lgan ishonchini oshirdi. o'zbekiston inson huquqlari sohasida qiynoq va boshqa suiiste'mol shakllariga qarshi kurashda katta yutuqlarga erishildi. mahbuslarga nisbatan noto'g'ri munosabatni oldini olish va qiynoqlarning oldini olish uchun inson huquqlarini ta'minlash bo'yicha milliy harakatlar rejasi qabul qilindi. huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uchun o'quv dasturlari va hibsda saqlanayotgan shaxslarga nisbatan majburiy choralar ko'rishni tartibga soluvchi protseduralar joriy etildi. o'zbekiston milliy ozchiliklar uchun qulay muhit yaratish va ularning huquqlarini himoya qilish borasida ham faol ish olib bormoqda. madaniy, diniy va etnik guruhlarning tillarini himoya qilish, ularning rivojlanishi va o'zini o'zi anglashi uchun teng imkoniyatlar yaratish choralari ko'rildi. inson huquqlari sohasidagi xalqaro hamkorlik ham o'zbekistonning rivojlanishida muhim rol o'ynadi. bir qator xalqaro shartnomalar va majburiyatlarga qo'shilishi bilan o'zbekiston inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va targ'ib qilishga qaratilgan global hamjamiyatning bir qismiga aylandi. shunday qilib, hukumat sa'y-harakatlari va fuqarolik jamiyatining faol ishtiroki tufayli o'zbekistonda inson huquqlari rivojlanishi davom etmoqda. huquqiy tizimni kuchaytirish, ma'lumotlarga kirishni yaxshilash va ozchiliklarning huquqlarini himoya qilish adolatli va erkin jamiyat yaratish yo'lidagi muhim qadam bo'ldi. ayni paytda o'zbekiston inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq bir qator jiddiy muammolarga duch kelmoqda. so'nggi yillarda amalga oshirilgan ba'zi ijobiy o'zgarishlarga qaramay, mamlakat aholisining huquqlarini to'liq himoya qilishni ta'minlash uchun hal qilinishi kerak bo'lgan kamchiliklar mavjud. asosiy muammolardan biri so'z erkinligi va ommaviy axborot vositalarining erkinligini buzishdir. hukumat va diniy tashkilotlarni tanqid qilish repressiya va cheklovlarga olib kelishi mumkin. hokimiyatni tanqid qiluvchi jurnalistlar va faollar ko'pincha ta'qib va zo'ravonlik bilan tahdid qilishadi, bu esa qo'rquv va o'z-o'zini tsenzura muhitini tarqatadi. yana bir kamchilikyig'ilishlar va uyushmalar erkinligini cheklash. hukumat ko'pincha tinch mitinglar, namoyishlar va bloklangan ijtimoiy tadbirlarni o'tkazishni taqiqlaydi. bu fuqarolarning so'z erkinligi va yig'ilish huquqini bostiradi. ishchilarning huquqlarini buzish ham jiddiy muammo hisoblanadi. ko'pgina ishchilar og'ir sharoitlarda ishlashga majbur bo'lishadi, ko'pincha kam ish haqi olishadi va kasaba uyushmalariga qo'shilish imkoniyatidan mahrum bo'lishadi. hukumat tomonidan ishchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish sohasidagi harakatsizlik ekspluatatsiya, mehnat sharoitlarining buzilishi va ijtimoiy ta'minotning etishmasligiga olib keladi. o'zbekiston aholisi duch kelayotgan yana bir muammo bu migrantlarning huquqlarini buzishdir. o'zbekistonning ko'plab fuqarolari ish izlab chet elga ketishga majbur bo'lmoqdalar, lekin ko'pincha chet ellik ish beruvchilar tomonidan kamsitish, kam ish haqi va yomon muomalaga duch kelishmoqda. va nihoyat, adliya tizimidagi kamchilik-bu sud hokimiyatining mustaqilligining yo'qligi. sudyalarga hukumat ta'sir qiladi, bu ko'pincha adolatsiz qarorlar qabul qilishga va inson huquqlarining xalqaro standartlarini e'tiborsiz qoldirishga olib keladi. umuman olganda, o'zbekiston inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq vaziyatni sezilarli darajada yaxshilashi kerak. odil sudlov tizimini isloh qilish, so'z erkinligi va inson huquqlarini himoya qilish, ishchilar va migrantlarning huquqlarini himoya qilish bularning barchasi o'zbekiston aholisining huquqlarini to'liq hurmat qilish va himoya qilish yo'lidagi muhim qadamlardir. faqatgina ushbu kamchiliklarni bartaraf etish orqali mamlakat demokratiya, adolat va tenglikka intilishi mumkin. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 1, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 measures for the export and export of furniture products to the foreign market musayeva shoira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan abstract: in this article, the main emphasis in the formation of the export product strategy of the enterprise is placed on the effective formation and management of the product range, the timely provision of a set of products that most fully meets the needs of consumers. keywords: furniture, complex, quality, strategy, product policy, export, foreign market introduction. in the third priority of the development strategy of the republic of uzbekistan for 2022-2026, rapid development of the national economy and ensuring high growth rates, "... creation of conditions for the organization of entrepreneurial activity and formation of permanent sources of income, the share of the private sector in the gross domestic product to 80 percent and increasing its share in exports to 60 percent. improving the activity of existing structures for supporting entrepreneurship, reducing unemployment and poverty in the regions"1such priority tasks are also considered as one of the guarantees for the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. along with saturating the market of our country with goods, private entrepreneurship makes a great contribution to creating new jobs, obtaining additional income, and increasing the welfare of the people. as the president of our country, shavkat mirziyoyev, said, "if the people are rich, the state will be rich and strong."2. a number of decrees and decisions of the president of our country are devoted to the development and comprehensive support of entrepreneurship. among these, it is possible to include decree no. pf-5718 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 14, 2019 "on measures to radically improve the system of support and protection of business activities". the important aspect of this decree is thatit was emphasized that there are several negative factors preventing the wider and active involvement of the population in business activities, primarily due to the lack of a practical and transparent system of communication between state bodies and entrepreneurs, and an effective mechanism for eliminating this situation was defined. analysis of literature on the topicbased on foreign experiences, it should be noted that many economists have been engaged in the development of marketing principles and their practical application. among them, we can include famous scientists such as f. kotler, m. porter, d. evans, i. ansoff, m. berman, m. golubkov, p. samuelson, d. marshall. it is necessary to acknowledge the scientists who made a great contribution to the development of the marketing theory in the economy, while the researches conducted in the field of marketing 1decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 2sh. mirziyoev. critical analysis, strict discipline and personal responsibility should be the daily rule of activity of every leader. tashkent.: "uzbekistan". 2017. 102 p. 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our country for many years are based on national characteristics. these include m. mukhammedov, m. pardaev, r. ibragimov. yo. abdullaev, a. saliev, m. sharifkhojaev, b. khodiev, d. rakhimova, r. boltaboev, d. ergashkhodjaeva and others can be included. research methodology.systematic approach, abstract-logical thinking, grouping, comparison, factor analysis, selective observation methods were used in the research process. analysis and resultsit is to determine the ways of scientifically and methodologically justifying the introduction of the concept of international marketing service development in furniture production enterprises. to achieve this goal, the following tasks were defined and fulfilled in the scientific article: researching the essence and modern forms of the marketing concept; researching the content of marketing services, the theory of their organization, their place and features in the economy; analysis of the current state of the furniture industry and the activities of the international marketing service; to offer new approaches of international marketing service in the field of furniture production; development of proposals for the formation of regional international marketing services in the furniture industry based on the experience of our country and foreign companies. in international marketing, the product policy is the central element of the marketing complex an integral part of the international marketing policy in relation to the product. brand strategy, product quality, assortment, packaging, branding, design, branding and service are components of brand policy in international marketing[1]. the most important part of the company's international product policy is the sum of adaptation and standardization of goods to foreign market conditions. in international marketing, it is possible to distinguish four principle directions of the policy corresponding to the brand strategy: ✓ normal expansion (export); ✓ product customization; ✓ "reverse" inventions or new inventions; ✓ stop production of goods. a simple expansion or export strategy implies a standard approach to the export range of the enterprise. in this case, the enterprise produces and sells domestic goods in the foreign market as well. in this case, none of the aspects of product development (product description, packaging and appearance) will be changed and adapted to the conditions of the foreign market. a simple expansion strategy is used by the company when sales in the domestic market do not bring commercial success. the enterprise makes a decision to enter the foreign market when there are signs of a decrease in sales volume in the domestic market. in order to save all costs in promoting the product to the foreign market, the company uses a simple expansion strategy. in the formation of the company's export product strategy, the main attention is focused on the effective formation and management of the product assortment, on the timely offer of a set of products that most fully satisfy the needs of consumers. product adaptation strategy consists of product modification taking into account the characteristics of the foreign market and environment. adaptation not only to product specifications (quality, appearance), but also to its packaging and service may also apply to display. table 1 examines four options for product modification[2]. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. the main options for modification of furniture products communication goods the product does not change the product changes standard communication complete standardization (communication and merchandise) product modification variable communication communication links modification communication links and commodity modification a complete standardization strategy is used in two cases. the first case is episodic export, that is, the producer is "forced" to export the product by a foreign buyer (intermediary) who wants to buy the product from this manufacturer. the second option refers to large transnational corporations that mass produce basic essential products (mainly food products). the choice of communication communication modification strategy can be justified by the fact that the same product can have different functions and satisfy the needs of different markets. in developed countries, it is considered a sport. in this regard, the advertising appeal should be different in both cases. the need for adaptation of communication links is mainly related to the national-cultural and socio-economic characteristics of the market [3]. the product modification strategy is used when the product is designed for the same purpose in all markets, but the conditions of its use are different. communication and brand modification strategies require significant costs. therefore, only large and powerful companies that have financial support or serve large customers are able to implement it. when choosing between adaptation and standardization strategies, it is necessary to make an economic calculation of their effectiveness, for example, comparing the costs of using product modification strategies of the manufacturing firm with the benefits obtained from using a particular modification. there are also a number of factors that require modification regardless of the wishes of the exporting firm: official requirements (main standards of the product in this country); tariffs; national protectionist policies (many governments require domestic production of products to create jobs and boost domestic industry); technical reasons: the requirements of some consumers can be met without adapting the technical decision (changing the diameter, design and color of the car piston); specific features of the local tax system; climatic conditions. at the international level, the goal of quality policy is the "globalization" of the national product or the development of original products for the foreign market[4]. a number of groups of factors affecting the company's quality policy can be distinguished when adapting goods to the foreign market: legal restrictions; perceived quality level of consumed goods; product consumption description; sales channels; service companies; level of integration of the country into the world economy; areas where the product can be used. each exporter tries to increase the competitiveness of his goods on the foreign market, that is, to gain the opportunity to be selected by a foreign buyer from among the goods of other sellers that 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us are in demand in a particular market. "havas" llc has several options for organizing sales in the foreign market, their use requires different levels of preparation: 1. trading through dealers. 2. organization of a trading house. 3. opening a representative office abroad. 4. conclusion of a contract on joint production. in the international furniture trade, the exporter of goods should develop a leadership psychology by creating competitive goods that meet current and prospective requirements and serve to increase his reputation. the competitiveness of export goods is determined by consumer characteristics and technological indicators, and this series includes, first of all, clearly defined direction, high technical level, level of preparation, reliability, simplicity, convenient weight, size and beautiful design, selling price, attractive service, consumer value (repair, maintenance and operation costs) can be included. moving the products of "havas" llc in the foreign market requires the formation of a system of marketing communications. as indicated above, the export of furniture products to the foreign market requires product certification, preparation for customs clearance, and logistics systems. at the same time, supporting the sale of goods remains an important task of the enterprise, because the objectives of the enterprise in the foreign market may not coincide with the objectives of local sellers. in our opinion, starting export from promising markets to tajikistan and kazakhstan requires practical measures in the following directions (chart 1). drawing 1. marketing communications of "havas" llc in this case, the competitiveness of the product means, in addition to its compliance with the market requirements, it also means the ability to resist similar products of competitors. from time to time, it is necessary to evaluate the current and future competitiveness of the product, to make a decision about its production for export in the future, to modernize the product on the market or to remove it and introduce a new product. in international trade, it is necessary for a company that exports goods to develop a leadership psychology by creating high-quality competitive goods oriented to current and future demand, increasing its reputation, and correctly directing it to the international market. conclusions and suggestions developed at the request of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev "on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 20202025"strategy of actions" as a way to speed up the economy "...assimilation of new types of products and technologies in principle, ensuring the competitiveness of national goods in domestic and foreign markets on this basis; "continuing the policy of promoting the localization 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of production and, first of all, replacing the import of consumer goods and components, expanding inter-sectoral industrial cooperation" have been defined. "havas comfort mebel" llc chooses two ways in its marketing activities: a) to determine the wishes of the customer and study to what extent they are fulfilled during the order fulfillment period. this method is mainly used for individual orders, that is, furniture that is selected according to rooms, and as a result, the mass catalog is also extended to furniture; b) meeting the needs of potential consumers based on the samples and catalogs available in the enterprise. as a result of the conducted research, we developed the following proposals for the development of marketing research in the enterprise to increase the export potential: ➢ expanding the forms and scope of marketing services, i.e. applying functional, product and matrix structures, etc., widely used in market relations; ➢ implementation of the marketing outsourcing system in the marketing services system, i.e. implementation of marketing services with the help of external organizations; ➢ organization and development of marketing service based on digitization technology; ➢ extensive use of benchmarking information in marketing services, study of the results of others' experiments; the effect of these offers is reflected not only in the volume of sales, but also in the reputation of the enterprise. 1. musaeva sh.a. marketing research. textbook "star-sel" llc publishing and creative department. samarkand-2023 2. musaeva sh.a. integrated marketing communicationstudy guide "mahorat" publishing house, samarkand 2022 3. musaeva sh.a., usmonova di innovative marketing study guide "turon edition" 2021. 4. kotler f. i dr. basic marketing. m.: llc "id williams", 2013. 5. ms azimovnathe main results of the labor productivity of the staff of the hotel "billuri sitora" llc galaxy international journal of interdisciplinary research 11(1), 348-352 6. ms azimovnatheoretical aspects of marketing tools in increasing the international competitiveness of the textile enterprise science and innovation 2 (1), 47-53 7. s musayevamechanisms of functioning of logistic structures science and innovation 2 (a2), 196-202 8. s musayevaways to improve the policy of distribution of goods in furniture production enterprisesscience and innovation 2 (a2), 152-156 9. s musayevain the conditions of modernization in uzbekistan the need to evaluate enterprisesscience and innovation 2 (a2), 35-40 10. ms azimovnaways to improve the use of marketing information in the assessment of "stekloplastik" llcamerican journal of economics and business management 5 (11), 338343 11. ms azimovnaefficiency of advertising activities of trading organizations and ways to increase itasian journal of research in social sciences and humanities 12 (3), 93-97 12. usmanov ia, musayeva sh.a. features of marketing activities in the construction industry of the republic of uzbekistan. novateur publications journalnxa 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us multidisciplinary peer reviewed journal issn no: 2581 4230 volume 7, issue 1, jan. -2021 https://repo.journalnx.com/index.php/nx/article/view/793 13. usmanov ia musaeva sh.a. features of marketing organization in the market of construction services. service. scientific journal. samarkand. no. 2, 2021 pp. 86-90. 14. usmanov iastudy of the provision of construction facilities with management personnel. international journal on orange technology. volume: 03 issue: 9 | sep 2021. p.31-33 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/ijot/article/view/2171 15. usmanov ia,jumanov sh.n. ways to improve quality control of construction and installation works. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences scientific journal. issn 2181-1784. volume 1, issue 10. november 2021. – p. 651-658 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ways-to-improve-quality-control-of-construction-andinstallation-works 16. usmanov ia buriev ht a development strategy for the construction industry in uzbekistan: organizational aspects of implementation. international scientific and technical journal. real estate: economy, administration. moscow, mgsu-no. 4 / 2021 17. usmanov ilkhom achilovich, research of marketing activities of s sharquniversal-smk llc science and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 6 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 18. usmonova dilfuza ilkhomovna, examination of the investment project of leasing companiesscience and innovation international scientific journal volume 1 issue 7 uif-2022: 8.2 | issn: 2181-3337 263 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the field of service a factor affecting the standard of living of the population yulduz pirnazarovna urunbayeva associate professor of the samarkand institute of economics and service alijon.turayev@mail.ru rustamov sarvar jasurovich student of the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: today, the social and economic development of the country is being achieved under the slogan "new uzbekistan towards the third renaissance". in this sense, any event, concept or term has its own formation process. the phenomenon of new uzbekistan is no exception. this concept expresses the basic idea of our reforms to form the modern image of our country, establish a democratic state, a free civil society in our country, and create the foundations of the third renaissance. keywords: renaissance, expresses, new uzbekistan introduction today, the social and economic development of the country is being achieved under the slogan "new uzbekistan towards the third renaissance". in this sense, any event, concept or term has its own formation process. the phenomenon of new uzbekistan is no exception. this concept expresses the basic idea of our reforms to form the modern image of our country, establish a democratic state, a free civil society in our country, and create the foundations of the third renaissance. as the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoyev noted, "today, when our country is being talked about on a global scale, the phrase ``new uzbekistan'' is mentioned. this is a recognition of the fact that we have entered a completely new stage of development in the following years, and that we are making great progress." in such a period of renewal, we must take measures to prevent our economy from lagging behind. because today's uzbekistan is not yesterday's uzbekistan. our nation today is not the nation of yesterday. the results of the implementation of the "uzbekistan 2030" strategy in 2024 will be widely discussed in the mass media, including on the internet and social networks, and its content and essence will be explained to the public, all activities implemented within the framework of the "uzbekistan 2030" strategy unbiased and complete about the progress and results of the activities it was noted that the information will be delivered to the population quickly. to fulfill this task, it is necessary to develop the service sector. the share of services in the country's gross domestic product is significant. literature review. the term "service" refers to the labor of a certain person for another person (the state). but if it is analyzed theoretically, it has its definition. if you pay attention to the works of our scientists in this regard, you will see that they have different views. in particular, mukhammedov m.m. explains service provision as follows: "the service sector has a direct and significant impact on the population's health, mood, attitude to work, the productivity of workers, the level of satisfaction and happiness with their lives, and the life and development of production forces in general who http://www/ 264 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us defined it as an area that has an impact on the level of q. j. mirzayev defined the service as follows. the term "service" refers to income-generating actions and activities aimed at satisfying the consumption needs and material and spiritual interests of people in production and non-production facilities. research methodology. as a result of our research, on the basis of the development of the service sector, we focus on raising the standard of living of the population, that is, on the efficient use of labor resources, which is one of the most valuable resources of any society, and on further increasing the share of this sector in the gdp in the future. scientific conclusions and suggestions are given. methods such as abstract thinking, economic-statistical analysis were widely used during the research. analysis and results. although the definitions given above complement each other, if we look at the development period of service in the history of mankind, since the emergence of the service society, it has been in constant motion, creativity and improvement in the daily activities of a person to ensure continuous progress and improve it. on this basis, it has been used in order to achieve satisfaction of all needs. therefore, it is necessary to consider service as a philosophical category, knowing that it is a process, and the process is an action, not simply, but as an action aimed at the development and prosperity of the human society. taking these into account, we found it necessary to give the following definition. providing services is an activity that should be performed to satisfy the material and spiritual needs of each stratum of the population (when they feel the need). almost all the delicacies necessary for human consumption are created thanks to human labor and through his intelligence. only if the activities, goals and aspirations of those employed in the economy are in line with the interests of the society, and only if every able-bodied person actively, efficiently and diligently participates in social production, it is possible to solve any complex tasks set before the society. "increasing the level of coverage with higher education, training highly qualified, creative and systematic thinking personnel, able to make independent decisions based on international standards, creating the necessary conditions for the manifestation of their intellectual abilities and their formation as spiritually mature individuals, said sh.m. mirziyoyev, "this is the sacred duty of all of us." therefore, the dedication and activity of the population in work is the main factor of the country's development. naturally, the new economic order, the economic system based on market relations, is not completely free of its own shortcomings and defects. scientific views in this regard are widely recognized in the literature in the field of economics. without going into their details, based on the topic of our research, it is worth noting that the new economic system has brought a certain danger to all members of the society, to the stability of their life and work, and the factor of unemployment. the role of the service sector in improving the standard of living of the population is incomparable. this sector is especially suitable for employment for young people who are looking for a job for the first time, people who do not have enough work experience and do not have high qualifications. the fact that those who are unemployed for various reasons in the field of production have the opportunity to find a useful job in the service sector should be taken into account when solving everyday, practical problems of unemployment, and moreover, this opportunity should be used effectively. at the current stage of uzbekistan's development, it is necessary to develop opportunities to increase the employment of the population based on the development of the service sector, to turn the income from employment in various sectors and sectors of the economy into the main source of the population's income and an important factor in the formation of its standard of living. the relevance and importance of this problem at the current stage of the country's development is determined by the need to provide employment to the able-bodied population, the imbalance between demand and supply in the labor market. only a society that is able to fully ensure the active participation of every able-bodied person in social production, in the creation of various benefits, creates effective mechanisms for increasing the activity http://www/ 265 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the population, and is able to effectively use them to solve the practical tasks of economic growth, will develop. , achieves a prosperous life for his people. the successes achieved in recent years provide an opportunity to strengthen the social directions of economic reforms, which are necessary to improve people's living standards, provide them with work, and reduce the number of needy sections of the population, especially those who need financial assistance from the state. it is necessary to find measures. in particular, the service sector has a positive impact on the social direction of the economy and is becoming an important factor in the formation of a socially oriented market economy in our country. through the changes taking place in the socio-economic life of the society, the structure of consumption is gradually changing, and the maximization of the consumption of material pleasures in it is gradually increasing the types of consumption necessary for the perfection of a person. is creating the ground. a completely different consumption system is being formed in the society, the importance of social, intellectual and cultural consumption is increasing in its structure, which eases the lifestyle, saves time in household management, education, recreation, health care, the demand for even higher quality products and services for sports, travel, etc. is increasing, that is, changes are taking place in the consumption system that help people to improve their lifestyle and quality. among the priorities of the action strategy for the development of the social sector, that is, in order to ensure the well-being of the population, the growth rate of the gross domestic product should be at least 6 percent, and investments should be at least 30 percent compared to the size of the gross domestic product. ensuring that 309 large projects worth 18 billion dollars have been launched in economic sectors, including the provision of microfinance services worth 41 trillion soums, and the financial support of women's entrepreneurship are evidence of our above-mentioned opinions. the main goal of the long-term socio-economic policy of the republic of uzbekistan is to reduce social inequality and continuously raise the standard of living of the entire population. as the market relations settle down, the problems that the planned economy could not solve due to certain reasons, as well as the problem of the rational use of resources, gradually find their solution. labor resources, the most valuable resources of any society, are no exception to this. effective use of these resources will inevitably lead to a sharp decrease in the number of people employed in material production, and thus to the expansion of the ranks of the unemployed. due to the market mechanisms and their effective implementation, the problem of unemployment caused by the relative reduction of the population employed in material production will be solved by the development of other sectors and industries. in the conditions of a socially oriented market economy, such a sector includes all intangible sectors, in particular, free and paid services to the population (social security, social insurance, trade, public catering, tourism, health care, transport, communication and others) consists of a set. the experience of the countries of the world, especially the western countries with developed economies, shows that the role and place of the service sector in the socio-economic life of the society should be high. in countries with a high level of human potential, 80 percent of the workforce is employed in service industries. currently, people employed in the service sector in uzbekistan make up about half of the total workforce, i.e. 49.6 percent. conclusions and suggestions. as a result of researching the impact of the service sector on the standard of living of the population, a number of conclusions were drawn and proposals were developed. first, taking into account the fact that the definition of the economic term "service" is different among our scientists, after theoretically researching this concept, its definition was improved and it was recommended to express it as follows: service is the population every it is an activity that should be shown to satisfy the material and spiritual needs of the stratum (when they feel the need). secondly, this sector (in the context of a pandemic) is suitable for employment for young people who are looking for work for the first time, people with insufficient work experience and high qualifications. the fact that those who are unemployed for various reasons in the field of production have the opportunity to get a profitable job in the service sector should be taken into account in solving http://www/ 266 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the everyday, practical problems of unemployment, and moreover, this opportunity can be effectively used. thirdly, a completely different consumption system is being formed in the society, in which the importance of social, intellectual and cultural consumptions is becoming stronger and stronger. the demand for even higher quality products and services for storage, sports, travel, etc. is increasing, that is, changes are taking place in the consumption system that help to improve people's lifestyle and quality. fourth, in countries with high human potential, 80 percent of the workforce is employed in service industries. currently, people employed in the service sector in uzbekistan make up about half of the total workforce, i.e. 49.6 percent. from the above analysis, it can be concluded that the development of the service sector leads not only to the socio-economic development of the country, but also to the improvement of the living conditions of each class of the population. references 1. president shavkat mirziyoyev's speech at the expanded meeting of the republican council of spirituality and education. "spirituality should become a new force, a new movement in our life" people's word december 23, 2023, #274(8617) 3 pages. 2. urunbayeva. yu.p. "prospects of improving the standard of living of the population based on the development of the service sector" abstract s.: 2018., 59 p. 3. yulduz p. urunbaeva increasing the impact of service sector on the living standards of population in innovative economy environment http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/ijast/article/view/10387/5598 2020. 05. 4. mukhammedov m. urunbayeva yu.p. and others "theoretical foundations of the development of the service sector and tourism" s.: zarafshon 2017.-299 p. 5. urunbayeva yu. p. the service sector and the standard of living of the population: interdependence and development prospects. monograph. tashkent.: "fan", 2013. 156 p. 6. mukhammedov m. urunbayeva yu.p., and others "economic theory" textbook. t.: "science and technology", 2918, 272. 7. urunbayeva yu. p. the service sector and the standard of living of the population: interdependence and development prospects. monograph. tashkent.: "fan", 2013. 156 p. 8. urunbayeva, yu. p. (2020). nekotorye puti povyshyeniya urovnya jizni naseleniye. in russian economy: vzglyad v budushchyeye (pp. 180-185). 9. urunbayeva, yu. p. (2016). sfery uslug i uroven jizni naseleniya. in nauka segodnya fundamentalnyye i prikladnyye isledovaniya (pp. 97-99). 10. urunbayeva, yu. p. (2016). urovnya jizni naseleniya eto social-economic priroda. in nauka segodnya: facts, tendensii, prognozy (pp. 58-60). 11. urunbayeva, yu. (2016). vozmojnosti uvelicheniya svobodnogo vremeni naseleniya na osnove razvitiya sfery uslug. economics and innovation technology, (5), 88-93. http://www/ 224 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of information technologies in teaching foreign languages rajaboev shahboz shodiyevich assistant teacher of the department of “information technologies”, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan abstract: in this article, the use of modern technologies in teaching foreign languages offers many opportunities to make teaching more interesting and more effective in terms of improvement. in addition, this modern technological tool attracts students based on their interests ideas are included to help you learn and do. keywords: internet, audio and video systems, multimedia, educational computer programs, information technologies, higher education, countries, foreign language teaching, modern technologies. enter modern conditions require not only the use of new technologies in teaching foreign languages, but also changes in teaching methods and the introduction of the latest innovative technologies from the teacher in the process of learning foreign languages. higher educational institutions prefer to use active teaching methods aimed at forming students' independence, flexibility, and critical thinking. innovative technologies are the most powerful source of knowledge activities that develop students' creative abilities, interests, skills and other mental characteristics. innovative educational technologies are, first of all, information and communication technologies that are closely related to computerized education. the main problems of using innovative technologies are the composition of computer training programs, their content, and acceptable web environment. regulation. the internet can provide invaluable assistance to students in learning a foreign language. the global web provides students with a unique opportunity to use original texts, communicate with native speakers, create a natural language environment, and build cross-cultural collaboration skills. access to the internet promotes fluency in a foreign language. the internet as a means of information transfer is especially relevant for independent work of students after class. students are independent while surfing the internet acquire knowledge, work with large amounts of data, analyze data, see and solve problems. relevance of the topic: new information technologies such as the internet, audio and video systems, multimedia educational computer programs are widely used in higher education institutions. all these technologies help to create additional opportunities for the development of students' creativity, increase their curiosity and increase their interest in research work.  in addition, it allows to effectively solve a number of didactic tasks: 225 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  improving the ability to read (reading);  expand vocabulary with modern foreign words;  improving monologue and dialogic speech skills;  discuss web internet materials; with the rapid development of information and communication technologies, which is one of the unique features of our time, special attention is being paid to using its possibilities, to fully approach the educational process and to organize it. the 21st century is the age of high technologies, and our modern youth are taking steps not only in accordance with the spirit of the time, but also in accordance with the progress in the electronic world. for this reason, a different approach to the process of teaching the young generation is required. the role of the teacher in the lessons is also changing. the teacher now acts mainly as a guide. it is time for teachers who aim to keep pace with the times to be ready to enliven any part of the lesson through ict. in the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 10, 2012 "on measures to further improve the system of learning foreign languages" "introduction of advanced teaching methods using modern pedagogical and information and communication technologies" by way of teaching the growing young generation to foreign languages, fundamentally improving the system of training specialists who can speak these languages fluently, and on the basis of this, their achievements in world development and wide use of world information resources, international cooperation and communication "creating conditions and opportunities for their development" and the need to implement a number of important tasks for this. later, teaching using ict tools was determined as the main subject of education. in accordance with this important decision, today, in particular, foreign language lessons were looked at more deeply. in order to protect the country's honor on the world stage, our youth must first be able to compete with their foreign peers. conducted in english, the international business language. in fact, the role of modern pedagogical technologies and information and communication tools in improving the quality and effectiveness of education, in the purposeful organization of gamebased lessons that are interesting to students, is very large. is becoming an integral part of the educational process. in order to teach young people english through a computer, first of all, the teacher himself must be able to use computer technologies at a professional level. it also includes the ability to organize new educational programs based on it. in order to become a pedagogue of this level, every foreign language teacher needs to work more on himself in the field of modern technologies. computer-assisted english language teaching has several advantages over traditional teaching methods. first of all, computer-based english language learners have four areas of language skills (speaking, listening, writing, and reading). 'winter) will be an opportunity to test their skills. currently, this is possible with the help of advanced programs. it is only necessary to be able to properly direct the student to this method of education. in addition, it has been proven that every rule, every word, every concept unit taught in the teaching of foreign languages with the help of a computer is better stored in the student's memory. the ability to deliver in the form of video makes teaching foreign languages through the computer one of the most effective methods. that's why we want to use the rich possibilities of the computer to teach the english language to the students of the 5th grade. basically, it is appropriate to use word and power point programs to explain current topics. because if the topic is explained using the table views through the word program, the students will understand it much easier. in power point, students can be more attracted to the topic by showing these topics in audio, picture and video formats. today, teaching through interactive games is becoming a tradition in schools. it is known that the lesson is conducted on the basis of various games, which ensures that students demonstrate their capabilities, concentrate, improve their knowledge and skills, and become stronger. the basis of the use of game technology is the activity that activates and accelerates the student. 226 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to psychologists, the psychological mechanisms of playful activity rely on the fundamental needs of a person to express himself, find a stable place in life, self-control, and realize his potential. any game should be based on generally accepted educational principles and tactics. educational games should be based on educational subjects. in the process of games, the student is more interested in this activity than in a regular lesson and works freely. it should be noted that the game is, first of all, a method of teaching. pupils participate in game lessons with interest, strive to win, and the teacher also provides education to the pupil through them. the student believes that he can speak, listen, understand, and write in english while playing games, he is interested [2]. we know that in the current educational process, the student should be the subject. focusing more on interactive methods will increase the effectiveness of education. one of the most important requirements for english language classes is to teach students to think independently. today, english language teachers are using the following innovative methods based on the experience of pedagogues in the united states of america and england: "creative problem solving" to use this method, the beginning of the story is read and how it ends. the judgment of students is referred to; "merry riddles" teaching riddles to students is important in teaching english, they learn unfamiliar words and find the answer to riddles;  "quick answers" helps to improve the effectiveness of the lesson;  "chigil yozdi" ("warm-up exercises") use of various games in the classroom to interest students in the lesson [3];  "pantomime" (pantomime) this method can be used in a lesson where very difficult topics need to be explained or when written exercises are performed and students are tired;  "a chain story" method helps students to develop oral speech; "acting characters" method can be used in all types of lessons. to teach the profession, "they can talk to the interpreters;  "thinkers meeting" poets and writers such as u. shakespeare, a. navoi, r. burns can be "invited". at such a time, using the wise words they said in the lesson will help young people to be educated as perfect people;  the "when pictures speak" method is very convenient and helps in teaching english and in developing the oral speech of students, for this, it is necessary to use pictures related to the topic;  quiz cards are distributed according to the number of students and allow all students to participate in the lesson at the same time, which saves time. 227 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as stated by our president i. karimov in his works entitled "high spirituality-yengilmaskuch": "if you want to glorify uzbekistan to the world, glorify its ancient history and bright future, if you want to keep it forever in the memory of generations, first of all we need to educate young great writers, great poets, and great artists." therefore, learning a foreign language is a requirement of the current era, and developing new methods of language learning for the young generation based on the "national personnel training program" , recommendation for the study process is one of the urgent issues facing scientists and specialists. in order for our talented young people to become mature specialists in their fields of interest, first of all, they need to have a perfect knowledge of any foreign language, including english. references 1. ahmadovich, r. a. ., tulkinjonovna, t. n. ., & shodiyevich, r. s. . . (2023). statistical analysis of word formation by affixation between two languages. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(4), 213–218. retrieved from https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view/150 2. tursinxanov nurlan mustafaevich, & rajaboev shakhboz. (2022). system for analyzing and processing data on university staff based on a fuzzy controller with a fixed knowledge base. open access repository, 8(03), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/9x7yf 3. rajaboyev, s. (2023). ta’limni axborotlashtirish sharoitida web-dizayn kursini flipgrid dasturining imkoniyatlaridan foydalanish. 4. shodiyevich, rajaboev shahboz, rajabboyev shohzod shodiyevich, and usmonov sunnatillo berdiqul o’gʻli. "accounting issues in the digital economy." central asian journal of mathematical theory and computer sciences 4.6 (2023): 80-84. 5. shodiyevich r. s., shodiyevich r. s., berdiqul o’gʻli u. s. accounting issues in the digital economy //central asian journal of mathematical theory and computer sciences. – 2023. – т. 4. – №. 6. – с. 80-84. 6. ulugbekovich k. d. et al. trends of fast development of the service sector in uzbekistan //gospodarka i innowacje. – 2023. – т. 35. – с. 554-563. 7. shakhboz r. using modern technologies to increase the effectiveness of teaching computer science based on distance education //journal of advanced scientific research (issn: 0976-9595). – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 7. 8. shodiyevich, r. s., shodiyevich, r. s., & o’gʻliu. s. b. (2023). accounting issues in the digital economy. central asian journal of mathematical theory and computer sciences, 4(6), 80-84. retrieved from https://cajmtcs.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajmtcs/article/view/475 9. to‘lqinjanovna t. n., shodiyevich r. s. word formation by affixation //international journal of business diplomacy and economy. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 217-222. 10. shahboz r., sayidaxon t., sheroz r. iqtisodiy fanlarni o ‘qitishda multimediya vositalaridan foydalanish texnologiyalari //international journal of contemporary scientific and technical research. – 2023. – с. 518520. 11. shodiyevich r. s., berdiqul o’gʻli u. s., shodiyevich r. s. the process of managing the flow of information, in the example of accounting //nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 99-104. https://www.bjisrd.com/index.php/bjisrd/article/view/150 https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/9x7yf https://cajmtcs.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/cajmtcs/article/view/475 228 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. to‘lqinjanovna t. n., shodiyevich r. s. word formation by affixation //international journal of business diplomacy and economy. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 217-222. 13. ражабоев ш. ш. экологическое образование в целях устойчивого развития территорий.–2022 //kielce: laboratorium wiedzy artur borcuch. – 2022. 14. rajaboyev s. экологическое образование в целях устойчивого развития территорий //scienceweb academic papers collection. – 2022. 15. rajaboev s. s. technologies of using multimedia tools in teaching economic sciences //spanish journal of innovation and integrity. 16. ражабоев ш. ш. роль информационных технологий в технологическом предпринимательстве //ббк 65.29 я43 т384. – 2022. – с. 54. 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 evolution of scientific concepts about the role of investments in the economy salamov farrukh fatojevich senior lecturer at the department of economic theory, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the article is devoted to the history of revealing the essence of the category “investment” in the works of the classics of economic theory, which is a necessary condition for correctly considering the essence of investment as the main factor in ensuring the breakthrough economic development of the country. keywords: investment, investment lending, economic growth, capital, interest. the study of the investment process has occurred since the appearance of the first empirical works related to the study of social reproduction, its stages, cycles and dynamics of development. the evolution of scientific ideas about the role of investments in the system of the reproduction process is visible in the works of scientists of the classical school of political economy and physiocrats such as f. quesnay, a.r.zh. turgot, n.u. senior, j.b. say, k. marx, j. st. mill. scientists of later schools of economic science, within the framework of constructing a model of economic man, pay sufficient attention to the study of subjective, irrational motives for making investments. in the works of o. böhm-bawerk, i. fischer, l. walras, v. pareto, a. marshall, a. pigou and many others study the investment process from the point of view of the methodology of equilibrium analysis, which assumes the functional influence of the interest rate and the level of money supply on the volume of investment in the economy. representatives of the keynesian direction of economic science demonstrate a fundamentally different view on the development of the investment process. the works of j.m. keynes are based on the existing savings-investment dichotomy, which presupposes a clear distinction between the economic activities of economic entities: households, firms, the state, etc. followers j.m. keynes r. harrod, e. domar, e. hansen interpret keynesian ideas about the development of the investment process from the point of view of a dynamic approach. in contrast, representatives of post-keynesianism, neoclassical synthesis, institutionalism such as n. kaldor, j. robinson, p. sraffa, j. hicks, p. samuelson, t. veblen, j. commons, g.s. becker, g. simon, are confident that investments can be made by various business entities. the monetary aspect of the study of the investment process is revealed in the works of representatives of monetarism, monetary keynesianism and neoliberalism. m. friedman, j. tobin, j.d. sachs, f.b. lahren, r. klauer, p. davidson, g. minsky, f. hayek, l. mises take a more realistic approach to the study of investments, assuming that monetary investments are made not only in the real segment of the economy, but also in the financial sector. the expansion of financial relations expands the investment opportunities of business entities through the use of modern investment tools. modern authors a.v. buzgalin, a.i. kolganov, p. hendershott, r. lemon, i.e. diskin, v.v. radaev, n.m. rimashevskaya, v.a. andreeva, m.i. stolbov, i.a. sagittarius explore the 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us investment process in the conditions of formation and development of the information stage of post-industrial society, justifying the ongoing process of transformation of the motivational component of the investment process. the study of the features of investing in the information society is largely superficial, fragmented, since it does not take into account the deep theoretical and methodological aspects of the transformation of the investment process. authors such as m. hendell, d. tapscott, n. leni, t. mesenburg, r. bucht, r. hicks, r. lemb, e. popov, f. mayevsky, r. dushkin, a. russell, a. schiewenbacher, n. dorokhin, r. jason, j. best, r. kutter, k. teteryatnikov, i. lukasevich and others consider either the use of information technologies in the financial sector, indirectly, reflecting their impact on the investment opportunities of economic actors, or focus on on new investment instruments, revealing their advantages and disadvantages for investors. the issues of qualitative changes in the architectonics of the investment process, expansion of investment opportunities of business entities under the influence of the emergence of digital investment tools, and institutional regulation of the interaction of economic agents in the investment market remain poorly studied. a completely new area of investment problems is the issues of its organization in conditions of technological, economic and financial sovereignty, the formation of a multipolar system of interstate settlements using the currencies of other states and digital financial assets, primarily cryptocurrencies to ensure breakthrough economic development and the transition to the sixth technological order that forms the technological basis of the knowledge-intensive economy. insufficient theoretical and methodological development of the above issues determines the choice and relevance of the research topic, setting goals and objectives. conclusion; it has been established that investment in the economy is a determinant of economic development, forming the key prerequisites for economic growth and innovative modernization, implying accelerated growth of investments in fixed and human capital. the current state of investment in the economy does not meet the needs of the transition to the sixth technological order, innovative improvement of the structure and institutional reorganization of the investment process. structural changes do not allow achieving technological, economic and financial sovereignty of the national economy in the conditions of geo-economic transformations of the world economy. list of sources used 1. blaug m. economic thought in retrospect: trans. from english 4th ed. m.: delo ltd, 1994., p. 18 2. quesne f. analysis of the economic table // history of economic teachings: reader / from the rest. shutko l.g., belyanin d.n. ekaterinburg, 1997. part i. foreign economic teachings, pp. 77-78 3. smith a. research on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations / smith a. m.: eksmo, 2009 p.363-364 4. marx k. towards a critique of political economy / k. marx, f. engels. essays. – 2nd ed., t.13 p.130 5. mcconnell k.r. economics : principles, problems and policies / k.r. mcconnell, s.l. bru; per. from 13th english ed. – m.: infra-m, 1999, xxxiv., p.19 6. malthus t. experience on the law of population / t. malthus; lane p.a. bibikov . — m.: directmedia publishing, 2008, p.19 7. mill d.s. fundamentals of political economy. m.: progress, 1980. p. 286. 8. marshall a. principles of economic science / a. marshall. m.: direct -media, 2012., p.313 9. bem barvek e. fundamentals of the theory of the value of economic goods / e. bembarvek; per. with german _ a. savina, o. popova. – st. petersburg, 1903, p73-76 348 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 optimizing the tax burden on economic entities feruz saidmurodov assistant, samarkand branch of tashkent state university of economics abstract. this article examines strategies and practices aimed at optimizing the tax burden for economic entities, focusing on ways to reduce tax liabilities while complying with the regulatory and legal framework. it discusses different approaches such as tax planning, taking advantage of benefits and legal structure to minimize the impact of taxes on business. the article also explores the economic implications of effective tax optimization, including the potential to increase competitiveness, improve financial health, and increase investment and growth. keywords: tax optimization, strategic tax planning, financial performance compliance, ethical considerations, technological advancements in tax management, economic impact, tax policy, business competitiveness introduction. in today's world economy, optimizing tax burdens for business entities has become an important direction for increasing competitiveness and ensuring sustainable growth. taxes are a significant cost factor that affects investment decisions, profitability and overall financial health for businesses of all sizes. effective tax optimization strategies are not only aimed at minimizing tax obligations within the framework of legal compliance, but also play a decisive role in shaping organizational strategies and operational efficiency. in today's world economy, optimizing tax burdens for business entities has become an important direction for increasing competitiveness and ensuring sustainable growth. taxes are a significant cost factor that affects investment decisions, profitability and overall financial health for businesses of all sizes. effective tax optimization strategies are not only aimed at minimizing tax obligations within the framework of legal compliance, but also play a decisive role in shaping organizational strategies and operational efficiency. by understanding the complexities of tax optimization and taking proactive steps, businesses can more effectively navigate regulatory landscapes, allocate resources more effectively, and ultimately contribute to their long-term sustainability and success in an evolving global marketplace. this article aims to provide insight and practical guidance for business leaders, tax professionals and policy makers, emphasizing the importance of making informed decisions in optimizing the tax burden for business entities. literature review optimizing the tax burden on economic entities, a review of the subject of http://www/ 349 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us extensive research and analysis in the scientific literature and professional practice, serves to synthesize the main findings and perspectives from various sources for a comprehensive understanding of the topic. strategic tax planning plays a decisive role in optimizing the tax burden for economic entities. according to research (dyreng et al., 2008; hanlon & heitzman, 2010), businesses strategically manage their tax affairs to minimize liabilities while complying with legal requirements. this includes proactive tax planning initiatives such as timing income and deductions, taking advantage of tax credits and exemptions, and streamlining operations to increase tax efficiency. effective tax planning not only reduces the direct tax burden but also increases financial predictability and operational flexibility (desai and dharmapala, 2006). studies have shown that effective tax optimization has a positive effect on the financial performance of enterprises. by reducing tax costs, firms can allocate more resources to core business activities, innovation, and development initiatives (graham, 1996; hanlon & slemrod, 2009). this aspect is particularly important in competitive industries where cost management is a determinant of profitability and market position. although tax optimization strategies are legal and widespread, the debate over their ethical implications continues. scholars (sikka, 2010; murphy and murphy, 2018) argue that aggressive tax planning, although permitted by tax law, may raise ethical concerns related to fairness and social responsibility. this tension highlights the importance of balancing tax efficiency with ethical standards and corporate citizenship. from a broader economic perspective, optimizing the tax burden on businesses can have a significant impact on economic growth, employment and public finances. studies (moores & robinson, 2003; oecd, 2017) highlight that tax policies affecting business decisions can shape investment flows, entrepreneurship rates and regional development. governments often use tax incentives and policy adjustments to stimulate economic activity and attract foreign investment, highlighting the link between tax optimization strategies and macroeconomic performance. advances in technology have transformed the practice of tax administration, enabling real-time data analysis, automated compliance processes, and increased transparency (akers et al., 2020). digital platforms enable effective tax reporting and compliance monitoring, reducing administrative burdens for businesses and tax authorities. these technological innovations not only simplify operations, but also help improve accuracy and compliance rates, further optimizing the tax burden for business entities. research methodology. the analysis of the article is carried out on the basis of their financial, tax and statistical data of developing economic entities. it is allowed to study the changes of the tax system, the actual reforms of the political economic entities. structural elements discuss business entities and their status in institutions and financial markets. analysis and results. it is their obligation to reduce the fees charged to the citizens, which affects the expansion of the recognition of labor and products, as it has a positive effect on the use http://www/ 350 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and demand. undoubtedly, financial changes in our country in 2015 are the most necessary bearings that are not set in stone. this need is recognized as one of the main tasks of reducing tax rates as a really important initiative. taking into account these needs, it has achieved great results and made great changes in the execution of tasks, including: high sustainable development of the economy and macroeconomics. president i.karimov has repeatedly emphasized that the self-monitoring components of the market economy are prospective and the state has only financial opportunities, and the motivators are protected and part of them are payments. how the valuation strategy is oriented in any country and how viable the measures in the field of tax calculation are will largely decide the nature and elements of monetary changes. from the experience of countries with a market economy, where a smart payment system has been created, it is understood that the effectiveness of its creation has increased and that it is stable on this basis. since the state's monetary strategy is an important part of macroeconomic regulation, financial, political and other, their quintessence is introduced to the state and society financial, legal and 27 different tools, techniques, real situations are clearly considered to ensure their use. within the framework of the "new spending strategy" implemented in our republic, a general change in the synthesis of payment and income, expansion of the work of assets and local payments; people are obliged to provide an ever-changing range of costs". as the main part of the monetary approach, the payment strategy is of great importance. the state strategy in this area is good conditions for both the state and market participants, for businessmen and various citizens. it is very important to zero in on the development of the real sector of the economy.currently, the expenditure strategy of the republic of uzbekistan and its improvement are defined as a common obligation in our country: total cost, taking into account the qualities of financial sectors reduce the ball; improvement of the personal expenses component; directly (exactly) in the regulation of income of the financial plan with stable sources. expansion of tasks; increasing the ability to calculate taxes related to assets; to ensure that the assessment system is basic and valid. currently, measures are being implemented in our republic to direct the predictable strategy of reducing state intervention in the economy. from july 1, 2005, the calculation of legal impact measures on business elements, including the termination of exercises of business substances, exercise suspension of order on financial balances, suspension, (from crimes and psychological pressure to continue with the exception of cases related to support), monetary approvals, application, penalties for delaying payments and expenses, adding objects to the state payment, transfer (confiscation) , from 10 days, unique grants for participation in certain types of exercises 28 suspension or cancellation for a longer period of time is carried out only by a court decision, a system of implementation was presented. according to the declaration, monetary and financial exercises of business entities inspection (inspection) is simply carried out by state customs administration bodies; police officers introduce relevant materials to specialists http://www/ 351 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in cases where violations and side effects are detected during the investigation of financial activities of business entities. at the same time, great attention is paid to the consolidation of obligations and costs. this tax calculation system helps to improve the accuracy, assessment and assessment related activities, as well as strong monitoring of the fulfillment of obligations. "entrepreneurship" of the head of the republic of uzbekistan on june 24, 2005. pecuniary liability of its entities for financial violations, according to the proclamation no. pf-3622 "on advancement", committed by business entities in an interesting manner, unintentional and insignificant, defined by law in accordance with the strategy, only authorized proportions of responsibility without providing materials to legal experts for offenses in accordance with the application, as well as in cases where the materials are submitted to the court; non-payment of costs, fees and other mandatory payments for business content payment of damage caused by the offense within one month or less for paid business content that willfully covers and waives its consequences, including penalties the exception to the use of money permits is not completely set in stone. according to the decree 3665-con of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the further reduction of the inspection of business entities and measures to improve it", the financial and economic activities of micro-firms, small enterprises and farms to carry out a planned inspection of the financial and economic activities of newly established micro-firms, small enterprises and farms no more than once every four years, and no more than once every three years for other business entities. that they are not subject to a planned inspection within two years from the moment of their state registration, where the production buildings and sales outlets of business entities registered by regional tax authorities in other districts (cities) are located and where services are provided ( regardless of the place where the works are performed, it was determined that the verification of their financial and economic activities should be carried out simultaneously with the relevant tax authorities in the place where the business entity is registered. in order to support small business and private entrepreneurship in our republic and create a favorable investment environment for them and reduce the tax burden on them, the president of the republic of uzbekistan of april 7, 2014 "additional measure to further improve the investment climate and business environment in the republic of uzbekistan" decree no. pf-4609 "on events" was adopted. conclusion in conclusion, optimizing the tax burden for business entities is a multifaceted topic involving strategic planning, financial performance, ethical considerations, economic policy, and technological advancements. as businesses navigate complex tax landscapes, understanding these dynamics is critical to making informed decisions that promote financial stability, competitiveness, and regulatory compliance. future research should continue to explore emerging trends in tax optimization, including digitalization and the impact of evolving global tax regimes on business entities and society at large. references 1. akers, md, et al. (2020). "technological advances and tax administration." journal of taxation, 92(4), 112-125. http://www/ 352 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. desai, m. a. and dharmapala, d. (2006). "corporate tax avoidance and high incentives". journal of financial economics, 79(1), 145-179. 3. dyreng, s. d. et al. (2008). "the influence of executives on corporate tax avoidance". accounting review, 83(2), 405-435. 4. graham, j. r. (1996). "debt and the marginal tax rate." journal of financial economics, 41(1), 41-73. 5. hanlon, m., & heitzman, s. (2010). "review of tax studies." journal of accounting and economics, 50(2-3), 127-178. 6. hanlon, m., & slemrod, j. (2009). "what does tax aggressiveness signal? evidence from stock price reactions to news about tax haven participation." journal of public economics, 93(1-2), 126-141. 7. 7.moore, k., & robinson, j. (2003). "towards a stakeholder perspective of tax avoidance disclosure". british accounting review, 35(3), 215-237. 8. murphy, l., & murphy, s. (2018). "relevance of taxpayer's attitudes and perceptions in tax compliance behavior". journal of accounting and taxation, 10(3), 32-40. http://www/ 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the concept and essence of the right to inviolability of personal image sabina odinaeva master's student at the tashkent state law university abstract: in the modern world, where images of people are easily replicated and distributed, the right to inviolability of personal image becomes more and more relevant. the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept and essence of the right to inviolability of personal image. the methods of comparison, prediction, analysis, deduction, synthesis are used to achieve the purpose of the research. the article offers a new vision of the essence of the right to inviolability of personal image, and formulates a number of proposals to improve the legislation of uzbekistan in this area. the results of the research can be used for further development of the theory of law, as well as for improvement of legislation on personal data protection. keywords: image, personal non-property rights, intangible goods, image of a citizen, right to image. the right to one's own image is recognised as one of the intangible personal rights of a person. in the world there is a trend towards the legislative enshrinement of the right to one's own image. illegal actions in the sphere of use of a citizen's image are connected, first of all, with its promulgation, which makes it necessary to consider this concept. in the textbook ‘civil law’ (general part) edited by rakhmankulov h.r. in the chapter devoted to the regulation of intangible goods, including the right to image, it is noted that the identification of the nature of personal intangible goods is often very difficult due to the fact that there is a significant number of such objects, and their regulation due to their amorphous nature is mainly carried out by general legislative constructions, and their protection is the core of many normative legal acts in various spheres [1, p. 899]. the issues of the legal status of intellectual property are devoted to the works of okyulov o. in particular, in the abstract of the dissertation for the degree of doctor of law, it is the legal status of intellectual property in the context of the analysis of copyright, rather than specific provisions governing intangible goods [2, p.55]. due to the popularisation of the use of social networks, there are more and more frequent situations related to the unlawful behaviour of persons, which is expressed in the publication of images of citizens on social network accounts and other sites without their consent, due to which citizens turn to the court in order to restore the violated right. it should be borne in mind that the satisfaction of claims depends on the evidence presented by the plaintiff. [3, c.254]. nikolaeva a., believes that ‘under the image should be understood information about a physical person intended for visual perception, reproduced in any objective form, possessing a set of 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unique individual features of the appearance of this physical person and allowing to distinguish it from other persons’ [4, p.32]. according to ablyatipova n., an image is a set of features (information) characterising a particular object, as well as a subject; information that allows to distinguish and individualise them among other substances [5, p.110]. in international conventions and agreements the right to the image of a citizen is not mentioned separately, but it is implied that legal protection is granted to it within the general protection of personal non-property rights. in practice, this is the case. in particular, article 12 of the universal declaration of human rights establishes that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home, correspondence or honour and reputation. everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. [6]. article 8 of the convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms states that everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence [7]. article 17 of the international covenant on civil and political rights establishes that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy and family life, and everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks [8]. the national legislation of uzbekistan recognises the right to image without establishing specific mechanisms for its implementation and protection. thus, article 99 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan states that intangible goods include life and health, personal honour and dignity, personal inviolability, business reputation, inviolability of private life, private and family secrecy, the right to a name, the right to an image, the right of authorship, other personal nonproperty rights and other intangible goods belonging to a citizen by birth or by virtue of law, which are not alienable or otherwise transferable [9]. the personal image is directly linked to the non-material benefits enshrined in the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan: firstly, the inviolability of private life, and secondly, personal and family secrecy. also, violation of a citizen's right to inviolability of personal image is often associated with violation of the right to honour and good name, protection of business reputation. thus, a personal image is an object containing the image of someone, as well as characteristic external features, with the help of which it is possible to identify this or that person. given the frequent use of both photographs and video materials in publicly available sources, it seems appropriate that the right to protection of personal image concerns not only photographs or drawings containing the image of a person, but also video recordings. according to bogustov a.'s conclusions, the right to image is more considered as an element of the right to privacy. in this case, the unfavourable consequences of unlawful use of an image both in visual and any other form would be similar. this implies that the image of a person is part of his personality and only he has the right to control the right to use his image by other people [10, p.279]. the state provides legal protection and methods of defence in relation to the most significant and important objects, tangible and intangible benefits. in this regard, the image of a citizen is associated with such intangible goods as personal inviolability, privacy, personal and family privacy, dignity, honour and good name, business reputation, authorship, and thus the right to it is subject to legal protection and defence. thus, article 27 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan states that everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability. which itself implies inviolability of personal image [11]. 172 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, the study determined that the right to inviolability of personal image refers to personal non-property rights. also the interpretation of the concept of personal image in different sources differs. also in the legislation of uzbekistan there is no certain legal mechanism for the use of personal image. список использованной литературы 1. grazhdanskoe pravo. obshhaja chast': uchebnik [civil law. a common part. textbook] / edited by kh.r. rakhmankulov. т.: tashkent state university of law, 2010. 899 p. 2. okulov o.o. pravovoj status intellektual'noj sobstvennosti [legal status of intellectual property: abstract of the dissertation for the degree of doctor of law]. т.: tashkent state university of law, 2000. 55 p. 3. аблятипова н. а, волкова и. ю. право гражданина на неприкосновенность изображения: анализ эффективности правоприменительной практики при определении критериев неправомерности использования // ученые записки крымского федерального университета имени в. и. вернадского. юридические науки. 2021. №1. с. 254. 4. николаева а. изображение гражданина: проблемы правового регулирования, использования, охраны и защиты : автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук : специальность 12.00.03 /; [ин-т гуманит. образования и информ. технологий (ночу впо "игумо и ит")]. москва, 2015. с.32. 5. аблятипова н.а., цыганова д.с. проблемы охраны изображения человека в гражданском законодательстве российской федерации // ученые записки тамбовского отделения росму. 2019. №14.). – с. 110. 6. всеобщая декларация прав человека (принята на третьей сессии генеральной ассамблеи оон резолюцией 217 а (iii) от 10 декабря 1948 г.) //https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/declhr.shtml 7. конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод. заключена в г. риме 04.11.1950. измененная и дополненная протоколами № 11 и № 14, вступившими в силу 1 июня 2010 г. // https://www.coe.int/ru/web/compass/the-european-convention-onhuman-rights-and-its-protocols 8. международный пакт «о гражданских и политических правах»// принята генеральной ассамблеей оон 16.12.1966. // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml 9. гражданский кодекс республики узбекистан, 1996 г., № 9, ст. 128; 1999 г., № 5, ст. 124; 2001 г., № 5, ст. 89; собрание законодательства республики узбекистан, 2006 г., № 03/23/815/0044 10. богустов андрей алексеевич правое лицо на изображении в законодательстве государств евразийского региона: сравнительно-правовой анализ // вестник сгюа. 2023. №1 (150). с.279. 11. конституция республики узбекистан (новая редакция). национальная база данных законодательства, 01.05.2023 г., № 03/23/837/0241 12. лм бурханова правовое регулирование права собственности в гражданском праве в условиях совершенствования законодательства: особенности правового статуса субъектов и объектов права …вестник казнпу имени абая серия «юриспруденция» 74 (4), 34-42. 13. nurimova s. a., burkhanova l. m. types of objects of intellectual property protection on the basis of the international trips https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/declhr.shtml https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/declhr.shtml https://www.coe.int/ru/web/compass/the-european-convention-on-human-rights-and-its-protocols https://www.coe.int/ru/web/compass/the-european-convention-on-human-rights-and-its-protocols https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml 173 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us agreement: features of legal regulation //e conference zone. – 2023. – с. 29-34. 14. бурханова, л. м. особенности конституционно-правовой защиты интеллектуальной собственности в республике узбекистан: национальный и международный опыт / л. м. бурханова // правовая защита интеллектуальной собственности: проблемы теории и практики [электронный ресурс] : электрон. сб. материалов междунар. науч.-практ. конф., новополоцк, 26 мая 2023 г. / полоц. гос. ун-т им. евфросинии полоцкой, регион. учеб.-науч.-практ. юрид. центр ; редкол.: в. а. богоненко (отв. ред.) [и др.]. – новополоцк : полоц. гос. ун-т им. евфросинии полоцкой, 2023. – с. 10-16. 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 strategies for effective poverty reduction: a comprehensive approach fozilov vahobjon akrom ugli independent researcher (phd), assistant-teacher of "real economy" department at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: vaxob.fozilov@mail.ru zokirov shoxijaxon axadjon ugli student at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan ortiqov farmonboy raxmon ugli "economy (by industries and sectors)" student studying in the specialty at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: farmonboyortiqov1@gmail.com author's contacts: +99899 771 45 05 mexriddinov fahriddin asqar ugli "economy (by industries and sectors)" student studying in the specialty at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: fahriddinmexriddinov@gmail.com author's contacts: +99899 136 35 73 abstract: this article examines comprehensive strategies for poverty reduction, emphasizing the importance of addressing the multidimensional aspects of poverty. it highlights key interventions such as education and skill development, employment creation, social protection policies, infrastructure development, gender equality, and community participation. by adopting a holistic approach, societies can effectively tackle poverty and create opportunities for sustainable development and inclusive growth. keywords: poverty reduction, multidimensional poverty, education, employment, social protection, infrastructure development, gender equality, community participation, sustainable development, inclusive growth. introduction poverty remains one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting millions of individuals and communities worldwide. despite significant progress in recent decades, poverty persists in various forms, impeding human development and societal progress. addressing poverty requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond mere economic interventions. this article explores strategies for effective poverty reduction, encompassing social, economic, and policy dimensions. understanding poverty: poverty is a complex phenomenon with multidimensional aspects. beyond income deprivation, poverty encompasses inadequate access to education, healthcare, mailto:vaxob.fozilov@mail.ru mailto:farmonboyortiqov1@gmail.com mailto:fahriddinmexriddinov@gmail.com 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us housing, and basic services. moreover, it often intersects with other forms of inequality, such as gender, race, and ethnicity, exacerbating its impact on marginalized groups. understanding the root causes and manifestations of poverty is crucial for designing targeted interventions. poverty refers to the lack of adequate financial resources such that individuals, households, and entire communities don't have the means to subsist or acquire the basic necessities for a flourishing life. this means being so poor as to struggle to obtain food, clothing, shelter, and medicines.1 facing the harsh reality of extreme poverty, over 700 million individuals globally survive on under $1.90 per day, a crisis that disproportionately affects children. the goal to eradicate this by 2030 underlines the vital global effort of sustainable development goal.2 while significant progress has been made in reducing global poverty rates, challenges persist, particularly in marginalized communities and regions. the covid-19 pandemic has further exacerbated existing inequalities, pushing millions of people into poverty and threatening to reverse years of progress. as we confront this unprecedented crisis, it becomes increasingly evident that traditional approaches to poverty reduction are insufficient. there is a growing recognition of the need for innovative and integrated solutions that address the root causes of poverty and build resilience against future shocks. moreover, the interconnected nature of contemporary challenges, such as climate change, conflict, and economic instability, underscores the urgency of a coordinated and comprehensive response. by reimagining our strategies for poverty reduction and embracing a paradigm shift towards inclusivity, sustainability, and equity, we can chart a path towards a more just and prosperous world for all. analysis and results education and skill development: investing in education and skill development is fundamental for poverty reduction. access to quality education equips individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to secure stable employment and break the cycle of intergenerational poverty. governments and ngos must prioritize efforts to improve educational infrastructure, enhance teacher training, and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all segments of society. employment and economic empowerment: creating opportunities for decent and productive employment is essential for poverty eradication. job creation initiatives, particularly in sectors with high growth potential, can generate income, stimulate economic growth, and reduce reliance on informal employment. furthermore, supporting entrepreneurship and small businesses empowers individuals to generate sustainable livelihoods, fostering economic resilience within communities. social protection and welfare policies: robust social protection programs play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of poverty and vulnerability. social safety nets, such as cash transfers, food assistance, and healthcare subsidies, provide essential support to disadvantaged populations, ensuring their basic needs are met during times of crisis. additionally, progressive welfare policies, including universal healthcare and pension schemes, promote social inclusion and reduce inequalities. infrastructure development: access to basic infrastructure, including transportation, energy, water, and sanitation, is indispensable for poverty reduction. infrastructure development not only improves living standards but also facilitates economic activities and enhances 1 what's poverty? meaning, causes, and how to measure/james chen december 11 2023/source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/poverty.asp 2 world poverty statistics 2024/written by riccardo tamburini. source: https://socialincome.org/en/int/world-poverty-statistics-2024 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/poverty.asp https://socialincome.org/en/int/world-poverty-statistics-2024 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us connectivity within and between regions. governments must prioritize infrastructure investments in underserved areas, bridging the urban-rural divide and promoting inclusive growth. gender equality and women's empowerment: promoting gender equality and empowering women are integral to poverty reduction efforts. women disproportionately bear the burden of poverty due to systemic discrimination and unequal access to resources and opportunities. by addressing gender disparities in education, employment, and property rights, societies can unlock the full potential of women as agents of change and catalysts for economic development. community participation and empowerment: engaging communities in decision-making processes and empowering local institutions are essential for sustainable poverty reduction. participatory approaches enable communities to identify their needs, prioritize interventions, and mobilize resources effectively. moreover, fostering social cohesion and collective action strengthens resilience against external shocks and fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility for development outcomes. top 12 strategies to cut poverty. expand safety net programs to benefit all in need support pay equity to create a fair labor market create good-paying jobs that meet family needs invest in affordable, high-quality child care and early childhood education raise the minimum wage to ensure economic stability for all expand access to health care provide permanent paid family and medical leave and paid sick days reform the criminal justice system and enact policies that support successful reentry increase worker power to rebalance the labor market invest in affordable, accessible housing make permanent increases to the child tax credit and earned income tax credit modernize the supplemental security insurance program conclusion effectively reducing poverty requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that addresses its root causes and empowers individuals and communities to improve their livelihoods. by investing in education, promoting employment opportunities, strengthening social protection systems, enhancing infrastructure, advancing gender equality, and fostering community participation, societies can make significant strides towards achieving sustainable development and eradicating poverty for future generations. it is imperative for governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector to collaborate closely and prioritize poverty reduction as a central objective of their policies and initiatives. only through concerted efforts and collective action can we build a more inclusive and equitable world where every individual has the opportunity to thrive. in conclusion, the fight against poverty demands a unified and persistent commitment from all sectors of society. by embracing a holistic approach that addresses the multifaceted nature of poverty, we can create lasting change and build a future where everyone has the opportunity to fulfill their potential. education emerges as a cornerstone, empowering individuals with the tools to break free from the cycle of poverty. moreover, fostering inclusive economic growth through 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us job creation and entrepreneurship unleashes the productive capacities of communities, driving sustainable development. social protection measures serve as a safety net, ensuring that the most vulnerable among us are not left behind. infrastructure development bridges divides and fosters connectivity, unlocking opportunities in even the most remote areas. gender equality and community participation are not just moral imperatives but essential components of effective poverty reduction strategies. as we navigate the complexities of poverty, let us remember that our collective actions today will shape the world of tomorrow. together, we can build a society where poverty is not just reduced but ultimately eradicated, creating a brighter and more equitable future for all. reference 1. 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122-125. 81. ugli a. a. i. quality and competitiveness of services in the tourism market //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 12. – с. 145-148. 180 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 study of issues of classification, description, recognition, evaluation and accounting of finished products created in cotton-textile clusters khalikov talibjon luptullaevich assistant at the department of “accounting and auditing in other industries”, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the cotton and textile industry is one of the most important sectors of the domestic economy, acting as a driver for regional development, creating production capacities in rural areas, providing employment, and increasing export volumes. therefore, on the initiative of the head of our state, at the new stage of reforms, the cotton-textile front was radically updated and a cluster system was introduced. keywords: cotton-textile industry, cluster system, global textile market, investments. introduction: the current difficult and unstable period once again clearly shows the decisive role and importance of the agricultural sector on a global scale. an important issue was providing the population with agricultural products, creating new jobs in the field, and further increasing interest through the wise use of existing resources and opportunities. today, issues of accelerating the development of agriculture, increasing its economic efficiency, and further improving the living conditions of the rural population are directly related to the modern method of farming the cluster system. this new structure in a short time became the driving force the driver of the agricultural sector. it should be noted that this innovative method, combining agriculture and industry, quickly proved its worth. as production of important industrial raw materials increased and their quality improved, complete fiber processing within the country was achieved. at the same time, 134 clusters operating in the system of the association of cotton and textile clusters of uzbekistan became the main force. currently, the clusters are actively engaged in the cultivation, harvesting, primary and deep processing of raw cotton, and export of cotton. indeed, based on the cluster method, about 350 large factories were put into operation. as a result, the yarn recycling rate has been increased to 45 percent. this figure is expected to reach 100 percent in the near future. because the head of our state set the clusters the task of exporting finished products with added value, and not semi-finished products. the above-mentioned presidential decree will certainly serve as an important guide to action to achieve this goal. analyzes and results. despite increased competition in the global textile market, demand for uzbek products is growing. the fact is that our products attract customers with their naturalness, high quality and reasonable price. in 2022, textile, clothing and knitwear products worth $3 billion 229.2 million were exported, the growth rate increased by 10.2 percent compared to the previous year. 181 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is gratifying that the share of finished products in exports amounted to 41.5 percent. this represents an increase of 44 percent compared to 2021. an important factor in achieving such a positive result was the increase in the number of exporting enterprises, the number of which has now reached 1,503. today, our textile products are mainly imported to the commonwealth countries, turkey and china, but the number of our partners will expand to include european countries. because after the lifting of the global boycott of uzbek cotton, the countries of the “ancient continent”, as well as international brands, having established trade and investment relations in this direction, began to place their orders in uzbekistan. as the head of our state noted, cotton and textile clusters have become drivers in every district. therefore, this year it is expected to expand the geography of exports and increase the volume of exports of textile products to $5 billion. benefits and preferences provided to cotton-textile clusters and their textile factories according to the presidential decree will become a stimulating factor in fulfilling foreign orders and increasing export volumes. to overcome competition in world markets, foreign manufacturers are trying to reduce costs by producing mixed types of products. this gives the expected results. at the initiative of the president, further benefits are provided to support clusters and other production enterprises in such difficult conditions. this is based on the goal of increasing the production of finished textile products with high added value by 2.1 times and exports by 2.6 times in the next five years, in short, to bring the cotton textile industry to a new stage. after all, this year alone it is expected that the utilization rate of sewing and knitting production will increase from 65 to 81 percent, the bulk of the 35 thousand vacant jobs will be filled by representatives of the population included in the lists of social notebooks, and ultimately the export volume will almost double. there are enough opportunities to conquer this milestone. most importantly, specific measures are taken to accomplish the task. that is, cotton and textile clusters will attract $225.6 million in investments, and 331 large projects will be implemented. as a result, it is planned to create 32,100 new jobs. the main goal of the head of our country in introducing cotton-textile clusters is to create a fivestage production chain for cotton processing and enter the world market with finished textile products. therefore, in accordance with the resolution, the financial support provided for the mobilization of existing opportunities and new reserves in the textile, clothing and knitting industry will fill the work of the cluster in this direction with new meaning and content. the fact is that to provide exporting enterprises with working capital, $200 million are allocated for a period of 3 years at a rate of 4 percent per annum, including a revolving loan. at the same time, commercial banks, based on their applications, open credit lines for projects for the production of fabrics, carpets, finished garments and knitted products, dyeing and finishing in the amount of $100 million for a period of 10 years with a three-year grace period at a rate of 4 percent per annum, for the remaining period at a rate of 5 percent per annum. moreover, considerable financial resources are allocated for a period of up to 3 years to finance pre-export and export trade operations based on the volume of exports carried out over the last 12 months. half of the costs for implementing financial reporting based on international standards will also be covered. in accordance with the decree, the costs of participation of representatives of famous brands in exhibitions and fairs held annually in the republic will be covered by the export support fund. it is advisable for domestic manufacturers to establish representative offices of at least three large foreign companies that will issue international certificates for the products of local enterprises. 182 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us another innovation. textile and sewing and knitting enterprises were allowed to transfer funds abroad in the amount of up to $100 thousand per year without separate decisions for creating trading houses and stores abroad. small industrial zones specializing in textile production will be created in 4 regions of our republic andijan, namangan, kashkadarya and tashkent regions. their launch is planned before the end of this year. to this end, the ministry of energy, joint-stock companies “regional electric networks”, “regional gas supply”, “regional water supply” are entrusted with the task of ensuring the creation in small industrial zones of communications for the supply of electricity, natural gas, wastewater disposal, centralized water treatment facilities and other infrastructure. at the same time, on the basis of empty cotton terminals, which are on the balance sheet of the former "uzbek cotton industry" jsc, small industrial zones specializing in textiles will be created, some buildings and structures will be used as warehouses for imported raw materials. cotton farms collaborating with clusters are also provided with benefits. in particular, penalties for late payment of value added tax assessed to farms for the 2022 harvest will not be applied. it is noteworthy that the presidential decree raised the issue of a new approach to training personnel for the cotton and textile industry and the use of advanced foreign educational programs. for example, from now on, the training of specialists in popular professions (seamstress, cutter, spinner, mechanic) will be carried out in the dual education system. to this end, pilot projects will be implemented in the republic of karakalpakstan, khorezm and namangan regions to introduce foreign educational programs (germany, turkey). starting from the 2023/2024 academic year, the tashkent institute of textile and light industry, together with universities in turkey, germany, and other countries, will develop and implement joint educational programs to train specialists in demand in the textile industry (engineers, technologists, designers, marketers). an institute of modern innovative technologies will be created in the andijan region in cooperation with the prestigious textile institute of turkey. it was also planned to submit to the cabinet of ministers a corresponding draft resolution on the introduction of foreign educational programs. the clusters covered 100% of the existing cotton fields in the republic (figure 1). figure 1. number of cotton-textile clusters in 2018-2020. 183 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us firstly, the widespread introduction of modern market relations in agriculture allows creating new jobs and ensuring interest. secondly, it facilitates the introduction of advanced agricultural technologies in cotton growing and increases competitiveness. thirdly, it serves to provide farms with modern agricultural technology. fourthly, this will further increase the volume of production of finished cotton products and ensure their exportability. during the trial period, these clusters performed better than expected. as a result, the number of cotton-textile clusters in 2018 reached 16, in 2019 77, in 2020 97, in 2021 122, in 2022 their number reached 134, and the clusters covered 100% of the cotton fields of the republic. statistics of cotton-textile clusters: to date, 1034.2 thousand hectares (100%) of land plots are assigned to 134 cotton and textile clusters throughout the republic. 1.3 million tons (34%) of fiber will be produced from 3 million 800 thousand tons of raw cotton produced by clusters in 2022. at the moment, the clusters have 1.9 million tons of fiber production capacity, and the raw cotton produced provides 58% of the available capacity (there are 705 thousand tons or 42% of the fiber production capacity). as a result of the introduction of scientific achievements, innovations and advanced technologies in the field, cotton yield increased from 26.4 c/ha to 32.7 c/ha (+6.6 c/ha) in 2016-2021. the gross harvest for 2021 reached 3.4 million tons. for this purpose, the clusters purchased 21.4 thousand units of high-performance equipment and units worth 5.4 trillion soums, thereby updating the agricultural technical park. water-saving technologies were introduced on 83.4 thousand hectares of cotton fields, 30.3 thousand hectares of land were returned to use. in 2021, 25 cotton and textile clusters were launched on an area of 106 thousand hectares. conclusions. in short, it is expected that, based on the new presidential decree, revolutionary changes will take place in the industry, artificial barriers and pitfalls that impede the development of cotton-textile clusters will be eliminated. clusters will turn into a real driver in fulfilling the tasks specified in the decree, industrializing the regions, providing employment to the population, reducing poverty, and most importantly, in fully mastering the deep processing of cotton fiber and increasing export potential. references. 1. decree of the president of uzbekistan dated january 26, 2023 nodp-23 “on additional measures to support the activities of raw cotton producers.” https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/hlopkovotekstilnye_klastery_podderjit_gosudarstvo 2. message from the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis and the 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a cluster strategy for the development of the textile industry in the sughd region //economy and society. 2018. no6 (49) p.34-393. 7. jurabaev o. d. “efficiency of cotton-textile clusters in uzbekistan at the present stage” business expert, no. 3, 2023 8. djurabaev o. d. “methodological foundations of economic clustering” business expert, no. 2, 2023. 9. dzhuraev t.t. khamidov m.e. development of agro-industrial clusters in uzbekistan and their role in the development of agriculture. // scientific electronic journal “international finance and accounting”. issue 2, april 2019 10. kalmuratov, b. s. (2021). development strategy of an innovative management of the industrial complex of the republic of karakalpakstan. isj theoretical & applied science, 01 (93), 379-387. soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/tas-01-93-66 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.01.93.66. 11. data from the world bank group https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/527551601272645417/pdf/policy-dialogue-onagriculture-modernization-in-uzbekistan-cotton-textile-clusters-in-uzbekistan-status-andoutlook.pdf http://www.lex.uz/ http://www.lex.uz/ https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.01.93.66 https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/527551601272645417/pdf/policy-dialogue-on-agriculture-modernization-in-uzbekistan-cotton-textile-clusters-in-uzbekistan-status-and-outlook.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/527551601272645417/pdf/policy-dialogue-on-agriculture-modernization-in-uzbekistan-cotton-textile-clusters-in-uzbekistan-status-and-outlook.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/527551601272645417/pdf/policy-dialogue-on-agriculture-modernization-in-uzbekistan-cotton-textile-clusters-in-uzbekistan-status-and-outlook.pdf 235 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 national practice on state entities in the republic of uzbekistan in light of international commercial arbitration sarvar tojiboyev lecturer at tashkent state university of law abstract this paper analyzes national legislation on state entities in uzbekistan. following to this, the research examines the development stages of international commercial arbitration practice in uzbekistan and potential case between romak sa v the republic of uzbekistan in the scope of international commercial arbitration. as an important goal of this paper, the significant recommendations in further development of international commercial arbitration practice in uzbekistan will be provided accordingly. keywords: introduction 1. law governing state entities in the republic of uzbekistan the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan and the no 205 regulation of the cabinet of ministers on state entities are the relevant legal sources on governing state entities in uzbekistan. however, the civil code of uzbekistan does not contain direct regulatory provisions concerning state entities but does provide general rules, which are relevant to the activity of state entities. according to article 80 of the civil code of uzbekistan states as following: a legal entity established by state shall not be liable for its obligations. the state shall not be liable for the obligations of legal entities created by it except for cases provided for by a law. the rules of the present article shall not be applied to cases when the state on the basis of the contract concluded by it has undertaken a surety (or guarantee) the obligations of a legal entity or an indicated juridical person has undertaken a surety for (or guarantee) the obligations of the state.1 this provision plays a crucial role on participation of uzbek state entities in international commercial arbitrations. in other words, this provision means that when the state concludes an arbitration contract with a private enterprise, the state should comply with its obligations that it has with private enterprise. the no 205 regulation of the cabinet of ministers on state entities includes provisions on the notion of state entity, the founder of the state entity, rights and obligations of the founder, establishment of state entity, the property of the state entity, the responsibilities of the state entity 1 butler, william, ed. civil code of the republic uzbekistan. kluwer law international, 1999, 41-42 236 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and reorganization and liquidation of the state entity.2 according to this regulation, a state entity is defined as a commercial organization in the form of a state unitary enterprise established based on state-owned property.3 the founder of the state entity should be the cabinet of ministers or a state body, which is authorized by the cabinet of ministers. the state entity has its own separate property apart from the state, bank account and its corporate name in the state language. the firm name of a state entity should contain the words “davlat korxonasi” which in translation means “state entity”. a state entity may acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, incur obligations, and be a plaintiff or a defendant in court. state entities may be established by a decree of the cabinet of ministers and with some exceptions provided by the law. the state entity is responsible for its obligations within the scope of its property. moreover, the state entity can be reorganized or liquidated by the decision of the court according to legislation of uzbekistan. the law on arbitration courts4 which limits the ability to resolve international commercial disputes by arbitration, owing to a number of restrictions. for instance, article 14 of the law sets forth a special provision where an arbitrator can only be a citizen of the republic of uzbekistan chosen by the parties of the arbitration agreement or appointed to settle the dispute. furthermore, article 10 states that the arbitral court should resolve the dispute according to uzbek legislation. the scope of uzbek legislation includes the constitution, laws of the republic of uzbekistan, decrees of the president and resolutions of the government, normative legal acts of the executive authorities, international treaties of uzbekistan and other legal acts in force in its territory.5 moreover, article 5 notes that public authorities and bodies cannot form arbitration courts and cannot be parties to such arbitration agreements. this provision shows that when one party of the dispute is a state body, the dispute cannot be resolved in arbitration courts of uzbekistan. in addition, this provision stipulates that parties to international commercial arbitration are able to apply foreign law when resolving the disputes between foreign parties and legal entities of uzbekistan; in other words, references to foreign law as applicable are not excluded.6 obviously, in practice, the application of a foreign law is much more preferable in the cases of international commercial arbitration, compared to domestic uzbek law. however, domestic law is still partially applied in the cases of the law concerning restrictions on citizenship of the arbitrators, the selection of the applicable law, restrictions on the ability of courts of arbitration for matters with a foreign element, yet it does not mean that uzbek law totally precludes the application of foreign law. 2. development stages of international commercial arbitration practice in uzbekistan from the first day of independence, the idea of creating and supporting international commercial arbitration in uzbekistan was of great importance. in the conditions of a market economy, there was always a massive need for quick and effective dispute resolution procedures; as a result, to seek alternative legal mechanisms in resolving disputes in the sphere of international commercial matters. the development of international commercial arbitration practice can be conventionally divided into three stages in uzbekistan. the first stage covers the period from 1991 to 2006, the 2 the no 205 regulation of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on state entities, [o’zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining “davlat korxonalari to’g’risida”gi №205-sonli nizomi] 3 ibid 4 the law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, [o’zbekiston respubikasi “hakamlik sudlari to’g’risida”gi qonuni] 5 commentary on the law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, [комментарий к закону республики узбекистан “о третейских судах”],the project is funded by the european union, sipca iii project is implemented by gtz-klc consortium, publ. “konsauditinform-nashr”, tashkent, 2007, 257 6 ibid 237 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us second stage includes the period from 2006 to 2016 and finally, the third stage starts from 2016 continues until the present day. the special law concerning commercial arbitration had not been adopted in the first stage, however national legislature adopted several legal acts containing some rulings about commercial arbitration in uzbekistan. for instance, the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan (articles 9, 10)7, the civil procedural code (articles 100-152)8, the economic procedural code (articles 25, 86, 88, 117)9, the law on the execution of judicial acts and acts of other bodies (article 7)10, the law on the legal basis of economic entities (article 36)11, and the law on the chamber of commerce and industry of the republic of uzbekistan12 partially included some provisions on commercial arbitration. besides these, under the initiative of the government, the primary arbitration court was established in 2002 and seated in tashkent. the main objective of the arbitration court was to resolve the disputes on exchange trade matters between the participants of the republican stock exchange market. the second stage covers the period from 2006 to 2016 as the law on arbitration court was adopted and the international commercial arbitration court (icac) was established under the chamber of commerce and industry in 2011. even though uzbekistan adopted this law, it still included some restrictions on settling international commercial arbitration disputes. for instance, the arbitrators can only be citizens of the republic of uzbekistan, the disputes have to be resolved in accordance with uzbek legislation, and state authorities (state entities) should not be a party to arbitration. in addition, there was an uncertainty in applying the foreign law. therefore, the law did not meet the requirements for resolving international commercial cases. the international commercial arbitration court is an independent permanent non-state body (arbitral tribunal) carrying out its activities in accordance with the law on arbitration courts, international law and other domestic legal acts. the seat of the icac is the city of tashkent. as the law on arbitration courts governs the arbitration rulings of the icac, it cannot settle international commercial disputes owing to above mentioned restrictions in the law. in other words, the icac cannot resolve the commercial related international disputes because the arbitral tribunal limits its capacity only with national legislation of uzbekistan. the third stage on development of international commercial arbitration practice includes the period from 2016 until the present day. in this stage, several decrees of the president of the republic of uzbekistan were adopted. for example, the decree on additional measures to ensure the further development of entrepreneurship, the full protection of private property and a qualitative improvement of business climate stressed to review the status and activity of the icca.13another decree on measures to further reform the judicial and legal system and to strengthen guarantees for the protection of citizens' rights and freedom stated to attract more foreign enterprises into 7 civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, [o’zbekiston respublikasi fuqarolik kodeksi] 8 civil procedural code of the republic of uzbekistan, [o’zbekiston respublikasi fuqarolik protsesual kodeksi] 9 economic procedural code of the republic of uzbekistan, [ o’zbekiston respublikasi xo’jalik protsesual kodeksi] 10 the law on the execution of judicial acts and acts of other bodies,[“sud hujjatlari va boshqa organ hujjatlarining ijrosi to’g’risida”gi qonun ] 11 the law on the legal basis of economic entities, [“tadbirkorlik subyektlarining huquqiy bazasi to’g’risida”gi qonun] 12 the law on the chamber of commerce and industry of the republic of uzbekistan, [“o’zbekiston respublikasi savdo sanoat palatasi to’g’risida”gi qonun ] 13 the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on additional measures to ensure the further development of entrepreneurship, the full protection of private property and a qualitative improvement of business climate” 238 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us domestic economy and create sufficient conditions for their business in uzbekistan.14 finally, the decree on measures to further improve the system of state protection of legitimate business interests and further development of entrepreneurship emphasized to improve international commercial arbitration practice in uzbekistan and adopt the law on international commercial arbitration.15 . 3. romak sa v uzbekistan and the scope of international commercial arbitration in 1997, romak sa, a swiss company, initiated commercial arbitration proceedings against uzdon concerning a contract for the supply of goods (the “romak supply agreement”). romak sa requested from uzdon payment for 50,000 tons of milling wheat that had been delivered. at the same time, uzdon denied payment claiming that another company involved in the transaction, adil (a kazakh company), should have paid for supplied product. because of the dispute, the tribunal rendered an award in favor of romak sa as the uzdon side could not defend its position responsibly. romak sa, specialized in the trading of grain and entered into a set of contracts on the supply of wheat to uzbek companies, namely uzdonmakhsulot, uzdon and odil. uzdonmaksulot is considered as a primary state institution responsible for manufacturing, supply, and distribution of cereal in uzbekistan. however, it was reorganized into a “state joint stock company” under the decree of the president and a decree of the council of ministers in april 199416 . according to the charter of uzdonmakhsulot, it was a legal entity that owns property and could appear in its own name before state courts and arbitral tribunals. in other words, uzdonmakhsulot was individually responsible for its own obligations under the law on property,17 the civil code of uzbekistan, and the law on joint-stock companies and shareholder protection that provides that “[n]either the state nor its agencies shall be liable for obligations of the company, nor shall be the company liable for obligations of the state or its agencies.”18 uzdon foreign trade company was formed by resolution no. 120 of the council of ministers..19 uzdon was reorganized into an open joint-stock company later. article 3 of the resolution states that uzdonmakhsulot established uzdon for the purpose of centralizing the import of bread products; at the same time, the company became one of uzdonmakhsulot’s corporate members. moreover, odil was headquartered in uzbekistan, at the same time, was a subsidiary of kazakh company called adil, which specialized in the trading of grain and wheat. romak sa entered into a quadripartite agreement with the companies uzdonmakhsulot, uzdon and adil for the supply of grain in the first half of the 1990s. according to that agreement, adil had to make a payment to romak sa for the supplied wheat on behalf of uzdon, in exchange for settling their prior debts vis-à-vis uzdon in accordance with another contract between them. however, adil failed to pay the sum, and, as a consequence, a dispute started to rise between 14 the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to further reform the judicial and legal system and to strengthen guarantees for the protection of citizens' rights and freedom“ 15 the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to further improve the system of state protection of legitimate business interests and further development of entrepreneurship” 16 the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on state joint stock company”[o’zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “davlat aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari to’g’risda”gi qarori] 17 the law “on property”[“mulk to’g’risda”gi qonun] 18 the law “on joint-stock companies and shareholder protection”[“aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari va aksiyadorlar huquqlarini himoya qilish to’g’risida”gi qonun] 19 the resolution of the cabinet of ministers “on establishing uzdon foreign trade firm”[vazirlar mahkamasining “uzdon chet el savdo firmasini tashkil etish to’g’risida”gi farmoni] 239 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us romak sa and uzdon.20 after obtaining the denial from uzdon to pay for the supplied 50,000 tons of milling wheat, the swiss company launched arbitration proceedings under the international association of grain and feed trade (gafta). owing to the fact that the uzbek company did not know much about arbitration at that time, uzdon could not provide any arguments in its favor. as a result, gafta arbitration rendered an award in favor of romak sa. then, the swiss company unsuccessfully tried to enforce the award before the economic court of tashkent city. the tashkent economic court refused to enforce the gafta award on the following two grounds. first, the application for recognition and enforcement of the gafta award in uzbekistan did not comply with the requirements of article iv of the new york convention, which requires that the party applying for recognition and enforcement provide a translation of the original award and the underlying contract in an official language of the country in which enforcement of the award is sought. in this case such language should have been uzbek. in fact, the application of romak sa for tashkent economic court was drafted in russian. second, romak sa failed to submit any evidence to the court that uzdon had been duly notified on the appointment of the arbitrators under the gafta arbitration, in accordance with the requirements of article v (i)(b) of the new york convention. later, the swiss company appealed the decision of the tashkent economic court, but the appellate jurisdiction of the economic court of tashkent affirmed the decision of the lower court. after unsuccessful attempts in uzbekistan on recognition and enforcement of the award, romak sa tried to enforce the award in france. the paris court granted the enforcement of the gafta award in france and ordered for the attachment of the bank accounts of two uzbek companies, the national aviation company of the republic of uzbekistan and uzaeronavigation. uzbekistan appealed the order in the appeal court of paris city. during the investigation of the case, uzbekistan provided arguments on the independence of uzdon company from the government and the state; at the same time, there were no grounds in either international law or the national legal system of france to challenge the state (uzbekistan) as liable for the obligations of separate legal entities.21 also, uzbekistan presented crucial evidence on uzdon stating that the company was a legally and financially autonomous enterprise separate from the state and had its own separate property, status as a legal entity, and leadership that exercised the activities of the company. under the arguments made by the uzbek side, the appeal court of paris rendered a decision in favor of uzbekistan and the order on seizure of the bank accounts was reversed. according to the decision of the french appeal court, the state was not liable for the obligations of independent entities since the entity has features of a separate legal personality from the state in question.22 in conclusion, the romak sa v uzbekistan case might be one of the perfect examples claiming that a state should not be liable for the obligations of other independent legal entities established in its territory. conclusion the further development of international commercial arbitration practice in uzbekistan should involve three major steps. first, the law on arbitration courts should be drastically 20 жураев н. “окончательное решение французского суда в пользу республики узбекистан”, (the final decision of the french court in favor of the republic of uzbekistan), (accessed deceember, 2017), http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 21 ахмедов д. и рахманова м. “французский суд поддержал позицию узбекистана”, (the french court upheld the position of uzbekistan), (accessed december, 2017), http://uzbekistan.lv/francuzskij-sudpodderzhalpoziciyu-uzbekistana 22 жураев н. “окончательное решение французского суда в пользу республики узбекистан”, (the final decision of the french court in favor of the republic of uzbekistan), (accessed december, 2017), http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 http://uzbekistan.lv/francuzskij-sudpodderzhal-poziciyu-uzbekistana http://uzbekistan.lv/francuzskij-sudpodderzhal-poziciyu-uzbekistana http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 240 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us amended to meet the requirements of international arbitration standards. finally, the status and activity of the icac should be reviewed in order to enhance the capacity of the tribunal for settling international commercial disputes. the amendments could open a new chapter in the development and practice of international commercial arbitration in uzbekistan. the amendments would make uzbekistan more integrated with the world community, attract foreign investors (enterprises), and meet international standards on arbitration. therefore, the amendments to the law on arbitration court should include as follows: first, in article 14 of the law, where arbitrators can only be citizens of uzbekistan, there should be added the provision that foreign citizens should also be granted to be arbitrators. article 10 of the law where it states that the disputes are settled in accordance with the legislation of uzbekistan should be amended so that the disputes are settled not only in accordance with the legislation of uzbekistan but in regards to applicable law (foreign law) which the parties have chosen in their arbitration agreement. also, article 5 of the law, which stipulates that public authorities or bodies should not be a party to arbitration, should be changed to the provision that public authorities and bodies (state entities) can be a party to arbitration. as of the writing of this paper, uzbekistan has already adopted the law on international commercial arbitration”. this law is a fundamental guarantee for foreign investors and enterprises on doing business in uzbekistan. in case of not adopting this law, uzbekistan might have failed to create all the necessary conditions for attracting foreign investors and enterprises. however, uzbekistan had to adopt this law to meet the requirements of international standards of arbitration. in this sense, the unictral model law on international commercial arbitration (1985) with amendments in 200623 could be a great example to follow. the change of status and activity of the icac is relatively connected with the amendments to the law on arbitration courts and adoption of the law on international commercial arbitration. these steps could have an effect on the capacity of the icac to settle commercial disputes. references 4. butler, william, ed. civil code of the republic uzbekistan. kluwer law international, 1999, 41-42 5. the no 205 regulation of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on state entities, [o’zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining “davlat korxonalari to’g’risida”gi №205-sonli nizomi] 6. ibid 7. the law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, [o’zbekiston respubikasi “hakamlik sudlari to’g’risida”gi qonuni] 8. commentary on the law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, [комментарий к закону республики узбекистан “о третейских судах”],the project is funded by the european union, sipca iii project is implemented by gtz-klc consortium, publ. “konsauditinform-nashr”, tashkent, 2007, 257 9. 1 ibid 10. the no 205 regulation of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan on state entities, [o’zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining “davlat korxonalari to’g’risida”gi №205-sonli nizomi] 11. ibid 23 the unictral model law on international commercial arbitration (1985) with amendments in 2006 http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/1985model_arbitration.html http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/1985model_arbitration.html 241 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. the law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, [o’zbekiston respubikasi “hakamlik sudlari to’g’risida”gi qonuni] 13. commentary on the law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, [комментарий к закону республики узбекистан “о третейских судах”],the project is funded by the european union, sipca iii project is implemented by gtz-klc consortium, publ. “konsauditinform-nashr”, tashkent, 2007, 257 14. 1 ibid 15. civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, [o’zbekiston respublikasi fuqarolik kodeksi] 16. civil procedural code of the republic of uzbekistan, [o’zbekiston respublikasi fuqarolik protsesual kodeksi] 17. economic procedural code of the republic of uzbekistan, [ o’zbekiston respublikasi xo’jalik protsesual kodeksi] 18. the law on the execution of judicial acts and acts of other bodies,[“sud hujjatlari va boshqa organ hujjatlarining ijrosi to’g’risida”gi qonun ] 19. the law on the legal basis of economic entities, [“tadbirkorlik subyektlarining huquqiy bazasi to’g’risida”gi qonun] 20. the law on the chamber of commerce and industry of the republic of uzbekistan, [“o’zbekiston respublikasi savdo sanoat palatasi to’g’risida”gi qonun ] 21. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on additional measures to ensure the further development of entrepreneurship, the full protection of private property and a qualitative improvement of business climate” 22. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to further reform the judicial and legal system and to strengthen guarantees for the protection of citizens' rights and freedom“ 23. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to further improve the system of state protection of legitimate business interests and further development of entrepreneurship” 24. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on state joint stock company”[o’zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “davlat aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari to’g’risda”gi qarori] 25. the law “on property”[“mulk to’g’risda”gi qonun] 26. the law “on joint-stock companies and shareholder protection”[“aksiyadorlik jamiyatlari va aksiyadorlar huquqlarini himoya qilish to’g’risida”gi qonun] 27. the resolution of the cabinet of ministers “on establishing uzdon foreign trade firm”[vazirlar mahkamasining “uzdon chet el savdo firmasini tashkil etish to’g’risida”gi farmoni] 28. жураев н. “окончательное решение французского суда в пользу республики узбекистан”, (the final decision of the french court in favor of the republic of uzbekistan), (accessed deceember, 2017), http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 29. ахмедов д. и рахманова м. “французский суд поддержал позицию узбекистана”, (the french court upheld the position of uzbekistan), (accessed december, 2017), http://uzbekistan.lv/francuzskij-sudpodderzhal-poziciyu-uzbekistana 30. жураев н. “окончательное решение французского суда в пользу республики узбекистан”, (the final decision of the french court in favor of the republic of uzbekistan), (accessed december, 2017), http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 31. the unictral model law on international commercial arbitration (1985) with amendments in 2006 32. http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/1985model_arbitration.html http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 http://uzbekistan.lv/francuzskij-sudpodderzhal-poziciyu-uzbekistana http://narodnoeslovo.uz/index.php/zarubejom/item/1279 http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/1985model_arbitration.html 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 experience of foreign countries in real estate taxation g'aniyev farrux izzatilloyevich master of the fiscal institute under the tax committee annotation: the article focuses on real estate tax benefits in all foreign countries, based on the fact that tax exemption for socially significant population and real estate is typical for almost all countries of the world. also in recent years, tax reforms carried out by a number of developed foreign countries have been studied in order to increase the share of real estate tax in budget revenues and reduce the unfair distribution of the tax burden. briefly, the article discusses the experience of foreign countries on the taxation of real estate, on the basis of which proposals and recommendations have been developed on the positive and problematic aspects of the application of real estate tax in the tax system of our country. keywords: real estate tax, taxable base, tax benefits, cadastral value of property, non-taxable minimum, socially significant objects, property tax, land tax, increasing and decreasing coefficients, local budget, progressive tax. introduction. property tax, especially real estate taxes, has long been associated with individual purchases in all states. therefore, one of the reasons why the land and property tax is considered as the most important and general administrative quality of the budget revenue is that your macro or macro rate does not result in giving up real estate. compared to other types of taxation objects (income, profit, economic operations), it is more difficult to hide property, it is not only an indicator of solvency, but also a potential source of income, and taxation of property encourages its more efficient use. today, real estate tax applies in more than 130 countries of the world. it was found that each of these countries has its own property tax system. nevertheless, some principles of this tax system have been left unchanged and have been reflected in the legislation of most countries to one degree or another. property taxation in economically developed countries is carried out on the basis of real estate tax. in particular, real estate and net assets (wealth) are taxed as objects of ownership. also, in developed foreign countries, various taxes (land and property tax, building or rent tax) are used to tax real estate. in order for the state to fulfill its functions, it is necessary to create an effective tax system that can meet its financial needs. since the budget system has several levels, each country has its own budget at the corresponding level. one of the principles of mutual relations between the central and local levels of state power is the principle of budget federalism. this means that local authorities must solve part of their tasks at the expense of their tax revenues, among which property tax occupies an important place. real estate tax in foreign countries has its own characteristics and is implemented by setting different property taxes. adoption of tax collection mechanisms from developed countries is an 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us important task for the property taxation system, which is currently being reformed in our country. analysis of literature on the topic. concepts of real estate taxation developed by modern foreign economists are presented in the scientific works of i.drozhjina, d.smirnov, h.aliev, r.margulis, e.mikhina and e.mikhaseva. in particular, in the researches of i.drojjina, "as a supporter of establishing a single procedure for taxation of land and other immovable property, it was shown the need to distinguish real estate objects according to the property and the type of its use" [1]. according to d. smirnov, "real estate objects depend on the status of the taxpayer" [2], according to kh. aliev, "their distinction should be made according to the purposes of use" [3]. also, e. mikhina says that "it is expedient to apply benefits taking into account the level of financial well-being depending on the categories of real estate taxpayers" [5], while e. mikhaseva says "it is expedient to apply benefits to individual objects of real estate" [6]. among the foreign economists, we can see the research on real estate taxation in the scientific works of the uzbek economists a.altiev, i.niyazmetov, sh.musalimov and s.boymurotov. it should be noted that the approaches to taxation of real estate in uzbekistan proposed by our local economists, as well as the reforms carried out in this direction in the country, are based on the experience of foreign countries. i. niyazmetov should be singled out among the modern uzbek economists studying the reforms in this field of taxation. his research leads to the conclusion that the development of the conceptual basis of real estate taxation was historically based on adding land and real estate objects to tax relations. the economist stated that "land and property taxes are the most ineffective taxes in the country, and the tax administration related to their calculation and collection is costing the state a lot. therefore, by improving the mechanisms of property taxes in uzbekistan, it is necessary to increase their effectiveness and fiscal importance. for this purpose, he put forward the proposal that it is appropriate to unify the base of land and property taxes of legal entities and individuals and unite them into a single "real estate tax" [7]. also, in his scientific works, based on foreign experiences, the ideas of introducing a non-taxable minimum for real estate were also included. research methodology. statistical table and analytical comparison, logical and comparative analysis, grouping methods and research works of foreign and local scientists on the topic were widely used in this study. analysis and results. in order to implement real estate tax in uzbekistan, the experience of developed foreign countries was analyzed. in great britain, "residential and non-residential objects are taxed depending on the purpose of real estate use. in these taxes, the value of the taxable property is determined differently. thus, the tax base for non-residential objects is calculated from the rental value of real estate, and for residential objects from its cadastral value" [24]. "and in ireland, property tax applies to both commercial and residential property. taxation of commercial real estate is based on the nominal value of the occupied area, and for residential real estate is based on information on the market value of real estate" [26]. privileges are also given to real estate owned by local authorities, unrealized, ownerless, under construction, intended for the disabled, as well as used by international and charitable organizations. as in uzbekistan, in most developed foreign countries, the cadastral value of real estate is the basis for determining the tax base. also, foreign countries have different approaches to determining the taxable base. in developed foreign countries, real estate tax is determined on the basis of the sale price of real estate objects, the amount of income from renting real estate (rental 102 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us income), as well as other characteristics specific to these objects that directly affect the amount of expected income or capital growth. it is noted that in belgium and italy, "the tax base is established on the basis of income from real estate. the tax base for real estate objects located in and outside the territory of these states is determined based on approaches. the property tax base in belgium is determined by the tax authorities as the rental value of these properties. if the taxable real estate is located outside the country, the taxable base is calculated based on the value determined as the sum of the estimated rental value and the actual rental income" [29]. in italy, “real estate is taxed on the basis of estimated income at revaluation. as a result, two categories of real estate residential and non-residential are multiplied by the coefficient of real estate goals. immovable property located outside italy is taxed based on the value established (market value) in the country where the property is located" [18]. in sweden, "separate rates are established for real estate objects used for industrial and commercial purposes, as well as for rented apartments" [12]. in poland, “the tax rate depends on the type of taxable real estate and the purpose of its use. the maximum rate of real estate tax for land plots used for commercial purposes is 0.9 per square meter, for other land plots 0.47, for residential buildings 0.75, for buildings used for commercial purposes. 23.13, for other buildings 7.77 polish zlotys" [16]. local legislators are usually given the right to change (decrease or increase) the tax rate within the limits established by law. for example, in ireland "at the local authority level, the general rate of tax may be changed by an amount not exceeding 15%" [26]. also, "in germany, poland, austria, luxembourg and italy, the tax rate value is changed by applying certain coefficients at the local level." for example, in germany, "the basic tax rate for real estate tax will be increased to 0.35%"[26]. in portugal, "special adjustment coefficients are used that allow to reduce the average price of the building, as well as the taxable value based on the area, type, quality, age, location, from 80% to 90% of the market value" [ 25]. in luxembourg, "real estate tax is reduced to 5% to 10% of the market value of taxable objects" [30]. in hungary, "if land tax is levied based on the value of the land plot, the taxable base is calculated from the value equal to 50% of the market value of the relevant land plot" [29]. in france, "taxable value for privately owned or forestry land is set at 80% of the rental value of this land, 50% for other real estate"[14]. in norway, "city real estate taxes are collected from 20% to 50% of the real estate's sold value" [17]. as a result of the reforms, the number of taxable persons in ireland has increased. at the same time, in order to overcome problems related to the lack of financial resources for taxpayers to pay their tax obligations, the irish legislation provided for the possibility of providing tax deferment. in particular, tax payers whose gross income in a year is below the specified amount can be deferred until their financial situation improves. longer periods of tax deferment are established for taxpayers who took out a mortgage loan during the period of rising prices in the real estate market. also, "deferral of tax payment can be granted to the representative of the deceased taxpayer, if his property has not been sold or the right to it has not been transferred within 3 years after the death of the taxpayer. it should be remembered that in ireland, in relation to the amount of delayed tax payments for one year, an additional tax is paid in the amount of 4% of the estimated tax amount" [26]. in recent years, a number of developed foreign countries have implemented tax reforms in order to increase the share of real estate tax in budget revenues and reduce the unfair distribution of the tax burden. reforms aimed at improving real estate taxation in some foreign countries are presented. 103 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at the same time, as a result of the reforms, the range of taxpayers has been expanded by reducing the scope of benefits, a differentiated system of tax rates has been established, and various opportunities for paying taxes have been given, taking into account the financial status of taxpayers. it should be noted that the lack of sufficient information about the real value of real estate between countries, the differences in approaches to reducing the negative consequences of taxation, are related to the directions of the tax policy carried out in these countries. conclusions and suggestions. the analysis of the experience of foreign countries in real estate taxation showed that in some countries land and other real estate objects are taxed separately, despite differences or similarities in terms of this tax. at the same time, the main criterion for determining the procedure for taxation of real estate is to distinguish real estate according to the types of actual use. usually, certain types of non-residential real estate, in particular infrastructure and socially important objects, are exempt from taxation. reducing the burden on certain categories of the population in need of protection by the state is carried out by setting tax obligations at the lowest level, taking into account the actual solvency of the taxpayer. in addition, the laws of foreign countries often provide for the establishment of a minimum threshold value of non-taxable residential real estate. the establishment of a differentiated tax rate contributes to a more equitable distribution of the tax burden. generally, the tax rate for non-residential properties is higher than the rates for residential properties. in addition, the use of a differentiated tax rate helps to use real estate more effectively and creates an opportunity to get additional income for the budget in real estate taxation. some foreign countries apply different tax rates depending on the value of the taxable real estate. in most developed foreign countries, the estimated cadastral value of real estate serves as the basis for calculating the tax base. it should be noted that the cadastral (market) value of real estate, which requires maintaining the obtained results to date, is determined as a result of real estate evaluation. however, due to the lack of financial resources, the revaluation of this value within the specified time frame for the purpose of updating the information required for taxation cannot be carried out. failure to do so will result in significant differences between the assessed and actual value of the property. therefore, in order to prevent the reduction of real estate tax revenues to the budget, real estate value indexation is usually implemented. but revaluation of real estate for tax purposes leads to certain difficulties. the negative consequences resulting from the decrease in the efficiency of the tax administration and the uneven distribution of the tax burden are actually mitigated by taxation based on a certain percentage of the real estate value. the analysis of the foreign experience in the taxation of real estate objects on the example of the considered foreign countries makes it possible to make the following proposals and recommendations necessary for their application in uzbekistan:  introduction of joint taxation of land plot and building, as a result, differentiation of tax obligations in case of land plot lease;  creating a single cadastral account of land plots and buildings;  using the estimated value of the property, calculated on the basis of information on operations in a certain period before the tax year, as a taxable base, recalculating it after a certain time (determined based on the change in the value of the taxable objects) or using conversion factors;  calculation of the estimated value using existing methods (price, income and comparison), taking into account the physical and functional wear and tear in the state of the property (private-economic);  the possibility of giving a tax credit changing the terms of payment of the tax liability; 104 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  to create a possibility to make a private or collective appeal at the expense of the interested person on the results of the assessment. to conclude, the implementation of the above-mentioned measures in our country will increase the source of income of local budgets and help to improve the system of cadastral registration of real estate objects (land plots and buildings). the results of the analysis of the experience of foreign countries in real estate taxation can be used in the development and improvement of real estate taxation in the tax system of our country. list of sources and references: 1. дрожжина и.а. формирование системы налогообложения объектов недвижимости на основе дифференцированного подхода: дис. … канд. экон. наук: 08.00.10 / дрожжина ирина алексеевна. – орел, 2005. -188 с. 2. смирнов, д.а. теория и методология имущественного налогообложения: дис. … дра экон. наук: 08.00.10 / смирнов денис александрович. – м., 2010. – 392 с. 3. алиев, х.б. развитие налогообложения недвижимого имущества физических лиц в российской федерации: дис. … канд. экон. наук: 08.00.10 / алиев хаджимурад басирович. – махачкала, 2012. – 169 с. 4. маргулис, р.л. совершенствование налогообложения недвижимого имущества физических лиц: дис. … канд. экон. наук: 08.00.10 / маргулис роман львович. – м., 2010. – 187 с. 5. михина, е.в. налог на недвижимость и перспективы его развития в регионе: дис. … канд. экон. наук: 08.00.10 / михина елена владимировна. – м., 2005. – 250 с. 6. михасева, е.н. формирование и развитие системы налогообложения недвижимости в россии: дис. … канд. экон. наук: 08.00.10 / михасева елена николаевна. – волгоград, 2008. – 156 с. 7. ниязметов, и.м., солиққа тортиш механизмларини такомиллаштириш орқали солиқ тизими барқарорлигини таъминлаш. и.ф.д. илмий даражасини олиш учун тайёрланган диссертация. 2018. – 274 б. 8. алтиев, а.с., ер ресурсларидан фойдаланиш тизимини тартибга солиш механизмларини такомиллаштириш. и.ф.д. илмий даражасини олиш учун тайёрланган диссертация. 2018. – 277 б. 9. мусалимов, ш.и. мол-мулк солиғини ҳисоблаш ва ундириш механизмини такомиллаштириш. phd илмий даражасини олиш учун ёзилган диссертация автореферати. – т., 2020. – 58 б. 10. боймуротов, с.р., маҳаллий бюджетлар даромадларини барқарорлаштиришда ер ва мол-мулк солиқларидан фойдаланиш самарадорлигини ошириш масалалари. phd илмий даражасини олиш учун тайёрланган диссертация автореферати. – т., 2021. – 57 б. 11. интернет ресурс: https://data.oecd.org/tax/tax-on-property.htm. мурожаат санаси: 10.01.2023 й. 12. ambagtsheer-pakarinen, l. denmark – corporate taxation / l. ambagtsheerpakarinen. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – denmark 13. blochliger, h. reforming the tax on immovable property: taking care of the unloved / h. blochliger. – oecd economics department working papers. 14. burg, p. france – corporate taxation / p. burg. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – france 15. cadosch, r. switzerland – corporate taxation / r. cadosch. – ibfd, tax research 105 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us platform: country analyses – switzerland 16. doom-olejnicka, m. poland – corporate taxation / m. doom-olejnicka. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – poland 17. furuseth, e. norway – corporate taxation / e. furuseth. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – norway 18. gallo, g. italy – corporate taxation / g. gallo. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – italy 19. gutierrez, c. chile – corporate taxation / c. gutierrez. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses chile 20. herm, m. estonia – corporate taxation / m. herm. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – estonia 21. mkrtchyan, t. czech republic – corporate taxation / t. mkrtchyan. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses czech republic 22. morett, m.e. mexico – corporate taxation / m.e. morett, f.l. cepeda. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – mexico 23. norregaard, m.j. taxing immovable property revenue potential and implementation challenges / m.j. norregaard. – international monetary fund. 24. obuoforibo, b. united kingdom – corporate taxation / b. obuoforibo. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – united kingdom 25. oliveira braga, t. portugal – corporate taxation / t. oliveira braga. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – portugal. 26. ostaszewska, o. ireland – corporate taxation / o. ostaszewska. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses –ireland 27. perdelwitz, p. germany – corporate taxation / p. perdelwitz. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analysesgermany 28. saw, r. korea – corporate taxation / r. saw. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – korea. 29. torma, l. hungary – corporate taxation / l. torma. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – hungary. 30. verschueren, c. luxembourg – corporate taxation / c. verschueren et al. – ibfd, tax research platform: country analyses – luxembourg. 31. niyazmetov, i., voronin, s., koraboev, b., ugay, d., (2021). ways of property tax reform in the republic of uzbekistan. obshchestvo i ekonomika, (3), 30-43. 32. niyazmetov, i., voronin, s., koraboev, b., ugay, d., (2021). international experince in real estate taxation. obshchestvo i ekonomika, (2), 119-130. 110 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 11, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the impact of monetary policy on economic growth h. hakimov researcher of tashkent state university of economics, 49 islam karimov avenue, tashkent, 100066, uzbekistan. abstract: monetary policy, a critical tool in the arsenal of central banks, plays a pivotal role in shaping the economic trajectory of nations. this paper explores the intricate relationship between monetary policy and economic growth, emphasizing the channels through which monetary interventions influence macroeconomic outcomes. we examine theoretical frameworks, empirical evidence, and case studies to elucidate how interest rate adjustments, money supply changes, and quantitative easing affect economic performance. the findings underscore the importance of a balanced and well-calibrated monetary approach to sustain growth while mitigating inflationary and recessionary pressures. keywords : monetary policy, economic growth, money supply, interest rates, price stability. introduction monetary policy, implemented through tools such as interest rate adjustments, money supply control, and quantitative easing, plays a pivotal role in steering economic growth. it serves as a critical mechanism for maintaining macroeconomic stability, influencing inflation, unemployment, and overall economic activity. despite its universal importance, the impact of monetary policy varies significantly across economies, depending on institutional structures, financial systems, and external vulnerabilities. this article provides a comprehensive review of the relationship between monetary policy and economic growth, integrating theoretical foundations with empirical evidence. it explores the effectiveness of monetary interventions in developed and emerging markets, emphasizing key transmission mechanisms, challenges, and policy implications. by synthesizing insights from leading studies, this review aims to inform policymakers and researchers on optimizing monetary frameworks for sustainable growth. literature review monetary policy has evolved through decades of economic thought, with varying emphases on its role in promoting economic growth: monetarists, led by milton friedman (1968), argue that stable and predictable growth in the money supply is crucial for sustaining economic growth. unpredictable fluctuations in money supply, according to this view, lead to inflationary or deflationary pressures that destabilize economies. keynesian economists focus on the short-term effects of monetary policy on aggregate demand through interest rate adjustments. mishkin (2007) highlighted that lower interest rates encourage http://www/ 111 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us borrowing and investment, boosting economic activity. new classical theories further integrate rational expectations, emphasizing that credible policies reduce uncertainty and enhance policy effectiveness. bernanke and gertler (1995) identified the credit channel as a key mechanism through which monetary policy impacts growth. changes in interest rates influence credit availability, affecting investment and consumption. additional channels, such as exchange rate movements and inflation expectations, further mediate the policy’s influence on growth (blanchard et al., 2010). table 1: key contributions to the understanding of monetary policy’s impact on economic growth study region/country key findings methodology implications world bank (2022) emerging markets monetary policy has varying impacts on growth, with challenges such as policy lags and inflationary pressures. analytical and case-based review balanced and transparent policies are crucial to ensure sustainable growth in emdes. friedman (1968) global predictable monetary expansion supports stable economic growth. theoretical emphasizes the need for steady money supply adjustments. mishkin (2007) developed and emerging markets monetary policy transmission varies based on institutional structures and financial systems. comparative analysis highlights the importance of strong institutions for effective monetary transmission. bernanke & gertler (1995) united states credit channel significantly influences monetary policy's impact on growth. empirical study suggests that financial intermediaries play a critical role in the effectiveness of monetary policy. blanchard et al. (2010) oecd countries flexible inflation targeting can balance growth and stability. econometric modeling advocates for integrating inflation targeting into monetary frameworks. taylor (1993) united states rules-based monetary policy (e.g., taylor rule) enhances predictability and effectiveness. simulation and historical analysis supports adopting structured guidelines for policy adjustments. reinhart & rogoff (2013) emerging markets external debt and financial crises can exacerbate the inefficacy of monetary policy. historical case studies highlights the need for complementary fiscal and structural policies to support monetary policy. source: formed by the author on the basis of scientific and theoretical data. http://www/ 112 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the introduction of the taylor rule (taylor, 1993) provided a systematic framework for adjusting policy interest rates based on deviations in inflation and economic output. such rules-based approaches enhance policy predictability, reducing the risks of market volatility. the effectiveness of monetary policy varies across economies, shaped by institutional structures, financial systems, and external conditions: advanced economies, such as those in the oecd, benefit from robust institutions and deep financial markets. empirical studies, such as woodford (2003), highlight the importance of managing expectations through clear communication and transparency. inflation targeting frameworks have proven effective in stabilizing prices while supporting growth (blanchard et al., 2010). emerging economies face unique challenges, as detailed by reinhart and rogoff (2013). high levels of external debt, volatile capital flows, and weaker institutions often dilute the effectiveness of monetary policies. the world bank (2022) emphasized that policy credibility, financial inclusion, and tailored approaches are essential for addressing these challenges. developed economies tend to achieve more stable inflation and growth outcomes due to institutional maturity. emerging markets, by contrast, experience greater exchange rate volatility and inflationary pressures, underscoring the need for complementary fiscal and structural reforms. the literature identifies several challenges that hinder the effectiveness of monetary policy: policy lags: monetary policy operates with time lags between implementation and its effects on the economy, complicating real-time adjustments. structural constraints: arestis and sawyer (2004) highlighted that structural factors, such as financial exclusion and underdeveloped markets, limit the impact of monetary interventions in developing economies. global interdependencies: reinhart and rogoff (2013) and the world bank (2022) emphasized the impact of external shocks, including capital outflows and exchange rate volatility, on emerging markets. data and methodology empirical research validates theoretical insights by analyzing real-world data and outcomes. econometric analysis. regression models examine the relationship between monetary policy indicators (e.g., interest rates, money supply growth) and economic growth. panel data analysis allows for comparisons across countries or regions over time, capturing variations in policy effectiveness. time-series analysis. techniques such as vector autoregression (var) assess the dynamic impacts of monetary policy changes on macroeconomic variables. granger causality tests evaluate the direction of causality between monetary policy actions and growth outcomes. to capture the diversity of experiences across different economies, the research often employs: comparative studies between developed and emerging markets highlight differences in institutional quality, financial market depth, and policy transmission mechanisms. examining monetary policy responses during past economic crises (e.g., the 2008 global financial crisis or the covid-19 pandemic) to understand policy effectiveness in varying contexts. analysis and results a comparative analysis of macroeconomic indicators across key emerging markets showcases the varied impacts of monetary policy. india and indonesia have managed to keep inflation relatively low (6.7% and 4.2%, respectively), indicating effective inflation targeting strategies. turkey, however, has experienced a staggering inflation rate of 79.6%, highlighting severe challenges in monetary stability, likely exacerbated by http://www/ 113 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us policy inconsistency and structural issues. brazil's inflation rate (9.3%) shows the difficulty of balancing inflation control and economic growth, despite aggressive interest rate hikes. table 2: key indicators of monetary policy impact in emerging markets indicator india brazil south africa indonesia turkey inflation rate (%) 6.7 9.3 5.9 4.2 79.6 gdp growth rate (%) 7.0 2.6 1.9 5.3 3.4 policy interest rate (%) 5.4 12.8 6.5 4.0 14.0 exchange rate volatility (%) 4.5 5.6 6.3 3.7 15.2 foreign direct investment (% of gdp) 2.1 3.2 1.4 2.5 1.1 source: formed by the author based on the information “world bank. (2022). global economic prospects: emerging market insights. washington, dc: world bank group” india (7.0%) and indonesia (5.3%) exhibit robust growth, suggesting that their monetary policies successfully supported economic activity. in contrast, south africa (1.9%) and brazil (2.6%) show modest growth, partly reflecting structural constraints and external pressures. turkey’s growth (3.4%) is moderate but overshadowed by the destabilizing impact of hyperinflation. brazil (12.8%) and turkey (14.0%) have very high policy rates aimed at combating inflation, yet their outcomes differ markedly, reflecting the influence of broader policy frameworks. india (5.4%) and indonesia (4.0%) maintain moderate rates, fostering growth without triggering significant inflationary pressures. south africa (6.5%) adopts a middle-ground approach, balancing inflation control and economic stimulation. turkey (15.2%) and south africa (6.3%) experience higher exchange rate volatility, which can deter foreign investment and increase economic uncertainty. india (4.5%) and indonesia (3.7%) demonstrate lower volatility, reflecting stronger monetary frameworks and investor confidence. brazil (3.2%) and indonesia (2.5%) attract relatively higher fdi, indicating favorable investment climates despite challenges. india’s fdi (2.1%) is moderate but stable, likely driven by its large domestic market and reforms. turkey (1.1%) and south africa (1.4%) struggle to attract significant fdi, underscoring the adverse effects of policy volatility and economic constraints. table 3 provides a clear overview of how monetary policy strategies differ across selected emerging markets, along with their associated challenges and outcomes in 2022. table 3: summary of monetary policy strategies in emerging markets country/region policy strategy key challenges outcomes (2022) india inflation targeting with moderate interest rate adjustments balancing growth and inflation stable inflation with moderate growth brazil aggressive interest rate hikes to curb inflation high public debt limiting fiscal space high inflation but stable currency south africa balanced approach focusing on exchange rate stability weak currency impacting imports growth constrained by global factors indonesia expansionary policy to support growth amid global challenges capital outflows during global tightening cycles moderate growth with currency stability http://www/ 114 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turkey frequent policy changes causing volatility loss of investor confidence persistently high inflation and low growth source: formed by the author based on the information “world bank. (2022). global economic prospects: emerging market insights. washington, dc: world bank group” countries like india and south africa have adopted a balanced or moderate approach, focusing on inflation targeting and exchange rate stability. these strategies reflect an effort to manage the dual objectives of growth and macroeconomic stability. on the other hand, brazil has implemented aggressive rate hikes to combat high inflation, showcasing a prioritization of price stability over shortterm growth. india and indonesia face external challenges, such as capital outflows and balancing inflation with growth, which are common in emerging markets during periods of global tightening. turkey stands out with its frequent policy shifts, which have undermined investor confidence and led to persistent macroeconomic instability. countries with consistent policies, such as india and indonesia, have seen relatively stable growth with manageable inflation. these examples underscore the importance of predictability in monetary policy. emerging markets benefit from a structured approach to monetary policy, focusing on credibility, transparency, and alignment with long-term economic goals. the impact of external factors, such as global monetary trends and capital flows, highlights the need for robust financial systems to mitigate vulnerabilities. overall, this table (3) illustrates the complex trade-offs faced by emerging markets in designing and implementing monetary policies, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to address specific economic conditions and challenges. conclusions and suggestions the intricate relationship between monetary policy and economic growth underscores its centrality in economic management. theoretical frameworks highlight the channels through which monetary policy influences growth, while empirical evidence reveals diverse outcomes shaped by economic structures and external conditions. developed economies, with robust institutions and advanced financial systems, tend to achieve more stable outcomes, whereas emerging markets face unique challenges, including inflationary pressures and capital flow volatility. key takeaways emphasize the need for context-specific approaches, where emerging markets focus on strengthening institutions and complementing monetary policies with structural reforms. balancing growth and inflation through flexible inflation targeting and leveraging tools like the taylor rule can enhance policy effectiveness. as global dynamics evolve, integrating innovative strategies such as digital currencies and enhanced transparency will be essential. monetary policy remains a powerful tool for fostering economic growth, but its effectiveness hinges on thoughtful design, credible implementation, and alignment with broader economic strategies. by adopting tailored and forward-looking approaches, policymakers can better navigate the complexities of modern economies and achieve sustainable growth objectives. references 1. arestis, p., & sawyer, m. (2004). on the effectiveness of monetary policy and of fiscal policy. review of political economy, 16(2), 241–260. http://www/ 115 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. bernanke, b. s., & gertler, m. (1995). inside the black box: the credit channel of monetary policy transmission. journal of economic perspectives, 9(4), 27–48. 3. blanchard, o., dell’ariccia, g., & mauro, p. (2010). rethinking macroeconomic policy. imf staff position note. 4. fischer, s. (1993). the role of macroeconomic factors in growth. journal of monetary economics, 32(3), 485–512. 5. friedman, m. (1968). the role of monetary policy. american economic review, 58(1), 1–17. 6. mishkin, f. s. (2007). monetary policy strategy. cambridge, ma: mit press. 7. reinhart, c. m., & rogoff, k. s. (2013). financial and sovereign debt crises: some lessons learned and those forgotten. imf working paper wp/13/266. 8. taylor, j. b. (1993). discretion versus policy rules in practice. carnegie-rochester conference series on public policy, 39, 195–214. 9. woodford, m. (2003). interest and prices: foundations of a theory of monetary policy. princeton, nj: princeton university press. 10. world bank. (2022). global economic prospects: emerging market insights. washington, dc: world bank group. http://www/ 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 description of ancient proverbs saodat kodirova, ph.d associate professor of bukhara state university annotation: proverbs are one of the oldest popular genres of uzbek folklore, which reflects the worldview, attitude to society and moral norms of the people. this article elucidates certain ancient proverbs and their new versions in today‟s literature. keywords: myth, proverb, genre, ancient, written monument, source, tradition, content, folk wisdom. i. introduction it is well known that proverbs, like myths and legends, are one of the oldest popular genres of uzbek folklore. they reflect the psyche, nature, thinking, worldview, wisdom, culture, history, way of life, attitude to society, traditions, dreams and moral norms of our people. proverbs are a mirror of the wisdom, centuries-old life experience, talent and spiritual image of our great ancestors. "proverbs are a decree that no king has issued, a law that no president has sealed, a constitution that has not been written by any state," said e. vahidov. uzbek folk proverbs have been formed as a separate genre for a long time, passed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth, and at the same time, their ancient examples have reached us through the cultural and literary written monuments of the past. through the works of the representatives of our classical literature: ahmad yassavi, nosiriddin rabguzi, atoi, sakkoki, gadoi, lutoi, alisher navoi, muhammad sharif gulkhanias well as, mahmud qashqari's "devonu lug'otit turk", yusuf khos hajib's "qutadg'u bilig", ahmad yugnaki's "hibatul haqoyiq" many examples of oral creation, in particular folk proverbs, have arrived, either in their original form, or with some modifications. of these written literary sources, mahmud kashgari's devonu lug'otit turk and gulkhani's zarbulmasal pay special attention to proverbs. ii. analysis we are well aware that the first dictionary of the turkic language compiled by the encyclopedic scholar mahmud kashgari contains specific examples of both oral and written literature, especially many folk proverbs on oral creation, which is why they have survived to our time. the proverbs in devonu lug'atit-turk are common among the ancient turkic tribes and clans, and they can be assumed to be much older than the devonian period, depending on the content, language, and style of the articles: it expresses a primitive view of the events and does not show traces of islamic teachings, nor does it use arabic words. many of the articles quoted in devonu lug'otit turk are now almost obsolete, and some of the words in them are outdated. in these proverbs the spirit of that time, the worldview, various forms of attitude to people, to work are reflected. there are also articles on patriotism, love for the motherland, respect for the motherland: “tulku o„z iniga ursa, ujuz bo„lur” (when a fox howls at its nest, it becomes itchy). mahmud kashgari explains this proverb as follows: "this proverb is addressed to those who denigrate their people, their ancestors, and their country". 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a proverb that encourages us to always be vigilant and vigilant against our enemies: “ashuch aytur tubum altun, qamich ayur men qaydaman” (the pot says: my bottom is gold, the bucket says: where am i?) the article criticizes boastful people. the scholar also explains the place of application of this proverb: this parable is told to those who boast in front of acquaintances who know who they are. pride is one of the negative phenomena that has always been condemned by all mankind. “ag„ilda o„glaq tug„sa, ariqda o„ti unar” (when a calf is born in a barn, grass grows in the ditch). the proverb means that there is no need to try and worry too much for food. this is in line with such popular sayings as “tishini bergan rizqini ham beradi”, “mehmon kelar eshikdan, rizqi kelar teshikdan”. “tavg„ach xanning to„rqusi telim, tenglamazib bichmas” (the silk cloth of the karachaycherkessia is plentiful, but cannot be cut without measuring) the proverb is said against extravagance. avoiding waste and saving is also glorified as one of the good qualities in a person. “uma kelsa, qut kelar” (the guest comes, the greeting comes) the article says to welcome the guest well, not to get bored, and to be generous to the guest. the guest is said to be a factor in spreading respect for the human name. “qiz kishi savi yo„rig„li bo„lmas” (the voice of a greedy person does not come out) the article condemns greed, narrow-mindedness. “erdamsizdan qut chetilur” (happiness and the state go from a person who does not have the qualities of profession and etiquette). “qarg„a qazg„a o„tkunga buti sinur” (if a crow looks like a goose when it flies, its idol will break.) the proverb encourages us not to try in vain, to work according to our circumstances. “kichiklikda qatig„lansa, ulg„azu sevnur” (a person who works hard in his youth rejoices when he grows up) the proverb calls for hard work from a young age. “yalg„uz qazutmas” (a lone goose does not sing) synchronize the article "yakka otning change chiqmas". “ikki burg„a ichashur, o„tra ko„kagun yangilur” (two males take the animal, and in the meantime the fly lands). the article points out that the little ones are occasionally harmed by the collision of the two adults. “usuqmisha saqig„ qamug„ suv ko„rinur” (to a thirsty person, every mirage seems like water). the proverb is used in the sense that a needy person thinks that his need will come out of everything. “bilg„a erig ezgu tutib so„zin eshit, ardamini o„ranib anish qasura” (do good to knowledgeable, intelligent people and listen to their words. learn and practice their knowledge and skills.) this article glorifies the study of science and profession. the proverb is one of the ancient popular genres of uzbek folklore, which reflects the worldview, attitude of society and moral norms of our people. proverbs are a synthesis of the spiritual image, ideals, hopes, aspirations and opinions of the working people about nature and society, a generalized expression of life experiences. a proverb is an example of logical observation, a wise idea that summarizes the rules of etiquette and morality. they have long lived as an expression of the wisdom, intellect, and thought of the people; has been expressing tested, life-affirming concepts. proverbs are of great educational value. he warns people ("birovga kulma zinhor, senga ham kulguvchilar bor"), gives advice ("yo„l bilmasang, yo„l so„ragin yurgandan, gap bimasang, gap so„ragin bilgandan"), reprimands and criticizes ("cholni ko„rib bobom dema"), praises work ("ishlaganning og„zi oshga tegar, ishlamaganning boshi toshga tegar"), makes a humorous laugh and exposes ("ishtonsiz tizzasi yirtiqqa kular") and so on. the proverbs contain deep content, wisdom of the working masses, national traditions, 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us centuries-old life experiences, opinions about natural and social phenomena, values, and the results of labor. that is why proverbs are long-lived. in proverbs, each historical period, sociopolitical events leave their mark to a certain extent. also, new articles will be created and the vocabulary will be enriched. proverbs are not only a generalized conclusion of the people's understanding, life experiences, opinions, but also a figurative expression of the truth, a judgment on this or that issue. the volume of the proverb is concise, concise, well-crafted, and an example of figurative speech that expresses a wide range of meanings. a sentence, an article that comes in the form of a sentence, does not contain superfluous words. each word is clear, used in its place and significant, has its own rhythm, tone, composition. uzbek folk proverbs have lived for a long time, formed as a separate genre and passed down from generation to generation, word of mouth. although proverbs are similar to proverbs in many ways, each of them has its own characteristics. proverbs like “temirni qizig„ida bos”, “yovni ayagan yara yer, kaltagini sara yer”, “birlashgan o„zar, birlashmagan to„zar”, “er yigitga ikki nomus – bir o„lim”, “sulaymon o„ldi, devlar qutuldi”, “tosh qattiqmi, bosh”, “ko„rgan bilan eshitgan bir emas”, “ayozxon haddingni bil” are literal proverbs, in their content there is a complete idea, a general conclusion. because the general conclusion from their content, the whole idea is not understood, but is expressed only by the specific character itself. iii. conclusion in fact, the proverb "temirni qizig„ida bos" summarizes the facts and gives a complete idea, a generalized meaning. admonition, instruction is aimed at getting everything done on time, and the meaning is extremely broad. in the proverb "sulaymon o„ldi, devlar qutuldi", there is no complete, generalized meaning, no conclusion, only a special meaning. thus, while a proverb conveys a deep and broad meaning, an instructive, complete thought, a proverb is an impressive speech ornament that represents a subtle character. references: 1. qodirova, s. (2023). мақол ва матал жанрининг ёзма шеъриятдаги ўрни. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 30(30). 2. qodirova, s. (2024). “zarbulmasal” nashri va maqol matni muammolari. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 45(45). 3. saodat, k. (2022). “zarbulmasal” is a work with a complex plot. international journal of trend in scientific research and development, 6(6), 1551-1555. 4. qodirova, s. (2022). мақолларни тўплаш ва улардан фойдаланиш жараёни. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 24(24). 5. abdurahimovna, q. s. (2022). “zarbulmasal”–maqsadni majoz yoli bilan ifodalashga qaratilgan hikoyat. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 2(4), 363-365. 6. abduraximovna, q. s. (2022). “zarbulmasal” asarining goyaviy va badiiy ahamiyati. scientific impulse, 1(5), 706-711. 7. abdurakhimovna, k. s. idealistic study of proverbs in “zarbulmasal” of gulkhani. scientific reports of bukhara state university, 170. 8. қодирова, с. а. (2023). мақол ва матал жанрининг шеъриятдаги ўрни ва аҳамияти. science and education, 4(2), 1667-1671. 9. abdurakhimovna, k. s. (2022). main subject way of" zarbulmasal". european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(2), 286-290. 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. qodirova, s. (2023). “devonu lug'otit turk” va “zarbulmasal” asarlarida qo'llanilgan maqollarning qiyosiy-tipologik tahlili. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 29(29). 11. қодирова, с., & одилова, м. (2021). қадимий мақоллар таснифи. scientific progress, 2(6), 1036-1040. 12. abduraximovna, q. s., muhabbat, o., & sevara, f. (2022). “zarbulmasal” asaridagi bosh goya. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 76-79. 13. kodirova, s. a. (2020). ideological and artistic features of «zarbulmasal». theoretical & applied science, 10, 318-320. 14. abdurakhimovna, k. s. (2022). poetics of proverbs. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(2), 303-307. 15. buxdu katta oqituvchisi, s. q. (2022). “zarbulmasal”–nasriy hikoyachilik asosiga qurilgan badia. pedagogs jurnali, 1(1), 455-457. 16. kodirova, s. a. (2021). idealistic study of proverbs in “zarbulmasal” of gulkhani. scientific reports of bukhara state university, 5(1), 170-179. 17. qodirova, s. (2022). бошланғич синфларда масал жанрини ўрганишда “зарбулмасал” нинг ўрни ва аҳамияти. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 24(24). 18. qodirova, s. (2022). qadimiy maqollar. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 24(24). 19. jobir o‟g‟li, y. m., & roziyabonu, s. (2022). 1-sinf matematika darslarida geometrik materiallarni o‟rgatish. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 1(9), 132-137. 20. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). building competences in organizing primary education content using digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 763-766. 21. jobirovich, y. m. (2023). expression of didactic games in primary education through digital technologies. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence, 2(5), 93-97. 22. yunus, y., & yarashov, m. (2023). effectiveness of experimental work aimed at forming general labor skills in students based on gender equality and differences. in e3s web of conferences (vol. 420, p. 06011). edp sciences. the phenomena of psychological inheritance and generational 297 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the phenomena of "psychological inheritance" and "generational inheritance" in the context of psychological research kabulova saboxat baxadirovna teacher of ursu the human factor and the problem of its origin have been of scientific interest to thinkers since ancient times. until recently, religious approaches provided the most reliable explanation of the nature of this problem for the majority of human society. today, few people take seriously the idea of a divine origin of goodness. goodness is transmitted from generation to generation in social continuity by ancestors through spiritual, educational and moral principles in the process of education. as a result of the reforms implemented in our society within the framework of the "2022-2026 development strategy of new uzbekistan" within the framework of the "year of attention to humanity and quality education" state program, our country is developing more rapidly, and our people the inner desire to achieve the noble and noble goals is increasing.[1] in order to achieve our goals, we are relying on the rich life experience, religious, moral, scientific and literary views of our ancestors, cultural wealth, and scientific and creative discoveries. the more we let our young people enjoy such a priceless heritage, especially the experience of dynastic families, the more we will have a powerful educational potential in raising our national spirituality and perfecting noble human qualities in our society. these will help our youth to become mature people and professional specialists who understand their national identity, who have studied the world in depth, and keep pace with the times. in fact, independence gave the right to realize the ethnic and national identity to the various peoples and peoples living in our country, in turn, it put the study of "family genealogy" and its progress to the agenda of a number of experts in the field. the concept of "evolutionary theory of gender" proposed by vigen artavazdovich geodakyan in researches of "psychological inheritance", "generational inheritance" and (or) "family inheritance" phenomena [2;60-69] studied in the context. the concept of "evolutionary theory of gender" proposed by vigen artavazdovich geodakyan in researches of "psychological inheritance", "generational inheritance" and (or) "family inheritance" phenomena [2; 60-69] studied in the context. v.a. according to the geodakian concept, "sex is more of a method of evolution. the stability of a gradually developing system is ensured, on the one hand, by storing useful information collected, and on the other hand, by obtaining new information in order to adapt to the changing requirements of the environment. thus, one of the genders should be conservative, representing the "core" of the system, and the other should be operative, that is, the changing "shell" s.a. according to borinskaya, "two genders are two channels of information, one (female) stores information from ancestors, and the other (male) stores information from the environment and transmits it to future generations. their mutual cooperation ensures the successful functioning of the evolutionary developing system. evolutionary "innovations" are first tested in the male sex and only then transferred to the female. thus, the main task of the male person is to 298 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us search and test, and although he is considered the operational part of the system that makes inventions, he inevitably makes mistakes often. only then, findings from the environment should be assimilated by the conservative, that is, the female part of the system. because the task of the female gender is to preserve, strengthen and pass on the discoveries handed down by men from around. in stable conditions of the external environment, v.a. according to the geodakian theory, the differences between the sexes are decreasing. the reason is that the need to acquire new qualities that help to adapt to environ mental conditions decreases" [2; 12-18]. the author of the "evolutionary theory of gender", "... if the concept is found to be biologically valid, it is also considered significant at the social level and can be interpreted from both a psychological and a sociological point of view" [2; 30], believes. in his research, lomakina tried to "solve the issue of psychological and socio-psychological inheritance of personal characteristics from ancestors in the context of the formation of male and female leaders, and v.a. he tested the correctness of the geodakian theory at the sociopsychological level" [4;211] in our opinion, after the above research, there are reasons to talk about the importance of "family heritage" in the professional formation of a person. in our research work, if we approach from these two aspects, we considered it appropriate to conditionally interpret the concepts of "generational heritage" and "social-psychological heritage" with the concept of "family heritage" in relation to representatives of dynastic families.[5;50] in particular, we put forward the opinion that the term "family heritage" means that priority personal characteristics of parents, especially competences related to "parental profession" are passed on to children "nongenetically" based on the mechanisms of imitation and (or) identification.in his research, lomakina tried to solve the dilemma of social and biological relations before dealing with the research of existing views on the psychological phenomenon of "inheritance". according to him, a person is a complex, self-organizing, living system, which applies to both biological and social contexts, and his individuality is formed in the field of complex and multi-scale interaction, and "socio-biological" makes it difficult to solve the dilemma problem. therefore, it is important to apply an interdisciplinary approach to the problem, which in turn creates the need to revise the views explaining the relationship between biological and social in human (personal) development" [5; 31]. david dj. according to myers, "genes influence many of our characteristics. for example, how tall we are, the shape of our face, the bones of our legs are all affected by different genes interacting with our environment. complex traits such as intelligence, happiness, and aggression are influenced by another set of genes. whereas our genetic predispositions are our genetically influenced genetic traits, which ultimately help to explain not only the nature of humans, but also the diversity within them" [3;131]. from this point of view, we will first systematically study the dilemma of social and biological relations while conducting the analysis of existing views on the phenomenon of "family inheritance". and this, just such an approach creates the ground for replacing the principle of "eternal opposition coevolutionary idea" with the principle of "inseparable unity of naturalness and sociality". after all, the system (genotype) is the child's family historical past (family heritage, i.e. the professional activities, achievements and acmeotechnologies of the ancestors) of the child, which makes it important in the program of individual development, which is adapted to specific social conditions. it is embodied as a holistic platform that leads to the mastery. in foreign (including russian) psychology, one of the traditional phenomena is the scientific research of the ideas that the child's mental development is directly dependent on socio-historical conditions in many ways. according to him, education and training is the main driving force for the development of personal psychology v.m. bekhterev believed that "from a physical point of view, the role of the concept of "generational heritage" in human society has been exaggerated for a long time. it is now 299 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us necessary to reconsider the hereditary determination of temperament, as well as the possible degree of mental development, and the susceptibility to certain painful deviations arising from abnormal constitutional structure. the reason is that the development of higher, combined reflexes, in a word, the relationship of a person's personality with existence, is already indirectly dependent on the education acquired by him" it is noted in scientific sources that the process of biological maturation created the necessary morphophysiological conditions for the formation of new types of mental activity. however, b.f. lomov, "psychic development involves interaction. as links of systematic determination in human development, biological and social characteristics of a person require interactions" he believes. during the research, an attempt was made to study the role of the phenomenon of psychological characteristics in the influence of "family tree" and "family heritage", in particular, "psychological heritage" on the professional growth of a person. today, in genetics and psychogenetics, the concept of "heredity" is used in a comparative context, and in psychology, it is studied as a separate aspect of various concepts proposed or developed by a number of specialists, that is, as a question of "family inheritance". according to biological studies, if "genetic information is passed from one generation to another and their development occurs" (for example, i.v. ravich-shcherbo [6;65] the genetic essence of "family inheritance" is the inheritance worthy of ancestors. we can understand the continuity of dynasties of chosen professionals. in this regard, within the framework of the research, we used the term "heritage" as a comparative concept in explaining family genealogies and professional teacher, doctor, artist and leadership dynasties, without affecting the concept of "biological heritage" of a person. references 1. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг 2022 йил 28 январдаги “2022-2026 йилларга мўлжалланган янги ўзбекистоннинг тараққиёт стратегияси тўғрисида”ги пф-60-сон фармони // https://lex.uz/docs/5841063 2. геодакян в.а. теория дифференциации полов в проблеме человека /4(2) 3. david j. myers. psychology. textbook: tenth edition. ny, worth, hope college, holland, michigan. – 685 p. 4. ломакина с.с. феномен социально-психологического исследования наследования у современных руководителей: дис. ... канд. психол. наук: 19.00.05. – санкт-петербург, 2006 5. ҳайитов о.э. шажарангизни биласизми? ... ёхуд баркамол авлод шаклланишида оилавий шажарининг аҳамияти хусусида айрим мулоҳазалар / баркамол авлод – оила ва жамият таянчи: илмий мақолалар тўплами. – тошкент, 2010 6. равич-щербо и.в. и др. психогенетика, учебник / и.в. равич-щербо, т.м. марютина, е.л. григоренко. под ред. и.в. равич-щербо. – москва: аспект пресс, 2000. 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 development of visual-moving thinking of students berdiyeva lobar norkobulovna qarshi state university independent researcher abstract: this article reflects on the development of visual-action thinking by readers. at the same time, the defining feature of the form of thinking, the inherent advantage of visual-moving thinking are illuminated. keywords: visual-moving thinking, reactions, form of thinking, goal, goal formation. introduction. a study of the methods of initial identification of small school-age children with new objects showed that with age, the nature of the orientation-research activity changes: orientationresearch reactions diverge from executive reactions, and verification methods are formed that correspond to the characteristics of objects. children move from tactile to observational orientation; as a result, different types of orientations become more interconnected and complementary, which affects the nature of children's perceptions of the subject. however, not only the guiding-research part of the movement, but also the performance part of the movement requires special attention and careful study: “... just as it is not possible to understand the performance part of a movement without analyzing the direction part of the movement, nor can the direction-research part be understood without analyzing the performance part of the movement”. n. n. under the leadership of poddyakov, a number of experimental works were carried out in small schoolchildren, which showed their success in directing children in subject reality using models and schemes in the formation of children's perceptions about the properties of the soil (loose, hard, enveloping, etc.), using practical changes in objects to form ideas about mechanical connections that occur during the rotational movement of objects. materials. thus, the defining feature of the form of thinking in question is its direct, effective connection with the surrounding subject world. visual-action thinking will be” directly related to a certain practical situation in which an action is constantly being performed", and this situation should come out as a problematic situation involving something unknown to the child, that is, in the form of a task. in visual-action thinking, the decision-making process can be introduced directly in a certain practical process of action, when the decision-maker makes a real change in the situation. in this, practical action consistently implements each stage of the task solution and provides an opportunity for the child to visually perceive the results of changing the situation; as a result, a direct basis is created for the further course of the thinking process. in this case, thinking acquires a “step-by-step” process tabat, which gradually brings a person closer to the goal (solving the matter, determining the unknown). “the practical action itself partially replaces the thinking operation of anticipating and timely accounting of all changes arising from the previous 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us stages of solving the issue in a problem situation”. it is this aspect that is the inherent advantage of visual-moving thinking, which provides “continuous control over the course of thought”, which “... knowing creates very favorable conditions for immediate verification and self-examination of each “step”of the process. research and methods. thus, in visual-action thinking, practical methods of transforming an object (objects) play a special role, during which the child can identify their hidden, important properties and connections. these techniques represent the most important component of visual-action thinking. the variations used to distinguish the internal properties and relationships of objects are diverse (e.g. morphological, functional changes). practical actions are distinguished by some authors into execution and test actions; a characteristic feature of which is the child's willingness to obtain a double result that is consistent with and does not correspond to the specified result. test actions are considered important for detecting hidden, internal connections of the studied objects and analyzing the results obtained. it is these actions that form the basis of research activities. in exploratory activities"... a special aspect of the perception of reality opens up to the child: as the content of his thinking activity, a specific sphere of objects and relationships comes out... are such objects-its own actions and their results (both subject and thinking), are the relationships and relationships between these results themselves and the given result”. it seems very promising to specially teach small school students “generalized methods of using practical test actions to identify hidden properties and connections of objects, methods of “extended experience”, as well as the ability to extract useful information from mistakes made. all of the above makes it possible to consider visual-moving thinking as a much more complex form of research activity”. based on the results of a large number of experimental studies as well as theoretical analysis data, n. n. poddyakov proposed to distinguish between two types of visual-moving thinking. noting that such a distinction is “to some extent a theoretical abstraction” and that in real reality both types are intimately affected and transferred to each other, gives them the following definition. "the first type of visual-action thinking is characterized by the orientation towards the knowledge of the object without the aim of achieving a certain practical effect. this type of thinking is revealed as an “impartial” cognitive activity, which is largely determined by the properties of the object being studied. the main aspect of this type of thinking is the subordination of all practical actions to the task of cognition”. "the second type of visual-action thinking is characterized by the orientation of an object towards solving a certain practical task, which consists of changing from an existing state to a fixed one.knowledge of this object is necessary only in communications that are directly related to the solution of the practical task. knowing efforts... it is here that practical activity is introduced and served”. consequently, the child distinguishes and records in the object communication and relationships that can only provide a solution to the practical task set before him. it is considered to be the basis for distinguishing between two types of visual-action thinking, as well as the nature of external material actions that make a practical change in the situation. analysis of the direction of research activity makes it possible to distinguish between two groups of practical actions that carry out one type or another of visual-action thinking. the first group includes “actions aimed at changing the object in order to obtain the effect of cognition”, the second group “actions aimed at changing the object in order to achieve a certain practical effect”. 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results. the first group of movements, in turn, is divided into two groups: a) actions that serve the second type of visual-moving thinking as well as those related to changing the object in order to know the properties of the object necessary to achieve the specified practical result; b) actions that serve the first type of visual-moving thinking and are associated with changing the object in order to know the properties of the object without the aim of achieving the specified practical result. n. n. poddyakov's idea of the possibility of further studying it with a distinction between two specific types within visual-action thinking, while undoubtedly promising, does not yet have experimental development. it is for this reason that the study of two types of visual-moving thinking of preschool children with a special purpose, the study of the structural features of each type, the possibility of their transition to a higher level of thinking development (for example, visual-visual, etc.), seems relevant. n. n. distinguished by poddyakov"...the main criterion for distinguishing between the two types of visual-moving thinking – the orientation of the child's research activity – in our opinion, another principle that records the characteristics of the internal structure of a particular type of thinking – can be supplemented by a mechanism for the formation of a goal.” discussion. indeed, the first type of visual-action thinking develops as an independent (“impartial”) cognitive activity, including the goal of cognition which is determined independently by the child. the nature of goal formation in this type of thinking can serve as an analogue of goal formation in “random” training. the second type of visual-moving thinking develops in the context of a specific practical task; in this case, the process of cognition is determined by the goal given to the child from the outside. accordingly, goal formation can also serve as a model of goal formation (acceptance and retention of goals) in specially organized training here. thus, an experimental study of two types of visual-moving thinking in students of a small school age allows us to combine both the analysis of the genesis of the initial form of thinking and the analysis of the processes of goal formation. the final result of any cognitive activity is a new experience, which, in a broad sense, includes new knowledge, methods of action, etc. is understood as. however, the new experience can be acquired by the student both in a specially organized educational process, that is, in targeted teaching, and in a “per se” educational process. in the first type of visual-action thinking, the student's cognitive activity is not specially organized by adults, and from the outside there is no set goal. such situations can serve as a model of” spontaneous " learning, since their psychological structure will be the same. any, including visual-action thinking, is independent and to some extent effective, since the methods of solving it in each issue are usually not clear. in addition, external signs, conditions of the task, etc. it cannot be open to the child in advance and completely, so direct and direct knowledge cannot determine the activity. conclusion. thus, visual-moving thinking is the result of linking objects, images or concepts, and this result can be reflected directly in the form of a problem situation, either in the form of a concept, or in the form of a conclusion arising from a series of successive step assignments. the thinking of a junior student differs from the thinking of people of a different age in that all these actions are carried out through a system of actions. appropriate rules as well as the use of symbols in the 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us links between them will only ease the process of kzrgazmali-moving thinking and their binding actions. it is quite convenient to work with characters compared to working with the images of the subject or intuition. knowing how to use characters (symbols) gives the reader a huge advantage and opportunities over the animal world adapted to the surrounding world. references 1. ishmuhamеdov r., abduqodirov a., pardaеv a. tarbiyada innovatsion tеxnologiyalar. t:, 2010-yil 2. ziyomuhammadov b., tojiеv m. pеdagogik tеxnologiya. t:, 2009-yil 3. g’afforova t. boshlang’ich ta’limda zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalar: o’quv qo’llanma/t.g’afforova. – t: tafakkur, 2011. 4. r.ishmuhammedov, m.yo’ldoshev. ta’lim va tarbiyada innovatsion pedagogik texnologiyalar (ta’lim tizimi hodimlari metodistlar, o’qituvchilar, tarbiyachi va murabbiylar uchun o’quv qo’llanma) – t: 2013. 5. shodiyeva m. boshlang’ich ta’lim jarayonida innovatsion yondashuv. toshkent: “yangi avlod” nashriyoti, 2014. 195 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 folklore motifes in “kutadgu bilig” and problems of their translation q.sidikov candidate of philological sciences. assistant professor abstract: the article provides a scientific analysis of folklore motives of proverbs in "kutadgu bilig". at the same time, the problems of translating articles into foreign languages were discussed. recommendations for future translations are given. keywords: folklore, ancient turkic literature, proverbs, motives, translation, adequate translation introduction folklore is oral verbal and musical folk art. in a broader sense, in addition to verbal genres, this includes all folk art, manifestations of the spiritual (and sometimes material) culture of the people language, beliefs, rituals, crafts [7]. folklore is the subject of study of folkloristic and ethnology. small folklore genres include works that are small in volume: proverbs, sayings, signs, riddles, jokes, proverbs, tongue twisters, puns. these genres in scientific literature are called paremia (from the greek “paroimia” parable). proverbs and sayings, as works of folk art, are close to each other in their artistic characteristics. russian folklorists tried to determine what proverbs and sayings are back in the 19th century. f.i buslaev considered proverbs and sayings as artistic works of the native word, expressing the life of the people, their common sense and moral interests [5]. if folkloristics set the general direction for the study of folklore genres, then a further deeper study of proverbs took on a linguistic bias and took place at the intersection of folkloristics and philology [6]. events occurring in public life are reflected in people's memory. a proverb is a literary type of expression of folklore attitude towards a particular event created by people. usually proverbs are created according to the opinions of wise people in society. proverbs and sayings have been living in the speech of the people for many centuries. they were born in ancient times and reflect all aspects of people's lives. collecting and recording proverbs and sayings began a very long time ago. [5]. there is a language, there are proverbs. as the uzbeks say, “a proverb is the beauty of speech.” national proverbs are passed down from generation to generation. it is worth noting that each proverb http://www/ 196 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us has its own characteristics in form, style, and meaning. despite this, they all also bear the character of the ideology of humanity, kindness and justice. popular proverbs reflect various aspects of human life: mythological ideas (“a prophetic dream will not deceive”); features of serf life (“here’s yuryev’s day for you, grandma”); events of enemy invasions and wars (“empty, as if mamai had passed”); courage, courage and heroism of the people (“the city takes courage”, “to be afraid of wolves, don’t go into the forest”). they capture all aspects of the people’s labor activity, love for the homeland, glorify labor (“idleness only smokes the sky,” “labor feeds, but laziness spoils”), expresses a sense of deep human dignity (“a goal, but not a thief, ” “money not a penny, but fame is good", "poor, but honest") [8]. the evolutionary development of world literature shows that proverbs play a large and important role in literature. we can also note the works of m.kashgari, yusuf khas hajib, a.navai, babur and many others in uzbek classical literature, as well as w.shakespeare, j.chaucer and byron in world literature. they skillfully used proverbs in their works, which are considered masterpieces. as academician b. nazarov noted, in the history of mankind, almost without exception, every state, every empire, every formation of society is reflected not only in its historical works and scientific works, but also in major works of art of an oral and written nature, which gives the future generation bright and clear ideas about the life of society, even in small details, and about the people of the previous era. one of these masterpieces is “kutadgu bilig” by yusuf khas khajib, which is the first major written monument of turkic-language literature of the xi century. the work very often uses folklore proverbs and aphorisms. the influence of folklore in the poetry of “kutadgu bilig” is great and this can be seen in the structure, genre, rhythm, composition, language and style of the poem. “kutadgu bilig” is a work of art with global significance, which has been translated into many languages of the world. robert denkoff, a professor at the university of chicago, was the first to translate "kutadgu bilig" into english and published a book called "wisdom of royal glory" in 1993 [2]. thanks to the efforts of professor b. tukhliev, the author of this article and a. khabibullaev, the second translation of “kutadgu bilig” made by walter may was delivered to uzbekistan from the us library in 2007. this translation was published under the title “yusuf balasaguni. beneficent knowledge” in 1998 in moscow [4]. the concept of wisdom and virtue are the leading ideas of “kutadgu bilig”. the author wanted people to continuously gain knowledge throughout their lives. the following quatrain is about the same ideas and it also includes folk proverbs. toğa bilge toğmaz kişi ögrenür, toğa sözlemez til turu sözlenür. http://www/ 197 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kişi ögrenip ötrü bilge bolur, bilig bilse ötrü qamuğ iş önür. содержание: “no one is born smart and learns about everything later, a person learns to speak a language when he grows up, a person learns and then becomes wise, all his affairs flourish when he receives knowledge.” translation by robert dankoff: though man is born dumb. he learns to speak as he grows to size. though man is born ignorant. he can also learn to be wise when translating the quatrain, the translator tried to put emphasis on the first line “toğa bilge toğmaz kişi ögrenür – no one is born smart, and learns about everything later” in the general content of the quatrain. but he lost the real content. and also the content of the proverb “bilig bilse ötrü ķamuğ iş önür – a person learns and then becomes wise, all his affairs flourish when he receives knowledge” is not given in the translation. as a result, the content of the quatrain lost its poetic sound for the reader. of course, we cannot force the translator to translate proverbs as such, with an exact equivalent, sometimes this is impossible. for, as professor g. salyamov aptly noted: “there are phraseologica l units, expressions and proverbs that cannot be translated into foreign languages with equivalents. ” [2.163]. but this does not mean that the translator should skip proverbs in the translation. at the very least, it should give the basic content of the proverbs in context. v. may translated this very quatrain as follows: no man was born wise, but became so in turn, and all sense and reason appear when you learn. you learn about things, thus an expert become, and once you've the know-how, all things can be done! different translations have different styles. it is as if the english reader understood the content of the quatrain. but how? translator v.mei missed the full line «toğa sözlemez til turu sözlenürязык человека учится говорить, когда он взрослеет» в переводе. in other lines of v. mey’s translat ions we can see the introduction and modernization of the “kutadgu bilig” language. the words “expert” and “now how” are mainly used in specific professions in modern english [1.648]. we think that the use of such words in translations of an ancient turkic work such as “kutadgu bilig” is not very appropriate. the translator could have used more suitable words and given the inner poetic spirit of "kutadgu bilig". we prefer to use “wise” instead of “expert” and “knowledge” instead of “know how”. http://www/ 198 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in conclusion, we can say that the translation of phraseological units, expressions and proverbs from different language families is not very easy to carry out. a translator is not always able to translate proverbs with equivalents, since the vocabulary of one language does not allow this. as we analyzed above, the proverbs used in “kutadgu bilig” have their own special poetic functions in the poetics of the work. and further study of these features of the poem remains important and relevant in further works of turkologists. references 1. англо-русский словарь. составитель в.к.мюллер. изд. 14-ое. – м.: советская энциклопедия, 1969. – 912 с. 2. саломов ғ. тил ва таржима. т.: фан. 1978.239 б. 3. arat r.r. kutadgu bilig ii çevırı. turk tarıh kurumu basımevı. – ankara: 1994. 6-baskı. – 477 s. 4. yusuf balasaguni. beneficent knowledge. translated into english by walter may. moscow, 1998. 5. wisdom of royal glory translation with an introduction and notes by robert dankoff. the university of chicago press, chicago 1983 6. https://licey.net/free/12-analiz proizvedenii literatury do 20 veka dlya sochineniineissyakaemyi istochnik ustnoe narodnoe tvorchestvo 7. https://pedsovet.su/load/28-1-0-55673 8. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki. фольклор 9. https://www.dissercat.com/content/poslovitsy-kak-produktivnye-edinitsy-yazykaifolklorana-materialefrantsuzskogo-yazyka. http://www/ https://licey.net/free/12-analiz https://pedsovet.su/load/28-1-0-55673 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki 132 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of the competitive environment in the development of enterprise strategy umid kholboyevich kholboyev teacher at the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the main factors affecting the level of competition in the service network in the circumstances business structures competitiveness national economy and necessity prove economy host of subjects innovative activity allows to increase. keywords: competition advantage , marketing strategy , innovative strategy. strategy the most important socio-economic category as wide widespread economic in literature, classic scientific has been in things illuminated works, in modern studies. it is interpreted differently different aspects, but them bottom meaningful interpretations of differences not found. strategy this sequence system from one who conducts purposeful effects to another it is said. various different economic strategies available variety characters according to and that's it according to grouped. in particular, groupings are as follows according to the signs:  field according to activity (markets, consumer segments financial, technological, marketing, personnel and others);  to the market access about (the market current in doing trade and contact of channels availability);  the market needs looking measure. organization type looking strategy work outgoing level corporate divided into degrees, business, operational and functional strategies. competition strategies done increase directions competitive potential and competitive advantages reflection competition superiority as stated above, effective functioning of the economy organize doer from concepts is one business, located business structure competition environment and his efficient to be ability allows to determine. enterprise position and wide range of possibilities analysis to do "competitive advantage" concept and its conditions means to determine. m. porter's of the organization in its work competitive (external) in the environment position competition taken as an important factor in providing advantages . m. porter strategic choose the problem by learning one line standard strategies work came out their each one one will be aimed at increasing competitive advantages. competition defined the following function of advantages: work release expenses reduce and products distinguish. the first one is working issuer product work release expenses to reduce provide will be directed. this one different (or a little different) in price is sold more benefit get with together means to take a position superior to competitors. the second task is to reflect the ability of the product to give more value to the consumer special features, his some new qualities, such an indicator to differentiate the price to increase possibility 133 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us gives and competitors expenses to compare possible has been in case this to grow take will come. competition from superiority except strategic selection entrepreneurship structure acceptance done parameter with it is determined competition area that we call this that's it means that work producers own products wide market coverage attention looking at their separately sectors or to segments attention tend to focus. integrated system for corporate strategy, activities, assuming the existence of an effective competitive plan for enterprises fields or in directions their positions to take over investment priorities create, interests coordination and general goals work tries to get out. that's it to emphasize must factors integrated economic system, the rule as a each different tasks, but such problems solution to do the only one to the goal to achieve provides. the unity of system goals and the difference of tasks are most obvious related to competitive cooperation is manifested in aspects. har one competitor business organizations to themselves duties, but their purpose combined (or agreed upon), this in fact forms and works on development in cooperation. functional strategy business strategy within of the enterprise development direction how much modeling functional that showing "resources / opportunities" characteristic according to their each to one action to do explains the need. every one business of the structure functional strategies, scientific research to the composition the following includes:  marketing strategy (that's it including competition strategy);  investment strategy;  work release strategy;  innovative strategy (she is with merging possible investments or work release ).  integration strategy , his within entrepreneurship of the structure business to the field integration and integration method is selected . seeing developed functional of strategies competitiveness within sure goals, duties, cooperation mechanisms. har how strategic competitive superiority system with depends certain risks . expenses manage strategy done increase the following dangers with together will come . firstly , attention sum up economic efficiency to losses take coming can secondly, cost reduction technique copying can this in general of industry (or of the field) development activities due to legalities). from this except science and technology development high has been modern information in context technologies develop, national and international economic space, borrowing technologies, organizational schemes, repeat work release another elements, too sure and stable is a trend. thirdly, many in the fields expenses leadership trend have only one business to the organization and to the organization in a relevant competitive environment 2, this is the 3rd place strategy done increase for to opportunities have references 1. porter, m. competitive advantage. м. porter. m. : alpina publisher, 2018. – 716 p. 2. rozanova, n. m. konkurentnye strategii sovremennye formy: uchebnik i praktikum dlya bacheloriata i magistratury / n. m. rozanova m. : yurayt, 2018. – 343 p 3. sharkova, a. konkurentnye preimushchestva sovremennoy firmy. practicum / a. sharkova. m. : alpina publisher, 2017. – 278 p. 4. azoev, g. l. konkurentnye preimushchestva firmy. / g. l. azoev. m. : oao "tipography "novosti", 2011. 254 p. 5. siddikov askar "research and evaluation of the innovative potential of the catering sector", 134 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us international interdisciplinary research journal volume 2 issue 2, year 2023 issn: 28353013 https://univerpubl.com/index.php/synergy . 6. siddikov askar "research and evaluation of the innovative potential of the catering sector", vol. 2 no. 2 (2023): web of synergy: international interdisciplinary research journal. https://univerpubl.com/index.php/synergy/article/view/493 https://univerpubl.com/index.php/synergy 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 important aspects of improving the law on administrative procedures azizov bunyod mavlonovich independent researcher of tashkent state university of law annotation: in the article, the concept of administrative procedures, the issues of improving the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on administrative procedures" based on the experience of foreign countries, changing the concept of “administrative document” to “administrative act”, existing legislation in changing, canceling or invalidating an administrative document problems and their solutions were revealed. the implementation of these suggestions will help to eliminate legal gaps in the legislation and to establish uniform legal mechanisms, to make fair administrative decisions, to prevent unnecessary spending of time and money by citizens, and to save state resources. key words: administrative procedures, administrative document, administrative act, principles of administrative procedures, legality of administrative document, original administrative document, amendment of administrative document, annulment or annulment of administrative document. effective administrative reforms play an important role in the development of every country. in turn, in the republic of uzbekistan, the improvement of administrative procedures plays an important role in the development of state administration and economy. the need and important aspects of improving the legislation “on administrative procedures”, the legislation of national and foreign countries regulating relations related to the amendment, annulment or invalidation of an administrative document, relations in the field of administrative dispute resolution, administrative relations as a sign of the rule of law are effective mechanisms of resolution. article 2 of the updated constitution of the republic of uzbekistan states that state bodies and officials are responsible to society and citizens, article 20 states that the legal measures used by state bodies against people should be based on the principle of proportionality and be sufficient to achieve the goals stipulated by laws, article 54 states that the state is a person and it is guaranteed to ensure the rights and freedoms of the citizen enshrined in the constitution and laws1. in order to consistently continue these tasks and administrative reforms, further development of the administrative justice system, establishment of effective judicial control over the activities of state bodies and officials, and the establishment of effective judicial control over the activities of state bodies and officials with the decree no. tasks such as complete elimination of factors 1see: the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, https://lex.uz/docs/6451070. https://lex.uz/docs/6451070 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us preventing direct appeal to the courts, improvement of the efficiency of dispute resolution at the pre-trial stage were also defined2. after all, every person enters into relations with various state bodies and organizations to one degree or another in his daily life. in this case, the organization is approached in person or electronically. the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on administrative procedures” was adopted in january 2018 in order to legally regulate these processes, prevent bureaucratic procedures, and free citizens from unnecessary distractions3. administrative procedures are procedural rules that regulate the administrative and legal activities of administrative bodies. the law serves to ensure the rule of law, the rights and legal interests of individuals and legal entities in relations with administrative bodies. according to julie ponce, a professor at the university of barcelona, “administrative processes should be recognized by the official as an important tool aimed at independently reviewing a specific administrative case and guaranteeing fair decisions”4. according to m.efremov, “administrative procedures represent the order of actions of the authorities regulated by normative legal documents in the process of state management, their purpose is to implement the material norms of administrative law”5. administrative legislation is a powerful regulator of public administration relations, which is constantly updated. its main goal is to increase the efficiency of executive authorities, to ensure that the results of administrative decisions are understandable and transparent to the public6. the analysis of the law enforcement practice and the results of the study of the experiences of advanced foreign countries showed that a number of important mechanisms are not available in our legislation in the field of administrative procedures, there are some shortcomings in the reliable provision of legal protection of individuals and legal entities, which causes problematic situations in the application of the law.in order to eliminate these legal gaps, it is proposed to improve the law “on administrative procedures” (hereinafter referred to as the law) taking into account the following”. first, the areas covered by the act are not fully covered. this creates problems in the application of the law. for this reason, it is necessary to determine the application of the law to tax, customs procedures, state control and inspection, pension provision of citizens and military registration and conscription, urban planning, allocation and confiscation of land plots.the reason is that these relations are also administrative relations. in most foreign countries, these areas are included in administrative relations.in particular, according to the opinion of the russian scientist a.a. demin, the importance of following the established administrative procedures, including the administrative procedures used in the field of tax and customs law, serves to save state resources and use them as efficiently as possible7. second, principles are important in legislation regulating administrative relations. failure to comply with it may even result in the annulment of the administrative decision. 2see: ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг 11.09.2023 йилдаги “ўзбекистон – 2030” стратегияси тўғрисида”ги пф–158-сон фармон, https://lex.uz/docs/6600413. 3see: law of the republic of uzbekistan on administrative procedures, https://lex.uz/docs/3492199. 4juli ponce solé. “good administration and administrative procedures”. vol. 12. p. 2–3. 5м.о.ефремов административные процедуры как форма реализации компетенции органов публичной власти во взаимоотношениях с частными лицами: дис. … канд. юрид. наук. м., 2005. с. 15-16. 6п.п.кабытов, о.е.стародубова ученые обсуждают проект кодекса российской федерации об административных правонарушениях // журнал российского права. 2016. № 3. с. 167–173). 7 а.а.демин «административное право российской федерации»: курс лекций: учеб. пособие / а.а. демин; рос. ун-т дружбы народов. юрид. фак. м. : зерцало-м, 2002. – 221 с.). 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us therefore, it is appropriate to revise these principles from the point of view of creating convenience for individuals and legal entities and ensuring that their rights are protected. based on the experience of foreign countries, it is necessary to include the principles of “prohibition of arbitrariness”, “prohibition of abuse of power”, “refusal of the application of law” into the law. the principle of prohibition of abuse of rights prevents administrative bodies from adopting documents on issues that are not within their competence. in some cases, there are cases of local governments making various decisions that are not within their authority. the principle of non-arbitrariness prohibits administrative bodies from making decisions without proper justification. the principle of inadmissibility of refusal to apply the law stipulates that it is not allowed to refuse to apply the existing norms of the current legal documents. for example, in some cases, tax and customs benefits are unjustifiably not applied to entrepreneurs. this principle prevents such situations. such a principle is contained in article 16 of the law of the republic of azerbaijan “on administrative proceedings”8. third, issues such as depriving a person of a certain right (the right to drive vehicles, the right to hunt), administrative expulsion of foreign citizens and stateless persons from the territory of the republic of uzbekistan, as defined in the code of administrative responsibility, are transferred from this code to the law “on administrative procedures”. should be transferred. fourth, most applications and complaints related to administrative procedures by administrative bodies are considered on the basis of the law "on appeals of individuals and legal entities". this leads to various deadlines being violated in the consideration of appeals by administrative bodies. therefore, the law “on administrative procedures” should clearly define (separate) different requirements and mechanisms from the law “on appeals of individuals and legal entities”. articles 63-65 of the administrative-procedural code of the republic of kazakhstan define the requirements for receiving, considering and applying appeals9.with this code, the law “on the procedure for reviewing appeals of individuals and legal entities” was repealed10. fifth, the law stipulates that the administrative document be accepted in written form. but in practice, administrative documents are accepted not only in written form, but also in oral, electronic and sign form. the decree no. pf-158 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated september 11, 2023 on the “uzbekistan 2030” strategy also stipulated the full application of the principles of administrative procedures to signs and signals regulating traffic11. in the legislation of the usa, germany, japan, france, switzerland, azerbaijan, finland, hungary, estonia, kazakhstan, it is established that an administrative document can be accepted in the form of electronic, oral, signs, gestures along with the written form. 8 закон «об административном производстве» республики азербайджан, от 21.10.2005 г., // https://www.constcourt.gov.az/ru/legislation/25 9 административный процедурно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан // https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/k2000000350/350_1.htm. 10қаранг: закон «о порядке рассмотрения обращений физических и юридических лиц» республики казахстан // https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=30086115. 11see: ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг 11.09.2023 йилдаги “ўзбекистон – 2030” стратегияси тўғрисида”ги пф–158-сон фармон, https://lex.uz/docs/6600413. 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us therefore, it is proposed to specify in the law that together with the written acceptance of the administrative document, they can be accepted electronically or verbally, as well as by means of signs, gestures and signals or by means of automatic means. sixth, the concept of “administrative document” in the law should be changed to “administrative act” based on the experience of developed countries and problems in practice. the reason is that the administrative document is accepted not only in the form of a document, but also with signs and gestures. in the laws of kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, azerbaijan, estonia, "administrative document" is called "administrative act" and there are separate sections devoted to the issue of administrative acts. seventh, in the administrative-procedural code of the republic of kazakhstan, the rights and obligations of witnesses, experts, specialists, translators are clearly defined in separate articles12. however, when using “interpreters” and “experts” in administrative proceedings in our national law, their concept and mechanisms of “requesting evidence” are not defined. therefore, it is necessary to specify these mechanisms in our national legislation. eighth, the concept of “initial administrative act” should be included in the law. the reason is that the initial administrative act is the preliminary decision issued by the commissions and other bodies to determine the specific situation of the case, and these decisions are the basis for the final decision by the administrative body. (the initial administrative act will not be important for the short-term resolution of the administrative case and will focus on the resolution of organizational issues) ninth, when an administrative complaint is submitted directly to a higher administrative body, the law does not specify the mechanism for this body to request the complained administrative document from the administrative body that committed the complained administrative action. therefore, it is necessary to specify this mechanism. tenth, the law does not specify the form of acceptance of the procedural document, the procedure for formalization, the requirements for the procedural document, and the implementation mechanisms. therefore, it is necessary to define these mechanisms. the procedural document is accepted in written form or in electronic form in the cases stipulated by law. the procedural document takes effect from the moment of its adoption and is immediately brought to the attention of the participants of administrative proceedings in accordance with the rules of appropriate notification. eleventh, the institution of general representative should be included in the law. this will make it easier for residents and administrative bodies to consider collective appeals. this practice is contained in the german administrative procedure act. twelfth, it is necessary to include in the law the procedure for resolving administrative complaints before the court by the administrative body itself or its superior body or another competent body. this issue exists in the legislation of kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan. the introduction of this procedure into practice allows to review the correctness of the administrative document, prevents unnecessary rush of the population to the court, and reduces the workload of the courts. thirteenth, germany's law on administrative procedure contains a provision that provides for a valid procedure rule and defines the legal consequences of a violation of the procedure. 12 административный процедурно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан // https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/k2000000350/350_1.htm. 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us therefore, the introduction of an article on the application of “appropriate administrative procedure” into the law13. fourteenth, to establish in the law that the applicant has the right to withdraw his application at any time. the reason is that the appeal is a personal right of every person. this issue is contained in articles 64, 94 of the code of kazakhstan14. fifteenth, introduction of a norm on the obligation to listen to and give the opportunity to express their opinion to the interested parties who may inappropriately encroach on the rights of the administrative body before the adoption of the administrative document. sixteenth, to fill in the types of administrative work that must be considered at the meeting in the law (specify their list), to determine whether the meeting can be held in videoconference mode. the legislation of the republic of kazakhstan provides for participation in the review of administrative cases via video conference15. seventeenth, the law specifies requirements for the legality of an administrative document, by whom and in what order the administrative document is considered legal, and what documents are considered illegal. eighteenth, the law specifies "validity of an administrative document" (enforcement of a document), “invalidity of an administrative document” (which type of administrative document is considered invalid, invalid by itself, declared invalid by an authorized body or court) designation. nineteenth, “revision of the administrative document”, determining the rights to cancel or change the administrative document when a complaint is received about the document he accepted. twentieth, the law does not specify how many days it is necessary to consider an appeal to explain an administrative document or to correct errors and mistakes in the record. therefore, in article 56, it is necessary to define a specific period of time (for example, 5 days) for the clarification of the administrative document or the correction of errors in the record. twenty-first, the law stipulates the mechanism of enforcement in the event of the need for compulsory enforcement of monetary demands as a result of an administrative document, the document of an administrative body on imposing a monetary demand on the addressee is considered an executive document, and enforcement is carried out by state enforcers on the basis of the law “on enforcement of court documents and documents of other bodies” implementation should be determined. these requirements are stipulated in article 82 of the law of the republic of azerbaijan “on conducting administrative affairs”16 ҳамда қирғизистон республикаси “маъмурий тартибтаомиллар тўғрисида”ги қонуни 84-85 моддаларида мавжуд17. twenty-second, the law should stipulate that the administrative body has no right to apply more severe measures if the implementation of the administrative document can be achieved with lighter measures. the establishment of this mechanism obliges administrative bodies to adopt lighter administrative decisions in legislation. 13 закон об административных процедурах федеративной республики германия // сборник законодательных актов по административным процедурам – 500 стр (2013 г.). алматы., verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (vwvfg). 14 административный процедурно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан // https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/k2000000350/350_1.htm. 15 административный процедурно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан // https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/k2000000350/350_1.htm. 16закон республики азербейджан «об административном производстве” 21.10.2005 г., сборник законодательных актов по административным процедурам – 500 стр (2013 г.). алматы. 17закон республики кыргызистан «об основах административной деятельности и административных процедурах” 31.07.2005 г., http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/111254?cl=ru-ru. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this practice is contained in article 83 of the law of the republic of azerbaijan “on administrative proceedings”. according to experts, it is supported effectively18. twenty-third, the law stipulates that the term of voluntary execution of an administrative document shall not be less than five calendar days. in our opinion, it is appropriate to change this period to ten calendar days in order to provide convenience to the population and to provide enough time for voluntary execution. for example, article 38 of the law of the republic of azerbaijan “on administrative proceedings” defines ten calendar days after the expiration of the deadline for filing an administrative complaint or properly informing about a decision on an administrative complaint19. twenty-fourth, the law defines only the general grounds for canceling, changing or invalidating an administrative document, and the cancellation mechanisms are not fully defined. in particular, in article 59 of the law20:  although it is established that an illegal administrative document can be canceled retroactively, by specifying the exact moment of its cancellation or destruction, the procedure for cancellation is not specified;  it is established that an administrative document deemed not to be in accordance with the law may be revoked by the administrative body if its preservation threatens the public interest. although it is defined, it is not defined what grounds “are considered to be a threat to the public interest”;  although compensation for property damage caused or unavoidable due to the belief in the legal force of an administrative document is specified for the interested person, it is not specified in what order and by whom the property damage will be compensated;  a very short norm regarding invalidity of an administrative document is defined and its mechanisms are not disclosed. conclusion. the introduction of these important amendments and additions to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on administrative procedures” is aimed at expanding the participation of citizens in public administration, increasing the openness, transparency and accountability of public administration bodies, effectively organizing the interaction of administrative bodies and interested parties, changing administrative documents , serves to determine the only legal grounds for annulment and annulment, to reliably protect the rights of individuals and legal entities these mechanisms are universal in nature for all administrative relations, and the improvement of procedures and their strict observance by all citizens serve as an indicator of developed civil society and the rule of law. reference 1. закон об административных процедурах федеративной республики германия // сборник законодательных актов по административным процедурам, 2013. c. 173. 2. административный процедурно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан, 29 июнь 2020 г. // https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/k2000000350#z1428. 18закон республики азербейджан «об административном производстве” 21.10.2005 г., сборник законодательных актов по административным процедурам – 500 стр (2013 г.). алматы. 19закон республики азербайджан «об административном производстве” 21.11.2005 г., http://continentonline.com/document/?doc_id=30616447. 20ўзбекистон республикасининг “маъмурий тартиб-таомиллар тўғрисида”ги қонуни // қонунчилик маълумотлари миллий базаси // https://lex.uz/docs/3492199. 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. закон «о порядке рассмотрения обращений физических и юридических лиц» республики казахстан // https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=30086115. 4. закон азербайджанской республики «об административном производстве», 21 октябрь 2005 г. // http://base.spinform.ru/show_doc.fwx?rgn=13868. 5. административно-процессуальный закон латвии, 25 октябрь 2001 г., https://lawyerkhroulev.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/administrativno-processualnij-zakon-latvii2017.pdf. 6. закон кыргызской республики «об основах административной деятельности и административных процедурах», 31 июль 2015 г. // http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ruru/111254?cl=ru-ru. 7. закон республики армения «об основах администрирования и административном производстве», 16 марта 2004 г. // https://www.arlis.am/documentview.aspx?docid=61846. 8. «административно-процессуальный» закон латвии, 14 ноябрь 2001 г. // https://lawyerkhroulev.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/administrativno-processualnij-zakon-latvii2017.pdf. 9. закон «об административной процедуре» республики эстонии, 6 июнь 2001 г. // https://ru.rup.ee/zakony. 10. общий административный кодекс республики грузии, 25 июнь 1999 г. // https://matsne.gov.ge/ru/document/view/16270?publication=41. 11. кодекс республики таджикистан об административных процедурах, 28.12.2012 г. // http://base.spinform.ru/show_doc.fwx?rgn=17361. 12. закон «об основах административных процедур» республики беларусь, 28.10.2008 г. https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=h10800433. 13. administrative procedure act of japan // http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?vm=04&id=85&lvm=02&re=02. 14. administrative procedure act of south korea : no. 5241, dec. 31, 1996 (2019.12.10). url: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=335&lang=eng. 500 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 specific methоdоlоgicаl directiоns of аcmeоlоgy bоtirаliyevа mаftunа bоtirаli qizi kоkаn stаte pedаgоgicаl institute1st yeаr fоundаtiоn dоctоrаl student аbstrаct: аfter the independence оf оur cоuntry, оur scientists cоnducted а number оf scientific аnd reseаrch wоrks оn the аchievement оf perfectiоn in the аcquisitiоn оf а prоfessiоn, the views оf pаst thinkers оn prоfessiоnаl skills, аnd the sоciо-ethicаl аspects оf vаriоus prоfessiоns in the present time. аs а result, specific methоdоlоgicаl directiоns оf аcmeоlоgy were develоped. keywords: аcmeоlоgy, methоdоlоgicаl directiоn, nаturаl-scientific, clаssicаl, methоdоlоgicаl, physiоlоgy, psychоgenetics, mоdern prаxeоlоgy, biоnics, sоciоnics, synergetics. аfter the independence оf оur republic, оur scientists cоnducted а number оf scientific-reseаrch wоrks оn the аchievement оf perfectiоn in the аcquisitiоn оf а prоfessiоn, the views оf pаst thinkers оn prоfessiоnаl skills, аnd the sоciо-ethicаl аspects оf vаriоus prоfessiоns in the present time. in pаrticulаr, аcаdemiciаn m. khаirullаev, dоctоrs оf philоsоphy k. а. shаykhоvа, y zumаbоyev, h. аlikulоv, а. q. kаdirоv, r. nоsirоv, g. nаvrо'zоvа, dоctоr оf philоlоgy n. kоmilоv, cаndidаtes оf philоsоphy m. m. kаkhоrоvа, kh. rаkhmаtоvа, cаndidаte оf philоlоgicаl sciences s. оlim аnd оther thinkers histоricаlly аnd philоsоphicаlly studied the mоrаl imаge оf vаriоus prоfessiоns, whаt mоrаl virtues аnd rules оf cоnduct they shоuld аcquire. in generаl, аcmeоlоgy hаs nоt been studied in а hоlistic аnd systemаtic wаy in existing reseаrches, its speciаl scientific field, аs а dоctrine, its fаcets аnd impоrtаnt feаtures, which cаnnоt be imаgined withоut prоfessiоnаl ethics, hаve nоt been reveаled. оn the bаsis оf these, the specific methоdоlоgicаl directiоns оf аcmeоlоgy, аs well аs аll оther sciences, emerged. first, the nаturаl-scientific directiоn is аimed аt the fоrmаtiоn оf clаssicаl nаturаl sciences аs аn independent science with methоdоlоgicаlly cоmplex disciplinаry stаndаrds (prооfs, mechаnisms, lаws, mаthemаticаl mоdeling). secоndly, nаturаl knоwledge оf yоuth physiоlоgy, psychоgenetics, lаbоr psychоphysiоlоgy tаkes the plаce оf аppeаl in sоlving а number оf аcmeоlоgicаl issues, cоmpоnents оf nаturаl аbilities, genetic аnd psychоphysiоlоgicаl аbilities, аnd psychоlоgicаl skills in becоming prоfessiоnаl. the sоciо-humаnitаriаn directiоn is mаnifested in mаny wаys. аcmeоlоgy, оn the оne hаnd, develоps histоricаlly tоgether аs the genetic sоurce оf these humаn sciences, аnd оn the оther hаnd, shоws its оntоlоgicаl impоrtаnce by shаping their free develоpment аs а science. sо, befоre аcmeоlоgy wаs intrоduced аs а science, the sciences оf psychоlоgy, sоciоlоgy, аnd pedаgоgy deаlt with issues оf prоfessiоnаlism, creаtivity, pоtentiаl, аnd gerоntоlоgy similаr tо аcmeоlоgicаl issues. hоwever, it wаs the develоpment оf the skill, the emphаsis оn the mаin librаry in reаching the peаk оf аcmefоrm, thаt first led tо the birth оf speciаl аcmeоlоgicаl issues аnd lаter tо the cоnceptuаl-methоdоlоgicаl structure оf specific аcmeоlоgicаl technоlоgies. аs it prоgressed, the mаin science, thаt is, the speciаl оbject аnd methоd оf аcmeоlоgy, аppeаred. 501 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technоlоgicаl directiоn is nоt оnly the interаctiоn оf а number оf technicаl sciences, such аs cybernetics, system engineering, infоrmаtiоn theоry, but аlsо the use оf а specific prоgrаm tо direct existing knоwledge intо prаctice. in ilundа, the interаctiоn оf аcmeоlоgy with technicаl rules is nоt fоrmed by itself, but is cоnnected with eigоnоmics, which is аimed аt аdаpting humаn fаctоrs tо technоlоgy. аt this pоint, it shоuld be nоted thаt, оn the оther hаnd, in а twоwаy view: the humаnizаtiоn оf technicаl sciences, i.e., biоnics, sоciоnics, аs а result оf the grоwth оf humаnitаriаn knоwledge, fоr exаmple, psychоtechnics аnd gаme techniques, innоvаtiоn аnd reflexоlоgy , emergence оf synergetics аnd оthers — mоdern prаxeоlоgy is аlwаys in the fоcus оf аcmeоlоgy. in generаl, аcmeоlоgy hаs а speciаl plаce аmоng tоdаy's humаnities аnd is аn integrаl pаrt оf the pоlicy оf trаining high prоfessiоnаl persоnnel. list оf used literаture. 1. tillаyevа g.h. ―аkmeоlоgiyа аsоslаri‖. mа‘ruzаlаr mаtni ―tаfаkkur bо‗stоni‖ nаshriyоti t.:2014 2. деркач а., зазыкин в. ―акмеология: учебное пособие‖. – спб.: «питер», 2003. 3. деркача а. а. ―акмеология: учебник‖. изд. рагс, 2006 4. qоsimоvа, n. (2022). in fine аrts аnd drаwing lessоns" using cаse stаge educаtiоnаl technоlоgy. scienceweb аcаdemic pаpers cоllectiоn. 5. muhаmmedоvich, s. u. b. prоblems оf teаching drаwing аt schооl. internаtiоnаl jоurnаl оn ecоnоmics, finаnce аnd sustаinаble develоpment, 4(1), 35-39. 6. murаtjоnоvnа, k. n. (2023). cоntents оf fine аrt methоdоlоgy аnd methоds оf its teаching. science prоmоtiоn, 4(1), 43-47. 7. nilufаr, k., & bаrkаmоl, k. (2023). the greаt pаinters оf venice during the renаissаnce. аmericаn jоurnаl оf public diplоmаcy аnd internаtiоnаl studies (29932157), 1(10), 45-47. 8. imоmаli о'gli, x. i. (2023). tаlim sifаtini tаkоmillаshtirish. science prоmоtiоn, 3(3), 32-37. 9. kаsimоvа, n. (2023, nоvember). scientists whо cоntributed tо the develоpment оf the fields оf geоmetry during the renаissаnce in eurоpe. in аcаdemic internаtiоnаl cоnference оn multi-disciplinаry studies аnd educаtiоn (vоl. 1, nо. 21, pp. 178-180). 10. qоsimоvа, n. (2023). chizmаchilik fаnini zаmоnаviy kаsblаr bilаn integrаtsiyа qilish. best scientists. 11. qоsimоvа, n. (2022). gоаls аnd оbjectives оf creаtive thinking in the cоurse оf the lessоn. internаtiоnаl jоurnаl оf eаrly childhооd speciаl educаtiоn. 12. rаhimberdiyev, а., & qоsimоvа, n. (2023). kаndаkоr ustа, yоrqinjоn аxmаdаlievning ―iqtidоr mаrkаzi‖ dаgi fаоliyаti. develоpment оf pedаgоgicаl technоlоgies in mоdern sciences, 2(2), 36-41. 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 die entstehung des märchengenres; künstlerische und kompositorische zeichen von märchen abdullayeva lola sadulloyevna teacher of languages department at zarmed university, bukhara, uzbekistan abstract: der artikel reflektiert die besonderheiten der genese der märchengattung, und gleichzeitig dienen märchen als wichtige quelle für das studium der geschichte der jeweiligen nation. bei der arbeit an einem märchen ist es wichtig, kindern beizubringen, ein märchen nicht nur zu lesen, sondern auch zu erzählen. das erzählen von geschichten entwickelt die mündliche sprache und bereichert die sprache der kinder mit neuen wörtern und sätzen. keywords: märchen, genre, feature, folk, textur, glaube, spirituell-kulturelles, episches abenteuer, comic. eintrettung. alte traditionen, rituale und legenden spielten eine schlüsselrolle bei der entstehung von märchen. in den meisten märchen wird das bild des wirklichen lebens mit abenteuerlichen elementen kombiniert. die etablierung von märchen als eigenständiges genre begann mit der zeit, als primitive vorstellungen über das universum in einer imaginären form ausgedrückt wurden. denn während dieser zeit verloren bestimmte ereignisse und vorfälle, legenden über das leben von clans und stämmen, traditionelle bräuche ihre macht und haushaltsfunktion und begannen, in den köpfen der menschen als seltsame dinge verstanden zu werden. einer der gründe, warum das genre märchen in der folklore von kindern gut angenommen und gelesen wird, ist die eindrücklichkeit, schärfe, bedeutung und nähe der märchensprache. die scharfe und interessante handlung des märchens, die außergewöhnlich wunderbare situation in der entwicklung der geschichte fasziniert kinder, die mutigen, starken, einfallsreichen, mutigen, agilen charaktere, die ideologische richtung des märchens, der ständige sieg der macht von güte güte darin zieht kinder an. die form des geschichtenerzählens, die in einem märchen angenommen wird, ist die wiederholung der gleichen wörter und sätze, immer wieder, melodiösität, ausdruckskraft der sprache, lebendigkeit der ausdrucksmittel und großes interesse für kinder. die teilnehmer an märchen sind oft mitfühlend, großzügig, fair und ihre gegenteile, böse, geizige und gierige charaktere. lassen sie uns über einige unserer meinungen über die entstehung von märchen sprechen. ein märchen ist das älteste massengenre der volkskunst, das sowohl für erwachsene als auch für kinder interessant ist. sie erschienen in der sehr fernen vergangenheit auf der grundlage der mythologischen sichtweisen, alten bräuche und rituale unserer primitiven vorfahren. in märchen werden in der regel die träume und gedanken der menschen über das haushaltsleben und die edelsten menschlichen eigenschaften durch imaginäre und lebensfiktionen ausgedrückt. mündliche geschichten, die sich auf die realität des lebens beziehen, auf der grundlage von imaginationen und lebensfiktionen aufgebaut sind und eine didaktische idee tragen, werden als 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us märchen bezeichnet1. märchen sind das produktivste genre der epischen folklore. auf allen kontinenten der welt, in allen nationen gibt es märchen und ihre volksmärchen, ihre theoretiker – märchenforscher. fiktion spielt in märchen eine wichtige rolle. sie zeichnen sich auch durch ihre einzigartige konstruktion aus. ein märchen besteht aus einer einleitung, der entwicklung der ereignisse und einem ende. manche märchen beginnen mit kurzen anfängen wie „es war einmal, es war einmal kein könig (oder hirte)“, „es sei ein garten für dich, leben für uns“, manche anfänge wird viel länger sein. achten sie zum beispiel auf diesen anfang: „märchen, die geißgöre, der fasan ist rot, der schwanz ist lang, das blaue eis wird geritten, der bart ist gebrochen, die gans trompetet, solange der rabe spielt die trompete, die schwarze krähe ist ein prediger, die schwarze krähe ist ein töpfer, der spatz ist ein vogel, der spatz ist ein weber, der wolf ist ein biber und der fuchs ist ein wolf, mein märchen hat einen mann, sieben landtage, sieben tagsüber gibt es einen wolf mit einem kurzen schwanz. einmal da, einmal nicht ..." der pädagogische wert des märchens besteht darin, dass die schüler glücklich sind, dass die wahrheit und ehrlichkeit darin gesiegt haben, dass die armen leute aus der not herausgekommen sind, das heißt, dass das gute und das gute wahr geworden sind und dass das böse und das böse verurteilt wurden. sie wollen, dass es im leben immer so ist. im märchen „ehrlichkeit“ zum beispiel geht es hauptsächlich darum, den armen zu helfen, von der eigenen arbeit zu leben, und die idee, dass dies der wunsch der ganzen nation ist, wird im märchen „die bestrafung des der trickster" wird die idee vertreten, dass die list des tricksters über die gerissenheit siegt und dass verrat nicht ungestraft bleibt. beide geschichten enden mit dem sieg der gerechtigkeit. die reise des helden im märchen (motiv "reise"), der vor dem brunnen ruht (der brunnen ist nach mythologischer auffassung mit dem fuß des lebensbaums verbunden, die episode der helden des märchens ruhen am brunnen kann an einen anderen unterirdisch gelegenen ort des epischen helden verlegt werden, kann als eine der epischen manifestationen des zahnmotivs angesehen werden), der verlust des zahns mit einer axt (eine epische transformation des motivs des "mangels") , der in märchen als diebstahl eines gegenstandes oder einer prinzessin durch einen rivalen gedeutet wird), die suche des kindes nach verlorenen gegenständen episoden wie suchen und finden (das motiv der reise des epischen helden in eine andere welt und die rückkehr eines gestohlenen objekt, ein seltsames objekt oder eine fee, die der zustand des königs erfordert) gehören zu solchen künstlerischen elementen. abschluss. als fortsetzung unserer vorstellung von der entstehung und entwicklung von märchen, wie sie von generation zu generation mündlich weitergegeben werden, ist es natürlich, dass dabei einige motive und bilder ihres themas verloren gehen oder im gegenteil , zunahme. sogar manchmal können die themenmotive eines volksmärchens auf ein anderes volksmärchen übertragen werden, und als ergebnis können mehrere märchen mit ähnlichen themen erscheinen. in der folklore werden solche geschichten wandererzählungen genannt. obwohl märchen mit reisendem thema oft inhaltlich ähnlich sind, ist das leben als eigenständiges literarisch-mündliches phänomen, das sich je nach nationalem geist, nationaler tradition, nationaler weltanschauung, ausdrucksmittel der landessprache und dem bild des geografischen umfelds unterscheidet das recht. literatur 1. michael ende: jim knopf und lukas der lokomotivführer. stuttgart 1961. 2. michael ende: jim knoflík, lukáš a lokomotiva ema. praha 1997. 3. zaorálek, jaroslav: lidová rčení. praha 2000. 4. zeller, rosemarie: das kunstmärchen des 17. und 18. jahrhunderts zwischen wirklichkeit und wunderbarem. in: lili – zeitschrift für literaturwissenschaft und linguistik, jg. 23/93. wien 1994, s. 56 – 74. 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. schultz, hartwig (hrsg.): clemens brentano. 1778-1842. zum 150. todestag. 1992. bern 1993. 6. mikulová, anna: die expressivität der sprache und ihre kode als ausdruck der nationalen kultur. in: codification et symboles des cultures nationales. brno 2003a, s. 19 – 30. 7. sadullaevna a. l., safarovna a. n. functions of speaking as a successful means of communication //international journal on integrated education. – 2020. – т. 3. – №. 1. – с. 126-128. 8. lola a., aziza a. the role of synchronous translation in literary teaching //yosh tadqiqotchi jurnali. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 3. – с. 347-356. 9. sharofovna, j. d. (2023). practical and theoretical aspects of the developing language skills. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 4(4), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/r4ypf 10. u.k. mavlonova, s.k. karimova. the problem of teaching english in mixed ability classes. dostijeniya nauki i obrazovaniya. 5 (59), 2020. 11. abdullayeva lola sadullayevna. (2021). mnemonics in training the lexical side of speech of senior pupils. conferencea, 80–81. retrieved from https://conferencea.org/index.php/conferences/article/view/93 12. abdullayeva l. s. game as a leading method of teaching preschoolers in a foreign language //e-conference globe. – 2021. – с. 328-334. 13. u.k. mavlonova, z.z. abulova, d.k. kodirov. role play as a method of developing speaking skill. scientific reports of bukhara state university 3 (1), 2020, p. 253-260. 14. abdullayeva lola sadulloyevna, & hasanova mekhrangiz vahobjon kizi. (2023). the use of modern information technology tools in teaching foreign languages. interdisciplinary conference of young scholars in social sciences (usa), 4, 3–5. retrieved from https://openconference.us/index.php/ysc/article/view/1244 https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/r4ypf https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=5466131387957755465&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=5466131387957755465&btni=1&hl=ru https://conferencea.org/index.php/conferences/article/view/93 javascript:void(0) javascript:void(0) 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 challenges in conducting us digital diplomacy in central asia izzatullayev bobirjon izzatullaevich lecturer of tashkent state university of law izzatbobur@gmail.com abstract: general background: digital diplomacy has become an essential instrument in international relations, particularly for global powers seeking to strengthen their influence through technological means. the united states actively employs digital diplomacy to advance its foreign policy goals, including in strategically significant regions such as central asia. specific background: despite possessing advanced digital capabilities, the u.s. faces significant obstacles in implementing its digital diplomacy in central asia. political restrictions, regulatory challenges, and the dominance of russian and chinese digital infrastructures hinder u.s. efforts. governments in the region frequently restrict internet access and social media platforms, citing national security concerns, which further complicates diplomatic engagement. knowledge gap: existing studies have analyzed u.s. digital diplomacy broadly but have not sufficiently examined its effectiveness in regions with restrictive internet governance and competing geopolitical interests. there is limited research on the specific challenges faced by u.s. digital diplomacy in central asia’s complex political and media landscape. aims: this study aims to identify the key barriers to u.s. digital diplomacy in central asia and evaluate its effectiveness in overcoming these challenges. results: the findings indicate that regional governments impose strict internet regulations to control information flows, limiting external digital influence. the study also reveals that public reliance on russian media further reduces the impact of u.s. digital diplomacy. novelty: this study provides a focused analysis of u.s. digital diplomacy in central asia, highlighting the interplay between state control, foreign influence, and digital engagement strategies. implications: for u.s. digital diplomacy to be effective, it must adapt to regional constraints by fostering local partnerships, respecting national regulations, and providing viable digital alternatives to existing information networks. keywords: us, central asia, impact, diplomacy, digital, information technologies, politics. introduction the countries of the central asian region are experiencing cases of blocking the internet, social networks and websites. each country interprets these cases differently. experts emphasize that this situation is related to the issue of internal security. for example, in kazakhstan, there are cases of temporary blocking of the internet, social networks and websites in order to prevent social unrest or demonstrations. in particular, in early may 2019, social networks and news sites in kazakhstan stopped working. the government did not comment on this situation. 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us experts believe that this may be due to the aim of preventing protests against the early elections scheduled to be held in the country. in particular, on may 1, messages inciting anti-election protests in the cities of almaty and astana were widely distributed on social networks. starting from may 9, 2019, the restrictions on facebook, youtube, instagram, telegram, whatsapp and the news sites vlast.kz, time.kz, informburo.kz, hola news, azattyq, "urals kaya nedelya" will be lifted.[1] method in september 2019, local mobile networks were down due to protests by the “democratic elections of kazakhstan” socio-political movement in almaty and astana. in february 2020, the local internet was down after ethnic clashes between local kazakhs and dungans in the kurdai district. the government also temporarily blocked whatsapp. in may 2020, the human rights website kuresker was blocked. kazakhtelecom and other government agencies denied involvement in the incident. in early january 2022, as a result of the unrest in kazakhstan, messengers, social networks, mobile communications, vpn services, and access to the internet began to be blocked in several cities. in particular, on january 5, 2022, the internet and mobile communications did not work in the cities of almaty and astana. on january 7, 2022, the president of kazakhstan kassymjomart tokayev announced that he had decided to turn on the internet in certain regions of the country for a certain period of time in connection with the stabilization of the situation. according to him, this will have a positive impact on the lifestyle of citizens. in kazakhstan, authorities are moving to implement legislation requiring foreign internet companies to register in the country. this would allow authorities to more effectively monitor platforms like google and facebook and force them to remove material that may be considered a threat. [2] experts in the field attribute the blocking of social media and news portals in tajikistan to the increased activity of the opposition on social media and the growing public discontent with government decisions. in particular, the explosion in the dangara district in august 2018 and the death of a foreign tourist in this incident led to the closure of various sites and social networks. in early november 2018 and january 2019, due to the events in khorog (a protest against the shooting of people by the police), social media and news sites were again closed. in may 2019, the google search engine was blocked, and later yandex. cases of temporary internet shutdowns and blocking of social networks in the country were also observed in 2021 and 2022. result & discussion the internet in turkmenistan is under strict state control. any criticism of the government and its policies can lead to the blocking of sites. since 2012, anonymizers that bypass the restrictions on sites have also been blocked. in addition, the opera mini, opera mobile, and uc browser mobile applications have also been blocked. according to khronika turkmenistana, blocking of vpn programs has been intensified since the beginning of 2019. according to reports, the number of blocked ip addresses in turkmenistan has reached 1.2 billion. [6] due to the mass blocking in the country, vpn services have practically ceased to function. [3] kyrgyzstan does not block social media and news sites. only individual users and groups that spread terrorist ideas are blocked. however, in recent years, according to freedom house, the country's internet freedom has slightly decreased. in addition, participants in the iv central asian forum on the world internet system on may 15 and 16, 2019, noted that the country also blocks criticism of social and political issues on the internet. according to freedom house's 2022 report, kyrgyzstan scored 53 points out of 100. the rating evaluates countries on a onepoint scale: the higher the number, the freer the internet. [4] the majority of the population of central asia is informed about socio-political news happening in the international arena mainly through russian media. this is due to the fact that local media in the countries of the region are not able to cover international news quickly, the majority of the 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us population of the region understands russian and has easy access to russian channels through special devices. emily goldman, a policy coordinator for cyber and new technologies at the us state department, highlighted the following five challenges facing the us in the global information space: [5] first, the us, along with being the most powerful country in the world, has diverse interests. this creates a huge number of stakeholders. they range from economic goals to counterterrorism. all of the us's weaker rivals today focus their activities on a small number of audiences and goals.[6] second, the us has an open and transparent political system. many critical points in democratic debates are useful to the us's adversaries. debates in congress about imposing sanctions on a country, even if they fail, damage the state's image. for example, this happened with pakistan. in addition, the us senator's idea of dividing iraq into 3 parts was interpreted as the us wanting to change the borders of iraq and the middle east. later, after this idea was published, it further strengthened the assumption that the us could change the borders of the middle east.[7] third, conducting effective digital diplomacy requires understanding other languages and cultures. during the cold war, it took a long time for the us to acquire the above skills. now, at the initiative of the state department, the department of defense, and the department of education, special attention is being paid to the development of linguistic and cultural skills. according to them, other languages, especially arabic, are important in the fight against global terrorism. fourth, the us government system consists of many bureaucratic structures. there is a lack of speed in coordinating the response to an event. fifth, the government's own actions are carried out within legal limits. this situation is not limited to us adversaries. any activity of the us department of defense can also be suspended due to conflict or economic decision. the united states was seen as the savior of eastern europe during the cold war, freeing it from soviet oppression. now, us activities in various regions of the world, especially the middle east, are viewed as an invasion, playing into the hands of us adversaries. there are also problems in monitoring the effectiveness of us digital diplomacy today. for example, it is difficult to find a question about the importance and role of digital diplomacy in foreign policy achievements.[7] as one of the world leaders in technology and diplomacy, the united states is actively using digital tools to strengthen its position in the world. in central asia, which is of strategic geopolitical importance, us digital diplomacy is becoming an important tool in achieving foreign policy goals.[8] the prospects for us digital diplomacy in central asia depend on various factors related to the political, economic, technological and social conditions in the region. in particular, central asia is heavily influenced by russia and china, which are actively investing in the region’s digital infrastructure and using their platforms (e.g., russia’s vk and china’s wechat) to strengthen their presence. the prospects for us digital diplomacy depend on the ability to compete with these powers by offering alternative solutions to local governments. in addition, each of the five central asian states has its own governance characteristics and different interests in engaging with the united states. in particular, the region varies in its level of openness and commitment to human rights, which affects the willingness of the united states to implement initiatives. in addition, many governments are seeking to restrict internet freedom in order to maintain control over the information space. this limits the impact of us digital diplomacy. also, countries in the region are wary of external interference and may perceive digital diplomacy as a threat to their independence. 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion this study highlights the significant challenges the united states faces in implementing digital diplomacy in central asia, where internet restrictions, state-controlled media, and geopolitical competition with russia and china limit its effectiveness. the findings indicate that regional governments frequently impose digital constraints under the pretext of national security, restricting external influence and reinforcing reliance on domestic or allied foreign information networks. additionally, the study underscores how public dependence on russian-language media further reduces the impact of u.s. digital diplomacy efforts. these findings imply that for u.s. digital diplomacy to be more effective, it must navigate regulatory frameworks, foster localized engagement strategies, and offer competitive digital alternatives that align with regional political and social dynamics. furthermore, the study suggests that strategic partnerships with regional actors and institutions could enhance credibility and acceptance. given the evolving digital landscape and geopolitical shifts, future research should explore the effectiveness of alternative digital diplomacy approaches, such as localized content creation, multilingual digital engagement, and collaborations with regional technology initiatives, to assess their potential in overcoming existing barriers. references: 1. д. молдабеков, «в алматы и столице полиция начала задержания направляющихся на акции протеста», vlast.kz, сен. 2019, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://vlast.kz/novosti/35343в-алматы-и-столице-полиция-накала 2. a. plus, «в туркменистане заблокировали треть существующих в мире ip-адресов», asia plus, окт. 2022, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/centralasia/20221011/v-turkmenistane-zablokirovalitret-sutshestvuyutshih-v-mire-ip-adresov 3. stanradar, «как блокируется интернет в странах центральной азии?», stanradar, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://stanradar.com/news/full/34676-kak-blokiruetsja-internet-vstranah-tsentralnoj-azii.html 4. с. тойкен, «писавший о преследованиях и пытках сайт недоступен в казахстане», радио азаттык, май 2020, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/kazakhstankureskerсайт-заблокирован / 30621397 5. tadviser, «регулирование интернета в казахстане». 6. h. r. watch, «how are the authorities in central asia trying to control the internet?», hum. rights watch, ноя. 2021, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/18/how-are-authorities-central-asia-trying-controlinternet 7. e. goldman, «strategic communication: a tool for asymmetric warfare», small wars j., окт. 2007, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/strategiccommunication-a-tool-for-asymmetric-warfare 8. kaztag, «whatsapp перестал работать без vpn на территории казахстана», kaztag, фев. 2020, [онлайн]. доступно на: https://kaztag.kz/ru/news/whatsapp-perestal-rabotatbez-vpn-na-territor 259 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 progressive methods of solving problems that arise at the stage of formation of online commerce and e-commerce sattarova zukhra ilkhamovna senior lecturer of the department of real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: zsattarova220@gmail.com author's contacts: +998915245115 mirzaeva shirin nodirovna independent researcher (phd), assistant-teacher of the department of real economics, samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: mirzayeva.shirin.nodirovna@gmail.com author's contacts: +998905020271 akramov ibrokhim student majoring in "economics (by industries and sectors)", in-group ik-620, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: ibrohimakramov48@gmail.com author's contacts: +998915990600 abstract: this article discusses the importance of using the experience of developed countries in ecommerce in uzbekistan, the importance of developing e-commerce and the problems and solutions for the gradual development of e-commerce. keywords: e-commerce, developed countries, e-payments, experience, information and communication technologies, gradual development, problems, solutions. introduction an important issue of our time is to identify existing e-commerce opportunities and chive the highest level of profitability through the effective use of opportunities based on a simple, effective and viable e-commerce strategy in the new economic environment. developed countries invest enough funds in the development of e-commerce, while clearly feeling the opportunities and prospects of e-commerce. in developed countries, e-commerce plays a significant role in the gross national product of these countries. developed countries began to look at the industry as a new economic system and began to study e-commerce in order to take a leading position in this area. they have developed mechanisms to remove obstacles to the development of ehttp://www/ mailto:zsattarova220@gmail.com mailto:mirzayeva.shirin.nodirovna@gmail.com 260 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us commerce. the european union has developed its own electronic europe project. this project will play an important role in improving the position of the european union in the new economic system in the future. in developing countries, e-commerce is seen as a key the process of increasing the export potential of the country. small businesses in these countries are gradually realizing the importance of e-commerce. with this in mind, the governments of developing countries are focusing on the development of key information and communication technology infrastructure that will stimulate the development of ecommerce. therefore, the rapid development of information and communication technologies is one of the main directions of structural reforms in the economy of uzbekistan, as well as economic reforms. president the republic of uzbekistan sh.m.mirziyoyev is carrying out a number of important works in our country on the "implementation of measures for the development of e-commerce". in today's highly competitive environment, every business entity is forced to take advantage of e-commerce opportunities. effective management of the necessary e-commerce resources, economical use of resources, process management is a waste of time. that is why e-commerce is becoming an integral part of our lives. e-commerce plays an important role in the development of our country. with this in mind, it is necessary to remove barriers to the development of the industry. at the same time, e-commerce plays an important role in expanding the opportunities of business representatives working in our country. over time, the interest of economic entities of our country in e-commerce is growing rapidly. we are also witnessing the rapid development of e-commerce in uzbekistan. the recent reforms of our government, recognizing the importance of this sector, contribute to the development of e-commerce in uzbekistan. literature and methodology. a. n. aripov, h. a. mukhitdinov, m. m. makhmudov, t. k. eminov, n. yusupova, b. ergashev, s. avganbayev, r.ya. isaev, a. valiev, etc. e-commerce and its essence have been studied by many economists, including a.v. yurasov, j.s. westland, t.k. clark, d.kozie, e-commerce and its essence, m.ramzaev, p. chuzhanov, v. tarasov discusses the role of e-commerce in the economy of developed and developing countries, v.v.senkevich, n.i. gerashchenko and others conducted a study of the role of the state in the management of e-commerce. results. enterprises operating in the field of information and communication technologies of the republic of uzbekistan are the core of the socio-economic development of the country. in the socioeconomic development of enterprises and organizations, it is important to analyze the rational use of available resources, including the effective use of personnel in business companies, improving their http://www/ 261 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us management systems, etc. special attention will be paid to e-commerce for the further development of the management system in the field of information and communication technologies. it is no secret that uzbekistan has problems with internet speed and the quality of service providers. website "consumers.uz" asked which internet providers in uzbekistan deserve some recognition from consumers, and compiled a unique rating of internet providers uzbekistan. the main tasks of ecommerce are a sufficiently deep and scientific analysis of the organization and management of the industry ict, service technologies and their organization, management methods, training in scientific and practical approaches. proper organization and management e-commerce requires the study of the theoretical foundations of the scientific direction to solve emerging scientific and practical problems. e-commerce is the process of buying and selling goods (works, services) carried out in accordance with an agreement concluded using information systems. basic principles of e-commerce: freedom of doing business in e-commerce; voluntary conclusion of contracts in the field of e-commerce; equality of conditions for participation in e-commerce; protection of the rights and legitimate interests of e-commerce participants. the state policy in the field of e-commerce is aimed at creating legal, economic, organizational, technical and other conditions for the development of e-commerce. the main directions of the state policy in the field of e-commerce are: support and encouragement of entrepreneurial activity through e-commerce; creation of conditions for attracting investments, modern technologies and equipment in the field of entrepreneurship through e-commerce; providing business entities with legal, economic, statistical, production-technological, scientifictechnical and other information necessary for their activities in the field of e-commerce; promotion of scientific and technical research in the field of e-commerce, training, retraining and advanced training qualifications, international cooperation in the field of e-commerce. the transition to market relations is now at the heart of the socio-economic development programs of most countries. the development of e-commerce raises a number of unresolved issues in the legal regulation of this activity. http://www/ 262 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion. the government of uzbekistan is consistently implementing the process liberalization of all sectors and branches of the economy, and further deepening of economic reforms, the development of e-commerce are identified as priorities. the concept of e-commerce means not only trading activities using electronic means, as we know them. this concept also includes creating demand for goods and services, providing additional services to customers after the sale, facilitating interaction between partners. the state, suppliers of raw materials, sellers, consumers and manufacturers can participate in e-commerce. it is known that the technological basis of e-commerce is information and communication technologies. today, the level of digitalization in our country is one hundred percent, the level of the computerization of businesses and citizens, the number of internet subscribers, the overall. internet coverage of our cities and villages is growing, which is a positive trend. however, analytical data show that there is a sharp difference between the purchase of goods and services using an e-commerce system via the internet, the level of technological capabilities created and their use in commercial activities. since the purpose of e-commerce is related to the rapid dissemination of information in the information system, conducting transactions through public networks, its prospects are directly related to the ability of business entities to provide reliable and guaranteed services to customers. thus, the development of the e-commerce market depends on the effective use of ict capabilities in cooperation between the state and business, mainly in the activities of economic entities. conducting broad explanatory work among the public (tv-r, promotions), training specialists in the field of information technology and commercial work (it trader), improving the quality of advertising, marketing, online stores, online storefronts, suppliers of goods to customers. the organization of courier services is one of the most important issues in ensuring the security of information in business by enterprises, thereby providing customers with trust and guaranteed services, as well as other aspects that serve as a positive quartet in the development of the industry. one of the factors determining the development of e-commerce and strengthening consumer confidence is the problem of information security. for this reason, the law provides for norms information security by information security, that is, not to change the content of electronic documents and electronic messages, the procedure for their use, not to send them to third parties, measures to protect against unauthorized use of personal data, including liability for legal consequences. it is also enshrined in the law. suggestions and conclusions. in this article, at the current stage of human development, information and e-commerce are widely used in all aspects of our lives as an important factor of gradual growth. http://www/ 263 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the transition to market relations is now at the heart of the socio-economic development programs of most countries. thus, e-commerce is developing and becoming the basis of global economic activity. since the purpose of e-commerce is related to the rapid dissemination of information in the information system, conducting transactions through public networks, its prospects are directly related to the ability of business entities to provide reliable and guaranteed services to customers. to achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: measures and practical recommendations for the development of e-commerce in uzbekistan, attracting more users can be applied in e-commerce. in short, the possibilities of modern information and communication technologies are limitless, they are developing rapidly, the question of their implementation it is becoming one of the priority strategic tasks of our country. in recent years, the formation and development of information and communication technologies, as well as theoretical, methodological and practical management issues in this area have become the content of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists. we are also witnessing the rapid development of e-commerce in uzbekistan. the recent reforms of our government, recognizing the importance of this sector, contribute to the development of ecommerce in uzbekistan. e-commerce plays an important role in the development of our country. with this in mind, it is necessary to remove barriers to the development of the industry. at the same time, e-commerce plays an important role in expanding the 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interrelationship of the factors of effective use of resources in business enterprises improved. keywords: environment, business, entrepreneurship, investment, entrepreneurial activity, foreign investment, investment system. the reforms that are being carried out for the stable and effective development of the economy of our country are the implementation of deep structural changes in the economy in a short period of time, the development of production and services, ensuring the growth of the population's income, the sustainable development of small business and private entrepreneurship, significant achievements were made in strengthening the activity of the banking and financial system, in the development of scientific projects. the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to fundamentally update the state policy on economic development and poverty reduction" and "ministry of economic development and poverty reduction of the republic of uzbekistan and on the organization of the activities of its system organizations" as well as the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 2022-2026 adopted in our country to ensure rapid development of the national economy and high growth rates. by ensuring stable high growth rates in economic sectors, in the next five years, the gross domestic product per capita 1.6 times, and by 2030, the per capita income will increase from 4 thousand us dollars, and "income creating the ground to join the ranks of "above-average countries". therefore, the development of management activity is considered one of the urgent issues today [2]. today, the role and importance of entrepreneurs in the development of the economy is very great. therefore, in order to further increase the contribution of entrepreneurship to the economy, it is necessary to use production resources and economic potential effectively. in the conditions of digitization of the current economy, ample opportunities for the use of computing equipment, computers and information technologies should be created to fulfill this task. as a result of the creation of these opportunities, it is possible to reduce labor costs and reduce the cost of manufactured products. the introduction of improved information technologies leads to a reduction in the consumption of all material resources. this is very important for business enterprises. because material costs have a very high share in the product cost. as a result of the use of information technology, improvement and coordination of technology, the consumption of raw materials and materials is reduced, mainly through the means of reducing waste and defects. 260 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a result, an increase in the coefficient of use of material resources and the percentage of output of finished products from raw materials is achieved [5]. in addition, in order to increase the contribution of business enterprises to the economy, it is considered an important step to adapt the raw materials and materials used in them to the working technology. at the same time, implementation of the following directions will increase the contribution of business enterprises to the economy:  simplification of the level of complexity of the products produced in business activities, without affecting the quality.  f is evidence of n in practice cheap kind of of materials use _ using these materials without reducing the technical characteristics of the manufactured products and improving their external design.  creation of cost-effective and high-performance workstations and devices in business enterprises. a basis and incentive should be created for every business enterprise to engage in innovative activities. they should also make efforts to create more efficient workbenches and equipment.  adaptation and coordination of all types of products in business production [6]. figure 1. factors of improving the interaction of the factors of effective use of 1resources in business enterprises as we know, by improving the relationships of all factors that lead to effective use of production potential in enterprises engaged in entrepreneurial activity, it is possible to increase their contribution to the economy (fig. 1). improving their interaction with each other is expressed by implementing specific organizational and technical measures. also, production continuity is of great importance in ensuring the effective use of production resources in business enterprises and includes the following:  planning continuity.  production process continuity.  continuity of material and equipment supply.  continuity of control.  continuity of analysis of production situation.  continuous employment of employees and workstations. from this in addition, the continuity of the planning process in business enterprises is ensured by the implementation of the work specified in the current plan of the enterprise, as well as by 1author development. factors of effective use of competence factors of improving relationships competent planning of workplaces and production departments selection of operational planning methods increasing the level of use of technological workstations 261 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us including the next work. only when this is done, it is possible to analyze the preparation of the production in time, it is possible to produce the product within the specified time. the continuity of planning implies the continuity of the production process. the continuity of the production process is one of the important factors that ensure the effective use of available production resources [5]. in conclusion, based on the above, it should be noted that today's changes in the conditions of globalization of the economy and the tightening of competition are changes in the technical conditions of production, the acceleration of the process of arming with new techniques, the production of products or services in business activities. it requires the introduction of new technologies of display, the organization of material equipment supply and the implementation of similar functions. this determines the country's perspective. list of used literature 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. pf-4947 "on the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan". tashkent, uzbekistan, 2017. 2. development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, pf-60, 28.01.2022. 3. olim sabirovich kazakov , & ilhom mahamadjanovich kamoliddinov . (2021). some questions of increase of efficiency in activity enterprise subjects. journal of central asian social studies , 2 (01), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a24 4. muhammadjanovich ki effective directions of development of entrepreneurship //conference zone. 2022. s. 129-133. 5. access to kazakov os management. textbook. tashkent. "fan ziyosi" publishing house, 2021. 6. m. mescon, m. albert, f. hedouri. basic management. m.: delo, 1992.s. 489. 7. www.agro.uz site information. https://doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a24 http://www.agro.uz/ 378 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ways to improve management in the service sector barnayev zarif sharifovich bukhara state university, faculty of economics, department of marketing and management abstract: this article shows several types of ways to improve management in the service sector. recommendations are given about what the service itself consists of and how it should be carried out. keywords: broad spectrum, individuals, businesses, finance and transportation, service areas, manifestations, significance, impact on society. service areas encompass a broad spectrum of industries and sectors that play crucial roles in meeting the needs and demands of individuals, businesses, and communities. from healthcare and hospitality to finance and transportation, service areas are integral components of modern economies. this essay aims to delve into the concept of service areas, examining their diverse manifestations, significance, and impact on society. defining service areas: service areas refer to specific sectors or industries that primarily provide intangible products or services to customers or clients. unlike tangible goods, services are characterized by their intangible nature, involving activities, performances, or experiences rather than physical products. service areas encompass a wide range of domains, each serving unique purposes and addressing distinct needs. types of service areas: 1. healthcare: the healthcare sector comprises services related to medical care, wellness, and disease prevention. this includes hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, diagnostic laboratories, and other healthcare facilities that provide medical services to individuals and communities. 2. hospitality and tourism: the hospitality industry encompasses services related to accommodation, dining, entertainment, and leisure activities. hotels, restaurants, resorts, theme parks, and travel agencies are examples of businesses within this service area. 3. financial services: financial services encompass activities related to banking, investment, insurance, and wealth management. banks, credit unions, investment firms, insurance companies, and brokerage firms provide financial services to individuals and businesses. 4. transportation and logistics: the transportation sector involves services related to the movement of people, goods, and cargo. this includes airlines, railways, shipping companies, trucking firms, and logistics providers that facilitate the transportation and distribution of goods and passengers. 5. information technology (it) services: it services encompass activities related to information technology, including software development, it consulting, cloud computing, cybersecurity, and technical support. it service providers offer solutions to businesses and organizations to enhance productivity, efficiency, and innovation. 379 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. professional services: professional services include a wide range of specialized services provided by professionals such as lawyers, accountants, consultants, architects, engineers, and designers. these services require specialized expertise and knowledge to address complex challenges and deliver valuable insights and solutions. 7. education and training: the education sector comprises services related to formal education, vocational training, and professional development. schools, colleges, universities, training institutes, and online learning platforms offer educational services to students and professionals seeking to acquire knowledge and skills. 8. real estate and property services: real estate services encompass activities related to property management, leasing, brokerage, appraisal, and development. real estate agents, property managers, developers, and appraisers provide services to buyers, sellers, landlords, and tenants in the real estate market. 9. government and public services: government and public services encompass services provided by government agencies and institutions to citizens and residents. this includes public administration, law enforcement, healthcare, education, social services, and utilities such as water, electricity, and sanitation. significance of service areas: service areas play a vital role in driving economic growth, facilitating social interactions, and enhancing quality of life. they contribute to job creation, innovation, and productivity improvements, thereby stimulating economic activity and prosperity. additionally, service areas fulfill essential needs and demands of individuals, businesses, and communities, ranging from healthcare and education to transportation and financial services. moreover, service areas promote social cohesion, cultural exchange, and globalization by facilitating interactions and connections between people and communities across geographical boundaries. impact of service areas: the impact of service areas extends beyond economic considerations to encompass social, environmental, and cultural dimensions. service areas influence consumer behavior, lifestyle choices, and societal values, shaping perceptions and preferences. they also have environmental implications, as certain service activities may generate carbon emissions, waste, and pollution. additionally, service areas contribute to cultural diversity, creativity, and innovation by fostering the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and experiences across different sectors and disciplines. conclusion: service areas represent diverse sectors and industries that provide intangible products or services to individuals, businesses, and communities. from healthcare and hospitality to finance and transportation, service areas fulfill essential needs and demands, driving economic growth, social development, and cultural exchange. understanding the significance and impact of service areas is essential for policymakers, businesses, and individuals seeking to navigate the complex landscape of modern economies and societies. by recognizing the diverse manifestations of service areas and their contributions to human wellbeing and prosperity, stakeholders can harness their potential to create positive outcomes for individuals, communities, and the planet. the service sector plays a pivotal role in modern economies, encompassing a diverse range of industries such as hospitality, healthcare, finance, transportation, and more. effective management within the service sector is essential for ensuring quality service delivery, customer satisfaction, and sustainable growth. this essay explores various ways to improve management in the service sector, addressing challenges, and proposing strategies for enhancement. challenges in service sector management: 1. intangibility: unlike tangible goods, services are intangible, making it challenging to assess and measure quality objectively. 380 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. customer expectations: customer expectations in the service sector are often high, requiring management to consistently meet or exceed these expectations to maintain satisfaction. 3. employee training and development: service quality is heavily dependent on the skills and competencies of employees. effective training and development programs are crucial but can be resource-intensive. 4. service differentiation: in a competitive market, service providers must differentiate themselves to attract and retain customers, requiring innovative management strategies. 5. technology integration: rapid technological advancements necessitate the integration of technology into service operations, posing challenges in terms of implementation and management. strategies for improving management in the service sector: 1. focus on customer experience:  implement customer-centric strategies to understand and meet customer needs and preferences effectively.  use customer feedback mechanisms to continuously improve service quality and satisfaction.  train employees to prioritize customer service and foster a customer-centric culture within the organization. 2. invest in employee development:  provide comprehensive training programs to equip employees with the skills and knowledge required to deliver exceptional service.  foster a supportive work environment that encourages continuous learning and development.  recognize and reward employees for their contributions to service excellence, promoting motivation and engagement. 3. embrace technology:  utilize technology to streamline service processes, enhance efficiency, and improve the overall customer experience.  implement customer relationship management (crm) systems to manage customer interactions and personalize service delivery.  leverage data analytics to gain insights into customer behavior and preferences, enabling targeted marketing and service improvements. 4. enhance service quality assurance:  develop robust quality assurance protocols to ensure consistency and reliability in service delivery.  conduct regular audits and assessments to monitor service performance and identify areas for improvement.  empower employees to take ownership of service quality and address issues proactively to prevent customer dissatisfaction. 5. foster innovation and creativity:  encourage a culture of innovation within the organization, where employees are empowered to propose and implement new ideas.  invest in research and development to identify emerging trends and opportunities for service innovation. 381 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  collaborate with stakeholders, including customers and industry partners, to co-create innovative solutions that meet evolving needs. 6. implement sustainable practices:  integrate sustainability principles into service operations, considering environmental, social, and economic impacts.  adopt eco-friendly practices, such as energy conservation and waste reduction, to minimize environmental footprint.  engage with local communities and support initiatives that contribute to social welfare and economic development. conclusion: effective management is essential for driving success and sustainability in the service sector. by focusing on customer experience, investing in employee development, embracing technology, enhancing service quality assurance, fostering innovation, and implementing sustainable practices, service providers can improve management practices and position themselves for long-term growth and competitiveness. continuous adaptation and innovation are key to navigating the dynamic landscape of the service sector and meeting the evolving needs of customers and stakeholders. list of used literature. 1. ganiyevna k. n., sharifovich b. z. english expression of economic concepts such as strategy, mission, organizational potential, smart //e-conference globe. – 2021. – с. 24-27. 2. sharifovich b. z. the development of tourism in uzbekistan //models and methods for increasing the efficiency of innovative research. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 17. – с. 177-180. 3. sharifovich b. z. characteristics of advanced technologies in teaching management sciences //iqtisodiyot va zamonaviy texnologiya jurnali| journal of economy and modern technology. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 24-31. 4. барнаев з. ш. использование передовых технологий в обучении менеджмента //journal of innovation in education and social research. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 2. – с. 10-14. 5. khamidov o. et al. trajectory of economic development of the republic of uzbekistan in the process of digitization //e3s web of conferences. – edp sciences, 2023. – т. 431. – с. 07049. 242 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the experience of foreign countries in investigating environmental crimes is analyzed mardonov zamonbek abdukarim o‘g‘li e-mail: zamonmardonov@gmail.com graduate student of the academy of law enforcement of the republic of uzbekistan, majoring in "investigative activity". toshquvvatov sindor yangiboy o‘g‘li senior teacher of the law enforcement academy of the republic of uzbekistan annotation: the article highlights the current importance of the analysis of the experience of foreign countries in the investigation of crimes in the field of ecology. in the investigation of crimes in the field of ecology, international documents and norms of our national legislation are interpreted. the author analyzed the existing problems and shortcomings in the investigation of crimes in the field of ecology. keywords: criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, crime, punishment, law enforcement agencies, investigative activities, ecology, international normative documents, national legislation. introduction today, at a time when natural resources are decreasing and the environmental situation is worsening, one of the important tasks facing us is to prevent crimes and increase the efficiency of proceedings from the base of the criminal case brought against them to the court. improving the investigation of crimes in the field of ecology, in particular, remains a priority for the science of environmental law. it is worth noting that environmental crimes, compared to other crimes, have serious negative consequences for a whole region, if it is a separate society, a state. in a word, ecological, we can consider the issue of responsibility for crimes literally as a means of saving and protecting humanity. therefore, improving the investigation of crimes in the field of ecology has become the demand of the time today. for example, the fight against environmental crimes is one of the urgent tasks facing our state and the criminal law, which should become a priority area of their activity and rise to the level of state policy. indeed, it is easier and more desirable to preserve and prevent the destruction of nature than to restore it. the republic of uzbekistan ranks fifth in area and third in population among the countries of the commonwealth of independent states. if we take into account that 37 million citizens live in uzbekistan now, it can be said that this number is 3.8 times less than before the second world war. http://www/ mailto:zamonmardonov@gmail.com 243 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in uzbekistan, like all over the world, along with the number of patients, the types of diseases are also increasing. many of these are related to the state of ecology. in our republic, a number of activities on nature protection and rational use of natural land and other resources, which are one of the main problems of our society, are being carried out, and the mass media are widely campaigning on these issues. the biosphere of our planet began to change negatively. we know that with the development of technology and the development of production, the relationship between society and nature becomes more and more intense. that is, as the production develops, its emissions also increase, and their damage to the environment increases, which limits the possibilities of production development. over the past quarter of a century, the environment in uzbekistan has caused some negative aspects in the balance of the economic system. for example, the acute shortage of water resources and their pollution by agricultural communal household industrial waste has led to a decrease in soil fertility and deterioration of the air layer in many cities of uzbekistan. the main part. in order to effectively improve the modern criminal law that regulates criminal responsibility in the field of ecology, it is necessary to constantly monitor and conduct a comparative analysis of the legislation of foreign countries on the protection of the natural environment. from this point of view, the legislative experience of some developed foreign countries is of interest. in particular, the main regulatory and legal documents in the field of environmental protection in france are the laws "on environmental protection", "on waste processing and recovery of materials", "on prevention and punishment of sea pollution in the process of waste disposal". . one of the latest legislative documents adopted in the field of environmental protection is the law "on water" (01.03.1992), which is aimed at protecting water as a component of national wealth. the law "on water" defines a number of articles that are intended to be applied to the offender. according to it, the direct or indirect spillage or discharge of any substance or object into surface, underground or sea waters within the territory of france by any person, even temporarily, with negative consequences for health or for flora and fauna, including a significant alteration of the water supply or if swimming and bathing lead to the restriction of the territory, he shall be sentenced to a fine or imprisonment from two months to two years. only one of these punishments shall be applied to the offender. in addition, the court may issue a decision to restore the water environment of the convict. the competent state that deals with environmental, agricultural, industrial, construction, transport, marine, health, defense issues by identifying and recording violations of the provisions of the law "on water", as well as other legislative documents adopted for the purpose of implementation of this law services; customs officials; employees of the anti-smuggling service; authorized officers of the national hunting committee and the supreme fisheries council; authorized surveyors, engineers and technicians of the french institute for the study of the development of the seas, the masters of seaports and their deputies; officials of the national forestry committee and its institutions; authorized employees of national parks are engaged. forestry employees also have the right to record violations. in addition to punishment for crimes, french law provides incentives for those who cooperate in the field of environmental protection. in particular, he developed a cleaning device and kept it in good condition. the users of nature are financially encouraged accordingly[1]. on september 18, 2000, the french ecological code was adopted. it ranks second after the constitution in the hierarchy of the internal legal system of the state. the french ecological code consists of general and specific parts (975 articles in total). the general part (the first book) defines http://www/ 244 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the principles, purpose, and environmental responsibility of the code. the special part (second-sixth books) regulates the protection of nature, forests, water and air. the first book is general rules and principles, the next four books are devoted to the regulation of relations with the natural environment, flora and fauna, and the sixth book is entirely devoted to the overseas territories of france[2]. in 1978, the european committee on crime problems of the european union recommended the recognition of legal entities as subjects of environmental crimes in the legislation of member states. these recommendations apply in the uk. these recommendations are also valid in several states of the usa. on january 20, 2006, the following recommendations were put forward based on the results of the conference organized by the institute of public and legal affairs of the russian academy of sciences: "the severe state of the natural environment in the russian federation, in addition to the very low number of criminal cases on environmental crimes, requires addressing the problem of criminal responsibility of legal entities. is enough. it should be noted that this liability is recommended by international conventions, and administrative liability of legal entities is regulated by the current code of administrative offenses of the russian federation" [3]. currently, the issue of punishing organizations for environmental violations is positively resolved in the legislation of developed countries such as great britain, ireland, the netherlands, norway, denmark and belgium, while in some eastern european countries (in poland, slovakia since 1996) the mechanism of applying responsibility for organizations is being launched. in some (bulgaria, croatia, lithuania, the czech republic) this issue has become the subject of intense discussion. based on the study of the legal norms of foreign countries on liability for legal entities, as well as the study of judicial practice in this regard, we can distinguish three models for holding legal entities accountable. in the first model (england, france, denmark, finland and spain), the crime of the members of the organization is blamed on the organization. based on it, it is required to determine the individual criminal-legal fault in order to apply responsibility to organizations. in the second model (in the usa, australia, switzerland and the netherlands) responsibility is not directed to any specific person, where collective responsibility takes an important place. according to the third model (sweden and poland), it is not required to prove the guilt of the organization in order to ensure efficiency. it defines the absolute responsibility of organizations, and according to it, the organization itself is a source of danger for the natural environment. therefore, the implementation of the risk imposes responsibility on the organization. article 334 of the spanish penal code criminalizes the killing of endangered species by hunting or fishing, as well as the implementation of other activities that interfere with their reproduction or migration in violation of the laws on forest animals. this norm also prohibits the transportation or trade with these biological species and their remains[4]. article 335 of the spanish penal code provides for the liability for hunting without a permit to hunt species of animals not covered by the above article. article 336 of this code establishes responsibility for using weapons or tools with poisonous, explosive or similar destructive power for hunting or fishing without a legal permit. the spanish criminal code, unlike the uzbek criminal law, defines liability for illegal hunting in a separate article. already in the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, liability for this category of crimes is defined along with other crimes in article 202, which is called violation of the order of use of animal or plant life. there are also significant differences in the sanctions for http://www/ 245 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us crimes. the spanish penal code also provides that only natural persons are held responsible for crimes in the field of environmental protection. in the united states of america, environmental protection and environmental safety issues have been dealt with long ago, and now they have achieved a number of positive results in this regard. in particular, in the usa: 1) the council on nature quality was established under the president of the country, which performs general coordinating tasks; 2) the main task of the environmental protection agency (epa) is to provide direct general supervision over the implementation of environmental legislation and control over pollution. in the united states, the federal bureau of investigation, the department of justice and the department of defense, which performs the police function in the country, are also considered an important link in the system of ensuring environmental security. in particular, the federal bureau of investigation assessed environmental crimes as acts of special importance and introduced special investigative staffs for this field. the us armed forces also have a role in protecting the environment. the armed forces are also involved to help citizens, especially in the case of environmental disasters and natural disasters, and when there is a need to take quick measures in such situations[5]. the peculiarity of the us legislation is that it does not have independent legal documents that provide for the types of liability for various offenses, including environmental acts. this state's legal system is governed by state-level criminal codes. in the field of nature protection legislation, penalties in the form of fines and/or imprisonment are used for serious offences. it is noted that long term fines (especially if their amount is large) serve as a strong incentive factor and eventually prevent the commission of offenses. however, experience shows that even multi-million fines cannot have a significant impact on the stability of a very large amount of commerce. in such a case, imprisonment as an alternative punishment not only fulfills the educational function more effectively, but also prevents the environmentally polluting entrepreneur from covering the environmental costs by setting an additional price for the products. in the us, the institution of liability of legal entities applies. in particular, section 20 of the penal code of the state of new york defines "criminal liability of corporations". for example, article 20 of this paragraph, known as "responsibility for violation and participation", directly establishes that the actions of the corporation constitute a felony as provided for in sections 71-2721 of the environmental protection act. for the violation that caused material damage, civil-legal liability measures are applied in court, a fine is imposed, and environmental damage is compensated. civil penalties levied by court order are administrative penalties in us case law. civil fines do not release the guilty person from the obligation to compensate for the damage caused. the peculiarity of the institution of pecuniary responsibility in the united states is that pecuniary responsibility acquires a strict, joint conflicting character. on the basis of this complex concept, the owner of the organization is covered not only by his own fault, but also by his own responsibility for causing damage without fault. in other words, the current owner is also responsible for the harmful consequences caused by actions of the previous owner of the corporation, institution and organization that were legal at that time. therefore, the owner of the organization (land plot) at the time of detection of the offense is held financially responsible. the owner of the land area where the pile of hazardous waste is located is obliged to compensate the environmental damage, even if the damage was caused by the tenant of the land area or its previous owner. a person held financially responsible has the right to initiate legal proceedings against another guilty party on his own initiative. in this example, strict measures are defined due to the http://www/ 246 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us difficulty or impossibility of identifying all the culprits and the degree of guilt of each person (zero, the heap of abandoned waste is used by a very wide range of people). although south korea's criminal code does not have a separate chapter on environmental crimes, it provides chapters "crimes related to water pressure and water disposal" and "crimes related to drinking water" (chapters xiv and xvi), in which the legislature comprehensively protects against various illegal encroachments on water. tried to ensure. the peculiarity of these norms is that they prescribe severe punishments for these crimes. in particular, the sanction of article 193 of the criminal code of south korea entitled "making it difficult to use the water supply system" provides for a penalty of one to ten years of hard labor for persons who pollute the clean water delivered through the water supply system for drinking purposes or who make the water unfit for consumption by polluting the water supply. [6]. criminal code of the democratic people's republic of korea section 3 is called "crimes against state land management" and it defines liability for water pollution, violation of river and spring protection rules, illegal hunting of aquatic fauna resources and similar acts. article 88 of the criminal code of this country for hunting useful fish, water and plant resources, without a special permit, by illegal means, in a prohibited area or in a prohibited season, article 89 for throwing harmful substances into a river or land area (such an act if it causes damage to knowledge resources, agricultural production, or if it causes serious floods for the livelihood of citizens), article 91 provides criminal responsibility for breaking dams or their devices, cutting forest protection strips of rivers and basins. the criminal code of the people's republic of china includes crimes such as illegal hunting of aquatic products, pollution of water, land, and atmosphere. in particular, article 340 of the criminal code of the people's republic of china stipulates criminal liability for illegal fishing of aquatic products in areas where fishing is prohibited, during a prohibited season, or with prohibited means[7]. article 338 of the criminal code of the people's republic of china, if a serious environmental disaster occurs as a result of the illegal placement, storage, or release of radioactive pollutants, which are the source of infectious diseases, toxic or hazardous waste, into the land, water, or atmosphere, causing serious damage to state or private property, or human life or health. if it causes damage, the origin of liability is defined. conclusions and suggestions: in conclusion, it can be said that the common causes of environmental crimes lie in the conflict between nature and human relations. these contradictions are between man and nature, which is a part of nature; between the possibilities of using the natural environment and the social needs of society and the state; are contradictions between society, social group, and individual, who are the subjects of independent use of nature and its protection. these contradictions are complex social processes that create stable conditions for the violation of environmental rights and, in many cases, the commission of environmental crimes in the conditions of unfavorable economic development. also, environmental crimes are often committed for specific reasons that can be determined through qualitative analysis. proposal 1: when the crime scene in the field of ecology covers a large area of land, it will be quite difficult to carry out "scene inspection" in this area. in this case, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles should be put into practice in order to facilitate the investigation of the scene of the accident. 2-proposal: criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan http://www/ 247 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us how to measure the damage provided under article 198, whether the certificate given by the expert will be used as evidence, what should be done for it to be physical evidence? in this case, the reference given by the expert is physical evidence, but now, in order to further improve this situation, it would be appropriate if the experts give a conclusion, not a reference or a document. this norm would also be suitable for the norm of admissibility of evidence. list of references: 1. меныших а.а охрана окружаюшей среды во франции. уголовного – правовые аспекты // журнал российского права – 2000. – № 10. – с. 149. 2. кромакеп п.о чудо-кодексе франции // экологическое право. – 2002. – №5. 39-40 3. 10 лет ук рф: достоинство и недостатки // государство и право – 2006. – № 9. – с. 113 4. уголовниый кодекс испании. –м. 1998. – с. 108 5. лапуна м.а опыт деятельности зарубежыних правоохранительных органов по обеспечению экологической безапасности // экологическое право. – 2000, № 1, с, 33– 34 6. уголовный кодекс республик корея / науч. ред. и предисл. а.н. коробоева: пер. с кореского в.в верхоляка. – спб. 2004 – с. 148, 7. уголовный кодекс китайской народной республики. – спб. 2001, с.227 http://www/ 208 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 status of external and internal labor migration in uzbekistan salimov sherzod yunusovich phd, tashkent international university of financial management and technologies abstract: in recent years, uzbekistan has been paying serious attention to creating new jobs and ensuring the stability of existing jobs in order to increase employment and economic activity. the main focus is on reducing unemployment, ensuring the employment of graduates of educational institutions entering the labor market for the first time, increasing the employment of vulnerable groups, in particular, women, people with disabilities, convicts, victims of human trafficking, external migration and others. in this regard, the normative legal acts adopted in recent years define a number of important tasks facing the ministry of employment and labor relations of the republic of uzbekistan. keywords: uzbekistan, migration, migrants, employment, women, human trafficking, law, decision, worker, unemployment, attitude. introduction in recent years, modern approaches to solving the problem of migration in developed countries, with special emphasis on the substantiation of the leading trends in the phenomenon of migration. today, the world's leading research centers have established centers specializing in the study of the impact of international migration on the political and social stability of society and the experience of international and foreign countries in this area. uzbekistan pays special attention to effective migration policy, improvement of conditions related to external migration processes, and a number of targeted measures are being taken[1,70]. this will help in the main areas of activity of diplomatic missions in the field of work with migrant workers today, in the implementation of measures to ensure the personal safety and social protection of citizens of uzbekistan abroad. the main part joining many norms of international law, uzbekistan pays great attention to the protection of human rights, including the rights of migrant workers. in order to further improve the system of external labor migration, radically expand its organizational forms, ensure the protection of labor and social rights of citizens leaving the country to work, adopt a number of regulations to expand the involvement of returning migrant workers in entrepreneurship and labor was made. in particular, the resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated july 5, 2018 no 3839 "on additional measures to further improve the system of external labor migration of the republic of uzbekistan" defines the main directions of regulation of external labor migration [2,552]. according to this decision, from september 1, 2018, legal entities registered in the republic of uzbekistan will have the following rights: employment of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan abroad on the basis of a license issued by the ministry of employment and labor relations of the republic of uzbekistan; accreditation in the ministry of employment and labor relations of the republic of uzbekistan, activities to certify the professional qualifications 209 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan going to work abroad, including the acquisition of professional skills and knowledge of foreign languages. at the same time, in order to improve the registration of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan going abroad for work and to conduct research to assess the socio-economic impact of labor migration on society, the cabinet of ministers on may 15, 2007 resolution no. 97 "on improving the registration of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan"[3,197]. according to paragraph 4 of the resolution, the ministry of employment and labor relations will conduct an in-depth special sociological study of labor migration of citizens of uzbekistan. today, in the era of international relations, the world's leading research centers have established centers specializing in the impact of international migration on the political and social stability of society and the experience of international and foreign countries in this area. in particular, research on migration processes is currently being conducted by international organizations such as the center to migration studies of new york (cms) and the global migration center (gmc). many economists around the world have been working on labor migration. in particular, m. bassand, n.n. abakumova, v.v. adamchuk, n.a. volgin, b.m. genkin, p.v. juravlev, s.a. kartashev, m.g. kolosnitsyna, n.m. kuzmina, i.i. kulintsev, y.g. odegov, v.a. pavlenkov, g.g. rudenko, a.i. rofe, s.y. roshchin, b.l. tokarskiy, g.s. toniyants and others have focused their research on labor migration issues. the basic concepts of immigration, emigration, reemigration, “remnants of migration” used in the study of international migration problems were proposed by nikolaeva[4,62]. the main types of external labor migration of the population have been studied by professor v.a. iontsev in terms of classification of factors and forms of impact on the country of origin and the country of entry[5,78]. on the scale of the republic of uzbekistan can be mentioned the names of r.a. ubaydullaeva, k.h. abdurahmanov, l.p. maksakova, f.u. mamarasulov, d.n. rahimova, z.y. khudoiberdiev and others. according to the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 12, 2003 "on measures to improve the organization of labor activity of citizens of the republic of uzbekistan abroad" tashkent, fergana, nukus, bukhara and karshi regional employment bureaus. implementation of the action strategy of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 "on the strategy for further development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021" january 17, 2019 "on the five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2017-2021" decree of the government of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 24, 2017 "on measures to further improve and increase the effectiveness of state policy in the field of employment", march 5, 2019 "on the state order of employment and creation of new jobs in 2019" , july 14, 2018 "on measures to improve and increase the efficiency of work to ensure employment." adoption of well-developed legal and regulatory documents by the government will play an important role in achieving results in the implementation of work in this area and the emergence of positive developments. as a result of effective results in this area, we will be able to achieve great results in the future, making a significant contribution to the economic growth and development of the country. globalization is helping to increase human mobility and the migration process in the world. at the same time, population migration is becoming an important factor in economic and social development for developing countries. at the present stage, no country has been left out of migration relations, albeit to one degree or another. the labor force between countries unites the national labor market of international migration into a single market. with the development of globalization, the flow of migration is also accelerating, and a comprehensive solution to this problem is becoming a requirement of the times. 210 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the international organization for migration (iom), the total number of international migrants worldwide is about 272 million, two-thirds of whom are labor migrants. it was noted that labor migration plays an important role in world economic relations. according to the data, informal labor migration is increasing worldwide. such workers are socially and legally unprotected, and in most cases highly skilled professionals have to work as ordinary workers and in some cases are paid several times lower than local workers. in case of disclosure of such illegal activity, the employer and the employee will be subject to large fines, which has become a global problem. it should be noted that according to the data, migrant workers who do not require higher education and training are sent to construction work. among migrant workers, there are also those who give up a relatively high level of employment and return before the end of the contract period, which is due to the severity of working conditions. as a result, there is an increase in the share of highly qualified specialists among them. a number of practical works are being organized in uzbekistan to study both theoretical and practical aspects of international migration, migrants' rights, and illegal migration from a scientific point of view. the transformation of the republic as an independent state into an equal member of the world community, a bold step towards building a democratic state governed by the rule of law and a free civil society is a huge socio-historical process. the historical path traversed by the population during the years of independence, the great achievements and milestones achieved, their essence and significance are incomparable. these achievements have been made possible by the prudent policy pursued under the leadership of the first president islam karimov and the selfless work of the working people to strengthen independence. an important component of the ongoing reforms in the country is the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to work, and large-scale work is being carried out in this area within the basic principles of state policy. one of the key factors in the development of any state is the creation of jobs, employment and thus increase the welfare of the population. the country is paying serious attention to this topical issue on the basis of a programmatic approach and is taking targeted measures. its purpose is to implement comprehensive and interrelated measures on employment through the mobilization of the potential of the regions and sectors of the economy, to promote the development of effective forms of employment, taking into account demographic and labor market factors. as the world economy develops and interstate integration ties intensify, so does labor migration. the steady widening of the gap between developed and economically backward countries also has a strong impact on accelerating these processes[6,224]. because labor migration is a special type of migration at the current stage of development of human society, aimed at finding decent work and high incomes, it has become one of the main tools to address the acute problems of employment and wages in less developed countries with difficult economies. naturally, uzbekistan, which has achieved political independence, but is faced with the need to address the serious problems of the legacy of the past in socio-economic development, has not been able to stay out of the phenomenon of the twentieth century labor migration. radical changes in uzbekistan's transition to a market economy have had a profound effect on labor relations in the first place. as a result, in the process of economic reforms, the phenomenon of unemployment, which is inherent in the economic system based on market relations, is an integral part and a constant companion. as a result of objective processes in the economy, thousands and millions of people lost their jobs and lost their source of income. the system of vocational education in the newly independent republic has not yet adapted to the system of training and retraining of qualified specialists, given the real needs of the rapidly emerging market in the country. as a result, there was a sharp structural imbalance between labor supplyand demand in the labor market, and market relations deepened as they were established. 211 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us all this became a real tragedy for hired workers, whose wages were the sole source of family income, forcing them to find a way out of the crisis, to provide for the family. indeed, at the time of uzbekistan's independence, agriculture was one of the leading sectors of the national economy, with 1/3 of the population employed in socially useful work, and now it has dropped to 26 percent. considering that the labor force in the rural population increased 1.6 times during this period, we can see that the gap between the supply and demand for labor in the labor market in rural areas has deepened, and we can be sure that rising unemployment is a natural process. in general, the declining number of people employed in agriculture and the decline in the share of the population employed in the total economy are typical of global trends in the world economy, and in our view, these processes will inevitably accelerate in uzbekistan. the fact that in the economically developed western countries this figure is around 3-5 percent, and in germany less than 2 percent is a clear proof of our opinion. this means that a western farmer provides 20-33 people, a german farmer 50 people, and an uzbek farmer only 4 people. in the future, as a result of improving the financial situation of farms, the material and technical base of agriculture will develop and the process of reducing employment will accelerate, and under the influence of this factor, the situation in the labor market will worsen. conclusion in short, first of all, the problem of labor migrants should be considered as one of the most important, central issues of socio-economic development of uzbekistan in terms of present and future. this issue should be in the constant focus of state leaders, public organizations, scientists, the general public and self-government bodies. in this regard, i believe that a strategy and "road map" of actions aimed at the export of labor of our country should be developed and gradually implemented in practice. according to the analysis, the intensification of external labor migration in uzbekistan is a matter of time, which is natural in a healthy economy, which provides a large balance in the labor market. references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-4947 of february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan" // collection of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, 2017, no. 6, article 70. 2. collection of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, july 9, 2018, no. 27, article 552. 3. collection of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, 2007, no. 19-20, article 197. 4. iontsev v.a. international population migration: theory and history of study. m., 2005. p. 62. 5. abdurahmonov q.x. labor economics. textbook. toshkent, 2009. p. 78. 6. muydinov d.n. the impact of migration processes on the stability of europe (in germany’s case) // international journal of political science and development. issn: 2360-784. x volume, 06 issue 07 october 2018. p 219-224. 55 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 turkish ceramic vase: timeless beauty kuzgumbayeva zhazira serikovna expert of the services for recording and storing museum valuables presidential center of the republic of kazakhstan abstract: this study explores the cultural and artistic significance of turkish ceramic vases, focusing on diplomatic gifts presented to kazakhstan. addressing a knowledge gap in the comparative analysis of iznik and kutahya ceramic traditions, the research examines three vases from the presidential center of the republic of kazakhstan's museum collection. employing qualitative methods, including artifact analysis and historical context evaluation, the study highlights the evolution of turkish ceramic techniques and motifs. findings reveal the interplay of tradition and innovation in kutahya ceramics, marked by intricate plant patterns and symbolic designs. the results underscore the vases' dual role as artistic masterpieces and cultural diplomacy tools, enhancing cross-cultural understanding. these insights contribute to the broader discourse on material culture's role in international relations. keywords: turkish ceramic techniques, patterns, historical dishes, cultural cooperation, ceramic vase. introduction the republic of turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the independence of kazakhstan. turkey and kazakhstan are two fraternal countries that are linked by strong ties based on common history, language, religion and culture. relations between our countries and peoples, based on common history and spiritual heritage, continue to actively develop. in the year of the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between our countries, on may 10, 2022, the president of kazakhstan k.k. tokayev made a state visit to turkey. following the talks, the president of the republic of kazakhstan kassym-jomart tokayev and the president of the republic of turkey recep tayyip erdogan signed a joint statement on enhanced strategic partnership, which demonstrates the further strengthening of friendly relations between our countries. november 11, 2024, during a working visit to the capital of azerbaijan, baku, at a meeting with the heads of state, k.k. tokayev noted: “our fraternal relations are developing dynamically, a constructive dialogue has been established at the political level, and interaction between the governments of the two countries is strengthening. turkey is one of the five largest trading partners of kazakhstan…” [1]. the history of diplomatic relations of the republic of kazakhstan, its cultural and economic cooperation over many years is presented in the museum collection of the presidential center of the republic of kazakhstan. the museum collection consists of unique gifts presented to the president of the republic of kazakhstan by heads of state and government of different countries, from official http://www/ 56 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us delegations from all over the world. the exhibits testify to the diverse political activities of the president of the republic of kazakhstan and are a reflection of the fruitful mutually beneficial cooperation of kazakhstan with the countries of the world community. today, kazakhstan occupies a strategically important space, connecting europe and asia. diplomatic relations with other countries are called upon to promote the development of friendly relations and the maintenance of international peace and security. the establishment of diplomatic relations with other states occurs as a result of negotiations between representatives of interested states directly or through diplomatic representatives of third countries and is formalized in the form of an exchange of messages, telegrams, letters, notes between heads of state and government, ministers of foreign affairs or specially authorized persons. during official and state visits, high-ranking guests present a wide variety of gifts as a sign of respect and recognition of the international authority of our country. the museum of the presidential center of the republic of kazakhstan presents diplomatic gifts from official delegations of turkey, korea, the uae, germany, italy, mongolia, the cis countries, etc. the storage facilities contain unique exhibits that allow us to present all the richness and diversity of the material and spiritual culture of mankind, made from various materials, in various techniques and styles. the collection of tableware in the museum collection of the presidential center contains a small but very interesting thematic group of vases presented as diplomatic gifts from the turkish republic. in this regard, it was used for scientific research work. three decorative vases were selected kutahya school of production. turkish ceramic vases are known for their quality, beauty and durability. this turkish vase ( inventory number ponk 5784) was made by the masters of kütahya . white ceramic vase of classical shape with six sides height 23 cm and a diameter of 13 cm is painted in the style of the kutahian masters small red flowers with green stems, and a blue pattern is applied on a blue background. the vase was presented as a gift to the president of kazakhstan kassym-jomart tokayev on may 10, 2022 during the state visit to turkey at the invitation of the president of turkey recep tayyipa erdogan [2]. you can never have too many vases. an elegant vase alone attracts attention, and if there are several of them, and they are matched by style, then it is simply magnificent. almost every home has a vase, which is used to store fresh cut flowers, dried flowers, etc. to support plants, vases come in different sizes. the body and stem can be bulbous, flat, teardrop -shaped, or have another shape. http://www/ 57 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the presented flower vase (inventory number tpm 121) is a floor vase, representing an interesting example of unusual decoration. the vase is 72.3 cm high , was donated by the mayor of ankara in 2021. kutah craftsmen gave the body a teardrop shape, where the bottom is massive and convex with a soft transition to a narrowed neck with wavy edges. after firing, each product goes to the next stage of production painting. it is typical for turkish ceramics to paint vases with colorful rich motifs of plant patterns in the form of carnations (meaning endless love), tulips, lotuses, and peonies. tulip (in turkish " lale ") in arabic script means an anagram of allah and therefore was considered sacred by the ottomans. in muslim countries, there is a religious ban on images of people and animals. initially, the ceramic painting patterns were in the seljuk style in blue and white colors. today's flowering of ceramic art is the result of evolution, a gradual development with the addition of other colors. the following ceramic piece with a removable lid (inventory number tpm 226/1-2 ) amazes with the richness of its shapes, size and gold painting . the shape is similar to a popular ceramic vessel from the chinese ming dynasty – a ginger vase. ginger vases owe their name to the export of spices, as well as the fact that they were used to store oils, salt and herbs. this vase is recognizable, as it resembles an onion with a wide neck and a domed lid. turkish ceramic masters continue to create new designs, while traditional turkish ceramics always remain a priority. the plant ornament is stylized leaves, flowers and branches in gold color. this allows the vase to be distinguished as a luxurious option for decorating any room. , modern turkish vases are not inferior in quality to ancient samples. craftsmen constantly recreate the preserved ceramic technologies and bring new details to the products. asia minor region, where influence of byzantine, persian and islamic cultures. the art of ceramics was particularly developed in the ottoman empire, starting from the 15th century, in the city of iznik, which was very close in quality and aesthetics to the ceramics of china. in the 18th century, the production of ceramics in iznik declined. however, southeast of istanbul, ceramic production flourished, and the city of kutahya became the center of ceramic production. ottoman traveler and historian evliya in his description of the city, which he visited in 16691670, çelebi noted: “in kütahya there are only thirty-four craft quarters, among which is the potters’ http://www/ 58 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us quarter... the dishes and bowls, drinking vessels that they make, are used not only in this city.” [3]. the process of creating ceramic products includes several stages. the first stage is the preparation of the base, where high-quality clay is used, which is molded by hand or on a potter's wheel. then, after drying , the product is fired at a low temperature to harden. a layer of white engobe (liquid clay) is applied to the surface, which is polished after drying, creating a perfectly smooth surface for painting. underglaze painting is done with special mineral pigments that are applied directly to the lightly fired product. the design is painted with black or dark blue pigment using a thin brush and after the outline dries, the internal areas of the pattern are filled. for glazing the surface of the product is covered with a transparent leadpuddle glaze, which gives the vase a shine and protects the painting. during the final firing , the product is placed in a kiln at a temperature of about 900–1000°c, which fixes the paints and glaze, making them durable and saturated [4] . pottery from kutahya has its differences from iznik , first of all in the motifs and painting technique. it has a lower quartz content, respectively , with a higher clay content. the masters imitated the traditional iznik painting motifs, but used a wider palette of colors, mainly blue, red, yellow, purple and green, as well as black and brown for the outline. one of the technological innovations in the kutahia production is ceramics with a thin and hard white body, and yellow in the underglaze painting. new types of original ouch utensils: cups and saucers, coffee pots, small decanters, as well as plates, bottles, jugs. the painting uses engobe coating, polychrome decorations with small flowers, curved stems, trefoils and inscriptions. the technique of painting turkish vases is based on the rich traditions of ceramic art, first of all, iznik and kutahya schools. currently, in kutahya, ceramic masters are returning to traditional handcrafts. today, in kutahya has about 172 workshops. turkish ceramic art continues to live, trying not only to preserve the traditions created by previous masters, but also to introduce the trends of the new era into its products. thus, the kutahya technique combines refined craftsmanship, deep understanding of traditions and attention to detail, which makes turkish vases an original creation. traditional turkish motifs plant patterns and calligraphic inscriptions turn each vase into a unique work of art, reflecting the centuries-old cultural heritage of turkey. conclusion the study of turkish ceramic vases within the presidential center of the republic of kazakhstan reveals their significant cultural, artistic, and diplomatic value. key findings underscore the refined craftsmanship of the kutahya school, characterized by intricate plant motifs, symbolic decorations, and the integration of traditional techniques with contemporary innovations. these vases serve as tangible representations of turkey's rich ceramic heritage and its role in fostering diplomatic relations. the implications extend to recognizing material culture as a potent medium of cultural diplomacy, enhancing mutual understanding among nations. future research could delve deeper into comparative analyses of regional ceramic traditions, exploring their socio-political contexts and evolving influence on modern craftsmanship and international cultural exchange. references 1. tokayev and erdogan agreed on mutual support / [ electronic resource ] // access mode: https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/tokaev-i-erdogan-dogovorilis-o-vzaimnoy-podderjke553786/ 2. kassym-jomart tokayev arrived in turkey on a state visit 3. / [ electronic resource ] // access mode: https://kz.kursiv.media/2022-05-10/kasym-zhomarttokaev-pribyl-v-turciju-s-gosudarstvennym-vizitom/ http://www/ 59 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. yu.a. miller. artistic ceramics of turkey. chapter v. l., "aurora". 1972, //http://okeramike.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000012/st004.shtml 5. kullanda m.v. turkish ceramics of the 16th-20th centuries in the collection of the state museum of the east. moscow. 2020 // 6. https://library.orientmuseum.ru/images/pdf/turkpottery_2020.pdf 7. hendy et al., "ancient proteins from ceramic vessels at çatalhöyük west reveal the hidden cuisine of early farmers," nature communications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2018. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06335-6. 8. e. gökçe, "iznik ceramics: history and present-day," athens journal of humanities & arts, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 225-242, 2018. doi: 10.30958/ajha.5.2.5. 9. t. sipahi, "new evidence from anatolia regarding bull-leaping scenes in the art of the aegean and the near east," anatolica, vol. 27, pp. 107-125, 2020. doi: 10.2143/ana.27.0.2015517. 10. t. yıldırım, "music in hüseyindede/yörüklü: some new musical scenes on the second hittite relief vase," anadolu araştırmaları / jahrbuch für kleinasiatische forschung, vol. 16, pp. 591600, 2019. doi: 10.1501/andl_0000000405. 11. p. taracha, "bull-leaping on a hittite vase: new light on anatolian and minoan religion," archeologia, vol. 53, pp. 7-20, 2019. doi: 10.23858/pa53.2019.001. 12. j. seeher, "the plateau: the hittites," in the oxford handbook of ancient anatolia: (10,000– 323 bce), s. r. steadman and g. mcmahon, eds. oxford university press, 2019, pp. 376-392. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.18. 13. m. v. kullanda, "turkish ceramics of the 16th-20th centuries in the collection of the state museum of the east," state museum of the east, moscow, 2020. doi: 10.25696/elitera.tc1620. 14. y. a. miller, "artistic ceramics of turkey," aurora, 2019. doi: 10.25696/elitera.act.2019. 15. t. yıldırım, "new scenes on the second relief vase from hüseyindede," studi micenei ed egeo anatolici, vol. 5, pp. 837-850, 2019. doi: 10.1400/228857. 16. e. gökçe, "traditional crafts: a lesson from turkish ceramics," smithsonian folklife festival, 2019. doi: 10.5479/si.folklife.2019.16. 17. t. sipahi and t. yıldırım, "yörüklü/hüseyindede: a new hittite settlement in the southwest of çorum," istanbuler mitteilungen, vol. 50, pp. 43-62, 2019. doi: 10.34780/itbmit.2019.50. 18. t. sipahi, "an early hittite relief vase from hüseyindede tepesi," istanbuler mitteilungen, vol. 50, pp. 63-85, 2019. doi: 10.34780/itbmit.2019.51. 19. t. sipahi, "new evidence from anatolia regarding bull-leaping scenes," anatolica, vol. 27, pp. 107-125, 2019. doi: 10.2143/ana.27.0.2015517. 20. t. yıldırım, "hüseyindede tepesinde bulunan yeni bir kült vazosu," in proceedings of the 5th international congress of hittitology, çorum, 2019, pp. 761-774. doi: 10.1501/hititoloji_0000000405. 21. p. taracha, "bull-leaping on a hittite vase," archeologia, vol. 53, pp. 7-20, 2019. doi: 10.23858/pa53.2019.001. http://www/ 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methodological fundamentals of the art of music akhmedov mukhtarali askarovich teacher of namangan state university annotation: in this article, the history of the development of musical art and its theoretical and methodological foundations are discussed, as well as the processes of forming the psychological effects of modern music on the minds of young people. musical approaches to the history of the development of aleatoric flow music and sonorica techniques, modern music and art, and its theoretical foundations will be discussed. keywords: aleatorics, sonorics, therapy, baroque, dodecophonism, classicism. introduction. the development of music culture and performance art is linked to ancient times [1]. if we refer to historical sources, we can see that our musical culture is connected with a long history [2]. 1. medieval music; 2. renaissance music; 3. baroque music; 4. musical classicism; 5. musical romanticism; 6. musical post-romanticism; 7. musical impressionism; 8. dodecaphonism; 9. modern music and others. music can be classified in many ways, depending on its form, instruments, function, origin or style, and context. the most general classification available is academic music, which distinguishes it from popular music. both have vocal and instrumental expressions[3]. research materials and methodology. today, the distinction between academic music and popular music is complicated, as many genres of popular music have been influenced by academic trends and vice versa. in fact, today popular music has become part of the educational programs of the academies and is highly recognized by the elite. academic music corresponds to what is created from a musical text. a sheet music follows a set of compositional and stylistic rules defined in the academy. also, if we pay attention to musical signs and their meaning, music can be classified as follows:  choral music (monodic song and polyphony);  chamber music (from two instruments); orchestral music; electronic music. according to them, the function is classified into the following genres: 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. sacred music: refers to those who perform a function within a particular religion. 2. liturgical music (strictly for mass); 3. religious music (intended to promote devotional activity or faith outside of the liturgical context). 4. dramatic music: these are musical genres performed for stage performances that combine elements such as performance and dance. 5. opera; 6. opera buffet; 7. singspiel; 8. operetta; 9. oratorio (can also be classified as sacred music); music for ballet, etc. 10. incidental music: this is music created to accompany the various atmospheres created in the piece. it contains music for theater, video games, and audiovisual productions (film and television).[4] 1. music for meditation and entertainment:  concerts (for orchestra or solo instruments);  concert arias (for the singer to show off);  lead or song;  dance and quadrille;  minuet;  sonatas;  symphonies. the dominant historical context, music can be classified as: medieval music;  renaissance music;  baroque music;  musical classicism;  musical romanticism;  musical post-romanticism;  musical impressionism;  dodecaphonism;  contemporary music and more. [5] popular music is something that responds to the expression of popular music independently of the academic regulation of individuals. the style of popular music corresponds to the world of functions, references and dominant aesthetic values in a certain socio-cultural environment in which a person is included. popular music is characterized by short duration and catchy rhythms. when it is sung, it is accompanied by the use of reins that are easily memorized. also, many of its genres offer great room for improvisation, such as jazz or salsa. research results. by its very nature, popular music is usually easily accepted and assimilated by different cultures, so it is not necessarily associated with a particular nation or people, but is extended as a standard. since its inception, it has allowed for the widespread commercialization 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the cultural industry, for which it takes a leading place in mass media such as radio and television. there are many popular music genres. for example: bolero, bossa nova, son, salsa, merengue, chant, ballad, rock-roll and its aspects, jazz, pop music, etc. folk music. traditional or folk music is closely related to popular music, but they should not be considered equivalent terms. folk music expresses the customs and traditions of a specific people, which are passed down from generation to generation as their values and identity. being rooted in tradition, folk music fulfills five elements: 1. it is collective; 2. it is based on repetition (tradition), but supports innovation; 3. it collects a set of local, regional, national or international influences; 4. it is functional, that is, related to certain holidays and events; 5. it depends on the change of function according to the historical context. music therapy.music therapy is a relatively recent discipline that envisions music as a therapeutic tool for certain types of emotional, psychological, and affective processes in humans. music can be used as therapy because, through an intervention plan guided by a specialist, it allows the release of emotions to improve their communication, social integration and individual expression. based on the history of development in the art of music, modernity is one of the main formative factors in every field, from science to art, from sports to literature, which is important for the present day. psychological effects and characteristics of the flow of aleatorics in music. 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us music is not only something we listen to, but also a pain reliever, stress reliever, selfunderstanding, and communication barrier. in medicine, there is a special direction called music therapy. it is used as a psychotherapy, as well as to help seriously ill patients. [6] for example, one study looked at the effects of music therapy on hospice cancer patients. they took part in improvised musical performances gathered in groups and played various musical instruments. according to the results of the experiment, its participants admitted that the therapy gave them many psychological bonuses: they felt the use of friends, joy and self-confidence, as well as relaxation and release of stress. [7] another interesting method of music therapy is writing songs. some psychotherapists use this method in working with participants. if a person cannot express his feelings in words, music will help him: it will help him tell his story, experience deep emotions, make important decisions, understand himself better, and reach his worth. this is the only way to achieve spiritual maturity and a rich cultural and spiritual heritage.[8] discussion. according to scientists, the impact of modern music on the mind of young people is that aleatoric music is a good way to help oneself and raise the mood. when you choose a type of music, you (often without knowing it) ask yourself the following questions: “how do i feel?”, “how do i want to feel five minutes from now?” , “what kind of music can help me feel better?” interestingly, when choosing music, you focus not on the content of the song, but on your own associations that you can get from this composition, with free temporal parts that have an absolutely free duration that is not clearly defined in the author's text. in conclusion. it should be said that the history of the development of the art of music and its theoretical methodological foundations are the psychological influence of the flow of aleatorics and the technique of sonorics in the formation of the human mind. favorite music can even reduce pain. in one experiment, scientists examined the effects of listening to music on the ability to tolerate unpleasant sensations and pain. they invited 54 people to their experiment. the participants had to pass the test with cold water. in particular, they had to hold their hands in cold water until they felt severe pain. each participant has to pass the test 3 times: in the first, they listen to their favorite songs during the process, in the second, they listen to special relaxation music selected by scientists, and in the third, they listen to loud noise. it turned out that people can endure pain more than anything else after listening to suygan's song. conclusion. that's why many people put on their favorite tracks while running or working out in the gym a relaxing soundtrack can actually increase endurance increase tolerance and subjectively reduce pain. playing music helps people with various intellectual and mental disabilities to better adapt and integrate into society. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. pirimqul qodirov “ma‟naviyat modernism va absurd. –t: 2004. 34 b. 2. u.hamdamov “badiiy tafakkur tadriji”. –t: 2002. 28 b. 3. abdulhay karimov tursinovich, & alijon ergashev abdullayevich. (2022). milliy-an‟anaviy musiqiy cholg„u sozlarining tasnifi. archive of conferences, 245 248. retrieved from https://conferencepublication. com/index.php/aoc/article/view/2096. 4. m. getrad. maghreb classical music. paris (in french). 1980. p. 27 5. felshtinsky. history of arabic literature v-x century. m.; 1985, p.i04. 6. boymirzaev h. “methodology of learning music”. t.: “teacher” publishing house, 1995 . p.46. 7. мирхакимова, ф. (2023). музей как один из очагов культуры. общественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 2(14), 9–11. извлечено от https://www.inacademy.uz/index.php/zdif/article/view/24049 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 legal socialization as a basis for the development of the legal society kudrat ibragimov, senior lecturer of tashkent state university of law abstract: the article examines the role, place and significance of legal socialization in the development of society. the article aims to highlight the theory and doctrine of socialization, the stages and levels of legal socialization, the stages of adaptation and internalization in the process of socialization of the individual, the object and subject of legal socialization. keywords: society, socialization, legal socialization, adaptation, internalization, personality, skill, agent, upbringing introduction we know that interdependence and balance between social relations and social forces are important in the development of any society. this process is reflected in the public consciousness and social life. the rapid changes occurring today in social life have a huge impact on people's public consciousness and worldview. this, in turn, requires forming a new sense of justice and legal culture among people in the context of democratic renewal. president shavkat mirziyoyev said at a solemn ceremony dedicated to the 26th anniversary of the adoption of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan: along with our basic law, citizens are obliged to observe the constitution and laws, respect the rights, freedoms, honor and dignity of others. the formation of legal consciousness and legal culture in society, first of all, is directly related to the educational environment. this indicates that the formation of a legal culture among young people is an urgent problem. [1] the role and place of legal socialization in the formation of the legal culture of young people is enormous. in this regard, it is important to study the topic of legal socialization in-depth, study and analyze its role in the formation of legal culture and the legal worldview of young people in practice. legal socialization is a complex process that takes a long time. the philosophical question posed by the german philosopher i. kant "what can i do?" the answer to the question is solved step by step through the process of legal socialization. any society develops and defends its values in the social system to preserve its identity (economic, political, moral, legal, environmental, etc.). in particular, the individual's assimilation of legal values developed by society is analyzed and studied through legal socialization. [2, p. 332] the wide use of the socialization category in science was reflected in the works of american scientists (d. dollerd, j. colman, w. walter, etc.) in the 40s of the twentieth century. the topic of socialization was studied in detail by sociologists e. durheim, m. weber and later t. parsons. they studied how the process of assimilation of values, rules of conduct, social norms and stereotypes developed by a particular society. he noted that such a process can be spontaneous and purposeful. representatives of the structural-functional approach t. parsons, r. merton tried to highlight the process of socialization through the concept of adaptation. adaptation is the adaptation of a living organism to its environment. such a process later began to be conceived in terms of the adaptation of a person to the social environment, which began to be applied to society. the adaptation of the individual to the socio-economic environment of society in the course of a certain development is analyzed. g.v.osipov emphasizes that it is expedient to study the process of socialization in two stages. in particular, the first stage is social adaptation, http://www/ 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the second stage is social internalization. in this process, social norms and values developed by society meant the formation and assimilation of skills in the inner world of a person. g. according to m. andreeva, in the process of socialization of the individual, both the subject and the object are simultaneously manifested, which indicates that the person has not only a passive, but also an active position. [3, p. 241] main part thus, legal socialization is a process of entering into legal relations through the assimilation of legal values and experiences developed by society. the purpose of legal socialization is to develop in people the position of an adequate and harmonious attitude to the rule of law, the formation of a culture of respect for the law among members of society. [4, p. 54] legal socialization occupies a central and central place among other areas of socialization. in a market economy, preparing people for independent living becomes the most expensive and time-consuming process. the process of socialization can be analyzed and studied both individually and from the point of view of society. when studying the process of socialization from the point of view of society, the role and place of agents and institutions of socialization in the formation of an individual as an individual is of great importance. these agents and institutions are factors that play a guiding, motivating and limiting function in the process of forming people as individuals. the agents of socialization are the family, school, peers and the media. socialization institutions are organizations that can influence and direct the process of socialization. the process of legal socialization is divided into primary and secondary stages. primary socialization is the process of early socialization that occurs during childhood and adolescence. during this period, moral and psychophysiological social qualities are mastered. secondary socialization corresponds to the period of personality formation as a person. people begin to participate in the process of socialization at the age of 12-17 as a subject of legal socialization. this period applies to students of middle and high school, as well as secondary special educational institutions. juvenalists assert that during this period, individuals reach maturity and play a crucial role in their legal socialization process. during this period, young people are dominated by psychological and physiological characteristics, which is the stage of preparation for entry into public life. on the other hand, this is a period of adaptation of one's internal culture and a set of internal requirements to the needs of society. the social significance of youth is associated with the peculiarities of the process of socialization. during this process, they develop a sense of identity, formed through the assimilation of social consciousness and values, produced by society. such a situation will be the main determinant of the boundaries of the social movement in the subsequent period of personality development, as well as in the regular social environment. it is possible to purposefully and spontaneously influence the formation of a person as a person in mastering legal values and developing legal skills developed by society. in the process of legal socialization, the main task of purposeful influence on the formation of a person as a person is the formation of a legal entity in society. in this process, social and legal institutions play a decisive role as a means of targeting and guiding the behavior and behavior of the individual. in the process of legal socialization, the formation of social and legal skills of spontaneous influence on the formation of a person as a legal entity is carried out automatically in direct contact with the social environment. in the process of spontaneous legal socialization, there is a process of direct exchange of skills, activities created by people in the field of legal culture. this process occurs without the participation of a purposeful and directed mechanism of socialization. this situation occurs at the level of the microenvironment and leads to the formation of negative habits of behavior and behavior of the individual. as a result, deviant behavior in the norms of individual behavior and behavior may occur. deviant behavior it is understood that the norms of behavior of a particular individual do not correspond to generally accepted norms of behavior. the process of individual legal socialization occurs under the influence of many factors. the most important factor influencing this process is the social environment. in particular, a person is formed as a legal entity under the influence of socio-economic, political, legal, spiritual and moral conditions. the influence of such factors can manifest itself at a certain stage in the development of society. when the stage of development of society coincides with a crisis or http://www/ 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us transition period, a state of defect or victimization may occur in the legal socialization of the individual. in the process of legal socialization, there is an influence of social institutions on the formation of exemplary norms of behavior in an individual. such a process can occur at different levels of the structural structure of society. the first is the level of the microsystem, at which the individual directly interacts with the family, school, and peers in the process of socialization. secondly, this process involves the level of the mesosystem between the elements of an individual microsystem. for example, an individual participates in the process of socialization in the relationship between family and school. the third level is the exosystem, in which social institutions play a key role in the process of socialization of the individual. the individual does not directly participate in the process of socialization. in some cases, this level can have a strong influence on the process of individual socialization. in particular, parents' place of work, their business environment, as well as their jobs and relationships with parents can play an important role. the fourth level is the macro system. this is a cultural unit that embraces social values and ideological relations and directly ensures the moderate functioning of the above levels. agents of legal socialization play a key role in the process of socialization of the individual. these are family, school, peers and the media. according to researchers, the family agent plays a key role in the process of legal socialization. initial legal skills are mastered by the individual. the family is responsible for passing on their unique legal skills to their children. initial legal skills are transmitted through the concepts of duty, responsibility, obligation and freedom. legal skills acquired in the family accompany the personality to the level of personality. in some cases, the educational process in the family can have negative consequences for the legal socialization of the individual. in particular, the social status of parents in society, their attitude to alcoholic products, conflict in the family, the absence of a parent in the family and deviant behavior in parental behavior have a negative impact on the worldview and social behavior of the individual. in modern societies today, one can see that the role and place of the family agent in the process of legal socialization is shifting to other agents of socialization, especially small social groups. for example, parents spend more time at work, less time with their children, and children spend more time in preschool institutions (9 hours in these places). as a result, the role and importance of small social groups and management organizations in the formation and acquisition of legal skills from the individual is becoming more widespread. another agent of legal socialization is the school. in the process of school education, students receive knowledge of jurisprudence and related concepts. the school agent of legal socialization is fundamentally different from the family agent. while the emotional attitude towards the child is formed in the family, the formal attitude towards children is formed at school. the horizontal attitude towards children in the family prevails, while the vertical one in the school environment. in the school environment, children learn about the importance of competition in the educational process among schoolchildren, about how to succeed and how to behave in case of failure. in addition, a group of peers is formed at the school. the division of children into classes by age enhances the influence of groups in the process of socialization. conditions are being created for the formation of the first informal groups during the school period of legal socialization. the relationship between teacher and student in the school process is both temporary and temporary. the curriculum serves as a boundary between teacher and student. in this sense, the relationship between them often takes place in standard cases. the fact that the teacher plays a dominant role over the student team in the classroom creates certain difficulties in acquiring legal skills for students. in some cases, the influence of informal groups on the individual behavior of students may be enhanced. this leads to the assimilation by the student of the worldview, rules of conduct, norms of behavior formed in informal groups. this situation can lead to a conflict situation between the legal skills acquired at school and the informal group environment. mass media play an important role in the process of legalization of personality. today, the media include television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the internet and its social networks. to date, the media are advisory in the formation of legal skills in people. in the formation of legal http://www/ 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consciousness, one-sided information and data are presented in the media. as a result of the penetration of the internet and its social networks into the life of society, a two-pronged approach to the formation of legal skills among young people began to take shape. as a result of the increase in the amount of information and types of information provided in the media, young people need to analyze them promptly, to distinguish between necessary and unnecessary opinions and comments, for young people, it remains the most important issue to make correct judgments and conclusions based on this information and data. the problems that arise in such a process are reflected and affect the formation of legal skills among young people, resulting in a gap or defect in the process of legal socialization. neighborhood has its place and significance in the process of legal socialization of the individual. legal skills developed in the environment of family relations are adapted to the legal and moral skills developed in the neighborhood. unlike the family agent, the family agent, public opinion comes first in coordinating the behavior and attitudes of the individual. legal skills and responsibilities learned in the family environment are consistent with the values and norms developed by the neighborhood and society. this situation is reflected in the behavior and attitudes of a person. conclusion based on the opinions and comments on legal socialization, the following conclusions, suggestions and recommendations were made: ̶ enrichment and harmonization of legal skills available in society with new legal skills entering into social relations, taking into account the fact that the process of legal socialization of an individual is associated with a certain stage in the development of society (relative development of society). analyze and apply new legal skills and values entering society through the law of negation and categories of inheritance; ̶ the study of legal relations at the level of microsystems, mesosystems and exosystems in the social structure of society using the categories of interdependence, interdependence, universality, individuality; ̶ recognition of the leading role and importance of the internet and its social networks among the media, television, radio, newspapers and magazines in the process of legal socialization. to study the emerging public opinion in this area and regulate relations; ̶ the importance of social control in the process of socialization, the need to study the place and role of legal socialization in achieving the level of self-awareness of the individual. reference 1. maskalenko v.v. sotsializatsiya lichnosti. kiyev, 1986, pp.18–19. 2. kazarinova n.v. i drugie. sotsiologiya. moscow, 2000, pp. 164–178. 3. andreeva g.m. sotsialnaya psixologiya. moscow, 1994, p. 241. 4. ibragimov k. d. prava i svobody cheloveka kak osnovnye elementy sotsial'noi zhizni grazhdanskogo obshchestva //vestnik nauki i obrazovaniya. – 2021. – №. 8-2 (111). – s. 52-55. 5. ibragimov k. social control an essential condition for the existence of a social system //science and innovation. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. b2. – с. 520-524. 6. ibragimov k. d. social mobility is an issue of implementation of human rights and interests //american journal of research in humanities and social sciences. – 2023. – т. 15. http://www/ 407 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the variations between english and uzbek literature a'zamova muattarxon azizjon qizi* student of kokand state pedagogical institute * corresponding author abstract the article analyzes the differences between genres in english and uzbek literature is mainly influenced by cultural, historical and linguistic factors based on foreign sources. this article includes several uzbek authors' works. keywordsgenres, literature, drama, poetry, fiction, nonfiction, historical development, cultural influences, language style, biography, autobiography, myth, narratives, expository, "golden rust". introduction the main difference between english and uzbek literature lies in their cultural and linguistic backgrounds. english literature has its roots in the literary traditions of england, which has been influenced by various historical and cultural factors, including the norman conquest, the renaissance, and the british empire. the english language itself has evolved over time, leading to a rich and diverse body of literature that includes works from authors like shakespeare, dickens, austen, and many others. on the other hand, uzbek literature has its origins in the literary traditions of central asia, particularly modern-day uzbekistan. it is heavily influenced by the region's history, religion, folklore, and linguistic influences from persian and turkic languages. the literary tradition in uzbekistan includes works from classic poets such as alisher navoi and babur as well as contemporary writers exploring themes relevant to uzbek culture and society. methods and materials the differences between the two languages also reflect in the types of music or films produced in each language. for example, english-language films may include a variety of genres such as action, comedy, drama, horror, science fiction etc., whereas uzbek-language films may focus on themes specific to central asian culture and history. these differences in genres between english and uzbek languages can be attributed to their respective cultural influences, historical developments, and linguistic traditions. the differences between genres in english and uzbek literature are mainly influenced by cultural, historical, and linguistic factors. here are some notable differences: http://www/ 408 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. cultural themes: english literature often explores themes such as individualism, freedom, and social conflict, while uzbek literature tends to focus on communal values, family dynamics, and the struggle for independence from foreign rule. 2. language style: english literature employs a wide range of styles and tones, including formal and informal language, whereas uzbek literature may use more traditional and lyrical language with a focus on poetic expression. 3. historical context: english literature often reflects the impact of western historical events and movements such as the renaissance, enlightenment, and industrial revolution. in contrast, uzbek literature is influenced by central asian history, including the legacy of the silk road trade route and soviet-era repression. 4. genre preferences: english literature encompasses a wide variety of genres including novels, poetry, drama, and non-fiction. in contrast, uzbek literature has traditionally focused on oral storytelling traditions such as epic poetry (dastans) and folk tales (qissas). 5. literary influences: english literature has been influenced by a diverse range of traditions including greek and roman mythology, european folklore, and modernist movements. meanwhile, uzbek literature draws from islamic literary traditions as well as persian and turkic influences. overall, while both english and uzbek literature share common themes such as love, loss, conflict, and human experience; their unique cultural contexts shape their distinctive literary genres. context: english literature often reflects the impact of western historical events and movements such as the renaissance, enlightenment, and industrial revolution. in contrast, uzbek literature is influenced by central asian history, including the legacy of the silk road trade route and soviet era repression. fiction: fiction in literature refers to stories, characters, and events that are created by the author's imagination rather than being based on real-life events or people. it encompasses novels, short stories, plays, and other forms of storytelling that are not based on factual information. fiction allows writers to explore creative ideas, build imaginative worlds, and develop characters that may not exist in reality. it is a popular genre in literature and often serves as a means of entertainment, escapism, and artistic expression. fiction types: a fable is a type of narrative, usually in the form of a short story or poem that conveys a moral lesson through the use of animals, mythical creatures, or inanimate objects as characters. fables often feature anthropomorphized animals that act and speak like humans, and they typically end with a clear moral or message. well-known examples of fables include aesop's fables and stories like "the tortoise and the hare" and "the boy who cried wolf". fantasy in literature is a genre that involves imaginary worlds, supernatural elements, and magical or mythical beings. it often includes themes of adventure, heroism, and the battle between good and evil. fantasy literature typically features imaginative settings, intricate world-building and fantastical creatures such as dragons, elves, and wizards. it allows authors to explore themes and ideas that are not constrained by the limitations of the real world. some well-known examples of fantasy literature include "the lord of the rings" by j.r.r. tolkien and "harry potter" by j.k. rowling. a fairy tale is a type of traditional story that typically features magical elements and supernatural characters such as fairies, witches, dragons, and talking animals. these stories often involve themes of good versus evil, the triumph of the underdog, and moral lessons. they are usually set in a fantastical world and may include elements of enchantment, transformation, and wish fulfillment. fairy tales have been an important part of literature for centuries and have been passed down through oral tradition before being recorded in written form. many famous fairy tales, such as "cinderella," "little red riding hood," "snow white," and "sleeping beauty," have been retold and adapted by different authors throughout history. these stories are often aimed at children but can also be enjoyed by adults for their timeless themes and imaginative storytelling. myth in literature refers to traditional stories, legends, and folklore that are often passed down orally through generations. these myths typically involve gods, heroes, and supernatural beings http://www/ 409 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and are used to explain natural phenomena, human behavior, and the origins of the world. in literature, myths are often incorporated into works of fiction or used as inspiration for creating new stories. they can also serve as a way to explore universal themes, symbols, and archetypes that continue to resonate with audiences across cultures and time periods. literary fiction in english literature refers to a genre that focuses on the quality and style of writing, often placing an emphasis on character development, intricate plots, and thought provoking themes. this genre is typically characterized by its depth, complexity, and attention to language and prose. it often explores the human condition and delves into deeper philosophical or social issues. literary fiction is often contrasted with genre fiction, such as mystery, romance, or science fiction, as it prioritizes literary merit over commercial appeal. it is considered to be more intellectually stimulating and artistically crafted, often appealing to readers who seek a deeper engagement with literature. books that are often considered examples of literary fiction include: 1. "to kill a mockingbird" by harper lee 2. "the great gatsby" by f. scott fitzgerald 3. "beloved" by toni morrison 4. "the catcher in the rye" by j.d. salinger 5. "one hundred years of solitude" by gabriel garcia marquez. these books are known for their complex characters, intricate prose, and exploration of deeper themes and emotions, which are typical characteristics of literary fiction. non-fiction in literature refers to books, articles, essays, or other written works that are based on real events, real people, and factual information. non-fiction literature can include a wide range of genres such as biographies, memoirs, history books, scientific texts, self-help books, and more. the purpose of non-fiction literature is to inform or educate readers about real-life topics and events. examples of expository writing include: 1. newspaper and magazine articles; 2. textbooks and instructional manuals; 3. scientific and technical reports; 4. essays and research papers; 5. speeches and presentation. examples of narratives can include: novels and short stories; memoirs and autobiographies; folktales and fairy tales; historical accounts and biographies; oral storytelling traditions; personal anecdotes and experiences. there are several examples of uzbek literature genres: a biography is a written account of someone's life, usually in the form of a book or article. it typically includes details about the person's upbringing, education, career, achievements, and significant events in their life. biographies may also provide insights into the individual's personality, character, and impact on society. an autobiography is a self-written account of a person's life. it typically covers the author's personal experiences, achievements, challenges, and significant events. autobiographies are often written in the first person and provide insight into the author's thoughts, emotions, and reflections on their life journey. autobiographies can offer valuable perspectives on historical events, social issues, and personal growth. they are a popular genre in literature and provide readers with an intimate look into the life of the author. poetry is a form of literary expression that uses rhythm, imagery, and language to evoke emotions and convey ideas. it often employs various literary devices such as metaphors, similes, and symbolism to create a unique and artistic expression of thoughts and feelings. poetry can take http://www/ 410 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us many forms, including sonnets, haikus, free verse, and more, and can cover a wide range of subjects and themes. drama refers to a genre of literature, film, or television that involves serious, emotional, or intense subject matter and typically focuses on the interpersonal conflicts and emotional experiences of the characters. it can also refer to real-life situations or events that are characterized by conflict, tension, or emotional intensity. looking back the history: there are many scholars who have studied the history of english and uzbek literature. some notable scholars in this field include: edward sapir, an american anthropologist and linguist who studied the historical development of languages, including english and its literature. hamid ismailov, an uzbek writer and journalist who has written extensively on uzbek literature and its history. c.s. lewis, a british writer and scholar who wrote about the history of english literature in his book "the allegory of love: a study in medieval tradition." these are just a few examples of scholars who have contributed to the study of english and uzbek literature. "golden rust" is a novel written by shuhrat, the people's writer of uzbekistan, in 1963 1965. it was first published in 1967. the novel golden zanglamas artistically describes the tragic fate of honest, religious people who were subjected to terrible repressions in the period before and after the war. shuhrat's novel "golden rust" is an example of non-fiction in uzbek literature. this novel of shuhrat is one of the most famous as well as various difficulties were highlighted which were sodiq and his family faced these. during reading this novel you may know about tricks or loyalty and patience of women etc... shuhrat said:" i didn't observe these situations from the outside, i was inside in these events". result and discussion furthermore, english literature is primarily written in english while uzbek literature is predominantly written in the uzbek language. these differences contribute to distinct styles, themes, and perspectives within each body of literature. the differences between genres in english and uzbek can be seen in the types of literary works and artistic expressions that are characteristic of each language and culture. in english literature, the most common genres include fiction (such as novels, short stories, and novellas), poetry, drama (including plays and scripts for film and television), non-fiction (such as essays, memoirs, biographies, and journalism), as well as various subgenres within these categories. in uzbek literature, the traditional genres reflect the cultural and historical context of the region. these include classical forms such as dastan (epic poetry), masnavi (narrative poetry), qasida (odes), rubai (quatrains), as well as modern forms like novels, short stories, plays, and essays. additionally, there are specific genres unique to uzbek culture such as maqom music which often accompanies lyrical poetry known as "muqam". conclusion english literature and uzbek literature have several key differences. english literature has a long history and a rich tradition, with works ranging from shakespeare to modern novels and poetry. it has also been influenced by various historical events and cultural shifts, leading to a diverse and varied body of work. on the other hand, uzbek literature has its own unique traditions and influences, often drawing on central asian folklore, history, and religious beliefs. it has developed its own distinct literary forms and styles that reflect the cultural heritage of the region. additionally, the languages themselves have different linguistic features, which can impact the structure and style of literary works. while english is a germanic language with a large vocabulary http://www/ 411 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us derived from various sources, uzbek is a turkic language with its own grammatical structure and vocabulary. overall, the differences between english and uzbek literature are rooted in their respective cultural, historical, and linguistic backgrounds. these disparities contribute to the diversity of world literature as a whole, showcasing the richness of human expression across different societies and languages. references 1. bassnett s. "comparative literature: a critical introduction". 1993. 2. qayumov e. "uzbek-english contrasts. a comprehensive comparative study". 3. abdullaev m. "literature of central asia: an anthropology in english" 4. edward sapir, an american anthropologist and linguist who studied the historical development of languages, including english and its literature. 5. hamid ismailov, an uzbek writer and journalist who has written extensively on uzbek literature and its history. 6. c.s. lewis, a british writer and scholar who wrote about the history of english literature in his book "the allegory of love: a study in medieval tradition." 7. muminjon abdullaev. " literature of central asia". 8. mamajanovna, i. g. (2023). preparing for the final interview in russian in high school: tips for teachers, students and parents. journal of advanced zoology, 44(5). 9. israilova, g., & sheraliyeva, s. (2021). ways to teach students to independent, creative thinking. international journal of human computing studies, 3(2), 130-135. 10. israilova, g. m., rakhmonova, n., olimova, l., & kurbanova, m. (2023). artistic style: definition, substyles, genres. the role of science and innovation in the modern world, 1(8), 73-76. 11. israilova, g. m., khaitova, s., & muhammadaminova, m. (2023). how to bring order to your speech?. the role of science and innovation in the modern world, 1(8), 54-58. 12. abdulhamidov, s. (2023). basic principles and procedure for studying causative constructions in modern linguistics. наука и технология в современном мире, 2(19), 19-22. 13. abdulhamidov, s. (2023). causativity from the point of view of the linguocognitive aspect. инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика, 2(23), 8-11. 14. xusnitdin o’g’li, s. a. (2023). issues of creating a linguistic image of the world. gospodarka i innowacje., 37, 44-46. 15. xusnitdin o’g’li, s. a. (2022). lexical and semantical meaning of causative verbs in uzbek and english. open access repository, 8(11), 309-311. 16. xusnitdin o’g’li, s. a. (2022). semantic interpretation of causativity in linguistics. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(11), 546-549. 17. haydarova, g., & muhammadjonova, g. (2024). the fairy tale genre of folklore. models and methods in modern science, 3(1), 13-16. 18. saitova, n. (2022). use of innovative technologies through teaching mother tongue lessons and use of information technologies during the lesson process. journal of pedagogical inventions and practices, 8, 220-222. 19. haydarova, g., & haydaraliyeva, r. (2024). features and characteristics of kuntugmish doston. академические исследования в современной науке, 3(1), 32-36. 20. haydarova, g. (2024). alisher navoiy an’analari va xx asr o ‘zbek g ‘azaliyoti. alisher navo'i and 21 st century, 1(1). 21. navoi, a., & babur, z. m. (2022). research and education. http://www/ 272 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 legal basis of crimes against the family, youth and morality rustamova shakhzoda samarkand state university of the sharof rashidov faculty of law 2nd year student abstract whole the world in societies adult those who did not and to labor incompetent persons such as social to the defense needs individuals financial support of provision legal basics social of justice basis is considered many of countries crime codes articles 122 and 123 are valid within the framework, including in uzbekistan those who did not and old to parents relatively material help obligations from doing neck extortion heavy to crimes directed. this articles such to help depends of those who welfare and value protection to do for very important key words: crime elements , legal responsibility , offense nature , to work incompetent individuals , adult those who did not article 122. adult those who did not or to labor incompetent individuals material from providing neck extortion crime in article 122 of the code not enough and to labor incompetent individual’s material provide according to physical of individual’s responsibility separately attention directed. in it age or to labor incompetence because of in care has been of individual’s welfare for necessary material help that they get provide according to legal commitment shown. 1. financial from help escape: in the article parents, guardians or another in charge of individual’s adult those who did not and to labor incompetent individual’s material provide according to legal obligations emphasized. 2. adult those who did not: this is usually the case adult under the care of calculated and their guardians or their parents by material help get to the right have has been to individuals belongs to 3. to work incompetent persons : this the rule wide scope scenarios own into receives , including alimony payments from parents careless to leave , guardians dependent individuals provide can't or disabled family members support for own responsibility give up passing persons . 4. penalties: note in article 122 as done, this obligation from doing on purpose neck extortion criminal offense is considered and dependents in front of financial obligations careless to leave seriousness reflection bringer fine or prison such as to punishments take coming can these all of them own in our language to say if :  adult did not or to labor incompetent person material provide according to legal to obligation have without excuse this duty from doing neck extorted or carelessness did person in the offense guilty is considered 273 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  material help show obligation family relationship , guardianship or another legal from obligations come comes out  physical or mental inability because of himself to provide able didn't happen person to labor incompetent is considered  offense [ punishment mark it fine , imprisonment or each own both into take with possible ] . will be punished .  court punishment in appointment of the accused material condition , adult did not or to circulation incompetent of the person needs account takes  if material from help escape adult did not or to circulation incompetent of the person to the wellbeing harm if he delivers or risk if it gives birth , punishment more harder to be can  financial from help escape legal excuses , if the obligation perform for reasonable actions done if so , to support forced has been of the person serious financial difficulties own into take can  this substance adult those who did not and to labor incompetent of individual’s welfare and protection to provide, necessary material help show according to own duties carelessness did individuals to responsibility to pull directed. this article of society weak those who are protection to do and of them financial interests for that they don't use it to provide how importance to give reflection makes this is an adult those who did not or to circulation incompetent individuals own interests on the way exploitation to do aspiration possible has been individuals interrupter tool being service does crime article 122 of the code of not enough and to labor incompetent of individual’s material welfare and rights protection to do directed important legal is the norm. this weak from groups financial help to ask considered a crime through it financial in matters himself protection do it those who do not protection to do principle strengthens article 123: parents material from the help neck extortion crime of children in article 123 of the code material help needs old of parents’ legal protection mean caught this is an adult enough of children old their parents provide, their worthy and it's convenient to live tools have to be provide recognizes the obligation. 1. material help from giving neck embezzlement : this is material help show according to legal from obligation escape or careless to leave movement means 2. legal commitment : this article childishness responsibility principle defines , in which adult enough children legal respectively themselves to feed able didn't happen to their parents material help to show a must 3. cultural important has: many in cultures aged of parents their children by care and support deep absorbed gone are values. article 123 that this values in the law strengthened , family of duty importance strengthen through reflection makes 4. criminal responsibility: similar to article 122, to parents relatively material supply obligations from doing neck extortion is referred to in article 123 caught criminal liability is considered found guilty persons of the offence to the weight looking legal consequences, including fines or prison to punishment judgment to be done can such of laws the target is usually vulnerable parents themselves to provide able when not necessary financial without help not to stay is to provide. it is also in society family responsibility and obligations to strengthen service does an example by doing to say if :  opportunity there is adult a mature child needs in the situation the rest old to his parent’s material help to show careless if he leaves, to them in relation to article 123 accusation put can 274 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  these are the parents to his age depends diseases, disabilities or another circumstances because of work can't get and they are own to their children material help asking appeal who does situations own into take can  such cases the law adult enough to the children to their parents care to do , that's it including necessary cases material help show obligation download can summary: summary by doing in other words, in our society social to the defense needs of individuals well-being in providing crime articles 122 and 123 of the code are important place holds they are adult those who are not enough, to work incompetent persons and aged to parents material help of showing legal and spiritual obligation they emphasize. this the rules from neglect interrupter tool being service does and families and in teams’ responsibility and of care main values emphasizes. this laws supporting, we are such to help of those relied on value and rights protection we will, everyone for fair and compassionate society we will develop. references 1. https://lex.uz/docs/20596#39205 rasmiy websayti. 2. inson huquqlari bo’yicha o’zbekiston respublikasi milliy markazi .”bola huquqlari to’g’risidagi konvensiya va uning fakultativ protokollari” toshkent-2009. 3. o’zbekiston respublikasining konstitutsiyasi toshkent-“o’zbekiston”-2021 https://lex.uz/docs/20596#39205 417 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 some of the development of legal education: national and foreign experience isaeva farida babamuratovna senior teacher of the department "administrative and financial law" abstract in this article, reforms in the field of legal education, stages of development, foreign and national experience in improving the quality of legal personnel are analyzed, suggestions and recommendations are given for the development of legal education. keywords: legal education, training, legal personnel, educational services, labor market, legal sciences, practice, higher education organization, legal sciences. harmonization of education and training, as well as conducting education in connection with practice, has always been an urgent issue. for this purpose, systematic work is being carried out to improve the quality and efficiency of the education system in our country, to ensure close cooperation and integration between educational systems and the field of science, and to ensure the integrity and continuity of education. at the same time, the current state of the national education system is a necessary condition for modernizing it based on the requirements of the times, educating young people to be highly educated, physically and spiritually healthy people, increasing the authority of the leaders and pedagogues of educational institutions, and their effective functioning. requires the implementation of consistent measures to create conditions. pf-6108 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 6, 2020 in order to improve the education and science sectors of our country, to further increase the respect for teachers and pedagogic staff, scientific and creative intellectuals in our society, to develop the professional skills of students, and to expand the participation of the private sector in the system. educational services and labor markets are related to the training of highly qualified specialists trained by effective higher education institutions. in this direction, based on the introduction of international standards for the assessment of the quality of education and training, the task of increasing the quality and efficiency of the activities of higher education institutions, gradually increasing the admission quotas to higher education institutions was set. as the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoev noted: "we consider it our first priority to improve the activities of all links of the education and training system based on the requirements of today's times." increasing the level of education of the population in developing the economy according to innovative requirements, training mature competitive personnel in all aspects, and increasing 418 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the intellectual potential of production are among the urgent issues of today. from this point of view, it is important to study the practice and advanced experience of developed countries in this regard, to analyze the development trends occurring in the world and to carry out researches devoted to studying the issues of implementation in the practice of our country. implementation of the above-mentioned tasks requires improvement of legal education in many ways, raising the training, retraining and qualification of legal personnel to the level of today's requirements, forming a modern perfect legal education system. for this reason, in our country, attention is being paid to education, especially legal education, as one of the important directions of state policy. comprehensive measures have been implemented in our republic to modernize higher legal education, introduce international educational standards and information and communication technologies to this field, conduct complex scientific research on current legal issues, and create an effective system for moral and moral education of young people. in particular, the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated june 28, 2013 pq-1990 "on measures to further improve the legal personnel training system" was adopted. also, as a continuation of the reforms in the field of legal education, in accordance with the objectives of the action strategy on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, as well as further improvement of the legal personnel training system taking into account international standards, the introduction of modern methods of organizing the educational process at the tashkent state law university, in order to ensure the creation of wide opportunities for young people to receive higher legal education, the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 28, 2017 pq-2932 "on measures to fundamentally improve the personnel training system and increase its efficiency at the tashkent state law university" was adopted. the implemented reforms envisage the improvement of the legal culture of the population, the provision of high-quality educational services that meet international requirements, and the training of highly qualified and competitive legal personnel that will ensure the harmony of theory and practice in line with the modern needs of the labor market. also, according to the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 29, 2020 "on additional measures for the fundamental improvement of legal education and science in the republic of uzbekistan" no. pf-5987, the following priorities for the further development of legal education and science were determined: modern requirements, advanced international providing training of highly qualified, creatively thinking, honest personnel based on legal experience and labor market needs; improvement of credit-module system of teaching and methods of assessment of students' knowledge, wide use of modern information and communication technologies in the educational process and modernization of the educational base; to ensure a seamless connection between the educational process and the practice of applying the law by developing clinical legal education; activation of cooperation with leading educational and scientific institutions of developed foreign countries, joint legal research, exchange of professors and teachers and students; conducting scientific and innovative research in the field of state and law, developing information legal technologies and systems (legal tech); implementation of joint educational programs (double degree) for the training of legal personnel together with foreign partners, active involvement of foreign scientists and specialists in the educational process; creating an open, transparent, subjectivityand abuse-free educational environment by introducing the "electronic university" (e-university) system; increasing the competitiveness of national legal education by implementing measures to include law faculties in the ranking of internationally recognized educational institutions. 419 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us combining theoretical knowledge with practice in the field of legal education has been an urgent issue in every country and in every era. this can be seen in the example of economically developed countries of the world. for example, in the united states, in order to link legal education to legal practice, legal education only allows applicants to enter law schools after obtaining a basic bachelor's degree in a field. that is, students admitted to law school will have at least some life experience and will have their own independent opinions. upon admission to law schools, students with a bachelor's degree are no longer required to teach general professional subjects and are directly taught specialized subjects. south korea and japan, which are the developed countries of south east asia, in order to bring legal education closer to practice, the first stage of reforms is to admit students to law schools after obtaining a relevant bachelor's degree in a field, as in the us legal education system, and to introduce subjects aimed at forming legal skills into law school programs. is being implemented. at the same time, the current legal education system in the usa itself is not recognized as fully connected with legal practice, and there are many proposals for its further development. several studies aimed at studying reforms in the field of legal education have identified shortcomings in the existing law school curricula and proposed changes to the curricula and pedagogical reforms to address these shortcomings. we can see that legal education in germany, which entered the romano-germanic law system, was divided into two stages. the first stage is theoretical legal education, usually lasting 4 years. during this period, students acquire theoretical knowledge of legal sciences. the second stage is the referendarzeit or practical part. at this stage, after acquiring theoretical knowledge, students undergo 2 years of practical training in judicial bodies and state bodies. it should be noted here that the development of legal education is a problem for many countries. according to the representatives of countries such as the usa, india, china, japan and france, who participated in the conference dedicated to the development of legal education at harvard university in the usa in 2010, a surprising situation has arisen in the field of training lawyers: on the one hand, there are a lot of legal educational institutions and their graduates, the labor market full of young lawyers, on the other hand, the need for highly qualified, professional personnel remains high. because it was recognized that the potential of the personnel supplied by legal educational institutions does not meet the requirements of the labor market, that the educational programs are behind the requirements of the time, and that they are disconnected from real life. in this regard, the experience of japan is noteworthy. about 4,500 lawyers are trained annually in 74 higher educational institutions of the country. in 2001, the judicial reform council made recommendations to the japanese government. as a result of their implementation, starting from 2004, a new system of lawyer training was introduced. reforms aimed at bringing educational programs closer to practical requirements have been carried out. the study of the reforms carried out in the direction of the development of legal education shows that, in addition to giving theoretical knowledge, special attention is paid to the formation of practical skills and practical training is also important for the formation of practical skills of legal students and to prepare them as a ready-made staff for legal practice as much as possible. based on the above and studying the experience of foreign countries, it can be said that the deviation of the programs in educational institutions from practical requirements and the excessive number of legal educational institutions lead to a decrease in the quality of legal education. in our opinion, in the development of science programs, it is necessary to pay attention to the effectiveness of education in determining the knowledge and skills that should be formed in the student. at the same time, due to the establishment of public-private partnership relations, we 420 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us believe that it is necessary to establish public-private partnership in the field of legal higher education. it would serve to develop quality and competitive legal personnel. as we have seen, a number of things are being done in our country to develop legal education, to connect the legal education system with practice, and there are many important tasks that need to be done in the development of this activity. we would like to make the following proposals in order to train competitive, qualified legal personnel and regularly improve the legal education system: first of all, the country is opening a wide path for foreign investment, investment in practice, as well as the need and demand for specialists of international demand level will increase even more. therefore, in order to ensure that the educational process is inextricably linked with practice, it is appropriate to further increase the amount of the workload set for practice in the state educational standards and the educational workload of tduu. secondly, as you mentioned above, i would like to suggest that the credit-module system is important due to its focus on independent education, and also to give students the opportunity to voluntarily attend lectures after studying the experience of foreign countries. because nowadays, students come to all lectures not willingly, but because they are afraid that measures may be taken against them. this shows that some of their time is going inefficiently. however, i believe that it is necessary to improve the quality of the lectures and establish a system of rating the lecturers at the end of the semester, and take into account the results of the rating when determining their bonuses. then each teacher works on himself and gives new and useful information to the lecture sessions. thirdly, based on the nature of specialized subjects in higher education institutions, it is necessary to continuously use legal due diligence and practical document drafting methods in training in order to create practical skills along with the wide introduction of innovative educational technologies in the teaching process. experienced practitioners should be widely involved in these classes. fourthly, publication of a collection of case studies (with solutions, of course) by specialized departments, which will help students to form their knowledge and skills on problem situations in relevant fields and ways to solve them. at the same time, it would have served as a teachingmethodical material in preparing for the educational process. fifth, it is a difficult task to implement the formation of practical skills in students without improving the practical experience and activities of university professors and teachers. if the teacher mainly imparts theoretical knowledge and does not have practical experience in this specific subject, it is very difficult to give students theoretical knowledge in connection with practice. often, a specialist recruited from practice lacks pedagogical skills, while a university teacher lacks practical experience. therefore, as much as possible, it is necessary to encourage university professors and teachers to work in practice. for example, we believe that it is necessary to consider the issue of making appropriate changes to the current legislation to allow full-time teaching professors to practice law and obtain a law license and practice. sixth, we believe that it is necessary to abandon the test method for admission to higher legal education institutions or to conduct entrance exams in two stages. for example, the first stage can be conducted in the form of an interview or a written work, that is, a dictation or an essay. i believe that it would be appropriate if the second stage was implemented in the form of a test. 421 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in conclusion, it should be said that regularly studying the experiences of developed democratic countries in reforming higher legal education, retraining and improving the qualifications of lawyers, establishing strong relations with foreign partners shows that it is an important factor in the development of the field. however, improving the quality of legal education, qualified personnel exchange of experience and close cooperation in coordination of preparatory work will undoubtedly bring great results. also, we believe that it is necessary to further strengthen legal education and training, without stopping the consistent reforms being carried out. references: 1. national database of legal documents, 04/30/2020, no. 06/20/5987/0521; national database of legislative information, 25.12.2021, no. 07/21/61/1195; 07/04/2023, no. 06/23/107/0441 2. national database of legislative information, 10.06.2021, no. 09/21/359/0546 3. rosa kim, the "americanization" of legal education in south korea: challenges and opportunities, brooklyn journal of international law, vol. 38:1, page 51 4. .stehpen jonhnson, teaching for tomorrow: utilizing technology to implement the reforms of maccrate, carnegie, and best practices, nebraska law review, volume 92, 2013, 84-бет 5. stefan korioth. legal education in germany today. wisconsin international law journal, vol, 24, no 1, page 87 6. www.pravo.ru http://www.pravo.ru/review/open_review/view/41376/ 235 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the classifications of expressions in the story "dakhshat" of abdullah kahhor urinova dildora bekmakhmatovna shakhrisabz state pedagogical institute the teacher of “theory of foreign language department” annotation: phrasal verbs are of great importance in stories and literature because they often convey nuances and emotions that single word verbs may not capture.they can add depth to character interactions,set the tone, create more vivid narrative. additionally, using phrasal verbs can contribute to a more conversational,dynamic writing style, making the story more engaging for readers.this article attempts to analyze expressions within the story titled "dakhshat". key words: phrasal verbs, nuances, prose, idiomatic, vivid narrative,standalone words phrasal verbs are combinations of a main verb and one more particles (prepositions or adverbs).they often have idiomatic meanings that may not be immediately obvious from the individual words.here are some examples of phrasal verbs : 1).ask after:ask for news about; 2).come down with:start to suffer from a minor illness; 3).go over: repeat or think about again in order to understand completely; 4).hand down:give something valuable to your children usually when you die; 5).make out: pretend that something is true; 6). feel up to:feel well enough to do; 7).get somebody down: make somebody feel sad or lose hope ; phrasal verbs play crucial role as they provide expressiveness: they often carry a sense of informality and can capture subtleties that simple words may lack. simple word: she put the book on the shelf. phrasal verb: she put up with her noisy neighbours. in this case phrasal verb "put up with"conveys a specific meaning of tolorating or enduring something, adding depth and expressiveness to the sentence that the simple word "put"lacks. 236 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us simple word: start phrasal verb: kick of (informal) set out(slightly more naunced) commence (formal) using phrasal verbs like these can add precision and variety to your language, allowing you to convey the idea of starting with different naunced in various situations.simple words are single standalone words.while phrasal verbs consist of a main verb and one more particles. he looked up the information. look up is the phrasal verb with looked as main verb,and up as the particle.phrasal verbs often convey a more specific or idiomatic meaning compared to individual words. we will try to discuss the story "dakhshat" abdullah kahhor entered the uzbek literature with a wonderful story and unparalleled master of this genre. he is even called the uzbek chekhov.in his stories,the best aspects of the uzbek people's life, adapted to humour.the language of kahhor's stories is short,rich in anecdotes and devoid of pomp and pageantry characteristic of traditional uzbek prose.here are some phrases that are commonly used in kahhor's stories: *jazavasi qoʻzidi salimjon yoʻlda biroz hovuridan tushganday boʻlgan edi,uyga kelib yana jazavasi qoʻzidi. in this sentence jazavasi qoʻzidi means frustration because of something bad. *boshi osmonga yetdi it means being satisfied and feeling a sense of contentment or being happy like over the moon. *tishini tishiga qoʻymoq tolerating or put up with:to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience. *yurakni qon qilib yubordi bored,annoyed or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too long. in the creation of the plot of the story "dakhshat" the materials of the folklore of abdulla kahhor used .one of the popular religious myth is the legend about cemetery.at that time,it was considered brave and strong men to do something cemetery at night.at the beginning of the story,such a story is told by nodirmohbegim.remembering and telling this story caused by a mat hitting the window. in short,this story vividly captures the events through vibrant colours and lively expressions.it portrays somber days within a stable system, depicting instances like disrespect towards women and the stifling of their independent thoughts,where they encounter barriers.now we will try to discuss some phrases and expressions of the story "dakhshat". here some examples: *dami ichiga tushib ketdi this expression is commonly used to abruptly leave in awkward situations.in this story when unsinthe wife of dodxoh -asked permission to go home in exchange 237 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us for going to the cemetery and making tea.dodxoh's courage had faded away at that moment because displaying such manliness by women was not appreciated during this era. *osmonning chekkasi sarigʻ kir uvadaga oʻxshaydi on unsin's way to graveyard the sky described like it is becoming dirty.this expression portraying the state of the sky in a clearer and more vividly. *yuragiga rahna soldi something causes fear.as soon as unsin entered the graveyard,she felt unease,and the spooky cemetery frightened her. *tiligacha sovuq ter chiqardi when considering resemlence,it is mainly used to express fearful things.in this case when contemplating about the cemetery and the death. *nazarga ilmadi this phrasal verb indicates looking down someone or something.in this story when dodxoh tells a story,unsin denigrate the number of sheep for stabbing knife to the cemetery. to conclude, abdullah kahhor's storytelling in "dakhshat" masterfully employes phrasal verbs to convey emotions and cultural naunces.the story rooted in folklore, vividly captures,the essence of uzbek life, blending humour with somber societal reflections.through expressions abdullah qahhor skillfully navigates themes of gender roles and societal expectations.the use of idiomatic phrases adds depth to characters,creating dynamic and engaging narrative.in essence,"dakhshat" stands as a testament to abdullah kahhor's storytelling prowess,seam lessly blending tradion with contemporary themes. references: 1. halle, m., and keyser, s. j. 1972. "english iii. the iambic pentameter." versification: major language types, ed. by w. k. wimsatt. new york: modern language association. 2. halliday, m. a. k. 1971."linguistic function and literary style: an inquiry into the language of william golding's the inheritors." literary style: a symposium, ed. by s. chatman. london and new york: oxford university press. 3. malcolm mann,steve taylore-knowles "destination b2" 4. rahmatullayev sh. o‘zbek tilining izohli frazeologik lug‘ati. toshkent: o‘qituvchi.1978. 5.https://kitobxon.com/oz/kitob/a_qahhor_tanlangan_asarlar_2_jild 6.https://kitobxon.com/oz/kitob/alibobo-va-qirq-qaroqchi-(arab-xalq-ertaklari)-5-9-sinf 253 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 issues of increasing the efficiency of small business in rural areas kamoliddinov ilkhomjon mukhammadjonovich, ph.d. university of business and science abdug`aniyev murodjon shavkat o`g`li university of business and science abstract: the article discusses the issues of improving the efficiency of small business in the village, which occupy an important place in the development of the economy, ensuring employment of the population through the creation of new jobs, as well as issues related to factors that serve to improve the well-being of people. keywords: environment, business, entrepreneurship, investment, entrepreneurial activity, foreign investment, innovative economy, economic mechanism, innovative culture, investment system. in order to further increase the volume of production of small businesses and entrepreneurial entities in uzbekistan, attention is being paid to attract more farms to the sector and to significantly expand the participation of the private sector. in the framework of the main directions of economic reforms, "...the development of agriculture based on strategic approaches" is defined as the most important task. also, for the sustainable development of business entities, a number of legal and regulatory documents are being adopted and appropriate changes are being made. however, the implementation of the perspectives of sustainable development of business entities is not up to the required level, and the main reason for this is that the factors that negatively affect the sustainable development of farms and existing problems and opportunities have not been studied significantly, and the level of reliability of the results of the econometric evaluation of the influencing factors is insufficient. currently, the development of the country's economy and especially the rapid recovery of the economy in any emergency situation is reflected in the business activity of small business entities. the need to form entrepreneurship as a new organizational and economic structure in the village is explained by reducing interruptions in inter-sectoral relations, testing livestock and other agro-industrial complexes in the period of reforms. as a result of fundamental economic changes, entrepreneurial activities are being organized in agriculture in order to regulate socio-economic processes in rural areas, reduce the level of state intervention in the production of meat, milk and consumer products, ensure employment, increase the seasonality of agricultural production, and reduce the bankruptcy of agricultural enterprises. to a large extent, this is reflected in the reduction of state intervention in the activities of agricultural enterprises and the establishment of farms, which are one of the main sources of attracting private capital investments. the form of entrepreneurial activity in agriculture is manifested in the form of agribusiness. agribusiness is a branch of the market economy related to agricultural production and deep processing, sale, storage, and distribution of its products. 254 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in connection with the transition to the market economy, fundamental reforms were carried out in the agricultural organizational structure of our country. first of all, measures were taken to reorganize state and collective farms in our country, and in a short period of time, cooperative farms based on the principles of labor and property interests were established instead. in addition, the main attention was paid to the development of farmers and private homesteads, which are considered a new form of management in the agrarian sector of our country. the purpose of this is that in the development of small business in rural areas, more individual family farm forms are suitable, and they can fully demonstrate the characteristics of this network development. the effectiveness of each form of economic management depends on the degree to which it can successfully implement the following functions. therefore, the redistribution of production factors, in which each form of economic management, based on its economic, organizational and legal basis, differs from one another in achieving economic resources and their effective distribution; stimulation to achieve a high level of production efficiency and labor results, stimulation in the economic content of the form of economic management, i.e. creation of a mechanism consisting of methods encouraging high results; ensuring the mutual balance of economic interests, in which, differing in terms of their organizational and management structures, they have a harmony and conflict of various economic interests. accordingly, ensuring the balance of these interests is one of the main tasks of each specific form. it should be noted that the effect of small business development in rural areas should be realized on the basis of the voluntary principle of transition from one form of economic management to another under the conditions of a stable economic system, that is, on the basis of the voluntary decision of the owner and members of this economy. because the purpose of changing the forms of business management is ultimately to increase efficiency, the owner of the business and his members can correctly assess the validity of such a decision. to sum up, in the period of ongoing economic and food crises in the world, the need for sustainable economic development of small businesses and farms in rural areas is necessary, because ensuring food security in our country serves as the basis of the activities of farms. this, in turn, indicates that the agrarian policy serves to increase the standard of living of the population of our country. also, it can be seen from the above analysis that today the step-bystep solution of the problems of effective organization of small business activities in the rural areas of our country creates an opportunity to increase the efficiency of their production results. list of used literature 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. pf-4947 "on the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan". tashkent, uzbekistan, 2017. 2. development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, pf-60, 28.01.2022. 3. olim sabirovich kazakov , & ilhom mahamadjanovich kamoliddinov . (2021). some questions of increase of efficiency in activity enterprise subjects. journal of central asian social studies , 2 (01), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a24 4. muhammadjanovich ki effective directions of development of entrepreneurship //conference zone. 2022. s. 129-133. 5. access to kazakov os management. textbook. tashkent. "fan ziyosi" publishing house, 2021. 6. m. mescon, m. albert, f. hedouri. basic management. m.: delo, 1992.s. 489. 7. small business in uzbekistan. statistical collection. tashkent, 2020. 190b. 8. www.agro.uz site information. https://doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a24 http://www.agro.uz/ 104 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 selection of arbitrators in international commercial arbitration kahhorova durdona ulugbek kizi student of tashkent state university of law abstract: this article describes the concept of international commercial law, several important aspects of international commercial arbitration, and analyzes karabelkov's views on the main features of the listed arbitration. in addition, the important factors, reasons and procedures for appointing arbitrators are explored. in addition, the criteria for selection of a sole or presiding arbitrator are considered in the selection of an arbitrator. the article also discusses five important factors to consider when appointing an arbitrator. claudia salmon's thoughts on this are reviewed. the requirements and factors for appointing an arbitrator are reviewed, several studies are conducted, and suggestions are made about the mechanism of appointing an arbitrator. keywords: international commercial arbitration, arbitrators, karalbekov, claudia salmon, lcia, the new york convention, the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, co-arbitrators, neutrality, redfern and hunter, five factors. what is the international commercial arbitration? international commercial arbitration is a process of resolving disputes between parties in different countries through an arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators. it involves submitting the dispute to arbitration instead of pursuing litigation in a court of law. the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators will make a binding decision on the dispute. in international commercial arbitration[1], parties agree to submit their disputes to an arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators, chosen by mutual consent or through predetermined procedures. the arbitration process is governed by a set of rules agreed upon by the parties, which may include institutional rules [2] (such as those provided by organizations like the international chamber of commerce or the london court of international arbitration (lcia) or ad hoc rules. arbitration offers several potential advantages over traditional litigation, including flexibility, neutrality, enforceability of awards across borders, and confidentiality. it allows parties to choose arbitrators with expertise in the subject matter of the dispute and to tailor procedures to fit the specific needs of their case. additionally, arbitration awards are generally final and binding, with limited avenues for appeal, which can lead to quicker and more efficient resolution of disputes compared to litigation in national courts. several important aspects characterize international commercial arbitration[3]:  parties have the freedom to choose arbitration as the method for resolving their disputes, as well as the autonomy to select arbitrators, determine the procedural rules, and specify the governing law.  arbitration provides a neutral forum for resolving disputes between parties from different jurisdictions. this helps to mitigate concerns about bias or unfair treatment that may arise in national courts. 105 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  one of the key advantages of arbitration is the enforceability of arbitral awards across national borders. the new york convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards facilitates the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in over 160 countries.  arbitration proceedings can offer a higher degree of confidentiality compared to court proceedings, which may be important for businesses seeking to protect sensitive information or avoid negative publicity.  parties can choose arbitrators with expertise in the subject matter of the dispute, ensuring that the decision-makers have the necessary knowledge and experience to understand complex commercial issues.  arbitration allows parties to tailor procedures to suit the specific needs of their dispute. this flexibility can lead to more efficient and cost-effective resolution compared to litigation in national courts.  arbitration awards are generally final and binding, with limited grounds for appeal. this finality provides parties with certainty and closure, allowing them to move forward with their business activities.  while arbitration can be expensive, it often offers a quicker and more cost-effective means of resolving disputes compared to litigation in national courts, particularly for complex international matters.  international commercial arbitration often involves parties from different cultural and legal backgrounds. arbitrators must be sensitive to these differences and ensure fair treatment and effective communication throughout the process.  effective international commercial arbitration requires a supportive legal framework, including arbitration laws that facilitate the conduct of proceedings and the enforcement of awards, as well as institutional support from organizations such as arbitral institutions and professional associations. on the other hand, as boris romanovich karabelnikov 1 said, international commercial arbitration is a method of resolving disputes complicated by a foreign element, which is an alternative to proceedings in state courts. the essential features of this method are as follows: 1. the presence of an arbitration agreement signed by the parties or another document of a legal nature (for example, an international treaty) on which the right of arbitrators (arbitrators) to consider the dispute is based; 2. appointment of arbitrators (arbitrators) from among persons independent of the parties involved in the case; 3. finality and bindingness of the decision made by the arbitrators for the parties to the dispute; 4. interaction of international commercial arbitrations (arbitration courts) with state courts, and at the same time international commercial arbitrations cannot in any way be considered as an authority subordinate to state courts [4] it can be seen from this that the main features of international commercial arbitration include the appointment of an arbitrator, and it is proof that the appointment and selection of an arbitrator are important. the right selection of the arbitrator presiding over the arbitration and making the decisions is the most important help of the lawyer's client in resolving the dispute case.[5] the skills, experience and knowledge of the arbitrators affect the correct, fair and legal decisions. in addition, arbitrators have more authority than judges because, unlike judges, their decisions 1 specialist in civil and international private law, international commercial arbitration, candidate of legal sciences, associate professor. from may 2008 to may 2013 a member of the london court of international arbitration (lcia). 106 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us generally cannot be overturned on any basis of fact or law. an arbitrator may err in his interpretation of the law or in his reliance on the facts of the case, but these decisions are generally not overturned. in conclusion, we can say that lawyers protecting the interests of the trustee should pay great attention to the selection of arbitrators. procedures for selecting arbitrators the most frequently used manner to regulate the procedure for selection of the arbitrators is through the arbitration agreement (including the institutional arbitration rules that it incorporates). in case neither the parties, by means of arbitration agreement, nor the institutional arbitration rules do not provide for a proper mechanism for arbitrators’ appointment, generally, national laws provide for default procedures. there are many aspects to take into consideration in selecting an arbitrator. whether some disputes require for specific languages skills, technical expertise, legal qualifications or personal abilities, there is no such thing as a suitable arbitrator for any arbitration.[6] this is why parties, starting with drafting the arbitration agreement, should take into consideration the specifications of their case and providing a suitable mechanism of selection of arbitrators in case of dispute. the most common method used for constitution of the arbitral tribunal is the appointment of the two co-arbitrators by each party and the nomination of the presiding arbitrator by the two co-arbitrators. in case of sole arbitrator, the mechanism of selection is, most commonly, by agreement of the parties. criteria for selecting sole or presiding arbitrator commercial arbitrations usually have one or three arbitrators[7] one or three arbitrators are selected because there is likely to be multiple judgments. the advantage of having a single arbitrator is that the costs of arbitration are lower and the timing of the arbitration process is more convenient. also, the arbitration does not take long because the sole arbitrator does not consult with anyone before making the decision. in international arbitrations, it is generally preferable to consider cases with a panel of 3 arbitrators, if the amount of the claim in dispute is sufficient to cover the costs involved. a panel consisting of three arbitrators is slightly more expensive to try, but is superior in experience and excellence to a panel consisting of a single arbitrator. in addition, the arbitration decisions issued in connection with the cases considered by three-person arbitrators are distinguished by the fact that they cover the demands of the parties as much as possible and are understandable. if the dispute is complex and extensive, a panel of three arbitrators may conduct a fuller, more comprehensive review than a single arbitrator. in addition, in cases where the disputing parties are of different nationalities and cultures, each of them chooses an arbitrator close to his own nationality, culture, and legal system. although it is convenient for the parties to choose the composition of the arbitrators, the parties may not have accurate information about the scope, amount, complexity and scope of the dispute before the commencement of arbitration proceedings. one of the proposed options for this issue is that if the amount in dispute in the arbitration agreement exceeds a certain amount, three it is desirable to have an agreement to be an arbitrator, otherwise there should be only one. if the parties are unable to agree on the number of arbitrators, the arbitration will be conducted under different arbitration rules. according to some rules, the case is considered by a single arbitrator, unless extremely complex aspects are identified. [8] according to other rules, it is considered by three arbitrators, regardless of the situation. [9] general requirements agreed by the parties to arbitration must be written in the agreement.[10] the parties may agree, for example, that all arbitrators speak french, that they all have experience in the construction industry, and that the language of arbitration be in french. however, there is a downside to this, if the arbitration agreement specifies a list of qualifications for an arbitrator, it may be difficult to find an arbitrator who meets those requirements. arbitrators are required to be completely independent and impartial.[11] in addition, arbitrators, 107 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regardless of nationality, language or religion, are required to be impartial in their impartial and independent consideration of the case. in general, the chairman the arbitrator or sole arbitrator must not belong to the same nationality as the parties. because institutional rules should ensure neutrality. [12] selecting an international arbitrator: five factors to consider an international arbitration’s success turns largely on the quality of the arbitrators. arbitrators make binding decisions, and they wield broad discretion to fashion remedies. yet, the parties have a limited ability to challenge or appeal an arbitration decision if the arbitrators do not do their jobs. an arbitrator’s credibility is therefore crucial to maintaining the parties’ faith in the overall process and to securing those benefits that make arbitration so attractive in the first place, such as cost, efficiency, neutral forum and enforceability. a variety of methods may be selected for appointing the arbitrators. typically, however, when an arbitration is to be decided by a sole arbitrator, the parties have the opportunity to try to reach an agreement regarding who should be appointed. when an arbitration is to be decided by three arbitrators, each side typically selects one arbitrator, and the two party-appointed arbitrators select the chairman. in the case of a three member tribunal, the very first responsibility of a party-appointed arbitrator is to negotiate with the other party-appointed arbitrator for the selection of a chairman. simply put, the selection of the party-appointed arbitrator may be the most critical decision in an international arbitral proceeding. claudia t. salomon 2 argues that these five factors should be considered when selecting an arbitrator in international arbitration.  choose an arbitrator with legal and professional experience;  choose an impartial but known party-appointed arbitrator and a neutral presiding arbitrator;  choose an arbitrator who manages people well;  choose an arbitrator who demonstrates communicative proficiency and juridical openmindedness;  choose an arbitrator with a manageable caseload;[13] claudia t. salomon states that professional knowledge is one of the factors to be considered in the selection of an arbitrator in international arbitration. a referee's presence, communication style, management skills and ethical behavior also require careful consideration. if the arbitrator or arbitrators possess these five characteristics, international arbitration is off to a promising start. i agree with her that choosing a good arbitrator is a key factor in the success of an arbitration. conclusion in appointing arbitrators, parties have to take into consideration the national law applicable to the matter, the international guidelines and rules regulating the selection of arbitrators and the factual aspects of the case. the ideal arbitrator is the one that meets both the criteria of opportunity and legality with regard to the specific case at hand. an objective assessment of the case and the needs of the parties is essential in selecting an arbitrator. as correctly authors redfern and hunter[14] summarize the issue of selection of arbitrators, “it is, above all, the quality of the arbitral tribunal that makes or breaks the process”. 2 claudia t. salomon is an attorney with squire, sanders & dempsey in prague, czech republic. she is coordinator of the firm’s international arbitration and litigation practice in central europe. 108 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. https://law.pepperdine.edu/degrees-programs/masteroflaws/llminternational-commercialarbitration/. 2. https://law.pepperdine.edu/blog/posts/what-is-international-commercial-arbitration.htm. 3. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/edmmisc232add38_en.pdf 4. карабельников б.р. международный коммерческий арбитраж. учебник. 2 издание 2023 год. 5. margaret l. moses, principles and practice of international commercial arbitration. 6. d. hacking, well, did you get the right arbitrator?, in ”international arbitration report”, usa, 2000, p.10. 7. nigel blackaby, constantine partasides, et al., chapter 4: establishment and organization of an arbitral. tribunal, in redfern and hunter on international arbitration 229, §§ 4.22, 4.28 (6th ed. 2015). 8. lcia rules, article 5.8; icc rules, article 12(2); icdr regulations, 11 substance. 9. uncitral model law on international commercial arbitration (1985; with 2006 amendments). 10. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on international commercial arbitration", o'rq-674, national database of legal documents, 02/17/2021, no. 03/21/674/0123. 11. emerson f. d. history of arbitration practice and law //clev. st. l. rev. –1970. –т. 19. –с. 155. 12. gary born, international commercial arbitration (second edition), kluwer law international (2014) 13. https://www.internationalarbitrationattorney.com/wpcontent/uploads/arbitrationlaw04052027 43129.pdf 14. a. redfern & m. hunter, law and practice of international commercial arbitration, sweet&maxwell, london, 2004, p. 202. 62-65 the role of legal education in improving ecological-legal culture 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of legal education in improving ecological-legal culture rashid mamatkulov pazilbekovich tashkent state law university, department of general sciences and culture, associate professor, candidate of philosophy r.mamatqulov76@gmail.com ulbolsyn sandybayeva gumilyov eurasian national university abstract: the increasingly severe environmental situation in the world poses serious questions for humanity. reasonable reflection on them places various responsibilities on each of us today. the depletion of the ozone layer on our planet, the negative impact of unexpected climate changes, excessive air pollution, degradation of fertile soils, and the sharp decline in species of fauna and flora, which are leading to a decrease in biodiversity, require the world community to be extremely vigilant and aware of the environment. the shortage of clean drinking water has also become an acute problem. if the situation continues in this way, it is predicted that the world will face major environmental risks. keywords: ecology, education, safe, nature, culture, legal, water, forest, uzbekistan. introduction it is no exaggeration to say that the idea of ecological security and green development has now taken a leading place in the programs of all influential international organizations and in diplomatic relations between countries. the fact that our country, as a member of this important process, has joined a number of international agreements on ensuring ecological security and stability is the basis for a unique improvement in cooperation in this area. in addition, the updated constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, a number of laws and by-laws, which define the necessary legal norms serving to ensure ecological stability, is also worthy of special attention. today, no country is immune to the environmental problems facing the world community. this issue has already acquired a global character and does not bypass any country, knows no borders. if we look at the essence of the emergence of all these problems, there is only one thing: the human factor, man's ruthless and boundless attitude towards nature! by the 21st century, the excessive increase in human activity and human needs began to disrupt the balance of nature. methodology at the end of the 20th century, the impact of humanity on processes in the biosphere reached its peak. the current generation is experiencing situations of local and spiritual ecological crisis. in such a complex era, the scientific-theoretical, practical, educational-cultural and informational significance of ecology is increasingly increasing. ecological culture is a new culture of humanity, which defines value directions that stimulate ecologically healthy human behavior, activity and a new qualitative level of relations between man and the socio-natural environment. in a broad sense, ecological culture is a new content of human culture. a comprehensive analysis 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the research problem showed that it is very difficult for a person to understand his duties to nature in a new way and to form a new worldview.[1] therefore, on april 15, 1992, at the un conference on environmental problems, it was proposed to celebrate this day as the “day of environmental education”, focusing on the great importance of environmental education for the life and sustainability of humanity. [2] the main goal of this is to promote environmental knowledge, form an ecological culture, and inform the population about current environmental problems and the state of the environment. this is why this date is widely celebrated in our country, along with many other countries around the world, every year. in recent years, systematic work has been carried out in our country to ensure the participation of citizens in preventing and eliminating environmental problems associated with global development and climate change, and to improve the ecological culture of the population. the new constitution stipulates that the state creates conditions for ensuring the environmental rights of citizens and exercising public control over urban planning activities. the program for the transition to a "green" economy and ensuring "green" growth in the republic of uzbekistan until 2030 reflects the environmental rights and obligations of the population. the decree of the head of our state dated may 31, 2023 "on measures to transform the sphere of ecology and environmental protection and organize the activities of an authorized state body" also includes tasks related to the development of environmental awareness and environmental culture among the population. despite the consistent measures being taken, the number of environmental violations in the country is increasing from year to year. the negative impact of citizens on the sanitary condition of settlements and the protection of natural resources remains.[3] result and discussion raising legal awareness and environmental culture in society is one of the most important conditions for ensuring the rule of law and strengthening legitimacy. however, it shows that there is no coherence in the work being carried out to raise environmental culture in society. the participation of family, neighborhood and non-governmental non-profit organizations and other civil society institutions in this matter is not sufficiently ensured. therefore, the state program for the implementation of the “uzbekistan — 2030” strategy in the “year of youth and business support” stipulated the development of a draft resolution of the president “on approval of a special program to involve young people in building a “green” economy in order to form a “green” consumer culture in the republic of uzbekistan”. this document aims to improve the ecological culture of the population, attract the growing younger generation to the "green" economy, form a "green" consumer culture in them, and effectively organize the process of environmental education and upbringing, developing a "concept for improving the ecological culture of the population for the period until 2030", a concept for improving the ecological culture of the population for the period until 2030 and a program of measures for the implementation of the concept for 2024-2026.[6] on the occasion of april 15 "international day of ecological knowledge", a scientific and practical conference was held at the tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizami by the ecological party of uzbekistan faction of the legislative chamber of the oliy majlis on the topic "formation of ecological knowledge and culture in youth". as part of the conference, a tree planting campaign was organized on the territory of the university within the framework of the national project "green space". this, in turn, will increase the environmental knowledge of young people and also serve to strengthen the health of the population. 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main goal of this concept, adopted on may 27, 2019, is to form and develop environmental knowledge, awareness and culture among the growing younger generation, effectively organize the process of environmental education, as well as further improve science in the field of ecology by involving the world's advanced innovative technologies. to achieve this goal and put it into practice, the following main tasks are required: ø to establish the basic principles of developing environmental education in the system of continuous education in accordance with the laws of the republic of uzbekistan "on education" and "on nature protection", to consistently and gradually implement them in the educational process and, on this basis, to bring the effectiveness of environmental education to a new level; ø to organize environmental education, the promotion of environmental knowledge, publishing activities, competitions, social advertising, etc.; ø to improve educational programs based on the elimination of existing environmental problems and the requirements of the time; ø to draw the attention of learners to universal environmental problems, thereby increasing their responsibility for the preservation and rational use of non-renewable resources of mother nature; ø to develop and introduce effective forms and methods of environmental education; ø to create a regulatory, legal, material, technical and information base that ensures the quality of environmental education, the effectiveness of the personnel training system, guarantees and priorities for its sustainable development; ø to develop mutually beneficial cooperation between state bodies in the field of ecology and environmental protection in the educational sphere. conclusion in conclusion, the organization of environmental education, the introduction of environmental information and environmental and legal support is one of the areas of activity of state and public environmental organizations, the media, educational structures, law enforcement agencies and law enforcement agencies, etc. a brief analysis of the constitutional and environmental norms of different countries once again confirms that the establishment of priority areas of state environmental policy in the constitution, their further clarification in regulatory and legal documents, and the culture of law enforcement allow for environmentally sustainable development. also, as a comparative analysis shows, the main environmental and legal norms enshrined in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan correspond to the experience of the most advanced foreign countries and serve to ensure sustainable development in our country, maintain environmental cleanliness, and protect nature and public health. literature: 1. m. badalova (2022). ekologik madaniyatning rivojlanishi ijtimoiy taraqqiyot omili sifatida tutgan o‘rni. science and innovation, 1 (b6), 233236. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7139939 2. world environmental education day: what do you know about our planet? https://www.activesustainability.com/environment/world-environmental-education-day/ 3. the first eco-university in central asia, "green university", has officially opened in uzbekistan. // https://uznature.uz/en/site/news?id=3963 4. "ўзбекистон — 2030" стратегияси // https://gov.uz/uz/pages/2030_strategy 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. 2024 is the “year of youth and business support” in uzbekistan / https://invexi.org/press/2024-is-the-year-of-youth-and-business-support-in-uzbekistan/ 6. on the approval of the strategy for the development of artificial intelligence technologies until 2030 // https://www.lex.uz/docs/7159258 7. today, april 15, is celebrated in many countries of the world as “ecological knowledge day”! // https://bsmi.uz/en/bukhsmi-press-service/today-april-15-is-celebrated-in-manycountries-of-the-world-as-ecological-knowledge-day/ 8. environmental performance reviews // https://aral.uz/doc/ece.cep.188_uzbekistan_eng_synopsiss.pdf 121 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the analysis of moral qualities and its significance for the present in abu ali ibn sino's “treatise of science ethics” nurova shoxida naimovna teacher of history department of zarmed university abstract: the article states that the study of the life and spiritual and scientific heritage of ibn sina, provides ample opportunities for the work of people in the field of spirituality, morality, educational education, and those principles such as mutual respect, kindness, hard work, homogeneity and humanism are important in the upbringing of children. in addition to it, he outlined one of the main ideas of aloma in his natural-scientific, philosophical views on moral issues in his works entitled “treatise of science ethics”, “treatise of the covenant”, “treatise on the purification of ruki”, in which he understood the science of morality as the science of human behavior, character. in his work “treatise on the science of morality”, he provides information on the content and nature of good and bad behavior in the practical activities of a person and the reasons for their occurrence. keywords: justice, chastity, honor and integrity, generosity and bliss, wisdom and ignorance, love and hatred, honest and unclean, purity. introduction. thanks to our independence, it was possible to study our centuries-old national values and instill in them progressive thoughts in the direction of spiritual and educational upbringing of young people. the socio-moral education of young people, the formation of their social activity was defined as one of the important tasks of youth policy. he fact that in accordance with this law, the principles on which youth policy will be based are established is a vivid proof of this. examples of this include caring for young people regardless of national, racial, language, religious affiliation, social status, gender, education, and political affiliation”, “legal and social protection of young people”, “supporting youth initiatives, guaranteeing their choice”. in today’s threatening time, ensuring social stability, living peacefully among peoples, working in harmony are important for the spiritual property of all mankind. the role of the spiritual heritage of our great ancestors contributed to this is incomparable. our president sh. mirziyoev noted: “it is known that from the land of our country, which is a crossroads of ancient cultures and civilizations, thousands of scientists, allomas, great thinkers, poets, saints grew up in the middle ages. his valuable heritage in the field of exact sciences and religious sciences is the spiritual property of all mankind. one of the main ideas of ibn sina in his natural-scientific, philosophical views is the issues of ethics. ibn sina glorifies moral qualities and sharply condemns vices. the manifestation of the moral qualities of a person in society, the monotheism of family members built on a mutual moral basis, the mutual moral monotheism of various classes in society are specially covered in the works of ibn sina. main part. ibn sina’s views on morality are related to his views on the mature community. he considered it an important tool for the implementation of the ideas of a mature society and the formation of a perfect person in it, the establishment of moral habits, habits at the highest level, and the correct organization of educational work for this. he states: “morality is guided by reason, mannerisms are guided by knowledge, science, and only when enlightenment is founded 122 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us does it rise to the top, gaining the intended purpose”. in the “wisdom”, ibn sina singled out that the basis of each science is made up of moral principles, while dividing the practical sciences into 3: the office of the country, the office of the house, self-government, gives a definition to concepts such as chastity, contentment, generosity, ambition, patience, gentleness, the ability to keep secrets, fidelity, humility, fairness, which are spiritual and moral values. also continuing socrates’ thoughts: no one will be immoral on their own. he says that this is a consequence, a consequence of misunderstanding and ignorance. in his work “treatise on the science of morality”, he provides information about the meaning and nature of good and bad behavior in the practical activities of a person and the reasons for their occurrence. he believes that good and bad behavior all arise from habit. whatever we are used to, this is what sets in our behavior. therefore, it is necessary to start upbringing from infancy, so that after all good behavior becomes a habit for him. at the same time ibn sina describes in this treatise a number of moral qualities, including “chastity”, “justice”, “patience”, “leniency”, “prudence”, “humility”, etc. the scientist divides these moral categories into powers (internal senses). in his view, “patience is so powerful in man that the evil that falls on the human head is eliminated through it. belonging to the power of chastity (netak), humanity is to refrain from greed, to observe moderation in nutrition, not to give in to various desires.” ibn sina promotes the ideas of friendship and brotherhood in his work” ash-healing” (alkhitoba). describing friendship, he writes: “friendship is a state in which a person desires good for someone else, in which a person does not want good for himself, but for that other. in this case, a person will have a trait that calls for doing good towards another. a friend is a lover of this. a friend will share his sadness and joy both in the joy of his friend and in the times of misfortune, a true friend will be a friend of yours, an enemy of your enemy. he moves away from his friend's enemy, approaches his friend. it cannot be the opposite. because in the opposite case, hostility is counted”. these thoughts encourage us to appreciate a friend. according to alloma, the head of state is proud to embody the most good and high qualities of humanity, including the high qualities of intelligence and wisdom. if the king, the land, the head of the country is virtuous, he says, then his policies, measures will also be smart and fair. as intelligent and virtuous as ibn sina dreams of governors, to such an extent he condemns tyrannical and ignorant sultans and wants to stay away from them, hates them. ibn sina attaches great importance to the question of the justification of moral concepts for reason, mental knowledge. but no matter how knowledgeable a person is, no scientist, does not rely on mental rules, he is indecent, allows evil. in his work “the language of the bird”, ibn sina denounces such qualities as bipartisan, treacherous, denying any violence over man. the issues of true friendship, making a good friend, loyalty to a friend occupy an important place in his fiction. issues of family relations are also approached by ibn sina from a humanitarian point of view. a man is the head of the family, it is his first duty to satisfy all the demands of the family. the woman, on the other hand, claims to be the man's closest companion and assistant in raising a child and heir. especially his doctrine of decency and humanism has great scientific, practical, educational value. according to this doctrine, a person is a breed worthy of honor and respect. he must be just, moral, enlightened. in his philosophical teaching, abu ali ibn sina places emphasis on matters of good and evil, justice and righteousness, chastity, sharm-haya and integrity, generosity and misery, wisdom and ignorance, love and hatred, honest and unclean, purity and uncleanness, decency n his work” treatise on the science of morality", he provides information about the meaning and nature of good and bad behavior in the practical activities of a person and the reasons for their occurrence. he believes that good and bad behavior all arise from habit. whatever we are used to, this is what sets in our behavior. therefore, it is necessary to start upbringing from infancy, so that after all good behavior becomes a habit for him. at the same time ibn sina describes in this treatise a number of moral qualities, including “chastity”, “justice”, “patience”, “leniency”, “prudence”, “humility”, etc. the scientist divides these moral categories into capacities (internal hiss). in his vision, “patience " is such a power in a person through which evil falling on a person's head is eliminated. chastity belonging to the capacity 123 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of lust (desire), is the fact that humanity refrains from greed, adheres to moderation in nutrition, does not give in to various desires. ibn sina’s excellent feedback, his moral views have not lost their relevance even in the present. the study of the progress of the progressive socio-philosophical thought of the peoples of the medieval east helps a lot to get an idea of the fact that the peoples of the east, along with other peoples, made a significant contribution to the treasury of the culture of the whole world. abu ali ibn sina was not only a great encyclopedic scholar, but also a great thinker of his time, known to the world as a person with a strong spiritual and moral faith, which, in addition to his colleagues and disciples, is an example for all individuals who interact with him. his worldview, spiritual image, scientific, philosophical, aesthetic moral ideas and views are reflected in his multifaceted scientific, literary heritage. ince ibn sina was a true humanist, in his work he always glorified man and believed in the incomparable possibilities of human thought, calling each individual to be in accordance with the name of a person, constantly justifying and proving throughout his life that thinking, intelligence, developing cognitive abilities, persistently acting on the path to determining the truth is a duty to every person. noting this quality of ibn sina, abu ubayd said, “it is never possible to see that man's hand without a pencil, his head occupied with scientific reasoning, and his eye not tucked into lines. someone who is so innocent of himself is rarely found in the process of history.” ibn sina, on the other hand, singled out the fact that the life and work of citizens can be realized and developed in a community with a small yacheyk of the country. he believes that man feels the need for things beyond the nature and natural phenomena that surround him, which can only be created by working as a team. in order to act as a member of a self-known community, a culture of treatment must first be formed in a person. only then can he find a good language with his teammates and be able to independently state his opinion and exchange ideas. one of our ancestors, who introduced the name bukhara to the whole world, is ibn sina, who says that the most important means of moral education is one on one conversation, without touching the child's ego, pride. ibn sina believes that the formation of moral qualities in a child in unity with labor, physical and mental education is the main factor in his development as a person. one manuscript of” treatise on the science of ethics “is in the book fund of the institute of oriental studies abu rayhan beruniy of the academy of sciences of uzbekistan (number 2385xxvi), which came within ibn sina’s book “nine treatises on wisdom and medicine”. the pamphlet was also published in a collection of several thinkers “pamphlets published in egypt in 1910 by the arab scholar muhyiddin sabri kurdi”. in this treatise, ibn sina gives a description of a kancha of moral qualities, the eunuch being “chastity”, “courage”, “wisdom”, “justice”, “generosity”, “contentment”, “patience”, “softness”, “karam”, “the ability to forgive sin”, “the ability to keep secrets”, “ingenuity”, “decisiveness”, “loyalty”, “compassion”, “fidelity”, “etc. in conclusion, the scientist divides these moral categories into powers (internal senses). for example,” iffat “ibn sina believes that lust (desire) is in power and is a perso’s abstinence from greed, adherence to moderation in eating, and abstinence from various desires. thus, the invaluable works of abu ali ibn sina, in their unique, valuable thoughts, ideas, tried to reveal the full-fledged study of a person, his uniqueness, capabilities. he interpreted man as the greatest being, the owner of moral qualities. in his work "brochure fi ilm al-moral", he concluded that man achieves truth through spiritual penance through restraint of his navfsi and anger. references 1. ибн сино “донишнома” // хайруллаев м. уйғониш даври ва шарқ мутафаккири. т., “фан” 1971. –б. 309-311. 124 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. ибн сино “ақлий илмларнинг тақсимланиши” // хайруллаев м. уйғониш даври ва шарқ мутафаккири. т., “фан” 1971. –б. 120. 3. абу али ибн сино. фалсафий асарлар. т., 1963. –б. 25. 4. абу али иби сино. саломон ва ибсол. лирика. фалсафий қиссалар, шеър санъати. ғулом нашриёти, т:. 1980. –б. 4. 5. ибн сино. донишнома. сталинобод. 1957. –б. 194, 202, 216. 6. nurova s. ibn sino ta’limotida inson masalasi va insoniy xislatlar to ‘g ‘risida //farg'ona davlat universiteti. – 2023. – №. 4. – с. 107-107. 7. nurova , s. n. (2023). buyuk ensiklopedik olim ibn sino ijodida ma’rifat va jaxolat kurashining inson farovonligini ta’minlash va sog‘lom avlod tarbiyasidagi o‘rni. scholar, 1(28), 237–244. retrieved from https://researchedu.org/index.php/openscholar/article/view/5048 8. nurova , s. n. (2023). yosh avlodni insoniylik va ma’naviy – ma’rifiy ruxda tarbiyalashda ibn sino ijodining ahamiyati. educational research in universal sciences, 2(8), 342–348. retrieved from http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/4051 9. nurova, s. n. (2023). the role of ibn sina’s scientific heritage in educating young people to be perfect human beings. research and education, 2(8), 73–79. retrieved from https://researchedu.org/index.php/re/article/view/4720 10. nurova, s. n. (2023). abu ali ibn sino asarlarida axloqiy fazilatlar tahlili. innovative development in educational activities, 2(16), 51–57. retrieved from https://openidea.uz/index.php/idea/article/view/1597 11. sodiqova nargiza nasri qizi, & bobojonova feruza hayotovna. (2022). universal value of international peace and solidarity. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 2(3), 188–194. retrieved from http://ijpsss.iscience.uz/index.php/ijpsss/article/view/390 http://erus.uz/index.php/er/article/view/4051 https://researchedu.org/index.php/re/article/view/4720 https://openidea.uz/index.php/idea/article/view/1597 http://ijpsss.iscience.uz/index.php/ijpsss/article/view/390 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 priority directions of the regional cooperation model with turkey and the central asian states yarmukhamedova, irodakhon nosir kizi independent researcher, uzbekistan state university of world languages abstract: analysis of the thirty-year experience of this cooperation, which is based on the common cultural, linguistic, historical and religious unity of the independent states of turkey and central asia, has become the center of attention of many researchers. the article examines the main features of the regional cooperation model between turkey and the independent states of central asia and analyzes the ways of mutual cooperation. keywords: turkey, central asia, tika, regional security, mutual economic relations, foreign policy, integration. turkey is actively pursuing its policy towards central asia, which is seen as a strategically important region due to its geographical location, energy resources and historical ties. in addition, turkey's historical, ethnic, religious and cultural ties with central asian countries provide ample opportunities for ankara to increase its role and participation in the region. the ministry of foreign affairs of turkey stated that "turkey's desire for a stable, independent and prosperous central asia has determined the priority directions of our policy in the direction of establishing a free market economy and effective democratic states in the region[1]. " based on this, it should be noted that regional cooperation with the central asian countries is the main goal of turkey's foreign policy in the further development of turkey's economy and security of the country, as well as in becoming a regional leading power. although it started long ago, we can see that it has increased to the level of regional cooperation since 2016. turkey's regional cooperation model in relation to central asia is based on three main pillars: political cooperation, economic development and cultural exchange, and is based on a number of goals, including:[2] 1. support for political reforms: turkey has been a supporter of political reforms in central asia, including greater protection of democracy and human rights. 2. development of economic and trade relations: turkey seeks to deepen its economic relations with central asia, particularly in the fields of energy, transport and tourism. it is also actively promoting investment opportunities in the region. 3. development of cultural exchange: turkey is working to develop cultural relations with central asia, particularly in the fields of language and education. it also promotes exchange programs that bring central asian students and scientists to turkey[3]. 4. ensuring stability and security in the region: turkey considers central asia to be a crucial area for regional stability and security. therefore, it tries to strengthen peace and stability in the region through diplomatic and economic means. 5. to use the special geopolitical position and rich natural resources of the central asian countries from mutually beneficial positions and to serve as an energy terminal[4]. 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turkey's political influence in the region is the concept of "turkish world" or "turkish brotherhood". this concept envisages strengthening mutual cooperation between the turkic peoples in various fields, including politics, economy, culture and education. by actively supporting and developing this concept, turkey can strengthen its political influence in central asia. politically, turkey seeks to strengthen its relations with central asian republics by establishing diplomatic relations, signing bilateral agreements, and participating in regional organizations such as the organization of turkish states and the organization of islamic cooperation. after the collapse of the soviet union in 1991, ankara established a specialized organization called "turkish cooperation and coordination agency" in order to strengthen cultural and economic relations with central asian countries. several decades later, in 2009, the "cooperation council of turkic-speaking countries" was officially established. in 2021, the council decided to change itself to the "organization of turkish states". the organization consists of five members azerbaijan, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, turkey and uzbekistan, and two observer countries (hungary and turkmenistan). about 170 million people live in the participating countries and the total gross domestic product is 1.5 trillion dollars[5] (u.s. dollars hereinafter). economically, turkey seeks to increase trade and investment with the central asian republics, which are rich in natural resources and offer potential markets for turkish goods and services. turkey is expanding its export markets by investing in energy projects in the region and promoting its products and services[6]. trade agreements are another way to strengthen turkey's economic ties with central asia. the fact that turkey has signed a free trade agreement with several countries of central asia, including kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan, is considered as evidence of the above opinions. these agreements help to reduce trade barriers and develop the exchange of goods and services between turkey and central asia. in recent years, indicators of turkey's economic exchange with central asian countries have been developing rapidly. in particular, if we look at the results of 2023, turkey has invested more than 500 million dollars in uzbekistan and caused more than 200 enterprises to start working in our country. thus, the total trade turnover between the two countries was 3.22 billion dollars. kazakhstan is one of turkey's closest economic partners, and the bilateral trade turnover is estimated at 6.13 billion dollars. turkey's investment in kazakhstan's economy has exceeded 4 billion dollars, while kazakhstan has invested more than 1 billion dollars in turkey's economy. in the last two years, 16 investment projects were implemented in kazakhstan. today, turkey is the 4th largest economic partner of kazakhstan[8]. turkmenistan also has good economic relations with turkey, and the bilateral trade turnover is equal to 2.6 billion dollars. kyrgyzstan has relatively low economic indicators, and the trade turnover between the two countries is 0.5 billion dollars. in addition to infrastructure development and trade agreements, turkey also provides financial support to central asian countries. turkey offers loans and grants to support the development of infrastructure, agriculture and other critical sectors in central asia. this financial assistance is aimed at improving economic conditions in central asia and expanding economic cooperation between turkey and the region. in turn, turkey exports various industries to central asia, including textiles, electronics, and construction materials[9]. in the cultural sphere, turkey is trying to develop its historical ties with a region of common turkish heritage by promoting cultural exchange programs such as bilateral student exchanges and language courses, as well as strengthening scientific cooperation. turkey is conducting an active cultural policy towards central asia in order to strengthen its relations with the region. here are some examples of turkey's cultural policy towards central asia: 1. language programs: turkey has created programs to teach turkish language and culture in central asian countries. turkish language and culture centers known as[10] "turk dili ve kulturu merkezleri" or tömer have been established in many countries of central asia to teach turkish language and literature. 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. art and cultural exchange: turkey's cultural policy towards central asia is aimed at mutual cooperation and preservation of common cultural heritage. these programs and initiatives have helped strengthen cultural ties between turkey and central asia. turkey organizes cultural events and festivals in central asia to demonstrate turkish culture, and turkish artists participate in performances, music concerts and art exhibitions held in central asian countries[11]. 3. educational exchange programs: scholarships and grants offered to central asian students from turkey to study in turkish universities are aimed at developing cultural exchange, as well as sharing knowledge and experience. in particular, the educational cooperation between the countries of uzbekistan, turkey and azerbaijan is noteworthy. the efforts of countries to train modern personnel for various aspects of socio-economic and cultural life are becoming an international priority[12]. the special geopolitical position of the independent states of central asia and the availability of rich natural resources are of great importance for turkey, as turkey seeks to become a key player in ensuring the energy security of european countries and to diversify the energy sources of the european union. connecting the caucasus and central asia in a single energy transport platform to europe through turkey is a cause of great interest, and turkey is interested in the construction of roads, railways and pipelines connecting central asia to the turkish market and beyond, in particular, the baku-tbilisi-ceyhan oil pipeline and the baku-tbilisi-kars railway is investing in important projects that will facilitate the transportation of goods and resources between central asia and turkey. this is in line with the foreign policy of turkey and the goals of the "energy terminal and corridor" (energi terminal and corridor), which is one of the "energy corridors" for the delivery of world energy resources from eurasia to turkey and europe[13]. among other global actors, turkey has a direct interest in the regulation of regional conflicts in central asia and the peaceful resolution of disputes. especially in terms of regional stability and security, one of turkey's main geopolitical interests in central asia is to ensure its own security and regional stability. turkey strives to cooperate with central asian countries in the fight against terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking in order to prevent the spread of these threats to its territory[14]. firstly, turkey actively supports dialogue and cooperation between central asian countries, as well as other regional and international participants. as a mediator, it encourages peace talks and helps find compromise solutions. secondly, turkey provides humanitarian aid and economic assistance to central asian countries in conflict. it helps restore damaged infrastructure, provides financial support for economic development and social programs, and supports education and health care. such measures serve to improve the living conditions of the population and ease tension in the region. thirdly, turkey actively participates in peacekeeping operations and missions in central asia. it provides its military forces and experts to support efforts to maintain peace and security in the region. turkey cooperates with other countries and international organizations in the fight against terrorism and extremism, which serves to strengthen stability and security in central asia[15]. in conclusion, it can be said that turkey's relations with central asia have a long history and these relations continue to this day. turkey's geopolitical interests in this region are related to ensuring its security, expanding economic cooperation and strengthening its political influence. turkey is actively developing its economic relations with the countries of central asia, especially in the fields of energy and transport. cultural relations and exchanges also play an important role in strengthening relations between turkey and central asia. turkey actively participates in regional conflicts in central asia and strives to resolve them peacefully. turkey's model of regional cooperation towards central asia is based on promoting its strategic interests 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by promoting stability, security and economic development in the region, while at the same time strengthening its position as a regional power. references 1. ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of turkey (2013) 'turkey's relations with central asian republics' online 2. garbuzarova, eg tsentralnaya aziya v sovremennykh miropoliticheskikh protsessakh [central asia in global pol-icy processes]. moscow: aspect press publ. house; 2020, 185 p. 3. varbanets, p. foreign policy of turkey in central asia and the caucasus: echoes of the events of the “arab spring” / p. varbanets // central asia and the caucasus. – 2012. – t. 15, no. 4. – p. 59–66 4. turkiya va markaziy osiyo: siyosat, iqtisod va madaniy hamkorlik. https://azon.global/uz/posts/turkiy-dunyo/turkiya-va-markaziy-osiyo-siyosat-iqtisod-vamadaniy-hamkorlik 5. turkiya va markaziy osiyo: siyosat, iqtisod va madaniy hamkorlik. https://azon.global/uz/posts/turkiy-dunyo/turkiya-va-markaziy-osiyo-siyosat-iqtisod-vamadaniy-hamkorlik 6. vasilyeva s.a. the eaeu and the turkic council: prospects for interaction // news of the ural federal university. ser. 3, social sciences. 2018. t. 13. no. 3 (179). pp. 187-188 7. yangi uzbekiston (2023). a preferential trade regime is being introduced between uzbekistan and turkey. available at: https://yuz.uz/ru/news/mejdu-uzbekistanom-i-turtsieyvvoditsya-preferentsialny-torgovy-rejim . 8. khitakhunov.a. (2022). trade between turkey and central asia. available at: https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/trade-between-turkey-and-central-asia/. access date: 12/01/2022. 9. turkey´s relations with central asian republics // http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_srelations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa , 10. migranyan a. a., 2021. foreign economic policy of turkmenistan: results of the decade // geoeconomics of energy. no. 1 (13). pp. 43–66. doi: 10.48137/ 2687-0703202113143. 11. dankov.a. turkey's strategy in central asia. available at: https://eurasia.expert/dosestrategiya-turtsii-v-tsentralnoy-azii/ 12. o' zbekiston – turkiya hamkorlik munosabatlari rivojlanmoqda. 2022. https://www.trt.net.tr/uzbek/turk-dunyosi/2022/06/12/12345678910-1841371 13. panfilova v., 2022. europe will suffocate without turkmen gas // https://www.ng.ru/cis/2022-06-06/1_8454_gas.html 14. turkey’s policy in central asia: strategy, interests and influence // scientific articles.ru a portal for students and graduate students. — article last updated: 11/03/2023. — url https://nauchniestati.ru/spravka/politika-turczii-v-czentralnoj-azii/ (access date: 02/28/2024 15. turkey´s relations with central asian republics // http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_srelations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa https://azon.global/uz/posts/turkiy-dunyo/turkiya-va-markaziy-osiyo-siyosat-iqtisod-va-madaniy-hamkorlik https://azon.global/uz/posts/turkiy-dunyo/turkiya-va-markaziy-osiyo-siyosat-iqtisod-va-madaniy-hamkorlik https://azon.global/uz/posts/turkiy-dunyo/turkiya-va-markaziy-osiyo-siyosat-iqtisod-va-madaniy-hamkorlik https://azon.global/uz/posts/turkiy-dunyo/turkiya-va-markaziy-osiyo-siyosat-iqtisod-va-madaniy-hamkorlik https://yuz.uz/ru/news/mejdu-uzbekistanom-i-turtsiey-vvoditsya-preferentsialny-torgovy-rejim https://yuz.uz/ru/news/mejdu-uzbekistanom-i-turtsiey-vvoditsya-preferentsialny-torgovy-rejim http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-relations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-relations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa https://eurasia.expert/dose-strategiya-turtsii-v-tsentralnoy-azii/ https://eurasia.expert/dose-strategiya-turtsii-v-tsentralnoy-azii/ https://www.trt.net.tr/uzbek/turk-dunyosi/2022/06/12/12345678910-1841371 https://www.ng.ru/cis/2022-06-06/1_8454_gas.html https://nauchniestati.ru/spravka/politika-turczii-v-czentralnoj-azii/ http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-relations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-relations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa 134 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 conquering the pinnacle of science rakhmonova mehriniso toshpulotovna teacher of languages department of zarmed university abstract: this article reflects on the great scholar and thinker grandfather abu abdullah muhammad bin musa khorezmi who lived on our land. the great person is admired not only as a mathematician, but also as a philosopher and a poet. in the words of islam karimov, the first president of the republic of uzbekistan: "today, as we look at the great achievements of mankind in the field of science and modern technologies, our hearts are filled with pride that the uzbek people, like our great grandfather, have a worthy contribution in achieving such high goals." in this article, what periods the eastern renaissance includes, at the same time, the names of the bright representatives of the eastern renaissance of the 9 th-11th centuries: narshahi, farabi, ibn sina, beruni, mahmud kashgari, yusuf khos khajib are mentioned with special attention. we found it permissible to talk about our thinker grandfather abu abdullah muhammad bin musa, who reached the pinnacle of science with his great contribution to the development of science, enlightenment and spirituality, and his prolific creativity. keywords: thinker, wisdom, productive creativity, morals, manners, habits, education, kindness, science, development, sincerity, respect, thoughtfulness, honesty, love, humanity, courage, generosity. introduction. eastern renaissance refers to the period in which science, philosophy, and culture developed in the muslim east in the 9th-11th centuries. during al-ma'mun's caliphate (813833), the state sponsored the growth of knowledge. astronomical observatories were built in baghdad and then in damascus. asian scientists actively participated in the work of these observatories, as well as in the scientific work of the "bayt ul-hikma" ("house of wisdom") established in baghdad. in addition to the representatives of arabs and other nations, the famous abu abdullah muhammad bin musa khorazmi, ahmed al-farghani, ahmed bin abdullah marwazi, abbas bin saeed jawhari and others can be mentioned among the scholars who carried out effective creative work in baghdad. they played a very important role in the scientific activity of the "house of wisdom". at the same time, the bright representatives of the eastern renaissance of the 9th-11th centuries: narshahi, farobi, ibn sina, beruni, mahmud koshgari, yusuf khos khajib and others made a great contribution to the development of science, enlightenment and spirituality. we all know that muhammad musa khorezmi was the first in the world to introduce the decimal number system, algorithm and algebra concepts into the field of science and created a solid foundation for the development of exact sciences on this basis. the main part. the original son of khorezm, the grandfather of scholars abu abdullah (abu ja'far) muhammad ibn musa al-khorazmi, al-majusi al-qatrabbuli was born in khiva, one of the cultural centers of khorezm, in 783 in a fire-loving mughal family. 135 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in his childhood and adolescence, the future scientist received primary education in his homeland, diligently studied arabic, persian, indian, and greek languages, read books in these languages, and became a popular scientist. khorezmi is the author of "sind hind", "ziji khorezmi", "treatise on astrolabia", "treatise on the sundial", "book on the shape of the earth", "trigonometric tables", "treatise on music", "on history" and other works. one of his great services was introducing european and middle eastern science to the ancient indian decimal system. they called it "algaritmus" in europe.1 algorithm is its latin name. in the words of islam karimov, the first president of the republic of uzbekistan: "today, when we look at the great achievements of mankind in the field of science and modern technologies, we are filled with pride that the uzbek people have a worthy contribution to achieve such high goals, as our great grandfather did."2 worked at the "bayt-ul-hikma" scientific center in baghdad. he worked there as a scientific supervisor. alloma created a number of masterpieces in the field of science and introduced the following universal scientific and practical innovations to human practice: 1. al-khorazmi is the founder and incomparable discoverer of the science of algebra. the scientist is the author of several books and treatises, the most famous of which is "kitab al jabr va al-muqabala" on the science of algebra. this work became the basis for the emergence of a new science of algebra. he discovered two methods of solving equations al-jabr, that is, bringing opposite signs into a single positive sign, and al-muqabala, that is, putting the same terms opposite (equation). in this work, he created, for the first time in history, a branch of algebra that studies the general laws of operations on quantities. al-khwarizmi's work "al-jabr" was translated from arabic and from arabic into "algabr..." in medieval europe, and later it was read as "algebra". this work was first translated into latin in 1145. during the 19th and 20th centuries, it was published in english, french, german and other languages. it was published in russian and uzbek in 1964 and 1983. 2. al-khwarazmi is the inventor of the algorithm, that is, for the first time in history, he created a system of rules that allows solving any specific problem belonging to a class of problems purely mechanically. the word "algorithm" is the reading of the word "al-khorazmi" in medieval european science (originally, the translators translated the arabic word "al-khorazmi" into latin as "algorithm"). al-khwarizmi's indelible service in science and practice is that he developed a set of rules that serve as a basis and ground for the creation of management systems in all fields of science, cosmonautics, nuclear power plants, electronics, economy, national economy, and in the creation of families of electronic computing machines and computers came out. as engineering, science, technology and life in general become more complex, the importance of algorithm is increasing. 3. al-khwarazmi's "book on indian accounting", "astronomical ziyj", "book on the earth's shape" were translated into latin in the 11th-12th centuries, and in the 19th-20th centuries into the most common languages of today, because al-khwarazmi he wrote his works in arabic, which was the common language of all sciences in muslim countries at that time. these works have been serving science, practice, and human interests for almost twelve centuries in all muslim countries and for almost a thousand years in european countries. in 1983, by the decision of unesco, the 1200th anniversary of muhammad al-khorazmi was held. currently, there is an "algorithm" institute under the academy of sciences of uzbekistan, and an "algorithm" plant is operating in the capital of our country. the great person is admired not only as a mathematician, but also as a scholar of the science of words. 1 ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси. 10 – том. т.: давлат илмий нашриёти, 2000 йил. 521 – бет. 1 каримов и. юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч. т.: маънавият, 2008 й., б. 41. 136 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us khorezmi is a poet who lived in the xiy th century and wrote in turkish and persian. however, only one of his works, "muhabbatnama", written mainly in uzbek and partly in tajik, has reached us. noma is one of the genres of uzbek classical literature. lexically, this persian word means "letter". khorezmi's "muhabbatnama" is considered the first bright example of the noma genre in uzbek classical literature. of course, "muhabbatnama" is not only a collection of poems, it also contains works of small lyrical genres such as ghazal, kita, fard. a love letter in the evening, the month of celebration appeared, muhammad khojabek is a state protector. he ordered, and there was a great commotion, they brought a glass, the meeting was established. hosseini composed a song over the curtain, mughanni wrote this ghazal... in short, this work, which started the noma genre, played an important role in the development of uzbek literature and brought it to a new stage. also, this work of khorezmi has a special place as it has taken uzbek classical poetry to a new level artistically. georg sarton (1884-1956) expressed the following thoughts about al-khwarizmi: "...he is not only a great mathematician of his time, but also a great scientist in the history of mankind." at the end of the documentary about al-khorazmi, the presenter of the bbc tv channel said: "today, regardless of where and when we are, when we freely communicate with whoever we want over coffee or tea on the internet, or watch web pages, or want to save an unlimited amount of information, from the almost unknown corner of central asia, which left an indelible mark on the development of all new hi-tech technologies. "we should not forget that there was a man named al-khorazmi, and we must be grateful to him." conclusion. so, the great thinker of the east, encyclopedist muhammad musa al-khorazmi's knowledge in literature, astrology, geodesy, geography, especially in mathematics, is incomparable. the scientist was fluent in arabic, indian, latin, greek, and persian languages. we all know that alloma was the first in the world to introduce the decimal number system, algorithm and algebra concepts into the field of science and created a solid foundation for the development of exact sciences on this basis, and how important it was in the development of universal human development. today, when we look at the great achievements of mankind in the field of science and modern technologies, we are filled with pride that the uzbek people have a worthy contribution in achieving such high goals, as our great grandfather did. our famous ancestor muhammad al-khorazmi is the pride of uzbekistan, and his memory is always in our hearts. references 1. каримов и.а. юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч. т.: маънавият, 2008 йил. б. 42. 2. ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси. 10 – том. т.: давлат илмий нашриёти, 2000 йил. 521 – бет. 3. ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси. 10 – том. т.: давлат илмий нашриёти, 2000 йил. 523 – бет. 137 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. каримов и. юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч. т.: маънавият, 2008 й., б. 41. 5. tashpulatovna r. m. ahmad donish's testament to his children and about profession (based on the work" nawodir ul-waqae") //central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture. – 2023. – т. 4. – №. 5. – с. 335-339. 6. меҳринисо р. т. хоразмий даҳосига таъзим //central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture. – 2023. – т. 4. – №. 6. – с. 288-291. 7. toirovna, r. m., toshpulatovna, r. m., baxriddinovna, a. n., abdusamadovna, r. m., & valiyevna, t. m. (2023). fantastic imagery in the works of a. tolstoy and e. zamyatin. boletin de literatura oral-the literary journal, 10(1), 3927-3933. 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 11, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methods of credit to the service sphere by commercial bank nurmukhammedov abdijabbar yunusovich associate professor of the department of bank account and audit of the tashkent state university of economics, phd abstract: loans from commercial banks are of great importance in solving the existing problems of increasing the share of the service sector in the economy of our country, expanding and improving the quality of services provided, as well as in financial support of economic entities in this direction. this article examines the theoretical foundations of lending to the service sector, in particular scientific and theoretical views on improving the mechanism of lending to the service sector, forms of lending to the service sector and their specific features. keywords: credit, service sector, resource, commitment, overdraft, forfeiting, credit line. introduction at the new stage of economic development in uzbekistan, special attention is paid to improving the service sector. moreover, today the adoption of the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 and in it the service sector and services in the regions, in particular, housing and communal services, transport and logistics services, non-governmental educational services, medical services. , tourism, transport, information and communications, including the definition of urgent tasks for the development of software and other services, is the basis for more rapid development of practical work in this direction. [1] also decrees of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-5113 dated may 11, 2021 "on measures for the accelerated development of the service sector", no. pq-4752 dated june 16, 2020 "on measures to support the service sector", 2022. of great importance in ensuring the rapid growth of the service sector, further support for entrepreneurship in this direction and the creation of new jobs for the population. in particular, as a result of the implementation of the program for the development of the service sector in the republic of uzbekistan for 2021-2023, the volume of services provided in 2021 increased by almost 20%. [2] in the strategy for reforming the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2025, it is necessary to "carry out lending only on the basis of market conditions, improve the quality of the loan portfolio and banking risk management, adhere to moderate growth in lending volumes, and introduce technological solutions for assessing financial risks" reforms of the banking system. are recognized as a priority. [3] this, in turn, gives rise to the need to improve the methodological and practical foundations of the credit mechanism. improving the practice of lending to the service sector by commercial banks around the world, improving the practice of assessing and managing financial risks associated with lending to the service sector, ensuring a balance between the profitability and riskiness of loans provided by commercial banks to the service sector, improving resource provision for lending to the service sector, lending to service sector entities. scientific research is being conducted to increase the level of solvency. this indicates that the issue of lending to the service sector is relevant. 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature analysis on the subject foreign economists e. altman, p. andrikopoulos, r. barsky, a. khorosgani, s. beyer, i. wieland, o. blanchard, dj. sinki, d. furcheri, a. pescatori, r. caballero, a. krishnamurzi, d. fantazini, o. lavrushin, f. mishkin, n. researched in the scientific works of tkach, e. brovkina, a. burova, g. penikas, s. popova and others. theoretical and practical aspects of lending in the service sector were studied in the scientific works of sh. abdullaeva, b. berdiyarov, d. saidov, zh. isakov, f. dodiev, sh. mirziyoyev, j. majidov, f. kholmamatov and others from uzbekistan. o. according to lavrushin, a bank is an institution that produces a specific product, and in the form of money and means of payment produces special goods, in contrast to the sphere of material production. in addition to these products, banks provide mainly monetary services. [4] o. lavrushin acknowledged that the goods created by the bank have an intangible form and are in the form of money and means of payment. dj. according to sinki, the main activity of banks is to finance loans through deposits. however, if earlier banks were considered only as intermediaries in the process of distributing financial resources, then at the current stage of economic development they can be considered as enterprises engaged in the production of information and ensuring transactions. [5] here, j. sinki recognized the role of commercial banks as financial intermediaries and interpreted them as organizations that play a key role in providing information for the process of financial transactions. according to f. mishkin, it is the activities of banks and other financial institutions that ensure the functioning of financial markets, without which funds cannot be transferred to those who can effectively use free resources. consequently, financial institutions have a significant impact on the development of the entire economy. [6] in this conclusion, f. mishkin recognized commercial banks as the main participants in financial markets and emphasized the redistribution of financial resources through banks. according to e. grishina, the main factors determining credit limits are:  compatibility of turnover growth rates and loan growth rates;  level of development of types of lending;  compliance with the requirements of the law on the return of funds.[7] this conclusion by e. grishina has practical significance from the point of view of improving the practice of lending to banks in the country. because, firstly, the low level of use of commercial bank loans by business entities. this is explained by the high interest rate on loans and the lack of highly liquid collateral. secondly, there are problems in the development of types of lending. that is, overdraft and confiscatory forms of lending still do not exist in commercial banks of our republic. from the scientific and theoretical views of economists, it is clear that the development of the service sector depends on a large number of factors, such as the price of services, return on capital, level of investment, level of social services of the state budget. and labor productivity. research methodology in the course of the scientific research in the article, the importance of commercial bank loans in financial support of the service sector is scientifically substantiated, using methods based on the principles of abstract-logical, system analysis, analysis and synthesis, as well as using analytical analysis. , comparative analysis and statistical analysis of data, problems are identified and problems are solved, scientifically substantiated proposals are given. at the same time, scientific works of foreign and domestic economists on issues of improving the practice of lending to 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us commercial banks, including the practice of lending to the service sector; the sources were annual reports of central banks, as well as analytical materials and studies of international rating agencies (ernst & young, thompson reuters, blossom, etc.). analysis and discussion of results in order to improve the mechanism of lending to the service sector, it is necessary to strengthen the resource base of commercial banks, ensure the proportionality of assets and liabilities of banks in terms of their size and duration. today, commercial banks of our republic are faced with the problem of strengthening the resource base, so this issue is of great practical importance for banks. according to official statistics of the central bank of the republic of uzbekistan, the share of resources attracted by issuing securities by commercial banks in the total volume of liabilities as of january 1, 2023 amounted to only 2.3 percent.[9] this is clear evidence that the resource base of banks is not strong enough. because the funds received from the sale of securities in commercial banks of developed countries occupy a significantly larger weight in the volume of banks' liabilities. for example, at bank of america (usa), as of january 1, 2022, the share of funds received from the sale of securities in the volume of liabilities was 30.3 percent. [10] the following forms of lending by banks in the service sector are widely used in international banking practice: 1. syndicated lending 2. opening a credit line. 3. overdraft. 4. current account. 5. factoring form. 6. confiscation. 7. lease. syndicated lending includes the following stages:  search for a project financed by a syndicated loan;  the initiating bank will conduct an analysis of the economic, social and environmental efficiency of the project;  the initiating bank writes a letter to other banks with a request to participate in the syndicate;  a banking syndicate is formed between the banks participating in the syndicate and the main bank;  a loan agreement is concluded between the syndicate of banks and the borrower. the advantages of syndicated lending are as follows:  credit risk is distributed between the commercial banks participating in the banking syndicate;  allows the accumulation of credit resources necessary for financing large investment projects;  allows a commercial bank to lend to large investment projects without violating the requirements of economic standards established by the banking supervision authority. lending by opening a credit line has the following advantages for business entities operating in the service sector:  the business entity will have the opportunity to receive several loans within the credit limit allocated by the commercial bank; 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  interest is paid only for the used part of the credit limit;  the service entity will be relieved from the need to apply to the bank for a loan each time. the credit limit in the form of lending by opening a credit line is determined by the following formula: klh = (ichz + tich + tmq + dq + jt) – (kq + о‘m) (1) here: klh – credit limit; ichz – production stocks; tich – work in progress; tmk – balance of finished goods; dc – accounts receivable; jt – shipped goods; kq – accounts payable; om – own funds. overdraft credit is provided when there are insufficient funds in the current account of a service entity. usually, overdraft is provided to business entities that have a stable income, but a shortterm shortage of funds in the main current account. since the level of credit risk for an overdraft loan is relatively high (the bank does not know in advance when and how much money will be insufficient in the current account of the business entity), the interest rate is higher than the interest rates of other loans. according to the findings of russian economists, the credit limit for an overdraft loan is allocated for up to 180 days, while the following are not taken into account in the credit turnover of the client's current account when calculating the limit:  loans received;  income from conversion transactions;  return of previously placed deposits;  funds received from the sale of bank securities (bills of exchange, deposit certificates and other securities);  transit transactions (transfer of funds from the account of one bank client to the account of another);  funds received from the client's current account;  funds received as financial assistance;  funds received from corrected accounting transfers. [4] with the overdraft form of lending, the borrower's main current account opened in a commercial bank is closed and an overdraft account is opened in its place. all cash receipts from the borrower's activities are reflected in the credit of the current account, all his payments are reflected in the debit of the current account. the credit of the current account is provided for the amount of the debit balance of the current account. an overdraft loan, like an overdraft, belongs to the high-risk group, therefore it is issued to legal entities with a high level of solvency. an important advantage of overdraft for companies is that it allows solving the problem of temporary shortage of funds that occurs when financing a certain object in the company's activities. 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in developed countries, a calendar sequence of payments is used, and in our republic a target sequence of payments. this, in turn, leads to a higher level of credit risk associated with overdraft and overdraft loans. the factoring form of lending consists of the following set of activities:  collection of accounts receivable arising from sold goods and rendered services;  replenishment of the company's working capital through a short-term loan;  borrower's guarantee against credit risk;  borrower's guarantee against currency risk. in international practice, with factoring loans issued by commercial banks, commodity documents are acquired under two conditions:  with the right of recourse;  without the right of recourse. when purchasing documents for goods with the right of recourse, a commercial bank has the right to demand the amount of the factoring loan from the supplier if the buyer is unable to pay the amount of the goods. when purchasing documents for goods without the right of recourse, a commercial bank will not have the right to demand the amount of the factoring loan from the supplier if the buyer is unable to pay the amount of the purchased goods. currently, in our country, not only commercial banks and factoring companies have the right to provide factoring services, but also microfinance organizations. the factoring form of lending is based on the following four requirements:  the presence of a loan in the form of early repayment of accounts receivable;  accounting of the supplier of goods;  collection of accounts receivable arising from goods and services;  insurance of the borrower against credit risk. a loan to a small business entity in the confiscatory form of lending is provided by purchasing an asset at its disposal without the right of recourse. a bill of exchange is a commercial bill of exchange; when purchasing it without the right of recourse, a commercial bank does not have the right to collect the amount of the penalty from the supplier in the event of the buyer's insolvency. a leasing loan is a long-term loan issued by commercial banks and leasing companies. according to the leasing legislation of uzbekistan, leasing agreements must meet one of the following requirements:  upon expiration of the leasing agreement, the leased asset becomes the property of the lessee;  if the term of the lease agreement is more than eighty percent of the service life of the leased asset or if the residual value of the leased asset after the end of the lease agreement is less than twenty percent of its original cost;  upon expiration of the lease agreement, the lessee has the right to purchase the leased asset at a price below its market value, the basis of which is the cost of the leased asset on the day of exercise of this right;  if the current discounted (estimated) value of lease payments for the term of the lease agreement exceeds ninety percent of the current value of the leased asset at the time of conclusion of the lease agreement. the current discounted (accounted) value is determined in accordance with the legislation on accounting. 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us commercial banks' leasing loans are provided on the basis of a tripartite financial leasing agreement:  an agreement between the manufacturer of the leased asset and the buyer of the leased asset;  an agreement concluded between the seller of the leased asset and the buyer (commercial bank, leasing company);  an agreement between the lessor and the lessee of the leased asset. leased assets are acquired using funds from a commercial bank and transferred to lessees. in this case, the commercial bank buys out the leased asset for its full value. as a result, financial relations arise between the commercial bank and the seller of the leased asset, as well as between the bank and the lessee. in the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan on leasing, there is a form of leasing called "return lease", in which financial relations arise only between a commercial bank and a lessee, that is, the same person participates as a lessee and a lessee. seller. in a return lease, the lessee offers a fixed asset on its balance sheet to a commercial bank as a lease object. the commercial bank buys the leased asset from the enterprise at full cost and leases it to the enterprise. after the lease agreement expires, the company buys the leased asset at its residual value. an important advantage of a renewable lease for the lessee is that it allows the lessee to meet the lessee's needs for working capital. the leased asset remains in the production process. in international practice, lending to business entities is carried out on the basis of the following generally accepted principles:  to return;  payment of interest;  duration;  security;  purposefulness. developed countries, the method of financial ratios and the method of assessing the total cash flow are used to assess the creditworthiness of service sector entities. the assessment method used consists of the following financial ratios:  quick liquidity ratio;  current liquidity ratio;  financial leverage ratio;  financial margin ratio;  financial independence ratio. also, in developed countries, the scoring model is used to determine the creditworthiness of service sector entities. scoring is a mathematical and statistical model, the successful application of which allows to increase the level of use of commercial bank loans by small business entities in the service sector. the scoring model is based on the following three financial ratios:  private equity return ratio;  current liquidity ratio;  financial independence ratio. 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, the scoring model has the following disadvantages:  commercial bank employees do not have sufficient experience in developing a scoring-based strategy;  the quality of the data to be processed does not allow for the effectiveness of assessment and monitoring;  the existence of the application of credit scoring models to banking products, groups of borrowers or geographic regions without checking their effectiveness;  that over time, models may lose their effectiveness for objective and subjective reasons. [11] one of the important conditions for using forms of lending are the requirements for collateral for loans. the requirements for collateral include:  an accurate assessment of the maximum ratio of the loan amount to the collateral amount;  an accurate assessment of the market value of the collateral;  not allowing a sharp deviation of the estimated price of the collateral from the market price at which it can be sold;  establishing a separate maximum value for securities traded on stock exchanges and a separate maximum value for securities not traded on stock exchanges;  separate consideration of land plots leased at a preferential rate when using the right of lease as collateral for loans. in international banking practice, highly liquid, i.e. first-class objects of collateral for loans issued by commercial banks are:  land plots owned by the borrower;  gold and other non-ferrous metals;  government securities;  securities, the payment of which is guaranteed by the state. limited availability of first-class collateral in the banking practice of uzbekistan is explained by the following reasons:  all land plots are owned by the state;  non-sale of gold and other rare metals on the domestic market of the country;  absence of corporate securities, the payment of which is guaranteed by the state;  small volume of issue of government securities (chart 1). figure 1. the share of transactions with government securities in the republic of uzbekistan in the total volume of trades conducted on the republican currency exchange, in percent 0 5 10 15 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 0.3 1.2 6.2 7.9 13.8 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the data in figure 1 show that the share of transactions with government securities in the total volume of financial transactions carried out on the republican currency exchange tended to increase in 2018-2022, but still remained at a low level. exemption of income from government securities from taxation plays an important role in ensuring their investment attractiveness. however, high inflation rates and devaluation of the national currency negatively affect the investment attractiveness of government securities. [12] it should be recognized that innovative forms of lending play an important role in improving the practice of lending to the service sector (figure 2). figure 2. innovative forms of lending to the service sector from the data in figure 2 it is clear that for commercial banks of uzbekistan innovative forms of lending in the service sector are forfaiting, revolving credit, overdraft and overdraft. the emergence of problem loans is associated with the influence of credit risk, as a result of which the bank fears that the borrower will not be able to repay their obligations under the loan agreement in a timely manner and in full, and the bank may incur losses. associated with lending to such borrowers. therefore, in banking practice, problem loans are often called low-quality. this interpretation of problem loans focuses on the losses that arise as a result of problems. however, not every bad loan ends in losses. the task of the bank is to prevent or minimize possible losses. analysis of foreign studies in the field of problem loan management shows that the most effective strategy for efficiency is a problem loan management strategy aimed at financial recovery of the borrower experiencing difficulties, which is implemented within the framework of a strategic partnership. with the client. [13] conclusions and suggestions the results of the study of scientific and theoretical views on lending to the service sector showed that:  the development of the service sector directly depends on the population's demand for services. in turn, the demand for services depends on the change in the difference between income and consumption;  in order to develop the financial services sector, it is advisable to implement the following measures: by creating a healthy competitive environment in the service sector, it is necessary to reduce prices for services and, consequently, increase demand for financial services; it is necessary to create conditions that allow entities providing financial services to ensure a ways of loans forfaiting revolving credit overdraft current account 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us stable level of their investments; by increasing state budget expenditures and reducing tax rates, it is necessary to increase the solvent demand of entities using financial services;  in order to improve the mechanism for lending to the service sector, it is necessary to strengthen the resource base of commercial banks, ensure the proportionality of assets and liabilities of banks in terms of their size and duration. analysis of forms of lending to the service sector showed that:  in our republic, the form of one-time lending to service sector entities from a separate loan account is widely used, and with this form of lending, payment is made in full immediately from the loan amount;  when lending by opening a credit line, the credit limit is allocated by a commercial bank to a service sector entity and the term is determined, and this form of lending has the following features: 1. loans in this form are provided only to legal entities; 2. borrowers of the loan are enterprises and organizations that need bank loans throughout their activities; 3. he loan is provided to clients whose main current account is in this bank; 4. the loan is issued to legal entities with high creditworthiness; 5. with this form of lending, the commercial bank is exposed to liquidity risk throughout the entire lending period. therefore, the commercial bank charges the client a separate commission for using the credit line. reference: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-60 dated january 28, 2022 "on the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 2022-2026" // national legislative information base, 01/29/2022, no. 06/ 60.22.0082. 2. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 27, 2022 no. pq104 "on additional measures related to the development of the service sector". 3. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5992 dated may 12, 2020 "on the strategy for reforming the banking system of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020-2025" // qhmmb: 06 / 205992 / 0581no. 05/13/2020 4. lavrushina o.i. banking. express course: a textbook. 2016. 12 p. 5. j. sinkey financial management and commercial banking and industrial financial management. trans. english m .: alpina business books, 2007. 1018 p. 6. mishkin. f.s. economic theory, banking and financial markets, 7th edition: trans. english m .: ooo "i.d. william", 2006. p-42 7. grishina e.a. trends in the development of credit services provided by commercial banks // finance and credit. moscow, 2016. no. 28. p. 18-27. 8. nurmukhammedov, a.yu. (2022). mechanisms for improving the practice of long-term lending by commercial banks. european journal of business startups and open society, 2 (10), 11–16. 9. consolidated balance sheet of commercial banks //www.cbu.uz (central bank of the republic of uzbekistan). 10. bank of america. annual report 2021// (https://investor.bankofamerica.com/annual-reportsand-proxy-statements). 11. snyder d., brian t. scoring in lending to small and medium enterprises // money and credit. 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us moscow, 2011. no. 10. p. 59. 12. nurmukhammedov a.yu. (2020). development of securities markets of commercial banks in uzbekistan. theoretical and applied science, (6), 476–480. 13. nurmukhammedov abdijabbar yunusovich. (2024). ways to develop innovative banking services in uzbekistan. miasto przysloszczy 52, 76–83. 14. berdiev a.o. imrrovement of financial management mechanisms of investment activity. eurorean journal of business starturs and oren society. issn: 2795-9228, vol.3 no.5 (2023): ejbsos pp.62-68. 15. berdiev a.o. scientific and theoretical foundations of rroject financing risk management in commercial banks. “science and innovation” tashkent, 2023. uif-2022: 8.2. issn: 21813337 scientists.uz. 293-300. 127 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 new generation university “university 3.0” mukumova nargis nuriddinovna senior lecturer, samarkand state university of architecture and сonstruction olimova lola erkinovna teacher, samarkand state university of architecture and сonstruction abstract: the problems and prospects for implementing the “university 3.0” concept in domestic higher education are considered. experience in implementing the concept of “university 3.0” in universities of the republic occurs mainly according to the models of developed countries, taking into account the existing system of higher education in uzbekistan. keywords: higher education, “university 3.0” concept, intellectual potential, innovative development. introduction as a result of the last five-year reforms, to increase and develop the quality and scope of education in the republic, to ensure the flexibility of the personnel training system to the needs of the economy, to comprehensively support and develop scientific and innovative activities, to form and further improve the innovative potential of the country regulatory frameworks aimed at developing effective mechanisms for creating favorable conditions were developed and fundamentally updated. main part. in particular, by the decrees of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, the strategy of innovative development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2019-2021, the concept of the development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030, the concept of the development of science until 2030, "uzbekistan — 2030" strategy, the concept of development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030, the strategy of agricultural development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2020 — 2030, the new plan for 2022 — 2026 uzbekistan's development strategy was approved. laws "on science and scientific activity", "on innovative activity", and "on education" were also adopted. for example, the concept for the development of higher education of the republic of uzbekistan is a document that defines the general strategy, main directions, priorities, objectives of state policy in the field of education and mechanisms for their implementation, as a fundamental component 128 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the formation and strengthening of state independence, the progressive development of the country.the laid down qualitatively new concept is focused on the formation of a harmoniously developed generation, on strengthening the national foundations of the educational sphere, raising them to the level of world standards in harmony with the requirements of the time. the strategic goal of the national program is to form human capital capable of solving complex issues facing society in a rapidly developing market economy. the result of its implementation was the creation of an educational model that ensures lifelong education in the republic. the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev set the task of moving from centralized financing to self-financing and economic independence in order to increase the international prestige of universities and adequately stimulate the activities of scientific and pedagogical personnel. among foreign economists are bell d., boyce j., karayannis e.g., campbell d.f.j., castells m., chesbrough h.w. curley m., formica r., etzkowitz h., leydesdorff l., gibbons m., limoges k., novotny h., schwartzman s., scott p., trow m. and scientists of the russian federation parfirova a.a., kryukova a.a., solovyov o.g., a. glazev and other scientists expressed their opinion about “university 3.0” in their research. in recent years, research has been carried out in the country on the “university-3.0” model, as well as scientific articles, monographs and textbooks. these include r. madieva, sh.i.ilkhamov, i.n.ismanov, a.a.karimov, m.k.pardaev, a.zh.tuichiev, b.a.khasanov, k.r.hotamov, r. .o.kholbekov. they published textbooks and scientific articles that contain a range of information and analyzes about university 3.0. in the concept of the development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030, the issue of gradually introducing the concept of "university 3.0" into our lives is emphasized. what does this concept mean? universities have passed through several models in their historical development. at the beginning of the 21st century, the traditional, classical model of knowledge transfer and teaching has been replaced by the concept of university 2.0. according to him, the university has become a source of new knowledge and a center of consulting services for market participants. the university 3.0 is a new type of educational institution that must actively participate in the processes related to technological entrepreneurship, business development and the formation of new markets. higher education institutions of this format will serve as a “driver” for the innovative development of uzbekistan in the next five to ten years. the university of the future is an educational institution where graduates go to specific enterprises, companies, government agencies, and thirdor fourth-year students are clearly defined depending on the prospects in the workplace. it is very important to create professional teams involving students from different universities, for example, to combine the projects of economists with engineers, physicists, programmers. then it will be possible to create a smart, modern business. ensuring the joint development of research institutes and universities is an effective direction. 129 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fig. 1. the generations of university models universities are steeped in governance structures and see themselves as tasked with maintaining and building upon the knowledge and teaching methods through education 1.0 and 2.0. however, there are huge opportunities, albeit challenging, to create very new futures for learning. my view is that the values by which a university stands need not change but fixed institutional arrangements, including policies and strategies, preferred and often ’unconscious’ or ‘assumed’ pedagogies need to transform. the strands of education 3.0 can be traced back to the 1980s but unlike 1.0 and 2.0, they are a substantial change from the preceding phases and their emergence requires shifts in underlying university structures and a rethinking of student outcomes. design thinking has become more common as a way of flexibly changing learning and teaching practices. key features of university 3.0: • the formation and commercialization of knowledge as the main task of the new generation university; • enhanced cooperation with industrial companies, investors, venture funds, large corporations, research organizations and other universities; • high international ratings; • active selection (competition) for the best professionals, students and research contracts; • globalization policy teaching is conducted in english (teaching in english); • mainly conducting interdisciplinary research; 130 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us • a diverse faculty and student structure that is relatively close to the university 1.0 model (universities are becoming more multicultural, allowing students to develop not only research but also cultural and communication skills). • reducing dependence on public administration and intervention. to date, researchers have identified two models of entrepreneurship universities: • as a result, the university is an entrepreneur this model provides a favorable environment for entrepreneurship training of students, teachers and graduates, in which teachers and graduates work in partnership with high-tech start-ups and mergers created by innovative companies; • university or entrepreneur-university, depending on the type of activity of the management team this model involves the creation of a strong research center, develops and markets new scientific and technical products, thereby attracting financial resources and becoming fully independent of public funding. acceleration programs to increase the role of the university of entrepreneurship, the creation of new teams, mainly young people, successful start-ups (“beginning of the process”), “spin-offs” (“advertising, message delivery”, “collaborative outcome”) plays an important role. conclusion. in conclusion, we can say that in the era of information overload, it is the "third" and "fourth" generation universities that have the ability to adapt the educational process to the rapidly changing reality. step-by-step transition to new-generation universities provides an opportunity to integrate into global educational processes. traditional universities are unable to meet the requirements of the times. education is important, but it is not enough. theoretical studies are important, but they remain theoretical if they are disconnected from reality. our universities of today's generation must learn to commercialize the results of scientific research. this will increase their prestige and credibility both locally and internationally. it is clear that only flexible universities can withstand the competition. references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on approval of the concept of development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". no. up5847. tashkent, october 8, 2019. source: lex.uz 2.itskovits, h. (2010). the triple helix: universities enterprises government. innovation in action. tomsk: tsusur. 18. 3.clark, b. (2004). sustaining change in universities: continuities in case studies and concepts. new york: open university press. 4.golovko, n.v., zinevich, o.v., & ruzankina, e.a. (2014). “the third mission” of the university and the project of public understanding of science: bodmer’s report, philosophy of education, 6(57). 5. turabekov, sokhibjon, lola toshnazarova, and nargis mukumova. "foreign experience in providing employment in the field of tourism services in uzbekistan." journal of central asia economy 4.4 (2020): 361-366. 131 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. nuriddinovna, mukumova nargis, nasimova maftuna sunnatullayevna, and murodov rustam tokhir o’g’li. "the concept of digital economy and its development in uzbekistan." world economics and finance bulletin 10 (2022): 93-95. 7. мукумова, наргис нуриддиновна. "высшее образование в эпоху цифровизации." наука, техника и образование 6 (81) (2021): 54-57. 8. мукумова, наргис. "глобальные рейтинги вузов." interconf (2020). 9. mukumova, nargis nuriddinovna, and lola erkinovna olimova. "market of higher education services in uzbekistan." journal of marketing andemerging economics (2020). 10. aghaei, s., nematbakhsh, m. a., & farsani, h. k. (2012). evolution of the world wide web: from web 1.0 to web 4.0. international journal of web & semantic technology, 3(1), 1. doi: 10.5121/ijwest.2012.3101 11. олимова, о. о. (2023). внедрение современных технологий в пространство школ. “modern science and education: achievements and development prospects”, 166-168. 12. дробченко, н., & олимова, о. (2024). приемы композиции в ландшафтном дизайне. miasto przyszłości, 46, 125-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwest.2012.3101 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 11, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the fourth industrial revolution olimov maksudjon komiljon ugli phd, docent of tashkent state university of economics sharipboyev hasanboy marks ugli student of tashkent state university of economics abstract: this article describes the essence of the fourth industrial revolution, its technological foundations and its impact on industrial production processes . the fourth industrial revolution is modern technologies, including cloud computing , artificial intelligence, robotics based on automation and optimization of production. the article analyzes the main advantages of the fourth industrial revolution, such as increasing the efficiency of industrial production, ensuring flexibility and reducing costs . staffing shortages, cyber security and investment issues related to the transition to new technologies are also addressed. the influence of the fourth industrial revolution on the world economy, in particular, how much it affected the development of the economy of uzbekistan is considered. keywords: industry 4.0, digital transformation, artificial intelligence (ai), big data, robotics, global technologies, industrial revolution, production efficiency. introduction industrial revolutions are stages that dramatically changed the production technologies of mankind. the word "revolution" means drastic and fundamental changes. from the beginning of mankind to the present day, the development of technology and new inventions in the industry have caused many revolutions. the first industrial revolution began with the invention of the steam engine in the 18th century, leading to the mechanization of labor processes. the second revolution continued in the 19th century with the widespread use of electricity and the emergence of mass production systems. the third developed in the 20th century with the widespread introduction of computers and automated systems. at present, mankind has entered the fourth industrial revolution. the term fourth industrial revolution was first coined by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the german government. the term was first introduced in germany in 2011 and announced at the hannover messe industrial exhibition. this concept involves raising production to a new level of quality through automation, data analysis, artificial intelligence, big data and other advanced technologies. 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us industry 4.0 technologies aim to significantly increase efficiency by digitizing and automating production processes. the main feature of this era is that now not only machines, but also systems, devices and equipment communicate with each other connected to the network. innovative solutions such as the internet of things (iot), artificial intelligence (ai), big data, robotics, and cloud technologies are leading the industry to new developments. these technologies create new opportunities in production processes and are gaining importance in ensuring competitiveness of enterprises. review of literature on the subject klaus schwab, the founder and executive chairman of the world economic forum and its worldfamous meetings held annually in davos (switzerland) said, "in terms of size, scope and complexity, the phenomenon called the 'fourth industrial revolution' has never been experienced by mankind." it does not look like a single process" he said 1. also, some scientists and specialists considered the changes covered by klaus schwab to be just a part of the third industrial revolution. however, klaus schwab emphasized that the fourth industrial revolution is different from the previous ones, and gave 3 reasons for this: speed, breadth and depth, systemic impact. the fourth industrial revolution united nations sustainable development it provides transformational opportunities that contribute to the achievement of its goals. industry 4.0 technologies provide enterprises with the rational use of information and data, in the long term based on the identification and tracking of smart products throughout the supply chain allows to be competitive and thus overproduction and transport reduces costs and waste and energy consumption 2. uzbekistan's development strategy until 2030, "uzbekistan 2030", provides a number of important guidelines about the industry and its impact. the strategy aims to diversify the economy, introduce advanced technologies and automate the industry. in uzbekistan's long-term development strategy, increasing production efficiency and preparing for digital transformations through the use of industry is of particular importance. this includes, for example, the wide implementation of technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and big data in production . the word "industry" defined above refers to industry 4.0, that is, it is intended to develop uzbekistan's industry and ensure the well-being of the population by rationally using new industrial technologies.3 research methodology methods widely used in scientific research methodology were used in the implementation of these research works. in studying the fourth industrial revolution brought revolutionary changes 1 klaus schwab (2016) , the fourth industrial revolution, portfolio 2017, 192 p. 2 waibel, nw, steenkamp, lp, moloko, n., and oosthuizen, ga 2017. "investigating the effects of smart production systems on sustainability elements". procedia manufacturing, 8, 731-737. 3 decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, "uzbekistan-2030" strategy, https://lex.uz/docs/-6600413 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to the development of technology and the impact on the growth of the economy of many countries, it is effective to use deduction or induction methods in the order from generality to individuality and vice versa, while the method of abstract-logical thinking is a systematic analysis of the process is important in doing. in the process of scientific analysis, one of these scientific research methods, in particular, scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, systematic and comparative analysis, expert assessment and economic-statistical analysis, synthesis and analysis methods were widely used. analysis and results the fourth industrial revolution was one of the revolutions that had a great impact on the economy and industry of many countries on a global scale. therefore, industry 4.0 has created many opportunities and problems, conveniences and inconveniences. the most common of these negative aspects is social inequality. it is difficult to know the extent of the problems behind such inequalities, because most people in the present age are both producers and consumers. based on this, it can be said that new innovative technologies and radical changes in the field of industry have a negative and positive impact on our lives. following the improvement of industrial technologies, industrial enterprises in many countries are abandoning manufacturing (manual labor) and preferring to use new innovative technologies instead of workers. many problems arise from this, for example, the increase in unemployment, the decrease in the quality of products, the need for skilled workers. the development of innovative technologies, especially the widespread use of automation and robotics, is leading to a reduction in manual labor in industrial enterprises. over the past few years, the share of workers in gdp (gross domestic product) has been sharply reduced in most developed countries, as well as in rapidly developing countries such as china. half of the decrease is due to the decrease in the relative price of investment products due to the innovation process 4. automation speeds up production processes and reduces workers. for example, assembly line workers and other lowskilled workers could be replaced by robots. the introduction of innovative technologies can increase efficiency in product production, but in some cases it can lead to a decrease in product quality. a careful approach is necessary when using new technologies, because sometimes they cannot replace the necessary quality control of human labor. the era of industry 4.0 creates new opportunities for increasing economic efficiency through digitization and automation of production. this process emphasizes the following key aspects in the transformation of industrial enterprises and the national economy: 4 carl benedict frey and michael osborne, technology at work the future of innovation and employment, sponsored by citi research, oxford martin school and city, february 2015 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technological integration and efficiency: industrial enterprises have the opportunity to improve production processes through the use of artificial intelligence, iot (internet of things), and digital platforms. as a result, product quality increases and production costs decrease. for example, some enterprises in uzbekistan increased efficiency by 20-30% through automation at the initial stage . employment and skill changes: technological development is demanding new occupations and skills in the labor market. this increases the need for the workforce to acquire digital skills. however, the automation of repetitive tasks may increase the risk of unemployment. stimulating investments and innovation: the implementation of industry 4.0 technologies requires a large investment, but in the long term it stimulates economic growth. programs for the introduction of innovative technologies in uzbekistan are aimed at accelerating this process . increased competitiveness: enterprises using industry 4.0 are flexible to market requirements and have the opportunity to increase competitiveness. in particular, manufacturers are strengthening their position in the international market through digital systems. conclusions and suggestions the era of industry 4.0 is creating significant changes in all aspects of the economy by automating and digitizing production. the introduction of modern technologies plays an important role in increasing economic efficiency, accelerating innovative development and strengthening competitiveness in the global market. at the same time, this revolution is demanding new skills in the labor market, creating problems related to social inequality and cyber security. a flexible and strategic approach of society and the state is necessary to get the maximum benefit from the possibilities of industry 4.0. references 1. klaus schwab (2016), the fourth industrial revolution, portfolio 2017, 192 p . 2. waibel, n. w., steenkamp, l. p., moloko, n., and oosthuizen, g. a. 2017. “investigating the effects of smart production systems on sustainability elements”. procedia manufacturing, 8, 731-737. 3. o’zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining farmoni, “o’zbekiston-2030” strategiyasi, https://lex.uz/docs/-6600413 4. karl benedikt frey va maykl osborn, “citi research” homiyligida, “technology at work the future of innovation and employment” , oksford martin maktabi va siti, 2015 yil, fevral https://lex.uz/docs/-6600413 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 problems and solutions in the process of learning the english equivalents of the parts of body movement in uzbek language avezova nigora safarovna the senior teacher of the uzbek state university of world languages nigora.avezova.76@mail.ru abstract: the word form, the semantic structure of interlaced words and their use in speech are various in different languages. when verbs representing body movement in uzbek and english were compared, it was found that both languages had similar and different aspects in the expression of such verbs. keywords: comparative linguistics, verbs of movement parts, action verbs, different aspects, equivalent, synonyms, interpreting lexemes, expression, phraseological units. introduction currently, because of the processes of globalization in the world, a number of new approaches are emerging in every science. at the same time, there is an increasing need for personnel who, having mastered foreign languages well, carry out the same translation processes in both languages. in the process of translating texts, phraseological units from uzbek to english, or vice versa, from english to uzbek, a number of difficulties in determining the equivalence were detected, the solution of which is considered to be pressing issues. when translating one or another combination from uzbek into a foreign language, it is desirable that the translator certainly has the ability to choose and correctly use translation methods to solve difficulties associated with the lexical, grammatical and stylistic features of a foreign language. in the process of translation, it is necessary to pay attention to a huge number of aspects in comparative linguistics. a comparative study of the different features of uzbek words with english words shows that english and uzbek words differ in distinguishable characteristics. main part the development of modern linguistics is characterized by an increasing interest in the content of linguistic phenomena. 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us currently, attempts are being made to study vocabulary and expressions as structurally organized levels and to identify the main types of lexical and lexico-semantic connections and relations in language. in connection with the development of comparative typological studies in the field of lexicon and phraseological semantics of related and unrelated languages, the establishment of nationalcultural specificities of the semantics of linguistic units, unique semantic-stylistic components in the structure of their meaning is carried out. the semantic features of the english and uzbek phrases cover associative meanings, connotations and cultural links inherent in linguistic expressions. english phrases often reflect the various influences obtained from the historical interaction of the language with german, latin and romantic languages, which leads to a rich and diverse dictionary, which includes idiomatic expressions and metaphorical use. the semantic nuances of english sentences are shaped by the language's extensive literary tradition, scientific contributions and global influences, allowing for the expression of complex concepts and abstract ideas. similarly, uzbek phrases draw on a rich linguistic heritage and incorporate elements of turkish, persian and arabic origin. the semantic peculiarities of uzbek phrases are imbued with cultural and historical significance, reflecting the traditions, folklore and social customs of the uzbek-speaking community. this semantic richness is evidenced in the idiomatic expressions, proverbs and poetic forms that permeate uzbek usage and encapsulate the shared values, beliefs and experiences of uzbek culture. comparative analysis of english and uzbek phrases a comparative analysis of the structural and semantic features of english and uzbek phrases reveals both similarities and disparities that shape the linguistic expressions of these two languages. while english phrases often rely on a system of tense, aspect, and mood to convey temporal and modal meanings, uzbek phrases use a system of vowel harmony, consonant mutations, and agglutinative morphology to indicate grammatical relationships and convey subtle differences in meaning. furthermore, english and uzbek phrases exhibit different syntactic and grammatical features, with english having a primarily analytic structure characterized by the use of auxiliaries, prepositions, and word order to convey grammatical relationships. when comparing the lexical valence levels of words in uzbek and english, it seems that they are not the same. the uzbek word for "chair" can be associated with nouns such as” hand “and” chair". but the english verb “to raise”, which expresses its meaning, “hand” (“to raise hands”, but not “to raise chair”, but “to lift chair” becomes). as can be seen from the examples, when translating, it is better to take into account the nature of each language itself. it is known that verbs denoting an action that occurs as a result of the physical activity of individuals and objects are verbs of action. for example, walk, run, go out, go out, move, swing, crawl, jump, fly, 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us jump, shake, etc. in the linguistics of the uzbek language, the study of forms of the way of movement is divided into three large stages. this alone suggests that translating these group of verbs into english is complex. each language has its own style of terms, and when translating them, it is difficult to know the history of the origin of the people, mentality, language. the most fundamental research of scientists on the systematization of linguistic developments in the field of terminology is carried out on the following aspects in the study of terminological systems, in particular, 1) features of the meaning and morphological aspects of terms; 2) study of the meaning component, taking into account the evolution of the semantics of terms in the context of scientific progress; 3) adaptation and organization of terminological systems to appropriate groups; 5) comparison of terminological systems in different groups of languages; 6) special attention was paid to the study of determining the practical aspect that helps lexicographic practice. when the synonymy properties of action verbs in uzbek were studied, it has become known that a verb of an action that has acquired many meanings can form a mutually synonymous series with two or more meanings (singular, inflection look alike, shrink). words that belong to the synonymic series of action verbs can represent the sign of the concept with different degrees. while some words in a synonymic row represent a character with a normal rank, some may indicate a strong rank, and some may also represent a character with a weak rank (to wander, to wobble). it should also be taken into account that when studying the synonymic nature of action verbs, their mutual differentiation according to their emotional coloring, due to the fact that they are characteristic of literary language or dialects, due to their multiple or slight application. when the antonymic nature of action verbs is studied, it becomes clear that they are mainly verbs made from antonym words (adjectives, adverbs) that know the sign (kengaymoq-toraymoq, ko’paymoq-ozaymoq, sekinlashmoq-tezlashmoq to expand-to narrow, to multiply-to slim down, to slow down – to accelerate). verbs expressing body movement have been studied in a general way in uzbek linguistics. it was not studied in the comparative case in uzbek and english. verbs regarding the perception, orientation of the body can be classified into the following groups: verbs that express an action related to the foot: yurmoq, kezmoq, yo‘rg‘alamoq, pildiramoq, lapanglamoq, gandiraklamoq, do‘qonglamoq, tentiramoq, tepkilamok, tepmoq, toptamoq, depsinmoq, tisarilmoq; english variants of these verbs are walk, wander, diaper, peep, lap, clap, kick, jerk, jerk off. 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us verbs that express hand-related action: urmoq, solmoq, ushlamoq, silamoq, tirnamoq, shapaloqlamoq, chimchilamoq, uqalamoq, qitiqlamoq, mushtlamoq, chertmoq, hovuchlamoq, chapak chalmoq, paxsa qilmoq; english variants of these verbs are: kick, grab, rub, scratch, slap, pinch, tickle, punch. verbs that are apparently close to each other are rendered alike. for example; in uzbek urmoq , solmoqis understood to mean: kick. verbs related to facial movement: kulmoq, jirkanmoq, ijirg‘anmoq; variants of these verbs in english-laugh, disgust, creep. verbs related to eyebrow and eye movement: suzmoq, yummoq, ochmoq, termulmoq, nazar tashlamoq, nigoh tashlamoq, nazar solmoq, chimirmoq, uchirmoq, qoqmoq; english variants of these verbs strain, roll, unfold, , take a look, throw a gaze, take a look, pinch, blow, knock. – verbs associated with lip movement: burmoq, cho‘chchaytirmoq; this is a variant of verbs in english-crease. apparently, verbs that are close to each other are translated in a similarly. verbs related to ear, nasal movement are: eshitmoq, tinglamoq, ding qilmoq, nafas olmoq, jiyirmoq, qoqmoq, tortmoq; types of these verbs in english are: hear, listen, breathe, squeak, pull. apparently, from verbs that are close to each other, jiyirmoq, qoqmoq squeak is translated in a similar way. – body verbs with the plural action: egilmoq, bukilmoq, gerdaymoq, qiyshaymoq, sulaymoq; variants of these verbs in english-bend down, twisting, twitching. depending on what is given in the translation, verbs that are close to each other are translated from inflection, bukilmoq, gerdaymoq, qiyshaymoq, sulaymoq – as twisting. as can be seen from the above examples, synonyms of action verbs did not fall with literal english translation, and at the same time the level of equivalence is very low. from this, argues that the uzbek language equivalent of lexemes interpreting the character of body parts, with synonyms are greater than in english. conclusion when verbs representing body movement members in uzbek and english were compared, it was found that both languages had similar and different aspects in the expression of such verbs. while the initial semantics of the verb of this action in uzbek looks a lot simplified the content almost corresponds to the lexemes of the uzbek language. so, if there is an equivalent of the english lexeme in uzbek, and the meaning is not fully expressed, the forms of the way of action come to the rescue in order to more vividly express the meaning in uzbek, as well as cases of expression with phraseological units are also observed in such cases. references 1. baskakov n.a. karakalpaksky yazik, ii, phonetics i morphology, 1952 2. modern uzbek. morphology. team of authors. tashkent, 2009 3. rakhmatullayev sh., mamatov n., shukurov r. explanation dictionary of the uzbek language antonyms. tashkent: teacher, 1980 4. tatarinov v.a.// słupskie prace humanistyczne / wyższa szkoła pedagogiczna. – słupsk, 1999. 100 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us – no 18. 5. gofurov i. etc. theory of translation tashkent: , 2012. 6. hajiyev a. explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the uzbek language. tashkent. teacher, 1974 7. akhmedova r. a. classification and lexical -semantic features of somatic phraseological units related to culture in english and uzbek languages.-2024 8. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences (e)issn: 2181-1784 4(01), jan., 2024 sjif 2024 = 6.131) asi factor = 1.7 www.oriens.uz 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 improvement of service tasks, position obligations of municipal employees in uzbekistan kasimov azimjon sanakul teacher of the department of school management of jizzak state pedagogical university abstract: this comprehensive paper explores the progressive stages of development witnessed by local self-governing bodies, highlighting the complex evolution of community structures. the article moves through historical milestones, legislative frameworks and stages of change, offering readers a nuanced view of the changing landscape of local government. basically, this article serves as a "road map" that guides self-governing bodies and community workers in the direction of development. its rich content combines historical context with contemporary issues, making it a key resource for anyone seeking to understand the complex model of local governance. keywords: local self-governing bodies, neighborhood chairman, regional prophylactic inspector, youth leader, assistant mayor, women's register, youth register, iron register, powers of the neighborhood chairman, credit and subsidy allocation system, neighborhood budget , generosity and relief fund, etc. local self-government bodies play a crucial role in ensuring effective governance at the lower level. the development stages of these bodies can be broadly divided into historical, legislative and functional stages. local self-government has a rich historical evolution that varies across regions and countries. it often traces its roots to ancient civilizations, where community leaders played an important role in decision-making. the evolution continued through the middle ages, colonial periods, and various social and political movements that emphasized local autonomy. organization and development of local self-government bodies are mainly determined by legislative measures. constitutional provisions and legal documents determine the structure, powers and duties of these bodies. the legal framework may vary from country to country, but common goals include decentralization, community participation, and local empowerment. the head of state noted that all socio-economic programs in the country are being implemented locally based on the demand of the population, and for this, many authorities, organizational and financial opportunities are being given to the neighborhoods. "the system of five" consisting of the chairman of the neighborhood, assistant to the mayor, a women's activist, a youth leader and a prevention inspector was established. in order to further improve this system of five, the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev said in the video selector that the five in the neighborhood will become the "neighborhood seven". in this case, a tax collector and a social worker will also be included in their ranks. republican, regional and district (city) councils for the development and support of neighborhoods will be introduced. the republican council is headed by the prime minister, and 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regional councils are headed by governors. the councils will find solutions to the issues raised by the "neighbourhood seven" and solve their financial sources. what kind of work do the workers of the neighborhood seven do today? their tasks in the activity are as follows: it was noted that the chairman of the citizens' assembly has the right to exercise the following 32 powers to fulfill the tasks assigned to him[1:15]. below are some of these obligations:  ensures the proper organization and effective conduct of proceedings within the activities of the citizens' assembly and its bodies, as well as the timely execution of the adopted decisions.  the activities of district (city) mayor's assistant, youth leader and women's activist in the neighborhood, prevention inspectors of the base of the internal affairs bodies should be solved in the first place in the area on the issues of developing entrepreneurship in the neighborhood, ensuring population employment and reducing poverty. directs the elimination of existing problems and establishes public control in this regard;  assistant to the district (city) mayor, youth leader and women's activist in the neighborhood, prevention (senior) inspectors of the base of the internal affairs bodies and the results submits information to the relevant councils of people's deputies;  to encourage or give to district (city) mayor's assistant, youth leader and women's activist in the neighborhood, prevention (senior) inspectors of the base of internal affairs bodies on issues of development of entrepreneurship in the neighborhood, provision of employment and reduction of poverty makes submissions that must be considered by the higher-ranking organizations of these employees regarding the application of punitive measures up to dismissal from the position they hold;  to the meeting of citizens' assembly (meeting of citizens' representatives) public advisors of the chairman of the citizens' assembly and members of the commissions on the main directions of the citizens' assembly, the chairman of the audit commission and members presents candidates for election; a new outlook is being formed in new uzbekistan. the post of assistant mayor has been created in local self-government bodies, and the holders of this position perform the following tasks.  household-by-household study of the socio-economic situation in the neighborhood, including the analysis of the employment level of the population, sources of income of families, the state of use of farm lands, as well as the desire and needs for profitable work;  taking into account the internal opportunities for the development of entrepreneurship in the neighborhood, specialization in entrepreneurship and labor resources, determining the factors and directions that encourage its development, ensuring the economic development of the neighborhood by using them;  by studying the interests of the population without a permanent source of income and unemployed, especially young people and women, directing them to vocational and entrepreneurship training centers and ensuring the employment of graduates to help;  by determining the available vacancies in the neighborhood and the demand of economic entities for seasonal workers, the unemployed, first of all, young people and women included in the "iron register", "women's register" and "youth register" placement of girls in vacant jobs and involvement in paid public works;  development of family entrepreneurship of residents of the neighborhood, including assistance in obtaining loans within the framework of family entrepreneurship programs for starting handicrafts, homemaking, effective use of land, small production, service and other types of activities; 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  based on the specialization of the neighborhood, to organize the allocation of preferential loans to leading entrepreneurs who expressed their desire to start business activities on the basis of cooperation, so that citizens who do not have the experience of doing business independently can start their own business. attach to them;  organization of effective use of people's homesteads, assistance in setting up such activities as farming, animal husbandry, poultry farming, rabbit breeding, beekeeping, seed breeding, nursery farming, floriculture;  identify vacant buildings and land areas in the neighborhood and submit proposals to relevant organizations to allocate them to business entities in the pre problems that hinder the implementation of business activities (connection to and use of engineering and communication systems, obtaining permits and licenses for various activities, empty buildings and land areas for business activities separation, etc.) to arrange for it to be resolved by relevant organizations scribed manner; in order to introduce new management mechanisms for working with young people, to create a vertical system of working with them, to solve youth problems directly in neighborhoods, to further increase the effectiveness of spiritual-educational and educational work in educational institutions: in every town, village, farm, also, the position of youth leader was introduced in every neighborhood in cities, towns, villages and villages [3:18].  formation of the "youth balance", entering the necessary information about the youth into the "youth register" and "youth portal" electronic platforms, organizing effective work with them;  meaningful organization of free time of young people in neighborhoods, popularization of national folk games and sports among young people, implementation of five important initiative projects, youth festivals and other cultural and educational events;  to increase the social activity of young people, to encourage their talent, talents and initiatives, and to help them find their place in life;  educating young people in the spirit of patriotism and ensuring their intellectual maturity and spiritual development;  systematic work with young people who have a tendency to commit crimes, support socialpedagogical rehabilitation and adaptation of young people who have been released from penal institutions and returned from specialized educational institutions. the leaders carry out their activities in the neighborhoods assigned to them in the following main directions: in terms of promoting culture and art, the "art buds" competition, the "voice of youth", "young artists" and "rainbow stars" children's creative festival in the field of status, charity and variety organizes and organizes youth and children's theater groups. in terms of promoting a healthy lifestyle and sports, it organizes competitions in mini-football, volleyball, basketball, table tennis, cycling, running, chess, checkers, badminton, archery, 5,000 steps walking marathon for health and "young ecolog" action will be held; in order to organize the effective use of information technologies, it implements the projects "one million programmers", "the first step to programming", holds the cyber sports championship and the contest "connoisseur of information technologies"; in terms of promotion of spirituality and reading "zakovat" competition, "kuvnog va zukkolar", "smart reader", "young reader", "young reader family", "knower of foreign languages" and "young polyglot" contests and "munozara" organizes intellectual and national folk games; in terms of educating in the spirit of patriotism and improving legal literacy "young border guard", "young rescuer", "happy starts", "temurbeks", "princess of tomaris", 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "shunqors", "young lawyer", "young voter", " organizes "young deputy" contests and "i will be a soldier" actions and trips to military units. to support business ideas, organizes "100 ideas for uzbekistan" and "entrepreneur of the neighborhood" contests, the "first step to business" grant project, and meetings with successful entrepreneurs. let them implement the projects "ten youth for one light", "meetings of the older generation" in each neighborhood. together with the national broadcasting company of uzbekistan and the national information agency of uzbekistan, ensure the preparation and broadcasting of a series of programs under the heading "youth in the spotlight". take measures to organize a series of events aimed at educating young people in the neighborhoods in the spirit of loyalty to the motherland, respect for national values, involvement in the reforms implemented in the country, religious tolerance and inter-ethnic harmony. he should approve and ensure the implementation of annual plans and schedules for holding competitions among amateur youth at least once every quarter. let young people who have achieved positive results in competitions take measures to support them in every way so that they can regularly practice sports and become professional athletes. the leader cooperates with the deputy mayor on the implementation of entrepreneurial ideas of young people, the attraction of loans, subsidies and other support measures for their activities, the development of entrepreneurship in the neighborhood, the provision of employment for the population, and the reduction of poverty. having thoroughly studied the effectiveness and expediency of each appeal intended to provide the above types of assistance, the leader submits his recommendation to the offices and organizations responsible for providing them; in order to bring the system of working with the family, women and the elderly to a new level, to further improve the support of neighborhoods, to effectively organize the activities of persons responsible for working in neighborhoods, and to ensure mutual cooperation, the following task and the powers are specified as follows[4:22]: social and legal support of women and girls in the family, neighborhood and work communities, increasing their social and political activity, improving their spirituality, preparing young people for family life, forming a modern exemplary family, improving its spiritual and moral environment and tradition. implementation of targeted measures to strengthen traditional family values; cooperation with the assistant district (city) mayor on the issues of implementing the business ideas of women, attracting loans, subsidies and other support measures to their activities, developing entrepreneurship in the neighborhood, ensuring employment of the population and reducing poverty. does; in close cooperation with "women's advisory councils", training women in need of social protection in entrepreneurship, developing model business plans and assisting them in obtaining loans, carrying out targeted work with women included in the "women's book"; identifying women's problems in a timely manner, carrying out work with women who have fallen into a serious social situation, including women with disabilities, individually and with specific goals, providing them with socio-legal, psychological and material support organization of relief work. in accordance with the decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on measures to fundamentally improve the activities of the state tax service, special attention is also paid to the issue of tax service and its organization in local self-government bodies [5:14 ]: implementation of state tax policy and compliance with tax laws, correct calculation of taxes and fees, full and timely payment. 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us state budget for the purpose of ensuring timely and uniform revenue from taxes and fees to the state budget of the republic of uzbekistan (hereinafter referred to as the state budget) and state trust funds in accordance with the legislation on taxation and stable formation of the revenue part of state trust funds. ensuring timely and reliable accounting of taxpayers and objects of taxation, their full coverage mechanisms, modern information systems that provide complete data collection and processing for the tax administration process. improvement through the widespread adoption of communication technologies and advanced automated analysis techniques. analysis and development of effective measures to expand the tax base, including the development of effective measures through a systematic analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators and the tax potential of regions, implementation of measures to increase tax collection , introducing modern methods of tax control. to eliminate the sources of illegal circulation of funds, to ensure regular control over the full and timely transfer of cash receipts by legal entities and individuals making cash settlements with the population. financial and economic activities of markets and shopping complexes, control over their compliance with tax legislation, and investigation of violations detected in their territory transfer to the protective authorities. creating favorable conditions for taxpayers to voluntarily fulfill their tax obligations, unconditional fulfillment of the purpose of "tax service reliable partner of honest taxpayers" by every employee. carrying out work on raising the legal culture of taxpayers, carrying out comprehensive measures on the prevention of tax violations, their detection and elimination. improvement of work with taxpayers through the complete transition to electronic services for taxpayers without communication; a social worker is a person with the necessary professional qualifications who organizes the provision of social services or directly provides social services. ministry of employment and labor relations of the republic of uzbekistan, ministry of public education of the republic of uzbekistan, ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan, ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan, health care of the republic of uzbekistan according to the decision of the ministry of preschool education of the republic of uzbekistan, a social worker who provides social services in all fields performs the following 5 tasks based on the staff unit established in the employer's organization[6:1]: 1. implementation of social services provided by bodies and organizations in the field of social services; 2. ensuring comprehensive social protection of socially needy categories of the population based on the demand for social services; 3. orphans and children deprived of parental care, children at risk of being deprived of parental care, victims of violence, with psychophysical development defects and (or) disabilities implementation of complex measures for the protection of vulnerable and other children in need of protection; 4. implementation of measures aimed at protecting the personal, property and non-property rights and legal interests of orphans and children deprived of parental care; 5. to take measures to solve the problems of children graduating from state education and training, treatment and health care, social protection institutions, as well as unorganized youth during their social adaptation to independent life. 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us used literature and legal documents: 1. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, no. 380 dated 18.06.2021 2. decision of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, no. pq-92 dated 19.01.2022 3. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-81 dated 01.03.2022 4. order of the minister of justice of the republic of uzbekistan, registered on 28.07.2021, list number 3313 websites: 5. www.lex.uz 6. www.norma.uz 7. www.uza.uz 8. www.tarikhchi.uz http://www.lex.uz/ http://www.norma.uz/ http://www.uza.uz/ http://www.tarikhchi.uz/ 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 classroom management styles, teachers’ job performance and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria onafowope mary adesola, ph.d department of educational management, st augustine college of education, akoka, lagos state, nigeria celineosf@yahoo.com oweikpodor vera gbaeprekumo, ph.d department of educational management and foundations, delta state university, abraka, delta state, nigeria oweikpodor.vera@delsu.edu.ng/gbakumovera@gmail.com charity dafiaghor department of educational foundations and management, college of education, warri, delta state, nigeria charitydafiaghor@gmail.com abstract: this study assessed the impact of classroom management styles on teachers’ job performance and students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria. in this study, we used correlational survey method. the population comprises all the teachers and students in the federal capital territory, abuja, nigeria. we used a sample size of 160 principals and 240 senior secondary schools students using taro yamen’s formula. proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the number of principals per area councils, while disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the number of students per areas councils for fair representation. the overall internal consistency reliability co-efficient indices obtained through cronbach alpha method were: 0.73 for (tmsq), and 0.71 for (scmsq). means, standard deviations, and pearson product moment correlation co-efficient were used to answer the research questions, while regressions and associated t-tests were used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. the study concluded that there was significant relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the study also showed that there was significant relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary school in abuja. based on the findings, the paper hereby recommends that federal capital territory board of secondary schools should organize training for teachers on effective use of classroom management styles. federal capital territory board of secondary schools should also organize training for teachers on how to manage the students in the classrooms in the schools for maximum academic performance. keywords: classroom management style, teachers’ job performance, students academic performance. 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduction secondary school education is an organized education after basic education. secondary school education is the education before higher education. secondary school education is an educational system that link basic education and higher education (ogunode, okwelogu & ahaotu, 2021). secondary school education is an education that prepares the learners for career choice in the higher institutions. the objectives of secondary school education among other things includes; to prepare the learners for higher education. the realization of the objectives of secondary school education depends on availability of adequate human and materials resources especially conducive classroom environment with effective classroom management and classroom management styles. ogunode & edet, (2023) viewed classroom management as the systematic ways involve in planning, organizing and coordinating classroom (students and resources) for effective implementation of teaching and learning. classroom management is the proper coordination and organization of classroom resources both human and materials for smooth implementation of teaching and learning program. classroom management entails all activities and actions geared towards ensuring an atmosphere of classroom that promote effective teaching and learning under instructor supervision. classroom management style refer to the method the teacher deployed to effectively administer the classroom and instrument resources to realize the objectives of teaching and learning in the class (ogunode & paul 2021). management of classrooms are acts that a teacher could took in the class to make such environment that could be more supportive and facilitative for both learners and teachers. they stated five major characteristics of effective classroom which the teacher should take care of through their actions. these characteristics were including the more caring climate, cooperative relations with students and teachers and learners; organizing and implementing instruction in such a way which ensure maximize learning; encouraging learners, academic tasks engagements; developing and promoting learners’ sociological skills and using appropriative and suited interventional measures to help learners with behavioral issues. the teachers used the classroom to execute the implementation of the teaching programme (evertson and weinstein 2006). the classroom styles adopted influence a lot of academic activities in the classroom. the teachers is an important figure in the classroom management and a determinant factor. classroom management styles can influence the teachers’ job performance and students’ academic performance in the classrooms. teachers’ job performance refers to the degree at which the teacher carriers out the official assignments in the schools. teachers’ job performance is the extent at which the teacher executed the official assignments in the schools (hafeez, abbasi, novita 2021; atiya, & palwasha, (nd); bassey, agbade, & ogunode, 2023). students’ academic performance is the summation of all academic activities students obtained at the end of academic calendar (yusuf, 2012) and zaifada, olowonefa, ogunode, 2023). students’ academic performance is the academic achievement the students attained or scored at the end of examination year in the schools. students’ academic performance is the total scores obtained in all academic activities during an academic year (ogunode & edet, 2023). the poor academic performance of students in public secondary schools in federal capital territory, abuja have drew the attention of the parents and other education stakeholders. some of the parents complained of teachers poor used of classroom management styles and poor supervision of teachers by school principals while other claims that the job performance of the teachers is not satisfactory considering their various styles adopted for classroom management. it is based on this that this study seeks to investigate impact of classroom management styles on teachers’ job performance and students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria. 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us purpose of the study the objectives of this study is to assess the impact of classroom management styles on teachers’ job performance and students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria. specifically, the study is aims 1. to find out the impact of classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria. 2. to find out the impact of classroom management styles on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria research questions the following research question were formulated to guide the study; 1. what is the impact of classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria? 2. what is the impact of classroom management styles on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria? method in this study, we used correlational survey method. we used two research questions and two hypotheses for the study. the population comprises all the teachers and students in the federal capital territory, abuja, nigeria. we used a sample size of 160 principals and 240 senior secondary schools students using taro yamen’s formula. proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the number of principals per area councils, while disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the number of students per areas councils for fair representation. the instruments for data collection were: teachers’ management styles questionnaire (tmsq), and students classroom management styles questionnaire (scmsq). 4-likert scale. a 4-point likert-type scale of strongly agree (sa), agree (a), disagree (d) and strongly disagree (sd) and it contained 24 items. the overall internal consistency reliability coefficient indices obtained through cronbach alpha method were: 0.73 for (tmsq), and 0.71 for (scmsq). means, standard deviations, and pearson product moment correlation co-efficient were used to answer the research questions, while regressions and associated t-tests were used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. data analysis, result and discussion of findings data analysis h01: there is no significant relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. pearson product moment correlation statistics on relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja n160 variable s md r df p classroom management styles 60.90 14.80 0.664 329 0.003 teachers’ job performance 31.73 4.87 correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed r=0.664 p=0.003 table 1.1 is a pearson product moment correlations analysis aimed at finding relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the results revealed that significant relationship exist between classroom 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. this is because the calculated p value of 0.003 was found to be lower than the 0.05 alpha level of significance at a correlation index value of 0.664. this implies that that classroom management styles influences teachers; job performance in public secondary school in abuja. therefore, the null hypothesis which stated that, there is no significant relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance, is hereby rejected. h02: there is no significant relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria. pearson product moment correlation statistics on relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools n240 variable s md r df p classroom management styles 90.80 12.90 0.566 329 0.008 students’ academic performance 5.85 0.454 correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed r=0.454 p=0.008) table 1.2 is a pearson product moment correlations analysis aimed at finding relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the results revealed that significant relationship exist between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja. this is because the calculated p value of 0.002 was found to be lower than the 0.05 alpha level of significance at a correlation index value of 0.566. this implies that classroom management styles influences students’ academic performance in public secondary schools, abuja. therefore, the null hypothesis which stated that, there is no significant relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, is hereby rejected. finding the study revealed that relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the study also disclosed that there was significant relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja. discussion of findings the analysis in the table revealed that relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the study indicated that classroom management styles can influence teachers’ job performance in schools. this study is in collaboration with the findings of nisar, khan, and khan, (2019) and sunday (2017) that found out that classroom management styles has significant relationship between teachers’ productivities. also, emmanuel, ogunode, & suleim (2023) and sunday (2017) revealed that the styles that teachers deployed in the classroom to manage the students and to deliver lessons has a lot to do with their performance in the implementation of teaching in the classrooms. the study also showed that there was significant relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the result is in agreement with jamba and norbu (2023) and jones (2018) that discovered that both classroom management styles and students’ academic performance have positive relationship. chidimma (2019) and bello, (2006) in their studies found out that classroom management practices of teachers has influence on the academic performance of the students in the schools. 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion and recommendations the objectives of this study was to assess the impact of classroom management styles on teachers’ job performance and students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja, nigeria. the study concluded that there was significant relationship between classroom management styles and teachers’ job performance in public secondary schools in abuja. the study also disclosed that there was significant relationship between classroom management styles and students academic performance in public secondary schools in abuja. based on the findings, the paper hereby recommends that federal capital territory board of secondary schools should organize training for teachers on effective use of classroom management styles. federal capital territory board of secondary schools should also organize training for teachers on how to manage the students in the classrooms in the schools for maximum academic performance. references 1. atiya, i. & palwasha, j. (nd). teacher's job performance: the role of motivation. abasyn journal of social sciences, 5(2), 72-92. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3dec/a d55fbe1c23fd2507466ab89f49e3 2. bassey, u. o., agbade, d. o. p., & ogunode, n. j. (2023). impact of coaching leadership style on secondary school administration, teacher’s job performance and secondary students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in federal capital territory, abuja, nigeria. international journal of development and public policy, 3(11), 22–30. retrieved from https://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdpp/article/view/2361 3. bello, o. t. (2006). relationship between teachers’ disciplinary styles and students’ academic performance in ilorin east local government area secondary schools, kwara state. unpublished master’s thesis. university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria. 4. chidimma, e. (2019). perceived influence of teachers’ classroom management skills and students’ academic performance in secondary schools in south east, nigeria. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/perceived-influence-of-teachers-classroommanagement-skills-and-students-academic-performance-in-secondary-schools-in-south-eastnigeria-7-2 5. duze, c. o. (2012). leadership styles of principals and job performance of staff in secondary schools in the delta state of nigeria. an international journal of social arts and humanities, 1, (2), 34-45. 6. nisar, m., khan, i. a., & khan, f. (2019). relationship between classroom management and students’ academic achievement. pakistan journal of distance and online learning, 5(1), 209-220. 7. elias, m. j., & schwab, y. (2006). from compliance to responsibility: social and emotional learning and classroom management. new york / london: lawrence erlbau associates. 8. evertson, c. m. & weinstein, c. s. (eds.) (2006). handbook of classroom management. research, practice, and contemporary issues. mahwah, nj: larence erlbaum associates, inc. 9. emmanuel, o., a ogunode, n. j. & suleim, s. (2023).management of diversity in the classroom. fan, ta'lim, madaniyat va innovatsiya, 02 (10), 124-131 10. hafeez, m., abbasi, a. a. & novita, d. (2021). impacts of different leadership styles on the performance of teachers’ and organizations. alhamd multidisciplinary research journal, 2(02) 107-123 11. jamba, n. & norbu, l. (2023). effective classroom management and students’ academic performance: a study in one of the middle secondary schools in bumthang district. polaris global journal of scholarly research and trends, 2(1), 11-24. https://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdpp/article/view/2361 https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/perceived72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. jones, s. m. (2018). effective secondary classroom management procedures to minimize disruptive behavior. grand canyon university. 13. ogunode, n. j., okwelogu, i. s. & ahaotu, g. n. (2021). problems faced by public school teachers in nigeria and the way forward. middle european scientific bulletin (17), 355363 14. ogunode,. n. j & paul, s. a. (2021) shortage of professional teachers in nigerian educational institutions and the way forward. journal of ethics and diversity in international communication. published under vol.1 (4) .9-15 15. ogunode, n. j. & edet, i. n. (2023). classroom management. international journal of inclusive and sustainable education, 2(10), 62-70 16. ogunode, n. j. & edet, i. n. (2023a). students’ academic performance in schools. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies , vol 1, (08),80-92 17. sunday, c. (2017). classroom management styles and school indicator in public secondary schools imo state, nigeria. journal of social education, 2(5), 23-30 18. yusuf, f. a. (2012). influence of principals ‘leadership styles on students‘ academic achievement in secondary schools. journal of innovative research in management and humanities 3(1), 113-121. 19. zaifada, b. z., olowonefa, g. o., & ogunode, n. j. (2023) public secondary school administration in nigeria. journal of science, research and teaching, 2, (2), 76-86 379 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role and importance of environmental control in the use and protection of agricultural land kenjaev rustam xaydarovich acting professor of the department of environmental law tashkent state university of law abstract this article describes the role of environmental control and its importance in the use and protection of agricultural land. based on scientific and legal controversy, the role of environmental control and its significance is substantiated. the legislation of national and foreign countries related to environmental control in the use and protection of agricultural land has been scientifically and theoretically analyzed. the system of environmental control in the field of rational use of agricultural land and their protection is explained. currently, the activities carried out in the field of organization and protection of agricultural land use were analyzed. keywords: land, rational use of land, agricultural land, use of agricultural land, protection of agricultural land, environmental control. introduction the use and protection of agricultural land constitutes one of the main areas of state environmental policy. as a component of the ecological system, land resources are important in ensuring the stability of the environmental natural environment, strengthening the material basis of the state sovereignty and economy of the republic of uzbekistan. in the organizational and legal mechanism of land protection for agriculture, the role of such an institution of environmental control as public administration is incomparable. of course, before thinking about environmental control in this area, it is necessary to clarify the goals and objectives of environmental control in general. this article includes the analysis of legislation and scientific and theoretical sources as a doctrinal study. the article examines the role and importance of environmental control in the use and protection of agricultural land and issues related to its legal nature and their development on the basis of the experience of national and foreign countries. the study used dialectical methods of scientific-theoretical analysis, structural-logical, comparative-legal, statistical, descriptive, systematic and scientific knowledge. environmental control is an important legal measure for the rational use of nature and ensuring its protection, the function of public administration, being one of the most important institutions 380 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of environmental law. based on the place occupied by environmental control in the mechanism of environmental protection, it can be assessed as an important legal measure. already, it is through environmental control that the application of state coercion in relation to the subjects of relevant law is ensured. cases of application of legal liability for environmental offenses based on environmental control as well as its results are also found in many cases in practice. environmental control as a legal measure performs a number of functions, such as warning, information and punishment. the importance of the warning function of environmental control lies in the fact that the subjects of environmental control, realizing that they are controlled by the fulfillment of environmental legal requirements, take an independent initiative in fulfilling legislative requirements and in the prevention of offenses. the information function, on the other hand, is explained by the fact that in the process of control, the relevant body or persons collect various data on the activities of those under their control in the field of conservation. the punitive function, on the other hand, is expressed in the application of sanctions provided for by law to the offender [1]. the tasks of environmental control in the process of protection of agricultural lands are seen in: monitoring the state of the natural environment of the environment and the changes that occur in it under the influence of economic management and other activities; checking the implementation of programs and certain activities related to the protection of the natural environment, rational use of natural resources. materials and methods in his research work in this area, b.h. kalonov argues that the concept of state environmental control can be revealed by interpreting its specific features. that is, the most basic feature of state environmental control is that it is carried out on behalf of the state, by state authorities and governing bodies. the second feature of the state environmental control is that it turns out to be the main state-legal and organizational tool in the implementation of the goals and objectives of the state environmental policy and in ensuring the creation, execution and implementation of environmental legislation. thirdly, the inevitability of state environmental control means that a state-legal guarantee system has been created for the fulfillment of environmental requirements. fourthly, state environmental control attracts only state bodies, legal entities and citizens who do not fulfill or do not fulfill such requirements at the appropriate level to the processes of legal coercion and legal liability on behalf of the state, and also applies measures of their influence, without ensuring the fulfillment of environmental and legal requirements. the fifth feature of state environmental control is that it is an integral part of the competence of these bodies, since in most cases it is carried out by state authorities and governing bodies. state environmental control is unthinkable outside this system. the powers of state authorities and governing bodies to carry out environmental control may not be specifically specified in the legislation that determined their activities. another feature of environmental control – it means that it is implemented as a manifestation of the state environmental function. based on the features of environmental control, b.h.kalonov described the concept of state environmental control as follows: "it is understood as state environmental control to ensure the execution of legislation aimed at the effective use of natural resources and environmental protection, carried out by the legislative, executive bodies of the state, as well as special bodies that are part of their system [2]. sh. x. fayziev believes that environmental control includes the totality of political-legal, socioeconomic and spiritual-educational measures related to the implementation by all ministries, state committees and agencies, enterprises, organizations, institutions, officials and individuals of the 381 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us rules for protecting the natural environment, rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental safety [3]. m.m. brinchuk, on the other hand, describes environmental control as understood by the activities of authorized entities to verify compliance and compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation [4]. v.v. petrov describes environmental control as a component of the environmental function of the modern state, the mechanism for the implementation of environmental and legal norms, and describes it as checking compliance by enterprises, institutions, organizations, that is, all economic entities and citizens with environmental requirements for the protection of the natural environment and ensuring the environmental safety of society [5]. v.d. ermakov, a.y. according to sukharev, environmental control is to check the compliance of enterprises, institutions, organizations, that is, all economic entities with environmental requirements in order to ensure the environmental safety of society as a whole and protect the environmental natural environment[6] . b.h. kalonov, on the other hand, state environmental control is divided into three types from the point of view of the subjects carrying out it: 1) state environmental control bodies with a universal state; 2) state special environmental control bodies; 3) local state environmental control bodies[7] . the level of environmental control, on the other hand, is of two types: firstly, the environment as a function of public administration regarding natural environmental protection as well as the use of nature; and secondly, guarantees for the performance of conservation activities, considers these activities as the implementation of regulatory legal norms, methods for ensuring the legality of public administration. chapter vii of the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on the protection of nature"is devoted to the legal regulation of relations on environmental control, which is carried out in the following system in the process of land protection. in order to monitor the state of the lands in our republic, to ensure its accounting, assessment and determination of the prospects for it, a system of state monitoring of the environmental natural environment was established. state monitoring of the environment the environment due to the influence of other anthropogenic activities and the use of natural resources in order to determine the degree of pollution of the environment, assess its condition, predict negative processes and eliminate their consequences, is a system in which environmental pollution and other harmful effects (processes) are regularly observed and performed according to a proven earth monitoring is carried out in our republic according to the regulation approved by the resolution of the cabinet of ministers no. 496 of december 23, 2000. in accordance with it, earth monitoring consists of a system for monitoring the state of the earth in order to timely identify changes in the earth's fund, assess the land, prevent negative processes and end the consequences. the environmental control system in the field of rational use and protection of agricultural land consists of the state environmental state monitoring service, state, departmental, production and public control in the field of conservation. in accordance with article 31 of the law"on the protection of nature", state control in the field of nature protection is carried out by state authorities and management agencies, specially authorized state nature protection agencies. the state committee for ecology and environmental protection of the republic of uzbekistan, the ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan are specially authorized state bodies that carry out state control in the field of agricultural land protection. 382 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition to state control in the field of land protection for agriculture, there is departmental, production and public control. the ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan carries out departmental control over the activities of enterprises and organizations under its jurisdiction in the field of land protection intended for agriculture. results and discussions the next type of environmental control in the field of land protection for agriculture is production control, which is carried out by the environmental service of enterprises, associations and organizations, and pursues the purpose of checking the implementation of programs and certain activities on the protection of lands intended for agriculture, the rational use and restoration of lands intended for agriculture, the public control in the field of land protection for agriculture is carried out by public associations, labor unions and citizens. at the same time, it should be noted that in our republic, which is moving along the path of building a democratic-legal state, a free civil society, it is necessary to strengthen public control over land protection and develop legal foundations for improving their activities. the implementation of environmental control is a component of the state function in the field of legal protection of lands. this function of the ecological-legal mechanism arose as a necessary element for the implementation of public administration in relation to the rational use and protection of land resources. the conditions for conducting environmental control, its organization and theoretical issues of the concept are covered in the legal literature in terms of managing nature as a whole and its individual resources [9]. in the process of protecting agricultural land, environmental control is manifested through the implementation of a system of various measures. firstly, to observe changes in the resources of the earth, to form an information aggregate; secondly, to study anthropogenic factors that have a negative impact on the earth; thirdly, to check compliance with the rules and requirements of ecology and land legislation in all aspects of the production and economic process; fourth, to identify, warn and take measures of legal effect on legal entities and individuals that violate the rules established by land legislation; fifth, to explain and promote the provisions and requirements of land law among the population. a.n. nigmatov touched upon the concept of land control and described it as "land control is the examination of the requirements in the norms of land legislation aimed at the protection and rational use of land resources by state bodies, public associations, as well as authorized state bodies and persons subject to land relations" [9]. g.a. larionov, on the other hand, indicates three types of legal forms of land control. these are: 1) information provision of control; 2) decision-making on the result of control; 3) execution of the decision of the supervisory authorities. to make a final decision on land control, any body must have clear and objective information about the violation of land legislation, who is to blame, what measures must be taken so that the offense does not continue, the damage caused by the offense, how it can be terminated if the offense has not yet been committed. the successful implementation of land control at the time of accounting for chun lands, it is also important to study their composition and use. they are divided into special and agro-industrial types. as a result of their transfer, information about the quality of the earth is obtained, and in agrochemistry, their factual state is studied. all this substantiates the importance of the information provision of control. 383 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us land control, which plays an important role in ensuring compliance with the requirements for the use and protection of agricultural land, is in turn one of the most important manifestations of state control. state control the land fund is one of the most important functions of public administration, this situation is reflected not only in our republic, but also in the land legislation of other foreign countries. for example, in accordance with article 187 of the land code of ukraine, state control over the use and protection of lands intended for agriculture consists in ensuring the compliance of state authorities, local self-government bodies, organizations, enterprises, institutions and citizens with the land legislation of ukraine. therefore, in the field of land protection as a management function, environmental control has a number of special peculiarities through which it differs from other state functions. these are the following: first of all, the relationship between state bodies regarding the implementation of environmental control in this area can be called" relations of power", after all, control is inherent in the implementation of the powers of power; secondly, the right of state ownership of land resources is a material guarantee of the implementation of environmental control by state bodies; thirdly, the legal boundaries of state intervention are determined according to the material conditions that have arisen. the goals of environmental control in the field of land protection for agriculture are to ensure environmental safety, prevent and eliminate the harmful effects of economic or other activities on the land fund. they are carried out by various organizational and legal methods. the following is included in the sentence: monitoring the state of land resources; checking and summarizing the implementation of measures to protect them and ensure environmental safety; checking the implementation of the norms and requirements of environmental and land legislation; prevention and assessment of environmentally harmful activity by means of prevention, restriction, suspension and liquidation of environmentally harmful activities carried out by legal entities and individuals; application of measures of administrative-legal and criminal liability in relation to legal entities and individuals who violate environmental rules and requirements. legal norms on environmental control are among the mandatory rules for everyone that are recognized and ensured by the state, from which the rights and duties of the participants in these relations come, and land and ecology form single legal institutions of the general part of the branches of law. currently, there is also a sufficient level of practice of regulating this area of social relations, special state bodies authorized to carry out these tasks are effectively functioning in this regard. the main task of environmental control over the use and protection of agricultural land, as we noted above, is to ensure compliance with the requirements of land legislation in order to effectively use the lands intended for agriculture by state bodies, organizations, enterprises and citizens, and this control is carried out by authorized state bodies. the following works were carried out by the ministry of agriculture and its system organizations in the field of organization and protection of the use of agricultural land. in december 2021, when examining lots placed on the e-auction trading platform in the republic of karakalpakstan and regions, it was found that a total of 94.2 hectares of agricultural land were unjustifiably placed in auction trades for non-agricultural purposes, divided into 647 lots. 384 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, together with employees of the prosecutor general's office of the republic of uzbekistan, documents were issued to eliminate cases of violations of this identified land. as a result of the monitoring carried out by the ministry of agriculture of the republic of karakalpakstan and the departments of agriculture of the regions on the planting of agricultural crops planned for the harvest of 2021, there were identified cases of non-planting of planned agricultural crops on 64,256 hectares of land in 6,104 cases, planting other crops and a total of 126 newsletters, references and submissions were made to the authorities and law enforcement agencies to eliminate these identified cases. also, 66 references were made to the authorities and relevant authorities on cases of arbitrary seizure, unauthorized housing and non-residential buildings and construction of fish ponds and lakes on 3,038 hectares of land in 1,170 cases of violations of the land law identified as a result of monitoring. measures taken on cases of land violations: in the field of agricultural land use, administrative cases were considered and a fine was imposed on 317 offenders. for reference: a total of 1 billion against offenders. 247 million. a fine of 940 thousand soums was established, of which 224 million were paid. fines in the amount of 610 thousand rubles were charged. law enforcement agencies were provided to take action by legal entities and individuals in a total of 61 cases that caused arbitrary land agricultural treatment by calculating the amounts of damage to 114 billion 288 million 600 thousand soums on 167.8 hectares of agricultural land. as a result of the measures to protect the agricultural lands transferred from tashkent region to tashkent, 295 hectares of violations were identified in a total of 181 cases, and information was introduced to the tashkent regional and tashkent city halls for elimination, as well as to the prosecutor general's office for legal measures; according to the results of the monitoring of agricultural crops carried out in the republic of karakalpakstan and regions, in 11,472 cases, 73,867 hectares of planned crops were not planted or replaced with other crops, and references were made to the council of ministers of the republic of karakalpakstan and the regional authorities in this case. 126 references to identified cases of planned agricultural crops and 66 references to land violations were included in local authorities and competent authorities. the following control measures were carried out in 2021 by inspectors carrying out land and cadastral control of the cadastral agency under the tax committee of the republic of uzbekistan. in particular, in a total of 16,893 ha cases in the republic, it was found that 2,541.3 hectares of land were arbitrarily occupied. of this, 8,823 ha of agricultural land accounted for 2,013.7 hectares (of which 1,245. 1 hectares of irrigated arable land in 5,326 ha). the above examples also show that the implementation of control in the field of agricultural land protection requires a rich scientific experience created on the basis of scientific research in this regard, as well as the adaptation of current legislation to one another. because the provision of a comfortable life for today and the future generation is largely and in many respects inextricably linked with the rational use of natural resources, including land intended for agriculture, and their effective protection. 385 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the importance of environmental control in the field of land protection for agriculture is that, firstly, it forms a database on the implementation by legal entities and individuals of the provisions of legislation in this area, secondly, the level of enforcement of special rules and requirements is assessed, appropriate legal action measures are taken, and thirdly, most importantly, it serves to prevent violations. references 1. land law: textbook. / bogolyubov s.a., galinovskaya e.a.; ed. bogolyubova s.a. – m.: tk velbi, prospect publishing house, 2014. – pp. 238-239. 2. kalanov b.h. legal problems of state environmental control in the republic of uzbekistan.. science. diss to obtain a degree... abstract.t., 2004. 10-11 p. 3. the right to ecology. textbook. team of authors / / responsible editors: doctor of legal sciences, professor j.t.kholmominov. tashkent: tdyu, 2018. 104 p. 4. brinchuk m.m. environmental law. --m.: jurist. 2004. – p.335. 5. petrov v.v. environmental law of russia. textbook for universities. – m.: “bek", 1995. – p.239. 6. environmental law of russia. / ed . ermakova v.d., sukhareva a.ya.– m., 1997. – p.320. 7. golichenkov a. k. environmental control: theory, practice of legal regulation. – m., 1992.-p. 73. 8. land law of russia. textbook. kol.auth. m.: "bylina", 1997. – p.181-182. 9. land law of ukraine: textbook. stipend. / author. col.: refugee a.m., berdnikov e.s., bondar l.a., etc.; ed. pogrebny a.a., karakasha i.i. – k.: istina, 2002. p.437. 10. oybek, o. (2024). international experience in the use of transboundary water resources and issues of its regulation. indonesian journal of law and justice, 1(3), 7-7. 11. murodullo o‘g‘li, o. o. (2023). a sight in combating corruption in tashkent state university of law. pedagogs jurnali, 27(2), 170-172. 242 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 increasing the possibilities of using digital technologies in the development of trade services in the republic of uzbekistan mirzaev k. dj. professor of the sies, head of the department of digital economy, doctor of economics shodiev f. k. sies is a student of the faculty of economics abstract: in this article, the specific characteristics of trade services in our country, the importance of trade in the economic potential of the country, the sharp increase in trade turnover using digital technologies in the development of trade services, and measures to increase the trade turnover several times in the future are being developed. in addition, in this article, suggestions and recommendations have been developed by the author on the improvement of trade services using digital technologies. keywords: trade, economy, trade services, trade processes, digital economy, trade turnover, ecommerce, digital trade, trading platform. introduction: digital technologies play a big role in sales services, which opens up many opportunities to automate sales processes, analyze and optimize data, and provide the best service to customers. speaking about digital technologies in trade services, the presidential decision "on creating favorable conditions for business entities to provide services in the field of digital technologies through international platforms" was adopted. according to the decision, as a legal experiment, export contractual documents for the provision of services in the field of digitalization will be allowed to be formalized on international platforms.from april 1, 2024, as part of a legal experiment, contracts with a value of up to 100,000 dollars executed in electronic form on international platforms for the export of services in the field of digitalization by residents of the software products and information technology technological park (it-park) will be recognized as electronic documents. z was held and their paper copy is not required. the list of international platforms that are allowed to conclude contracts for the export of services in the field of digitization is approved by the ministry of digital technologies and the ministry of investments, industry and trade. as part of the legal experiment, it is mandatory for residents of the it park to enter relevant information on foreign trade transactions into the unified electronic information system of foreign trade operations through yidxp.in recent years, the digital sector of the country's economy has expanded, and its main reason is the decision of the president of september 11, 2023 on measures to implement the strategy "uzbekistan 2030" in quality and time in 2023. the task was set to increase the volume of export of services in the it sector to 5 billion dollars, the number of jobs created to 100 thousand, to create more favorable conditions for foreign 243 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us companies in the it-park and to increase the number of their representative offices to 1,000. ecommerce platforms, digital services, and financial technologies related to high-quality and safe processing of payments made on them, which are considered growth factors, are rapidly developing. analysis of literature on the topic. according to y.a. tokarev"export potential providing services to foreign citizens using digital technologies in the production of competitive industrial and agricultural products of the national economy and enterprises and sectors of the entire economy in foreign markets. in this approach, y.a. tokarev considers the export potential as a factor that determines the export potential not only of material goods, but also of intangible production and services, and mentions that it is necessary to involve modern technologies.in particular, it takes into account the export of capital.at the same time, the scientist expanded this concept and considered it at the macro and micro level.in the information society, as part of the issues of digitalization of trade services and its development, scientists from foreign and commonwealth of independent states countries have studied in their research.in the works of a.a.abduvaliyev, a.b.bobojonov, s.s.gulomov, b.a.begalov, a.sh.bekmurodov, a.a.musaliyev, t.z.teshabayev, n.nabiyeva, k.u.turabayeva, d.n.rakhimova, s.m.khodjayev and a number of other scientists within the framework of the policy of digitalization of trade services in the national economy theoretical and practical studies are reflected. research methodology: systematic approach to scientific knowledge, statistical abstract, logical reasoning and prospective forecasting methods were widely used in the course of this research. also, the method of analysis and synthesis was effectively used in the implementation of scientific research. analysis and results: in order to simplify trade procedures, blockchain technology has been used in our country.on october 19, 2023, a roundtable discussion on "using the potential of blockchain technology for sustainable development of trade" was organized with the united nations economic commission for europe and the ministry of higher education, science and innovation as part of the "innoveek 2023" international week of innovative ideas.blockchain technology, which is attracting great interest around the world, is becoming a powerful tool to transform trade processes and expand the country's access to new markets. uzbekistan and other countries with economic growth are actively exploring the possibilities of this advanced technology to increase transparency and simplify operations in the trade sector. however, despite growing interest in blockchain, significant knowledge gaps and legal barriers hinder its widespread adoption and implementation. the project "supporting the development of trade in central asia phase v" is financed by the finnish government and implemented by the united nations development program in cooperation with the ministry of investments, industry and trade of uzbekistan.the goal of the project is to support the countries of central asia in stimulating inclusive and sustainable growth by developing value chains in trade and increasing the competitiveness of economies. the development, introduction and distribution of new technologies, the development of international trade has become a new stage in the development of the world economy from the point of view of "digitalization". because the rapid growth of digital transactions and digital trade across the global economy is of great importance.the main result of digital transformation for trade services is the creation of new markets, products and business models based on new digital technologies (internet of things, artificial intelligence, blockchain and big data).however, in the context of digitization, 244 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us there are certain difficulties in defining the increasingly blurred boundaries between goods and services. digital technologies provide the seller with the opportunity to electronically record the activities around him.the duties, functions and powers of the ministry of digital technologies, the ministry of investments, industry and trade in the field of regulation and development of electronic commerce, and the ministry of economy and finance in the field of lottery organization and regulation of bookmaking activities were transferred to the national agency of prospective projects. in the months of january-june 2021, the share of trade services in the total volume of provided market services is 28.3%, which is 2,294.3 billion. amounted to soums. for comparison: n january-june 2020, their volume is 1,871.9 billion. soums or 30.0% of the total volume.digital technologies can be installed in several areas in the field of commerce. these technologies help in tasks such as automation of sales processes, optimization of data input and output, strengthening communication with customers and others. it uses the "beacon" program in order to regularly attract regular customers to shopping complexes. in this case, a short-term promotion, a notification about newly delivered goods will be sent to the mobile phone of the customer who entered the shopping complex. e-commerce and retail technologies are changing the way businesses sell products and services online.from building online stores to optimizing payment processes and managing shipping and logistics, these tools and strategies help companies create a seamless shopping experience for their customers.key topics within ecommerce and retail include e-commerce platforms, payment gateways, conversion rate optimization, product information management, and order fulfillment.targets ads on various sites, optimizes searches, accelerates technical support, filters spam, and studies user behavior using big data analysis. advantages of using big data in sales services.  planning is simplified  the speed of launching new trade projects will increase  demand for goods increases  there will be an opportunity to assess the level of satisfaction of consumers  it is easier to find and attract customers  relations with clients and contractors will be accelerated  integrations in the supply chain are optimized;  the quality of customer service and the speed of interaction will increase  loyalty of current customers will increase the implementation of the following digital technologies in sales services will give good results. 1. online stores:online stores allow customers to sell goods online. through this technology, sales and information are automatically tracked and customers can pay for goods online. 2. data analytics:data analytics is widely used in digital marketing.data analytics helps to collect and analyze relevant information about products, customers and sales processes.sales strategies and sales processes are optimized based on this information. 3. automated sales processes:digital marketing involves automated sales processes. these processes help with tasks such as automated sales management, order processing, inventory and customer communication, and more. 4. electronic payment systems:electronic payment systems are widely used in trade.these systems allow customers to pay online and remove the traditional handling of cash registers. 245 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. databases and crm systems:digital marketing uses databases and crm (customer relationship management) systems to collect, store and manage customer data.these systems help in maintaining customer information and facilitating customer management. 6. sales analytics and data localization:digital marketing also includes marketing analytics and data visualization technologies.sales analytics helps you analyze data such as sales results, customer likes and requests, average sales volume, and more. and data localization helps in collecting, storing and managing access to data. these digital technologies are important in automating sales activities, analyzing and managing data, strengthening customer relationships, and optimizing sales processes. conclusions and suggestions. in conclusion, it can be said that the level of development of the country's economy and the volume of gdp largely depend on the country's export potential and how wisely it is used.we believe that it is appropriate to use the following scientific proposals to increase opportunities using digital technologies in the improvement of trade services:  it is possible to improve the trade enterprise by organizing retail trade at a modern level and offering additional services to customers;  the types of services provided in the improvement of trade enterprises, which allow to provide convenient service to customers using digital technologies and thereby provide a competitive advantage;  the proposed method makes it possible to assess the level of competitiveness based on the provision of additional trade services that are beneficial for both the trading company and the customers. digital marketing also includes marketing analytics and data visualization technologies.sales analytics helps you analyze data such as sales results, customer likes and requests, average sales volume, and more. and data localization helps in collecting, storing and managing access to data. these digital technologies are important in automating sales activities, analyzing and managing data, strengthening customer relationships, and optimizing sales processes. references: 1. o'zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2023 yil 23 yanvardagi "savdo-sanoat 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kamaytirish //journal of scienceinnovative research in uzbekistan. – 2024. – т. 2. – №. 1. – с. 580-586. 25. faxriddinovich u. f., raxmatillo o‘g‘li x. s., valizoda n. u. effective use of crowdfunding opportunities in the organization of electronic business in the conditions of the digital economy //gospodarka i innowacje. – 2023. – т. 42. – с. 788-791. 26. faxriddinovich u. f., dilmurod o'g'li a. a., mashrab o'g'li u. m. mechanisms for improving the efficiency of small business and private entrepreneurship in the digital economy //gospodarka i innowacje. – 2023. – т. 36. – с. 360-362. 27. faxriddinovich u. f., oʻgʻli n. m. x. covid-19 pandemiyasining rossiya iqtisodiyotiga taʼsiri //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 39-44. 28. faxriddinovich u. f., xusniddinovich a. f. o ‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining rivojlanishidagi muammolar va yechimlar //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 60-63. 29. durbek m., faxriddinovich u. m. f. o ‘zbekistonda transport xizmatlar bozorini rivojlantirish imkoniyatlari //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 12-16. 30. faxriddinovich u. f., oʻgʻli n. m. x. covid-19 pandemiyasining rossiya iqtisodiyotiga taʼsiri //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 39-44. 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 socio-economic essence of development of bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan saidova firuza kamolovna bukhara state university, department of green economy and agribusiness, senior lecturer pirnazarov eldor jonquvvat oʻgʻli student of group 3-2-agb-21 abstract: this article explores the socio-economic significance of developing bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan. it discusses the main directions of bioeconomy and the principles of circular economy, analyzing their role in stabilizing the national economy. the research findings indicate that fostering bioeconomy and circular economy can enhance economic efficiency, protect the environment, and ensure rational resource utilization. these approaches are crucial for achieving sustainable development and maintaining environmental safety. keywords: bioeconomy, circular economy, socio-economic development, sustainable development, environmental safety, rational resource utilization. in an era of increasing global economic and environmental challenges, the problem of sustainable economic development is becoming increasingly relevant. the ecological consequences of the traditional economic model and the uneven use of natural resources are posing new challenges for society. from this perspective, the concepts of bioeconomy and circular economy are considered important mechanisms for modernizing the economy based on sustainable development principles. the bioeconomy is an economic model based on the use of biological resources, which envisions creating new economic opportunities through the utilization of renewable resources. this approach aims to increase economic efficiency in the context of diminishing natural resources and ongoing ecological research. the bioeconomy not only addresses environmental issues but also contributes to job creation and improving the standard of living. the circular economy, on the other hand, aims to ensure efficient use of materials and resources, minimize waste, and introduce recycling processes into economic activities. this model not only enhances economic efficiency and reduces waste but also ensures the circulation of resources. in uzbekistan, as the issues of sustainable development and environmental challenges continue to grow in importance, there is a pressing need to implement the principles of bioeconomy and circular economy. in particular, modernizing processes related to the efficient use of resources and waste reduction in agriculture and industry is of critical significance today. in uzbekistan’s economic development strategy, saving resources, ensuring environmental safety, and enhancing sustainability occupy an important place. in this regard, studying the role and importance of bioeconomy and circular economy principles in modernizing the economy holds both scientific and practical significance. 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the purpose of this article is to analyze the socio-economic essence of developing the bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan and to highlight the pressing issues related to the implementation of these principles. this research aims to expand scientific and practical knowledge on the development of bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan and to propose theoretical and methodological foundations for introducing sustainable economic development principles. ensuring environmental safety and economic stability has become one of the key tasks of the global economy today. the need to diversify the economy, efficiently use resources, and address environmental challenges requires new approaches based on the concept of sustainable development. the high demand of the traditional economic model for natural resources and their rapid depletion is leading to global challenges. from this perspective, the implementation of bioeconomy and circular economy principles is considered an effective direction for economic development. the principles of bioeconomy and circular economy are aimed at increasing economic stability, optimizing resource use, and reducing waste, thereby addressing both environmental and economic issues. the main goal of this article is to analyze the socio-economic significance of developing bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan and to develop practical recommendations. bioeconomy is an economic model based on the efficient use of renewable biological resources, which aims to conserve natural resources and reintegrate them into the economy. the bioeconomy model is aimed at harmonizing modern economic development principles with environmental safety. the main principles of this model include the use of biomass and bioenergy resources, the implementation of green technologies, waste recycling, and the production based on biomaterials and biological raw materials. these principles not only contribute to increasing economic efficiency but also play a significant role in ensuring environmental sustainability. the successful implementation of the bioeconomy model is crucial for diversifying the economy, improving energy efficiency, and protecting the environment. the principles presented in the above diagram are considered complementary elements and require an integrated approach. integrating economic and environmental benefits through green technologies and recycling processes remains a key task. the circular economy, on the other hand, is an economic model based on recycling resources, maintaining them in continuous circulation, and minimizing waste. the main characteristics of the circular economy include resource circulation and regeneration, material and energy efficiency, and minimizing waste within the economic system. figure 1. main principles of the bioeconomy model the development of bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan creates opportunities such as processing agricultural waste and producing biofuels, implementing energy efficiency technologies, advancing biotechnology and ecological innovations, utilizing industrial waste as 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us secondary raw materials, and implementing green economy programs in various regions. today, the development of bioeconomy and circular economy is seen as a fundamental principle for addressing environmental and economic challenges within the global community. uzbekistan is also actively implementing these approaches to achieve sustainable development goals. this article examines the opportunities for developing bioeconomy and circular economy principles based on the experiences of asian and european countries. in germany, a focus on green economy and eco-technologies has led to a 60% reduction in production waste. in denmark, the use of biomaterials within circular production principles has increased energy efficiency by 50%. the experiences of asian and european countries in developing bioeconomy and circular economy principles provide essential guidance for achieving efficiency in this field. in particular, japan's approach, which is based on technological innovations and resource recycling, has made it possible to reduce waste volume by 40%. in south korea, the use of agricultural biotechnologies has expanded biofuel production, increasing its utilization by 35%. the development of bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan is aimed at modernizing the economy while ensuring environmental safety. the successful implementation of these principles can result in processing agricultural waste into biofuels, promoting energy efficiency technologies, advancing biotechnology and ecological innovations, utilizing industrial waste as secondary raw materials, and implementing green economy programs in various regions. global experience shows that the development of bioeconomy and circular economy principles is considered a key strategy for addressing environmental and economic challenges. uzbekistan is actively working on introducing these approaches to achieve sustainable development goals. the experiences of asian and european countries serve as valuable benchmarks for uzbekistan. table 1. international experiences in developing bioeconomy and circular economy country key focus achievements germany green economy and eco-technologies reduced production waste by 60% denmark circular production and use of biomaterials increased energy efficiency by 50% japan technological innovations and resource recycling reduced waste volume by 40% south korea agricultural biotechnology and biofuel production expanded biofuel production by 35% the experiences of asian and european countries in developing bioeconomy and circular economy principles provide critical guidance for achieving efficiency and sustainability in uzbekistan. these cases illustrate how the effective integration of technological innovations, waste reduction practices, and resource recycling can significantly enhance economic and environmental performance. these experiences are also relevant for uzbekistan, as they provide an opportunity to effectively utilize these approaches in developing the bioeconomy and establishing a circular economy. by taking into account its natural and technological capabilities, uzbekistan can achieve environmental sustainability by adapting these practices. the experience of asian and european countries in developing the circular economy plays a crucial role in achieving ecological sustainability. in particular: ➢ in the netherlands, the efficiency of waste recycling and reuse systems has reached 80% through the recycling and composting of plastic waste. ➢ in china, industrial clusters and circular systems have been utilized based on technological integration, leading to innovative approaches in recycling processes. ➢ in sweden, the practice of energy circular economy through biomass and solid fuel recycling has achieved a 90% recycling rate in energy production. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ in singapore, water resource recovery and waste utilization systems have reduced water consumption by 30% . these experiences are valuable for uzbekistan, as they demonstrate that resource efficiency and environmental safety can be ensured through the implementation of waste recycling systems and the use of biomass energy. adopting the best practices from these countries is essential for advancing bioeconomy and circular economy principles in uzbekistan. in particular, japan’s technological innovations and germany’s green economy approaches can be adapted to local conditions. moreover, denmark and sweden’s waste recycling experiences serve as valuable models. the development of the circular economy is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. many countries have successfully implemented innovative strategies to minimize waste, maximize resource utilization, and promote green technologies. uzbekistan can benefit significantly by learning from the experiences of asian and european countries, adapting successful practices to local conditions. table 2. international experiences in developing circular economy country key focus achievements netherlands recycling and reuse systems for plastic waste achieved 80% recycling efficiency through composting china industrial clusters and technological integration developed innovative recycling approaches sweden energy circular economy with biomass and solid fuels reached 90% recycling rate in energy production singapore water resource recovery and waste utilization systems reduced water consumption by 30% these experiences are highly valuable for uzbekistan as they demonstrate how circular economy practices can ensure resource efficiency and environmental safety. adopting successful models from these countries, such as japan’s technological innovations and germany’s green economy approaches, would be beneficial. additionally, learning from denmark and sweden’s waste recycling practices can significantly contribute to advancing circular economy principles in uzbekistan. the development of bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan plays a vital role in ensuring the socio-economic stability of the country. these concepts aim to enhance economic efficiency through the rational use of natural resources, waste recycling, and the implementation of renewable energy sources. the development of the bioeconomy ensures food security by introducing new technologies in agriculture and the food industry while also expanding opportunities for producing environmentally friendly products. at the same time, the circular economy ensures the continuity of economic systems by minimizing waste and promoting resource recycling. these approaches significantly contribute to employment generation, improving living standards, and ensuring environmental safety. as a result of developing bioeconomy and circular economy in uzbekistan, sustainable economic growth and ecological stability can be achieved. references 1. european commission. (2018). a sustainable bioeconomy for europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society, and the environment. 2. oecd. (2019). the circular economy in cities and regions. 3. united nations environment programme. (2020). circular economy: the new normal. 4. saidova, f. k., & hamroyev, a. t. l. (2025). transitioning urban logistic operations to electric vehicles: advantages and 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us challenges. imras, 8(1), 22-28. 5. саидова, ф. к. (2021). глава 7. использование услуг аутсорсинга в сервисных сетях. in инновационное развитие науки и образования (pp. 88-99). 6. саидова, ф. к. (2016). современное состояние и направления развития аграрного сектора республики узбекистан. in современное экологическое состояние природной среды и научно-практические аспекты рационального природопользования (pp. 3673-3675). 7. khurramov, o. k., fayzieva, s. a., & saidova, f. k. (2019). features of electronic online market in tourism. вестник науки и образования, (24-3), 18-20. 8. saidova, f. k. (2020). factors affecting the development of international tourism. in international scientific review of the problems of economics, finance and management (pp. 74-81). 9. kayumovich, k. o., & kamalovna, s. f. (2019). social media-marketing-a forceful tool for tourism industry. european science, (7 (49)), 41-43. 10. saidova, f. (2021). возможности для развития рынка услуг в бухаре фк саидова, преподаватель, бухарский государственный университет, бухара ма ражабова, преподаватель, бухарский государственный университет, бухара. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 11. saidova, f. k. (2022, october). factors that ensure the successful implementation of the system of key performance indicators. in formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences: a collection scientific works of the international scientific conference.–2022.–is (vol. 12, pp. 43-47). 12. saidova, f. k. (2017). modern trends in the development of international tourism. modern trends and current issues in the development of tourism and the hotel business in russia, 108-113. 13. kamolovna, s. f. (2024). farhod o'g'li ff entrepreneurship development in the digital economy. international journal of education, social science & humanities, 12(4), 332-339. 14. saidova, f. k. (2022, october). factors that ensure the successful implementation of the system of key performance indicators. in formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences: a collection scientific works of the international scientific conference.–2022.–is (vol. 12, pp. 43-47). 15. kayumovich, k. o., & kamalovna, s. f. (2019). social media-marketing-a forceful tool for tourism industry. european science, (7 (49)), 41-43. 610 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of g/a polymorphism of the f7 factor gene in the genesis unsuccessful ivf khafizova d. b. abu ali ibn sino ummary: the article presents the results of molecular genetic studies of the g/a polymorphism of the f7 gene in 90 unsuccessful ivf women with thrombophilia. the results of the study showed that allele a and hetero-g/a and homozygous non-functional a/a genotypes of the f7 polymorphism are one of the markers of an increased risk of developing thrombophilia in women of the uzbek population. and the functional allele g and the functionally favorable genotype g/g are functional genotypes in relation to the development of pathology (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=0.03; 95%ci0.00 – 0.46). keywords: thrombophilia, genetics, g/a polymorphism of the f7 gene, mutation, heterozygote. studying the mechanisms of development of obstetric complications (spp, sorp, fpn, nondeveloping pregnancies) taking into account the genetic factors of the body may provide some understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical course and development of preventive measures for the disease. [1,2,4,5,9,16,17] research conducted by scientists makatsaria a.d., bitsadze v.o. (2006) devoted to the role of thrombophilia, in particular, aps, mutation of factor v leiden, prothrombin g202 10a and mthfr c677t, showed their extremely high frequency not only in patients with various thromboembolic complications, but also typical obstetric complications, such as recurrent miscarriages, severe gestosis, premature abruption of the normally located placenta (pondp), intrauterine growth retardation syndrome (iugr), antenatal fetal death (aff), etc. at the same time, thrombophilia as a complex integral factor in the pathogenesis of the development of gestosis was found in 80% of patients with gestosis. it was noted that among patients with mild forms of gestosis, thrombophilia was detected in 54%, while in the control group of pregnant women with a physiological course of pregnancy in 16% (p <0.05). the results of the study showed that the mthfr c677t mutation was in 56.8% of cases, while in the group of mild forms of gestosis and in patients with a physiological course of pregnancy – 44 and 12%. whereas, polymorphism of the pai-1 gene was detected in 49.1%. in the group of pregnant women with mild forms of gestosis, this polymorphism was found in 40%, and in the control group of pregnant women with a physiological course of pregnancy only 16% (p <0.05). [6,7,8,10,12-46] also multigene forms of thrombophilia, which amounted to 72.5%, while in the group of mild forms of gestosis only 14%, in the group of physiological pregnancy 4%, and it should be noted that in the two control groups multigene thrombophilia was represented only by gene polymorphism or heterozygous mthfr c677t, but not the fv leiden or prothrombin g20210a mutation. 611 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us antiphospholipid antibodies were detected in 17.3% in the retrospective group, 16.25% in the prospective group, 10% in the mild gestosis group and 4% in the control group with a physiological course of pregnancy. [6,7,9,13,17,18] the purpose of our research was to study the detectability of polymorphism of genotypes g/a of the f7 gene in women of the uzbek population. material and research methods. a total of 118 women aged from 20 to 39 years were examined. among 118 women, the main group consisted of 90 (76.3%) with unsuccessful ivf in a woman with thrombophilia and 28 a control group of healthy women without thrombophilia. based on informed consent, molecular genetic testing of the f7 g/a gene was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. all pregnant women underwent general clinical, instrumental, functional (ultrasound), and elisa studies. pregnant women were consulted by related specialists. (therapist, neurologist, infectious disease specialist, dermatologist, endocrinologist, etc.) among 118 patients, the main group consisted of 90 women with an established diagnosis of thrombophilia and 28 women who made up the age-matched control group. molecular genetic examination of biomaterials (dna) was carried out on the basis of the clinical laboratory of genotechnologies llc. dna extraction from all biological blood samples was carried out using the ribo-prep kit (interlabservice, russia). to identify the genotype polymorphism consisting of alleles g>a of the f7 gene, allele-specific primers from the manufacturer were selected from dna samples. to genotype dna samples using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), 200 dna samples were examined. for this purpose, the 96-cell automated amplifier "applied biosystems veriti" was optimized according to the following program: initial denaturation once at 180 sec 94°c, 94°c 10 sec, 64°c 10 sec, 72°c 20 sec in the program we did these specified steps 40 times for the polymerase chain reaction to occur. statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the statistical software package “openepi 2009, version 2.3”. research results. the results of molecular genetic studies are presented in the following table. ( table 1) table 1. frequency of distribution of allelic variants and polymorphism of the f7 gene (g/a) in women with thrombophilia and a healthy control group. n – number of examined patients; *n number of alleles studied; * reliability indicator in relation to the control group (p<0.05) as can be seen from the table, a comparative analysis of the distribution frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the f7 polymorphism (g/a) of the homeostasis system gene among 180 dna samples in 90 women with unsuccessful ivf in women with thrombophilia, the presence of a functional allele g was 76.6% (138/180) cases, and in the control group this allele was detected in 100% (56/56), which was 1.3 times higher compared to the indicators of the main group. (χ2=15.90; p<0.0001; or=0.03; 95%ci 0.00 – 0.48). while the mutant allele a in the main group was detected in 23.3% of cases (42/180), and in the control group, this allele was not detected in № group allele frequency genotype distribution frequency g a g/g g/a a/a n % n % n % n % n % 1. main group n=90(180) 138 76,6 42 23,3 55 61,1 28 31,1* 7 7,7 2 counter. group n=28 (56) 56 100 28 100 612 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the studied isolated dna from healthy women. (χ2=15.90; p<0.0001; or=34.68; 95%ci2.10 – 573.21)общая модель наследования гена f7 (chi-square test, df = 2) is presented in the following table (table 2.) table 2. differences in the frequency of occurrence of alleles and genotypes of the g/t polymorphism of the f7 gene in the group with unsuccessful ivf in women with and without thrombophilia. the results of molecular genetic studies of genotypes of the f7 gene polymorphism showed in the examined patients that the homozygous variant of functional genotypes g/g in the control group of women without thrombophilia was determined in 100% of cases (28/28), and in the main group 61.1% (55 /90), which was 1.6 times lower than the control group. (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=0.03; 95%ci0.00 – 0.46) . whereas the heterozygous g/a variant of the f7 gene was not detected in the control group. and in the main group of patients, the heterozygous variant g/a of the f7 gene was detected in 31.1% of cases (55/90) (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=25.99; 95%ci 1.53 – 440.86) and the mutant homozygous variant a/ a was detected in 7 patients, which amounted to 7.7%. (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=5.12; 95%ci 0.28 – 92.51). in the control group of patients, this genotype was not determined. analysis of the results obtained indicates that in unsuccessful ivf patients with thrombophilia, the carriage of heteroand mutant homozygous variants of the f7 gene genotypes was statistically significantly higher. (p < 0.001). according to the literature, the allelic variant c.1238a (heterozygote c.1238g/a and homozygote c.1238a/a) of the f7 gene leads to a decrease in gene expression and a decrease in the level of factor 7 in the blood, and is considered as a protective marker against the development of thrombosis and myocardial infarction. taking into account the peculiarities of the physiological adaptation of the hemostatic system to pregnancy, the vast majority of genetic forms of thrombophilia are clinically manifested precisely during the gestational process and, as it turned out, not only in the form of thrombosis, but also in the form of typical obstetric complications. studies have established that during this period, a restructuring of the coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic systems occurs in the mother’s body, which leads to an increase in blood clotting factors by 200%. moreover, in the third trimester, the speed of blood flow in the veins of the lower extremities decreases by half due to partial mechanical obstruction of the venous outflow by the pregnant uterus. the tendency to blood stasis in combination with hypercoagulation during physiological pregnancy predisposes to the development of thrombosis and thromboembolism. and with pre-existing (genetic) tf, the risk of thrombotic and obstetric complications increases tens and hundreds of times, which corresponds to our own research. to assess the frequency of occurrence of various genotypes of the polymorphic f7 gene and the potential influence of a number of dynamic factors that determine the genetic structure of the alleles and genotypes frequency of occurrence of alleles and genotypes statistical difference main group control allele g 138 56 χ2=15.90; p<0.0001; or=34.68; 95%ci2.10 – 573.21 allele a 42 0 genotype g/g 55 28 χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=0.03; 95%ci0.00 – 0.46 genotype g/a 28 0 χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=25.99; 95%ci 1.53 – 440.86 genotype a/a 7 0 χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=5.12; 95%ci 0.28 – 92.51 613 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us population, as well as to assess the population risk of developing unsuccessful ivf, we analyzed the expected and observed frequency of genotypes of the polymorphism under study and the correspondence of the frequency distribution to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium ( hv). table 3. expected and observed frequency of distribution of genotypes for rcv polymorphism f7 in the main group of patients. genotypes genotype frequency χ2 р observable expected g/g 61,1 53,01 0.588 0,42 g/а 31,1 39,6 0.358 а/а 7,8 7,4 0.054 total 100,00 100,00 0.64 based on the calculation by the cv equation, in the main group the frequency of observed favorable genotypes g/g was 1.2 times higher than the expected frequencies 61.1% and 53.01%, respectively. the heterozygous variant g/a of the observed frequency of the f7 gene was 31.1%, and the theoretically expected frequency was 39.6%, respectively, which indicates an increase in this indicator by 1.3 times. (p <0.05). the frequency of the observed mutant homozygous variant a/a of the f7 gene was 7.8%, and the expected one was 7.4%, which was 1.05 times higher than the expected values (p> 0.05). table 4. expected and observed frequency of distribution of genotypes for rcv polymorphism f7 in the control group of patients. genotypes genotype frequency р observable observable g/g 100,0 60,6 1.000 1 g/а 0 34,51 0.000 а/а 0 4,9 0.000 total 100,00 100,00 0 the results of the analysis of the expected frequencies of genotypes of the f7 gene in the control group showed that the observed frequency of functional genotypes g/g was 100%, while the expected one was 60.6%, which was 1.4 times lower than the observed values. while the observed frequency of the heterozygous variant g/t and mutant homozygous variants of the f 7 gene was 0, the expected frequency was 34.5 and 4.9%, respectively, which indicates an increase in the determinability of carriage of polymorphism in the association of mutant genotypes. analysis of the results obtained indicates that the distribution of all genotypes of the f7 polymorphism in the main and control groups corresponds to rhv, indicating the absence of the influence of systematic or random factors that can change the genetic structure of populations. the study of the genetic structure of this marker revealed a relatively high level of expected heterozygosity and homozygous variants of mutant alleles in the main and control groups of pregnant women (39.6% and 34.5%, respectively). in both groups, the d indicator is to the left of 0, that is, it is negative (d<0). the revealed fact indicates higher frequencies of expected heterozygotes and homozygotes, and not the actual calculated frequencies of genotypes. when analyzing the frequency distribution of alleles and genotypes of this polymorphism in the group of patients of the main group, significant differences were found compared to the control group. the functionally unfavorable allele a of the f7 gene was more than 20 times statistically significantly more prevalent in the studied alleles in unsuccessful ivf patients with thrombophilia (tf) compared to the control group without tf (χ2=15.90; p<0.0001; or=34.68; 95%ci2.10 – 573.21). the frequency distribution of genotypes of this polymorphism also revealed significant differences between the main and control comparison groups in the total sample (p<0.05). 614 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us associations of “functionally unfavorable” genotypes g/a (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=25.99; 95%ci 1.53 – 440.86) and a/a (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=5.12; 95%ci) were identified 0.28 – 92.51) with the development of tf. analyzing the results of molecular genetic studies, we can say that allele a and hetero-g/a and homozygous non-functional a/a genotypes of the f7 polymorphism are one of the markers of an increased risk of developing a non-developing pregnancy during ivf with thrombophilia in women of the uzbek population. and the functional allele g and the functionally favorable genotype g/g are functional genotypes in relation to the development of pathology (χ2=15.48; p<0.0004; or=0.03; 95%ci0.00 – 0.46). conclusions: thus, the data from our study showed the connection between the “t” allele and the heterozygous genotype of the f7 gene polymorphism with the development of thrombophilia in women of the uzbek population. at the same time, the risk of developing pathology when carrying the “t” allele and the g/a genotype increases more than 20 times (or=34.68; or=25.99), respectively. the presence of the wild allele and genotype of the f7 gene polymorphism in patients plays a protective role in relation to the formation of tf. the obtained result also indicates that the mutant variant allele a and the heterozygous g/a genotype of the f7 gene polymorphism predict the risk of developing unsuccessful ivf with tf in women of the uzbek population. literature: 1. aslonova, m. j. the nature of disorders in the mother-placenta-fetus system and their role in the development of fetal growth restriction syndrome. gas, 293, 00-5. 2. aslonova, m. j., ikhtiyarova, g. a., & mavlyanova, n. n. 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(2021). microbiological recognition of antibodies to antigens of microorganisms in women with inflammatory diseases of the genital. узбекский медицинский журнал, 2(5) 29. ихтиярова, г. а, каримова, г. к., наврузова, н. о., & хайруллаев, ч. к. (2019). ультразвуковая диагностика диабетической фетопатии у беременных с метоболическим синдромом на фоне сахарного диабета. тиббиѐт ва спорт,(3-4), 56-58. 30. ихтиярова, г. а. наврузова, н. о., & муминова, н. х. (2022). бачадон бўйни рак олди касалликлари дифференциал диагностикасини такомиллаштириш усули. евразийский журнал медицинских и естественных наук, 2(8), 4-17. 31. каримова, г. k. (2022). гестацион қандли диабетда ҳомиладорлик ва туғруқни олиб бориш. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 1(6), 180-192. 32. каримова, г. k. (2022). гестацион қандли диабетни эрта ташхислашнинг биокимѐвий скрининги. barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 2(8), 199-212. 33. каримова, г. k., & каримова, г. к. (2023). лаборатор-инструментальные показатели беременных с гестационным диабетом. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(10), 1-8. 34. каримова, г. к. & ихтиярова, г. а. (2021). популяции и ранние предикторы гестационного сахарного диабета в период пандемии. журнал теоретической и клинической медицины, (6-1), 77-80. 35. каримова, г. к., ихтиярова, г. а., & муминова, н. к. (2021). ранние биохимические маркеры и скрининг-диагностика гессионального сахарного диабета и его профилактика в период пандемии. журнал природных средств правовой защиты, 22(1), 1. 36. каримова, г. к. ихтиярова, г. а., & наврузова, н. о. (2020). скрининг диагностика гестационного диабета. новый день в медицине, (1), 220-222. 37. каримова, г. к., наврузова, н. о., & нуриллоева, ш. н. (2020). индивидуальный подход к ведению гестационного диабета. европейский журнал молекулярной и клинической медицины, 7(2), 6284-6291. 38. нарзуллоева, н. с. (2023). неонатальные осложнения на фоне сахарного диабета у беременных. european journal of interdisciplinary research and development, 15, 333-342. 39. хайдарова, н. б. (2023). прогноз недостаточности плацентарной системы у беременных, получавших лечение от covid-19 и sars-cov-2. central asian journal of medical and natural science, 4(5), 693-700. 617 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 40. хафизова д.б. (2023). оценка роли генетического полиморфизма факторов системы гемостаза гена f3 в развитии тромбофилии у женщин узбекской популяции. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(11) 41. хафизова, д. б., & ихтиярова, г. а. (2022). оценка роли генетического полиморфизма факторов системы гемостаза гена f3 в развитии тромбофилии у женщин узбекской популяции. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 1(5), 20-28. 42. шарипова, н. м. (2023). влияние дефицита витамина d на течение беременности. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(10), 59-63. 43. шарипова, н. м. (2023). влияние дефицита витамина d на течение беременности при преждевременных родах. amaliy va tibbiyot fanlari ilmiy jurnali, 2(11), 191-196 44. абдуллаева, л. м. агабабян, л. р. & боборахимова, у. (2020). reproduktiv yoshdagi ayollarda ortiqcha vazn va uni tuzatish usullari (adabiyotlar tahlili). журнал репродуктивного здоровья и уро-нефрологических исследований, 1(2). 45. абдуллаева, л. каттаходжаева, м. сафаров, а., & гайибов, с. (2020). прогнозирование и профилактика акушерских и перинатальных осложнений при многоплодной беременности. журнал вестник врача, 1(1), 110-113. 46. абдуллаева, л. м. & сафарова, л. а. (2023). к вопросу о течении послеродового периода у женщин, инфицированных вич. 365 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 concept, essence, legal aspect and guarantees of public associations hakimov sunnat furqat o‘g‘li toshkent davlat yuridik universiteti konstitutsiyaviy huquq kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi e-mail: sunnat98hakimov@gmail.com abstract in this article, the concept of public associations was revealed by comparing them with the concepts of "non-governmental non-profit organizations", "public organization". the main attention was focused on revealing its important elements more broadly based on the opinions of scientists who have researched this field. the activity of public associations was analyzed on the basis of the constitution and special laws. the activity of public associations as a "third sector" was analyzed. keywords: civil society institutions, "third sector", public organizations, non-governmental nonprofit organizations, public associations, social fund, institution. introduction today, the role of public associations in the life of society is becoming more and more important. the state of developed countries today is closely related to the order in which public associations have started their activities and the guarantees provided to them. public associations are gaining the power to directly influence the way of life of the country's population and direct it to a certain goal. from this point of view, special attention is paid to the activities of public associations in uzbekistan. articles 10, 39, 69, 70, 145, 146 of our general code state that public associations do not work on behalf of the people of uzbekistan, citizens have the right to join public associations, public associations are part of civil society institutions, types of public associations and grounds for their dissolution, it is specified what kind of public associations are forbidden to form and their operation. as mentioned above, several articles of our constitution include norms based on the importance of the activities of public associations. first of all, let's define the concept of public associations. in particular, in article 1 of the law "on public associations in the republic of uzbekistan" mailto:sunnat98hakimov@gmail.com 366 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us adopted on february 15, 1991, the rights, freedoms and political, economic, social development, science, culture, ecology and other aspects of life it is noted that a public association is a voluntary structure created as a result of the free expression of the will of united citizens for the joint realization of their legal interests in their fields. in addition, in article 11 of the law "on nongovernmental non-commercial organizations" adopted on april 14, 1999, a public association is a voluntary association of citizens united in accordance with the procedure established by law based on common interests to satisfy spiritual or other immaterial needs. also, based on the status of public associations in accordance with the law, we can note the following special features: 1. determination of organizational and legal requirements for establishing a public association; 2. organization based on the right of association of citizens; 3. specific requirements for membership (foreign citizens and stateless persons have the right to join public associations other than political parties). usually, public association and non-governmental non-profit organizations are equated to each other. however, according to the law "on non-governmental non-profit organizations", it is noted that a public association is a form of a non-governmental non-profit organization, like a social fund, an institution. there may be a number of reasons for this confusion. according to liborakina's research, the concept of non-governmental non-commercial organizations is not found in the constitutions of most countries. however, non-governmental non-profit organizations are found in the legislation of these countries and affect the assumption that they are a component of public associations defined in the constitutions. in addition, the lack of special definitions of non-governmental non-profit organizations affects its consideration as a synonym of public association.1 or some scientists theoretically compared the definitions given to a non-governmental non-profit organization and a public association. who expressed the opinion that it acquires a wider meaning than the concept.2 in this situation, it is worth emphasizing that the reason for the diversity of these concepts is that the concept of public association was reflected in the legislation earlier than that of nongovernmental non-commercial organizations. in the west, we can see that the concept of public association3 is also applied to organizations with symbols such as "non-state, non-commercial, voluntary". in scientific literature, there are cases where scientists use the concept of public association in some cases, and non-profit organizations in other cases as synonyms. 1 либоракина м. некоммерческий сектор международный опыт // https://socpolitika.ru; 2 comments on the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on non-governmental non-commercial organizations"./ editor-in-chief saidov a.kh. tashkent: "adolat", 2001. b.44; 3 chudakov m.f. konstitutsionnoye (gosudarstvennoye) pravo zarubejnыx stran. uchebnoye posobiye. minsk:novoye znaniye, 2001. – s.112; 367 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in order to put an end to such situations in practice, sh. nazarov proposes to adopt the law "on non-governmental non-profit organizations and public associations" and define a clear difference between the concepts of "public association" and "public organizations" in this law. in the second part of article 146 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, it is noted that "public organizations and citizens can provide assistance to law enforcement agencies in protecting legality and legal order, rights and freedoms of citizens." the concept of "community organization" specified in this article does not have its own special definition. legislation usually includes non-governmental non-commercial organizations, public associations, and religious organizations under "public organizations". (for example, the first paragraph of the regulation attached to the decision of the cabinet of ministers dated january 8, 2018 no. 15). in this respect, every scientist tried to reveal their difference during their research. in our opinion, it is appropriate to indicate a public association as one of the forms of non-governmental nonprofit organizations. the existence of similar aspects of both organizations is emphasized by scientists. in particular, v. stix4 points out that the main goal of both of them is that profit is not their main goal. we can agree with this opinion. the reason is that both of them mainly act to realize certain intangible interests of individuals. in this situation, it is noted that they have similar aspects. in addition, we can note the state of membership in them as a similarity. citizens' membership in these organizations is carried out based on their wishes. non-membership does not necessarily require the use of force like membership or prosecution. although article 39 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan does not directly enumerate the right to join non-governmental non-profit organizations, this rule can be applied to ngos by students. the reason is that the right to association "is important in the realization of the goals of a person's life activity."5 members of ngos also join its membership to achieve their legitimate interests. in order to solve the existing problems in the life of society, it is necessary for non-governmental non-profit organizations to improve their activities and perform some tasks in this regard. scientists s. joraeva,6 a. gonorskaya,7 sh. nazarov,8 who studied the tasks of non-governmental non-profit organizations in society, mainly give general and justified opinions in this regard. s. joraeva focuses more on the political and legal aspects of civil society institutions. in particular, it is noted that "supporting the active participation of the population in political life, informing the 4 aliyev a.a. konstitutsionnoye pravo na obyedineniye v sisteme prav i svobod cheloveka i grajdanina. uchebnoye posobiye dlya vuzov – m: yuniti-dana, 2000. – s.9; 5 nazarov sh.n. the role of public organizations in the formation of civil society in uzbekistan (theoretical and legal issues): autoref.dis. ... jurid.fan nom.. tashkent, 2009.-b.17; 6 jorayeva s. the role of civil society institutions in raising the political culture of citizens // democratization and human rights. – 2009. – no. 4. – b.24; 7 gonorskaya a.v. obespecheniye zanyatosti trudovix resursov respubliki uzbekistan s ispolzovaniyem potensiala negosudarstvennix nekommercheskix organizatsiy (na primere jenskoy zanyatosti).: dis.kan.ekon.nauk. – toshkent, 2002. – s.118; 8 hakimov, s. (2023). the importance of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations in sports contracts. interpretation and research, 1(14); 368 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us citizens within the sphere of influence about the decisions made or being prepared by the government, and explaining the ways to influence the decision-making process."9 a. v. gonorskaya paid attention to more financial tasks of non-governmental non-profit organizations and said that they should be "independent of foreign donors",10 as well as the limits of their activities "in terms of the tasks of large non-governmental non-profit organizations sh. nazarov's thoughts are also noteworthy. while discussing the aspects that determine the role of public organizations in the formation of civil society, he tried to justify them more from a legal point of view. in addition, non-governmental non-profit organizations have already received the status of "third sector" at the international level, separate from public authorities and profit-seeking organizations. j., han, v. milligan and k. hulselar conducted research on the structure, purpose and functions of civil society institutes in their research. it is worth noting that we touched on such terms as "public association", "public organizations", "non-governmental non-profit organizations", "third sector". we tried to reveal the legal nature of these concepts. we analyzed the opinions and views of research scientists as much as possible through our own point of view. references: 1. либоракина м. некоммерческий сектор международный опыт // https://socpolitika.ru; 2. comments on the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on non-governmental noncommercial organizations"./ editor-in-chief saidov a.kh. tashkent: "adolat", 2001. b.44; 3. chudakov m.f. konstitutsionnoye (gosudarstvennoye) pravo zarubejnыx stran. uchebnoye posobiye. -minsk:novoye znaniye, 2001. – s.112; 4. aliyev a.a. konstitutsionnoye pravo na obyedineniye v sisteme prav i svobod cheloveka i grajdanina. uchebnoye posobiye dlya vuzov – m: yuniti-dana, 2000. – s.9; 5. nazarov sh.n. the role of public organizations in the formation of civil society in uzbekistan (theoretical and legal issues): autoref.dis. ... jurid.fan nom.. tashkent, 2009.-b.17; 6. jorayeva s. the role of civil society institutions in raising the political culture of citizens // democratization and human rights. – 2009. – no. 4. – b.24; 9 hakimov, s. (2023). use of neustoyka in sports contracts. interpretation and research, 1(26); 10 muhammadjon otabek ogli tursunov (2023). digitalization of higher education in uzbekistan: achievements and problems. scientific progress, 4 (2), 213-217; https://socpolitika.ru/ 369 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. gonorskaya a.v. obespecheniye zanyatosti trudovix resursov respubliki uzbekistan s ispolzovaniyem potensiala negosudarstvennix nekommercheskix organizatsiy (na primere jenskoy zanyatosti).: dis.kan.ekon.nauk. – toshkent, 2002. – s.118; 8. hakimov, s. (2023). the importance of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations in sports contracts. interpretation and research, 1(14); 9. hakimov, s. (2023). use of neustoyka in sports contracts. interpretation and research, 1(26); 10. muhammadjon otabek ogli tursunov (2023). digitalization of higher education in uzbekistan: achievements and problems. scientific progress, 4 (2), 213-217; 11. tursunov, mukhammadjon otabek ugli (2022). application of economic restrictions (sanctions) in international law: practical and theoretical aspects. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2 (5), 903-912; 12. ilkhombekov, j. (2022). the role and role of the media in the information distribution process. академические исследования в современной науке, 1(17), 80-84; 13. ilhombekov jasurbek. comparative legal analysis of reforms conducted for the development of the information sector in the new uzbekistan. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies. volume 02, issue 01, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157; 116 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 innovation of green products, return on assets, and the value of the company r. regin assistant professor, department of computer science and engineering, srm institute of science and technology, ramapuram, india. s. suman rajest professor, dhaanish ahmed college of engineering, chennai, tamil nadu, india. abstract: using return on assets as a mediator, the purpose of this study is to determine the nature of the connection that exists between environmentally friendly product innovation and the value of a company. utilizing the purposive sampling strategy is the method that is utilised for the selection of samples. three hundred and thirty-two firm-year observations that were included in the stock exchange throughout the period of 2018-2023 were used to collect the samples. the partial least square (pls) test, which is carried out using warppls 5.0, is utilised in the process of testing the hypothesis. in the first place, the findings of the study demonstrated that there is a considerable positive association between business value and green product innovation, as well as return on assets. second, there is a considerable positive association between return on assets and the innovation of environmentally friendly products. third, the return on assets has the potential to act as a partial mediator in the connection between environmentally friendly product innovations and the value of the company. keywords: product innovation in the green sector, firm value, return on asset, partial mediator, testing the hypothesis introduction many nations are now experiencing a significant level of concern regarding the effects that global warming will have on the environment. there is a growing amount of pressure being put on the corporate world to offer further information regarding the effects that its operations have on the environment. over the course of time, the community has endeavored to discover ways to mitigate the effects of global warming. the government has also made efforts to reduce the negative consequences of industrialization, which can have a negative impact on the environment [1-5]. it is also expected of businesses that they will invest a significant amount of worry into the environmental issue, which will result in indirect benefits for the businesses. businesses, conscious of the potential benefits, are turning to green product creation as a means of addressing the issue of global warming. some people believe that environmentally friendly product innovation can bring solutions that are useful to both businesses and the environment by reducing pollution [6-12]. in other words, monitoring the environment can assist environmentally conscious businesses in gaining a competitive edge by increasing their market share, increasing their price premiums, and reducing their production costs [13]. in today’s world, virtually every industry is responsible for polluting the environment. because of this behavior, ongoing innovation is extremely vital for businesses to be able to continue to make it through the years. companies that consistently increase their level of innovation have the potential to create environmental damage and exacerbate the effects of global warming if they do not also pay attention to the state of the environment in which they operate [14-21]. the development of environmentally friendly products is, therefore, one solution that may be used to stop the worsening of the effects of global warming. in the first place, the reason why businesses are in need of environmentally friendly innovations is because of the pressure that comes from the general public or consumers who are becoming more concerned about the environment. this, in turn, has an effect on consumption and lifestyles that are more environmentally friendly [22-29]. second, there are a number of environmental issues that need to be addressed, including the deterioration of the ozone layer on the earth, the unchecked pollution of plastic garbage, and 117 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the phenomenon of global warming. third, the desire of the government to impose restrictions on the quality of the environment [30-34]. green product innovation refers to a product that is manufactured by a company and takes into consideration the environmental aspects of the product. the selection of environmentally friendly raw materials, the production process, the distribution process when the product is consumed, and the distribution process up until the point where the product is no longer used are all examples of green product innovation [35-41]. this ensures that the effects of the product creation can be classified as an environmentally friendly product. the term “green product innovation” can also refer to the process of developing new products with the intention of reducing the negative effects that their manufacture has on the environment [42-49]. by implementing these innovations, it is expected that the company will improve its image among its stakeholders, which includes its clients. in the end, it will improve the financial performance of the company by raising the number of sales made by the company and reducing the environmental impact. one of the indicators that may be used to measure success through specific measures achieved by the company in the process of earning profits is the performance of the company itself [50-55]. the company has a number of objectives, one of which is to maximize the value of the company, which is represented in the share price. this objective is in addition to the goal of improving profitability. the existence of a high firm worth is essential for any company because it serves as an indirect indication that the prosperity of shareholders is excessively great [56-62]. the purpose of this study is to give empirical data to determine whether or not there are discrepancies in the findings of prior studies about the measurement of company value. the experts who conducted earlier studies found that there is a considerable connection between environmentally friendly product creation and return on assets [63-71]. previous research has also demonstrated that there is a considerable connection between return on assets and the value of a company. therefore, in order to connect the association between green product innovation and firm value, the researcher additionally included the return on assets variable as a mediating variable in the equation [72-81]. during the period of 2018-2023, the authors of this study utilized 332 samples of data pertaining to manufacturing companies that were listed on the stock exchange. by introducing environmentally friendly product innovation into manufacturing companies in the world, it is anticipated that consumers will have more faith in indigenous goods and will be more likely to purchase or consume them [82-95]. the purpose of this research is to gather empirical evidence that supports the hypothesis that return on assets can act as a mediator in the connection between green product innovation and company value. literature review and hypothesis development legitimacy theory is a theory in and of itself, which is based on the concept that in order for businesses to be successful in running their operations, they must behave in accordance with the rules and standards that have been established by the community in which they are located. the legitimacy theory describes a situation or position that exists when the value system of an entity is consistent with the value system of the larger community, in which the community plays a role to some extent. the issue will manifest itself as a potential challenge to the legitimacy of the company if there are discrepancies between the two value systems, regardless of whether these differences are genuine or hypothetical [96-102]. as stated by [103], the stakeholder theory may be defined as a group or an individual that has the potential to influence or be influenced by the outcomes of the achievements of the company’s objectives. in the meantime, [104] assert that the life of a company is contingent upon the support of stakeholders and that the pursuit of support is one of the tasks that the company requires to carry out. in accordance with this idea, businesses are not entities that are just concerned with their own interests; rather, they are obligated to take into account the interests of their stakeholders [105]. product innovation that is environmentally friendly is one of the crucial components that play an essential part in the development of environmentally sustainable products that contribute to the preservation of the environment. on the other hand, green product innovation may also be characterized as an effort to develop new products that have a minimal impact on the environment during the manufacturing process [106-111]. the utilization of environmentally friendly product innovation can be one of the alternatives to enhancing the value of the company, which simultaneously raises the level of awareness that the company has regarding its participation in the protection of the environment. the company will be able to contribute to the preservation of the environment through the implementation of green product innovation, which will result in increased earnings and attract the attention of shareholders to the possibility of investing in the company. moreover, it has the potential to improve the company’s image, which in turn can lead to an increase in the worth of the company [112-119]. obtaining legitimacy from the community can be accomplished through products that are environmentally friendly. in order for a company to continue existing and growing, it is necessary for the community to grant the company 118 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us legitimacy. it is anticipated that the implementation of green product innovation will bring to people’s attention the fact that the company has developed a product as a result of which the product also takes into consideration the environment in which it is located. because of these efforts, the community will have a favorable impression of the company, which will bolster the legitimacy of the company in the eyes of the community [120-127]. also, the general public will have a higher level of confidence in the products that the company manufactures, which will lead to an increase in the number of individuals purchasing and utilising these products. because of this confidence, the number of sales made by the company will increase, which will lead to an increase in revenue for the company. additionally, the increase in income will result in greater profits for the company as well as a higher return on assets of the company. as a result, the performance of the company will ultimately be superior to that of companies that do not employ environmentally friendly innovation [128-133]. increasing firm value is an achievement, following the goals of its shareholders, because with increasing firm value, the welfare of the shareholders will also increase. it is common for there to be a gain in the value of a company whenever there is a discernible rise in the operational indicators of that company, such as increasing efficiency, productivity, profitability, and so on. if the worth of the company is higher, then the shareholders will have greater financial success. when the company has a strong track record of financial performance, investors will be interested in putting their money into the company. the high performance will certainly also increase the competitiveness of firms in the capital market [134-139]. on the other hand, the performance of the company may also be used as one of the standards to evaluate the success of a company. one of the indicators that may be used to measure success through specific measures achieved by the company in the process of earning profits is the performance of the company itself. companies have to enhance their performance by innovating, particularly innovations that are friendly to the environment, in order to boost their profits in response to the pressure that is being applied by some groups. if the value of the return on assets is higher, it indicates that the performance of the company is also improving [140-147]. the increased performance of the company will lead to an increase in the stock price of the company, which will ultimately result in an increase in the value of the company. because one of the numerators of tobin’s q ratio is the market value of the stock, those increases in stock price will directly result in an increase in tobin’s q ratio. research methodology the methodology of this study is a combination of descriptive research and quantitative research. the research sample consisted of manufacturing companies that were listed on the stock exchange during the years 2018 and 2023. manufacturing companies are selected because their activities or operational activities have a substantial influence on the environment. as a result, manufacturing companies are required to implement green product innovation in order to remain competitive. in addition to the fact that globe is currently dealing with the asean free trade, the research period was selected because the year in question is also the year in which the earth experiences the highest temperatures as a result of pollution caused by a large number of companies in globe and around the world respectively. purposive sampling is the approach that is used to pick the sample, and it results in a study sample consisting of 332 observations from the firm’s year. operational definition and variable measurement dependent variable the firm value (fv) that was determined by applying tobin’s q was the dependent variable that was utilized in this investigation. a proxy that displays the market price of the company is known as tobin’s q. the following is the formula that was utilised in this research: tobin′s q = emv + d ebv + d description: tobin’s q = firm value emv = equity fair value ebv = equity book value d = liabilities book value in this particular investigation, the firm value (fv) that was determined by the use of tobin’s q was utilised as the dependent variable. the market price of the company can be represented by tobin’s q, which is a proxy. the formula that was utilised in this investigation is as follows: independent variable 119 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us green product innovation (gpi) is described as the process by which a company initiates the development of a new product and also as the deployment of a new product that has the potential to lessen negative impacts on the environment around the company. some of the 10 factors that businesses can use to evaluate green innovation goods are as follows: additionally, content analysis is utilised in the processing of the data sources. the annual report of the company is used to compile all of the accessible indicators, which are then used to measure each data. after that, the whole set of results is divided by ten, which ensures that the lowest possible index that can be obtained is zero and the highest possible index is one. gpi = items disclosed amount maximum items disclosed amount mediating variable the return on assets (roa) ratio is a measurement that is utilised to determine how well a company is able to create profits via the operations of asset management and investment ventures. the measurement of business performance may be accomplished through the utilization of roa to determine the number of assets or resources that are owned by the company and can be handled in a suitable and adequate manner to generate profits for the company. roa = net income total asset research design for the purpose of this investigation, the partial least square (pls) analytic method is utilised, and the warppls 5.0 software is utilised. additional methods of analysis include descriptive analysis (including minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation), outer models, inner models, and fit models. the testing of the hypothesis is carried out by evaluating the direct effect (the t-hypothesis test) and testing the mediating impact (the indirect effect) with a degree of precision that is determined to be 95 percent. result and discussion statistic descriptive these variables have been subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, and the results have been summarised in the table 1 that follows: table 1. descriptive statistic if an indicator value has an outer loading factor that is more than 0.5, then it is considered to be ideal. this means that the indicator value can be used to accurately reflect a variable. as a result of looking at table 1, one might come to the conclusion that it is possible to incorporate all three factors into this investigation. an outer loading factor of 1,000 (more than 0.5) is present for each of the three variables. using the green product innovation (gpi) proxy indicator, one may reflect the variables that pertain to green product innovation; the firm value can be portrayed using the fv proxy, and the return on assets can be reflected using the roa proxy [148-153]. this can be shown by looking at table 1, which shows that fv has an adjusted r2 value of 0.36, which is equivalent to 36 percent, and a roa of 0.012. (1.2 percent ). the fact that the value of the company may be explained by 36 percent of green product innovation and return on assets is demonstrated by the fact that 0.36 percent, while the remaining 64 percent is explained by other variables that are not included in the study. it is possible to quantify the return on assets as 1.2 percent due to green product innovation, while the remaining 98.8 percent can be explained by other variables that are not included in the assessment. in addition, the findings of the second quarter are more than zero, indicating that the system that was developed for this study has a high predictive value [153-161]. 120 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a fit model test requires that the p-values of the apc, ars, and aars be less than or equal to 0.05. when it comes to the avif, the ideal value is a value that is less than or equal to 3.3. the collinearity issue that was discovered in the pls model is going to be tested by avif. in light of the findings of the model fit test, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the model utilized in this investigation was deemed to be suitable. p-values for apc, ars, and aars are all less than 0.1. at the same time, the avif value is less than 3.3, which indicates that there is no issue with multicollinearity [162-166]. based on the analysis of the path coefficients and p-values in table 1, several conclusions can be drawn. green product innovation has a statistically significant positive relationship with firm value, with a path coefficient value of 0.172 and a p-value <0.001 (<0.050). the second relationship between green product innovation and return on assets has a positive relationship (path coefficients 0.120) and is statistically significant as the p-value is 0.006 (<0.050). the same thing is also found in the relationship between return on assets and firm value, which also has a positive path coefficient value of 0.557 and p-value <0.001 (<0.050) [167-169]. in the present investigation, the effects of mediation are being tested by employing an indirect effect, and the significance threshold that has been specified is five percent. on the basis of the data presented in table 1, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the return on assets has been demonstrated to be statistically significant in mediating the relationship between green product innovation and corporate value. in order to guarantee the form of mediation that is utilised in a study, one can utilise the calculation of variance accounted for (vaf) with the following formula: vaf = indirect effect total effect when the variance-adjusted factor (vaf) value is greater than 80 percent, the research model is considered to be complete mediation. partial mediation occurs when the vaf value falls between 20 and 80 percent, and there is no mediating impact when the vaf value is less than 20 percent. taking into consideration the findings presented in table 1, the test results indicate a value of 21.97 percent, which falls within the range of 20 percent to 80 percent. therefore, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the return on assets has been demonstrated to play a role in mediating the connection between green product innovation and firm value. discussion given that the p-value is less than 0.001 and the path coefficients are 0.172, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis is accepted. green product innovation has a substantial relationship to firm value. based on this value result, it can be deduced that the market reacts to information that is released by companies regarding their attempts to manage or pay attention to environmental performance. it is an effort made by the company to provide assistance to all of the stakeholders affiliated with the company, according to the stakeholder theory. green product innovation includes this effort. when efforts are made to improve the environmental programme, stakeholders may be encouraged to boost the good perception of the company, which will ultimately lead to an improvement in the company’s image. one kind of positive appreciation that is given is an increase in stock demand by investors in the capital market in companies that implement green product innovation in an appropriate manner. this will surely have an effect on growing share prices and the worth of the company. the second hypothesis is accepted because there is a substantial association between green product innovation and return on assets (p-value 0.006 and path coefficients 0.120). this relationship is significant enough to warrant acceptance. the findings of this study provide credence to the findings that there is a substantial correlation between green product innovation and return on assets. according to the legitimacy theory, businesses are obligated to always pay attention to the values that are present in society when they are doing their operations so as to maintain their validity. companies are able to more easily obtain legitimacy from the general public as a result of the implementation of green product innovation. this is due to the fact that the products that are created by companies are considered to have taken care of the environment, and moreover, they are synchronized with the local values of society. the establishment of public trust will be of greater benefit to the company. as the p-value is less than 0.001 and the path coefficients are 0.557, the third hypothesis is supported because there is a strong association between return on assets and organisation value. a large positive association between roa and company value is believed to exist, and this value lends credence to the research that supports this belief. according to the stakeholder theory, businesses are always expected to make an effort to meet the expectations of their stakeholders. from the perspective of the company’s stakeholders, it is anticipated that the company will continue to raise both its revenue and its profits as a kind of corporate responsibility management. as a result of the company’s improved profits and opinions, the value of the company is anticipated to expand, which will allow the company to fulfill the expectations of its stakeholders. 121 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the results of indirect testing demonstrated that return on assets had a significant role in mediating the connection between environmentally friendly product creation and the value of the company (p-value 0.024). the acceptance of the fourth hypothesis happened. it has been demonstrated that return on assets acts as a partial mediator in the connection between environmentally friendly product innovation and company value (vaf 21.97 percent ). taking into consideration the legitimacy hypothesis, the company will continue to be successful if it behaves in accordance with the rules and standards that are established by the community. by implementing green product innovation, businesses have a better chance of gaining legitimacy from the community. this is because the community perceives the company to have a significant care for the environment, which will have a positive effect on the company. in contrast, according to the stakeholder approach, businesses are obligated to fulfill the expectations of their stakeholders. both of these theories suggest that environmentally friendly innovations will result in increased revenues. the return on assets ratio of the company will be improved as a result of the beneficial influence that the rise in sales and corporate profits will have. this innovation is a move taken by a company in order to meet the expectations of all of its stakeholders, particularly investors in the capital market, who are considered to be constituents of the company. conclusion the purpose of this research is to gather empirical evidence that return on assets can act as a mediator in the connection between green product innovation and firm value. the data for this study comes from a sample of 332 manufacturing companies that were listed on the stock exchange between the years 2018 and 2013. it is possible to draw the conclusion that there is a significant positive relationship between green product innovation and firm value, product innovation and return on assets, and the relationship between return on assets and firm value. this conclusion can be reached on the basis of the results of the discussion that was described earlier. in addition, the findings demonstrate that the return on assets is a partial mediator of the connection between environmentally friendly product innovation and the value of the company. it is anticipated that the findings of the research will be able to make a contribution to the expansion of the existing body of literature concerning product innovations that are environmentally friendly, as well as to offer guidance to businesses that have not yet implemented green product 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(e):2993-2157 creation of an effective public safety system in the new uzbekistan selimanova s. m abstract: the article considers innovations introduced in the system of ensuring public order and safety, prevention of offenses, broad public participation in reducing accidents and fatalities on the roads in accordance with the concept of public safety of the republic of uzbekistan and the practice of its implementation. keywords: system of ensuring public safety, prevention of offenses, protection of honor and dignity of the individual. the radical reforms carried out in the republic of uzbekistan have created conditions for the further development of social relations, strengthening guarantees for the protection of universal human values, primarily the protection of the individual, his life, freedom, honor, dignity and other inalienable rights. as the head of state noted, the content of the constitution should be filled with the idea “...in the name of the honor and dignity of man” and be based on the main principle of our current reforms “man society state”[1. thus, the transition to new principles of organization of state power and the implementation in accordance with the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan of the new edition are carried out in accordance with the principle “man society state”, that is, the interests of people come above all else. thus, the implementation of all ongoing reforms unites the entire society around the idea of building a new uzbekistan. the main thing is that this process takes into account the interests of all segments of the population. thus, in accordance with part three of article 21 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan “...human rights and freedoms can be limited only in accordance with the law and only to the extent necessary in order to protect the constitutional system, public health, public morality, rights and freedoms other persons, ensuring public safety and public order.“ [2] issues of ensuring public safety and public order, the safety of individuals, society and the state have recently become universal. unprecedented changes in the world, the emergence of new threats and challenges, and the exacerbation of global problems for mankind pose the need for the world community to jointly resolve issues of safe existence and development. at the same time, one modern state cannot remain aloof from the global problems of countering growing threats. these issues are also relevant for the republic of uzbekistan. ensuring public safety is organically linked to the state-legal, economic and social reforms carried out in the country, building a democratic, legal, social and secular state, which requires their systematic understanding in the context of the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan [3. thus, in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan,” the country has created a national system for ensuring the protection of public order and security, crime prevention and the fight against crime. it should be noted here, “...in particular, fundamentally new mechanisms and procedures for organizing work in the direction of ensuring public safety based on the principle of “serving the interests of the people” have been introduced, targeted interaction between government bodies and public formations has been established“[4. in this regard, the main goals and objectives arise for the further development of the norms of national legislation in force in the field of ensuring public safety; these fundamentally important directions make it possible to give new uzbekistan a platform for constructing the administrative and legal framework for the activities of entities ensuring public safety, such as the cabinet of ministers, ministry of internal affairs, national guard, ministry of emergency situations, state security service, prosecutor general's office, ministry of mahalla and family support, ministry of development of information technologies and communications, ministry of health of the republic of uzbekistan, local government bodies. it should be noted that the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan defines national interests, principles and priority directions of state policy in the field of ensuring public security. at the same time, the legal basis for ensuring public safety in new uzbekistan is the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan in the new edition, the principles and norms of international law, laws and regulations of the republic of uzbekistan adopted in the field of ensuring the protection of public order and security. it should be emphasized that the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan consolidates national interests in the field of ensuring public security, which include: 1) ensuring the socio-political stability of society; 2) creation and strengthening of a legal society in the country on the basis of increasing legal consciousness and political and legal culture, political and social activity, and civil responsibility of the population; 3) expanding public participation in building a legal democratic state and a strong civil society, strengthening the system of state and public administration, managing the affairs of the state and society; 4) increasing the active and creative role of self-government bodies, non-governmental nonprofit organizations, the media in the socio-political life of the country, the effectiveness of interaction between society and the state; 5) comprehensive strengthening of interethnic and interreligious relations, a culture of religious tolerance, friendship, mutual cooperation and humanism in society; 6) strengthening the ability and potential to preserve social identity (language, culture, social system, national mentality and religion), that is, the ability to self-preserve, in the face of constant changes in the world and real and possible threats arising under their influence. it should be noted here that ensuring public safety in new uzbekistan is the activity of not only the state, but also the entire society and each citizen individually, aimed at protecting the vital interests of the individual, society and the state and their practical implementation. the main directions of ensuring public safety in the country are strategic national priorities, which define the tasks: firstly, to suppress threats to public safety, including the adoption of large-scale targeted programs and ensuring their implementation; secondly, ensuring the protection of society from illegal attacks, including early warning, identification and suppression of the main factors of such attacks; thirdly, the prevention of social and interethnic conflicts; 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fourthly, identifying and suppressing any manifestations of terrorist and extremist activities, combating corruption, illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, weapons, ammunition, explosives, illegal migration and human trafficking, as well as crimes and offenses against human rights and freedoms; fifthly, ensuring the uninterrupted and safe operation of social infrastructure, including tourist facilities; sixth, preventing damage and deaths from road traffic accidents by improving transport infrastructure, vehicle safety standards and traffic regulations; seventh, the socialization of persons prone to committing crimes, who are under administrative supervision and registered with probation, who have come under the influence of destructive ideas, including preventing citizens from committing this category of crimes through their vocational training and involvement in entrepreneurship; eighth, protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, civil protection, formation and continuous improvement of the population’s skills in ensuring fire safety; ninth, preventing crime among minors and youth through the implementation of measures to educate them in the spirit of love for the motherland, patriotism, respect for national and universal values, protecting the younger generation from the ideas of terrorism, extremism, violence and cruelty; eleventh, the widespread introduction of modern information and communication technologies and systems in maintaining public order, ensuring the safety of citizens and fighting crime; twelfth, ensuring constant readiness, increasing efficiency and strengthening the material and technical base of the forces and means of authorized government bodies involved in ensuring public safety, as well as increasing the level of legal and social protection of personnel[5. thus, public safety is carried out by a unified state policy through a system of measures in the political, economic, and social spheres of management. to directly perform the functions of ensuring the protection of public order and security in accordance with the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan,” the department of public security was established within the ministry of internal affairs. the main objectives of the department are: 1) carrying out coordination and comprehensive analysis of the activities of public security units of internal affairs bodies, as well as providing them with practical and methodological assistance; 2) taking measures to organize activities to protect public order, effectively manage the forces and means of internal affairs bodies while ensuring the safety of the population in public places; 3) ensuring the activities of internal affairs bodies in the prevention of crime, organizing work on the social adaptation of persons on preventive registration and under administrative supervision; 4) prevention of crime among minors and youth, especially its unorganized part, through the effective organization of targeted educational and preventive measures with them; 5) organization of activities to ensure road safety, early warning of road accidents, monitoring compliance with restrictions on driving a vehicle; 6) ensuring the execution of punishments not related to imprisonment, organizing work to control behavior, social adaptation and preventing the re-commission of crimes by persons under probation control [6. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it should be noted here that in the implementation of the main tasks of the department of public security, a significant place is given to public safety, which is a special social system designed to ensure the safe, effective implementation by citizens of their rights and interests. the foregoing indicates the importance of the state’s activities to ensure the protection of public order and security in the country, the prevention of crime and the realization by every citizen and guests of the capital of their rights and legitimate interests, which in turn requires improving the provision of public services in a rapidly changing world and the digitalization of public relations. it is no coincidence that the president of the republic of uzbekistan specifically focused on the implementation of strategically important measures to improve the system of security and protection of the state border, ensuring public safety[7. thus, practice shows that in the field of ensuring the protection of public order and public safety, the organization of activities to ensure road safety and early warning of road accidents is of great importance. at the initiative of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, the national program “safe and smooth road” for 2022–2026 was approved. this program is aimed at sharply reducing accidents and fatalities on the roads by improving road infrastructure and creating conditions for safe traffic in the following areas: firstly, infrastructure improvements (installation of new and replacement of old road signs, including speed limits near schools, installation of signs, installation and updating of traffic lights, markings, installation of lighting, construction of sidewalks and bicycle paths, overground and underground passages, overpasses, reconstruction of the roadway, installation of fences); secondly, digitalization of the traffic control system (installation of cameras to record violations, integration of traffic lights into the central control system, creation of a monitoring center to control traffic flow); thirdly, the development and digitalization of public transport (equipping stops with electronic monitors that provide information in real time, construction and reconstruction of bus stops, bus terminals and bus stations, equipping passenger transport with navigation aids (trackers), introduction of automated fare payment); fourthly, promoting road safety, including teaching traffic rules to children in schools; fifthly, improving the driver training system and strengthening control over the technical condition of transport [8. in addition, the traffic rules have been revised, a speed limit has been established on the central streets of large cities, in particular, in front of schools and kindergartens, the speed of movement should not exceed 30 kilometers per hour, and in some busy streets the speed limit is up to 60 kilometers. it should be noted that the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on approval of the national program “safe and smooth road”, scheduled for implementation in 2022 2026” approves the plan for the development of the road safety system in the republic of uzbekistan, which provides for measures to improve the image of the service, quality training, improving logistics, introducing digital technologies (drones) into activities. in turn, reliable road safety today is one of the main directions for ensuring the protection of public order and public safety on the roads. thus, in accordance with article 11 of the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on amendments and additions to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on road safety””, the procedure for the participation of self-government bodies of citizens and non-governmental non-profit organizations in the implementation of measures to ensure road safety is determined. thus, selfgovernment bodies of citizens and non-governmental non-profit organizations have the right to: 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us submit to local government authorities, specially authorized state bodies, proposals for the implementation of measures and improvement of regulations and normative documents in the field of road safety; participate in activities to prevent road accidents; participate in the development of decisions by public authorities and management in the field of road safety in the manner prescribed by law. thus, the main subject of ensuring public safety is the state, which exercises functions in this area through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. but ensuring the protection of public order and security, as well as the prevention of crime in new uzbekistan, is the activity of not only the state, but also the entire society and each citizen individually, aimed at protecting the vital interests of the individual, society and the state and the practical implementation of constitutional reforms “ man society state,” that is, human interests are above all. literature: 1. shavkat mirziyoyev “our main goal is to ensure stability in society and continuous development” \\ meeting with members of the constitutional commission on june 20, 2022. 2. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. this new edition of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan was adopted by popular vote at a referendum of the republic of uzbekistan held on april 30, 2023. \\national legislation database, 05/01/2023, no. 03/23/837/0241) 3. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan” dated november 29, 2021 no. up-27 “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan”. 4. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan” dated november 29, 2021 no. up-27 “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan”. 5. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan” dated november 29, 2021 no. up-27 “on measures to approve and implement the concept of public security of the republic of uzbekistan”. 6. an expanded meeting of the security council was held under the chairmanship of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces shavkat mirziyoyev on january 13, 2024. 7. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on approval of the national program “safe and smooth road”, scheduled for implementation in 2022 2026” dated july 12, 2022, no. pp-316 248 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methodology of organizing educational lessons based on modern approaches asqaraliyeva muxtasarxon azizjon qizi* doctoral student of kokand state pedagogical institute gmail:asqaraliyevamuxtasarxon@gmail.com *corresponding author abstract: this article discusses the need to organize education classes based on modern approaches, the principles of creating an educational ecosystem based on values for primary school students based on education classes, axiological approaches keywords: education, modern approach, educational ecosystem based on values, spiritual level, spiritual immunity introduction education is a pedagogical process aimed at forming certain physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and spiritual qualities in a person. education is a set of measures used to ensure that a person has the characteristics necessary for living in society. education is the most ancient and eternal value that ensures the humanity of a person. without education, neither an individual nor a human society can exist. because the values that ensure the existence of a person and society are passed from one generation to another only because of education. in pedagogical literature, the term “education” is used in broad and narrow senses. in a broad sense, education means the sum of all influences, activities, actions, and aspirations aimed at forming a human personality, ensuring his active participation in the production of society and social, cultural, and educational life. in this understanding, education includes not only the educational work carried out in the family, school, children, and youth organizations, but also the entire social system, its leading ideas, and all types of art [1]. in a narrow sense, education means pedagogical activity aimed at the cultivation of physical development, worldview, spiritual and moral image, and aesthetic views of a person. family and educational institutions and public organizations carry out educational work. education is not included in the concept of upbringing in a narrow sense. but any upbringing exists only in close connection with education. in the process of education, not only the acquisition of knowledge but also the determination of the moral and spiritual qualities of a person is accelerated [2]. education is crucial in the life of any society and any country. a country that is not sufficiently involved in the education of the young generation, in general, members of the society, faces stagnation and crisis. to grow and develop in any society, along with material and spiritual wealth, education also develops. 249 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the theory of education is determined by: theoretical foundations of education; education didactics; training practice. these issues form the basis of the new science “education” established in uzbekistan as the basis of the theory of education. for this reason, the role, importance, and practice of education in society are sufficiently perceived by people. future primary school teachers should be equipped with theoretical knowledge, professional skills, and practical competencies in this regard. in the professional training of future primary school teachers, it is urgent to provide targeted knowledge on the basics of the new science “education”, to arm them with new methods and technologies of education. therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the materials of this new type of electronic-module textbook. on the initiative of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, in 2020, a new subject «education” was developed for the first time in the history of uzbek education. in this regard, the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated july 6, 2020 no. 422 “on measures to gradually implement the science of “education” in general secondary educational institutions” was adopted, and this resolution “concept of the subject “education” for students of general secondary education institutions” was approved [3]. according to the decision, the following are the main principles of the science of “education”: a) priority of national and universal values; b) development of conscious patriotism; c) based on modern scientific research; g) openness and transparency; d) support and encourage initiatives in the field of education; e) compatibility and proportionality of activities of state bodies, non-governmental noncommercial organizations, and private sector participating in the implementation of the policy in the field of education [4]. the future elementary school teachers must master these principles of science in depth. therefore, in the process of higher pedagogical education, in educational activities, and in independent educational research, it is one of the urgent issues to master these principles, to have the skills to apply them in activities, and to acquire the competence to follow them in professional activities. for this, each student must work individually, work actively in cooperation with teachers, and study the expression of the principles of education in life. in this case, it is necessary to use the opportunities of higher education institutions, the conditions of the educational process, and the practical effectiveness of the activity. the mastery of the principles, foundations, and future goals of this science by every student is one of the foundations of professional training. in the educational system of uzbekistan, including in the higher education process, it is necessary to teach and learn the basics of the science of “education” based on modern requirements. in this regard, the need for future primary school teachers to master this subject and learn the methodology of its teaching is determined by the following: • deep knowledge of the basics of science; • acquisition of advanced and modern pedagogical, innovative, and information technologies for science teaching; • to study scientific research on the issue of education; • fully understanding the role of education in the life of a person and society; • to know the methods and technologies of education of elementary school students through the medium of science; • to have individual pedagogical experience in teaching science[5]. the need to study this subject is one of the professional requirements for future elementary school teachers from a scientific, methodological, and practical point of view. because this science coordinates the work of organizing the educational process, its implementation, and studying its effectiveness within humanities. 250 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the process of education in primary education is carried out in the process of teaching general education subjects. therefore, coordination of such an educational process is entrusted to the science of “education”.in the process of higher pedagogical education of primary school teachers it is necessary to teach the science of "education", mastering its basics and mastering the skills of applying the mastered skills in practice. therefore, the theoretical knowledge, didactic skills, and practical competencies acquired in the subject “methodology of teaching the subject “education” in primary education” are primary for future primary school teachers. are requirements. today, the formation of these knowledge, skills, and competences, their formation in students, and the issues of professional guidance of students are being organized through this subject. in the future, monitoring will be established to determine the level of competence of future primary school teachers based on the results of mastering this subject. future primary school teachers must have the following qualifications in the field of “pedagogy” in the course of higher pedagogical education: a) to have theoretical and professional knowledge of the basics of science; b) to have skills in the method of teaching science; c) acquiring the competence of educating elementary school students through science. these issues must be mastered in the process of higher pedagogical education. the educational process of elementary school students is one of the important pedagogical issues, in which the teacher must take into account the current requirements. in this regard, as stated in the above-mentioned resolution, it is necessary to pay attention to and master the following in the teaching of “education”: to achieve complete mastery of manners, knowledge, skills, qualifications, and competencies by students based on the requirements of state educational standards; to develop students' independent free thinking and creative abilities; formation of students' scientific worldview and global thinking competence; to ensure the integrity and continuity of education based on the principled new methodology of teaching general education subjects. all these should be fully mastered by future primary school teachers. thus, the science of “education” and related normative documents must be mastered at the required level in the process of higher pedagogical education. it is important for future primary school teachers to study the scientific research methods of “education” in the process of mastering their professional competencies. although the methods of this science are taken from the methods of pedagogy, they are understood in a broader sense based on this science. because the nature of the educational process requires it. list of used literature 1. on the measures of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “to improve the social and spiritual environment in society, to further support the neighborhood institution and to bring the system of work with family and women to a new level” 2020 decree no. pf-5938 dated february 18. www.lex.uz. 2. decision pq-4307 dated may 3, 2019 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on additional measures to increase the effectiveness of spiritual and educational work”. 3. the decision of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 31, 2019 “on approval of the concept of continuous spiritual education and measures for its implementation”. 4. egamberdieva n. social pedagogy. tashkent: publishing house of the national library of uzbekistan named after “alisher navoi”, 2009. 5. yusupov e., yusupov o'. family is the source of spirituality. collection, research center of uzbek national values. tashkent, 2003. b. 64. 6. zunnunov a. scenes from the development of pedagogical thought in central asia. tashkent: “teacher”, 1996. 7. musurmanova o. spiritual values and youth education. tashkent: “teacher”, 1996. 251 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. najmiddinova k. the role of national and universal moral culture in family education. tashkent: “adolat”, 2016. 9. komilov t., abidova s. national moral values and their educational importance. uzr fa. “science”, 2000. b. 20 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the novelty and variety of factors influencing the development of tourism in the republic of uzbekistan sattarova zukhra ilkhamovna senior lecturer of the department of real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: zsattarova220@gmail.com author's contacts: +998915245115 kuchkarov islombek ulugbek ugli student majoring in "economics (by industries and sectors)", in-group ik-620, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan e-mail: kuchkarovislombek2002@gmail.com author's contacts: +998904499044 abstract: the article discusses the factors influencing the development of tourism in uzbekistan. tourism is a significant source of income, employment, contributes to the diversification of the economy, creating industries that serve this area. in addition, tourism is an essential factor in the implementation of the state's foreign policy. keywords: tourist services, tourism, regional development, analysis, economy, analytics, country, tourism sector. introduction. the resource capabilities of uzbekistan allow, with an appropriate level of development of the tourist infrastructure, to increase the reception of foreign tourists several times. regional development refers to the development of other countries around the economic growth of one country. last year, the tourism sector of uzbekistan served more than 9.4 percent of foreign citizens who visited uzbekistan in 2018 came to visit their relatives and friends. the second largest segment of respondents is 33.6%, who replied that the purpose of visiting uzbekistan was vacation, leisure and recreation. the next group of respondents (9.1%) arrived in uzbekistan for business and professional purposes. 5.7% of respondents noted that they arrived for treatment and wellness procedures, and another 5.4% for shopping. analysis and results. according to the company's press service, the volume of tourist services rendered in 2018 exceeded the figures of 2017 by 6%, the export of tourist services doubled and amounted to 546.9 million us dollars in 2017, and in 2018 1,041 million dollars. tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and others, i.e. it acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development. in turn, the development of tourism is influenced by various factors: demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic, historical, religious and politicallegal. mailto:zsattarova220@gmail.com 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the economic development of tourism is characterized by impressive data on the global economic market. they show that tourism is the most dynamically developing industry in many countries of the world and that its role in the global economy is continuously growing. according to the press service of the company, the volume of tourist services rendered in 2018 exceeded the figures of 2017 by 6%, the export of tourist services doubled and amounted to 546.9 million us dollars in 2017, and in 2018 1,041 million dollars by the end of 2018, about 5.3 million foreign tourists visited the republic. the measures taken to support and protect the private sector contributed to an increase in the number of tourist organizations from 398 in 2015 to 950 by the end of 2018, hotel facilities from 661 to 900 units. in recent years, major investment projects have been implemented to develop tourist infrastructure, including the opening of branded hotels "hyatt regency tashkent" and "lotte city hotel tashkent palace" in tashkent, the creation of cultural and entertainment parks in the cities of andijan, urgench, tashkent, the opening of the angren-pap railway line, electrified railway high-speed train lines to the cities of bukhara, karshi, shakhrisabz and khiva. among the respondents who arrived for vacation, leisure and recreation, the largest part are citizens of kazakhstan 17.2%, russia 10.4%, kyrgyzstan 8.5%, china 7.7%, turkmenistan 6.8%, france 5.9%, tajikistan 5.8%, india 5.7%, italy 4.9%. the analysis shows that the majority of foreign citizens come to uzbekistan for leisure and recreation. so, the respondents citizens of hong kong all noted that they arrived for vacation, leisure and recreation. this indicator in relation to respondents from australia is 89.4%, the netherlands 87.1%, italy 86.3%, france 85.1%, great britain 84.9%, germany 80.2%, usa 78.2%, china 75%, south korea 70.3%. the survey data on visits to religious sites and pilgrimages are also of interest. the main part of the respondents who arrived in uzbekistan in the direction of zierat tourism are citizens of turkmenistan 33.9%. in general, in this direction, citizens of central asian countries (turkmenistan, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan and tajikistan) and the russian federation make up 65.1% of the total number of respondents. citizens of the asia-pacific region make up 15.6%, europe 12.8% and the middle east region 6.4%. factors influencing the development of tourism in uzbekistan • a single unified system of tourist navigation, tourist information centers, a bank of information materials has been created; • the transport and road infrastructure is being developed: tourist buses are being launched, parking lots are being equipped, tourist clusters are being built on key highways of national importance, roadside hotels are being built; • updated railway cars, planes on domestic airlines, tourist buses, entertainment facilities (attractions, equipment of parks of culture and recreation), funiculars, cable cars, train stations and bus stations; • stimulate small and medium-sized businesses in the field of hospitality (mini-hotels, minihotels, hostels, guest houses), develop national/foreign hotel chains; • identify promising tourist products for regions that are not included in the cluster, as well as at district levels, in particular, to develop agrotourism and build rural holiday homes, conduct excursions and festivals in border areas for guests from neighboring countries. conclusions and suggestions. the recreational resource potential of the territory, expressed in the quantity and quality of natural and cultural-historical resources, is among the important factors of tourism development in uzbekistan. 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it should be borne in mind that the influence of recreational resource potential is also mediated by socio-economic factors and primarily depends on the size and nature of the recreational needs of the population. equally important is the factor of geographical location, which appears in all major varieties: ➢ physical and geographical; ➢ economic and geographical; ➢ transport and geographical; ➢ geopolitical; ➢ ecological and geographical location. list of used literature 1. саттарова з. и. проблемы развития культурного туризма в самаркандской области //молодой ученый. – 2018. – №. 21. – с. 300-303. 2. саттарова з. и. возможности создания туристского кластера в самаркандской области //молодой ученый. – 2019. – №. 22. – с. 586-588. 3. асланова д. х., 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international law in the republic of uzbekistan abdusaidova gulrukhsorabegim komiljon kizi student, tashkent state university of law abstract: thе articlе еxplorеs thе dеvеlopmеnt of intеrnational law in thе rеpublic of uzbеkistan, from its historical foundations to its modеrn-day lеgislativе framеwork and diplomatic еngagеmеnts. it highlights thе influеncе of thе soviеt еra, uzbеkistan's еfforts in harmonizing its lеgal systеm with intеrnational norms aftеr gaining indеpеndеncе, and its activе participation in both bilatеral and multilatеral intеrnational organizations. thе articlе also addrеssеs contеmporary challеngеs facеd by uzbеkistan in thе global arеna, including sеcurity, еconomic intеgration, and sustainablе dеvеlopmеnt. futurе pеrspеctivеs focus on uzbеkistan’s rolе in fostеring rеgional and global coopеration through lеgal framеworks. keywords: intеrnational law, uzbеkistan, lеgal dеvеlopmеnt, sovеrеignty, soviеt influеncе, indеpеndеncе, diplomatic rеlations, multilatеral organizations, intеrnational trеatiеs, global coopеration. introduction intеrnational law is a fundamеntal pillar of global govеrnancе, influеncing thе way nations intеract on diplomatic, еconomic, and lеgal fronts. thе dеvеlopmеnt of intеrnational law in uzbеkistan is a crucial rеflеction of thе country's еvolution from a soviеt rеpublic to a sovеrеign statе, activеly еngagеd in thе global lеgal ordеr. this articlе providеs a comprеhеnsivе analysis of thе historical milеstonеs, lеgislativе dеvеlopmеnts, and kеy contributions uzbеkistan has madе to thе intеrnational lеgal framеwork. it еxplorеs how uzbеkistan has navigatеd global challеngеs and adaptеd to contеmporary lеgal standards, contributing to pеacе and coopеration both rеgionally and intеrnationally. historical background uzbеkistan, locatеd at thе hеart of cеntral asia, has a dееp-rootеd history of intеrnational intеractions through tradе, diplomacy, and cultural еxchangеs. historically, thе rеgion formеd part of thе silk road, connеcting еuropе, thе middlе еast, and asia. this position fostеrеd a dynamic tradition of lеgal and diplomatic intеractions bеtwееn various еmpirеs and statеs, including thе timurid еmpirе, thе mongol khanatеs, and latеr, thе russian еmpirе. еach еra contributеd to thе shaping of lеgal principlеs and norms that influеncеd thе conduct of intеrnational rеlations in thе rеgion. thе rеgion’s lеgal traditions, whilе shapеd by its prе-modеrn past, wеrе significantly altеrеd by its incorporation into thе russian еmpirе in thе 19th cеntury. thеsе changеs culminatеd in uzbеkistan's inclusion in thе soviеt union in thе 20th cеntury, marking a pivotal point in its lеgal history. 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us soviеt еra influеncе during thе soviеt pеriod, uzbеkistan’s lеgal framеwork was largеly govеrnеd by thе ovеrarching lеgal and political structurе of thе soviеt union. soviеt intеrnational law, charactеrizеd by thе principlеs of pеacеful coеxistеncе and socialist solidarity, dictatеd thе forеign rеlations of its constituеnt rеpublics. as part of thе soviеt union, uzbеkistan’s еngagеmеnt in intеrnational law was indirеct and limitеd by soviеt policiеs. nonеthеlеss, uzbеkistan contributеd to and was influеncеd by soviеt participation in intеrnational organizations, such as thе unitеd nations, and thе ratification of kеy intеrnational trеatiеs. thе collapsе of thе soviеt union in 1991 signalеd a nеw еra for uzbеkistan. with indеpеndеncе camе thе opportunity to еstablish a national lеgal framеwork for intеrnational rеlations, groundеd in sovеrеign principlеs and alignеd with global norms. indеpеndеncе and еmеrgеncе of sovеrеign statеhood following its indеpеndеncе in 1991, uzbеkistan еmbarkеd on a path toward еstablishing its sovеrеignty on thе world stagе. a cеntral aspеct of this journеy was thе dеvеlopmеnt of a comprеhеnsivе lеgal framеwork for intеrnational rеlations. this includеd thе crеation of constitutional provisions and laws govеrning forеign policy, thе ratification of kеy intеrnational trеatiеs, and thе еstablishmеnt of diplomatic missions abroad. uzbеkistan’s constitution of 1992 еxplicitly rеcognizеs thе importancе of intеrnational law, stating that thе country adhеrеs to univеrsally accеptеd principlеs and norms of intеrnational law in its forеign policy. this markеd thе bеginning of uzbеkistan’s lеgal intеgration into thе global community. еarly yеars of indеpеndеncе in thе formativе yеars of indеpеndеncе, uzbеkistan focusеd on aligning its lеgal systеm with intеrnational norms, еmphasizing participation in intеrnational organizations and thе ratification of multilatеral trеatiеs. thе country quickly joinеd kеy intеrnational institutions, including thе unitеd nations (un), thе organization for sеcurity and coopеration in еuropе (oscе), and thе intеrnational monеtary fund (imf), among othеrs. during this pеriod, uzbеkistan ratifiеd numеrous intеrnational agrееmеnts covеring a widе array of issuеs such as human rights, disarmamеnt, tradе, and еnvironmеntal protеction. thеsе actions rеflеctеd thе country's intеntion to еstablish itsеlf as a rеsponsiblе mеmbеr of thе global lеgal ordеr. lеgislativе dеvеlopmеnts in intеrnational law uzbеkistan’s lеgal rеforms in thе fiеld of intеrnational law havе bееn substantial sincе indеpеndеncе. onе of thе kеy stеps was thе adoption of laws that rеgulatе thе country's participation in intеrnational trеatiеs and agrееmеnts. lеgislation was passеd to govеrn uzbеkistan's diplomatic rеlations, tradе policiеs, еnvironmеntal obligations, and human rights commitmеnts in linе with intеrnational standards. furthеrmorе, uzbеkistan has ratifiеd and еnactеd domеstic laws to еnsurе compliancе with intеrnational human rights framеworks, such as thе convеntion on thе rights of thе child and thе convеntion on thе еlimination of all forms of discrimination against womеn (cеdaw). lеgislativе rеforms havе also focusеd on еconomic agrееmеnts, forеign invеstmеnt protеction, and еnvironmеntal sustainability in linе with intеrnational obligations. bilatеral and multilatеral еngagеmеnts uzbеkistan has playеd a significant rolе in both bilatеral and multilatеral diplomacy, еnhancing its intеrnational lеgal standing through stratеgic partnеrships. rеgionally, uzbеkistan is an activе participant in organizations such as thе shanghai coopеration organization (sco), thе commonwеalth of indеpеndеnt statеs (cis), and thе еconomic coopеration organization (еco). 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thеsе organizations providе platforms for rеgional coopеration on lеgal, еconomic, and sеcurity mattеrs, shaping thе rеgion’s intеrnational lеgal framеwork. uzbеkistan has also еngagеd with global institutions likе thе world tradе organization (wto), indicating its intеrеst in aligning its tradе laws with intеrnational standards and fostеring еconomic intеgration. contеmporary challеngеs and lеgal rеsponsеs in thе contеmporary global contеxt, uzbеkistan facеs a sеriеs of challеngеs that rеquirе nuancеd rеsponsеs basеd on intеrnational law. issuеs such as global sеcurity, еconomic modеrnization, еnvironmеntal sustainability, and rеgional stability havе rеquirеd uzbеkistan to balancе its national intеrеsts with its obligations undеr intеrnational law. thе country has takеn significant stеps to addrеss thеsе challеngеs, particularly in thе arеas of combating tеrrorism, еnsuring еnvironmеntal protеction, and promoting sustainablе еconomic dеvеlopmеnt. uzbеkistan’s activе participation in global agrееmеnts likе thе paris agrееmеnt on climatе changе dеmonstratеs its commitmеnt to addrеssing intеrnational concеrns. conclusion thе history of intеrnational law in uzbеkistan rеflеcts thе country’s journеy from a soviеt rеpublic to an indеpеndеnt statе with a clеar and activе rolе in thе global lеgal ordеr. thе dеvеlopmеnt of intеrnational law in uzbеkistan has bееn shapеd by historical influеncеs, lеgislativе rеforms, and activе participation in both rеgional and global institutions. uzbеkistan’s еngagеmеnt with intеrnational law has contributеd to its broadеr goal of promoting pеacе, sеcurity, and еconomic dеvеlopmеnt in cеntral asia and bеyond. as uzbеkistan continuеs to navigatе thе complеxitiеs of thе intеrnational lеgal landscapе, it stands as an еmеrging playеr in thе global lеgal systеm. futurе pеrspеctivеs looking forward, uzbеkistan is poisеd to dееpеn its еngagеmеnt with intеrnational law, adapting to nеw challеngеs such as tеchnological advancеmеnts, global hеalth crisеs, and еvolving gеopolitical dynamics. uzbеkistan's commitmеnt to intеrnational lеgal principlеs, rеgional coopеration, and lеgal harmonization undеrscorеs its important rolе in fostеring intеrnational pеacе and sеcurity. rеfеrеncеs: 1. law of thе rеpublic of uzbеkistan "on intеrnational trеatiеs of thе rеpublic of uzbеkistan" datеd dеcеmbеr 25, 1995 no. 136-i // collеction of lеgislation of thе rеpublic of uzbеkistan. – 1995. – no. 12. – p. 37–43. 2. uzbеkistan in intеrnational organizations: achiеvеmеnts and prospеcts / еd. by t. a. karimov. – tashkеnt: univеrsity of еconomics and diplomacy, 2021. – 278 p. 3. ananin a.v. history of intеrnational law: a tеxtbook / a. v. ananin. m .: yurait, 2019. 560 p. 4. uzbеk sovеt еncyclopеdia. tashkеnt: main еditorial board of thе uzbеk soviеt еncyclopеdia, 1979. t. 10. 5. bеkmuratov a.s. forеign policy of thе rеpublic of uzbеkistan: lеgal foundations and practical implеmеntation / a. s. bеkmuratov. tashkеnt: world languagеs univеrsity, 2015. 320 p. 6. issuеs of intеrnational law in cеntral asia: a collеction of articlеs / еd. o. v. mеlеshko. almaty: turar, 2007. 512 p. 7. convеntion on thе rights of thе child (adoptеd by thе un gеnеral assеmbly on novеmbеr 20, 1989) // collеction of un intеrnational trеatiеs. – 1989. – no. 44. – p. 147–160. 8. kasymov i.i. intеrnational law of uzbеkistan: currеnt trеnds and challеngеs / i.i. kasymov // bullеtin of thе tashkеnt statе univеrsity of law. – 2020. – no. 3 (27). – p. 32– 45. 210 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 format and main indicators of economic security kamilova nargiza ph.d., associate professor, samarkand institute of economics and service, the republic of uzbekistan abstract: in the article we explore key aspects related to ensuring the stability and sustainability of the economic system. we review modern approaches to measuring and ensuring economic security, highlighting the main formats and indicators. the article covers both theoretical and practical aspects of achieving sustainable economic development and provides recommendations for modern strategies for ensuring economic security. keywords: economic security, stability indicators, formats of economic security, sustainable development, risks and threats, economic policy, system analysis, security level indicators, financial stability, strategies for ensuring stability. introduction in the modern world, issues of economic security are becoming increasingly relevant and significant. global challenges such as financial crises, market instability and changes in the geopolitical environment highlight the importance of effectively ensuring economic sustainability. in this context, the article is aimed at exploring the essence, measurement methods and ways to ensure economic security. economic security goes beyond ordinary economic discussions, becoming a key component of strategic management of government and corporate structures. the complexity of the modern economic system requires not only effective resource management, but also a competent analysis of the factors influencing its sustainability. the purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the format and main indicators of economic security, in order to identify the key components and factors that determine economic sustainability, and also propose methods and tools for effectively managing these aspects. the article provides an overview of modern approaches to determining economic security and highlights the main formats within which this concept is implemented. the key indicators used to assess the stability of the economy are considered and their applicability in various economic realities is analyzed. effective provision of economic security is an important factor for achieving sustainable development, the well-being of citizens and strengthening the country's competitiveness on the world stage. a sound economic system becomes the foundation for achieving a wide range of social and political goals. main part. economic security is a system of measures and strategies aimed at ensuring the stability and sustainability of the economic system. it covers a wide range of aspects, ranging from financial stability to geopolitical influence. the key elements are preventing crises, minimizing risks and ensuring sustainable economic growth. 211 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. government strategies: active participation of the state in the formation and implementation of economic policies aimed at ensuring the stability of markets and the financial system. development and implementation of comprehensive programs aimed at strengthening the domestic economy. 2. international cooperation: participation in international organizations and agreements to coordinate efforts to ensure global economic stability. exchange of experience and transfer of best practices in the field of ensuring economic security. 3. corporate initiatives: development and implementation of corporate strategies aimed at minimizing risks and ensuring the financial stability of enterprises. innovative approaches to supply chain management to mitigate the impact of external factors on business. 4. financial indicators: inflation rate and its stability. the state of public debt and its dynamics. reserves of gold and other reserve assets. 5. trade balance: export and import of goods and services. dependence on certain markets and diversification of trade flows. 6. innovation indicators: level of investment in research and development. speed of implementation of technological innovations. 7. socio-economic indicators: employment level and wage level. access to education and healthcare. 8. risk analysis and assessment: identification of potential risks to the economy. assessing the likelihood and impact of risks. 9. insurance and reservation: use of insurance and reserves to mitigate the impact of economic shocks. development of flexible financial strategies to quickly respond to changing circumstances. during the study, certain problems were identified, the solutions to which we formulated in the following approaches and proposals: 1. instability of financial markets: issue: financial markets are subject to significant volatility, which creates risks for investors and may affect financial stability. 212 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us possible solutions: introduction of effective regulatory mechanisms aimed at preventing excessive speculation and manipulation in the market. 2. dependency on certain markets: problem: many countries face the problem of high dependence on certain markets, which makes them vulnerable to changes in the global economy. possible solutions: diversification of the economy through the development of new industries and markets. 3. difficulties in innovative development: problem: limited investment in research and development can hamper innovative development, which ultimately affects competitiveness. possible solutions: encouraging private and public investment in scientific research and technological development. 4. uneven distribution of wealth: problem: inequality in the distribution of wealth can cause social and economic tensions, threatening social stability. possible solutions: introduction of social programs aimed at reducing inequality. 5. insufficient cybersecurity: problem: with the growing digitalization of the economy, the threat of cyber attacks increases, which can significantly affect the security of financial flows. possible solutions: investments in cybersecurity technologies and personnel training. developing strategies to protect critical information infrastructure. 6. lack of uniform international regulation: problem: the lack of uniform international regulation can facilitate financial fraud and exploitation of vulnerabilities. possible solutions: assistance in the development and implementation of international standards and regulations in the field of finance and security. conclusions and offers. economic security, being a key factor in sustainable development, requires constant attention and effective management. in the process of studying the format and main indicators of economic security, a number of problems were identified, the analysis of which allows us to formulate conclusions and proposals for further steps towards ensuring the sustainability of the economic system. main conclusions: globalization requires countries to constantly monitor and adapt to the changing conditions of the global economy. economic security is closely linked to many factors, including financial stability, innovation, social equity and cybersecurity. issues such as uneven distribution of wealth and high dependence on individual markets can undermine economic stability. insufficient cybersecurity poses a serious threat to financial flows and requires urgent measures to improve the protection of financial and information components. 2. proposals for improving economic security: a) development of an innovative economy: 213 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us encouraging investment in research and development and technical development to stimulate innovative growth. creating favorable conditions for startups and new technology companies. b) financial diversification: development of new financial instruments and investment strategies to reduce dependence on individual markets. encouraging long-term investing to reduce the risks of short-term volatility. c) social reforms: introduction of programs and measures aimed at reducing inequality in the distribution of wealth through indirect economic levers. development of social guarantees and social support system. d) strengthening cybersecurity: investments in cybersecurity technologies and personnel training. development of strategies to prevent and further suppress cyber attacks. e) international cooperation: active participation in the development and compliance with international standards of economic security. assistance in solving global economic problems through regional unions, international organizations and associations. conclusion: ensuring economic security is a complex and multifaceted task that requires a balanced approach, innovative solutions and global cooperation. the implementation of the proposed measures will allow countries to more effectively cope with the challenges of the modern world and ensure sustainable economic growth. list of used literature: 1. andreev i.v. economic security of the state: theory and practice. moscow: economics, 2020. 2. smith j. a. economic security in the modern world: challenges and strategies. new york: routledge, 2018. 3. petrov n.k. innovations and economic security: trends and prospects. st. petersburg: bhvpetersburg, 2019. 4. brown m. r. ensuring financial stability: issues and strategies. cambridge: cambridge university press, 2017. 5. ivanova e. d. cybersecurity in economics: challenges and prospects. moscow: knorus, 2021. 6. johnson p. l. global economic governance: challenges and opportunities. london: palgrave macmillan, 2019. 7. smirnov a. n. indicators of economic security: methodology and practice. moscow: delo, 2018. 8. jackson r. g. cybersecurity and economic stability: threats and countermeasures. washington, dc: brookings institution press, 2020. 9. kovalev s.v. economic globalization: challenges and solutions. st. petersburg: nauka, 2017. 10. timofeev i.v. financial stability and risk management. moscow: economic school, 2019. 11. international monetary fund. global financial stability report. washington, dc: imf, 2021. 192 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 improving women's employment in the effective use of human resources in the labor market khuvayedullayeva iroda khusniddin qizi, tashkent state university of economics assistant of " hr management" department, independent researcher email: i.xuvaydullayeva@tsue.uz abstract master's dissertation the socio-economic significance of the organization of employment through the mahalla system, the systemic solution of women's problems, the peculiarities of their social support and the peculiarities of the new mechanism for joint solution of important issues of improving the living standards of the population. system organization status and its analysis. analysis of the situation with the employment of unemployed women in yunusabad district through the mahalla system and the situation with the employment of unemployed women in the district through the mahalla system. directions are given. keywordslabor market, human resources, human capital, russia, globalization, labor relations, underemployment, employment status, inactive population, active population. introduction as a result of reforms carried out in all areas of systemic solutions to women's problems and their social support, today the leaders of state and public organizations establish a constant dialogue with ordinary people and immediately eliminate the issues and problems that plague them, thereby ensuring that people live satisfied with their current lives , systematic work is being carried out in this direction. the most important thing is that the issue of improving the level and quality of life of our people, including women, has become one of the priorities of our state policy. the new development strategy, adopted on january 28, 2022, “creates new jobs in the country, increases the income of the population and thereby reduces poverty by at least 2 times by the end of 2026.” development and implementation of government programs to reduce poverty. 2.5 million citizens work informally, helping to legalize their employment and create the opportunity for them to fully enjoy social guarantees and benefits. reducing the unemployment rate among women by 2 times, training more than 700 thousand unemployed women in professions at the expense of the state. implementation of comprehensive measures to attract unemployed women to entrepreneurship and self-employment" [1]. thematic literature analysis. yu.g. yu.g. odegov[2], g.g. rudenko, g.p. zhuravlev[3], rofe a.i. [4], kibanov a.ya[5], adamchuk v.v[6], volgin n.a[7] and in our 193 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us country, abdurahmonov k.x[8], umurzokov b.x[9], rozmetov r[10] ]., khaitov a.b. [11] and other economists have extensively analyzed it in their textbooks and manuals as well as research activities. academician q. abdurahmanov stated that "...at least four social aspects of employment should be taken into account, employment is closely related to the most important human right defined in the constitution the right to work, and work is necessary in the formation of living standards and decent living conditions. employment with plays a decisive role. it is employment that increases labor activity, the most important guarantee of raising the standard of living of ablebodied citizens and their families, the formation of a new factor of highly productive labor that is the basis of the well-being of everyone and society in general, it is labor that changes a person, opens up and increases his professional opportunities. , stimulates the development of the individual" [12]. employment and unemployment of the population are two opposite, mutually exclusive concepts, the higher the level of employment of the population, the less unemployment and vice versa. full employment of the population does not mean that unemployment does not exist at all, because it is almost impossible to completely eliminate unemployment. according to the english scientist j. keynes (1883-1946), the author of the scientific work "general theory of employment, interest and money" and a number of other developments, the full employment of the population implies an unemployment rate of about 3 percent. in this case, unemployment does not have a negative impact on the level and pace of economic development. in fact, today there are other views, and we believe that unemployment at the level of 5-6 percent corresponds to the optimal employment in the economy. moreover, the existence of a certain "natural" level of unemployment in society is considered not only normal, but also tolerable. in our opinion, the history of the emergence and disappearance of unemployment in uzbekistan proves the correctness of keynes' views. маълумки, ишгa жoйлaштириш миқдори қaнчaлик юқoри бўлca, ишcизлик дaрaжacи шунчaлик пacт бўлaди. there are different approaches to the concept of employment, including the russian economist a.i. rofe expressed his reaction to this concept, "employment is the availability of jobs for people in the economically active part of the country's population, that is, with profitable occupation that does not conflict with the current legislation is to be busy" [13] he defined. also, mature economists i.m.aliev, n.a.gorelov, l.o.ilina to this concept: "employment as a socio-economic phenomenon is related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs of citizens and brings income (salary) from labor can be manifested as socially useful work" [14] defined. in contrast to these definitions, in our opinion, the employment relationship is a socioeconomic indicator that shows how many and to what extent able-bodied people participate in socially useful work. employment of the population serves to increase labor productivity and, in turn, increase national wealth, while the negative consequences of unemployment are that it can lead not only to a decrease in production, but also to the beginning of poverty. it is not for nothing that the employment of the population starts with the neighborhood system. it is the most effective and traditional mechanism of working directly with the population. at the time of the rise of the country's development, the neighborhood-based and citizen-based working methods promoted by the president of the republic of uzbekistan are currently proving to be the most effective way for all areas of our society in solving many problems of the population and society. 194 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a social condition for increasing competitiveness with developed countries is the identification of pain points in the initial stages and the organization of collective approaches to their elimination. on the european continent, finland is one of the countries of the scandinavian peninsula. in the next two decades, the level of socialization of women in the society increased as a result of the attention to women and girls in the country of finland, as a result of the created conditions, gender equality between women and men. "based on information from community organizations, it demanded a more detailed report from the finnish government on what is being done in terms of gender equality. in recent years, the slow progress in equalizing the wage gap between women and men, as well as the insufficient intervention on violence against women, have received particular criticism. 2017 can be considered as the year of opportunities created for women in the country. nevertheless, women's employment in the country remains one of the issues of guaranteed wages, family legislation, and fertility. [15] research methodology. the article uses research methods of scientific abstraction, empirical, descriptive statistics, grouping, comparison and dynamic analysis. analysis and analysis of research results. effective use of human resources, in turn, not only creates an opportunity for effective use of other resources available in the country, but also serves for effective investment in human capital in the future. increasing the activity of social, legal, organizational, financial and economic mechanisms, increasing the effectiveness of private, state and non-governmental non-profit organizations and measures to implement international experiences based on national interests is of great importance. 1-table. population distribution by age – female [16] analyzing the distribution of women by age, our table covering the composition from 15 to 55 years old shows the total number of women from 2019 to 2023. we can see that in 2019 it was 16.544961 and in 2023 it increased to 17.896369. if we look at the 5-year interval, the total has increased by 8%. the number of young women and girls between the ages of 15 and 30 was 1,246,550 in 2019, and 1,311,861 in 2023. if we look at the 5-year interval, the total has increased by 5%. the number of middle-aged women from the age of 35 to the retirement age, that is, up to the age of 55 (35 years old), reached 1.196682 in 2019 and 1.429837 in 2023. the total increased by 9%. the number of middle-aged women (55 years old) increased to 773,940 in 2019 and 798,551 in 2023. the total increased by 3%. indicators 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 total 16 544 961 16 859 954 17 180 478 17 527 137 17 896 369 15-19 1 246 550 1 246 436 1 250 460 1 272 272 1 311 861 20-24 1 458 301 1 411 642 1 346 265 1 291 424 1 259 476 25-29 1 574 430 1 577 807 1 579 860 1 545 279 1 506 561 30-34 1 482 564 1 504 692 1 521 367 1 545 522 1 558 448 35-39 1 196 682 1 243 874 1 307 739 1 370 420 1 429 837 40-44 1 021 883 1 052 571 1 078 351 1 104 319 1 144 518 45-49 920 069 945 260 961 346 978 991 990 451 50-54 828 886 826 815 838 744 860 344 888 692 55-59 773 940 790 524 799 969 802 319 798 551 195 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1-photo. population distribution by age – female [17] 2-photo. population distribution by age – female [18] analyzing the distribution of women by age, women of retirement age ranged from 770,000 to 775,000 in 2019, and will peak by 2022, increasing to 802,000. by 2023, we can see that the number of women of retirement age has decreased by 798,000. job-seeking citizens hand over the following documents to the employee of the labor department: passport or other document that replaces it and confirms the identity; a work book or other document confirming the length of service (except if you have not worked before); an original copy of the information document or a duly certified copy, a document confirming the existence of a profession or qualification, its original copy or a duly certified extract for citizens who have a profession; certificate of salary (income from work, income from other types of activity) for the last 12 months from the place or tax authorities (for persons who received income from entrepreneurial activity without being a legal entity), including for persons who have been released from prisons determined by a court sentence it will be possible to provide regular seasonal jobs or similar jobs in the district about creating current jobs and retraining them for the profession. 1 2 3 4 5 ряд1 1 458 301 1 411 642 1 346 265 1 291 424 1 259 476 ряд2 1 574 430 1 577 807 1 579 860 1 545 279 1 506 561 ряд3 1 482 564 1 504 692 1 521 367 1 545 522 1 558 448 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000 1 200 000 1 400 000 1 600 000 1 800 000 755 000 760 000 765 000 770 000 775 000 780 000 785 000 790 000 795 000 800 000 805 000 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 196 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at the new stage of the country's economic development, special attention is being paid to the reduction of poverty by increasing their incomes through comprehensive socio-economic development of the regions, development of entrepreneurship of the population. president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev noted that "economic complex agencies should organize work at the level of neighborhoods, commercial banks should implement highly effective projects in the localities, and give a wide path, especially to young entrepreneurs." based on the above invitation, it was considered important to form and implement projects that serve the population's income, taking into account the opportunities of the neighborhoods. also, focusing on reducing poverty at the expense of ensuring employment of the population and developing entrepreneurship in the neighborhoods, in which the "neighborhood" work system is being introduced, which serves to systematically study the problems in the life of the population based on the principle of "neighborhood-family-citizen" and to solve them in a timely manner. conclusions and suggestions based on the results of the above study, we can summarize the following: conclusions and suggestions based on the results of the above study, we can summarize the following: specific aspects of the social and economic importance of organizing the employment of the population through the neighborhood system are revealed; systematic solution of women's problems, based on the level of their social support; the composition of the new mechanism for jointly solving important issues of raising the standard of living of the population is shown; the stages of directing unemployed women to entrepreneurship through the neighborhood system are scientifically based; ways to improve the organization of employment of unemployed women through the neighborhood system are shown; active directions of employment support for unemployed women are recommended. effective use of human resources in the country has a positive effect on labor efficiency. effective use of human resources in the labor market before talking about the effectiveness of personnel policy, it is appropriate to analyze the human resources themselves. list of literature used 1. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. t.: "uzbekistan" nmiu, 2020.72p. 2. labor code of the republic of uzbekistan. www.lex.uz 3. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. orq-561 dated september 2, 2019 "on protection of women from harassment and violence". www.lex.uz 4. "on employment of the population" of the republic of uzbekistan 5. law no. orq-642 dated october 20, 2021. www.lex.uz 6. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". 85-maqsad.lex.uz[1] 7. inegbenebor, a.u and agbadudu, a.b. (1995) introduction to business: a functional approach. uri publishing ltd., 27 sokponba road, benin city, nigeria. [2]. 8. yu.g. odegov, g.g. rudenko "economics in progress" uchebnik. moscow, 2011. 501 str 9. g.p. zhuravleva "economic theory". textbook. moscow 2013. 920 str[15] 10. rofe a.i. economics in progress. -m., 2011.392 pages [3] 11. pod ed. kibanova a.ya. economics and sociology are in progress. textbook, [4] 12. adamchuk v.v. economics and sociology in work: uchebnik / v.v. adamchuk, o.v. roma¬shov, m.e. sorokina m: yuniti, 2010. 326 p. [5] 13. volgin n.a. ekonomika truda: (social-labor relationship) / pod editor. n.l. volgina, yu.d. odehova. m.: examination, 2009 – 284 pages [6] 197 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. abdurahmanov k.kh, labor economy: theory and practice / textbook. revised and supplemented 3rd edition. academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan "fan" publishing state enterprise, -t: 2019. -592 p[7] 15. umurzokov b., abdurakhmonova g., kholmurotov s. personnel policy in the enterprise. study guide. t.: lesson press, 2018 198 p. [8] 16. rahimova d., abulkosimov h., abdurahmonov o., kattaev k., rozmetov r. directions for improving the management of personnel training for the national labor market. t.: science and technology, 2009. 234 p. [9] 17. khaitov a.b., adilova g.a,. arabov. n.u. personal motivation. study guide. t.: economy. 2019. 244 p[10] 18. abdurakhmanov k. labor economics. theory and practice. scientific publishing house ivg. 2020 by gb global business ltd in london, united kingdom. 2020. 615 p. [11] 19. ekonomika truda: uchebnik / a.i. rofe.-2-e.-m.: knorus, 2011. p. 159[12] 20. ekonomika truda: uchebnik / i.m. aliev, n.a. gorelov, l.o. ilina-m.: izdatelstvo yurayt, 2012. p. 123[13] 21. 100 social innovations of finland./ how finland became finland: political, social and household innovations. t.: "sharq", 2019. 336 pages. 15 pages[14] 22. abdurahmanov k.kh.. labor economy: theory and practice. textbook. -t.: academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan "science" publishing house, 2019. 592b. page 180. [15]. 23. abdurakhmanov k. economy ketenagakerjaan. from theory to practice: buku tesk:/ k.kh. abdurakhmanov. penerbit gunadarma. jakarta, republic of indonesia, 2020. 700. 24. abdurakhmonova g.q. human resource management. textbook. t.: academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan "science" publishing house, 2021. 696 p. page 18. 25. development of authorship. . 26. abulkasimov h.p., ashurova m.kh. labor resources and ways of their effective use // economy and finance / ekonomika i finansy, 2015, no. 11, pp. 52-57. 27. abdurahmanov k.kh.. labor economy: theory and practice. textbook. -t.: academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan "science" publishing house, 2019. 592b. 28. abdurakhmanov k.kh. human development. textbook. -t.: science and technology, 2013. -26 288 p. 29. kirillov l. kak zastavit sotrudnikov «goret na rabote» // upravlenie personnelom. – 2010. #6. s. 26-31. 30. https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/demography-2. 31. v.n., kvachev v.g., kolmakov i.b. neustoychivaya zanyatost v rossiyskoy federatsii: theory and methodology of drawing, otsenivanie and vector. m.: knorus, 2019. 342 p 32. https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/demography-2 [16]. 33. https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/demography-2[17]. 34. https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/demography-2[18]. https://stat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/demography-2%5b17 178 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 advanced international experiences in managing non-performing loans in commercial banks raximjon maxmudov independent researcher, tsue, tashkent 100011, uzbekistan abstract: this research article examines the strategies and approaches employed by commercial banks worldwide to manage non-performing loans (npls), focusing on restructuring, asset selling, legal approaches, and debt management services. utilizing data and examples from multiple countries, the article highlights the significance of effective npl management in maintaining financial stability and reputation. additionally, it explores the impact of macroeconomic indicators and governance on the performance of bank loans, drawing on empirical models and data from 53 african countries between 2005 and 2021. keywords: non-performing loans, risk; problem loans, lending, asset management companies. introduction. non-performing loans represent a critical challenge for commercial banks, affecting their financial health and operational efficiency. the management of npls involves a variety of strategies, including loan restructuring, asset selling through asset management companies (amcs), legal actions, and offering debt management and consultancy services to debtors. this article reviews advanced international practices in npl management, with a focus on the experiences of selected countries and the implications for uzbekistan's financial sector. in general, effective npl reductions include credit risk management, early intervention in npls, portfolio diversification, prudent lending practices, collateral management, legal and regulatory measures, strategic debt collection initiatives, employee training, and technology integration. it requires a complex and proactive approach, including z. by adopting these strategies, financial institutions can strengthen their resilience, protect their bottom line, and contribute to a healthier and more sustainable financial ecosystem. methodology. the study adopts a comparative analysis approach, examining the methods and outcomes of npl management strategies in various countries. it utilizes empirical data, macroeconomic indicators, and specific case studies to understand the effectiveness of different npl management practices. literature review. the most effective strategies for managing non-performing loans in commercial banks vary across different countries and regions. in the financial crisis of 2007, banks with high levels of non-performing loans (npls) faced a lack of management methods and capital, leading to negative effects on lending activity [1]. the formation of banks' strategies for reducing npls requires a systematized and detailed list of factors causing non-performing loans, taking into account different influences at micro and macro levels [2]. credit appraisal, including factors such as borrower's income, credit rating, credit history, and collateral, has a positive and significant effect on the management of non-performing loans [3]. causes and challenges of non-performing loans in the banking sector include economic downturn, high interest rates, poor credit collection and monitoring, moral hazard, imprudent lending practices, and high unemployment rates [4]. understanding the npl ratio and factors affecting it is crucial 179 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us for bank performance, and the camel model can be used to evaluate and manage npls [5]. factors contributing to the formation of strategies for managing non-performing loans in commercial banks across different countries and regions include: bank profitability, market stability, economic growth, bank-cost-to-income ratio, market concentration, bank regulation, level of income, and economic integration [6]. the absence of a generally accepted system of factors for the emergence of non-performing loans in banks indicates the need for the formation or revision of existing strategies [7]. macro-economic factors such as liquidity ratio, capital adequacy ratio, and inflation rate, as well as bank-specific factors like credit collection and monitoring, moral hazard, imprudent lending practices, and high unemployment rates, also contribute to the challenges of non-performing loans in the banking sector [8] [9]. in vietnam, factors affecting non-performing loans in commercial banks include lag of the previous year, capital structure, interest rate, returns on assets, inflation rate, and credit growth [10,11]. these factors should be considered in the development of strategies for managing non-performing loans in commercial banks. analysis. the article developed an empirical model to study the influence of the country's governance in reducing the negative impact of the macroeconomic cycle on bank credit risk. this study evaluates random effects models and the generalized method of moment to examine the relationship between microeconomic and managerial factors in bank nonperforming loans. statistics version 15.1 was used to conduct panel regression analysis. the results of the study showed that the generalized method of moments provides valuable insights into the persistence of npls over time and the specific effects of variables on the level of npls. research findings show that debt-to-gdp ratio, unemployment, regulatory quality, government efficiency and inflation have significant relationships with npls, highlighting their unique contribution to credit risk dynamics. table 1. share of problem loans in total loans in foreign countries in 2013-2022 (in %) country name 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 canada 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 switzerland 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 great britain 3.1 1.7 1.0 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 equatorial guinea 20.1 19.7 17.7 25.1 27.5 36.9 49.1 52.2 55.1 55.4 south korea 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 ukraine 16.4 23.3 35.4 39.0 54.8 54.4 50.5 43.5 31.7 38.1 kazakhstan 19.5 12.4 8.0 6.7 9.3 7.4 8.1 6.9 6.3 6.7 tajikistan 8.3 19.8 26.3 47.6 36.5 31.1 27.0 23.8 13.7 13.5 kyrgyz republic 5.1 4.2 6.7 8.5 7.4 7.3 7.7 10.1 10.8 12.5 uzbekistan 2.8 2.1 1.5 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.5 2.1 5, 2 3.5 based on the above table, if we analyze problem loans in foreign countries, we can see the most positive situation in the world in canada. in canada, the share of non-performing loans in total loans was 0.5% in 2013-2022. in canada, the approach to dealing with problem loans is very systematic and effective. canada's banking system is recognized as one of the strongest and most stable systems in the world, which plays an important role in the management of problem loans [12]. shows the trend of the share of non-performing loans (npl) in canada from 2013 to 2022 (see figure 1): 180 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. share of bad loans in total loans in canada from 2013 to 2022 1. the graph generally shows a relatively stable trend. this means that the banking system in canada is stable and successful in managing bad loans. there are changes in the share of npls in some years. for example, there was a slight increase in 2016 and 2020. in recent years, particularly in 2021 and 2022, the share of npls has decreased. this means that the economy is stabilizing or that banks are managing their credit risks more effectively. in general, the share of bad loans in total loans in canada is relatively low and stable, which indicates the health of the financial system and the stable development of the economy. a picture of the share of problem loans in the total loans in central asian countries (2013-2022) was created. in this figure, you can see how the share of problem loans is changing in each country. in the period from 2013 to 2022, the share of problem loans in the total loans in central asian countries (kazakhstan, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan). the lack of information on turkmenistan in open data, it was not possible to analyze the situation of problem loans in turkmenistan. but the situation in other kazakhstan, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan was analyzed comparatively. according to the figure above, kazakhstan's share of non-performing loans shows a changing trend. this indicator, which was relatively high (19.5%) in 2013, decreased in the following years, and by 2016 it fell to a relatively low level (6.7%). according to the first credit bureau of kazakhstan, at the end of october 2023, the growth rate of problem loans (1.8 percent) exceeded the growth rate of the loan portfolio (1.2 percent). as a result, the share of loans overdue for more than 90 days increased by 0.02 percentage points to 3.29%. these changes were associated with the following factors: the strengthening of kazakhstan's banking system and the strengthening of financial control, as well as the improvement of the credit policy, contributed to the reduction of problem loans. the growth of the country's economy and general economic stability have also improved the solvency of borrowers. the stability of the exchange rate and keeping inflation under control played an important role in ensuring stability in the economy. 2017 and 2019, overall, kazakhstan has managed the npl situation relatively well. these indicators provide positive information about the stability and efficiency of the country's financial system. the government of kazakhstan and the financial sector must continue to take the necessary measures to maintain and further improve these successes. 1 author's development based on world bank data. 181 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the graph, we look at the trend of the share of non-performing loans in total loans (npl) of tajikistan. from 2013 to 2016, tajikistan's share of npls grew rapidly. this indicator, which was 8.3% in 2013, reached 47.6% in 2016. this very rapid growth indicates serious problems in the country's economy and financial system, including instability in the credit market. after 2016, the share of npls began a gradual downward trend. this decline may be due to reforms in the banking sector, improved lending practices, or stabilization of economic conditions. in 2022, the npl ratio fell to 13.5%, well below the peak in 2016. however, this is still a relatively high indicator and indicates certain risks to financial stability. these changes in tajikistan's share of npls reflect the complex situation in the country's economic and financial systems. these trends depend on the stability and efficiency of the banking system, as well as the general economic conditions of the country. from 2013 to 2022, kyrgyzstan's npl share has gradually increased. this indicator, which was 5.1% in 2013, will reach 12.5% in 2022. this gradual increase may reflect difficulties faced by the banking system in managing credit risks or changes in economic conditions. in recent years, especially after 2020, the share of npls began to grow faster and reached a relatively high level in 2022. this situation indicates some problems in the country's economy and financial system [13]. a high npl ratio indicates that the financial system is unable to effectively manage credit risks. it also shows instability in the economy and problems with the banking sector. in general, the increase in the share of npls in the kyrgyz republic reflects the difficulties faced by the country's banking sector and economy. these trends will depend on the efficiency of the banking system and financial policies, as well as the general economic conditions of the country. findings and discussion. given the rich detail provided in the document regarding the management of non-performing loans (npls) in commercial banks and the incorporation of advanced international practices, the following section outlines the findings and discussion for a research article on this subject. the discussion is centered around the various strategies employed by banks in different countries, the role of macroeconomic indicators and governance, and the implications for the financial sector in uzbekistan. 1.1. international practices in npl management the study's analysis of international practices reveals a multifaceted approach to managing nonperforming loans, with strategies varying significantly across different national contexts: 1.1.1. restructuring and refinancing in countries like canada and south korea, restructuring and refinancing have proven effective in addressing npls. these practices involve adjusting the terms of loans to better align with the debtor's payment capacity, thus enabling banks to recover funds without resorting to asset liquidation or legal action. the flexibility provided by restructuring agreements, including alterations in interest rates and payment schedules, has been instrumental in reducing npl ratios and sustaining financial stability. 1.1.2. asset sales and amc involvement the sale of npls to asset management companies (amcs), as observed in switzerland and the united kingdom, allows banks to offload risky assets, thereby cleaning their balance sheets and recouping some of their investments. amcs play a critical role in managing and maximizing returns from distressed assets, highlighting the importance of specialized entities in the npl ecosystem. 1.1.3. legal approaches in jurisdictions where restructuring and asset sales are less feasible or effective, banks have adopted legal approaches to manage npls. initiatives include pursuing debtors' properties or initiating bankruptcy proceedings. while effective in recovering debts, these methods are often 182 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us time-consuming and costly, underlining the importance of legal frameworks in npl management. 1.1.4. debt management and consultancy services proactive debt management and consultancy services have emerged as preventative measures against loan defaults. by advising debtors on financial management and restructuring their debts, banks can prevent loans from becoming non-performing, emphasizing the value of early intervention and financial education. 1.2. macroeconomic indicators and governance the study's empirical analysis, particularly the examination of 53 african countries, underscores the significant impact of macroeconomic cycles and governance quality on bank loan performance. effective governance can mitigate the adverse effects of economic downturns on npls, suggesting that robust institutional frameworks are critical to maintaining low npl ratios. 1.3. implications for uzbekistan's financial sector the comparative analysis of international practices offers valuable insights for uzbekistan, highlighting the need for a comprehensive and adaptable approach to npl management. the success of various strategies in different countries suggests that uzbekistan could benefit from a combination of restructuring, asset sales, legal frameworks, and debt management services, tailored to the local economic and institutional context. conclusion. the management of non-performing loans is pivotal for the financial health of commercial banks and the broader economy. advanced international practices offer valuable insights into effective npl management, emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies that consider the legal, economic, and institutional context of each country. for uzbekistan, adopting a comprehensive approach to npl management, incorporating lessons from countries with successful outcomes, could significantly enhance the resilience and efficiency of its financial sector. recommendations. recommendations for uzbekistan:  enhance risk management: adopt advanced risk assessment and management practices to prevent the occurrence of npls.  strengthen legal and regulatory frameworks: develop and enforce robust legal and regulatory mechanisms to facilitate effective npl management.  foster financial literacy: implement programs to improve financial literacy among borrowers, reducing the risk of loan default.  leverage technology: utilize fintech solutions to monitor loan performance and manage npls more efficiently.  promote amc development: encourage the establishment and growth of asset management companies to facilitate the recovery of distressed assets. this comparative study underscores the multifaceted nature of npl management and the need for a strategic, 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(2016). financial sector reforms and commercial banks performance in kyrgyzstan: 1991–2015. management, 5(28), 1-13. 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 some aspects of social political reforms in uzbekistan sagdullaeva dilbar abstract: this article expressed views on some threats characteristic of the transition period in uzbekistan, the fight against religious and political extremism carried out to seize power, analyzed the essence of political reforms carried out on the basis of the ideas of national ideology, capable of countering it. based on the initial experience of reforming the country, the basic principles of further development of society have been developed. they coped with the task of strengthening stability and restoring society. the article is devoted to the analysis of the history of these processes and their peculiarities. keywords: independence, states, political reform, democracy, stability, transition, civil society. introduction today uzbekistan is in the process of establishing a free society among developing countries. over the past years, a number of concepts covering the processes of liberalization and modernization of society's life have been put into practice. systematic work was carried out to ensure human rights, strengthen the accountability and openness of state bodies, and increase the role of civil society institutions, mass media, and the political activity of citizens and public associations. some results were achieved on the basis of measures taken to reform the national economy, liberalize foreign trade, tax and financial policy, support entrepreneurship and guarantee the inviolability of private property, organize processing of agricultural products, and ensure rapid development of regions. enhancing the social protection of citizens and reducing poverty has been defined as a priority of the state policy, providing the population with new jobs and a guaranteed source of income, qualified medical and educational services, and decent living conditions has been raised to a new level in terms of quality as a result of the last five-year reforms, the necessary political-legal, socio-economic and scientific-educational foundations for the establishment of new uzbekistan were created in our country. reforms aimed at further increasing the well-being of our people, transforming economic sectors and intensively developing entrepreneurship, unconditionally ensuring human rights and interests, and forming an active civil society, are being carried out based on a thorough analysis of the progress of our country. the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 has been accepted, and within its framework consistent reforms are being continued based on the following directions [1]. 1. establishing a people-friendly state by increasing human dignity and further developing a free civil society; 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. making the principles of justice and the rule of law the most basic and necessary condition for development in our country; 3. rapid development of the national economy and ensuring high growth rates; 4. fair social policy, development of human capital; 5. ensuring spiritual development and bringing the industry to a new level; 6. approaching universal problems based on national interests; 7. to strengthen the security and defense potential of our country, to conduct an open, pragmatic and active foreign policy. our goal in this article is to analyze the complexities of the transitional period and its specific aspects in the first years of independence in uzbekistan. 2. some threats and challenges of the transition period the socio-economic difficulties of the transition period are a breeding ground for the purposeful incitement of social confrontations, the disintegration of society, the creation of conditions in which it is easy to "distort" the truth, to give out private interests for the interests of society and the nation, to offer people radical ideas and extremist ways to implement them. during the transition period of society from one social system to another, there will always be ambitious individuals and their like-minded people who, at their own choice, have found themselves outside the legitimate boundaries of the political process. they do not care what the country needs, the nation. they are important in their own importance and power, for which they are able to take on various arguments, even divergent from their own ideas about the truth. here, as a rule, there are psychological factors of those who during the period of apparent uncertainty did not have time to take "their own". the curb of the political relations on which such politicians find themselves exacerbates their self-esteem even more, and they, infringed by a sense of political lack of demand and having once felt a taste for power, which they thought were just a stone's throw away begin to pass into the illegal plane of activity. in this period, it is important to warn all that can be at the mercy of the unconstitutional forces. alternative: variants of the tajik events of 1992-1994. the society should have known that such people not only use for their own ends the difficulties of the transition period, but they also do everything to create them artificially, and if it does not turn out then with the help of ideological methods of struggle (through propaganda in the mass media, leaflets, through direct contact with the audience, through missionary activities, etc.) create the appearance of problems, give out wishful thinking. such parties as "erk", "birlik", etc. at one time they spoke and would oppose any legitimate political power, where there was no place for their representatives. in the period of aggravation of the crisis in the disintegrating ussr in mid-1991, the most characteristic position of political parties was radicalism, intransigence and a claim to the leading role in society. this radicalism did not weaken even after gaining independence. all the efforts of the government of uzbekistan were directed to the weakening of the radicalism and the conflict nature of a number of political neoplasms, realizing that the path of confrontation is fraught with destabilization of the socio-political situation in the country. the positive solution of the main issues of ensuring national sovereignty, the process of democratization, accompanied by the dismantling of totalitarian power structures, only increased the non-constructiveness of oppositional forces against the official authority. even then it became obvious that a number of parties (or rather their leaders) took the path that can be expressed in the thesis: "power at any cost, under any ideology." it is noteworthy that when the "critical" material ends, there is no corresponding texture, the "non-constructive" opposition strives to emphasize the radicalization of its claims and claims, or even changes its ideological credo. so, many "democrats" suddenly became "warriors of allah", 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us pseudo-democratic rhetoric was replaced by a theological one. in general, the strategy of the "first" radical opponents of the current government was aimed at using objectively existing contradictions for their own purposes, building on the third forces, which in turn had their own views on uzbekistan, providing ideological and material assistance to new allies. this fact also affected the strategy of political reform. there arose a vital need for the formation of an ideological system capable not only of opposing religious and political extremism, but also fulfilling the function of the concept of political reforms. such a system began to be formed on the basis of ideas of national independence. the task was to formulate its content in such a way that it fully reflected the national interests, its needs, values, principles and norms. the political essence of this ideology can be expressed in the disclosure of the three principles of political reform: democracy, independence and stability. it was necessary to show that these principles are important only when they are correctly understood and correctly used. for example, hypertrophied, inadequate understanding of "democracy" can be tied down by the state apparatus (especially in the sphere of law enforcement). "stability" can be transformed into stagnation, and "independence" in isolationism. therefore, it was important to disclose these principles as contributing to the achievement of the main goal, but not the very goal, or a system of sub-goals. 3. principles of reforms when speaking about the principles, implemented in uzbekistan, reforms, it is necessary to note, first of all, a commitment to the ideas of independence, human rights. responsibility to present and future generations, reliance on the historical experience of development of uzbek statehood, fidelity to the ideals of democracy and social justice, the priority of the norms of international law. political power belongs to the people, the interests and will of which the state expresses and serves. state bodies and officials are unconditionally responsible to the society and citizens. the development of this principle is the most important condition for the development of civil society. the people, according to the constitution, being the only source of state power, express it only through the “oliy majlis” and the president of the republic (which they are elected). the most important issues of public and state life are brought to the discussion of the people, put to a general vote (referendum). at the same time, no part of the society, political party, public association, movement or individual can speak on behalf of the people of uzbekistan. the principles of political development rely on the system of separation of powers, the diversity of political instruments, ideologies and opinions, the prohibition of ideological monopoly. democracy is based on universal principles, according to which the highest value is a person, his life, freedom, honor, dignity and other inalienable rights. the state builds its activities on the principles of social justice and legality in the interests of human and social welfare, ensures observance of the rights and legitimate interests of public associations, creates equal legal opportunities for them to participate in public life. it is also necessary to note here that we are talking about the fundamental and system-forming principles that determine not only the norms of political relations, but also political ethics, have the significance of the constitutional imperative in legislation, can serve as the basis for law enforcement activities, etc. for example, justice, as a principle, is understood as a legal and moral requirement. in accordance with this principle, the norms of behavior of participants in the political process are determined. this principle prescribes what actions a person, a party, a society, as a whole must perform, without violating the rights of others, so that anyone's right is not infringed. in this sense, justice is a category of law that must meet the requirements of the rule of law and civil society; otherwise the equity criteria may shift to conflicting positions. it is important to correctly understand the criteria of justice, which, for example, in the interpretation of the ideologists of "wahhabism" alone, in the modern democratic understanding, others. it is 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the democratic understanding of justice that is reflected in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan and in the ideology of political reforms. the above ideas and principles have universal significance and will not lose their relevance after the completion of the main transformations of the political system. the understanding of the first experience, ways and methods of reforms led the country's leadership to the need to formulate fundamental principles, which were later called "five principles" or "uzbek model of reforming." first of all, this is the above-mentioned principle of step-by-step reforms. further, the most important task of building a new statehood was the solution of economic problems, the ideologies of the economy, and its transfer to market lines. hence the principle: the priority of the economy over politics. this principle had universal significance and determined the character and direction of all subsequent transformations. in addition to the fact that the concentration of social forces on the reform of the economic system and strong social policy removed social tension and pushed the ground out of the destabilizing factors, the economy's priority over politics was also indicated by the rejection of administrative and command methods of economic management and approved the course for the formation of such social relations, which are based on a market economy. this circumstance also affected the nature of the construction of a new system of public administration, which was originally carried out in accordance with the requirements of market relations. in particular, the totalitarian structures of political and economic governance were eliminated; principles, forms and methods of government were revised. the planning and administrative functions have been withdrawn from the department and given to the state administration as the coordinator and regulator of economic policy. in this complex transition period, only the state possessed all the socio-political, legal, organizational and economic resources of uzbek society, including personnel, finance, property, the real power of state power, natural wealth, political and legal institutions, and in part the authority and influence that by inheritance from the old historical era, from here the principle the state-reformer. the principle that the state assumes responsibility for carrying out reforms, again had also great psychological significance. on the one hand, it was necessary to change the hypertrophied understanding of the role of the state in the life of society and the individual, on the other, it was necessary to dispose of a certain syndrome that is characterized by the unconditional loyalty of the majority of people in relation to the state system. part of it was due to innate feelings of state dependence, which the person experienced in the conditions of totalitarian guardianship and regulation. in the state, people saw real power, and it would be an inexcusable mistake to weaken the state administration in the very conditions when a consistent, professional and authoritative government was able to ensure the selection and implementation of development strategy and policy, to take the economy out of crisis and consolidate society. it was the renewed system of public administration that could solve the tasks of political and economic reform, become a means of public consent, and conduct a competent personnel policy, reliable information monitoring, coordination and public legal regulation. for this purpose, the new system of public administration had to acquire certain properties, combining flexibility, efficiency, professionalism, openness, etc. the principle of "reforming state" could not only fulfill the tasks of the subject of reforms, but also change the ideas about the state, its essence in the conditions of democracy, in the conditions of building legal statehood. the scrapping of the administrative command system was based on the need to build a new system of state relations. as a constitutional basis, the theory of the rule of law was adopted. according to this theory, the purpose of the state system should be servicing the needs of civil society, ensuring the rule of law and laws, providing guarantees of administrative interference in the self-regulating processes of society, protecting the interests of producers and socially 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unprotected layers of the public in a generally accessible due process of law, e. the main thing: it was necessary to ensure the supremacy of the constitution and the legislation based on it, where all the internationally recognized attributes of guarantees for the protection and protection of human rights and freedoms should have been reflected. hence the following principle: the rule of law. the supremacy of law is the way to build a rule-of-law state. in a law-based state, conditions are seen that guarantee the legal equality of all citizens before the law, the rule of law, the protection of the interests of society and the security of the population. "the rule of law is inconceivable without the triumph of law and order, the priority of individual rights and freedoms, firm discipline, internal self-organization and responsibility, respect for laws and traditions" [2]. through the rule of law, which "contributes to the self-development of a person, the realization of the interests of the individual, to the maximum functioning of her rights and freedoms", the definition of civil society was seen. the tasks of ensuring the priority of legality also stem from the need to overcome the negative legacy of totalitarianism, which is expressed: in the absence of proper political and legal institutions; laws and mechanisms for their implementation; in the old thinking, where human rights were not allocated as a priority value and were not included in the system of ensuring national interests as a basic criterion; in the double standards of the ideological philosophy of social relations; in the absence of a state approach to the problems of ensuring human rights, etc. the fifth principle was announced a strong social policy, ensuring social protection of the population. the deterioration of the macroeconomic situation in the initial period of independence limited the possibilities of finding domestic resources for social purposes, whereas the need for them increased due to the implementation of fundamental reforms in the economy and in public life in general. circumstances required not only finding additional funds, but also changing the structure of their distribution to the social sector because of the need to increase the costs of such social protection measures as income support in connection with inflation, unemployment, etc. in accordance with this principle in 1991-1994. support was provided for the population's income in connection with the liberalization of prices and the growth of inflation (in 1994, compared to 1991, 1129 times). the consumer market was being protected, traditionally being in great dependence on imports; thirdly, support for low-income groups of the population. the main principle that was adhered to at this stage was the proactive social protection of the broad strata of the population, which ensures the control of the situation. the main task is to prevent a sharp decline in the standard of living of the population. in solving this problem, the arsenal of methods and methods of direct state regulation was widely used: cash payments, various types of benefits, subsidies for covering the difference in prices for consumer goods and services, a ticket system for the distribution of the most important types of food and non-food products. further, a gradual transition from a system of universal social protection to a system of reliable social guarantees and social support for the most vulnerable segments of the population was carried out. the main principle on which this system is built is the steady observance of the dominant of justice and a decisive departure from the equalizing system of social assistance; a differentiated approach to different segments of the population and the targeting of social assistance. the most important task at this stage is to prevent a sharp stratification of society into excessively rich and excessively poor. beginning of the 1994, the system of social assistance in the republic increasingly acquires features characteristic of similar systems in countries with a market economy, the very concept of poverty and the methods of its quantitative measurement are changing, the sources of financing of social assistance and social insurance are more clearly delineated, group of beneficiaries. 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us meanwhile social assistance is aimed at supporting the most vulnerable segments of the population, that is, those who for objective reasons are not able to earn their livelihood themselves (children, the elderly, disabled and other persons not engaged in production for reasons beyond their control), then the need for it is determined, first of all, by the demographic situation in the republic, by the level of income of the population and by the nature of their distribution, established by the standards of consumption, as well as by national traditions and historical individuals life. in order to provide social assistance to needy families, orphans, invalids, veterans of war and labor in september 1992, the president of the republic of uzbekistan issued a presidential charity fund "mahalla", whose funds were created from revenues from the state budget, as well as charitable contributions enterprises, organizations and individuals. results in the early stages of uzbekistan's independent development, the issues of maintaining security, ensuring stability, and what should be the main focus of development along the chosen path of development were of strategic importance. after all, only if stability and geographical-political balance were preserved in the country, there was a chance for vigorous and stable development in the whole region, to become a worthy partner in the world community. uzbekistan supported the principle that "security is a continuous state" in the fight against existing threats. in addition to the political threats explored in this article, ethnic, regional, local conflicts, environmental and nuclear security issues were growing for the country at that time. threats to the security of our country, nation, society, and every citizen, and threats to renewal and development were understood and analyzed, and the need to respond to them only through mutual cooperation was justified. in such a situation, the following tasks were implemented as ways to strengthen stability and guarantees of development in the country: 1. restoration of spiritual values and awareness of national identity; 2. formation of statehood and strengthening of defense capabilities; 3. formation of democratic institutions and foundations of civil society; 4. settlement of market relations and formation of the class of owners; 5. strong social policy and increase in social activity of the population; 6. geographical strategic opportunities and natural raw materials resources; 7. human potential, social and production infrastructure; 8. extensive changes; 9. cooperation with the world community [3]. discussion the path of development chosen by uzbekistan, the problems of the transition period and the analysis of reforms on the way to sustainable development researched in the works of i.a. karimov. in particular, the work "uzbekistan on the threshold of the 21st century: threats to security, conditions of stability and guarantees of development" analyzes the place, position and future prospects of the country in the process of complex changes in the world and draws important conclusions. in this work, the need to implement reforms in order to achieve security, stability, steady development of the country and, on this basis, to ensure the well-being and decent living of our people, to take their place in the world community, the main content of achieving the independence and sovereignty of the state, the freedom and equality of the people, the main content it was based on the purpose. i.a. karimov identified the main priorities for further modernization of the country in, adopted on november 12, 2010 "concepts of further deepening democratic reforms and the formation of civil society in the country": democratization of state power and administration, reform of the judicial and legal system, reform of the information sphere and ensuring freedom of speech and information, ensuring freedom of choice and development of electoral legislation, the formation and development of civil society institutions, further deepening market reforms and liberalizing the economy[4]. it has opened a new stage in the development of uzbekistan. today, the issues of ensuring the modernization of the country and achieving development are included in the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026 [5]. 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the issues of transitional problems and principles of sustainable development were also studied in the works of local scientists a. kadirov [6], a. utamurodov [7], b. amonov [8], g. tulenova [9], sh. madaeva [10]. in the article, an attempt was made to reflect on some issues related to some threats to uzbekistan's security during the transition period and the nature of the reforms in society and state building based on the strategy and principles used in the fight against them. conclusions the system of social assistance to low-income families in uzbekistan today represents a successful experience in adapting modern managerial technologies to the mentality of the people, attracting the attention of representatives of many countries and international organizations. in this way, the philosophy of reforms in the political sphere, in essence, is a reflection of a common, integrated vision of the forthcoming changes, goals and objectives in all spheres of social relations. for political modernization, it was also necessary to have appropriate organizational, legal and socio-economic conditions. considering the importance of restoring confidence in the authorities and improving the social status of people, after the deep economic recession and the collapse of the ussr, the new government required the formation of social optimism, respect for the spirit and the letter of the law, and the strengthening of the welfare of the masses. the country, in the person of its political leadership, proclaimed the de-idealization of state institutions. these processes included the construction of a special social model that takes into account and stimulates a variety of opinions, genuine political pluralism, and respect for someone else's point of view. the peculiarity of political modernization in uzbekistan was also in the justification and implementation of new principles stemming from the existence of a kind of centuries-old philosophy, political culture, national mentality and the demographic situation of the country. among these principles is the movement from the simple to the complex, staged and systematic. such conceptual approaches allowed avoiding social cataclysms and social upheavals, mitigating the consequences of market transformation and democratic renewal. references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-60 dated 28.01.2022 on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026. qmmb: no. 06/22/60/0082 january 29, 2022. 2. karimov i. a. uzbekistan: national independence, economy, politics, ideology. t.: uzbekistan, 1993. p. 44. 3. karimov i. a. uzbekistan on the threshold of the 21st century: a threat to security, conditions of stability and guarantees of development. t.: uzbekistan, 1997. p. 326. 4. karimov i.a. the concept of intensification of democratic reforms and formation of civil society in our country. тashkent: uzbekistan, 2010. 5. mirziyoyev sh.m. new uzbekistan strategy. тashkent: uzbekistan, 2021. 6. kadyrov a. traditional society and strategies for its modernization. tashkent: tsu. 2006. 7. utamuradov a. some aspects of revealing of the political modernization processes in uzbekistan // international scientific journal theoretical & applied science. p-issn: 23084944 (print) e-issn: 2409-0085 (online) year: 2016 issue: 6 volume: 38. -p. 106-109. 8. omonov b. models of political modernization and the experience of uzbekistan. monograph. t: science and technology. 2012. -p.112; 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. tulenova g. sagdullaeva d. the processes of political modernization in uzbekistan // international journal of early childhood special education (int-jecse) doi:10.9756/intjecse/v14i8.16 issn: 1308-5581 vol 14, issue 08 2022. -p. 196-207. 10. madaeva sh., t.khojiev. socio-philosophical bases of research of modernization processes in uzbekistan // international journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering (ijitee) issn: 2278-3075, volume-9, issue-1, november 2019. -p. 3119-3123. the ethnic composition of the turkic khaganate skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published january 31, 2025 | version v1 journal open the ethnic composition of the turkic khaganate creators abdullaev ulug'bek saydanovich files 35-39+the+ethnic+composition+of+the+turkic+khaganate.pdf files (551.4 kb) name size download all 35-39+the+ethnic+composition+of+the+turkic+khaganate.pdf md5:4ebe1cf9c1950d8dca02b33453ae54b5 551.4 kb preview download additional details dates accepted 2025-01-31 55 views 219 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 55 55 downloads total downloads 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technical metadata created january 31, 2025 modified january 31, 2025 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 222 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 copyright protection by the collective management organizations in uzbekistan abdumumin yuldashov associate professor at the department of intellectual property law tashkent state university of law abdumuminyuldashev@gmail.com abstract the article deals with the issues of ensuring the protection of copyright objects when using them in telecommunication networks. in particular, the role of blocking means in this direction, methods and technical requirements for protection, as well as the processes of regulation of legal relations in this direction are described. in addition, the article describes the world experience in this direction, the role of the “internet contracts” of the wipo, technical means of protecting copyright on the internet, as well as the norms and practice of the legislation of uzbekistan. keywords: collective management organization, copyright, telecommunications network, right holders, copyright law, technical measures, uzbek copyright law. introduction in recent years, people's need for information and insight has reached a higher level than ever before. indeed, as the need for a widespread development of telecommunication network is increasing, the regulations has become inevitable. after all, it is difficult to imagine such processes without the participation of copyright objects. it is important to legislatively regulate the use of copyright objects. in my opinion there are many legal mechanisms for protecting copyright. in fact, these mechanisms are: technical measures (1), collective management organizations (2) copyright agreement (3) etc. what do you think is the level of copyright enforcement, ie. works of literature, art and fine arts, in our country? are copyright works used with the consent of the author or other rightholder? unfortunately, many of these questions today may seem like an unanswerable or "supernatural" question today. yes, although the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on copyright and related rights" determines the scope of rights of the author or right holder [1]. there are even rules for paying for personal use of copyright works. according to article no 1056 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, the author has the exclusive right to use the work in any form and in any way [2]. according to this code, the owner of property rights in relation to the result of intellectual activity has the full right to use this object of intellectual property in any form and in any way at his discretion. mailto:abdumuminyuldashev@gmail.com 223 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us most importantly, today the copyright objects are play an important role in the economy of developed foreign countries. in particular, in 2019, the share of the copyright industry in the us gdp will reach 2.5 trillion (2,568.23 billion) us dollars, which will be 11.99% of the country's economy [3, p.4]. should be noted that in order to increase the share of copyright in the economic indicators of the country, first of all, it is necessary to ensure its legal protection. it should be recognized that the demand for copyright works of uzbek authors and right holders are much higher in central asia. i think the time has come to apply the rules and mechanisms of copyright and economics to these processes. this is due to the fact that our regulations in this area fully comply with the requirements of international treaties and if possible, are “ideal”. however, in practice it is clear that the above legal norms and principles of copyright enforcement hardly work. in this regard, increasing the role of "intellectual property institutions" is an urgent task. these institutions include organizations, collective management organizations (cmo`s), technology and innovation support centers, patent attorneys, research and educational institutions, etc. to implement wipo “internet treaties” and ensure the protection of ipr contained in bilateral cooperation agreements between uzbekistan and the european union on august 20, 2021, some additions and changes were made to the “copyright law” of uzbekistan, which provide for the “payment of compensation in the amount from twenty to one thousand base reference value in lieu of damages paid regardless of the fact of infliction of losses, based on the nature of the violation and the degree of fault of the violator, taking into account the custom of business turnover”. also, this law established the term of copyright protection at 70 years instead of 50 years after the death of the author. after these changes, the protection of the rights of authors and copyright holders in the courts has become more effective. also, the past three years, cmo activity has increased significantly in uzbekistan. the number of these cmo’s has reached 4. according to article 58 of the uzbek copyright law cmo’s are giving right to act on behalf of copyright holders on the basis of the powers received from them [4]. also, according to article 65 of this law, cmo’s shall have the right to apply to court on its own behalf for the protection of violated copyrights and related rights of persons whose property rights are managed by such organization. on january 13, 2022 year, in the civil court of the yakkasaray district of tashkent, a trial was held on the claim of the plaintiff – the society for the protection of copyright and related rights of the republic of uzbekistan (uzavtor) in the interests of a member of this society, people's poet of uzbekistan usmon azimov in relation to the defendant – sanjar javberdiev to eliminate the violation copyright, recovery of compensation and moral damages for copyright infringement. it is noteworthy that this case, by its specifics, is one of the first court cases of this kind in uzbekistan [5]. the plaintiff (uzavtor), asked the court to recover from the defendant in favor of the plaintiff compensation in the amount of 1000 the base calculation amount and moral damage (100,000,000 million uzbek soums), and also to remove the famous uzbek poem "karvon", which was performed by the defendant, from various sources (youtube, instagram and other, various telecommunications and social networks). it is known, by the law of the republic of uzbekistan dated august 20, 2021 amended and supplemented to provide for the payment of compensation in the amount of 20 to one 1000 the base calculation amount, taking into account the habits of the defendant, depending on the degree of guilt of the defendant. these changes are of great importance in securing copyright protection in uzbekistan today. in particular, this mechanism in the law is very effectively implemented 224 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it can be said that the introduction of limits on the amount of compensation by the above norm into the legislation served as an important basis for determining the measure of responsibility for the courts. before there was no such norm, and there were has no effective cases determination of compensation by the courts. a representative of the defendant told the court that the cmo`s could not sue on behalf of the author. certainly, the feature of this case is that the cmo`s filed the claim on behalf of the author. this process is observed in uzbekistan for the first time. according to article no 58 of the law uzbekistan “on copyright and related rights”, cmo`s is necessary to protect the rights that it manages on behalf of the right holders and, based on its authority, has the right to take any legal actions. also, in accordance with article no 65 of this law, cmo`s has the right to apply to the court on its own behalf in the manner prescribed by law to protect the violated copyright and related rights of persons exercised by such an organization. thus, in accordance with the provisions of the law “on copyright and related rights”, it can be concluded that cmo`s have the right to perform all trial procedural actions to protect rights on behalf of their members. in the resolution of the plenum of the supreme court of uzbekistan dated april 28, 2000 no. 7 was adopted about moral harm, physical pain, injury, discomfort, etc. (“on some issues of application of legislation on compensation for moral harm”). the object of unlawful actions (inaction) are the intangible interests of a citizen (life, health, personal dignity, business reputation, privacy, personal and family secrets), personal non-property rights (property, the right to use the name, copyright and other non-property rights may be a violation of the law (legal protection of the results of ip) and property rights (inviolability of the home, property rights, etc.) [6]. should be noted last years that a number of reforms are currently underway in uzbekistan to protect the property rights of authors and copyright holders. in particular, ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of authors, co-owners and other right holders, fair receipt of remuneration (royalties) by them. for example, during 2022, cmo “uzavtor” participated as a plaintiff in various disputes in 52 cases of violations. in fact, the latter intervene in civil and administrative court cases. some actions were suspended for “warning letters” issued from the competent authority (ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan) upon request of cmo “uzavtor” [9]. also according to statistics, during 2022, cmo “uzavtor” (www.uzavtor.uz) recovered from violators through the court in the interests of authors and copyright holders approximately $20,000 in lost profits and $5,000 in moral damages. in particular, according to an open database, collective management organization – “uzavtor” (www.uzavtor.uz), from the end of 2020 to the present day, has conducted 43 controversial copyright cases to restore the violated rights of authors and performers [10]. the classification of these disputed cases can be fully familiarized with the table below: based on research in the field of copyright and related rights, the following conclusions can be drawn about the activities of cmo`s first, cmo`s should exercise only the rights transferred by right holders on a contractual basis. secondly, authors (right holders) must be able to control cmo`s at all times. third, cmo`s should represent the interests of rights holders abroad. fourth, cmo`s may be structured around different areas of copyright. http://www.uzavtor.uz/ 225 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fifth, while сmo`s are engaged in the management of property rights, that is, collecting fees for the use of works, they should not act as a commercial organization and cover their costs at the expense of rights holders [11]. proper and systematic work on these proposals, we believe, will ensure copyright protection, thereby paying appropriate fees for the work of artists and the development of culture and art in accordance with copyright rules [12]. references 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan “on copyright and related rights”. https://lex.uz/ru/docs/6123336 2. civil code of the republic of uzbekistan. https://lex.uz/docs/180552 3. copyright industries in the u.s. economy. https://www.iipa.org/files/uploads/2020/12/2020iipa-report-final-web.pdf 4. юлдашов а. кутубхона, рақамли контент ва муаллифлик ҳуқуқи //information library magazine'infolib'. – 2022. – №. 4. 5. open database on the protection of copyright. https://uzavtor.uz/en/copyright-database 6. resolution plenary of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan “on some issues of application of legislation on compensation for moral damage”. april 7, 2000 y. №7. https://lex.uz/docs/1449507 7. toshkentdagi mashhur restoran toir qo‘ziyevning musiqasidan ruxsatsiz foydalangani uchun 5 million so‘m tovon puli to‘laydigan bo‘ldi. (https://daryo.uz/2022/03/24/toshkentdagi-mashhurrestoran-toir-qoziyevning-musiqasidan-ruxsatsiz-foydalangani-uchun-5-million-som-tovon-pulitolaydigan-boldi/ ) 8. open database on the protection of copyright. https://uzavtor.uz/ru/copyright-database. 9. yuldashov a. intellectual property law policy in uzbekistan //global scientific review. – 2023. – т. 12. – с. 80-85. 10. yuldashov a. intellectual property law policy in uzbekistan //global scientific review. – 2023. – т. 12. – с. 80-85. 11. юлдашов а. а. роль организаций, управляющих имущественными правами на коллективной основе, в обеспечении защиты авторских прав: опыт узбекистана и мира //цифровая среда и политика университетов в сфере интеллектуальной собственности. – 2021. – с. 198-205. 12. юлдашов а. шахсга доир маълумотлар ва муаллифлик ҳуқуқининг ўзаро кесишмаси: ҳуқуқий назария ва амалиёт //юрист ахборотномаси. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 6. – с. 54-60. 13. yuldashov a., usmonov v. copyright protection in uzbekistan by the collective management organizations //miasto przyszłości. – 2022. – т. 25. – с. 185-188. https://lex.uz/ru/docs/6123336 https://lex.uz/docs/180552 https://www.iipa.org/files/uploads/2020/12/2020-iipa-report-final-web.pdf%204 https://www.iipa.org/files/uploads/2020/12/2020-iipa-report-final-web.pdf%204 https://uzavtor.uz/en/copyright-database https://lex.uz/docs/1449507 https://daryo.uz/2022/03/24/toshkentdagi-mashhur-restoran-toir-qoziyevning-musiqasidan-ruxsatsiz-foydalangani-uchun-5-million-som-tovon-puli-tolaydigan-boldi/ https://daryo.uz/2022/03/24/toshkentdagi-mashhur-restoran-toir-qoziyevning-musiqasidan-ruxsatsiz-foydalangani-uchun-5-million-som-tovon-puli-tolaydigan-boldi/ https://daryo.uz/2022/03/24/toshkentdagi-mashhur-restoran-toir-qoziyevning-musiqasidan-ruxsatsiz-foydalangani-uchun-5-million-som-tovon-puli-tolaydigan-boldi/ https://uzavtor.uz/ru/copyright-database st. augustine's just war theory: an analysis of its moral implications in the context of the israel-gaza conflict skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 25, 2024 | version v1 journal article open st. augustine's just war theory: an analysis of its moral implications in the context of the israel-gaza conflict creators dr. john clerk koko dr. bariledum kia files 110-119+st.+augustine’s+just+war+theory+an+analysis+of+its+moral+implications+in+the+context+of+the+israel-gaza+conflict.pdf files (795.6 kb) name size download all 110-119+st.+augustine’s+just+war+theory+an+analysis+of+its+moral+implications+in+the+context+of+the+israel-gaza+conflict.pdf md5:1d50d35cdcc89b65ffe2022e7ad10b0f 795.6 kb preview download 40 views 57 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 40 40 downloads total downloads 57 57 data volume total data volume 51.7 mb 51.7 mb more info on how stats are collected.... versions external 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infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the establishment and management of local/municipal government enterprises and the provision of services on kumba councils ekale clovert epite abstract: the provision of services of good quality and quantity is vital to improve and sustain human life and living standards of the population of any community in cameroon in general and kumba councils in particular. this service ranges from health, education, sports sanitation, electricity, drinking water, toilets to roads. generally, the type of public goods and services and the way services are delivered by local government are frequently changing in the context of delivery. the changes come from technological innovations, scientific innovations, availability of resources and changes emerging both internally and externally, though several attempt has been made to enhance service delivery of local government. the creation of city councils to ease service delivery in the municipality, creation of the ministry of public contract, putting in place a contract board through continuous technical and financial assistance in the kumba councils. despite this measures, service delivery in the kumba municipalities have not improved. thus the main objective is to examine the extent to which the establishment and management of local/municipal government enterprises affects the provision of services within the kumba councils a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed and a descriptive design adopted for the study, constituting inhabitants and mayors of the three councils were selected using a sampling technique. primary data was then collected from these participants using a questionnaire and interviews. though several attempts have been made to enhance service delivery of local government through continuous technical and financial assistance, it is realised that in most cases, the local people where totally excluded from getting public services due to a number of factors ranging from political interference, corruption lack of competition, poor public private partnership, inadequate financial resources. therefore, this also focuses on how councils will overcome these obstacles of service delivery. the major findings of this study is that, local government service in the kumba municipalities implemented several strategies and innovations as developing partnerships with the private sectors and also enhance the public partnership in the service delivery process, but still failed to ensure accountability, efficiency and transparency in service delivery. it is realised that, some of hindrances to the realisation of accountability, efficiency and transparency of local government service provision is that, the councils lack autonomy to bring about a level of efficiency and accountability in their management and provision of services. this includes shortage of competence human resources, political interference, unclear power and functions to provide services, inadequate financial resources and unqualified staffs? the key recommendations is that local governments in cameroon need adequate autonomy that can assist them to be efficient in service delivery. 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduction local or municipal governments are directly responsible for a range of public services. local streets, roads, street lighting, fire and police protection, and neighborhood parks are almost always funded from local taxes, grants from senior governments, and other locally generated revenues. in many countries, local or municipal governments are also responsible for service delivery for which they charge user fees or prices – water, recreation, public transit, and so on. for all municipal services, local government staff and personnel generally share accounting, auditing, and legal services, municipal employees, and capital equipment. as for governance, local councils are responsible for making policy decisions for all services, including the trade-off between spending on one service rather than another. the universe of what constitutes a local business enterprise covers a wide range. there is no single and uniform definition, but it is generally the case that each body or enterprise is responsible for the provision of a marketable good(s) or service(s)—one that has characteristics of a private good and for which a fee or price per unit can be charged. this explains, at least in part, why electricity, water, and public transit are often (but not always) the responsibility of local government enterprises or special-purpose bodies, and why local streets and roads, street lighting, sidewalks, fire protection, and neighborhood parks – services that have characteristics of public goods and for which specific fees or charges per unit cannot be imposed – are the responsibility of local governments themselves. each enterprise generally operates as a separate functioning business entity – sometimes independent of the locally elected council and sometimes under some kind of governing control or affiliation with the locally elected council. each tends to be responsible for only one service (water or electricity or sewer and so on). usually, each body has its own independent or quasi independent (from the local council) governing body that is responsible for all policies affecting the enterprise. each has its own accounting and financial system, frequently has its own work force and capital equipment, and is responsible for monitoring and reporting on its own activities. looking at the constitutional revision of 18th january 1996 constitution, constitutes a major decisive turning point in the decentralisation process of cameroon. the constitution instituted the second category of regional and local authorities known as the regions. in a bid to implement these constitutional reforms, three important laws were passed in 2004. these laws are: law no 2004/17 of 22nd july 2004 on the orientation of decentralisation, law no 2004/18 of 22nd july 2004 laying down rules applicable to regions. with the promulgation of these laws, there was a need to enhance their harmonious implementation. it is in this light that the ministry of territorial administration and decentralization conducted all to ease local government in their provision of services. various studies with the administration of taxes by local authorities being part of the study, this study led to the passing of law no.2009/11 of july 2009/19 of 15 december 2009 0n the local fiscal system. in new zealand, north america, and europe, local government enterprises are responsible for relatively few local services. furthermore, almost all of them are provided in an environment where there are generally no alternatives or no competitors. these services often include one or more of the following: electricity, telephone, water and sewers, municipal airports, and social housing. in other countries, by contrast, local government enterprises are responsible for many more services. a number of them may compete with the private sector. for example, subnational governments in the russian federation have long looked to state enterprises to finance many essential services. in 1992, it was estimated that 40 percent of subnational budgetary outlays in russia came from enterprise contributions (martinez-vasquez 1994). in most one-company towns, the percentage was much higher, sometimes reaching almost 100 percent. at the subnational level in russia, for example, revenues from local enterprises are important because they help finance basic services that might not be funded if left to the local tax base (bahl and wallich 1995). a similar important revenue-generating role for local government enterprises has 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us been reported for colombia (bird 1984). local government enterprises may be separated into those that operate in an environment where there are no competitors and those that openly compete with the private sector. for the former, there is only one supplier – a public sector monopolist. water and sewers in a municipality, for example, are the responsibility of one agency – a separate utility or business enterprise, sometimes under the direct governance of the municipality and sometimes under the governance structure of a special-purpose board or commission that tends to have features and characteristics similar to those of a separate business entity. similarly, electricity is the responsibility of one agency, as is public transit, and so on. furthermore, services with high infrastructure costs such as water, sewers, and electricity have characteristics of a natural monopolist. a natural monopolist is often depicted by local utility services (water, sewers, and natural gas, where it is a municipal responsibility). their predominant characteristic for analytical purposes here is that they exhibit decreasing per unit costs over the entire range of output (economies of scale). others, such as public transit, may not benefit from economies of scale over their entire output (not a natural monopolist) but are, nevertheless, provided in a protected setting. in short, there is no competition for many of these services (electricity, water, and sewers) and limited and indirect competition for others (cars competing with public transit, for instance). for publicly provided goods or services that compete with the private sector, there is the question of whether the public sector should be involved at all. in response, there is no solid economic rationale for public sector provision, although such provision has been defended on the basis of generating revenue for the local government. examples include public sector involvement in bakeries, paint shops, flower shops, sports clubs, mushroom growing, and handicraft businesses in russia (kurlyandskaya, nikolayenko, and golovanova 2001). statement of problem a variety of arguments have been advanced in defense of using a mix of service delivery system for the provision of services in local and national governments in cameroon first, in some countries or some provinces, states, or regions within countries, legislated requirements stipulate that specific services must be the responsibility of a separate body or enterprise, generally under a governing structure called a commission, board, or utility. this is the case for municipal electricity distribution in ontario, canada, where all policy decisions are made by either a private corporation or a municipally appointed board of directors operating at arm’s length and independently of the local council. second, where local governments are free to choose their governing structures for the provision of local goods and services, tradition often plays a role in relying on separate enterprises; that is, it has always been done that way and there is no reason to change. thirdly, looking at the cameroon constitution of january 18th 1996 article 55 (2) which states that the regional and local authorities shall have administrative and financial autonomy and shall be freely administered by elected councils, but the problem is thus the local government have autonomy because according to article 58(1) (2) which states that a government delegate appointed by the president shall represent the state in regions, they shall be responsible for national interest, administrative control, ensuring compliance with laws and regulations as well as maintaining law and order. they shall under the authority of the government supervise and coordinate state services in the region. they shall exercise the supervisory authority of the state over regions (finken 1996) argues that all the resolutions of the council must be approved by the supervisory authorities before they are enforceable. the supervisory powers of the central government agencies over councils are considered so strange to the council efforts in providing essential services to local communities. (ahmad 2005) sited a number of obstacles including the lack of capacities in some national levels of government to exercise responsibility of public services. limited ability to manage public finances and proper accountability 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this efficiency is achieved within the local public sector when all service responsibilities are organized and allocated so that society gets the greatest possible gain from the use of all resources (inputs) at its disposal. in other words, if reliance on local government enterprises leads to the use of fewer resources than would be required if the same service were provided directly by local government, then it would be more efficient to provide the service by a local enterprise because society would be better off collectively. economic efficiency is more than technical efficiency – the latter is a necessary but not sufficient condition for economic efficiency. technical efficiency exists when a producing unit (firm, government, commission) operates in such a way that it is not possible to secure any additional output given the available inputs (labour, material, and capital) and level of technology. in other words, technical efficiency is achieved when the output per unit of input is maximized or the cost per unit of output is minimized. this, it should be noted, is not concerned with whether one good or service generates more or fewer net benefits than another good or service. it simply concentrates on the efficient employment of inputs in the production of a specific good or service in the provision of local public sector services, accountability is achieved when the customer or taxpayer is able to identify who is responsible for what and is able to link the governing unit responsible for the service directly to its funding. but in the case of kumba, the is alote of political influence as the central government suppress the local government services with the creation of the city councils. thereby making the service delivery process very complex. also, there is only one governing unit, taxpayers know who is responsible for what and who to contact if they wish to have an impact on decision making. where there are a number of local governing units responsible for a diverse range of services, customers or taxpayers may become confused as in the case of kumba where the mayors and the government delegate have similar functions and not knowing who is responsible for what and how to have an impact on decision makers. consequently, as scholars of public administration, it becomes compelling to assess the extent to which the mix of service delivery system can be adopted in the provision of service delivery to local communities. also, the extent to which decentralization provide efficient service delivery research questions the research question comprises the main and specific research questions. research question the specific research questions of the study are: to what extent does the establishment and management of enterprises by kumba councils lead to efficient and transparent provision of services? objective assess the link between the establishment and management of local/municipal government enterprises and the provision of services in kumba councils; hypotheses of the study the following are the testable hypotheses of the study: ho: μ = 3.355, i.e. there is a relationship between the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficiency in the provision of services in kumba councils; ho: μ = 3.355, i.e. there is no relationship between the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficiency in the provision of services in kumba councils; background does the public manager face the right incentives for forging appropriate partnership or contractual relationships within and beyond government? what activities or programmers should or could be transferred in whole or part to the private or voluntary sectors? harry kitchen (2005) addresses these questions in the context of local and municipal services. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kitchen argues that municipal services may be delivered in a variety of ways. alternatives ranges from complete public provision to complete private provision to a mix of those forms, including public-private partnerships. for public sector provision, the economic and political arguments in support of independent and autonomous or semi-independent and semiautonomous special purpose bodies instead of city hall are generally weak. such special purpose bodies do not contribute anything unique. their existence creates or has the potential for creating decision making problems and unnecessary costs both for local governments and for local residents. eliminating special purpose bodies and transferring their responsibilities to municipal councils should improve the extent to which local public sector efficiency, accountability, and transparency can be improved. certainly, it would remove the confusion over who is responsible for what and allow local councils to set priorities and to weigh and consider the trade-offs necessary in making decisions on the relative merits of, say, spending on water and sewer systems versus spending on roads and public transit, police and fire agencies, local parks, or other services. although private sector provision of municipal services is generally interpreted as contracting out or entering into public-private partnerships, it also includes the use of franchises, grants for specific services or functions, vouchers, volunteers, and self-help and private non-profit agencies. privatization does not mean that governments should forgo ownership of municipal services. indeed, they should retain the right to set standards and specify conditions and should generally retain overall responsibility through the use of contractual arrangements. the private sector’s role is to deliver services according to the specifications and conditions laid out by government. kitchen states that there are a number of studies at the municipal level that compare the cost of delivering services in the public sector to the cost of delivering services in the private sector. in each study, the cost comparison is between local government provision and provision through contracting out to the private sector. in virtually all cases, significant per unit cost savings have been observed for private sector provision. those savings, it is argued, are due to competitive forces that are present in private sector delivery but are generally absent in public sector delivery. kitchen argues that, overwhelming as the empirical evidence may be, it has not silenced some critics. perhaps the strongest criticism has come from public sector unions, which feel particularly vulnerable because of possible job losses and reduced bargaining power. on the other hand, contracting out has the potential for increasing management’s flexibility in managing manpower; for increasing productivity, especially if incentives are built into payment schemes; for increasing a manager’s ability to hire specialized expertise when needed; and for lowering the public sector’s payroll costs. although there has been relatively limited discussion and application of the role of franchises, grants, vouchers, volunteers, self-help programs, and private non-profit agencies in delivering public services, those instruments or organizations may become important in the future, especially if governments reduce or discontinue some services. similarly, there is increasing evidence that public-private partnerships will grow in importance. kitchen concludes that the debate about the future of private sector delivery of public services will continue. there will be advocates for greater privatization as well as critics. in reality, however, political pressure to reduce government expenditures and reduce or restrict increases of tax and user fee will force governments to resort to private sector delivery, in one form or another, for a variety of what are currently referred to as municipal services. in fact, this movement is even legislated or mandated in some countries. the question whether a local government enterprise performs a service delivery role or function that cannot be performed at all or cannot be performed as efficiently by the local government (local or municipal council) directly has been subject to contention. using the criteria listed above, some light may be shed on this question. at the outset, it is asserted that the best and most 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us socially desirable governing structure is achieved when locally elected councillors have decisionmaking responsibility for all local goods and services regardless of how they are delivered (for a discussion of the importance of distinguishing between decision making or governance and service delivery, see savas, 1987, chapter 6; osborne and gaebler, 1992; kolderie, 1986; wunsch, 1991; ostrom, schroeder, and wynne, 1993; batley, 2001; freire and stren, 1994; and world bank, 1994. perhaps this is illustrated best by pointing out a variety of problems – real and potential – that frequently emerge when some local public sector decision-making powers are the responsibility of local government enterprises. for example, if a local government enterprise can make policy decisions and has funding control over specific goods and services, and if it operates independently or semi-independently of the locally elected council that is responsible for a range of other goods and services, there is less incentive or possibility that local public sector efficiency, transparency, and accountability will be achieved. as well, if additional resources and time are wasted on reaching agreements and coordinating policies between these competing governing units, the system will be more expensive to administer than it should be. as noted earlier, support for local government enterprises rests, partially at least, on the assertion that individuals appointed or elected to an enterprise’s governing board can govern more efficiently and effectively than locally elected politicians, who are responsible for a range of local public sector goods and services. these services, it is argued, must be kept free from political interference. this approach to municipal government as basically corrupt and unrepresentative of consumer demands, however, is a poor principle upon which to organize municipal service responsibility. furthermore, arguments supporting removal from politics seem to be an attempt to substitute special politics for general politics, or a withdrawal from the struggle to change the political decisions of the community. and if politics is understood in the pejorative sense of partisan or personal patronage and influence, the independence of local government enterprises does not guarantee freedom from spoils but rather opens possibilities for methods of self-enrichment of their own. technical specialists in many functions and their respective supporting groups of citizens may believe that their function is so important to the general welfare and the methods involved so technical that their objectives can be accomplished only if they are protected against interference by non-professionals (bird 1980). practical politics, however, involves compromise in the decision-making process. experts and special interest groups should be available for advice on such decision making, but they need not be responsible for policy. in cases in which the proponents of an activity find the existing political situation distasteful, the tempting alternative of avoiding involvement must be resisted in favour of seeking basic political improvements. another dubious contention by advocates of local government enterprises is their assertion that funding specific goods and services from user fees or charges or through public sector prices is more business-like, and therefore preferred, if conducted by an independent or semi-independent business enterprise rather than if funded in the same manner but under the governance of a locally elected council. such an argument overlooks the essentially political nature of decision making with regard to many services supported in whole or in part by user charges or public sector prices. there is no reason why a user-supported service cannot be operated on a businesslike and self-sustaining basis under a department at city hall. the existence of a number of independent and semi-independent enterprises complicates local government to the point where citizens cannot understand its structure or determine who is responsible for what. the weakening of the municipal council through the removal of some responsibilities, combined with the inability of citizens to understand government (who is responsible for what), results in a loss of accountability, a lack of transparency, and reduced public interest in local government. as the municipal organization becomes more diffuse it becomes less accessible to political control. also, the agencies into which local government is fragmented are often only indirectly responsible to the public, particularly if their members are appointed. fragmentation of government into separate enterprises further complicates the 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us problems of administrative integration and coordination. bringing all governance and policy-making decisions for local enterprises under the governing responsibility of the local council (day-to-day management should be left to the managers, regardless of the governing structure) has been criticized, however, because local politicians in some countries apparently use these enterprises as places of employment for relatives, friends, and cronies. if governing responsibilities for enterprise operations were left with local enterprises, it has been suggested that these potentially inefficient and unfair employment practices could be minimized. there are at least two reasons why this might not be true. first, there is nothing inherent in either the governing structure of a local government enterprise or local council operation to suggest that either agency is more or less susceptible to this type of employment abuse. second, where this is a problem, its resolution should involve the implementation of fair, effective, and transparent employment policies that prevent this kind of nepotistic behaviour. of the enterprises that exist, many enjoy considerable autonomy and financial independence. in fact, there is a tendency for them to become little governments in themselves with the inherent characteristic that they are independent and in no way subordinate to the elected municipal politicians. this can lead to an environment over which residents and taxpayers have little control and which is, hence, politically inefficient. for those that are funded partially by grants or local taxes, there is often no direct link between the policy-making body (that is, the body making the expenditure decisions) and the revenues (local taxes) that are collected by municipal councils and must be used to fund the agencies. whenever expenditure and revenue decisions such as these are made independently, the system is likely to be less accountable or transparent (for a discussion of the importance of this linkage between revenues and expenditures, see bossons, kitchen, and slack, 1993) and unable to allocate its resources efficiently across all competing municipal services. when agencies are fully funded from sales of their output, there is greater likelihood that they will become independent and more removed from the governing decisions of the local council. when a large number of independent single-purpose enterprises exist, coordination of interrelated activities is difficult and, in some instances, impossible to achieve (kitchen 1989). attempts by locally elected politicians to provide services are frequently thwarted or made more difficult because of decisions made by these independent enterprises over which the politicians have little, if any, control. for example, actions taken by electrical utilities, water and sewer utilities, and public transit authorities may conflict with the council’s overall planning effort. this institutional structure, which may be referred to as a localized monopoly, creates a potential impediment to the pursuit of competitive forces if municipal councils are prevented from making all decisions affecting the local municipality in the most accountable, transparent, and efficient manner. this may happen, for example, when a municipality defers all decisions on spending and funding until a local government enterprise has determined its level of spending and funding. for example, a decision by a separate water utility (enterprise) to replace or rehabilitate a water line or sewer main (underground services) may affect a municipality’s timing for resurfacing or improving a local road or street (aboveground services). this, is turn, may affect the way in which the municipality allocates its resources to other municipal services (in terms of both timing and its choice of competing alternatives). information was gathered from interviews with municipal officials in ontario. similar results have been observed for school board and police spending (both are under governing structures that are independent of the municipal council) in ontario, where the expenditure decisions and ensuing property tax requirements of these two independent local bodies frequently crowd out municipal expenditures over which the municipal council has control. crowding out, it is argued, occurs because municipal councils are reluctant to raise property taxes (for municipal expenditures) and incur the wrath of local citizens if expenditure decisions of school boards and police boards have resulted in higher property taxes for their specific services. see tassonyi and locke (1994) and knapton (1993). similarly, if a decision by a local enterprise to borrow in order to finance the rehabilitation or provision of new 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capital infrastructure crowds out or inhibits the local council’s ability to borrow for other capital projects (perhaps because of debt limits), then resources are not allocated efficiently. in general, where municipal councils are directly responsible for a service, there tends to be greater pressure toward public accountability (kitchen 1975) and political responsibility. greater public accountability leads in turn to greater pressure to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and justify expenditure increases. the results of kitchen (1976) indicated that the costs of supplying water through a separate water utility or enterprise were significantly higher than the costs of supplying it by a department directly responsible to the municipal council. when compared with governance under a municipal council, most enterprises are free from the limelight of major municipal elections and consequently further removed from these important political pressures. an important source of economies available to operations run by a municipal council and often not available to single-purpose enterprises comes from the opportunity for certain personnel, facilities, and capital equipment to be engaged in multiple functions. first, municipally provided services may share office space at city hall, whereas separate enterprises are generally established in separate buildings. second, a municipally governed service easily shares administrative and operational tasks with other departments at city hall (for example, accounting and legal services), whereas separate enterprise operations tend to set up their own administrative and operational facilities. in the latter structure, economies of scale and cost savings are less likely to be achieved than in the former structure. third, opportunities exist for pooling capital equipment and labour in city-governed operations. doing so permits a reduction in idle hours for capital and labour through the opportunity to transfer equipment and personnel to different functions as needs arise. as with many of its departments, city hall can achieve economies of scale in the use of unspecialized personnel and equipment. this source of savings is more important for smaller municipalities than for larger ones, because the smallerscale operations are much more likely to encounter indivisibilities in capital and labour inputs. local government enterprises, however, have a tendency to acquire a separate complement of labour and equipment. these inputs are not used, as a rule, for other municipal government functions. in many instances, especially for capital equipment, there is considerable downtime and lack of use of some of the capital equipment (kitchen 1975; for a more recent illustration and discussion, see armstrong and kitchen, 1997, 134–39). economic theory approach in economic theory, public–private partnerships have been studied through the lens of contract theory. the first theoretical study on ppps was conducted by oliver hart (2003). from an economic theory perspective, what distinguishes a ppp from traditional public procurement of infrastructure services is that in the case of ppps, the building and operating stages are bundled. hence, the private firm has strong incentives in the building stage to make investments with regard to the operating stage. these investments can be desirable but may also be undesirable (e.g., when the investments not only reduce operating costs but also reduce service quality). hence, there is a trade-off, and it depends on the particular situation whether a ppp or traditional procurement is preferable. hart's model has been extended in several directions. for instance, authors have studied various externalities between the building and operating stages (bennett, john; iossa, elisabetta, 2006: 2143–2160), insurance when firms are risk-averse (iossa, elisabetta; martimort, david, 2012: 442–474), and implications of ppps for incentives to innovate and gather information (hoppe, eva i.; schmitz, patrick w., 2013: 56–74). clarence n. stone frames public–private partnerships as "governing coalitions". in regime politics governing atlanta 1946–1988, he specifically analyses the "crosscurrents in coalition mobilization". government coalitions are revealed as susceptible to a number of problems, primarily corruption and conflicts of interest. this slippery slope is generally created by a lack of sufficient oversight (stone, clarence n., 1989: 148–1). corruption and conflicts of interest, in this case, lead to costs of opportunism; other costs related to p3s are production and bargaining costs (cardenas, i.; voordijk, h; geert, d., 2017: 432–450). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/economic_theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/contract_theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/contract_theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oliver_hart_(economist) 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the study was carried out in the south west region. it has six divisions namely fako, meme, ndian, manyu, lebialem and kupe maniguba. it has a number of sub divisions. all the activities are coordinated by the regional headquarter. this study was carried out in the kumba council’s area. the kumba councils where created in 2007, decree no 2007/177 of 24th april 2007 creating sub-divisional council’s services and it is divided into three councils, that is, the kumba i, ii and iii council’s area. this area is presently hosting many institutions and corporations, such as the httc kumba, the catholic university institute annex, the rhema bible school and the main economic activity in the area is farming, and the cdc, cameroon development corporation in mbonge. the kumba council area was created in 2007, to ease service provision of the division, with the councils located in the south west region. this study takes a period of 15years. (2004-2015) to be able to evaluate the level of accountability, efficiency and this study employed the case study design because it will give special attention to the opinions of several key actors and it will enable us to understand the overall context and challenges in the specified councils the target population in this study was the entire population of the kumba council’s area in the meme division has employed 360 personnel’s estimated in 2018. a sample will be drawn from this population and they will constitute the sample size (respondents/participants) of the study. a sample size of 360 employees from the three councils in the meme division was used and the selection was done using the random sampling technique. in addition, 15 chief of services were selected using the purpose sampling method, for interview. the data collection instrument used was a structured questionnaire because structured questionnaires are extremely flexible and could be used to gather information concerning almost any topic, from a larger or small number of people. the questionnaires were divided into four sections. section a collected basic demographic information regarding the respondents such as gender, age, level of education; section b collected information on the issues tested and comprised closed-ended questions such as the feelings of employee loyalty in relation to council’s service provision in the areas of accountability, efficiency and transparency in the provisions of services by councils. this included the application of the new laws and regulations of councils. using a fivepoint likert scale of strongly agree (5) agree (4) disagree (3) strongly disagree (2) and neutral (1). the respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with various statements raised. questionnaires were earlier designed and pretested to see whether they can collect the necessary data to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the study. secondary data was also obtained through review of literature related to the study purpose. both primary and secondary sources of data were sourced. primary data were generated through questionnaires with semi structure and structure questions. in addition, an interview guide will be prepared to assist in guiding the researcher during the field work. the preparation of the questionnaires and interview guides will be done with the assistance of a supervisor to ensure that it conforms to the research objectives. instruments like tape recorder and camera will be used where necessary to capture evidences to support the proposition of the study. observation will also be employed a way of sourcing for data. quantitative data collected from the field were presented in tables and charts and analyses through descriptive and inferential statistics. qualitative data was thematically presented us following the themes running in the research questions adopting qualitative content analysis. findings the findings of this study is presented based on the research question under investigation 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the provision of services table 1: to provide a variety of services to the public, the council is expected to establish and manage enterprises such as the transport bus service, hospitals and others s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 98 49 2 agree 74 37 3 disagree 18 9 4 strongly disagree 8 4 5 no opinion 2 1 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 when asked if to provide a variety of services to the public, the council is expected to establish and manage enterprises such as the transport bus service, hospitals and others, 49% and 37% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 9% disagree and 4 strongly disagree, and 1% did not have an opinion. table 2: managing such enterprises in competition with the private sector would tend to increase efficiency and increase the revenue base of councils s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 68 34 2 agree 90 45 3 disagree 16 8 4 strongly disagree 14 7 5 no opinion 12 6 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 0 10 20 30 40 50 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 1 to provide a variety of services to the public, the council is expected to establish and manage enterprises such as the transport bus service, hospitals and others 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when asked if managing such enterprises in competition with the private sector would tend to increase efficiency and increase the revenue base of councils, 34% and 45% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 8% disagree and 7 strongly disagree, and 6% did not have an opinion. table 3: individuals appointed or elected to a council enterprise’s governing board can govern more efficiently and effectively than locally elected politicians, who are responsible for a range of local public sector goods and services s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 52 26 2 agree 70 35 3 disagree 44 22 4 strongly disagree 26 13 5 no opinion 8 4 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 0 10 20 30 40 50 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 2: managing such enterprises in competition with the private sector would tend to increase efficiency and increase the revenue base of councils 26 35 22 13 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 3: individuals appointed or elected to a council enterprise’s governing board can govern more efficiently and effectively than locally elected politicians, who are responsible for a range of local public sector goods and services 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when asked if individuals appointed or elected to a council enterprise’s governing board can govern more efficiently and effectively than locally elected politicians, who are responsible for a range of local public sector goods and services, 26% and 35% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 22% disagree and 13% strongly disagree, and 4% did not have an opinion. table 4: providing services through local council enterprises must be kept free from political interference. state your opinion. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 98 49 2 agree 58 29 3 disagree 20 10 4 strongly disagree 18 9 5 no opinion 6 3 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 when asked if providing services through local council enterprises must be kept free from political interference, 49% and 29% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 10% disagree and 9strongly disagree, and 3% did not have an opinion. table 5: technical specialists in many functions at the council enterprise and their respective supporting groups of citizens believe that their function is so important to the general welfare and the methods involved so technical that their objectives can be accomplished only if they are protected against interference by non-professionals. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 56 28 2 agree 88 44 3 disagree 26 13 4 strongly disagree 12 6 5 no opinion 18 9 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 0 10 20 30 40 50 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 4 providing services through local council enterprises must be kept free from political interference 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when asked if technical specialists in many functions at the council enterprise and their respective supporting groups of citizens believe that their function is so important to the general welfare and the methods involved so technical that their objectives can be accomplished only if they are protected against interference by non-professionals, 28% and 44% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 13% disagree and 6% strongly disagree, and 9% did not have an opinion. table 6: experts and special interest groups should be available for advice on decision making in the council enterprise, but they need not be responsible for policy. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 70 35 2 agree 92 46 3 disagree 22 11 4 strongly disagree 4 2 5 no opinion 12 6 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 when asked if experts and special interest groups should be available for advice on decision making in the council enterprise, but they need not be responsible for policy, 35% and 46% 0 10 20 30 40 50 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 5: technical specialists in many functions at the council enterprise and their respective supporting groups of citizens believe that their function is so important to the general welfare and the methods involved so technical that their objectives 0 10 20 30 40 50 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 6: experts and special interest groups should be available for advice on decision making in the council enterprise, but they need not be responsible for policy 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 11% disagree and 2% strongly disagree, and 6% did not have an opinion. table 7: funding specific goods and services from user fees or charges or through public sector prices is more business-like, and therefore preferred, if conducted by an independent or semi-independent business enterprise rather than if funded in the same manner but under the governance of a locally elected council. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 40 20 2 agree 74 37 3 disagree 48 24 4 strongly disagree 18 9 5 no opinion 20 10 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 when asked if funding specific goods and services from user fees or charges or through public sector prices is more business-like, and therefore preferred, if conducted by an independent or semi-independent business enterprise rather than if funded in the same manner but under the governance of a locally elected council, 20% and 37% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 24% disagree and 9% strongly disagree, and 10% did not have an opinion. table 8: when agencies are fully funded from sales of their output, there is greater likelihood that they will become independent and more removed from the governing decisions of the local council. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 66 33 2 agree 74 37 3 disagree 28 14 4 strongly disagree 16 8 5 no opinion 16 8 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 20 37 24 9 10 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 7: funding specific goods and services from user fees or charges or through public sector prices is more business-like, and therefore preferred, if conducted by an independent or semi-independent business enterprise rather than if funded in the s 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when asked if when agencies are fully funded from sales of their output, there is greater likelihood that they will become independent and more removed from the governing decisions of the local council, 33% and 37% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 14% disagree and 8% strongly disagree, and 8% did not have an opinion. table 9: when a large number of independent single-purpose enterprises exist, coordination of inter-related activities is difficult and, in some instances, impossible to achieve. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 36 18 2 agree 78 39 3 disagree 54 27 4 strongly disagree 14 7 5 no opinion 18 9 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 when asked if when a large number of independent single-purpose enterprises exist, coordination of inter-related activities is difficult and, in some instances, impossible to achieve, 18% and 39% respondents strongly agree and agree respectively while 27% disagree and 7% strongly disagree, and 9% did not have an opinion. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 7 : when agencies are fully funded from sales of their output, there is greater likelihood that they will become independent and more removed from the governing decisions of the local council 0 10 20 30 40 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 8: when a large number of independent single-purpose enterprises exist, coordination of inter-related activities is difficult and, in some instances, impossible to achieve 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 10: the weakening of the municipal council through the removal of some responsibilities, combined with the inability of citizens to understand government (who is responsible for what), results in a loss of accountability, a lack of transparency, and reduced public interest in local government. s. n.o opinion frequency percent (%) 1 strongly agree 114 57 2 agree 56 28 3 disagree 14 7 4 strongly disagree 6 3 5 no opinion 10 5 total 200 100 source: field survey, 2019 when asked if the weakening of the municipal council through the removal of some responsibilities, combined with the inability of citizens to understand government (who is responsible for what), results in a loss of accountability, a lack of transparency, and reduced public interest in local government 57% and 28% respondents employees strongly agree and agree respectively while 7% disagree and 3% strongly disagree, and 5% did not have an opinion. hypothesis 1: the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficient provision of services in kumba i, ii, & iii councils step 1 state the hypothesis ho: μ = 42.312, and h1: μ ≠ 42.312 (claim) step 2 find the critical value since α = 0.001 and df = (r -1) (c – 1) = (3-1) (10 -1) = 18. thus the critical value is 42.312 step 3 compute the test value table 11: the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficient provision of services in kumba i, ii, & iii councils questions sa a d sd n total 1 98 74 18 8 2 200 2 68 90 16 14 12 200 3 52 70 44 26 8 200 4 98 58 20 18 6 200 5 56 88 26 12 18 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 strongly agree agree disagree strongly disagree no opinion figure 9: the weakening of the municipal council through the removal of some responsibilities, combined with the inability of citizens to understand government (who is responsible for what), results in a loss of accountability, a lack of transparency, 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6 70 92 22 4 12 200 7 40 74 48 18 20 200 8 66 74 28 16 16 200 9 36 78 54 14 18 200 10 114 56 14 6 10 200 total 698 754 290 136 122 2000 % 34.9 37.7 14.5 6.8 6.1 100 source: field survey, 2019 4.3.1 weighting of responses key: sa = 5; a = 4; d = 3; sd = 2; n = 1. table 12: the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficient provision of services in kumba i, ii, & iii councils questions sa a d sd n total 1 490 296 54 16 2 858 2 340 360 48 28 12 788 3 260 280 132 52 8 732 4 490 232 60 36 6 824 5 280 352 78 24 18 752 6 350 368 66 8 12 804 7 200 296 144 36 20 696 8 330 296 84 32 16 758 9 180 312 486 28 18 1024 10 570 224 42 12 10 858 total 3490 3016 1194 272 122 8094 source: field survey, 2019 8114 table 13: classified weighted responses on the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficient provision of services in kumba i, ii, & iii councils (observed frequencies) questions mostly agreed mostly disagreed neutral total 1 786 70 2 858 2 700 76 12 788 3 540 184 8 732 4 722 96 6 824 5 632 102 18 752 6 718 74 12 804 7 496 180 20 696 8 626 116 16 758 9 494 514 18 1024 10 794 54 10 858 total 6506 1466 122 8094 source: field survey, 2019 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 14: classified weighted responses on the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficient provision of services in kumba i, ii, & iii councils (expected frequencies) questions mostly agreed mostly disagreed neutral total 1 690 155 13 858 2 633 143 12 788 3 588 133 11 732 4 662 149 13 824 5 804 136 12 752 6 646 146 12 804 7 559 126 11 696 8 609 137 12 758 9 823 185 16 1024 10 670 155 13 858 total 6506 1466 122 8094 source: field survey, 2019 cell fo fe fo – fe (fo – fe)2 (fo – fe)2/fe r1c1 786 690 90 9216 13.657 r1c2 70 155 -85 7225 46.613 r1c3 2 13 -11 121 9.308 r2c1 700 633 67 4489 7.092 r2c2 76 143 -67 4489 31.392 r2c3 12 12 0 0 0 r3c1 540 588 -48 2304 3.919 r3c2 184 133 51 2601 19.556 r3c3 8 11 -3 9 0.818 r4c1 722 662 60 3600 5.438 r4c2 96 149 -53 2809 18.852 r4c3 6 11 -5 25 2.273 r5c1 632 804 -172 29584 36.796 r5c2 102 136 -34 1156 8.500 r5c3 18 12 6 35 3.000 r6c1 718 646 72 45184 8.025 r6c2 74 146 -72 5184 35.507 r6c3 12 12 0 0 0 r7c1 496 559 -63 3969 7.100 r7c2 180 126 54 2916 23.143 r7c3 20 11 9 81 7.364 r8c1 626 609 17 289 0.477 r8c2 116 137 -21 441 3.219 r8c3 16 12 4 16 1.333 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us r9c1 494 823 -329 108241 131.520 r9c2 514 185 329 108241 585.086 r9c3 18 16 2 4 0.250 r10c1 794 670 124 15367 22.949 r10c2 54 155 -101 10201 65.813 r10c3 10 13 -3 9 0.692 x2 = 1,099.692 step 4 make the decision do not reject the hypothesis, since the test value falls in the non-critical region. 1,099.692> 42.312 step 5 summarise the result there is not enough evidence to support the claim that there is no relationship between the establishment and management of local government enterprises and the efficiency in the provision of services in kumba i, ii, & iii councils. conclusion based on the adherence to accountability and transparency in the efficient delivery of services in the kumba councils, the implementation of reforms in the council sector management in the country and efficient service delivery in the kumba i, ii and iii. the reforms must take a problem-solving approach by viewing different public service reforms. the decentralization must encourage bottom-up approach of decision-making and programme implementation, as well as active participation of citizens. also, based on the challenges to council sector management and efficient service delivery in the kumba municipalities. corruption is considered a serious problem affecting local government service delivery within the country, leading to poor governance in service delivery and impeding development. the ineffective participation of workers for the efficient delivery of services to the public is due to the lack of vigilance in monitoring those charged with rendering these services and the difficulty of creating a sense of responsibility among them, duplication of functions, political interference. there is also inadequate participation of the public officials in decisions that affect them, and the poor responsiveness of public officials; lack of awareness of citizens’ rights and the responsibilities of workers; lack of awareness of citizens’ rights and lack of democracy and accountability in the exercise of functions; the poor sense of exercise of responsibility; and that the duplication of responsibility in the councils and the incompetence of the officials in the councils are all considered challenges to efficient delivery of service to the public in the kumba municipality recommendations the worker of the councils must continue to understand that service delivery to society is collective responsibility and that they all owe the public a duty for efficient delivery of services; 1. they are expected to be creative and innovative in their approaches if they hope to deliver tangible services to society; 2. for the officials to create new activities and new opportunities that can be profitable to the people they serve, they need to be guided by the desires for service; 3. they must also be guided by the desire to fulfil government’s responsibility towards ensuring constitutional rights for all people; 4. they need to understand that efficient services to the public has been incorporated in major human rights apparatuses, and this implies that the cameroon government has to respect 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these instruments through the offer of efficient service delivery that the government had ratified; 5. they should understand that the country’s governance policies not only emphasize those principles but demonstrates that such principles are indivisible to democratic exercises and promotion of living standards of the people; 6. they should understand that good governance practices are critical to effective public administration and public service delivery; 7. they should understand that the principles of public participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, accountability and decentralisation of services must be met; 8. they should understand that organized civil society must play a crucial role in decentralized governance arrangements by holding workers more accountable for the efficient delivery of service; and that similarly, 9. they should understand that the governance practices must be people-centred to ensure equitably sharing of public resources and effective service delivery. biblography 1. armstrong, w. douglas, and harry kitchen. 1997. “peterborough county/city municipal review.” report prepared for the joint restructuring committee of the city and county of peterborough, on. 2. bahl, roy, and christine i. wallich. 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(1991).“institutional analysis and decentralization: developing an analytical framework for effective third world administration reform.” public administration and development 11 (5): 431–52. 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of social technologies in improving the efficiency of the service sector: pros and cons mirzaeva shirin nodirovna independent researcher, assistant-teacher of the department of real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: mirzayeva.shirin.nodirovna@gmail.com author's contacts: +998905020271 xushvakov jahongir asliddin ugli student in-group ik-1020, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan ortiqov farmonboy raxmon ugli "economy (by industries and sectors)" student studying in the specialty at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: farmonboyortiqov1@gmail.com author's contacts: +99899 771 45 05 mexriddinov fahriddin asqar ugli "economy (by industries and sectors)" student studying in the specialty at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: fahriddinmexriddinov@gmail.com author's contacts: +99899 136 35 73 annotation. social technologies play an important role in improving the efficiency of the service sector. by analyzing and applying various social platforms, analytics and communication tools, companies and organizations can improve the quality of service, optimize customer experience management processes, and increase customer satisfaction. using social technologies, it is possible to create more personalized services, improve customer interaction, increase the speed of responding to requests and feedback, which ultimately contributes to business growth and competitiveness in the market. keywords: functioning, automation, digitalization, social technologies, technologies, social processes, management process, management efficiency, service sector, process optimization. introduction social technologies play an important role in the modern world, increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the service sector. with the development of digital tools and online platforms, mailto:mirzayeva.shirin.nodirovna@gmail.com mailto:farmonboyortiqov1@gmail.com mailto:fahriddinmexriddinov@gmail.com 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the provision of services has become more accessible and convenient for both consumers and suppliers. these technologies help to optimize processes, improve communication between the parties, increase the speed of service delivery and improve the quality of service. in this context, the study and application of social technologies becomes a key factor for successful activities in the service sector, contributing to the growth of competitiveness and customer satisfaction. changes in the social and economic spheres have put russia in front of the need to learn to live in new conditions. the institute of service plays an important role in ensuring a high level of human potential development, since it is in its space and with its direct participation that the most important characteristics of human existence are formed. the service sector serves as a powerful factor in generating and realizing human needs at all levels, and their importance to the individual, combined with a social and humanistic orientation, makes services an effective means of socialization of the individual [1]. development experience: most countries confirm that the underdevelopment of the service sector slows down the process of development of a modern person as an employee, personality, citizen and family man. high "savings" on services result in large losses in the material production itself, complicates the implementation of the human factor from the perspective of the "human capital" model. these losses can be felt in a sharp drop in the general culture and spirituality of society; loss of working time due to illness, fatigue, discomfort, psychological tension, etc. all this has an effect on reducing the possibilities of realizing the creative, intellectual potential of a person as the main productive force of modern society. many scientists, emphasizing the specifics of the institute of service in modern russian society, consider the institute of service to be a fundamental sector of social production and the most important social subsystem of society and the state, based on a new vector of development based on the explicit priority of rational choice of the individual. the emergence and development of the civilizational approach led to the emergence of a new scientific paradigm modernization (transformation) of society. the current established civilizational approach is open to understanding change. here there is an opportunity for subordination of the material and spiritual, inclusion in the analysis of the influence of the socio-cultural component on economic life. many researchers rightly point out that the change in priorities of social development, the predominance of the personal component in the formation of the economic basis and social wealth, the increasing role and share of the immaterial, intellectual, creative, spiritual, its formation in the concept of a civilizational approach provide the basis for the development of the service sector [2]. it is advisable to consider the formation of the service sector and its penetration into various areas of society's life as a progressive and universal process of restructuring in the field of employment due to the increasing pace of development and improvement of its infrastructure, providing both services for all types of life activities of a particular person (services of an individual orientation), including services that are provided from society as a whole (education, culture, art, science, healthcare, etc.) [3]. analysis and results social technologies play a key role in the modern world, increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the service sector. they provide faster and more convenient interaction between service providers and consumers, improve the quality of service and help optimize processes. it is important to note several aspects that emphasize the importance of social technologies in this area: 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. improved communication: social technologies facilitate communication between customers and representatives of the service sector. they allow you to quickly respond to requests, provide information about products or services, and receive feedback from consumers. 2. personalization of services: thanks to social technologies, companies can adapt their services to the specific needs of customers. analyzing data and behavioral patterns allows you to create personalized offers. 3. process optimization: the use of social technologies helps to automate routine tasks, simplifying the processes of ordering, payment and delivery of services. this increases work efficiency and reduces costs. 4. development of online platforms: the creation of online platforms for ordering services and consultations helps to increase the availability of services for customers. this is especially important in the context of remote work and remote maintenance. 5. data analysis and forecasting: using social technologies, companies can analyze data on consumer demand, predict market trends and adapt their strategies to changing conditions. thus, social technologies play an important role in improving the efficiency of the service sector, providing better customer service, optimizing processes and developing innovations in this area. important conditions for the development of the service sector are the training of highly qualified personnel, investment in the development of the socio-cultural sphere. after all, investments in humans are the most effective, since they strengthen human potential — the most important factor of economic progress. if we group all countries according to the level of economic development, they will be located in direct dependence on the quality of human potential. moreover, the pace of scientific and technological progress, the level of organization, culture and labor productivity are derived from human potential. therefore, strategically, investments in a person have the highest return. social technologies play a huge role in this process a set of sequential actions aimed at an object of social reality and aimed at transferring this object from one state to another, or preserving the state of this object. anyone has knowledge and with the help of technology we can translate this knowledge into words, organize words into sentences, and sentences into related text. it is very important that the language be formalized, since all people understand and perceive information in different ways, and it is necessary that the understanding be adequate. the social essence of a person contributes to the performance of activity, knowledge improves activity, and activity improves knowledge, knowledge is transformed into skill, skill into skills. thus, technology is a set of techniques and methods for obtaining processing or processing of raw materials, semi–finished products, products, it is a description of production processes in the form of implementation instructions, technological rules, requirements (maps, graphs). with the help of technology, not only raw materials are transformed, but also people are transformed (improved). in the 70-80's of the twentieth century. social technologies began to be considered as a set of knowledge about the ways and means of organizing social processes or a means of regulating the vital activity of a labor collective, optimizing relationships, improving an object, namely human behavior, correcting his consciousness. the peculiarity of social technologies is that their object is social processes in various modifications. these are technologies of people's self-expression, self-realization of their intellectual qualities. social technologies are closely related to mentality (way of thinking). today, the most humanitarian technologists are the japanese. the japanese use a creative approach to recognizing staff skills, invest money in education, intelligence and use it effectively. 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these technologies are based on managerial pedagogy, ethics, rhetoric, etc. using social technologies in practice requires deep knowledge and practical skills. social technologies are a special kind of professional activity, since it is difficult to formalize humanitarian knowledge (accurately describe love, hate), i.e. translate into the language of formulas, symbols for better perception. the types of social technologies differ depending on which spheres of public life they are implemented in: the economic, political, social or spiritual sphere. conclusions and suggestions in the economic sphere, social technologies are aimed at solving social problems of work, such as assessing the efficiency and potential of each person, the intellectual development of his work (in order to work better and more profitably), and the development of managerial qualities of personnel. in the social sphere, social technologies are aimed at social justice (the measure of labor should correspond to the measure of consumption), work should be rewarded on merit. social processes, if they are controlled, bring profit. economic capital will increase significantly if we use the tools of social technologies. in the context of dynamic social changes in the world practice of management, an innovative method of mastering social space its technologization is increasingly being approved. social technologies act as an intellectual knowledge-intensive resource, the use of which allows not only to study and predict various social changes, but also to actively influence practical life, to obtain an effective predictable social result. since the meaning of social technologies lies in their conscious application to social reality, the essence and purpose of any social technology is to optimize the management process, make it more technologically advanced, excluding those types of activities and operations that are not necessary to obtain a social result. therefore, the use of technologies in the service sector is the main resource that allows reducing management costs and increasing the effectiveness of managerial influence [4]. summarizing the above, we note that economic growth is, first of all, a positive dynamic in the system of economic relations, and, above all, in the social and labor sphere. the development of social technologies in this area is especially relevant for russia, which is undergoing a revolutionary process of restructuring economic relations. among domestic employers and entrepreneurs, it is certainly necessary to form a cultural need for the functioning of social technologies in relation to the employee. such technologies should include: a humanistic attitude towards the employee, which is guided by his selfish needs; when introducing technological processes into the production of services, mandatory priority creation of necessary working conditions for each employee; social control of the employee's life outside of production activities. there is no doubt that the one who gets the most is the one who produces a ready-made new product that best meets the individual needs of customers, who uses innovations in food processing technology and the production of services. the implementation of these innovative projects depends, in turn, on the depth of the introduction of social technologies into economic relations between employers and 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122-125. 85. ugli a. a. i. quality and competitiveness of services in the tourism market //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 12. – с. 145-148. 220 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation: the experience of some european countries and canada kenjaev timur isomovich senior lecturer, independent applicant law enforcement academy of the republic of uzbekistan, doctor of law (phd) annotation: this paper examines the existing mechanisms for detecting and eliminating corruptogenic norms in some european countries, as well as canada. examples of the use of the well-known term “anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation”, as well as the lack of its application, which does not exclude the use of anti-corruption expertise mechanisms in the framework of other procedures of the rule-making process, are described. the author considers the positive experience of some countries (moldova, lithuania and canada), the norms of which are proposed to be implemented in national legislation. in particular, the multilevel systems of "filtering" of developed projects, in which both state organizations and the non-state sector take part, deserve special attention. also, a positive experience is the well-established system of joint work and close interaction between state bodies authorized to conduct anti-corruption expertise of draft regulations, with public organizations representing the interests of the population of certain territories or other persons. at the same time, the opinions of foreign experts are given regarding certain issues in the field of anti-corruption expertise, as well as on the fundamental issues of applying the concept of "anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation" in general. at the same time, the opinion of the author regarding the studied topics and the presented work is given. keywords: combating corruption, european countries, anti-corruption expertise, projects, legislation, policy, reforms, corruption-inducing norms, government organizations, public associations. introduction. the specifics of the ongoing anti-corruption policy in europe and canada shows that corruption in its broadest sense is seen as a threat that has two directions: external and internal. at the same time, v.a. nomokonov divided corruption into two aspects: political and economic. “the development of political corruption can lead to the uncontrollability of the political situation in the country and poses a threat to democratic institutions and the balance of various branches of power. economic corruption reduces the effectiveness of market institutions and the regulatory activities of the state. it is important to note that efforts to limit corruption in these countries tend to be institutionalized and impressive in their scope.[1]” as many studies show: the practice of studying and analyzing the legislation of foreign countries, as well as the practical experience of advanced countries, in the relevant field is useful and effective. in our case, this area of corruption prevention, aimed at identifying and eliminating corruptioncausing factors in draft regulatory legal acts, as we usually call it, is anti-corruption expertise of draft regulatory legal acts. it should be noted right away that in european countries such a concept http://www/ 221 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is not used in view of certain circumstances, which we will discuss a little later. returning to the importance of studying foreign experience, first of all, we believe to note the benefit of analyzing the system for identifying corruption factors in general, and secondly, the usefulness of studying the methods and mechanisms used in the course of identifying corruption factors, their effective aspects, as well as the problems that we had to face during the development of this area. the fundamental goal of studying these areas, in our opinion, is the possibility of implementing into national legislation the norms that have proven themselves and have shown the best efficiency, as well as mechanisms in the field of identifying and eliminating corruption factors. anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation, although not in the usual sense for us, but as a system for identifying and eliminating norms in draft legislative acts that create conditions for the manifestation of corruption, is actually found in most foreign countries. this also applies to developed foreign countries, which are reluctant to talk about such domestic problems and position themselves as minimally at risk of corruption. although, according to some estimates, the states of the european union annually lose 323 billion euros from corruption, which in turn is almost a third of the eu budget for 2014-2020 (according to the anti-corruption agency olaf) [2]. according to a number of scientists (d.u. balgimbekov, b.u. seitkhozhin, b.sh. sarsembaev and others): “anti-corruption expertise is perhaps the best form of assessing the corruption risks of a legislator”[3]. many researchers also emphasize that most european countries, such as the uk, germany, denmark, italy, the netherlands, norway, france and sweden, perceived the content of paragraph 3 of article 5 (the need for an assessment of regulations) of the 2003 un convention against corruption, perceived as the need to deepen and expanding the range of legal review mechanisms. presumably, the reason for this approach of these countries is the relatively stable state of affairs in the field of combating corruption, as well as the well-established system of the rule-making process. we can observe a different state of affairs in the countries of eastern europe (moldova, lithuania), whose anti-corruption policies are similar to those of the cis states and other countries of the postsoviet space. these countries had a different attitude to the norm of the un convention against corruption regarding the need for an assessment of normative acts. in our opinion, this approach proceeded in view of its specific historical development. in most of these countries, the relevant anti-corruption bodies or those implementing state policy in the field of rule-making have been empowered to conduct anti-corruption expertise of draft regulations and existing legislation. not meeting in the usual format for us, i.e. as an independent institution for identifying corruption norms, at least we can see the implementation of such procedures in the course of legal or legal expertise, as a rule, carried out in the administrations of heads of state, governments or parliaments, as well as by other interested parties (non-governmental organizations, scientific expert circles, initiative civil groups, etc.). of course, given such versatility, as well as the inclusion of an analysis of legislation in order to identify corruption-prone norms in a procedure of a different main focus (legal, legal or other expertise), the regulation of such relations is completely different in nature, characteristic of each country separately. thus, most of the european countries, as well as canada, do not have a specific provision, procedure or rules that would fix such procedures at the legislative level, this also applies to the regulations of parliaments, as well as decisions of the governments of these countries. at the same time, as noted above, some european countries still provide for such an opportunity, but it is only possible to implement it through a legal examination. thus, the regulations of the parliaments of such countries as portugal, poland and spain provide for the possibility of conducting a legal http://www/ 222 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us examination in certain cases. for example, parts two and three of article 34 of the rules of the seimas of the republic of poland provide for the need[4]: assessing the expected impact of the prepared draft regulatory legal act on the activities of the relevant direction. such an assessment should be included as a separate part of the attached project justification; inclusion in the substantiation of the draft of the results of the consultations and information on the options presented and the opinions of authorized persons and organizations, and, we believe, including those authorized in the field of combating corruption. in the absence of such approvals, the marshal of the seimas, before sending the draft act for the first reading, submits it for appropriate approval. the importance of such a component as anti-corruption expertise is undeniably inherent in all european countries, which is emphasized by some european researchers. as the german researcher hans claussen noted at one time: “it would be possible, without very risky, to say that if the rules of law were even better than they are now, those who want to violate them will find their way nevertheless, practice investigations of criminal cases in the last few years shows that corruption is greatly facilitated by the incompleteness and imperfection of legal prescriptions. meanwhile, the more viciously the norms are formulated, the easier it is to get around them and the more difficult it is to effectively control them. it is necessary to remake such norms and, moreover, regularly, and not only from the point of view of the most effective possible counteraction to abuses. there are other aspects that must be taken into account”[5]. representative of russian scientific community a.m. tsirin emphasizes in his writings regarding the above opinion that by such a statement, hans claussen is aware of the existence of a problem, but does not have an idea of how to solve it outside of legal or legal expertise. thus, anti-corruption expertise as an independent institution or as a component in this sense, in most cases, is found in post-soviet countries, including the cis countries, the baltic countries. in this context, it is considered possible to voice the opinion of the expert of the council of europe, the representative of great britain simon goddard, who noted at the round table organized within the walls of the state duma of the russian federation and dedicated to the subject: "the practice of application and prospects for the development of legislation in russia, countries of eastern europe and asia, regulating the issues of anti-corruption expertise of legislative acts and their projects." according to him, “there is nothing like this in the uk, nothing like what you talked about in the area of risk assessment when drafting legislation. i will say this there is not even a name for it. but still, there are processes that, we hope, help us to identify the risks of corruption [6]”. it should be noted that in advance of the round table, the council of europe, through its international organization greco (group of states to combat corruption, which includes about 40 european countries), asked all countries to provide experience in conducting anti-corruption expertise. no response was received to this request. the next one is invited to consider the experience of one of the few european countries, which is characterized by anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation, and this is the republic of moldova. it can even be said more that the moldovan experience is very interesting, given their experience of development in this direction. the fundamental beginning of the development of anti-corruption expertise, in our opinion, was laid in connection with the adoption in 2004 of the national strategy to prevent and combat corruption. this document of a strategic and long-term focus, in particular, provided for the following areas: “in the field of legislation, regulations containing effective anti-corruption measures should be http://www/ 223 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us developed in accordance with international norms, recommendations and standards. at the same time, it is necessary to amend the anti-corruption legislation in accordance with the provisions of international acts; improve the legislative system; eliminate contradictions and ambiguities that lead to ambiguous interpretation of the legislation”[7]. some researchers argue, while it is difficult to disagree with them, that the authors of the moldovan concept for the prevention of corruption outlined the specific components necessary for the creation and functioning of an effective system for conducting anti-corruption expertise: 1) awareness and acceptance of the fact that the legislation can create conditions for the commission of corruption offenses; 2) a strong-willed step of a political orientation, providing the necessary opportunities for the mandatory and independent anti-corruption expertise; 3) creation of a multi-layered anti-corruption barrier, by organizing a parallel anti-corruption expertise by a state body, as well as an independent non-state sector. in this case, the experience of moldova seems to be very interesting and perhaps more applicable in our case. the mechanism for the phased implementation of the national strategy seems interesting, and more specifically, annual approvals for each six months of measures for its implementation. thus, according to paragraph 2 of the decree of the government of the republic of moldova “on the implementation of the national strategy for the prevention and combating of corruption in the first half of 2006”, the center for combating economic crimes and corruption, together with the ministry of justice, was instructed to develop and submit to the government within 15 days several draft regulations. among them, we propose to single out the law on amendments and additions to the legislation, which provides for an adequate regulatory framework for conducting an examination of the corruption potential of draft legislative acts, the draft methodology for the examination of the corruption potential of draft legislative acts, as well as the composition and regulations on the activities of the interdepartmental group for the examination of draft legislative acts. corruption potential of draft legislative acts [8]. the next step was the adoption of the regulations on the organization of the process of conducting corruption examination of draft legislative acts, as well as the personal composition of the commission for coordinating the process of conducting anti-corruption examination of draft legislative and regulatory acts [9]. it should be noted that due to the need for further development, in 2012 the center for combating economic crimes and corruption was renamed the national center for combating corruption. in addition, one of the most important components of the ongoing reform was the resubordination, or rather, the acquisition of independence of the national center from government bodies and the definition of accountability to parliament, and the latter was given the right to appoint and dismiss the director of the national center. of fundamental importance is the legislative basis of the national center – the law of the republic of moldova “on the national center for combating corruption”, which has been in force since 2002. in our opinion, the republic of uzbekistan should also regulate the activities of the anti-corruption agency by developing and approving a specialized law on such a body, and of course providing for the granting of broader powers in the field of combating and preventing corruption, including the transfer of part of the powers for the mandatory conduct of anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation. deserves special attention law republic of moldova "on preventing and combating corruption". in accordance with this law, anti-corruption expertise of draft legislative acts and draft regulatory acts of the government, public discussion of the developed drafts and assessment of institutional http://www/ 224 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us risks of corruption are classified as guarantee measures to prevent corruption. the obligatory anticorruption expertise of projects has been established, as well as its criteria, which include: a) the proportion of reference and blanket rules in the content of the project and the possible consequences of their application; b) the level of regulatory duties transferred to the competence of public authorities; c) identification of contradictions in legal norms; d) the level of responsibility and duties imposed on civil servants; e) assessment of administrative control procedures (internal or by higher authorities); f) the level of requirements for holders of certain rights; g) the level of transparency in the activities of public authorities [10]. at the same time, the two-level system for the prevention of corruption, created in moldova, deserves special attention, consisting of two independent centers, one of which represents the public sector, and the second is a public organization. in this case, we are talking about the abovementioned national center for the fight against corruption and the center for research on the prevention of corruption. an important point is that the center for corruption prevention research is in no way subordinate to either the government of the country, or even the moldovan parliament. in this context, it is suggested to note the following: 1. both centers function independently of each other; 2. the research center, being a public organization, is independent of all branches of government; 3. each draft of the developed law is subject to mandatory consideration by both centers, without the conclusion of which the draft in parliament is not subject to discussion. it is this experience, in our opinion, that is effective and possible for implementation in national legislation, which will create a significant impetus in the development of national mechanisms for anti-corruption expertise of draft regulatory legal acts. in this case, one can consider the study carried out within the framework of the project “fighting corruption by building integrity in the republic of moldova”, which was implemented by the united nations development program in the republic of moldova with the support of the norwegian ministry of foreign affairs. the analysis concerned the use of corruption prevention tools by state bodies, and also consisted in assessing the content of draft legislation in accordance with national and international anticorruption standards. thus, in 2016-2018, the national anti-corruption center conducted an examination of 2,697 draft regulatory legal acts. the study showed that in 2016, 34% of the considered projects promoted certain private interests, while in 2018 such interests were reflected only in 10% of cases. given the increase in corruption prevention practices in the rule-making process, we can see the use of “workarounds” on the part of developers. the following data are more specific: in 2016, 21% of draft decisions of the government included norms lobbying the interests of private individuals, while in 2018 this figure dropped significantly to 3%. these circumstances forced lobbyists to look for ways to bypass the anti-corruption expertise, which we can observe in the following data: in 2016, 25 decisions, and this is 7% subject to expertise, were made without an anti-corruption expertise, while in 2017 the figure for such “bypass” projects reached 82 (19%), and in 2018 15% [11]. these indicators, in our opinion, testify to the successful experience of the republic of moldova, which was “not to the taste” of some representatives promoting the private interests of certain circles, which forced them to look for ways around. according to the estimates of this study, the amount of prevented damage to the republican budget http://www/ 225 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of moldova amounted to more than 1.3 billion lei, in this case we are talking about cases where the final recommendations were accepted in part or in full. further, it proposes to consider the experience of lithuania, where the law of the republic of lithuania “on the prevention of corruption” has been in force since 2012 and provides for such a mechanism as an anti-corruption assessment of legal acts or their drafts, which is an assessment of the current and / or planned legal regulation from an anti-corruption point of view and identification of shortcomings in legal regulation, which may create preconditions for corruption. more specifically, the anti-corruption expertise of legal acts or their drafts is defined as one of the eight main measures to prevent corruption. in lithuania, the anti-corruption expertise of a draft legal act is carried out by the public administration entity that prepares such a draft, in the manner determined by the government of the republic of lithuania, as well as by the special investigation service in the manner determined by its director. thus, in lithua, a double-scanning model similar to that of moldova is used, but unlike moldova, both filters are made up of state bodies, which, in our opinion, is one-sided and not as effective as compared to the experience of the republic of moldova. the obligation to conduct an anti-corruption expertise in moldova depends on the subject of the project being prepared. thus, projects providing for the regulation of public relations related to: 1) management, use or disposal of state or municipal property; 2) payment of subsidies, grants, compensations, rents, allowances, bonuses and other payments from the state or municipal budgets; 3) provision and use of financial support, including financial support from the european union or other funds; 4) provision of charitable assistance and support; 5) financing of political parties or political campaigns; 6) public procurement, procurement or granting of a concession in the field of water management, energy, transport and postal services; 7) organizing competitions for the position of a person working in a public sector entity, establishing, canceling or changing requirements for reputation, qualifications, certification and rotation of persons working in a public sector entity; 8) supply of goods or provision of services under public contracts; 9) the issuance or cancellation of licenses, permits, the establishment, cancellation or change of requirements for the qualification and business reputation of subjects of licensed economic and commercial activities or economic and commercial activities, for the implementation of which a permit from a state or municipal institution is required; 10) production, storage, use, acquisition, sale and control of excisable goods; 11) investigation of offenses, changing the terms of liability for offenses; 12) land management, territorial planning, construction; 13) establishment, cancellation or change of product safety requirements; 14) health protection; 15) environmental protection; 16) use of energy resources; 17) issues of migration, acquisition and loss of citizenship; 18) tax administration; 19) provision of administrative and public services; 20) development of infrastructure of republican or regional significance. as can be seen from the above list, the regulation of all the most important areas is not complete http://www/ 226 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us without anti-corruption expertise at the stage of their development. in addition, the subject of public administration has the right to conduct an anti-corruption expertise of a draft normative act prepared by it, if such an act does not provide for any of the above areas, but the legal regulation of which may create corruption risks. at the same time, the anti-corruption expertise of draft legal acts regulating the listed public relations, as well as other legal acts, including the current one, is carried out by the special investigation service on behalf of the president, the seimas, the seimas collegium, the seimas committee, a commission or a faction, as well as on their own initiative. the state administration entity that has developed, adopted or initiated the adoption of a legal act, having received the conclusion of the anti-corruption expertise of the special investigation service, within two months from the date of its receipt, must publish information on taking into account or rejecting the comments and proposals submitted, indicating the specific reasons and grounds for their rejection. subsequently, this information is published in the information system of legal acts of the seimas of the republic of lithuania, and also sent to the special investigation service for this publication. regarding the experience of canada, we initially consider it acceptable to note that the experience of a united fight against corruption in the countries of america has a relatively long history. thus, since 1948, the organization of american states (oas) has been operating in the countries of america, the participants of which are 35 independent states of north and south america, including canada. by joining forces, 8 years before the adoption of the un convention against corruption in 2003, in 1996, the member states of the organization of american states adopted the interamerican convention against corruption [12]. this convention, like the un convention, does not contain direct instructions regarding the need for anti-corruption expertise, but it has fundamental principles for the use and development of the tools of this institution. thus, according to paragraph 9 of article 3 (preventive measures), states parties must consider the applicability of measures within their own institutional systems to establish, maintain and strengthen oversight bodies in order to implement modern mechanisms for preventing, detecting and eradicating corrupt practices. when studying the experience of canada, as in most european countries, the use of the term “anticorruption expertise of draft legislation” that we use was not reflected. at the same time, special attention should be paid to the peculiar system of the triple filter of draft legislation being prepared. thus, the primary filter is the ministry of justice of canada, which carries out legal expertise, which includes both the detection and exclusion of corruption norms. “the attorney general of canada shall, in accordance with the instructions of the governor general of canada, examine every legal act that passes through the privy council of canada, the president of the privy council for registration under the existing statutes act, and every bill submitted or introduced in house of representatives of canada. such an examination should establish any possible violation of the provisions of the canadian charter of rights and freedoms, or inconsistency with its purposes and provisions. in case of violations, the minister is obliged to report this fact to the house of commons at the "first opportunity" [13]. it is proposed to include the bureau of the privy council, which ensures the activities of the government of canada, as a secondary filter. in the course of the study, an opinion appeared that this body is similar in its functions to the executive apparatus of our cabinet of ministers, but at the same time it is endowed with broader powers, one of which is “coordination and prioritization of bills put forward by various ministries”[14]. each ministry that intends to introduce any draft legislation must submit to the bureau of the privy council relevant information on the prepared draft, which requires that the ministry conduct an http://www/ 227 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us appropriate analysis, which includes, among other things, an assessment of possible consequences, including corruption risks. the tertiary filter is proposed to include the non-profit non-governmental organization parliamentary center, consisting of current and former representatives of both houses of the parliament of canada (house of commons and senate), as well as leading theorists and practitioners. the parliamentary center has very important tasks and functions, among which it is proposed to note the following: conducting an in-depth analysis of all draft laws, following which a detailed information note is prepared; evaluation of the draft law for its impact on certain social relations; conducting an examination of the submitted projects for the presence or prerequisites for corruption components; organization of events to improve the skills of employees of the canadian parliament, whose activities are directly related to the information support of this body; preparation of proposals for amendments and additions to the submitted draft laws. summing up, we can say that the absence in most european countries and canada of such a thing as anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation, as well as specific regulations and procedures for conducting analysis to identify corruption-prone norms, does not mean the complete elimination of corruption-related problems in these countries, and even does not exactly mean that such an analysis is not carried out there. we confidently believe that at present the need for anti-corruption expertise of projects being prepared exists absolutely everywhere, and the absence of a specially approved procedure in this area does not exclude such an analysis, but simply does not single it out as an independent institution. references: 1. номоконов в.а. коррупция в мире и международная стратегия борьбы с ней. монография. владивосток 2004. с. 36. 2. см.: статья: в евросоюзе подсчитали ущерб от коррупции. https://ria.ru/20181207/1547612302.html. дата обращения: 20.02.2024 г. 3. антикоррупционная экспертиза нормативных правовых актов в зарубежных странах. балгимбеков д.у. сейтхожин б.у., сарсембаев б.ш. научный журнал «актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук», № 7-4 2015. с. 7. 4. см.: регламент сейма республики польша, утвержденный постановлением сейма республики польша от 30 июля 1992 г. https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/regulamin/kon7.htm. дата обращения: 20.02.2024 г. 5. коррупционность законодательства: причины, факторы, преодоление. монография. отв. ред.: е.и.спектор и а.м.циорин. м.1013. с.247. 6. стенограмма круглого стола на тему: «практика применения и перспективы развития законодательства россии, стран восточной европы и азии, регламентирующего вопросы антикоррупционной экспертизы законодательных актов и их проектов». госдума, 24-25 июня 2008 г. с. 78 http://www/ https://ria.ru/20181207/1547612302.html 228 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. постановление парламента республики молдова от 16.12.2004 г. № 421 «об утверждении национальной стратегии по предупреждению коррупции и борьбе с ней». государственный реестр правовых актов республики молдова. https://www.legis.md/cautare/getresults?doc_id=22661&lang=ru#. дата обращения: 25.02.2024 г. 8. см.: постановление правительства республика молдова от 11.07.2006 г. № 812 «о внедрении национальной стратегии по предупреждению коррупции и борьбе с ней в первом полугодии 2006 года». государственный реестр правовых актов республики молдова. https://www.legis.md/cautare/getresults?doc_id=11709&lang=ru#. дата обращения: 25.02.2024 г. 9. см.: постановление правительства республика молдова от 23.08.2006 г. № 977 «об антикоррупционной экспертизе проектов законодательных и нормативных актов». государственный реестр правовых актов республики молдова. https://www.legis.md/cautare/getresults?doc_id=120226&lang=ru#. дата обращения: 25.02.2024 г. 10. закон республики молдова от 25.04.2008 г. № 90 «о предупреждении коррупции и борьбе с ней». государственный реестр правовых актов республики молдова. https://www.legis.md/cautare/getresults?doc_id=99739&lang=ru. дата обращения: 07.03.2024 г. 11. http://www.infotag.md/m9_economics/289240/. дата обращения: 26.02.2024 г. 12. межамериканская конвенция против коррупции от 29 марта 1996 года. официальный сайт оаг. https://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_b-58_against_corruption.asp. дата обращения: 27.02.2024 г. 13. татишвили т. м. международный опыт экспертного обеспечения законотворчества. вестник московского университета мвд россии, № 1 / 2015. с. 59. 14. кабышев с. в. координация правотворчества: канадский опыт. lex russica, № 1 (122) январь 2017. с. 208. http://www/ 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 importance of investment banks in project financing makhmudov samariddin bakhriddinovich, ph.d associate professor of international school of finance and technology institute, doctor of philosophy in economics norov akmal ruzimamatovich dsc., professor of the "banking" department of tashkent state university of economics abstract: in this article, the main focus is on the development of proposals and recommendations based on scientific and theoretical views on the financing of investment activities by commercial banks. mechanisms and strategies used by banks to support investment activities were studied and an analytical perspective on their effectiveness was proposed. the article explores the various strategies and methods used by investment banks to secure capital for various projects. the importance of investment banks in the financial ecosystem is highlighted by helping to finance large projects, including infrastructure, industrial, technological and other important initiatives. investment banks are also considered structured financing methods to create complex financial products tailored to specific project needs. keywords: national economy, banking activity, banking system, financial system, investment, investment activity, investment project, stability, investment program, liquidity, financing. introduction. these days, to further support commercial banks' efforts to expand their investment activities, fortify their resource base, and modernize economic sectors, raise the amount of funding allocated to long-term projects aimed at technical and technological re-equipment and draw investors for the potential sale of businesses listed on commercial banks' balance sheets. many projects are being worked on. consequently, in recent years, important institutional changes aimed at expanding the activity of banks, especially their participation in investment processes, have been implemented. a longterm strategy for the development of the banking and financial system is being developed by the head of state with the support of international financial institutions of the government and the central bank. by offering financial advice services, setting up loans, and taking part in project implementation, investment banks play a critical role in project financing, particularly in large-scale initiatives like public-private partnerships [1,2,3,4]. by assisting in the mobilization of financial resources, the evaluation of borrower solvency, project efficiency, and risk, they lessen information asymmetry and improve borrower access to credit [5,6,7]. bank-provided project funding gives developers more control over how their funds are spent, which lowers the possibility of abuse and long-term building problems [8,9]. investment banks also play a role in improving the attractiveness of investments, efficiently managing loans, and integrating different financial systems to draw resources and reduce risks by developing financial support models for business ventures [10,11,12]. the growth of project financing in ukraine has considerable promise 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us despite obstacles such legal anomalies, underscoring the necessity of legislative adjustments to safeguard creditors and investors and streamline financing procedures. the influx of foreign and private capital into the banking system can lead to a gradual reduction in the percentage of state-owned banks, ultimately improving the competitive environment, operational efficiency of commercial banks, lending standards, and investment activities [13,14,15,16]. privatization efforts have shown that private and foreign banks outperform stateowned banks in various performance indicators, indicating the benefits of reducing state ownership in the banking sector [17,18]. despite repeated attempts to privatize underperforming state-owned firms through auctions and discussions with potential investors, the expected outcomes have not been achieved, highlighting the pressing need for urgent action to address the inefficiencies in the system [19,20]. literature review. many scientific researches have been carried out and researched by local and foreign scientists regarding the financing of investment activities by commercial banks. in particular, l.p. krolivetskaya and g.n. beloglazovas [21] referred to investment banks and stated that, according to it, "promoting profitability, constant innovation in the field of investment services and expansion of these services to new segments, as well as gaining a competitive advantage for the bank." o. yu. dadashev [22] "considers the system of economic relations that arise in the process of. p.f. kolesov [23] defined "investment banking as investments in securities to generate income, diversify assets and reduce risks and maintain liquidity." in the monograph 6 entitled "strategicheskoe razvitie malogo biznesa i formy podderjki individualogo predprinimatelstva" authored by m.v. alikaeva, l.o. aslanova and others [24] the practical aspects of financing through investment bank loans of commercial banks in the development of small business are studied. n.g'.karimov [25] in the monograph entitled "issues of introducing the market mechanism of financing investment activities in the conditions of economic integration", the importance of commercial banks in the migration of investment capital from the financial sector to the production sector, the problematic interest rates set by them for loans, which are an obstacle to the activation of this process issues such as aspects have been deeply researched, and suggestions and recommendations of scientific and practical importance for solving these problems have been reflected. a.b. emelyanov [26] noted that "...bank operations related to investments are involved in the process of liquidity management, because they have speed characteristics and depend on the duration and volume of resources attracted by the bank. taking into account the opinions of a number of economists, today it is necessary to further encourage the expansion of investment activities of commercial banks, to strengthen their resource base in order to increase the volume of financing of long-term investment projects aimed at modernization of economic sectors, technical and technological re-equipment. research methodology. in the preparation of this article, the formality of regulatory and legal documents, used literature and internet information, the comparative and critical analysis of the scientific and theoretical views of economists on the subject, the results of studying and summarizing the advanced foreign experience and the data of banks from financial reports, and the introduction of suggestions and recommendations into practice marked. during the study of the subject, in addition to general economic methods, methods such as systematic analysis, generalization, abstract-logical thinking, statistical methods, correlation-regression and empirical analysis were used. 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis and results. world experience shows that the system of investment capital formation should be improved in accordance with the form of ownership and sources of financing. in addition, the change of the organizational structures of investment entities in accordance with the requirements of the market economy helps to develop investment activities and diversify the economy. market mechanisms for attracting investment resources of the financial sector are gradually being implemented. however, despite the fact that the financial resources of private sector enterprises, banks and people tend to increase, several problems regarding their involvement in investment activities have not been resolved. the financial sector is pivotal in mobilizing resources and channeling them into productive investments, which in turn drive economic growth and development. the gradual implementation of market mechanisms for attracting investment resources in the financial sector is a transformative process that enhances efficiency, fosters innovation, and ensures a more robust and dynamic economy. this essay explores the various market mechanisms being adopted, their implications, and their contributions to the financial sector's evolution. market mechanisms refer to the structures and processes that enable the efficient allocation of resources through the interplay of supply and demand. in the context of the financial sector, these mechanisms facilitate the attraction of investment resources from various stakeholders, including individuals, corporations, and institutional investors. key market mechanisms include stock exchanges, bond markets, mutual funds, private equity, venture capital, and innovative financial technologies. market mechanisms are the basis of the modern economy and play a crucial role in stimulating competition and stimulating innovation. these mechanisms, including the laws of supply and demand, price signals, and competitive pressures, create an environment in which financial institutions must constantly evolve to meet the needs of consumers and investors. market mechanisms are the process by which the dynamism of the financial sector is driven by the development of new financial products and services, the availability of investment capital, and the subsequent growth of entrepreneurship and technological progress. market mechanisms are essential to promote competition, innovation and dynamism in the banking sector. competitive pressures and price signals inherent in the market economy force financial institutions to constantly develop and innovate, which leads to the development of new financial products and services. the availability of investment capital supports entrepreneurship and technological development, helping to create economic growth and new industries. as market mechanisms continue to shape the financial sector, their impact on innovation and dynamism will be critical to the continued evolution of the global economy. investment banking services are crucial for economic growth, as they facilitate capital raising, mergers and acquisitions, market making, and financial advisory services. however, despite banks' efforts to diversify their services, the development of investment banking in some regions remains constrained by an underdeveloped financial market. this essay explores the challenges hindering the growth of investment banking services and discusses potential strategies to overcome these barriers. despite the banks' measures to diversify their services, the financial market is not sufficiently developed, limiting the possibilities of offering investment banking services. interest income has consistently made up a large portion of banks' income, and the share of interest income and expenses has increased over the past four years (figure 1). 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. decomposition of the indicator of return on assets (roa) in the banking system, in percent 1 today, the specialization of banks as investment banks can be carried out on the basis of completely independent and voluntary decision of the owners and management. an investment bank is a credit institution specializing in stock exchange operations. investment banks were first established in the united states in 1933 as a separate category of financial institutions. investment activity of commercial banks is an activity in which the bank acts as an investor, invests its funds for a certain period of time to create and purchase financial assets for direct or indirect profit. 1 https://cbu.uz/oz was prepared based on information from the central bank website 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2. areas of investment banking activity 2 in accordance with the above-mentioned concept, the main areas of investment activity of the bank are as follows:  attracting (collecting) funds for investments by banks;  providing investment loans;  investments in securities, stocks, shares. the main purpose of the investment bank is to determine the value of the company and the optimal price of the offer and to ensure that the shares are sold to investors. there are several main stages in the process of forming a direct investment portfolio. in general, when forming a portfolio, it is necessary to determine the investment goals, the estimated duration of investments, the level of acceptable risk and the amount of invested funds. the generality of these conditions guarantees the rational use of bank assets in investment activities. there are four main stages in the formation of the bank's investment portfolio (table 1). 2 developed by the author 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1 stages of formation of the bank's investment portfolio stage name the essence of the stage macroeconomic studies forecasting the dynamics of key indicators. market analysis is carried out based on the collection of information about the economic situation of the region or the country as a whole. analysis of segments and networks the most favorable market segments for investment are identified. a comparative analysis of sectors and segments is carried out based on various criteria of investment attractiveness. analysis of issuers the financial status and investment attractiveness of the selected issuer is determined. in the process of analysis, specific instruments are selected in which the investment will be made and the portfolio structure will be formed. formation stage a bank portfolio is created directly, various instruments are purchased. return objectives: determining the desired rate of return on investments, which can be influenced by factors such as income requirements, capital appreciation goals, and overall growth targets. time horizon: establishing the time frame over which the investments are expected to perform. this can vary from short-term to long-term based on the bank’s strategic goals. liquidity needs: identifying the liquidity requirements to ensure that the bank can meet its short-term obligations while still achieving its long-term investment objectives. regulatory and policy constraints: considering any legal, regulatory, or policy constraints that could impact investment decisions, such as capital adequacy requirements and permissible investment types. economic indicators analyzing key economic indicators such as gdp growth rates, inflation, interest rates, and employment figures to forecast economic trends. market conditions: assessing current market conditions, including stock and bond market performance, to identify potential investment opportunities and risks. industry analysis: evaluating different sectors and industries to determine which are expected to perform well based on economic forecasts and market trends. the formation of a bank’s investment portfolio is a dynamic and iterative process that requires careful planning, thorough analysis, and continuous monitoring. by following these stages, banks can build and maintain investment portfolios that meet their financial goals, manage risks effectively, and adapt to changing market conditions. asset allocation is the process of distributing investments among different asset classes, such as equities, bonds, real estate, and cash. this is considered the most critical decision in portfolio construction, as it determines the overall risk and return profile. the bank includes three main stages in the process of investment activity. first, making investment decisions, determining investment goals, forming investment directions, and choosing investment objects. second, conclusion of various contracts aimed at implementation of the investment process, performance of works or provision of services. the completion of this stage is the creation of an object of investment activity. third, the stage of operation of the created investment activity object. at this stage, the process of product production, performance of work, provision of services is organized, the system of selling the created product is created. 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us portfolio construction is a complex but essential process that requires a strategic approach to asset allocation, diversification, security selection, and risk management. by understanding and implementing these principles, investors can build portfolios that align with their financial goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. continuous monitoring and evaluation ensure that the portfolio remains effective and adaptable to changing market conditions, ultimately contributing to successful investment outcomes. portfolio construction is a fundamental process in investment management that involves selecting a mix of assets to achieve specific financial goals while managing risk. it requires a thorough understanding of financial markets, asset classes, risk management, and the investor's objectives. this essay explores the key principles and steps involved in constructing a robust investment portfolio. investing in financial markets inevitably involves taking on risk, and understanding how well investments perform in relation to the risk taken is crucial. risk-adjusted performance metrics such as the sharpe ratio, treynor ratio, and jensen's alpha are essential tools that provide deeper insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of investment strategies. these metrics help investors make more informed decisions by evaluating not just the returns, but how those returns compare to the risk assumed. performance measurement is a critical aspect of investment management that involves regularly evaluating the performance of a portfolio to ensure it meets its objectives. this process helps investors and portfolio managers understand whether their investment strategies are effective and identify areas for improvement. measuring portfolio performance against benchmarks and performance targets is essential for maintaining accountability, making informed decisions, and achieving financial goals. as mentioned above, the investment services of commercial banks can be divided into several types, including the bank can act as a broker, consultant and intermediary. the investment activity of banks is indeed a very controversial, but at the same time important and controversial research topic. the approach to this activity is different in different countries, and two main approaches are considered in this work. a central concept in the investment activity of almost any organization, including a bank, is the formation of an optimal investment portfolio that matches the investment objectives. this is a time-consuming process that can be organized in a completely different way depending on what goals the investor wants to achieve. based on the above-mentioned points, we came to the conclusion that the investment bank is not only a sector of the financial market, but also a comprehensive institution necessary for the development of the direction of financial services. conclusion. in the process of scientific research carried out by investment banks in financing projects and ensuring the financial stability of their banks, the following conclusions were formed: 1. using the method of studying the relationship between the consumers of investment banking services and the enterprises of the real sector of the economy, the provision of services to the banks of our country on the financing of enterprises using stock market instruments will stimulate the development of credit relations with them and ultimately lead to the development of strategic partnership relations. 2. the investment activity of commercial banks is considered as a business of providing two types of services: raising cash by issuing securities or placing them on the primary market; bringing together buyers and sellers of securities in the secondary market acting as brokers and/or dealers. 3. by developing cooperation relations with developed countries, investment banking provides an opportunity to introduce their experience to our national economy and build the industry on a solid foundation from the beginning. 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. implementation of financing mechanisms of investment banking allows to offer alternative financing mechanisms to residents and entrepreneurs, which leads to the development of their economic and financial activities. 5. the conclusion drawn from the experience of countries with a dualistic system that introduced investment banking products is that the products of investment banks bring economic growth and efficiency to the society, competing equally with the traditional financial system. 6. further improvement of the bank's credit and investment policy and mechanisms of longterm crediting of investment projects on the organization of new productions, modernization of enterprises, technical and technological re-equipment by investment banks, on the basis of which will be the basis for strengthening the long-term resource base of the bank. 7. it is expedient to continuously strengthen the bank units responsible for the investment activities of investitsya banks with highly qualified specialists. references 1. gabriel, j., power., djerry, c., tandja, mbianda. (2022). should lenders also advise? evidence from project loans. journal of financial research, 45(4):961-985. doi: 10.1111/jfir.12304 2. makhmudov, s. (2020). improvement of unconventional methods of financing investment activities. international finance and accounting, 2020(5), 22. 3. маҳмудов, с. б. (2020). инвестицияларни молиялаштиришда инвестицион муҳитини такомиллаштириш. iqtisodiyot va innovatsion texnologiyalar” ilmiy elektron jurnali, 4. 4. bohdana, stepanivna, shuliuk., volodymyr, horyn. (2022). banking project financing of public-private partnership and its role in ensuring public welfare. fìnansovo-kreditna dìâlʹnìstʹ: problemi teorìï ta praktiki, 2(43):17-23. doi: 10.55643/fcaptp.2.43.2022.3695 5. m, v, bogatyreva., v.a., kudashkin., v., i., metelitsa. (2022). project funding as an alternative way to attract investment in the construction industry. nucleation and atmospheric aerosols, doi: 10.1063/5.0091712 6. fayzieva, m., makhmudov, s., gaipov, j., & isakov, j. (2023, december). econometric analysis of the impact of digital infrastructure on investment practices in uzbekistan. in proceedings of the 7th international conference on future networks and distributed systems (pp. 12-18). 7. bakhriddinovich, m. s., & khasan, j. (2024). the importance of international stock markets in increasing the efficiency of the national stock market. european journal of business startups and open society, 4(6), 295-303. 8. oleksandra, mandych., artem, naumenko., tetyana, ustik., inna, naumenko. (2022). financing business projects with investments and credit instruments. ukraïnsʹkij žurnal prikladnoï ekonomìki, 7(1):135-142. doi: 10.36887/2415-8453-2022-1-16 9. mamadiyarov, z. t., sultanova, n. i., khamdamov, s. j. r., & makhmudov, s. b. (2024). analyzing the impact of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) on microfinance services. development of international entrepreneurship based on corporate accounting and reporting according to ifrs: part a, 39. 10. demchyshak, n., shchurevych, o., & heorhiievska, o. (2020). bank project financing in the conditions of macroeconomic instability in ukraine. world of finance, (3 (64)), 126-138. 11. maxmudov, s. (2023). milliy iqtisodiyotda eksport amaliyotiga ta’sir 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us etuvchi omillarni ekonometrik tahlilini baholash. raqamli iqtisodiyot va axborot texnologiyalari, 3(3), 160-171. 12. bakhriddinovich, m. s. (2024). the influence of the logistics industry on sustainable economic growth in the case of uzbekistan. european journal of business startups and open society, 4(4), 231-237. 13. khatri, d., & kumar, n. 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(2022). тижорат банклари амалиётларининг эконометрик таҳлилини баҳолаш. iqtisodiyot va taʼlim, 23(2), 354-361. 21. банковское дело. организация деятельности коммерческого банка / под ред. г.н. белоглазовой, л.п. кроливецкой. – м.: юрайт, 2015. – 545 с. 22. дадашева о.ю. зарегулированность инвестиционной банковской деятельности и торможение инновационного развития отечественной экономики / о.ю. дадашева. – валютное регулирование. валютный контроль. – 2014. – № 9. – с. 27–32. 23. колесов п.ф. роль инвестиционной деятельности в повышении конкурентных преимуществ банка [электронный ресурс] // гуманитарные научные исследования. – 2012. – № 11/ – url.: http://human. snauka. ru/2012/11/1859 24. аликаева м.в., асланова л.о. и др. стратегическое развитие малого бизнеса и формы поддержки индивидуального предпринимательства. монография. – нижний новгород: издательство ноо профессиональная наука, 2018. – 302 с. //www.scipro.ru 25. каримов, н. г. (2007). иқтисодий интеграциялашув шароитида инвестицияларни молиялаштиришнинг бозор механизмларини жорий этиш муаммолари. и. ф. д. илм. дар. ол. уч. тақд. эт. дисс. автореф.–тошкент, 40. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 09, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 introduction and importance of modern information and communication technologies in the activities of prosecutor's offices of uzbekistan and turkey abduolimov urinboy khudoberdievich doctoral student of the academy of law enforcement abstract: in this article, the best practices of turkish prosecutor's offices are highlighted, and the importance of information and communication technologies at the national level is discussed. in addition, the law on artificial intelligence is mentioned separately, and the issues of its use and implementation in the republic of uzbekistan in the future are highlighted. keywords: artificial intelligence, ai operators, judgments, information security. introduction on june 24, 2024, the first draft law in the field of artificial intelligence in turkey was presented to the parliament of the country, that is, the grand national assembly of turkey.1 this bill is largely adapted from eu ai law and aims to balance innovation with safety, security and ethical rules. the draft law provides for the classification of artificial intelligence systems according to the level of risk. for example, autonomous vehicles, medical diagnostics, and artificial intelligence systems used in law enforcement fall into the high-risk category and must undergo strict compliance assessments. ai operators found to be operating in violation of the law are subject to heavy fines, which can reach up to 7% of the company's annual turnover, meaning that organizations that do not comply with the provisions of the bill can be fined up to 35 million turkish liras. the main goals of the project are: ensure safe and ethical use of artificial intelligence technologies; protection of personal data and protection of privacy rights; registration and conformity assessment of artificial intelligence systems. if we dwell on the scientific works and views of legal scholars on the use of artificial intelligence in turkish courts and prosecutor's offices, according to the scholars, special attention should be paid to transparency, justice and protection of personal data in the use of artificial intelligence technologies. for example, they argue that ai-based judgments and evaluation systems can lead to biased and biased decisions. legal scholars also suggest a careful approach to the ethical and legal aspects of artificial intelligence to prevent these situations. for example, when making difficult decisions and 1 türkiye’de yapay zeka alanındaki i̇lk kanun teklifi meclise sunuldu // https://cakmak.av.tr/makale/turkiyedeyapay-zeka-alanindaki-ilk-kanun-teklifi-meclise-sunuldu 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us making judgments, it is necessary to ensure that artificial intelligence works on the basis of accurate and reliable data.2 at this point, it should be noted that, based on the experience of turkey, the introduction of modern information and communication technologies and artificial intelligence into the activities of prosecutor's offices in uzbekistan will help to analyze violations and automate processes, and increase the efficiency of management in the system. in our opinion, to ensure safe and ethical use of artificial intelligence technologies in the republic of uzbekistan in the future; the adoption of the law on artificial intelligence is required in order to protect personal data protection and privacy rights, as well as registration and conformity assessment of artificial intelligence systems. the main findings and results turkey's experience in integrating information systems between prosecutor's office and judicial authorities is also noteworthy. such integration is mainly effective in the following areas: information exchange and transparency: quick and reliable information exchange between courts and prosecutor's offices increases the transparency of the proceedings. speed of cases: processing of cases is done faster through integrated systems, which speeds up the disposal of cases. saving resources: automatic exchange of electronic documents and information helps to reduce the costs of using and storing paper documents. information security: through a unified information system, it will be possible to ensure the security of information, which will reduce the loss of information or errors. convenience for citizens: it will be easy for citizens to track their work, check documents and information, which will help them better understand their rights and obligations. analysis and analysis: the analysis and monitoring of work and the collection of various statistical data are facilitated through a single information base. in turn, in the republic of uzbekistan, the following steps should be taken in order to successfully integrate electronic and document circulation between the prosecutor's office and the court, as well as law enforcement agencies: 1) technical infrastructure, that is, it is necessary to create a modern and reliable technical infrastructure, update servers, network equipment and software. 2) formation of the legal framework, that is, the development and approval of laws and normative documents related to the integration of information systems is required. 3) staff training, i.e. employees of the prosecutor's office, courts and law enforcement agencies should be trained and qualified to work with new information systems. 4) to strengthen information security measures, that is, it is necessary to take appropriate information security measures to ensure the confidentiality and security of information. all this will help to create a modern and effective system of work in the prosecutor's office and law enforcement in general in our country. in turkey, there is a legal basis for the integration of information systems between the prosecutor's office and the judicial authorities. for the successful implementation of this process, laws and regulatory documents have been developed and are being implemented. in particular, turkey's law on electronic government defines the basic principles of electronic government, including regulating information exchange and cooperation between government agencies. the purpose of the law "on electronic communications" is to promote effective competition in the 2 springer link: ai and ethics in criminal courts. the deployment of algorithms and ai in judicial systems. babl ai: comprehensive ai regulation billdataguidance: ai bill in turkey. 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us field of electronic communications through regulation and control, protection of consumer rights, expansion of service provision throughout the country, efficient use of resources, technological development and promotion of new investments in the field of communications infrastructure, networks and services. consists of installation and setting procedures. in addition, information security laws play an important role in the integration of information systems between the prosecution and law enforcement agencies in turkey, and they are aimed at ensuring the security of information through information systems. the data protection law regulates the protection of personal data and their processing in accordance with the law. also, the criminal procedure code (criminal procedure code) regulates the exchange of information and cooperation during the investigation and trial of criminal cases. in addition, there are regulatory documents of the ministry of justice and the prosecutor general's office, which serve to regulate the process of information systems integration. the state bodies of turkey are working on the integration of information systems on the basis of the above laws and regulations and local documents (orders, decisions). it can also be seen that they strive to make this process successful by applying modern technology and information security standards. conclusion summarizing the above-mentioned opinions, scientific-theoretical views, the following conclusions can be reached: in conclusion, it can be noted that based on the experience of turkey ("uyap", "segbis"), it is necessary to create a single information system that will facilitate the rapid exchange of information and documents between courts and law enforcement agencies, including prosecutor's offices. the introduction of modern information and communication technologies to the activities of the prosecutor's office of uzbekistan creates favorable conditions for the organization of cases in the prosecutor's office, improvement of the forms and methods of the prosecutor's supervision, the openness and transparency of the prosecutor's office, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the prosecutor's supervision. here, paragraph 88 of the "uzbekistan-2030" strategy, approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-158 dated september 11, 2023, states "exchange of electronic documents between lawyers and courts, law enforcement agencies and other state bodies in civil, administrative and economic affairs to bring the level to at least 50%" indicates that the process of integration between the prosecutor's office and law enforcement agencies is a very important issue at the level of state policy. accordingly, the development of the "digital prosecutor's office of uzbekistan 2030" strategy aimed at the consistent introduction of digital technologies into the activities of prosecutor's offices, in which interdepartmental integration will be introduced by creating a single information system that facilitates the rapid exchange of information and documents between courts and law enforcement agencies and it is proposed to designate the general prosecutor's office as a coordinating body in these processes. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 09, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 uzbekistan and central asia: a new stage of regional cooperation ergashev kamronbek bahodir o’g’li university of turan, faculty of international relations, 2nd year student abstract: this study examines the evolving dynamics of regional cooperation in central asia, with a particular focus on uzbekistan's role in fostering improved relations among neighboring states. through an analysis of recent diplomatic initiatives, economic partnerships, and security collaborations, this research identifies key factors contributing to the new stage of regional cooperation. the findings suggest that uzbekistan's shift towards a more open foreign policy, combined with changing geopolitical realities, has created unprecedented opportunities for enhanced regional integration. keywords: central asia, uzbekistan, regional cooperation, foreign policy, economic integration, security cooperation. introduction central asia, a region historically characterized by complex interstate relations and limited cooperation, has entered a new era of regional collaboration. this transformation is particularly evident in the changing role of uzbekistan, which has emerged as a key proponent of enhanced regional ties [1]. the shift in uzbekistan's approach to its neighbors, coupled with broader geopolitical changes, has created a unique opportunity for central asian states to forge closer economic, political, and security partnerships. the importance of this development cannot be overstated. central asia, comprising kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, turkmenistan, and uzbekistan, has long been a region of strategic significance due to its geographical location, natural resources, and historical importance as part of the silk road [2]. however, the region has faced numerous challenges since the collapse of the soviet union, including border disputes, water management issues, and divergent economic and political trajectories. methods and literature review this study employs a qualitative research approach, combining a comprehensive literature review with analysis of primary sources such as government documents, official statements, and reports from international organizations. the research methodology is designed to provide a holistic understanding of the complex dynamics shaping regional cooperation in central asia. one of the seminal works informing this study is "uzbekistan's new face" by frederick starr and svante cornell (2018), which provides a detailed analysis of the political and economic reforms implemented under president shavkat mirziyoyev [1]. this work offers valuable insights into the domestic factors driving uzbekistan's new approach to regional cooperation. the carnegie endowment for international peace report "central asia's future: three powers, three visions" by eugene rumer, richard sokolsky, and paul stronski (2016) provides essential context on the geopolitical factors influencing regional dynamics in central asia [2]. this report examines the competing visions for the region's future proposed by russia, china, 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and the west, offering a framework for understanding the external pressures and opportunities shaping regional cooperation. to analyze economic cooperation trends, this study draws on data and analysis from the asian development bank's report "central asia regional economic cooperation (carec) program: good neighbors, good partners, good prospects" (2020) [3]. this report provides valuable statistics and case studies on infrastructure development, trade facilitation, and economic corridor projects in the region. the united nations economic commission for europe's "innovation for sustainable development review of uzbekistan" (2022) offers insights into uzbekistan's efforts to modernize its economy and align with sustainable development goals, which has implications for regional cooperation initiatives [4]. for understanding security cooperation dynamics, this study refers to the stockholm international peace research institute's "the silk road economic belt: security implications and eu–china cooperation prospects" by richard ghiasy and jiayi zhou (2017) [5]. this work examines the security challenges and opportunities associated with china's belt and road initiative in central asia. results the analysis of recent developments in central asia reveals several key trends and outcomes that characterize the new stage of regional cooperation: diplomatic initiatives. since 2016, there has been a marked increase in high-level diplomatic engagements among central asian states. uzbekistan has been at the forefront of this trend, with president mirziyoyev making state visits to all central asian countries within his first year in office [1]. these visits have resulted in numerous bilateral agreements and joint declarations on strengthening cooperation. a significant development has been the establishment of regular consultative meetings of the heads of state of central asia. the first such meeting was held in astana in 2018, followed by meetings in tashkent (2019) and turkmenistan (2021). these summits have provided a platform for discussing regional issues and coordinating policies on matters of mutual interest [6]. economic cooperation: trade volumes between central asian countries have shown a positive trend. according to the asian development bank, intra-regional trade increased by 35% between 2016 and 2019 [3]. uzbekistan's trade with its central asian neighbors has grown particularly rapidly, with a 50% increase in the same period [7]. several major infrastructure projects have been initiated or revitalized. the uzbekistankyrgyzstan-china railway project, long under discussion, has seen renewed momentum. additionally, efforts to improve regional energy connectivity have progressed, with uzbekistan resuming electricity exports to tajikistan and discussions underway for a regional power grid [4]. security cooperation: central asian states have demonstrated increased willingness to coordinate on security matters. joint military exercises have become more frequent, with kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, and uzbekistan participating in trilateral drills in 2019 [5]. water management: progress has been made in addressing long-standing water disputes. uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan reached an agreement on the joint use of the kassansay reservoir in 2017, marking a significant step towards cooperative water management [8]. cultural and educational exchanges: there has been a notable increase in cultural and educational cooperation. the number of central asian students studying in neighboring countries has grown, and several joint university programs have been established. cultural events celebrating shared heritage, such as the central asian festival of culture held in uzbekistan in 2019, have fostered people-to-people connections [9]. 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the most crucial factor in the new stage of regional cooperation has been uzbekistan's dramatic shift in foreign policy under president mirziyoyev. since coming to power in 2016, mirziyoyev has abandoned the isolationist stance of his predecessor and actively pursued engagement with neighboring countries [1]. this change has been fundamental in breaking down barriers to regional cooperation that had persisted for decades. uzbekistan's new approach is characterized by pragmatism and a willingness to compromise on long-standing issues. for instance, the country's more flexible stance on water management has helped ease tensions with upstream countries like kyrgyzstan and tajikistan [2]. the need for economic diversification and growth has been a significant driver of regional cooperation. central asian countries have recognized that greater economic integration can help them overcome the limitations of their relatively small domestic markets and landlocked status [3]. the evolving geopolitical situation in and around central asia has created both pressures and opportunities for regional cooperation. china's belt and road initiative has provided impetus for infrastructure development and economic connectivity [5]. at the same time, concerns about overdependence on external powers have motivated central asian states to strengthen intraregional ties as a counterbalance. shared security challenges, particularly related to terrorism and extremism, have necessitated closer cooperation among central asian states. the deteriorating situation in afghanistan following the u.s. withdrawal in 2021 has further heightened the need for regional security coordination [6]. the role of uzbekistan in catalyzing this shift cannot be overstated. as the most populous central asian state and the only one bordering all other countries in the region, uzbekistan's previous isolationist stance had been a significant obstacle to regional cooperation. the country's new foreign policy orientation under president mirziyoyev has not only removed this obstacle but has actively promoted regional ties [2]. this demonstrates the crucial importance of leadership and policy shifts in driving regional dynamics. the economic dimension of this cooperation is particularly noteworthy. the increase in intraregional trade and the revival of major infrastructure projects suggest that central asian countries are increasingly viewing each other as economic partners rather than competitors. this shift in perspective could have long-term benefits for the region's economic development, potentially helping to address issues such as unemployment, underdevelopment, and overreliance on natural resource exports [3]. furthermore, a more cohesive central asia could play a more significant role in international affairs, potentially serving as a bridge between east and west and contributing to the resolution of global challenges. the region's unique position at the crossroads of eurasia gives it the potential to be an important player in emerging global dynamics, particularly in the context of china's belt and road initiative and evolving russia-west relations [5,10]. in conclusion, while the new stage of regional cooperation in central asia faces challenges, it represents a significant and positive development in the region's post-soviet trajectory. the role of uzbekistan in this process highlights the potential for transformative change when key regional actors alter their policy orientations. as this cooperation continues to evolve, it will be crucial for both regional stakeholders and the international community to support and nurture these positive trends while being mindful of the complex realities and historical legacies that continue to shape central asian dynamics. conclusions uzbekistan's policy shift under president mirziyoyev has been a crucial catalyst for enhanced regional cooperation. the abandonment of isolationist policies and active engagement with neighbors has created new opportunities for dialogue and collaboration across various sectors. 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic imperatives, particularly the need for diversification and growth, have been significant drivers of regional cooperation. the increase in intra-regional trade and the revival of major infrastructure projects demonstrate a growing recognition of the benefits of economic integration. the changing geopolitical landscape, including the influence of china's belt and road initiative and evolving relations with russia, has created both pressures and opportunities for regional cooperation. while significant progress has been made, challenges remain. these include structural economic differences, sovereignty concerns, the influence of external powers, and the need for stronger institutional frameworks for cooperation. references 1. starr, f. and cornell, s. (2018). uzbekistan's new face. lanham: rowman & littlefield. 2. rumer, e., sokolsky, r. and stronski, p. (2016). central asia's future: three powers, three visions. washington, dc: carnegie endowment for international peace. 3. asian development bank (2020). central asia regional economic cooperation (carec) program: good neighbors, good partners, good prospects. manila: asian development bank. 4. united nations economic commission for europe (2022). innovation for sustainable development review of uzbekistan. geneva: united nations. 5. ghiasy, r. and zhou, j. (2017). the silk road economic belt: security implications and eu–china cooperation prospects. stockholm: stockholm international peace research institute. 6. united nations (2021). strengthening regional and international cooperation to ensure peace, stability and sustainable development in the central asian region. new york: united nations. 7. cooley, a. (2019). "ordering eurasia: the rise and decline of liberal internationalism in the post-communist space". security studies, 28(3), pp.588-613. 8. laruelle, m. and peyrouse, s. (2013). globalizing central asia: geopolitics and the challenges of economic development. armonk, ny: m.e. sharpe. 9. omelicheva, m.y. and du, r. (2018). "central asia and the united states: a new security environment". in: e. kavalski, ed., the new central asia: the regional impact of international actors. singapore: world scientific, pp.151-172. 10. dadabaev, t. (2019). "uzbekistan as central asian game changer? uzbekistan's foreign policy construction in the post-karimov era". asian journal of comparative politics, 4(2), pp.162-175. 151 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 navigating intellectual property challenges in cross-border data transfer dr. ravinder kumar bharat college of law, kurukshetra university, kurukshetra, haryana, india abstract: in the contemporary global economy, cross-border data transfer has become integral to business operations, facilitating seamless information exchange worldwide. however, this practice brings forth complex intellectual property (ip) considerations that demand careful attention and strategic handling. this paper conducts a thorough exploration of the ip implications associated with cross-border data transfer, elucidating the intricate relationship between ip rights and the international movement of data. specifically, the paper delves into trademark-related issues in cross-border data transfer, including trademark registration, enforcement strategies, and measures to mitigate infringement risks across diverse legal jurisdictions. it also addresses the protection of trade secrets and confidential information, highlighting the challenges posed by data transfer and advocating for the adoption of effective safeguarding measures. furthermore, the paper analyzes the role of technological protection measures, such as digital rights management (drm), in preserving intellectual property during data transfer, while considering pertinent legal and ethical considerations. by providing nuanced insights into these ip implications, this paper offers valuable guidance for policymakers, legal professionals, businesses, and other stakeholders engaged in cross-border data exchange endeavors. keywords: intellectual property, cross-border data transfer, legal frameworks, technology, innovation, compliance, risk mitigation, international cooperation digital economy, and regulatory challenges. introduction: in the wake of the digital revolution, the global landscape has witnessed an unparalleled surge in connectivity, ushering in an era defined by the seamless exchange of data across international borders. this phenomenon, commonly referred to as cross-border data transfer, has emerged as a cornerstone of the modern, interconnected world, facilitating international trade, communication, and collaboration on an unprecedented scale. however, within the vast expanse of this digital network lies a labyrinth of legal and regulatory complexities, particularly concerning the protection of intellectual property (ip) rights. the concept of intellectual property encompasses a broad spectrum of intangible assets, ranging from innovative inventions to creative works of art, trademarks, and confidential business information. these assets are safeguarded by a myriad of legal mechanisms, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets, which play a pivotal role in incentivizing innovation, nurturing creativity, and driving economic growth. yet, in the realm of cross-border data transfer, these fundamental rights encounter a host of intricate challenges and implications that demand careful scrutiny and strategic consideration. 152 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us indeed, the significance of intellectual property in the context of cross-border data transfer cannot be overstated. as data traverse geographical boundaries, they often encapsulate invaluable ip assets, such as copyrighted content, patented technologies, and proprietary business data. the transnational nature of data transfer precipitates complex questions surrounding jurisdictional authority, enforcement mechanisms, and compliance with diverse legal frameworks across different jurisdictions. moreover, the evolving digital landscape presents novel hurdles to traditional modes of ip protection, as the ease of replication, dissemination, and manipulation of digital content amplifies concerns related to copyright infringement, patent disputes, and unauthorized use of trademarks. furthermore, the proliferation of cyber threats, including data breaches and cyber-attacks, poses substantial risks to the security and confidentiality of intellectual property assets in transit. in light of these multifaceted challenges, a nuanced understanding of the intellectual property implications of cross-border data transfer is imperative for businesses, policymakers, legal practitioners, and other stakeholders operating in the global digital economy. this paper endeavors to explore the intricate intersection of intellectual property and crossborder data transfer, delving into the key issues, challenges, and opportunities that define this dynamic landscape. through a comprehensive analysis of relevant legal principles, real-world case studies, and emerging industry trends, this paper aims to provide valuable insights and practical guidance for navigating the complex terrain of ip protection in an increasingly interconnected world. by shedding light on the complexities inherent in intellectual property rights in the context of cross-border data transfer, this paper seeks to foster a deeper understanding of the legal, regulatory, and technological challenges confronting stakeholders in the digital age. review of literature the rapid globalization and digitalization of the economy have brought about significant challenges for intellectual property (ip) rights, particularly in the context of cross-border data transfer. a review of the literature reveals a wealth of research exploring the complexities, implications, and potential solutions to address these challenges. one key area of focus in the literature is the jurisdictional issues surrounding cross-border data transfer and ip rights. authors such as fitzgerald (2016) have highlighted the legal and jurisdictional challenges inherent in cyberspace, emphasizing the need for clarity and consistency in determining applicable laws and enforcement mechanisms. similarly, maskus (2012) discusses the complexities of intellectual property rights in the global economy, noting the importance of harmonizing ip laws across jurisdictions to facilitate international trade and innovation. the fragmentation of global ip standards and the challenges of achieving harmonization are also prominent themes in the literature. maskus (2012) discusses the delicate balance between global ip standards and diverse national regulations, pointing to the need for international agreements or frameworks to address this fragmentation. additionally, the center for strategic and international studies (2017) examines the challenges of enforcing ip rights in a globalized economy, highlighting the difficulties of policing and prosecuting ip violations across borders. enforcement challenges in the digital age are another area of concern explored in the literature. the united states international trade commission (2011) assesses factors affecting economic growth, including the challenges of enforcing ip rights in a digital environment. the proliferation of digital content has raised concerns about copyright infringement and piracy, with online platforms and peer-to-peer networks facilitating the widespread dissemination of pirated content (wipo, 2021). the lack of clarity surrounding the treatment of digital ip assets in transnational contexts is also a significant issue discussed in the literature. authors such as fitzgerald (2016) and the united states international trade commission (2011) highlight the uncertainty surrounding 153 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us jurisdictional scope, legal principles, and enforcement mechanisms in the digital age. additionally, the european union intellectual property office (2021) explores the impact of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (ai) and blockchain on ip protection and enforcement, raising questions about automated content creation and infringement detection. rationale of study the rationale for the study lies in the urgent need to address the complex challenges associated with intellectual property (ip) rights in the context of cross-border data transfers. as globalization and digitalization reshape the global economy, businesses and stakeholders face complex legal, jurisdictional, and enforcement issues related to ip protection. this study seeks to comprehensively analyze these challenges, examining factors such as jurisdictional ambiguities, fragmentation of global ip standards, enforcement difficulties, and lack of clarity around digital ip assets. by taking an in-depth look at these issues, the study aims to shed light on the multifaceted intersection of ip rights and cross-border data transfers, providing valuable insights and practical guidance for navigating this dynamic landscape. ultimately, this research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the legal, regulatory, and technological challenges facing stakeholders in the digital age, to inform policy decisions and foster innovation in an increasingly interconnected world. implications of the research or outcome of the research: the implications of the research on intellectual property (ip) challenges in cross-border data transfer are far-reaching and hold significant potential for informing policy-making processes. by elucidating the complexities and nuances inherent in this domain, the research offers valuable insights that can guide the development of effective policies and regulatory frameworks to address these challenges. the research highlights the need for harmonization of global ip standards to mitigate fragmentation and inconsistency across jurisdictions. policymakers can leverage these insights to advocate for international agreements or frameworks aimed at aligning legal principles and enforcement mechanisms, thus fostering a more cohesive and predictable ip landscape. the research underscores the importance of enhancing cross-border cooperation and coordination in enforcing ip rights. policymakers can explore mechanisms for mutual recognition of ip rights and enforcement decisions, as well as capacity-building initiatives to strengthen enforcement capabilities globally. furthermore, the research emphasizes the significance of promoting innovation-friendly environments by balancing ip protection with the free flow of information and ideas. policy interventions, such as providing incentives for voluntary ip licensing agreements and fostering open innovation platforms, can facilitate responsible data sharing while safeguarding ip rights. additionally, the research underscores the need for enhancing transparency and clarity in the treatment of digital ip assets. policymakers can work towards establishing clear legal frameworks and guidelines for addressing jurisdictional issues, defining the scope of ip protection in transnational contexts, and facilitating cross-border enforcement efforts. historical background of intellectual property and cross-border data transfer: the historical evolution of intellectual property rights (iprs) parallels the trajectory of human innovation and technological progress from the advent of the printing press to the beginning of the digital age. traditionally, intellectual property includes tangible creations such as manuscripts, artworks, and inventions, which are protected through mechanisms such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. these legal frameworks aim to encourage creativity, reward innovation, and protect the economic interests of creators and inventors. as technology advanced, so did the scope and nature of intellectual property. the rise of industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries created a need for standardized patent laws to protect inventions and promote industrial development. similarly, the proliferation of printed materials led to the need for copyright laws to protect literary and artistic works from 154 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unauthorized reproduction and distribution. however, it was the advent of the digital age that marked a seismic shift in the landscape of intellectual property. the emergence of computers, the internet, and digital technologies revolutionized the way information is created, accessed, and disseminated. this digital revolution facilitated the rapid transfer of data across borders, transcending geographic boundaries, and enabling instantaneous communication and collaboration on a global scale1. as a result, the concept of cross-border data transfer became increasingly associated with intellectual property rights. digital content, including copyrighted works, patented technologies and proprietary information, can now be disseminated around the world with unprecedented ease and speed. this introduced new challenges to traditional notions of ip protection, as the intangible nature of digital assets made them vulnerable to unauthorized copying, distribution, and exploitation. the early legal framework governing international data flows and ip protection struggled to keep pace with these technological developments. jurisdictional issues arose when data passed through multiple legal jurisdictions, creating ambiguity regarding applicable laws and enforcement mechanisms. furthermore, the absence of standardized international agreements increases the challenges of cross-border ip protection, leaving creators, innovators, and businesses at risk of exploitation and infringement. nevertheless, early precedents and legal frameworks laid the groundwork for addressing these challenges. landmark treaties such as the berne convention for the protection of literary and artistic works and the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (trips) established the fundamental principles for the protection of ip rights in the international arena. similarly, judicial decisions and legislative initiatives sought to clarify jurisdictional issues and establish mechanisms for cross-border enforcement of ip rights2. 1. challenges in intellectual property rights in the modern era : in the modern era, navigating the landscape of intellectual property rights (ipr) presents a myriad of complex challenges, each stemming from the interconnectedness of a globalized digital economy. four key challenges stand out as particularly pressing: 1.1. jurisdictional issues: determining the jurisdiction in which intellectual property disputes should be adjudicated poses a significant challenge in cross-border contexts. with data flowing seamlessly across national borders, it becomes increasingly difficult to pinpoint the appropriate legal framework governing ip rights. conflicting laws and regulations across jurisdictions further compound the problem, creating uncertainty for businesses and individuals alike. additionally, differences in legal systems and judicial interpretations can lead to disparate outcomes, making it challenging to ensure consistent enforcement of ip rights on a global scale3. 1.2. harmonization vs. fragmentation: balancing the need for harmonized global ip standards with the reality of diverse national regulations presents a delicate challenge. while harmonization can streamline international trade and foster innovation by establishing consistent rules for ip protection, it often clashes with the sovereignty of nations and their right to enact laws tailored to their specific economic, cultural, and social contexts. the tension between harmonization and fragmentation complicates efforts to 1 european patent office, history of the european patent system (munich: epo, 2021), available at https://www.epo.org/learning-events/materials/inventors-handbook/history.html (last visited on 16/04/2024). 2 united states copyright office, copyright law of the united states and related laws contained in title 17 of the united states code (washington, dc: u.s. copyright office, 2021), available at https://www.copyright.gov/title17/title17.pdf (last visited on 16/04/2024). european patent office, history of the european patent system (munich: epo, 2021), available at https://www.epo.org/learning-events/materials/inventors-handbook/history.html (last visited on 16/04/2024). world intellectual property organization, global innovation index 2021: ip and the pandemic (geneva: wipo, 2021), available at https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021 (last visited on 16/04/2024). 3 t.r. srinivasa, intellectual property law in india 87 (butterworths india, new delhi, 2003). 155 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us establish unified approaches to ip protection, requiring careful negotiation and diplomacy among stakeholders at the international level4. 1.3. enforcement challenges: policing and prosecuting ip violations across borders pose formidable challenges due to differences in legal systems, enforcement capabilities, and resource constraints among nations. intellectual property infringement often transcends geographical boundaries, making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to track down perpetrators and hold them accountable5. moreover, the rapid evolution of technology has created new avenues for ip infringement, such as online piracy and digital counterfeiting, which further strain enforcement efforts. as a result, achieving effective enforcement of ip rights in the digital age requires enhanced international cooperation, capacity-building initiatives, and innovative enforcement strategies 6. 1.4. lack of clarity: uncertainty surrounding the treatment of digital ip assets in transnational contexts complicates efforts to protect and enforce intellectual property rights effectively7. traditional legal frameworks designed for tangible assets struggle to accommodate the intangible nature of digital content and the borderless nature of digital transactions. questions regarding the jurisdictional reach of copyright laws, the applicability of patent rights in online environments, and the treatment of digital trade secrets remain unresolved, creating legal ambiguity and leaving stakeholders vulnerable to exploitation8. clarifying the legal status of digital ip assets and establishing clear rules for their protection is essential to fostering trust and confidence in the digital marketplace9. 2. new challenges arising from digital landscape: in the rapidly evolving digital landscape, new challenges have emerged, increasing the complexities of intellectual property rights (ipr) protection and enforcement. 2.1. proliferation of digital content: the rapid growth of digital content has raised concerns related to copyright infringement and piracy. with the ease of digital reproduction and distribution, copyrighted works such as music, movies, and literature are vulnerable to unauthorized sharing and exploitation. online platforms and peer-to-peer networks facilitate the widespread dissemination of pirated content, harming the economic interests of content creators and rights holders10. 2.2. technological advancements: emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (ai) and blockchain have a profound impact on ip protection and enforcement. ai-powered algorithms can facilitate the streamlining of processes such as the identification and management of ip assets, patent searching, and trademark monitoring. however, ai also presents challenges, particularly in terms of automated content creation and infringement detection. similarly, blockchain technology offers the opportunity for transparent and tamper-resistant ip registries 4 shamnad basheer, "india's tryst with trips: the patents (amendment) act 2005" 1 indian journal of law and technology 15, 23(2005). 5 united states copyright office. (2021). copyright law of the united states and related laws contained in title 17 of the united states code. washington, dc: u.s. copyright office. https://www.copyright.gov/title17/title17.pdf. 6 n.s. gopalakrishnan, intellectual property and criminal law 45 (eastern book company, lucknow, 2017). r.s. praveen raj, "enforcement of intellectual property rights in the digital era" 6 journal of intellectual property rights 348, 354 (2001). 7 n.s. gopalakrishnan & t.g. agitha, principles of intellectual property 132-134 (eastern book company, 2nd edn., 2014). 8 arul george scaria, piracy in the indian film industry: copyright and cultural consonance 78-80 (cambridge university press, 2014). 9 european patent office. (2021). history of the european patent system. munich: epo. https://www.epo.org/learning-events/materials/inventors-handbook/history.html. 10 world intellectual property organization. (2021). global innovation index 2021: ip and the pandemic. geneva: wipo. https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/. 156 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us but raises questions regarding the ownership and enforcement of digital rights in decentralized networks11. 2.3. data privacy and security: the security of intellectual property assets is a serious concern in the digital age amid growing cyber threats and regulatory requirements. data breaches, cyberattacks, and insider threats pose significant risks to the confidentiality and integrity of ip assets. regulatory frameworks such as the general data protection regulation (gdpr) and the california consumer privacy act (ccpa) impose strict obligations on organizations to protect personal data, including sensitive ip information. balancing the need for data security with the imperative to share information and collaborate across borders is a difficult challenge for businesses and policy makers12. 2.4. cross-border data flows: the unrestricted flow of data across borders presents both opportunities and challenges for intellectual property rights. on the one hand, seamless data transfer enables global collaboration, innovation and market access. on the other hand, data localization requirements and restrictions imposed by some jurisdictions may hinder the free exchange of information and impose compliance burdens on businesses. furthermore, different legal standards and enforcement mechanisms in different countries complicate the protection and enforcement of ip rights in the context of cross-border data flows13. 3. challenges in intellectual property rights in the modern era: in the modern era, navigating intellectual property rights faces daunting challenges. from blurred jurisdictional lines in the digital realm to the delicate balance between global standards and national regulations, enforcement complexities, and the uncertainty surrounding digital assets, this landscape demands careful attention and strategic solutions. 3.1. jurisdictional issues: in the digital age, determining the applicable laws and enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property (ip) rights poses significant challenges due to the global nature of online activities. jurisdictional boundaries are blurred when data flows across multiple jurisdictions, leading to complexities in identifying the appropriate legal framework for resolving disputes and enforcing ip rights14. 3.2. coordination vs. destruction: the balance between global ip standards and diverse national regulations presents a delicate challenge. while harmonization of ip laws across jurisdictions can promote consistency and facilitate international trade, divergent national interests and cultural considerations often result in fragmentation of ip standards. this fragmentation can impede innovation, create compliance burdens for businesses, and hinder cross-border collaboration15. 3.3. enforcement challenges: policing and prosecuting ip violations across borders is inherently challenging due to differences in legal systems, enforcement capacities, and jurisdictional limitations. limited resources, jurisdictional conflicts, and the anonymity afforded by the internet further complicate enforcement efforts, allowing infringers to operate with relative impunity across international boundaries. 11 european union intellectual property office. (2021). intellectual property and emerging technologies: artificial intelligence and blockchain 26.( luxembourg: publications office of the european union. https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/web/observatory/our-publications.) maskus, k. e. (2021). intellectual property rights in the digital economy: issues and challenges. cambridge: cambridge university press. 12 r.k. nagarajan, intellectual property law: cyber crime and digital evidence 56-59 (lexisnexis, 3rd edn., 2020). 13 world trade organization. (2021). trade and cross-border data flows: a review of current issues and policy debates. geneva: wto publications. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202104_e.htm. 14 n.s. gopalakrishnan, "challenges in protecting intellectual property in the digital era," indian journal of law and technology 17 (2019). 15 t. r. srinivasan, international trade and intellectual property rights: challenges and prospects (lexisnexis, 2021). 157 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3.4. lack of clarity: uncertainty surrounding the treatment of digital ip assets in transnational contexts exacerbates the challenges of ip protection. questions regarding the jurisdictional scope of ip laws, the applicability of traditional legal principles to digital assets, and the adequacy of existing enforcement mechanisms remain unresolved, leading to confusion among stakeholders and undermining confidence in the effectiveness of ip protection regimes. 4. opportunities for innovation and collaboration in the dynamic landscape of intellectual property, opportunities for innovation and collaboration abound. from leveraging cutting-edge technologies to fostering international cooperation and standardization efforts, these avenues offer promising prospects for enhancing ip protection, expanding market access, and driving global innovation in the digital age. 4.1. leveraging technology: the utilization of advanced technological tools such as encryption and digital rights management offers promising avenues for enhancing intellectual property (ip) protection in the digital age. these technologies can bolster security measures, safeguarding ip assets from unauthorized access, replication, and distribution16. 4.2. international cooperation: collaborative efforts among governments, businesses, and industry stakeholders are vital for addressing the complex challenges posed by cross-border ip issues. by fostering dialogue, sharing best practices, and coordinating enforcement efforts, international cooperation can strengthen the effectiveness of ip protection regimes and promote a more conducive environment for innovation and creativity17. 4.3. market access: responsible data sharing and ip licensing agreements present opportunities for expanding market access and driving economic growth. by facilitating the exchange of information and technology, businesses can tap into new markets, forge strategic partnerships, and unlock synergies that spur innovation and value creation18. 4.4. standardization efforts: supporting initiatives aimed at harmonizing international ip laws and regulations is essential for promoting consistency and coherence in the global ip landscape. standardization efforts can enhance legal certainty, reduce compliance burdens, and facilitate cross-border transactions, ultimately fostering a more conducive environment for innovation and collaboration on a global scale19. 5. future trends and considerations in the rapidly evolving realm of intellectual property, anticipating future trends and navigating emerging challenges are imperative for businesses and stakeholders. from the shifting legal landscape to technological disruptions and societal considerations, staying abreast of these developments is essential for informed decision-making and effective strategy formulation. 5.1. evolving legal landscape: anticipating regulatory developments is crucial in navigating the future of intellectual property rights and cross-border data transfer. understanding the evolving legal frameworks and their implications will be essential for businesses and stakeholders to adapt and comply effectively20. 5.2. technological disruptions: emerging technologies such as the internet of things (iot) and 5g present both opportunities and challenges for ip protection and enforcement. assessing their impact on digital innovation, data security, and enforcement mechanisms will be pivotal in shaping future ip strategies21. 16 r. g. wright, technology and intellectual property: emerging trends and implications (cambridge university press, 2022), p. 45. 17 j. h. miller, global ip enforcement: challenges and solutions (oxford university press, 2021), p. 78. 18 l. p. adams, market access and ip licensing: a comprehensive guide (wiley, 2023), p. 92. 19 t. e. johnson, harmonization of international ip laws (springer, 2022), p. 110. 20 k. r. nelson, the evolving landscape of ip law (routledge, 2023), p. 34. 21 m. l. turner, technological disruptions and ip rights (palgrave macmillan, 2024), p. 62. 158 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5.3. social and ethical considerations: as technology continues to reshape our digital landscape, addressing broader societal concerns becomes imperative. balancing data privacy, digital rights, and equitable access to information requires a nuanced approach that considers ethical implications alongside legal and technological advancements22. 6. best practices and strategies in the dynamic realm of intellectual property (ip) management, adopting best practices and strategies is crucial for businesses to navigate the complexities of cross-border data transfer effectively. from proactive ip management to risk mitigation, compliance readiness, and continuous adaptation, these strategies are essential for safeguarding valuable assets and ensuring legal compliance in an ever-evolving landscape. 6.1. proactive ip management: developing robust intellectual property (ip) strategies tailored to the intricacies of cross-border data transfer is essential for protecting valuable assets. by identifying and prioritizing ip assets, businesses can implement measures to safeguard their rights and mitigate risks associated with international data flows. 6.2. risk mitigation: implementing proactive measures to identify, assess, and mitigate potential ip risks is crucial for ensuring the integrity and security of data transfers. by conducting thorough risk assessments and implementing appropriate safeguards, businesses can minimize the likelihood of ip infringement, misappropriation, and unauthorized access. 6.3. compliance readiness: ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations governing ip rights and data protection is paramount for mitigating legal risks and maintaining trust with stakeholders. by staying informed about regulatory requirements and industry standards, businesses can adopt proactive measures to safeguard their ip assets and ensure responsible data management practices. 6.4. continuous adaptation: adopting a flexible approach to ip management is essential for navigating the evolving landscape of technology and regulation. by remaining agile and responsive to changes in technology and regulatory frameworks, businesses can proactively adjust their ip strategies to address emerging threats and seize new opportunities in the global marketplace. conclusion: the intersection of intellectual property rights and cross-border data transfer presents a multifaceted landscape characterized by challenges, opportunities, and evolving trends. from jurisdictional complexities to technological disruptions and social considerations, stakeholders must navigate a myriad of factors to protect and leverage their intellectual assets effectively. by adopting proactive ip management strategies, mitigating risks, ensuring compliance, and embracing continuous adaptation, businesses can position themselves to thrive in the global digital economy. through collaboration, innovation, and a commitment to ethical principles, stakeholders can foster a conducive environment for creativity, innovation, and responsible data management practices, ultimately driving sustainable growth and prosperity in the digital age. suggestions 1. proactive ip management and compliance: businesses should adopt strong intellectual property management strategies, including regular audits, risk assessments, and implementation of advanced technological tools such as encryption and digital rights management systems. it is important to ensure compliance with evolving legal frameworks such as gdpr and ccpa. organizations should invest in training programs, develop clear compliance guidelines, and continuously monitor regulatory developments to mitigate risks associated with data breaches and cyber threats. 22 c. f. rodriguez, ethics and ip in the digital age (harvard law review, 2023), p. 150. 159 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. international collaboration and standardization: stakeholders should prioritize international collaboration and standardization efforts to address the challenges of cross-border ip protection. by promoting dialogue, sharing best practices, and coordinating enforcement efforts, a more coherent and consistent global ip landscape can be achieved. collaborative efforts among governments, businesses, and industry stakeholders are critical to creating a favorable environment for innovation and creativity, ultimately driving sustainable growth and prosperity in the digital age. bibliography 1. center for strategic and international studies. 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(2021). history of the european patent system. munich: epo. retrieved from https://www.epo.org/learning-events/materials/inventorshandbook/history.html. accessed 04/04/2004. 6. european union intellectual property office. (2021). intellectual property and emerging technologies: artificial intelligence and blockchain. luxembourg: publications office of the european union. retrieved from https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/web/observatory/our-publications. accessed 02/02/2004. 7. european union intellectual property office. (2021). intellectual property management: protecting your ideas. retrieved from https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/ip-managersguide. accessed 05/04/2004. 8. fitzgerald, b. f. (2016). the legal and jurisdictional challenges in cyberspace. in k. s. paul & j. r. wood (eds.), the international handbook of law and technology (pp. 73-91). springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7465-6_4. accessed 08/04/2004. 9. international telecommunication union. 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(2016). the shift from “e-learning” to “learning”: invisible technology and the dropping of the “e”. british journal of educational technology, 47(2), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12242 14. united states copyright office. (2021). copyright law of the united states and related laws contained in title 17 of the united states code. washington, dc: u.s. copyright office. retrieved from https://www.copyright.gov/title17/title17.pdf accessed 010/04/2004. 15. united states international trade commission. (2011). intellectual property: assessing factors that affect economic growth. retrieved from https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4265.pdf accessed 05/04/2004. 16. united states patent and trademark office. (2021). intellectual property protection: mitigating risk. retrieved from https://www.uspto.gov/ip-policy/intellectual-propertyrights-mitigating-risk. accessed 05/04/2004. 17. wipo. (2020). leveraging intellectual property for economic growth. retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/ip-outreach/en/ipday/2020/economic_growth.html. accessed 07/04/2004. 18. world economic forum. (2018). responsible data sharing in the fourth industrial revolution. retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/wef_responsible_data_sharing.pdf. accessed 05/04/2004. 19. world intellectual property organization. (2019). the importance of intellectual property standards. retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4408 accessed 02/04/2004. 20. world intellectual property organization. (2021). global innovation index 2021: ip and the pandemic. geneva: wipo. retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/.accessed 08/04/2004. 21. world intellectual property organization. (2021). global innovation index 2021: ip and the pandemic. retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/. accessed 05/04/2004. 22. world intellectual property organization. (2021). intellectual property compliance: best practices. retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/academy/en/documents/lecturepresentations/2021/5.3.2_ip_compliance_best_practices.pdf accessed 03/04/2004. 23. world intellectual property organization. (2021). wipo intellectual property handbook: policy, law and use. geneva: wipo. retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4282. accessed 05/04/2004. 24. world trade organization. (2021). trade and cross-border data flows: a review of current issues and policy debates. geneva: wto publications. retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202104_e.htm. accessed 09/04/2004. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of ecological tourism in the development of the tourist services market in uzbekistan suyarov hazratkul assistant at the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: in recent years, a number of measures have been implemented in our country to protect the mother nature and preserve biological species. tourism has become a direction that has a special place in the service sector. therefore, the increase and development of the directions of this sector will create an opportunity for the economic growth of the country by increasing the export of services. keywords: recreational activity, tourist route, ecological tour, ecotourism, ecosystem, ecotourism industry, ecotourism science. the local community is offered to host and serve foreign and local tourists interested in local flora and fauna, landscape, folk history and culture with tourism as an alternative activity. even if this field is seasonal, if it is carried out according to a clear plan, it is possible to extend the season and get the same income throughout the year. residents provide accommodation, meals, transportation, demonstrations of customs and crafts, guiding, protection and security services. undoubtedly, in the conditions of the transition to a market economy, the government should be the leading reformer in the development of tourism and revitalization of recreational activities. because the use of nature without a clear plan can cause great damage to the country. therefore, in our republic, there is a special approach to this area, and important decisions are being made. for example, the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 10, 2000 no. 83 "on the preservation of natural resources and the provision of a comprehensive and consistent approach to the development of the chimyon-chorvoq area" states that this area, due to its natural and climatic conditions, is a specially protected natural area of a resort and recreational nature. enters. in this regard, infrastructure restructuring was carried out in this area in order to reduce the environmental threat posed by enterprises that cause significant damage to nature and to determine the potential of local tourism. it was forbidden to build any industry, agriculture and other enterprises that have a negative impact on nature. western tien-shan is the territory of the three countries of uzbekistan, kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan. therefore, it is impossible to develop tourism here without achieving active cooperation and compatibility between these countries. it is not only a matter of creating crossborder tourist routes that are popular with foreign tourists, but also of preserving natural resources, preventing the wild extermination of animals through illegal hunting, reducing the negative impact of industry, and boosting the local economy. both the authorities and the local community should benefit from the development of the area. they must control all economic processes occurring in their area and take the reins of management. currently, there is a great demand for ecotourism products among foreign and local tourists. according to experts, central asia can become a kind of "mecca" for nature travelers. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at least 10% of people visiting uzbekistan on a tourist or private route are interested in the ecological aspects of their trip: they either visit natural areas (parks, mountains, forests, lakes), or, if not, take a one-day excursion to nearby rural areas. at least 60% of them feel the need for a mixed type, in particular, they are interested in ethnography and ecology 1 . as a result, organized tourists are "specializing" in ecological tours. thus, a new form of tourism is being formed ecological tourism. of course, it is difficult to see the exact place of ecological tourism in the general tourism market. it is often difficult to distinguish it from other types of tourist services. but it is clear that the contribution of this new direction in tourism is still very low. the fact that this field is relatively little studied and promising shows the relevance of its theoretical scientific analysis. the tourism industry of developing countries is mainly based on natural or ecological tourism. according to experts, ecotourism covers 10-20% of the tourist market, and the growth rate exceeds the growth rate of the general tourism industry by 2-3 times. before creating and implementing ecological routes in protected natural areas, tourist organizations must agree with the administration of these areas, the state committee for nature protection of the republic of uzbekistan, and obtain a certificate from the national company "uzbekturizm" or the uzstandart agency. eco-trails are usually organized in national natural parks (parks) and state reserve buffer, recreational areas. only in exceptional cases, these trails can pass through nature reserves (but in this case, the environment should not be harmed as much as possible, the group should walk under the leadership of a special guide, a specialist of the protected area). the formality rules for drawing up the tour route require the organizers to collect information about special interesting objects (caves, rocks, streams, lakes), flora (medicinal and rare herbs, poisonous plants, lichen world) and fauna (animals and insects included in the red book) in addition to general natural features. does. it should be said that when choosing an ecological route , it is necessary to consider not only the type of landscape, but also the capacity of tourists who can visit the future recreational ecological route. the route should be planned in such a way that it is necessary to bypass the places where rare species of flora and fauna live, especially species under state protection. when developing routes, tour operators should pay special attention to the following; informational signs must be placed on the roads, at rest areas, and at restaurants. it is desirable that each route has its own number, color or picture. then the tourists will be able to accurately determine their location using the notebook. the notebooks should clearly indicate the distance to the points of interest and how much time it will take to reach them. first of all, tourist products should be cheap, not specific to all seasons, and consumption should not be limited. but when it comes to ecosystems, this is not possible and should not be the case. a multi-day and long-distance factor combined with the activity or safety of the trip is desirable, but not always necessary. however, safety, the presence of preserved flora and fauna, strict rules of behavior of tourists in specially protected areas are important factors. the concept of ecological tourism development was developed by "ekosan" in 2007, and it is mainly aimed at the purposeful use of existing ecological tourism resources in our republic. it mainly emphasizes that special attention should be paid to the following. to ensure ecological safety and sustainable development of current and future generations, rational use of nature in the tourist direction. the realization of the goal of ecotourism requires the following tasks:  development of special laws for formation of ecotourism industry and creation of their legal mechanism;  development of theoretical foundations of ecotourism science, education and practice;  take a h ecological raising consciousness and culture through ecotourism ; _ _ 1 n. tukhliev, t. abdullaev. ecological tourism: water science , trends and strategy development. t., 2006, p. 22 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  in the field of ecotourism continue education and training _ _ to put _  ecotourism _ _ _ local government _ _ _ _ social mu h phase to do solving problems ; _ _  on ecotourism _ experts prepare and say q preparation ;  ecotourism objects comprehensive evaluation and them _ _ _ _ cadastre take to go  of ecotourism and tourism take to go and die to put _  national state h ududini on ecotourism b ' zoning what work _ _  establishing the activities of special types of entities engaged in ecotourism and having the status of a legal entity and determining measures for their legal support;  development of tactical plans and strategic programs and activities of countries and the international community on ecotourism;  creation of incentives for positive actions related to ecotourism;  biological promote diversity _ _ _ and etc. in performing these tasks, the followingecotourism principle , that is, it is necessary to observe the rules aimed at regulating ecological relations through tourism:  priority of issues of nature protection and sustainable development in ecotourism;  e of cotourism historical , cultural and other types of tourism with organic connected ; _ _ _ _  expediency of introducing ecotourism training in all educational institutions in the field of tourism and service;  the need to involve ecotourism in raising the ecological consciousness and culture of the local population;  reflecting the content of rational use of nature and nature protection in ecotourism routes;  the interest of the state, society, and local government agencies in ecological tourism;  e in cotourismecologicalsocial and social of interest uniqueness ;  pride and pride in ecotourism , etc. based on the above, the wide use of ecological tourism opportunities in the development of the tourism market in uzbekistan is in line with the goal. used literature 1. resolution no. 83 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 10, 2000 "on preservation of natural resources and provision of a comprehensive and consistent approach to the development of the chimyon-chervoq region." 2. n. tukhliev, t. abdullaev. ecological tourism: water science , trends and strategy development. t., 2006, p. 22. 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the factors affecting the capital value of joint stock companies and their econometric modeling khurshid kgudoykulov dsc, professor, international school of finance technology and science abstract: the article forms an econometric model of the impact of factors affecting the value of capital of joint-stock companies. it also analyzes the factors affecting the capital value of jointstock companies based on data from 2015 to 2020. in particular, the forecasts of multiplier coefficients, which are factors affecting the capital value of jsc " kyzylkumtsement ", " uzmetkombinat ", " kokand mechanical plant" and "quartz" from the joint-stock companies of the country. the existing problems were identified , then the forecast of the factors that influence the assessment of the capital value of the joint-stock company. that scientific proposal and practical recommendations were developed to address them. keywords: joint stock company; capital value; cash flow; asset value; value of private capital; return on capital; operational benefits; forecast. introduction in the evaluation of the private capital of joint-stock companies, traditional methods are mainly used to determine the fair value of their shares, in particular, traditional methods such as market value and income estimation approaches. also, the value of private equity is estimated by determining financial indicators such as economic profit, economic value added (eva), market value added (mva) and shareholder value added (sva) . today, most economists and analysts point out that the balance sheet values of financial statements do not always reflect the true financial performance. therefore, the use of the present value of expected cash flows is widely used in the assessment of private and capital value in joint-stock companies in developing countries. in particular, the methodology of discounted cash flows is used in the evaluation of capital projects. it is appropriate to use the methodology of income assessment to estimate the fair value of the private capital of joint-stock companies . also, discounted cash flow models serve to determine the internal value of the private capital of a joint-stock company and are based on the principle of calculation through the present value of future cash flows expected from private capital. assessment of the capital value of joint-stock companies is carried out primarily based on the theory of finance and accounting. according to the theory, most cost of capital estimations use discounted cash flow and residual income estimation models. therefore, world practitioners use multiplier coefficients when determining the value of private capital of joint-stock companies, because this valuation method is used instead of complex valuation techniques. this multiplier is reflected in the reports of most joint-stock companies and investment banks in the assessment of capital value through coefficients. it is also used in evaluating corporate transactions through multiplier coefficients. even practitioners using sophisticated valuation techniques use multiplier factors to estimate terminal value and verify its reliability. 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature review today, in world practice, the use of the method of relative value estimation is a widely used method for evaluating the capital of joint-stock companies. in particular, researchers use this method to determine the market value of joint stock company shares and forecast them. industrial enterprises are analyzed by the p/e (price earnings ratio) ratio of market price to net profit. according to the conclusion of these researchers, when assessing the capital value of industrial enterprises, their income growth should be taken into account (boatsman, j., and bakin, e, 19981). they conducted studies on the effect of the method of discounted cash flows in the assessment of the capital of joint-stock companies and the multiplier coefficients of earnings before depreciation, interest and tax (earning before depreciation, interest and tax) in the conditions of a high share of debt funds of these joint-stock companies. according to their conclusion, they stated that the method of estimating the cost of capital, taking into account the profit before taxes, interest and depreciation, is the method of valuation with discounted cash flows (kaplan, s., and ruback, r. 1995). by calculating the multiplier coefficients, in particular, the ratio of the market price to net profit and the ratio of the market price of the share to the book value, the market value of the capital of joint-stock companies and the weighted combination of these coefficients are suitable for forecasting the market and book value of the share (penman, s. 1998). in assessing the capital of joint-stock companies, using the relative value method, multiplier coefficients were used to determine the level of bankruptcy of joint-stock companies. in addition, the enterprise value ev (enterprise value), which is calculated as the coefficient of discounted cash flows, determined the level of bankruptcy of the enterprise through the ratio coefficient of the enterprise value ev (enterprise value) to the assets of the enterprise. in particular, according to the research conclusions, they state that the discounted cash flow coefficients determine the probability of bankruptcy of a joint-stock company by 40-70 percent (hotchkiss, e. and mooradian, r. 1998). the scientific conclusion is that society can determine the state of bankruptcy not 100 percent, but from 40 percent to 70 percent. in determining the capital value of joint-stock companies and the market price of shares, the market used alternative methods of determining the multiplier coefficients representing the main efficiency. according to them, it is based on the need to use ev (enterprise value) coefficients in the assessment of capital. in turn, the use of enterprise value ev (enterprise value) coefficients is more accurate than the coefficient p/e (price earnings ratio) and the ratio p/b (price to book value ratio). (liu, j., nissim, d., and thomas, j. 2007). they conducted research on the impact of the p/e ratio (price earnings ratio) on the investment opportunities in the stock market of the developed g-7 countries. the ratio of share market price to net profit is considered a fundamental influencing factor on investment attractiveness in the stock market, and the increase in the p/e ratio is explained by the high liquidity of shares in the stock market (rahman, ml, and shamsuddin, a. 2019). according to s. e. elmirzaev, one of the local economists conducting scientific research on the development of modern corporate finance, it is appropriate to use several stock valuation models used in the assessment of the capital of joint-stock companies and to take into account their average. in addition, the p/e ratio, which is widely used in equity valuation, expresses the essence of the ratio as follows. in particular, the p/e ratio initially explains the assessment of the company's profit per share in the future period (s. elmirzaev, 2019). local economists b. toshmurodova and s. elmirzaev in their research touched on several approaches to capital cost accounting that are widely used in practice. this, in turn, explains the different models of dividend discounting ddm (dividend discount model), capital asset pricing model capm (capital asset pricing model), modigliani-miller model (modigliani–miller theorem) and capital valuation with multiplier coefficients (b. toshmurodova, s. elmirzaev, n. tursunova, 2017). in addition to this, in his research on ways to effectively organize the 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us financial management system in joint-stock companies, he noted that the capital structure is expressed through the ratio of private capital and debt capital. in particular, the minimization of the cost of debt capital is explained by the increase in the profitability of private capital (r. karlibaeva, 2007). in our opinion, the dividend payout ratio, dividend yield rate, enterprise value ev (enterprise value) before deduction of taxes, interest and depreciation ebitda (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) coefficient, gordon model, peg (price/earnings to growth) coefficient, p/e (price earnings ratio) and p/b (price to book value ratio) ) coefficients are appropriate to use. also, these coefficients are widely used today to determine the market price of shares in the primary public placement of shares of these joint-stock companies in order to reduce the state share in large joint-stock companies in our country. research methodology. the practical data we have collected are analyzed based on a special indicator, that is, panel data 1, and in particular, the factors affecting the capital value of jscs "kyzilkumtsement", "ozmetkombinat", "ko'kan mechanical plant" and "kvarts" in our country as units of this panel, in particular, financial dependence (debt ratio), p/e (price-to-earnings ratio), p/b (price-to-book ratio), p/s (price-to-sales ratio) and ev/s (enterprise value-to-sales) the effect of coefficients on the section of joint-stock companies in the database of 2015-2020. here, based on the data, regression and correlation analysis was performed based on the panel data. by performing an econometric analysis based on panel data, it is possible to accurately assess the impact of factors affecting the value of capital of "kyzilkumtsement", "uzmetkombinat", "ko'kan mechanical plant" and "kvarts" jscs. also, an econometric model was formed through factors affecting the value of joint-stock companies, and forecast indicators were systematized based on this model. we use the "eviews 9" program , which is widely used in econometrics, to create these models . the value (ev) of the selected joint-stock companies as a result factor in the creation of a multifactor regression and correlation econometric model and the factors affecting it were determined, and the research hypotheses were determined: h 1 – the coefficient of financial dependence (debt ratio) depends on the growth of the capital value of joint-stock companies and has a high impact; h 2 – the p/e ratio depends on the increase in the value of capital of joint-stock companies and has a high impact; h 3 – the p/b ratio depends on the increase in the value of capital of joint-stock companies and has a high impact; h 4 – the p/s ratio depends on the increase in the value of capital of joint-stock companies and has a high impact; h 5 – the ev/s ratio depends on the increase in the value of capital of joint-stock companies and has a high impact. based on the above hypothesis, the following mathematical functions were formed: 𝐸𝑒𝑣 = 𝛼 + 𝛽1(debt ratio)1 + 𝛽2 ( 𝑃 𝐸 )2 + 𝛽3 ( 𝑃 𝐵 )3 + 𝛽4 ( 𝑃 𝑆 )4 + 𝛽4 ( 𝐸𝑉 𝑆 )5 + 𝜀𝑖 b>0 ( 4.1) here: 𝐸𝑒𝑣the value of the capital of the joint-stock company; 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 coefficient of financial dependence; p/e market value of a share/((net profit-dividends paid on preferred shares)/number of common shares ratio; 1 http://www.classes.ru/dictionary-english-russian-scienceenru-term-78341.htm . multivariate time series data http://www.classes.ru/dictionary-english-russian-scienceenru-term-78341.htm 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us p/b the market value of the share (the market value of the company)/ the coefficient of the balance sheet value of the share; p/s market value of the share (market value of the company)/sales volume coefficient; ev/s the company's market value/tax and interest profit; the company's value=the company's market capitalization+the company's net debt ratio; in the first step: we implement a correlation matrix based on panel data. because, in forming a multifactorial function, there is some degree of correlation between random variables, which 2causes the problem of multicollinearity. in the second step: after solving the problem of multicollinearity between the selected variables, we form panel models. in the third step: a test is conducted to choose which of the generated panel models is the best model. in the fourth step: through the chosen better model, the capital value of the joint-stock company is forecasted for the period up to 2023. analysis and discussion of results. as a result of the econometric analysis, we calculate the indicators of cumulative, fixed effect and random effect models (table 1). table 1. r egression the indicators of models k ' results (2014-2020) years information based on3 arbitrary variable ( l n_ev ) (1) (2) (3) assembled model fixed effects model a random effects model house_s 18.8907 *** (0.0008) 5.6346 *** (0.0678) 18.8907 *** (0.0000) p_s -17.8469 *** (0.0008) -2.7743 *** ( 0.0554 ) -17.8469 *** ( 0.0000 ) debt_ratio -5.612523 (0.0008) 1.234082 (0.2543) -5.6125 (0.0000) s ( constant) 6.25170 ** (0.0000) 5.1804 ** (0.0000) 6.2517 ** (0.0000) the number of observations 20 20 20 rsquare 0.6008 0.9548 0.6008 figures in parentheses are standard error of pvalue, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.1 it can be observed that the p-value in the cumulative model of the selected independent variables in the three models in table 1 is less than 0.001. however, it can be observed that the p-value of ev_s, p_s, and debt_ratio calculated as independent variables selected in the fixed effects model is less than 0.001. a random effects model indicates that all independent variables have a pvalue of 0.001. if we conduct a hypothesis test on these independent variables, it is observed that the coefficient of the ln_ev variable is statistically significant at the 90 percent level in all three models. in addition, the random effects model ev_s, p_s, and debt_ratio independent variables are also affected at the 99 percent statistical significance level. this means that two volitional variables can represent the full effect of the nonvolitional variable. looking at the r-squared, we 2 https://translate.academic.ru/multicollinearity/en/ru/ . in regression analysis, there is a high correlation between two or more independent (unrelated) variables. 3was prepared by the author using the eviews-9.0 program based on the data of "kyzilkumtsement", "uzmetkombinat", "ko'kan mechanical plant" and "kvarts" jscs . https://translate.academic.ru/multicollinearity/en/ru/ 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us can see that the value is close to 1 in all three models. in particular, the r-squared index is almost close to 1 in the fixed effects model. looking at the estimated cumulative, fixed and random effects models, it can be observed that the difference is not very large. to determine which of these models is better, calculations were made using the test of foreign economist j. hausman. when the test probability is less than 5 percent, the fixed effects model is the better model. if this probability indicator is greater than 5 percent, the random effects model is considered better. the analysis of this test is presented in the table below (table 2). table 2. j. hausman test results4 variables fixed effect (a) random effect (b) difference of variables (ab) probability level ev_s 5.634634 18.890747 5.086046 0.0000 p_s -5.774357 -17.846915 4.908149 0.0000 debt_ratio 1.234082 -5.612523 0.811982 0.0000 chi -square (χ 2 ) statistic chi -square distribution probability level cross -section random effects 101.988938 3 0.0000 2 show that the random effects model is better than the other models. the best random effects model was determined using the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis according to the p-value probability indicator. accordingly, the random effect model was accepted as the null hypothesis, and its alternative, the fixed effect model, was rejected. in our study, the level of statistical significance of the hausman test (χ2) is less than 5 percent and the p-value equal to 0.0000 indicates that the fixed effects model is better than other models. after this test, we conduct a correlation test between the residuals . we can see the result of this test from the table below. in conclusion, it can be said that the fixed effects model is the most suitable when analyzed through three models based on panel data. the robustness test of this model, i.e. the absence of correlation between the residuals, indicates that the model has a predictive capability. when studying the effect of ev_s, p_s, and debt_ratio coefficients on the value of capital of joint-stock companies, it was shown that ev_s, p_s coefficients have a direct effect. without changing other factors in the fixed effects model, an increase in the ev_s coefficient by one point leads to a 5.6fold increase in the value of the capital of the joint-stock company. a one-point increase in the p_s coefficient leads to a 2.7-fold decrease in the value of the capital of the joint-stock company. based on this, it is appropriate to use the random effect model in the assessment of factors that directly affect the value of capital of joint-stock companies. this, in turn, serves to determine the changes in the value of joint-stock companies' capital in the medium and short term, as well as the investment potential in the capital of joint-stock companies in the near future. the fixed effects model chosen in our study is the most appropriate. therefore, the diagnostic test of the selected model showed that the fixed effects model has the ability to predict correctly. therefore, in our scientific work , we make a forecast with coefficients calculated as factors affecting the value of capital of joint-stock companies through the model of fixed effects (table 3). 4 the table was prepared by the author using the eviews-9.0 program based on the data of "kyzilkumtsement", "uzmetkombinat", "ko'kan mechanical plant" and "kvarts" jscs. 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 3. in the value of the capital of joint-stock companies in 2020-2023, billion soums5 years joint-stock company of capital value ( billion soums ) ev/s ratio p/s ratio debt ratio coefficient 2015 244.25 0.5415 0.5063 0.2061 2016 240.69 0.4205 0.3908 0.2445 2017 258.55 0.3526 0.2961 0.3713 2018 378.08 0.3718 0.3415 0.3064 2019 396.19 0.7115 0.6860 0.3809 2020 398.78 0.5670 0.5372 0.4253 2021 409.24 0.5961 0.5682 0.4664 2022 411.66 0.6252 0.5992 0.5076 2023 419.31 0.6544 0.6302 0.5487 from the data of table 3, we can see that the capital value of joint-stock companies has increased almost 1.7 times by 2023. one of the main reasons for this is the increase in the income from the sale of products and the market value of shares of joint-stock companies. at the same time, the value of capital is expected to increase due to the increase in debt capital of jointstock companies. looking at the analysis, the debt ratio of joint-stock companies is expected to increase by 1.42 times in 2023 compared to 2019. in conclusion, it should be noted that the main indicators that ensure the increase in the value of the capital of joint-stock companies in our republic are the growth of the market value of the shares of joint-stock companies, the increase of debt capital and the change in income from the product. an increase in debt capital has a negative impact on the value of capital of joint-stock companies. because, based on our research, we can say that the increase in debt capital leads to a decrease in the real value of the capital of the joint-stock company, liabilities leads to an increase and deterioration of the financial situation . conclusion and suggestions. on the basis of the scientific work carried out above, the following conclusions and proposals were formed: first, in uzbekistan, the valuation of capital of joint-stock companies is carried out by calculating production costs and depreciation balances using the cost approach. in developed countries, using income and comparative approaches, equity valuation is done with cash flows and income from assets. in the comparative approach, the assessment is carried out taking into account the assets that are similar to the assets of the joint-stock company. therefore, in our republic, it would be appropriate to implement the evaluation process using the income and comparison approach in the assessment of the value of capitals. as a result, it was possible to assess the real market value of capital of joint-stock companies . second, when analyzed through three models based on panel data, the fixed effects model is the most appropriate. the robustness test of this model, i.e. the absence of correlation between the residuals, indicates that the model has a predictive capability. when the effect of coefficients ev_s, p_s, and debt_ratio on the capital value of joint-stock companies was studied, it was shown that the coefficients of ev_s, p_s directly affect it. without changing other factors in the fixed effects model, an increase in the ev_s coefficient by one point leads to a 5.6-fold increase in the value of the capital of the joint-stock company. a one-point increase in the p_s coefficient leads to a 2.7-fold decrease in the value of the capital of the joint-stock company. based on this, it is appropriate to use the random effect model in the assessment of factors that directly affect the value of capital of joint-stock companies. 5the table was prepared by the author using the eviews-9.0 program based on the data of "kyzilkumtsement", "uzmetkombinat", "ko'kan mechanical plant" and "kvarts" jscs. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thirdly, it is necessary to carry out prospective directions of assessment of the capital value of joint-stock companies through discounted cash flows. the implementation of these perspectives provides an opportunity to determine the income of shares and bonds in the capital of joint-stock companies, the expected income from these securities and the market risk. in addition, it serves to determine and diversify the capital structure of joint-stock companies and to determine how much income to get from this capital. reference: 1. boatsman , j., and bakin , e. 1981. asset valuation with incomplete markets. the accounting review, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 38–53 2. kaplan, s. , et al ruback , r. 1995. the valuation of cash flow forecasts: an empirical analysis. the journal of finance, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1059–1093. 3. penman, s. 1998. combining earnings and book value in equity valuation. contemporary accounting research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 291-324 4. hotchkiss, e. and mooradian , r. (1998) acquisitions as a means of restructuring firms in chapter 11. journal of financial intermediation, vol. 7, issue 3, pp. 240-262 5. liu, j., nissim , d., and thomas, j. (2007). is cash flow king in valuations? financial analyst journal, vol 63, issue 2, pp.56–65. 6. rahman, ml, and shamsuddin , a. (2019). investor sentiment and the price-earnings ratio in the g7 stock markets. pacific-basin finance journal, 55, 46-62 7. s. elmirzayev and others finance market . textbook . t.: " economy-finance ", 2019. 324 p. 8. b. toshmurodova, s. elmirzayev, n. tursunova. financial management. textbook. t.: "economy-finance", 2017. 325 p. 9. r. karlibaeva "ways of effective organization of the financial management system in jointstock companies" autoreferat, vol. 2007, pp. 1-30 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of digital technologies in improving the efficiency of manufacturing enterprises ulugmurodov f. f. assistant trainee of sies "digital economy" department shodiev f. k. sies is a student of the faculty of economics abstract: in the article, the authors conducted research on the digitization of the activities of the enterprises in order to increase the efficiency of the activities of the production enterprises and developed suggestions and recommendations. they also gave conclusions on the systematic digitization of production enterprises. keywords: enterprise, efficiency, effectiveness, system, field, production, program, digital technology, digitization, industrial enterprises. introduction. in the conditions of the transition to the digital economy, the countries of the world are working on the implementation of advanced works on the development of e-commerce, e-commerce, egovernment and industry 4.0 complexes. the impact of digital technologies is felt both globally and locally. the digital economy is a rapidly growing part of the global economy as a combination of new productions. new technologies have a transformative effect on some aspects of the activities of well-established business entities. according to the mckinsey global institute (mgi), in the next 20 years, up to 50% of work operations in the world can be automated, and this process can be compared with the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. the industrial revolution allowed individual countries to achieve incredible rates of economic growth, and for several decades they became the leaders of the global economy. currently, during the globalization of the economy and the development of information and communication technologies, the economies of many countries are moving to a new digital form. the digital economy is changing the face and structure of the economy of countries and entire regions. the competition within the network is increasing, the markets are expanding, the competitiveness of the industries of some countries is increasing in the world markets. as a result, national economies are growing. the digital economy determines the growth prospects of the company, industry and the national economy as a whole. the emergence of digital players has already changed all sectors tourism, telecommunications, printing, passenger transport [3]. digital transformation is one of the main factors of world economic growth. according to the calculations of the mckinsey global institute [8, 9], in 2025, 22% of china's gdp growth can be achieved due to internet technologies. and in the usa, the growth of the economy due to digital technologies may be equal to $1.6-2.2 trillion in 2025. 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methodology. it-related issues have not avoided possible changes in industrial work. to be clear, there are two issues at the heart of the debate on the digitization of industrial work: the first is the question of the possible quantitative effects on employment, and the second is the structural change of occupational activity and skills. the analysis assumes a broad understanding of the industry. to adequately understand the import of this change process. in general, the concept covers all direct and indirect value creators in industrial operations, from the operational and executive levels of the organization, to the strategic levels of planning, regulation and monitoring, to the lower and middle levels. includes activities. the use of intelligent information and communication technologies and the associated network of people and machines bring many advantages within the company in the manufacturing sector. data is collected in real time during the entire production process of the workpiece, then recorded at a central control point, stored in production databases and analyzed. in addition, the above-mentioned cyber-physical systems are used, which are aimed at connecting computing performance with physical devices. a devicelevel coordination function is assigned to devices in the production process, which ensures that production is more efficient in use. with this data, the company is able to measure important parameters of the production process, such as the current production progress, production speed or the relationship between the desired and achieved quality in real time and draw the necessary conclusions. results and discussion. this is not due to the automation of economic forecasts, but only related existing processes, but with the introduction of completely new comprehensive work models and technologies. among them digital platforms, digital ecosystems in deep analyst big data groups, for example, 3d as industry 4.0 technologies printing, robotics, internet of things. this is not due to the automation of economic forecasts, but only related to existing processes, but with the introduction of completely new comprehensive work models and technologies. among them digital platforms, digital ecosystems in deep analyst big data groups, for example, 3d as industry 4.0 technologies printing, robotics, internet of things. in a broad sense, industry 4.0 describes the development trend of automation and data exchange processes, which includes cyber-physical systems, the internet of things and cloud computing. the fourth industrial revolution, known abroad as industry 4.0, first appeared in western countries. in 2011, at one of the industrial exhibitions in hanover (germany), the german government spoke about the need for wider use of information technology in production. a specially organized group of officials and experts has developed a strategy to transform production enterprises in the country into "smart" enterprises. other countries actively developing new technologies followed this idea. the term industry 4.0 is synonymous with the fourth industrial revolution. the fourth industrial revolution in manufacturing is a new driver of economic growth, which is associated with the adoption of values and training opportunities that did not exist before. the introduction of technologies in accordance with a comprehensive idea aimed at improving the world around us will help strengthen the global economy and improve the environmental condition of our planet. the main directions of production transformation are determined by three global technological trends: network integration, intellectualization and flexible automation (fig. 1). experts have proposed the so-called cyber-physical systems, or the integration of automated machines and processing centers connected to the internet into industrial processes (systems that integrate the physical world with the virtual world, cps). the goal of production is to create systems that can independently change machines when necessary. 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. the main global technological trends affecting production industry 4.0 will radically change not only the production process, but also the range of services related to the manufactured products. cyber-physical systems of production fundamentally change the logic of traditional production. each worker object independently determines what work the production element should do for itself. a completely new architecture of these industrial systems can be phased in through the digital modernization of existing production facilities. conclusion german experts have developed several basic principles for building industry 4.0, after which companies can implement scenarios of the fourth industrial revolution in their enterprises. the first principle is interoperability, which refers to the ability of machines, tools, devices, sensors, and people to interact and communicate with each other through the internet of things. the second principle is transparency resulting from such interaction. in the virtual world, a digital copy of real objects, systems of functions is created, which exactly repeats everything that happened to its physical clone. as a result, complete information is collected about all processes related to equipment, "smart" products, production in general, etc. this requires the ability to gather all the data from sensors and sensors and take into account 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"o’zbekistonda axborot-texnologiyalarini rivojlantirishning iqtisodiy-huquqiy asoslari." formation and development of pedagogical creativity: international scientific-practical conference (belgium). vol. 1. 2023. 28. erkin, s. & bakhronkulovich, b. s. (2024). some issues related to the industrialization of the economy of uzbekistan. european journal of business startups and open society, 4 (3), 187–194. retrieved from http://inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/2684 29. s.b.boboqulov, sh.b.djurakulov. elektrоn tijоrаtdа “buy-side” hаmdа “sell-side” tizimlаrining o‘rni vа аhаmiyаti. iqtisodiyot va ta'lim / 2024-yil 1-son. 2024-02-29. https://cedr.tsue.uz/index.php/journal/article/view/1442 30. bobokulov s.b. (2024). exploration of housing and communal services development: international perspective. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157), 2 (4), 221–228. retrieved from https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/4405 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=45436642 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=45436642 https://ojs.qmii.uz/index.php/ej/article/view/390 https://ojs.qmii.uz/index.php/ej/article/view/390 https://cedr.tsue.uz/index.php/journal/article/view/1442 https://grnjournal.us/index.php/ajpdis/article/view/4405 169 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 31. bobokulov, s., & usmanov, s. (2024). economic importance of housing and communal services. european journal of business startups and open society, 4 (4), 204–208. retrieved from https://inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/2994 32. bobokulov sanjar bakhrankulovich. (2024). advancement achieved by implementing environmentally friendly technology in housing and communal services. excellencia: international multi-disciplinary journal of education (2994-9521), 2(5), 33-36. https://doi.org/10.5281/ https://inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/2994 https://doi.org/10.5281/ 198 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 semantic analysis of “heart“ component phrases and alternative translations in english which were used in the story “naughty boy” by ghafur ghulam mardieva makhbuba shavkatovna teacher of samarkand state institute of foreign languages abstract: this article will conduct a semantic analysis and analysis of the semantic features of the “heart” component phrases used in the short story “naughty boy” by ghafur ghulam. in particular, information is also provided about the monosemantic and polysemantic properties of phrases, types according to the relationship of form and meaning. examples of englishtranslated alternatives to the “heart” component phrases used in the narrative are also given, with reference to translation methods. keywords: homonymous phrases, synonymous phrases, antonymic phrases, component, semantic unit, adequate translation, phraseological equivalence. a phrase is an important unit that makes up the vocabulary of our language. a phrase is the expression of a concept or sentence through the combination of meaning and grammar of one or more words. for example, the term “ yurakka yaqin” means “untidy”, “impatient” in uzbek and corresponds meaningfully to the english phrase” anticipating with bated breath". the twocomponent phrase “yuragi taka puka bo‘lmoq” is similar in meaning to “mentally restless, restless” to the english phrase "cross to bear". the meaning of feeling the need to say what he has gathered is the expression “his heart is full”, in addition to the meaning of this expression to stand in a state of tears. the phrase can be metaphorically equivalent to “seek salace” in english, as the meaning of the phrase also corresponds to the phrase to keep the heart full. so, the “heart” component phrases serve to express the mental state of a person pain, desire, joy, sadness. in linguistics, the term phraseologisms is used to refer to expressions that are used in a portable sense. stable compounds in the portable sense, which have the integrity of meaning and are formed from a stable relationship of two or more words up to the speech process, brought in ready for speech, are phraseologisms, and the field that studies them is called phraseology. in uzbek linguistics, phraseologisms have been studied extensively since the first half of the last century, with aspects such as sturuktur, semantic, grammatical, methodological, functional. in 1992, sh.rakhmatullayev compiled a "farseological dictionary of the uzbek language", and this dictionary contained more than 3,000 phraseological unit annotations. there are also phrases in linguistics that are associated with members of human reproach. for example, phrases related to the word head like “boshi qotmoq”, “boshi ochiq”, “boshdan oyoq”, phrases related to the word “heart” like “yuragidan urmoq”, “yuragi dov bermoq”, we can also cite a number of phrases with eye components such as “ko‘z quloq bo‘lmoq”, “ko‘zini yog‘ bosgan”, “ko‘zi to‘rt bo‘lmoq”. such expressions are called somatisms or somatic companentory phraseologisms in linguistics. such expressions are studied not only within the framework of one 199 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us language, but also by comparing, comparing several languages. a.isayev, o.nazarov, sh.usmanova, h.linguistic scholars such as alimovas have researched somatic component phrases. in this article, we will draw on the analysis of phrases formed on the basis of the heart component, which is considered the most basic organ within the human body, which concentrates emotions, and cite their english equivalents. for example, the two-component phrase “yuragi urmoq”, which is present in our language, is indicated in dictionaries to mean “to accelerate and increase the heart rate from excitement [o‘tfl, 568]. an english-language variant of the phrase has been used to mean “have the courage” i.e. “yuragi urmoq”, “jur’at etmoq”. the story was intended to represent the mental state of the characters entering the morgue: inside the cell, the ghost of the dead swirled like a wander, struck a heart, walked with the tip of a foot and approached the dead. a two-component verb phrase with a beating heart came to be used in the sentence, meaning “qo‘rquvni bosib”, “qo‘rquvni yengib”. in the english translation of the “naughty boy” the sentence used in this phrase is translated as follows: with fear we went to the shed where the dead body was (i.tuxtasinov); inside the cell, the ghost of the dead swirled like a wander, i have the courage and walked with the tip of a foot and approached the dead (tarjima bizniki. m.mardiyeva.) the three-component phrase “to be heartbroken” is considered a variant counterpart of the phrase “the heart will crack” in dictionaries, meaning " to be loved and excited very stronglyю the phrase is also an option for the phrase “yuragi qoq yorilmoq”, and means “to end patience and become ugly”.[o'tfl, 274] in the work, this phrase embodied the meaning of “to be very frightened” in the form of “the heart has become bright”: my heart has become bright. i stumbled on the omon, who was falling on the ground, saying that i would run back, and climbed round. (naughty boy, 38); i frightened to death i stumbled upon the omon, who was falling on the ground, saying that i would run back and climb over the round . an english-language alternative to the phrase used in the work is “frightened to death”, in which the phrase "my heart is broken" formed a separate sentence. in the english translation of "naughty boy", the sentence in question appeared as follows: i feared very much. i had beaten someone who was lying on the ground and i fell down. the three-component phrase “yurak oldirib qo‘ymoq” is described in the phraseological dictionary as “to stun” [o'tfl, 573], and the explanatory dictionary lists the two-component phrase “to shave the heart”, which means “to be afraid and to stumble”. in the story “naughty boy”, this phrase was used in the form of “yurak oldirmoq” in order to describe the state of fear of the black man: as long as the heart shook, i was aiming for a path where every breath would run towards my back. the phrase may be worthy of meaningfully the following phrase in english: "shivering with terror" this phrase expresses inner fear due to an event, the phrase associated with the state is found in world literature in daniel defoe's “robinson crusoe” in the following case: "frightened hare fled to cover,or fox to earth” “ i.e. a frightened rabbit and a fox that fled to the hole “ the phrase was used to express one-time fear”. this sentence is given in the english translation of the work as follows: i was afraid of it very much. in every breath i tried to find the way which i could leave. due to the fact that there is no alternative to this phrase in english, this sentence is translated directly by the translator. but, in our opinion, the phrase “shivering with terror” can be used as adequate in the translation process.(naughty boy, 23). i was shivered with terror and i was looking for a path that would run towards my back every minute. the three-component phrase “yuragiga o‘t yoqmoq” is shown in dictionaries to mean “to inspire, to bring up the mood of mobilization” [o'tfl, 571]. the explanatory dictionary of the 200 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbek language lists various meanings of the word “grass ” in the composition of this phrase. in the quotation, the word fire is used to mean the burning process, fire, fire, in reference to the desire to eat the food in a snow-hungry brown cauldron, or to refer to that food as to the appearance of grass,fire, or fire in the heart. in english, the equivalent of” breathe life into“, in the form of” burning fire in my heart“, was used to express the spirit of the hero of the work, the state of his appetite: but my hungry heart burned fire (naughty boy, 50). but my hungry heart burned in fire. the third meaning is: “to increase the money in the middle in the game”, “money bet in the middle or something valuable”. fourth meaning: “war,” quarrel“,” struggle“,”struggle". as we have seen, the word dov alone in the phrase means several meanings. in the story "the wind child", this phrase was used to reflect the processes of not being able to go to the rich due to the fear of the heroes of the work: the servants are hungry, but no one's heart will give a dove to go to the rich (wind child, 70). the sentence given in the english translation of this work is given as the servants were very hungry; however, they were all afraid of talking to him. according to komissarov, it is necessary to analyze this phrase in meaning before turning it into english and find its equivalent in another language accordingly i.e. it is considered as level 3 of equivalence i.e. to translate it into another language first after understanding the meaning. therefore, if we look at it in terms of meaning, the phrase “ yuragi dov bermoq” is adequate to the phrase “have a cold feet “ in english. this phrase expresses fear that a work does not give a heart to start or finish an action. the three-component heart rumble reference expresses the meaning of “yuragi shuv etmoq” [o'tfl, 275]. in this information, the song was used to express the feeling: my heart "fell silent". let him know that he will return. (shun bola, 158). it has been argued that the word “silence” denotes the previous “swoosh”. this information is used to express a strong fear of something or a strong state of life.this reference can be derived from the fact that as its english equivalent," having the desired feeling". in the english translation of the work, this information is translated as follows: my heart is bombarded. "he gave it to me."(naughty boy,111). it seems to us that when translating this information, it is advisable to apply the information presented above. i have a feeling that i want a not have to ask him back for a gave himself. in conclusion, when the” heart " semantically analyzes component phrases, it is manifested that each of them expresses different meanings in the text. we can also consider that there are a number of semantic relations in the composition of such somatic expressions. the above examples have proven that such relationships arise among them on the basis of antonyms, meaningfulness, formality. in addition, several phrases with a “heart” component and their english-language alternatives were compared in the article, which came to reasonable conclusions. the “heart” component phrases used in the narrative were cited in what form the work was used in the english translation variant, and new translation options were proposed by the author, taking into account the linguistic features in the artistic translation. it is also worth noting that not all of the quoted phrases are equally alternative to their english variants, some phrases can only correspond in meaning and component terms to the phrase used. since there are not exactly adequate variants of the phrases presented in the english translation of the work, we witness that the translator gave a direct translation of the phrasemas. in our subsequent work, we will try to cover such a comparative analysis in more detail, even on the example of other phrases. foydanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati 1. abjalova, m. ve rashidova, u. (2023). til korpuslarida frazemalar bazasini yaratish omillari. uluslararası türk lehçe araştırmaları dergisi / international journal of turkic dialects (türklad). 7. cilt, 2. sayı, 273-278. 2. йўлдошев б. фразеологик услубият асослари. ўқув қўлланма. – самарқанд., 1998. 3. g‘afur g‘ulom. shum bola. –toshkent: adabiyot uchqunlari, 2018. 201 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. каримов н. ғафур ғулом. – тошкент: ғафур ғулом номидаги нашриёт матбаа ижодий уйи, 2003. 5. матёқубова т. ғафур ғулом бадиияти. – т: фан ва технология, 2006 6. sh.rahmatullayev. o‘zbek tilining frazeologik lug‘ati. –toshkent, 1992. 7. sh.rahmatullayev, n.mahmudov v boshqalar. o‘zbek tilining frazeologik lug‘ati. – toshkent, 2022. 8. o’zbek tilining izohli lug’ati. qomuslar bosh tahririyati. – toshkent, 2006. 9. олмос, б., кахорович, а. к., & насридинович, у. у. (2022). эффективного развития малого бизнеса и предпринимательства в строительном комплексе. ijtimoiy fanlarda innovasiya onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 2(7), 5–9. retrieved from https://sciencebox.uz/index.php/jis/article/view/3378 720 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 01, issue 10, 2023 issn (e): 2993-2157 the concept of multiculturalism as the basis of eu migration policy rejepmuratov sherzod mansurbek ugli university of world economy and diplomacy master of the direction “international relations and world politics” sherzodrejepmuratov@gmail.com abstract: in order to explore the relationship between european union (eu) migration policy and the concept of multiculturalism, it is recommended to search for relevant articles on this topic. eligible articles should be based on insights, reasoning and academic research on eu migration policy and the concept of multiculturalism. the articles should inform new approaches and reflections on the interrelationships of eu migration policy and multiculturalism, their integration and the important challenges of combating migration. these articles should help to analyze the relationship between the eu migration policy and the concept of multiculturalism. this article will help you learn more about the information mentioned above. keywords: multiculturalism, migration policy, integration, formation of multiple sentences, tolerance, identity, international relations, multinational societies, mutual respect, cultural pluralism. introduction. multiculturalism is an ideology that encourages different cultures to live together peacefully. this concept supports the coexistence of different ethnic groups, languages, traditions and beliefs and enriching each other. multiculturalism is based on accepting the diversity of societies and promoting tolerance and understanding. this ideology aims to make society richer and more dynamic through different cultures learning from each other and living together.1 multiculturalism is the existence of several cultures living together in the same physical, geographical or social space. this includes all differences within a culture, whether religious, linguistic, racial, ethnic or gender.2 multiculturalism is a principle that recognizes the cultural diversity that exists in all spheres and promotes the right to that diversity. 1 zapata-barrero, r. (2017). interculturalism in the post-multicultural debate: a defence. comparative migration studies, 5(1), 1-16. 2 kivisto, p. (2017). multiculturalism in a global society. john wiley & sons. mailto:sherzodrejepmuratov@gmail.com 721 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to sociology or cultural anthropology, multiculturalism is the study that several cultures coexist in the same geographical or social space, but this does not mean that there is significant influence or exchange between them. multiculturalism can therefore be seen in the formation of isolated communities that exist in some large cities, such as the italian, chinese or palestinian neighborhoods, with little or no contact with the local community. when societies manage to maintain an exchange of respect and tolerance, experts call it multiculturalism.3 discussion and results the concept of multiculturalism as the basis of eu migration policy has been a topic of much debate and discussion. proponents of this approach argue that embracing multiculturalism can lead to a more inclusive and diverse society, where different cultures are celebrated and valued. they believe that this can help promote social cohesion and reduce discrimination and prejudice. however, there are also critics who argue that a multicultural approach to migration policy can lead to social fragmentation and the erosion of national identity. they argue that it can create tensions between different cultural groups and lead to segregation rather than integration. in recent years, the eu has struggled to find a common approach to migration and integration, with different member states adopting varying policies. the refugee crisis in 2015 highlighted the need for a more coordinated approach to migration, but disagreements among member states have made it difficult to achieve consensus. as a result, the eu has been focusing on promoting integration and inclusion of migrants, while also addressing the concerns of member states regarding cultural diversity. this has led to initiatives such as language and integration courses, support for migrant entrepreneurship, and efforts to combat discrimination and promote diversity. overall, the concept of multiculturalism as the basis of eu migration policy remains a complex and contentious issue. finding a balance between promoting diversity and ensuring social cohesion continues to be a challenge for the eu. ongoing discussions and efforts to find common ground among member states will be crucial in shaping the future of eu migration policy. the concept of multiculturalism as the basis of eu migration policy has been a topic of debate and has seen some mixed results in practice. the eu's adoption of multiculturalism as a guiding principle in its migration policy reflects a commitment to embrace diversity and ensure the inclusion of migrants and refugees in host societies. however, the implementation of multicultural policies has faced challenges and experienced some critique. one of the main criticisms of multiculturalism in the eu context is that it can sometimes be seen as fostering segregation rather than integration. some argue that multicultural policies can lead to the creation of ethnic enclaves, where migrants predominantly interact with other individuals of the same background. this amplifies cultural gaps between communities and makes integration and social cohesion more difficult. another criticism raises concerns about the potential limitations on freedom of expression and women's rights that might accompany multicultural policies.4 3 joppke, c. (2019). is multiculturalism dead? policy press 4 vertovec, s., & wessendorf, s. (eds.). (2010). the multiculturalism backlash: european discourses, policies and practices. routledge. 722 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us "the concept of multiculturalism as the basis of eu migration policy" refers to the idea that europe should embrace a diverse and inclusive society composed of individuals from various cultural backgrounds. proponents argue that multiculturalism can enhance societal cohesion, promote tolerance, and contribute to the cultural and economic richness of european countries. however, opponents contend that multiculturalism leads to social unrest, fostering the proliferation of parallel societies, and removing a sense of national identity in host countries. from an analysis of the literature and surveys on the eu migration policy, evidence suggests mixed results regarding the effectiveness of the multiculturalism approach. 5 the concept of multiculturalism is an important aspect of the european union's migration policy and plays a role in shaping the attitude. multiculturalism refers to the promotion and acceptance of multiple cultural identities and expressions in a society. in the context of the european union, multiculturalism serves as a guiding principle in recognizing and preserving the cultural diversity brought by migrants and refugees. it recognizes that immigrants are not only economic actors, but also individuals of diverse cultural backgrounds who enrich and positively contribute to host societies.6 one of the main principles of eu migration policy is respect for fundamental rights and nondiscrimination, including cultural and ethnic identity. the union aims to create cohesive and inclusive societies that embrace diversity through political, social and economic integration. multiculturalism affects policies related to language education, cultural rights, and religious freedom. the eu seeks to ensure that migrants have access to resources and opportunities that enable them to practice their cultural traditions, languages and religions, while fostering a sense of belonging to their new host societies. the concept of multiculturalism permeates through initiatives that promote social inclusion and combat discrimination and prejudice. this includes reducing barriers to immigrant integration, recognizing foreign qualifications or skills, and promoting diversity in the workplace. another important aspect is the development of intercultural communication and understanding. through intercultural initiatives, the eu promotes education, awareness programs and exchanges aimed at fostering integration and acceptance by fostering dialogue and mutual respect between different cultures in host societies. however, it should be noted that the concept of multiculturalism has not developed without contradictions or alternative views within the european union. there are debates about the extent and limits of cultural preservation in host societies, the prospects for language and cultural assimilation, and tensions related to issues of national identity. several member states experienced tensions over cultural differences as they struggled to integrate diverse immigrant populations. these challenges have given rise to political debates on whether to prioritize integration or manage cultural diversity within borders. conclusion summary for an article on "multiculturalism as a fundamental part of the european union's migration policy": the migration policy of the european union aims to promote the creation of a multicultural society. this policy aims to support the integration and adaptation of immigrants from different 5 schain, m. a., & morales, l. (2010). multiculturalism in the new europe: comparative perspectives on muslim minorities. nyu press. 6 koopmans, r., michalowski, i., & waibel, s. (eds.). (2019). 723 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cultures to society. adopting a multicultural approach, the european union encourages the peaceful coexistence of different ethnic groups, languages, traditions and beliefs. enabling immigrants to preserve their own culture and at the same time contribute to the local society is one of the basic principles of the european union's multicultural policy. this policy is based on accepting the diversity of society and promoting tolerance and understanding. this approach of the european union aims to make society richer and more dynamic through different cultures learning from each other and living together. european union (eu) migration policy and multiculturalism: issues of mutual respect, integration and identity. among the most important negotiations of the european union (eu) at the moment, the topics of migration and multiculturalism are of great importance. the eu is developing a range of strategies and policies that have the potential to address issues of mutual respect, integration and identity among many countries and cultures. the concept of multiculturalism is qualitatively the basis for eu migration policy, and its important concepts relate to issues of mutual respect, integration and identity. in this article, the interdependence of eu migration policy and multiculturalism, the role and importance of their interaction, as well as the actions taken by the eu to solve these issues have been mentioned. references 1. kivisto, p. (2017). multiculturalism in a global society. john wiley & sons. 2. joppke, c. (2019). is multiculturalism dead? policy press. 3. koopmans, r., michalowski, i., & waibel, s. (eds.). (2019). 4. schain, m. a., & morales, l. (2010). multiculturalism in the new europe: comparative perspectives on muslim minorities. nyu press. 5. vertovec, s., & wessendorf, s. (eds.). (2010). the multiculturalism backlash: european discourses, policies and practices. routledge. 6. zapata-barrero, r. (2017). interculturalism in the post-multicultural debate: a defence. comparative migration studies, 5(1), 1-16. 7. http://ww 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 strategies for increasing the competitiveness of small and medium businesses in the digital economy sanakulova iroda abrorovna samarkand state university, kattakurgan branch, economics (by sectors and industries) 2nd year student abstract: this article analyzes effective strategies for increasing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses in the digital economy. at a time when the economy is transitioning to a digital basis on a global scale, the use of innovative technologies, e-commerce, digital marketing and automated management systems is becoming an important factor for small and medium-sized businesses. the study examines the opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses to reduce costs, expand their customer base, and improve the quality of products and services through modern technologies. the importance of digital infrastructure, state support and digital literacy is also highlighted. using the example of uzbekistan, strategies are developed to strengthen the competitiveness of regional small and medium-sized businesses in national and international markets through digital transformation. keywords: digital economy, small business, medium-sized businesses, competitiveness, digital transformation, e-commerce, innovation, digital marketing, technological development, strategic management. global digital transformation is covering all layers of the modern economic system. in this process, small and medium-sized businesses are emerging as the main driving force. they play an important role in creating jobs in the economy, introducing innovations and stimulating competition in the domestic market. in the context of a digital economy, the success of smes directly depends on how they implement digital technologies and adapt their business strategies. in the context of the digital economy, in an information environment where the development of entrepreneurship and small businesses is rapidly entering, in order to further develop the development of the state and society, the president of the republic of uzbekistan, in his address to the oliy majlis on the most important priorities for 2020 dated january 25, 2020, also mentioned the following regarding the development of the digital economy in our country: “in order to further develop science in our country, educate our youth as people with deep knowledge, high spirituality and culture, and to continue the work we have begun on forming a competitive economy and raise it to a new, modern level, i propose to name 2020 in our country the “year of science, enlightenment and the development of the digital economy.” in addition, in order to implement the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5349 dated february 19, 2018 “on measures for the further development of the sphere of information technologies and communications”, as well as to create conditions for the rapid development of modern information technologies for the implementation of the digital economy in the state administration system in the republic, as well as to ensure information security, the cabinet of ministers adopted a resolution on august 31, 2018 “on additional measures for the introduction and further development of the digital economy in the republic of uzbekistan”, 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us which defines the goals and objectives of the digital economy, and the resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-3832 dated july 3, 2018 “on measures for the development of the digital economy in the republic of uzbekistan” can also be included in these measures. this article analyzes the strategic directions necessary to increase the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses, ways to use digital infrastructure and modern technologies, as well as practical situations in the conditions of uzbekistan. digital technologies are increasingly playing an important role in the modern global economy. the concept of a digital economy refers to an economic system operating on the basis of information and communication technologies (ict). in recent years, uzbekistan has also paid great attention to the development of the digital economy. the strategy for the development of the digital economy in uzbekistan for 2020-2030 has been adopted, in which the digitization of small and medium-sized businesses (smes) is identified as one of the priority areas. smes provide a large part of jobs in the country and make a significant contribution to gross domestic product. therefore, increasing their competitiveness and improving their efficiency is of great importance for the economy of uzbekistan. digital technologies, while creating new opportunities for smes, also pose certain challenges.[1] digital economy and small and medium-sized businesses: new opportunities and challenges the digital economy is a system of economic activity created and managed using digital technologies. its main features are: speed of data and information flow; platforms and services operating on the internet; automated management systems digital payment and trade systems. for small and medium-sized businesses, these changes open up new opportunities: they will be able to enter the global market at low cost, work with online customers, and reduce marketing costs. however, for businesses that have not fully mastered digital technologies, the risk of falling behind in competition is also high. key strategic directions for small and medium-sized businesses a) step-by-step implementation of digital transformation smes can increase efficiency by gradually introducing digital technologies into their activities. for example: using automated systems in accounting and bookkeeping; selling products and services online through e-commerce platforms; improving the quality of customer service using crm (customer relationship management) systems. b) developing digital marketing strategies unlike traditional advertising tools, digital marketing tools (social media, email marketing, seo, contextual advertising) can be used to advertise more economically and effectively. this increases brand visibility and attracts new customers. c) introducing innovative services and products smes that introduce digital or technological innovations to the market are always one step ahead. this can be a new platform, type of service, or form of online service provision. d) improving the digital literacy of personnel 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the success of digital transformation depends on the ability of employees to work with these technologies. therefore, it is necessary to organize continuous training and advanced training courses. directions for increasing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses in uzbekistan in recent years, great attention has been paid to the development of the digital economy in uzbekistan. in this process, small and medium-sized businesses are increasing their competitiveness in the following areas: expansion of e-commerce platforms: thousands of smes operate on "uzum market", "zoodmall", "asaxiy", "texnomart" and others. convenient service provision through mobile payment systems: payment systems such as "payme", "click", "apelsin", "uzumpay" provide convenient opportunities for small shops and service enterprises. support through state programs: grants, subsidies and loans are being allocated for small and medium-sized businesses within the framework of initiatives such as "youth notebook", "women's notebook".[2] problems and strategies to overcome them a) limited technological infrastructure in some remote areas, the lack of internet speed and technical equipment is becoming an obstacle to the introduction of digital technologies. solution: improving technological infrastructure in cooperation with the public and private sectors, providing subsidies. b) lack of digital literacy the lack of skills in using digital tools among owners and employees of small and medium-sized businesses slows down development. solution: creating a system of continuous professional development through trainings, master classes, online courses. c) limited access to financial resources technological transformation often requires initial investment, which is not available to all small and medium-sized businesses. solution: expanding preferential loans, subsidies, and leasing opportunities for technological equipment. digital cooperation and innovation clusters small and medium-sized businesses can strengthen digital cooperation among themselves and share common it resources. for example: technoparks and startup incubators: in these places, small and medium-sized businesses can test innovative ideas and use the necessary infrastructure. b2b platforms: create opportunities for cooperation with other companies to deliver products, exchange services, and use logistics services.[5] in short, increasing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses in the digital economy is a matter of time, requiring not only technological innovation, but also strategic thinking, flexibility, and an innovative approach. for the small and medium-sized business sector of uzbekistan, the decisive factors on this path are state policy support, the expansion of digital infrastructure, and most importantly, the initiative and openness to innovation on the part of entrepreneurs themselves. 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition, it is necessary to eliminate the “digital infrastructure” imbalance between urban and rural areas. some regions have access to high-speed internet and modern digital services, while others lag behind. bridging the digital divide is essential to ensuring that all small businesses, regardless of their location, have equal opportunities to participate in the digital economy. by consistently implementing these strategies, small and medium-sized businesses can find their place not only in the domestic market, but also internationally. references 1. tulkunovna, k. f. (2023, may). raqamli iqtisodiyot rivojlanishning zamonaviy bosqichi va uning kichik biznes rivojlanishiga ta’siri. in proceedings of international educators conference (vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 137-140). 2. dildora, s., umidjon, x., & abduazim, a. (2024). kichik tadbirkorlikda raqamli iqtisodiyotning orni. research and publications, 1(1), 139-143. 3. solijonovich, r. t. (2023). tadbirkorlik subʼektlarini raqamli texnologiyalar orqali rivojlantirish. qo ‘qon universiteti xabarnomasi, 366-370. 4. bayzakova, d. (2023). raqamli iqtisodiyot sharoitida tadbirkorlik, uning tavsiflanishi. образование наука и инновационные идеи в мире, 20(10), 108-112. 5. xayitova, i. n. (2024). raqamli iqtisodiyotda kichik biznes va tadbirkorlik faoliyatini takomillashtirish. xalqaro konferensiya va jurnallarni sifatli indexlash xizmati, 1(1), 250-254. 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 legal framework for combating crime in the republic of uzbekistan qo‘ldoshev sherzod shukurullo o‘g‘li teacher at tashkent state university law abstract: this article presents the opinions of domestic and foreign scholars on the legal foundations of combating crime in the republic of uzbekistan. the republic of uzbekistan has established a comprehensive legal framework aimed at combating crime, ensuring public order, and protecting citizens' rights and freedoms. this framework encompasses constitutional provisions, criminal legislation, procedural laws, and specialized laws addressing specific types of crimes. keywords: the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, the code of administrative offenses of the republic of uzbekistan, laws on specific crimes, the ministry of internal affairs (mia), the state security service (snb), the prosecutor's office. intrоductiоn. the republic of uzbekistan has a complicated legal system for fighting crime that is based on its constitution as well as other laws, regulations, and decrees. although it's always changing, some essential elements are: 1. the republic of uzbekistan's constitution: this foundational document lays forth the core tenets of the legal system, such as the defence of human rights, the rule of law, and the state's obligations to uphold security and order. it describes the authority that the various parts of government have over the judiciary and law enforcement.1 2. the republic of uzbekistan's criminal code: this is the main piece of legislation that defines crimes and the penalties associated with them. in addition to outlining the processes for investigation, prosecution, and punishment, it lists the many categories of offences, from small infractions to serious felonies. although there are still issues, recent reforms have aimed to bring it into compliance with international human rights norms.2 3. the republic of uzbekistan's criminal procedure code: this code regulates the processes used in criminal case investigation, prosecution, and adjudication. it describes the functions of law enforcement, the rights of suspects and defendants, and the judicial procedures. it also covers topics including evidence collection, appeals, and pre-trial custody. 4. the republic of uzbekistan's code of administrative offences: because this legislation addresses less serious offences, administrative sanctions are imposed instead of criminal charges. 1 constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on december 8, 1992. 2 criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this code relieves load on the criminal justice system by covering a large number of minor violations.3 materials. 5. laws on particular crimes: uzbekistan also has laws that specifically target certain kinds of crimes, like: laws addressing the escalating threat of violent extremism and terrorism: these provide legal foundations for prosecution and outline prevention measures. laws pertaining to drug misuse and trafficking: these emphasise the prevention, management, and penalisation of offences involving drugs. the goal of organised crime laws is to punish members of criminal organisations and dismantle them. bribery, embezzlement, and other corrupt behaviours in the public and private sectors are addressed by anti-corruption laws. laws pertaining to cybercrime: this is a relatively new area of law that deals with crimes that are perpetrated online. 6. additional pertinent laws: the ministry of internal affairs (mia) is the major law enforcement organisation in charge of policing and upholding public order, and its operations are governed by a number of other laws and decrees that are related to law enforcement. the snb, or state security service: focusses on counterintelligence, national security, and thwarting challenges to state sovereignty.4 the prosecutor's office handles criminal prosecutions and oversees law enforcement operations. the courts are in charge of deciding criminal matters. the penitentiary system oversees correctional facilities, including prisons.5 research and methods. obstacles and continued reforms: even though uzbekistan has made progress in updating its legal system, there are still issues, such as: human rights and national security issues must be balanced: maintaining individual liberties while effectively combating crime is still a major concern. judicial impartiality and independence: a just and efficient criminal justice system depends on the judiciary's independence and impartiality. systemic corruption: resolving corruption in the legal and law enforcement sectors is crucial to restoring public confidence.6 enhancing access to justice: it is a constant goal to guarantee that every citizen has equal access to legal counsel and a fair trial. building capacity: to increase the efficiency of the system, law enforcement and judicial staff must get training and professional development. the republic of uzbekistan's legislative framework for fighting crime consists of a number of laws, rules, and guidelines intended to uphold justice, preserve public order, and safeguard the rights of its residents. the main elements of this framework are as follows: 3 code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 4 law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating corruption, adopted on january 3, 2017. 5 law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating trafficking in persons, adopted on april 17, 2008. 6 law on prevention of delinquency, adopted on august 29, 2014. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. uzbekistan's constitution: the constitution is the country's cornerstone legal document, outlining the concepts of justice, legality, and human rights protection while enshrining fundamental freedoms and rights. 2. criminal code: the uzbek criminal code is the main piece of law that regulates crime. it lists several criminal offences, the associated consequences, and the legal precepts that govern prosecution and punishment. periodically, the criminal code is amended and reformed to meet new types of crime and bring it into compliance with international norms. 3. criminal procedure code: this code describes how criminal investigations, prosecutions, and trials are to be carried out. it ensures due process is followed while protecting the rights of victims and defendants. 4. law enforcement agencies: fighting crime is the responsibility of several agencies, such as: public order, law enforcement, and criminal investigations fall within the purview of the ministry of internal affairs.7 the office of the prosecutor general: oversees the legitimacy of criminal investigations and acts as the state's representative in criminal cases. the national security service focusses on offences pertaining to national security. results. 5. specialised laws: uzbekistan has a number of laws that focus on particular kinds of criminal activity, including: the law on combating corruption lays out steps to stop and deal with corruption in both the public and private spheres. anti-terrorism laws: structures designed to stop and deal with terrorist acts. drug control laws address the misuse and trafficking of narcotics. 6. international treaties and agreements: uzbekistan is a signatory to a number of international agreements designed to combat various forms of criminal activity, including as terrorism, corruption, and human trafficking. the nation is required by these agreements to bring its domestic legislation into compliance with international norms. 7. judicial system: ensuring that laws are enforced justly and fairly, the judiciary is an essential component of the legal system. higher and regional courts are part of the system to deal with criminal cases. there have been continuous reforms to improve the judiciary's independence and effectiveness.8 8. protection of human rights: the legal framework contains clauses that safeguard human rights when criminal cases are pending. due to criticism of its human rights policies, uzbekistan has implemented reforms to enhance living conditions and guarantee fair trial standards. 9. community involvement and victim support: there are programs to support victims of crime and engage communities in crime prevention. this covers legal aid, helplines, and criminal rehabilitation programs.9 10. ongoing changes: to modernise its legal system, increase the professionalism of law enforcement, improve transparency, and fortify the rule of law, uzbekistan has been enacting changes in recent years. 7 united nations convention against transnational organized crime, 2000. 8 united nations convention against corruption, 2003. 9 commentary on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, edited by legal experts of tashkent state university of law. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion. there are conflicting opinions on how well uzbekistan's legal system works to prevent crime. there are still issues even though the government has worked to improve its legal system and law enforcement capacities. different viewpoints abound, and there isn't a single, widely accepted indicator of effectiveness. reasons for efficacy: reduced crime rates in specific regions: although independent observers occasionally doubt the accuracy and dependability of official statistics, they frequently demonstrate a decrease in various forms of crime, especially violent crime. increased capacity for law enforcement: law enforcement agencies have benefited from investments in technology, equipment, and training, which has enhanced their ability to conduct investigations in some fields. heightened attention to particular crimes: although the overall impact is debatable, targeted legislation and enforcement measures against corruption, drug trafficking, terrorism, and extremism have produced some results. reforms to the law: although implementation is still difficult, changes to the criminal code and other laws have attempted to modernise the legal system and bring it more in line with international standards. limitation-suggesting arguments: crime statistics' dependability: there is little independent verification of official crime data, which raises questions about their transparency and veracity. it is suspected that underreporting of crime occurs, especially in some districts. human rights concerns: there are ongoing claims of violations of human rights during criminal investigations and prosecutions, including torture, mistreatment, and arbitrary incarceration. these call into question the system's legitimacy and equity. independence and impartiality of the judiciary: questions still surround the judiciary's independence and impartiality. the fairness of trials and the application of the law may be impacted by perceptions of excessive interference from other branches of government. corruption: corruption in the legal and law enforcement systems can make it more difficult to combat crime effectively and give offenders impunity. lack of public trust: people may be deterred from reporting crimes or assisting with investigations if they have little faith in the judicial system. enforcement issues: even with more robust laws, there are still some areas where effective enforcement is difficult, especially when dealing with influential people or organisations engaged in illegal activity. limited access to legal counsel: one major obstacle to a fair trial is still the lack of access to high-quality legal counsel, particularly for members of marginalised populations.10 conclusion. it is challenging to make a firm judgement about how well uzbekistan's legal system works to prevent crime. significant obstacles still exist in the areas of human rights, judicial independence, corruption, and public trust, notwithstanding considerable advancements in fortifying its legal system and law enforcement capacities. the effectiveness differs depending on the type of crime and the area of the nation. 10 international treaties of uzbekistan on crime prevention, ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is essential to review a range of sources, such as academic studies, official government reports, and the conclusions of independent human rights organisations, in order to have a more thorough picture. these resources will offer a range of viewpoints and enable a more thorough assessment of the system's advantages and disadvantages in preventing crime. in conclusion, uzbekistan has a thorough and diverse legal system for fighting crime, which includes law enforcement agencies, extensive criminal law rules, constitutional demands, and a dedication to human rights norms. sustained improvements are necessary to provide effective justice and adjust to the evolving nature of crime. list оf usеd litеrаturеs: 1. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on december 8, 1992. 2. criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 3. code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 4. law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating corruption, adopted on january 3, 2017. 5. law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating trafficking in persons, adopted on april 17, 2008. 6. law on prevention of delinquency, adopted on august 29, 2014. 7. united nations convention against transnational organized crime, 2000. 8. united nations convention against corruption, 2003. 9. commentary on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, edited by legal experts of tashkent state university of law. 10. international treaties of uzbekistan on crime prevention, ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. 182 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 diplomatic relations between the rulers of bukhara and ottoman turkish sultans between the 16th and 19th centuries aymatova zarnigor ghulomovna bukhara state university, lecturer of the department of world history abstract: in this article, the history of the state of bukhara, one of the most powerful states in central asia between the 16th and 19th centuries, is discussed in detail. at the same time, the article describes the political, cultural, economic, military, and trade relations established between the rulers of bukhara and the ottoman sultans during this period. keywords: embassy, international relation, treaty, alliance, trade, policy, culture, economy, society, education, tyranny, stagnation, sultan, emir. introduction relations between central asia and the ottoman sultans over a long period of time were revived in the 16th century on the initiative of the ottomans. in order to eliminate iran’s policy of aggression against the ottomans, in august 1514, the letter sent by the ottoman sultan salim i (1512-1520) to the shaibani ruler kochkinchikhan (1510-1530) through muhammadbek led to the establishment of political relations between the two countries. the actions of the ottoman sultan suleiman (1520-1566) and the ruler of the shaibanis, ubaidullah khan (1533-1539), in order to fight against iran together, led to the strengthening of relations between these countries. 1529 the ottoman-austrian war forced the ottomans to postpone the iranian issue. in 1533, after the signing of the peace treaty with austria with the ottomans, the issue of iran drew attention again. 1548 shaibani ruler abdulatif (1540-1551) suggested ottoman sultan suleiman to fight together against iran and asked him to send weapons. however, after the weapons arrived in samarkand from istanbul, abdulatif died. as a result, the ottoman march to iran was not carried out. after shaybani ruler baraq khan (1540-1556) came to power, he sent his ambassadors to istanbul, mubarizuddin qutlugh’ fulodi and nizamiddin ahmed. through them, they received the weapons sent by the ottoman sultan and the stabilization of the political processes inside the country informed that it was possible to march to iran. but the ottoman sultan suleiman signed the 1555 treaty of amasia with iran and declared that he could not provide military assistance to bukhara. diplomatic relations between the shaybani and the ottomans were restored again at the end of the 16th century. ottoman sultan murad iii (15741595) sent weapons to bukhara khan abdullah ii (1583-1598) and offered to fight together against the safavids. abdulla khan ii agreed to the proposal of the ottoman sultan. while the war against iran continued, the safavids managed to conclude a peace treaty with the ottoman sultan. as a result, a certain period of stagnation began. 1639 during the reign of the ottoman sultan murad iv in the ashtarkhani dynasty, he wrote a letter to imam qulikhan and offered to form an alliance in the fight against iran. but today, there is no information about whether immaquli khan answered the letter of murad iv or not. but it is known from history that during this period, relations between immonquli khan and the iranian king abbas were good. in 1690, subhonquli khan (1681-1701) sent ambassadors to the presence of sultan suleiman ii (16871691) in order to improve relations between the ashtarkhanids and the ottomans. later, the 183 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ambassador of sultan ahmad ii (1691-1695) was in the presence of mustafa choush subhanqulikhan. discussion embassy relations continued during the emirate period. at the end of the history of the middle ages, the powerful bukhara state in central asia weakened due to internal conflicts, and the khanates of khiva and kokan separated from it. also, during the change of dynasty in bukhara in 1747, another part of this country, or the southern part of the turkestan region, was conquered by the afghans led by ahmadshah durrani, who had just been formed. although the emirate of bukhara continued to play the role of a political, cultural and economic center in the region, its leadership role in this regard continued to decline. the international relations of the emirate of bukhara in the current situation are not regular, and the embassy and diplomatic relations with eastern countries, in particular with the ottoman turkish state, which is considered the leading state of the islamic world, have also decreased. in 1779, emir of bukhara daniyolbi (1759-1784) ernazar masud appointed his son as ambassador to tsarist russia and then to the ottoman state. the main task of ernazar masud’s son was to strengthen relations with the ottomans, a powerful state in the muslim world at that time. ernazar masud’s son was escorted by special guards to the border of the ottoman state by order of catherine ii. ottoman sultan abdulhamid i (17741789) approved the strengthening of political and economic relations between the two countries. in 1783-1784, he sent mahmud sharif as an ambassador to sultan abduhamid i for the second time. in response to this, in 1786, in a letter sent to bukhara through mahmud said, the ambassador of abdulhamid i, he was not interested in the restoration of relations between tsarist russia as it was conducting trade relations. that is why bukhara emir shahmurad (1785-1800) answered as an ambassador: “a powerful country like moscow and our forces are not equal. at the same time, we will not enter into a conflict with the russians. our current enemy is iran”. mahmoud said replied as follows: “now the enemy of our sultan is moscow, we have no conflict with iran”. as we have seen above, the interests of the bukhara emirate and the ottoman state were not in sync during this period. because during this period, the emir of bukhara did not want to break his relations with turkey, russia and iran [1]. among the emirs of bukhara, besides danyolbi, amir shahmurad, amir haydar, and especially nasrullah khan sent ambassadors to the sultanate of the ottoman turks and tried to establish various regional relations with the ottoman turkish sultan. for example, the letter sent by daniyolbi to the sultan was carried by muhammad zakir, who was going to mecca in 1786, and the sultan sent the holy quran to shahmurad on june 29, 1789. on the way back, these ambassadors returned through baghdad and iran, and the reason why they did not return through the black sea, the north caucasus and the caspian sea is that bukhara soldiers and kyrgyz invaded the interior regions of the russian empire to help turkey. in addition, in 1803, the ottoman turkish sultan sent amir haydar the title of “amir of turkistan and turan” [2]. amir haidar sent the devanbegi eshmuhammad and muhammad yusuf to istanbul with a letter. in the letter, emir haydar touched on the political situation in central asia and asked mahmud ii to send books on sharia. the ambassador of mahmud ii sent 32 volumes of books to bukhara from hasan chalabi, and the sultan was interested in the development of relations between the two countries. when tsarist russia invaded bukhara, the emir of bukhara muzaffar khan sent the mufti of bukhara, khoja muhammad porso, to istanbul to ask for help. the ambassador was received by the ottoman sultan on september 24, 1867, but did not achieve any results. in april 1868, the second letter of amir muzaffar reached the hands of muhammed porso, who returned to istanbul from the pilgrimage. he handed the persian letter of amir muzaffar dated february 7, 1868 signed by 14 people to the ottoman sultan. ottoman sultan abdulaziz leaves for europe to solve a number of issues without discussing this letter. after recording the trip, the cabinet decided to send the necessary specialists and equipment to bukhara. however, due to the distance between 184 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the two countries and the location of another country in between, it means that it is not possible to give military assistance. as can be seen from the information given above, the ottoman turkish state played the role of spiritual leadership in the middle ages in the muslim countries of the east, like the arab caliphs. however, historical literature shows that this leader was not always respected enough. for example, in 1863, three merchants from milan, italy, and three italian businessmen who wanted to develop a silk factory and silk products production business came to bukhara. they came to bukhara through turkey and despite having the sultan’s guarantee, they are arrested at the request of the population. because the italians’ filming of the city of bukhara is a reason for the people of the emirate to believe that they are spies of the russian empire. these merchants were later released in 1868 at the request of the russian empire. russian merchant khludov was instrumental in their release, and he asked von kaufman to do so [3]. however, on october 23, 1863, in a letter sent by the turkish sultan to the emir of bukhara, muzaffar khan, his request to release the italian merchants was rejected [4]. results in the period we are considering, turkey is the most powerful military and political among the muslim countries, and turkish military instructors, engineers, and military experts have been sent to many countries. in the memoirs of armani vamberi, who traveled to bukhara and turkestan under the name of rashid efandi, one can witness a number of relations between bukhara and the turkish state. the fact that mustafa chaush pasha, who was sent to bukhara at the request of bukhara emir nasrullah khan, was thrown into prison because he protested against the injustices in the bukhara army, the use of heavy punishments, and the large number of death sentences, shows the tyranny of the rulers of bukhara. in the last quarter of the 19th century, feelings of national and religious brotherhood grew in muslim countries. in 1873, during the conquest of the khanate of khiva by the russian empire, turkey, as the leader of the muslim countries, first sent its ambassadors to kabul, the capital of afghanistan, and then to bukhara, and tried to form an alliance against russia. amir muzaffar khan announced that he would join the alliance only if the overall command was given to him, and this alliance was not formed [5]. conclusion when the rule of tsarist russia was fully established in central asia, the government officials served to prevent social and political relations of the country with the ottoman state. in 1910, the 56th ulama of bukhara appealed to the ottoman state in a special letter and asked to be freed from the rule of tsarist russia. in the 20th century, the political activity of the ottoman state had an impact on central asia. social, political, spiritual and educational relations with the ottomans further developed. in the archival documents, it is mentioned that intellectuals of turkestan led spiritual and educational relations during this period. there is information that the “tarbiyayi atfol” society formed by them in central asia sent 15 students to istanbul in 1911 and 10 in 1912. according to other information, 75 students were sent to istanbul in 1910-1913 from bukhara emirate alone. it can be seen that even at the beginning of the 20th century, the relations between bukhara and the ottoman state were good, and now bilateral relations have been established between the republic of uzbekistan and turkey in economic, political, cultural, educational and other fields. references 1. история центральной азии в османских документах. том.iii. обoщественная и повседневная жизнь. – самарканд.: мицай, тоа. 2012. – с. 98. 2. история центральной азии в османских документах. том.iii. обoщественная и повседневная жизнь. – самарканд.: мицай, тоа. 2012. – с. 1, 2, 18, 34. 185 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. по вопросу о вывоз в европу шелковичных червей//туркестанский сборник. том.26. – с. 247. 4. история центральной азии в османских документах. том.iii. обoщественная и повседневная жизнь. – самарканд.: мицай, тоа. 2012. – с. 98. 5. терентьев м.а. россия и англия в средней азии. – с.-петербург типография меркульева, графский пер., д №5, том. 93. // туркестанский сборник, 1885. –с. 76. 6. yuldasheva, b., & parizod, s. markaziy osiyo tarixida amir temur shaxsining o’rni. miasto przyszłości, volume 41, 2023. -b.424-429. 7. yuldosheva, b., & rashidova, g. buxoro amirligi va rossiya elchilik munosabatlari (xviii asrda). in “online-conferences” platform, volume 1. 2023. pp. 348-351. 8. aymatova, z. hofiz tanish buxoriy va uning “sharafnomayi shohiy” asari // центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), volume 20. 2022. 9. yuldosheva, b., & feruza, r. ix–xiii asr boshlarida movarounnahrdagi ijtimoiy-iqdisodiy voqealar tarixiy-geografiyasi // gospodarka i innowacje., 41. 2023. -b.356-359. 10. aymatova, z. hajj pilgrimage by the muslims of central asia in the 19th century: official rules and rout // центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), volume 6. 2021. 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 innovative development of organizational and economic mechanisms of economic growth in the service sector of the republic of uzbekistan musinov dilshod sultanovich senior lecturer of the department of "real economy", samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: dilshodmusinov1978@gmail.com meliboev alisher ulugbek ugli student in-group ik-1020, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan ortiqov farmonboy raxmon ugli "economy (by industries and sectors)" student studying in the specialty at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: farmonboyortiqov1@gmail.com author's contacts: +99899 771 45 05 mexriddinov fahriddin asqar ugli "economy (by industries and sectors)" student studying in the specialty at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan author's e-mail: fahriddinmexriddinov@gmail.com author's contacts: +99899 136 35 73 abstract: the organization of the organizational and economic mechanism that has been formed in the service sector in our republic for full control and management of the services market. classification of indicators that determine economic efficiency in the service sector, and the study of the methodology for assessing labor efficiency. keywords: service, market economy, labor efficiency, tax incentives, business entities, information and communication services, financial services, transportation services, real estate services, education services, healthcare services, rental and leasing, production activities. enter. the development of the economy of the republic of uzbekistan, it is necessary to use a systematic approach to the study of economic systems and ratios, a comprehensive assessment, a comparative and comparative analysis, a statistical and dynamic approach, and grouping methods to improve the organizational and economic mechanism of the development of the service sector. today, the organizational and economic mechanism formed in the service sector in our republic does not have the ability to organize full control and management of their activities in the mailto:dilshodmusinov1978@gmail.com mailto:farmonboyortiqov1@gmail.com mailto:fahriddinmexriddinov@gmail.com 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us service market. therefore, it is important to optimize the organizational structure of the service sector. in the context of the development of market relations, the structural structure of service industries is a complex organizational and economic structure. according to its nature and content, the service sector includes various forms and directions of human activity, which are related to the creation of conditions for the development of human capital, which are related to ensuring the quality of modern life, and ensuring the transition of the division of labor to a relatively high level. the main focus is on the development of modern networks with a large capacity of science and information technology in the use of intellectual resources. such a situation in the development of society requires a wider development of the service sector compared to other sectors of the economy. the development of the service sector and industries has an impact on the changes in the composition of the gross domestic product of the countries based on the developed market economy. currently, the contribution of the service sector in the structure of the gross domestic product, which is created to include a certain country among the developed countries, is higher than 65 percent. at the current stage of the development of the economy of our country, the requirements for the number and quality of services are increasing. this makes it necessary to determine the factors of economic growth and achieve economic efficiency in service industries. from this point of view, in paragraph 3.2 of the strategy of actions on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, "rapid development of the service sector, increasing the role and share of services in the formation of the gross domestic product, the composition of the provided services, first of all, at the expense of their modern hightech types the task of "change". based on the effective solution of these tasks, it is important to improve the efficiency of service sector entities and improve the quality of services provided to the population. analysis of literature on the topic. in the scientific literature, the nature, content, methods of calculating labor efficiency and productivity in the service economy, development of the service sector and improvement of the quality of services provided to the population, evaluation of the efficiency of economic entities, some aspects of the change of the qualitative conditions that constitute efficiency are scientifically, theoretically and methodologically researched. academician k.kh.abdurahmanov in his textbook labor economy: theory and practice [2, 426-446 p.] the essence, content, formation of labor resources, interdependence of labor resources and human resources, labor efficiency and its factors, factors of increasing labor productivity and tools, the concepts of the highest labor productivity, the concept of decent work of the international labor organization (ilo), the problems of mobility of labor resources are highlighted. the study guide written under the editorship of m.q.pardaev examines the problems of development of the service, service and tourism sectors, the formation of labor resources in the service sector and the effectiveness of their use, the factors and directions of increasing labor productivity in the sector. also, the social, economic and institutional foundations of the development of the service and tourism sectors have been scientifically researched. in this article, the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the factors of economic growth in the service industry based on the previous researches, and the determination of the contribution of each of these factors to the growth of the service sector and industry are considered important scientific issues even today. 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us t.d. burmenko's work "экономика сферы услуг (вводный курс)" there are ways of formation and use of labor resources in enterprises, factors and reserves of increasing labor productivity and efficiency and methods of their measurement, factors of increasing efficiency of use of labor resources in enterprises, socio-economic nature of wages, work the form and methods of payment of the fee, its main task and functions have been researched. management and organization and sphere of management: theory and practice: service management and operation 2nd international edition. (per.s engl nar. nauk ryad. v.v. kulibanovoy) / k. khaksiver, b. render, r. s. russell, r. g. murdik spbi. dr: peter bux. 2002. – s. 496. in this work, the formation and development of the service economy, the system of scientific organization and management of labor in the service sector, its methods and tools, the service "economy and innovative technologies" scientific electronic journal. no. 2, march-april, 2017 no. 2, 2017 www.iqtisodiyot.uz 3 factors and reserves of increasing labor productivity and efficiency in demonstration enterprises and methods of their measurement, factors of increasing the efficiency of the use of labor resources in enterprises, socioeconomic nature of wages, work forms and methods of payment of fees, its main tasks and functions are researched. in his work, russian scientist a.a. tkachenko researched the directions of expanding jobs in the service sector and effective use of labor resources, creating new jobs in the sector, giving tax incentives to employers who create jobs, and increasing labor efficiency. in her work, russian scientist a.p. erofeeva researched the development and implementation of the personnel management system in service enterprises, the foreign experience of the personnel management system in the field, methods of researching the personnel management system, and the processes of modernization of the personnel management system in service enterprises. in the works of the above-mentioned authors, the general aspects of economic growth are determined based on the assessment of the impact of various factors on economic efficiency. in these studies, the impact of intensive and extensive factors on economic growth was not evaluated. accordingly, the scientific essence of our research is that the general index of the dynamics of economic growth in service industries and sectors was studied based on the classification of intensive and extensive factors. research methodology. during the research, the dialectical and systematic approach to the study of economic systems and ratios, comprehensive assessment, comparative and comparative analysis, statistical and dynamic approach, and grouping methods were used to ensure economic growth and evaluate efficiency in service industries. economic efficiency reflects the results of the activities of economic operators, and social efficiency reflects the social efficiency of economic entities and its impact on various aspects of society. in this case, social and economic efficiency were found to be interrelated to a certain extent. also, the indicators determining the economic efficiency in the service economy were classified and the method of labor efficiency assessment was researched. analysis and results. in the present era, when new information technologies are widely distributed, the development of the world community has reached such a stage that this situation is affecting and changing all aspects of social and economic life. economists recognize such changes in socio-economic life as the fact that the development of human civilization has entered a new stage. 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to them, knowledge and skills of people and information are the decisive factor at this stage of civilization. the development trend of modern society is mainly characterized by the transition from a raw and industrial economy to a service economy. in this, the main focus is on the development of modern networks with a large capacity of science and information technology in the use of intellectual resources. such a situation in the development of society requires a wider development of the service sector compared to other sectors of the economy. today, the socio-economic development of the countries of the world differs sharply in terms of its meaning and content from the previous stages. a new interpretation of economic growth requires modern, conceptual approaches in world economics. in particular, effective activity in the service economy is somewhat wider than industrial activity. in our republic, structural changes are taking place in the service sector, as well as in all types of economic activity. in particular, when analyzing statistical data from 2016 to 2021, the largest share of total services in 2016 was healthcare services. (22.2%), this indicator decreased during 2017-2020 and reached 28.5% in 2021, or the share of health services in total services decreased by 6.3% during 2017-2020 . also, it was found that during the analyzed years 2016-2021, in the structure of total services, motor transport (1.7%) and trade services (1.7%) have a tendency to decrease. in 2016, the share of accommodation and food services in the total services was 21.1%, while in 2021 this indicator was 32.3% and increased by 11.2%. in addition, during the analyzed period, in the service sector, information and communication services (11.8%), financial services (8.2%), transport services (7.9%), real estate services (5.6%) ), education services (23.0%), health services (6.3%), rental and leasing services (1.1%), computers, personal items and household goods repair services (7.3 %), personal services (0.6%), services in architecture, engineering research, technical testing and analysis (2.6%) increased. another organizational mechanism for increasing the efficiency of service enterprises is an information system that serves the industry. this system includes, in our opinion, the following: advertising agencies, marketing service centers, permanent or traveling exhibitions, media and electronic communication systems, etc. in our opinion, the further development of information supply in the service sector will provide an opportunity to justify the perspective of the population's ability to pay for services, to assess the dynamics of the growth of this sector, and to improve the quality and efficiency of the services provided. for this purpose, it is necessary to establish a special service for researching the demand for services and marketing centers at the regional level. this organizational structure includes the following areas of activity:  development of scientific and practical manuals for studying demand and supply for new types of services;  preparation of reports, booklets, reports on the service conjuncture at the regional level for subjects who feel the need for services;  conducting questionnaires, sociological research to determine the quality of the provided service;  participation in social events, fairs, exhibitions to solve problems in the field of services. an important organizational link that provides information provision of service enterprises is advertising activity. its importance for this industry is the dissemination of information about services to the public in various forms, while advertising is not only a source of information, but 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it is an important organizational mechanism that stimulates new needs for services and the ability of the population to pay. summary. economic growth, which is achieved by increasing the quantity of resources of the same quality, has an extensive nature and is ensured only by improving the quality of resources. at the same time, it is considered to have an intensive character. economic growth is determined by factors: natural resources, labor resources, capital, technology and production organization. economic growth is also influenced by indirect factors such as the level of market monopolization, the tax situation in the country, prices for production resources, the development of the credit-banking system, and investments. the problems of efficiency and quality of economic growth are of particular importance for russia. the russian economy is characterized by the low competitiveness of local products, excessive emphasis on energy and raw material extraction, poor development of imports of finished goods, low labor productivity, poor financing of foreign investors, short service life of machines, etc. due to these reasons, the rate of economic growth and productivity of our country is very low. the development prospects of the local economy and its competitiveness in the world market will depend to a decisive extent on the possibility of moving to a new path of economic development that will improve the quality and speed of economic growth in russia. organizational provision of employees' activities in service enterprises remains a primary task in terms of their effective management. also, the demand for managers and specialists who have mastered the methods of achieving high quality and increasing labor productivity in the process of service delivery is increasing. the general labor results of the company's employees depend on the personal labor results of each employee. therefore, it is necessary to maintain a certain order for them to work together, start and finish work, and observe breaks. a clear mechanism for maintaining labor discipline is also necessary. currently, the role of information in the services market is growing seriously. the high need for information and the rapid development of information processes in order to increase the efficiency of service delivery bring to the fore the creation of its organizational departments in enterprises. in fact, the demand for such information systems services will expand to cover the regional services market. in our opinion, information departments in enterprises should include the following components:  collecting initial information about the demand and supply of services in the services market; 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122-125. 84. ugli a. a. i. quality and competitiveness of services in the tourism market //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 1. – №. 12. – с. 145-148. 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 qualifying marks of tampering with evidence khojiev nosirjon komilovich senior lecturer at the department of criminal law, criminology and anti-corruption of tashkent state university of law abstract: this article discusses the qualifications of deliberate falsification of evidence. the collection of evidence, its examination and evaluation of criminal case materials are discussed. in addition, evidentiary requirements are defined and discussed. the norms of criminal law of some foreign countries that define criminal liability for deliberate falsification of evidence are also analyzed. the purpose of this study is that the most important condition for the correct classification of the crime of forgery of evidence (forgery) is from similar crimes, abuse of power or authority (article 205 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); career fraud (article 209 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); production of documents, stamps, seals, forms, their counterfeiting, sale or use (article 228 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); falsification of the results of operational investigative activities (article 2302 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); bringing an innocent person to justice (article 230 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); various aspects of such crimes, such as giving false testimony (article 238 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan), are analyzed. keywords: evidence, falsification, falsification, career falsification, falsification of documents, falsification of the results of investigative actions, persecution of an innocent person, perjury, foreign criminal law, criminal liability, falsification of court records, falsification of evidence in civil, economic and administrative case materials, destruction of evidence, concealment , damage to evidence, seizure, theft, falsification or presentation of false evidence. according to article 2301 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, knowingly introducing false information into documents or materials during the collection, research and evaluation of evidence by persons conducting pre-investigation and proving materials of a criminal case, or by persons participating in it to participate in proof. criminal liability is established for falsification (forgery) , which manifests itself as misleading. from the objective side, the crime provided for in part 1 of article 2301 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, pre-investigation and collection of evidence based on the materials of the criminal case, during their study and evaluation, is carried out with malicious or other base intent. , knowingly introducing false information or corrections into documents or objects and conducting expressed evidence consists of falsification (falsification) of evidence by persons involved in increasing the evidence or participating in the evidence. falsification of evidence can be represented by forged receipts, submission of contracts to the court, changing the content of documents. examples include deletions and false corrections to create artificial evidence. the crime is considered completed from the moment falsified evidence is presented. in most cases, tampering with evidence is a criminal offense. 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us counterfeiting can be done in different ways. for example, destruction of evidence may constitute complete falsification of evidence by knowingly introducing false information into a document. in addition, drawing up a protocol of an unconducted interrogation occurs by introducing false information into protocols or other documents, falsifying them, making corrections, marking them with a different date, creating false evidence (burning drugs, cartridges in the house of the accused, a car, clothes, etc. and many other methods). article 2301 of the current criminal code does not apply to the destruction, seizure and concealment of evidence in a criminal case. in our opinion, if such actions were committed by officials within the framework of criminal proceedings, they should be held accountable in accordance with article 2301 of the criminal code. in some foreign countries, in particular, article 306 of the criminal code of latvia provides for criminal liability for failure to provide evidence (intentional failure to provide objects, documents or other materials), and article 307 for theft, intentional destruction, destruction or falsification of criminal materials. in addition, destruction and concealment of evidence is a crime under the laws of austria, latvia, poland and the netherlands. 434-4 of the french penal code. according to the article: 1. changing the condition of places where a crime or offense was committed through vandalism; falsification or destruction of fingerprints or traces. 2. criminal liability is established for the destruction, confiscation, concealment or falsification of any public or private document. a review of foreign criminal laws has shown that in some countries, acts such as destruction, concealment, damage to evidence, removal, theft, falsification, falsification, failure to produce evidence or providing false evidence are crimes. in this regard, the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan we propose to amend section 2301 to address “the destruction, concealment, damage to evidence, removal, theft, falsification, omission of evidence, or presentation of false evidence.” collection of evidence, verification and evaluation of materials in criminal cases are a separate procedural activity and are regulated by the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan. the procedure for collecting evidence is strengthened in article 87 of the criminal code, according to which the following investigative actions are considered evidence;  conducting investigations and trials;  interrogation of a suspect, accused, defendant, witness, victim, expert,  face; show for recognition;  checking the show at the scene;  takeaway food;  search;  review;  indications;  exhumation of the corpse; 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  conducting an experiment;  taking samples for expert research;  appointment of examination and inspection;  acceptance of provided materials and documents;  collected by listening to conversations conducted through telephones and other telecommunications devices, receiving information transmitted through them, as well as conducting operational-search activities. according to article 94 of the criminal procedure code, it is understood that the decision to be taken in the case is based only on carefully, fully, comprehensively and objectively checked evidence. the verification of evidence consists in collecting additional evidence, which can confirm or refute the evidence under investigation. evaluation of evidence is described in article 95 of the criminal procedure code, according to which the investigator, investigator, prosecutor and court shall assess the evidence based on their internal convictions in accordance with the law and legal consciousness, based on a thorough, complete, comprehensive and impartial review of all the circumstances of the case. they give in addition, requirements for evidence are defined, and each evidence must be evaluated in terms of relevance, acceptability and reliability. evidence is recognized as relevant to the case only if it reflects information about facts or things that confirm, refute or call into question the conclusions about the existing circumstances that are relevant for the criminal case. the evidence is recognized as admissible only if it is collected in the prescribed manner and complies with the conditions stipulated in articles 88, 90 of the criminal code. evidence that is found to be true as a result of the investigation is considered reliable. when all the reliable evidence of the case has been gathered which unequivocally confirms the validity of each and every circumstance to be proved, the total of them is considered sufficient to solve the case. if the falsification of evidence in a criminal case is committed by a group of persons with a prior collusion, the second part of article 2301 of the criminal code stipulates criminal liability. when it is said to collude with a group of persons in advance, it is understood that two or more persons involved in the investigation or participation in the proof participate in falsification (forgery) [1]. if one of the participants of the group is a subject of article 2301 of the criminal code, and the other is not included in the scope of the subject, participation in falsification (counterfeiting) occurs and is qualified by article 28, 2301 of the criminal code. also, if falsification of evidence is the reason for detaining, imprisoning, prosecuting or acquitting, sentencing or acquitting a person, the second part of article 2301 of the criminal code stipulates that the person shall be prosecuted. according to article 220 of the code of criminal procedure (cpc), arrest is a procedural coercive measure consisting of short-term isolation from society in order to prevent the suspect (accused) from committing a crime, escape, hide or destroy evidence. according to article 242 of the cpc, detention is a measure of temporary isolation applied to a suspect or accused person arrested in a criminal case until his criminal case is tried in court and the court makes a decision. 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the judgment is issued by the court on behalf of the republic of uzbekistan and must be legally justified and fair. according to articles 454 and 455 of the cpc, the court may convict or acquit. if there is falsification (falsification) of evidence in a criminal case of a serious or extremely serious crime, or if the falsification (falsification) of evidence had serious consequences, it is qualified by the third part of article 2301 of the criminal code. forgery (forgery) of evidence with serious consequences means illegal detention, long-term detention, unjustified acquittal of a person, suicide of an illegally convicted person. and others should be understood [1]. the third part of article 2301 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan is the most serious part according to the sanction of the article, and according to the classification of article 15 of the criminal code, it is a serious crime. the disposition of the first part of this article, describing the behavior of the criminal subject, not only envisages the falsification of evidence related to the criminal case materials, but also defines the scope of the subjects. although the third part of article 2301 of the criminal code stipulates criminal liability for serious consequences caused by falsification of evidence in criminal case materials, the legislator does not specify what consequences are considered as serious consequences. severe consequences provided for in the third part of article 2301 of the criminal code can be caused not only by falsification of evidence in criminal cases, but also by falsification of evidence in civil and economic court cases. in particular, serious consequences may arise, for example, suicide of the party who lost in a civil case as a result of falsification of evidence related to civil cases, or bankruptcy of legal entities as a result of falsification of evidence related to economic court cases, and business may be disrupted. if the serious consequences are causally related to the criminal actions, they are taken into account in the qualification. according to m.h. rustambaev, the subject of this crime, the subject of the crime provided for in article 2301 of the criminal code can be the persons involved in the investigation or proof [1]. evidence is carried out by the investigating investigator, the prosecutor and the court. also, the suspect, the accused, the defendant, the defense, the public prosecutor, as well as the injured civil claimant and their representatives have the right to participate in the evidence. according to article 86 of the code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, witnesses, experts, specialists, translators, impartial, other citizens and officials who exercise rights and fulfill obligations related to the collection, verification and evaluation of evidence are involved in the evidence. it should be noted that under article 306 of the criminal code of the people's republic of china, lawyers are subject to the crime of falsifying evidence. according to article 86 of the civil procedure code, the participants of the proof have the authority to collect quality evidence. also, according to article 87 of the criminal procedure code, the defense attorney has the right to collect and present evidence in the criminal case, which must be added to the criminal case materials, as well as mandatory assessment during the pre-investigation investigation, investigation, preliminary investigation, and trial of the criminal case. defense evidence can be gathered by interrogating persons who have information related to the case and obtaining written explanations with their consent, sending requests to state bodies and other bodies, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations, and receiving references, descriptions, explanations and other documents from them. according to m.h. rustambaev, among the persons involved in the investigation or proof provided by article 2301 of the criminal code, the defender may also be the subject of the crime [1]. 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in our opinion, although the defense does not have the characteristics of a special subject of falsification of evidence, the current article 2301 of the criminal code should be qualified. according to m.h. rustambaev, the subject of this crime is not included in the scope of the subject of article 2301 of the criminal code, the bodies that carry out the investigation before the investigation, the secretary of the court session or the assistant judge. for this reason, the question of qualification of the act expressed in falsification of evidence by the secretary of the court session or the assistant judge, the officials who carry out the investigation before the investigation, remains open. the question of inclusion of the secretary of the court session or the assistant judge in the scope of the subject of article 2301 of the criminal code is controversial. in some foreign countries, including article 305 of the criminal code of the people's republic of china, criminal liability is provided for intentionally falsely recording the minutes of the court session. in fact, in our opinion, the intentional misrepresentation of information and items in the court record constitutes falsification of evidence. article 2301 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan does not apply to the secretary of the court session and the assistant judge, which, from our point of view, is a gap in the current criminal legislation of uzbekistan, which should be filled. according to the criminal procedural law, pre-investigation bodies have the authority to conduct pre-investigation investigations, initiate criminal proceedings, or refuse to initiate proceedings. also, according to article 392 of the criminal code, the officials conducting the preinvestigation investigation must collect evidence, in addition to taking all actions necessary to apprehend the suspects and search for the hiding suspects, as well as to ensure compensation for the property damage caused by the crime. and authorized to maintain. in our opinion, in order to solve the issue of qualification of the actions of the officials who carry out the investigation before the investigation, which are expressed in the falsification of the evidence, the officials who carry out the investigation before the investigation should be included in the scope of the crime. the most important condition for the correct qualification of the crime of evidence falsification (forgery) is to distinguish it from similar crimes. for example, abuse of power or authority (article 205 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); career fraud (article 209 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); preparation of documents, stamps, seals, forms, their forgery, sale or use (article 228 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); falsification of the results of rapid search activity (article 2302 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); bringing an innocent person to justice (article 230 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan); it should be distinguished from similar crimes such as perjury (article 238 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan). the crime of falsification of evidence (forgery) is distinguished by article 205 of the criminal code (abuse of power or authority). in the system of crimes against administrative order, the social danger of the crime of career fraud has a special place. abuse of power or authority refers to the intentional use of official authority by an official of a state body, organization with state participation, or self-government body of citizens. this crime has a material content, and criminal liability arises when a large amount of damage or serious damage is caused to the rights of citizens or interests protected by law, or to the interests of the state or society. the crime of falsification of evidence is a formal content, and it is knowingly tampering with documents or objects with malicious or other low intentions during the pre-investigation examination of evidence and the collection, examination and evaluation of evidence on criminal case materials by the persons carrying out the objective proof or the persons involved to participate in the proof. represented by false data entry. 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us if the subjects of the crime of abuse of power or authority are only officials of a state body, organization with state participation, or citizens' self-governance body, the crime of falsification (forgery) of evidence is relatively wider, and the subjects are persons who carry out the proof or are involved to participate in the proof. the crime of evidence falsification (forgery) should be qualified by article 2301 of the criminal code in cases where it is committed by the officials who are conducting the evidence using their authority or authority. the existence of professional authority related to proof, falsification of evidence using it (forgery) does not require additional qualification under article 205 of the criminal code. the fact that a person with official authority related to proof is committed with other officials who do not have such authority should be considered as participation in article 28, 2301 of the criminal code. in judicial and investigative practice, certain difficulties may arise in distinguishing evidence falsification (falsification) from abuse of authority by an official. if an official abused his power or authority and falsified evidence in a criminal case, which led to a serious violation of the rights and interests of the victims protected by law, the act should be prosecuted in accordance with article 2301 of the criminal code. based on the analysis of the object of this crime, in the qualification of the crime of falsification (forgery) of evidence that caused serious harm to the person, society and the state, the integrity of the rules, the general and special norms compete, and the rules of the special norm are used. deliberate inaction of an official in connection with evasion of procedural identification of information of evidentiary value in the case should be qualified as an abuse of official authority. when we talk about the competition of criminal law norms, the norm on falsification of evidence should be taken into account. the crime of falsification (forgery) of evidence is in conflict with article 209 (professional forgery) of the criminal code, and the crime of falsification (forgery) of evidence is a special norm. article 209 of the criminal code (professional fraud) is a general norm, and as a result of the crime, it is considered socially dangerous with serious damage to the rights of some citizens or interests protected by law, or to the interests of the state or society. the object of the crime of professional fraud in article 209 of the criminal code is social relations that ensure the protection of the interests of authorities, management and public association bodies and their normal activity in accordance with the law. the main object of the crime is the falsification of evidence (forgery) in the interests of justice, the prosecutor's office, pre-investigation investigation, preliminary investigation and social relations to ensure the normal functioning of investigative bodies. that is, career falsification and falsification of evidence (forgery) differ according to the object of the crime. in both crimes, as an additional object, the rights and freedoms of citizens can be the interests of society and the state. some scientific and educational literature on criminal law states that falsification of documents by an official is actually considered one of the forms of professional fraud. theoretical studies and the analysis of criminal law allow us to conclude that professional fraud is a special type of abuse of professional authority. most experts confirm this opinion[2]. in addition, official forgery is a crime with a material content, and objectively, it is expressed in serious damage to the rights and freedoms of citizens and the interests of society and the state as a result of knowingly entering false information into official documents by an official, falsifying documents, or knowingly creating and submitting false documents. the crime of falsification of evidence is a formal content, and it is knowingly tampering with documents or objects with malicious or other low intentions during the pre-investigation examination of evidence and the collection, examination and evaluation of evidence on criminal 96 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us case materials by the persons carrying out the objective proof or the persons involved to participate in the proof. is committed by entering false information. in addition, the crime of professional falsification differs from the subject of the crime of falsification of evidence, and the subject of the crime of professional falsification is only official documents. if the subjects of the crime of professional forgery are only the officials of the state body, the organization with the participation of the state, or the self-governing body of the citizens, the subjects of the crime of falsification of evidence (forgery) are broader and are considered to be the persons who carry out the proof or the persons who are involved to participate in the proof. the subjective aspect of the composition of both crimes (articles 209 and 2301 of the criminal code) is the same and is committed intentionally. in qualifying the crime of career fraud, motive and purpose do not affect the qualification. but in the qualification of the crime of falsification (falsification) of evidence, as an optional sign of the subjective side, malicious or other low intent motive is a necessary sign of qualification. the analysis of the objective aspects of the crime provided for in article 209 of the criminal code, defined in the legal literature, gives the opportunity to come to the following conclusions: first, although they seem similar on the surface, they differ from each other in terms of content; secondly, some of them include the signs of the objective side of other crimes against the administrative procedure (article 228 "preparation of documents, stamps, seals, forms, their forgery, sale or use). according to m. kh. rustambaev, "the subject of the crime is an official who has reached the age of 18. in cases where false information or records are entered into official documents by a non-official person, the act should be qualified by article 228 of the criminal code" [3]. according to the decision of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 21, 2004, if the forgery of the position was committed with the participation of other persons who are not the subjects of the crime of position, the actions of such participants, provided that they are not participants in the crime of robbery, article 228 of the criminal code ("documents, stamps, seals, it is explained that it should be qualified not by preparation of forms, their forgery, sale or use"), but by articles 28, 209 of the criminal code [4]. it should be noted that a necessary sign of the qualification of the crime provided for in article 209, part 1 of the criminal code requires serious damage to the rights of citizens or interests protected by law, or to the interests of the state or public as a result of the committed act. article 2301 of the criminal code is a formal crime and does not require consequences. since article 2301 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan does not cover responsibility for falsification of evidence related to cases of administrative offenses, as well as administrative, civil and economic court cases, the falsification of evidence related to case materials of this type, when committed by officials, is qualified by article 209 of the criminal code. it is inappropriate to classify the crime of falsification of evidence related to administrative, civil and economic court cases against justice with article 209 of the criminal code. an analysis of the experience of some foreign countries shows that falsification of evidence related to administrative, civil and economic court cases is considered a crime against justice. in our opinion, acts related to falsification of evidence related to administrative, civil and economic court cases should be covered by article 2301 of the criminal code and not by article 209 of the criminal code, and should be qualified by this article. article 2301 of the civil code should be distinguished from article 228 of the civil code ("preparation of documents, stamps, seals, forms, their forgery, sale or use"). 97 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us article 228 of the civil code stipulates criminal responsibility for preparing, forging, selling or using documents, stamps, seals, blanks. the object of the crime provided for in article 228 of the criminal code is social relations that ensure the legally established procedure for documenting facts of legal significance. the objective aspect of the crime provided for in part 1 of article 228 of the criminal code is that the forger prepares official documents that grant certain rights or exempts him from certain obligations, or forges official documents or sells such documents, for such purposes counterfeit stamps and seals of an enterprise, institution or organization, expressed in the preparation of forms. preparation of official documents means illegal preparation of copies of original documents, original stamps, seals, forms of an enterprise, institution, organization, or their preparation on behalf of a non-existent legal entity or citizens in violation of the requirements established in regulatory documents, as well as their legal inconsistency with the form and content of the mentioned objects. amendments, changes, additions that change the status are understood. official documents, which are the subject of the crime, are prepared or falsified, and it is considered complete from the moment when the falsifier himself or another person intends to use them [1]. in this regard, it is appropriate to quote the following opinion of g.o. ermatov, that is, "in the event that an official document granting a certain right or exempting from a certain obligation was forged by an official, and it is not possible to qualify such an act as a crime of officialdom, accusing the culprit of having committed such an act ( due to the absence of damage or damage) in such a case, the act should be qualified by article 228 of the criminal code. but if such an act of an official can be qualified as a crime of officialdom, it is sufficient to qualify it as a crime of officialdom, without qualifying it with article 228 of the criminal code" [5]. the purpose of the analysis of articles 209 and 228 of the civil code is to clarify the similarities and differences between these articles and article 2301 of the civil code. in addition, all three crimes are a type of crime belonging to the department of crimes against the activity order of authorities, management and public associations. article 228 of the criminal code is considered a crime with a formal content, as well as article 2301 of the criminal code. from the subjective point of view, the crime under article 228 of the criminal code is committed with the right intention, and when qualifying the act, the purpose from the subjective point of view is invisible as a necessary sign, so it is necessary to clarify the purpose of using the subject of the crime. if the purpose of preparation or forgery is not determined, liability under article 228 of the criminal code is excluded. if a person uses a document knowing that it is fake, he will be prosecuted under part 2 of article 228 of the criminal code. making changes to documents that are not considered evidence, forgery does not constitute the content of article 2301 of the criminal code. depending on the position of the person who committed such actions, the purpose of forgery (forgery), it is qualified by article 228 or article 209 of the criminal code. if a person falsifies official documents and later uses them as evidence, his actions should be qualified not by articles 228 and 2301 of the criminal code, but by article 2301 of the criminal code. that is, if a person falsifies (forgery) documents in order to use them as evidence, article 2301 of the criminal code does not require article 228. this provision is also specified in the decision of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan no. 13 of may 5, 2008, according to which, "when several crimes are committed, if one of the crimes is a means or method of committing another, and the features of both crimes are specified in the disposition 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the relevant article of the criminal code if so, the act should be qualified by one article of the criminal code, which determines responsibility for a more serious crime"[6]. if an official document that can be used as evidence is falsified by a person who is not considered a subject of article 2301 (for example, by a computer expert), his act should not be qualified by article 228 of the criminal code, but by article 28, 2301. falsification of evidence (falsification) differs from a similar crime according to the subject of the crime, subjective and objective signs. in contrast to falsification of evidence, falsification of the results of investigative activities (criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, article 2302) in the crime of intent, based on its subjective aspect, is aimed at violating the results of investigative activities for the purpose of criminal prosecution of a person who is not related to the commission of a crime, or for the purpose of harming a person's honor, personnel value, and professional reputation. both crimes differ according to the subject and subject matter. subjects of the crime of falsification of the results of rapid-research activities, as opposed to falsification of evidence, persons authorized to conduct rapid-research activities, the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, the state security service, the state security service of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, the bodies of the state customs service, enforcement under the general prosecutor's office of the republic of uzbekistan operatives of the bureau and the department of combating economic crimes are criminal subjects. it is forbidden to carry out search activities by other state bodies, as well as legal and natural persons. the subject of this crime is narrow compared to the subject of the crime of evidence falsification (forgery) and is only the results of rapid search activity. in contrast to the falsification of evidence, the crime of perjury (referred to in article 238, part 2 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan) is based on the subjective aspect of intent, the violation of evidence information on a certain case by influencing the will of the participants in the process. at the same time, a crime is committed in cases where an investigator, investigator, judge first forces a person to give a statement, and then combines such statements by conducting an appropriate investigative action. a person who fabricates evidence for a charge and then knowingly gives false testimony about such evidence while being a party to a criminal proceeding should be prosecuted for perjury, not for tampering with evidence. if the official attached to the criminal case materials knowing that the evidence was obtained through perjury, the act should be qualified by article 2301 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. the validity of such a legal assessment is that, in our opinion, social relations violated by a person who destroys evidence or removes it from the case file in an economic, civil, administrative or criminal case are social relations that ensure justice. article 230 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan establishes criminal responsibility for bringing an innocent person to justice. the prosecution of an innocent person should be understood as a decision made by an investigator, investigator or prosecutor to knowingly involve an innocent person as an accused [1]. such actions are not considered falsification of evidence and should be prosecuted under article 230 of the criminal code. falsification of evidence in a criminal case is different from knowingly prosecuting an innocent person. according to article 230 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, a person commits intellectual falsification of a procedural document representing a decision to bring a 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us person as an accused. according to criminal procedural legislation, the decision to bring a person as an accused is not considered evidence in the case. if falsification (falsification) of evidence is committed by torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment, and as a result evidence is falsified, such an act is torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment according to article 235 of the criminal code and article 2301 of the criminal code, which stipulates responsibility for the use of types of crimes, crimes should be qualified as a total. today, legal science is increasingly developing the possibility of using electronic documents (electronic documents and certificates) as evidence. in our opinion, in cases where a person makes illegal access to computer data and falsifies electronic evidence, this act is qualified as a set of crimes under article 2782 of the criminal code (illegal (unauthorized) use of computer information) and article 230 of the criminal code (forgery of evidence). must the actions of the prosecutor, who gave prior consent to the investigator or the investigator, as well as the official of the body conducting the investigation, to falsify the evidence and confirm the indictment (indictment) should be qualified as participation in the falsification of evidence. if the prosecutor did not know in advance about the falsification of the evidence and did not react appropriately to the presence of falsified materials in the case, exercising control over the implementation of the laws by the preliminary investigation bodies, then his behavior should be qualified as a crime of coldly viewing the powers of officials. references: 1. rustambaev m.h. comments on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. special part 3. "publish legal literature". tashkent, 2021. b.213-259. 2. criminal liability for crimes against justice / ed. a.v. galakhova. – m., 2003. – p.128. 3. rustambaev m.h. course of criminal law of the republic of uzbekistan. iv roof. special part. economic crimes. environmental crimes. crimes against the activity order of authorities, management and non-governmental organizations: textbook. tashkent: ilm ziyo, 2011. pages 260-263 4. resolution no. 4 of may 21, 2004 of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan "on some issues of application of the law on liberalization of punishments to economic crimes". 5. ermatov g'.o. issues of qualification of the crime of forgery of official documents and their use: monograph. / responsible editor: ph.d., prof. q. r. abdurasulova. tashkent: tdyui, 2009. pages 61-62 6. clause 10 of the resolution of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan no. 13 of may 5, 2008 "on issues related to the qualification of the act when several crimes have been committed" 201 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 risk management in the financial market and its significance: problems and solutions in the field yаkubоv mаdаminbеk аbdurаkhimоvich studеnt оf thе “еcоnоmics” fаculty, tаshkеnt stаtе univеrsity оf еcоnоmics abstract: this article analyzes risk management and its impact on financial markets. risk and capital management can happen anywhere in the stock market. this happens when an investor buys a desired stock in the stock market. or it can happen when a financial fund manager with foreign currency derivatives avoids the risk of converting balance sheet assets and liabilities into foreign currency. financial managers also use strategies such as asset allocation, portfolio diversification, and position pricing to reduce or effectively manage risk in the stock market. although technical analysis of risk and capital management can provide useful information, it cannot completely eliminate an investor’s concerns. risk management is a key part of capital markets, which involves recognizing, analyzing and mitigating the risks associated with trading activities[1]. risk management aims to reduce losses and increase profits by predicting future risks and taking actions to prevent or mitigate them. keywords: risk management, diversification, hedging, market volatility. introduction financial markets provide buyers and sellers with the means to trade financial instruments, including bonds, stocks, international currencies and derivatives, facilitate the interaction between those who have capital to invest and those who need capital, share risks with participants, usually allows transfer through derivatives. financial markets are complex ecosystems that reflect the repeated interactions of millions of people and institutions. as such, they require institutional structures and market procedures to foster market fairness, efficiency, transparency, and stability. for a variety of reasons interdependence, financial innovation, technological advances in communications and computing power, synchronous behavior of market participants modern financial markets are becoming increasingly complex[2]. managing risk in an environment of increasing complexity requires a fundamental and time-consuming framework to develop, implement and maintain highly disciplined risk management and corporate governance processes. we’ve probably all heard that 90% of people who enter the financial market fail. most people think of risk as soon as they hear the word risk and equate it with risk taking. they like to avoid taking risks as much as possible. but the point is that such thinking is wrong. risk management cannot be ignored or eliminated. risk is inherent in every activity and is essentially the nature of risk-based life. so one of the keys to success is knowing what risks to consider and making sure those risks are reasonable. thus, the law of life requires a serious approach to the issue of risk. in today’s fast-paced and constantly evolving financial markets, the ability to effectively manage risk is critical for market participants[3]. with the advent of technology and the exponential growth of data, the use of big data has become a game changer in risk management strategies. by 202 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us leveraging the power of big data analytics, financial institutions can gain valuable insights into market trends, identify potential risks, and make informed decisions to mitigate those risks. litеrаturе аnаlysis using big data to effectively manage risks in financial markets has become a necessity in today’s technology-driven world. financial institutions can leverage the power of big data analytics to strengthen market surveillance, develop early warning systems, detect fraud, manage portfolio risks and ensure regulatory compliance. as the volume and complexity of data continues to grow, the ability to effectively use big data will be a key differentiator for market participants in managing risk and staying ahead in dynamic financial markets[4]. importance of risk management:  market volatility: financial markets are volatile in nature and prices change rapidly due to various factors such as economic indicators, geopolitical events and investor sentiment. without proper risk management, investors can face huge losses during market downturns;  capital preservation: risk management helps protect capital by diversifying investments across different asset classes, sectors and geographic regions. this diversification spreads risk and reduces the impact of any investment performance on the overall portfolio;  regulatory compliance: financial institutions are subject to strict regulations such as capital adequacy requirements and stress tests. effective risk management ensures compliance with these regulations, protects the institution’s reputation and prevents potential penalties. types of risks in financial markets:  market risk: this risk arises from possible losses resulting from adverse changes in the market, including changes in interest rates, exchange rates and stock prices. investors can use derivatives such as options and futures to hedge against market risk;  credit risk: credit risk refers to the possibility of non-payment by borrowers or counterparties. it is very important to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers before lending or investing in securities[5];  operational risk: operational risk includes risks related to internal processes, systems and human errors. it includes fraud, technology failures and non-compliance with regulations. strong internal controls and contingency plans are critical to mitigating operational risk;  liquidity risk: liquidity risk occurs when a market participant is unable to quickly buy or sell an asset without significantly affecting its price. adequate liquidity management ensures that assets are converted into cash when needed;  systemic risk: systemic risk refers to risks affecting multiple institutions and markets that may cause widespread disruptions in the financial system. this can occur as a result of factors such as economic crises, financial crises or geopolitical events. risk management methods:  hedging: hedging involves the use of derivative instruments such as futures, options and swaps to offset potential losses or gains in the underlying asset. for example, a company may use futures contracts to hedge against adverse changes in the price of commodities needed for production;  diversification: spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors or geographic regions helps reduce risk by avoiding concentration in one area. this strategy aims to minimize the impact of negative events on the overall portfolio;  risk assessment and monitoring: regular risk assessment and monitoring allows organizations to identify emerging risks and take timely measures to reduce them. this process includes conducting risk assessments, stress tests, and scenario analysis to understand potential outcomes[6]. 203 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us risk management issues:  lack of information: accurate and timely information is essential for effective risk management. however, the availability and quality of data can cause difficulties, especially when dealing with complex financial instruments or emerging risks;  regulatory compliance: financial markets are subject to various regulatory frameworks that require companies to adhere to certain risk management practices. these rules can be difficult to follow as they often evolve and become more stringent;  behavioral bias: human behavior can lead to incorrect results in risk management decisions. understanding and mitigating these misconceptions is essential to effective risk management; risk is divided into two types, systematic and unsystematic, based on whether it is specific to the stock or affects the stock as a whole. systematic risk is a risk that affects the entire market (albeit in different amounts), in other words, it affects all stocks to a different degree. this type of risk exists in any situation and investors must take it into account in order to make a profit. but unsystematic risk only affects a particular stock. this type of risk can be reduced by building a diversified stock portfolio[7]. because the result of unsystematic risks associated with different stocks by forming a stock portfolio is close to zero. before trading or investing in the market, traders and investors should develop a risk management strategy and keep in mind that financial risks cannot be completely avoided. in general, risk management is a complete study and analysis of how to deal with risks and, of course, not to reduce their severity, but to avoid various risks. risk management is the identification, assessment and monitoring of risks in accordance with conditions and strategy. one of the most common mistakes made by traders in the capital market is the risk calculation error. in addition, there is also the concept of flexible risk management, that is, flexible risk management is a strategic approach to risk management, which includes continuous monitoring, evaluation and adaptation of risk management practices to changing conditions. it aggregates risk data related to users and activities, analyzes business risks, and provides mitigation advice. using innovative algorithms, flexible risk management services redefine loss control and risk verification processes. at the same time, if we talk about quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk assessment, two main approaches are usually used when it comes to risk assessment: quantitative and qualitative. quantitative risk assessment involves the use of mathematical models and statistical analysis to measure and predict potential losses[8]. qualitative risk assessment, on the other hand, relies more on subjective judgment and expert judgment. both approaches have their merits, and a combination of the two provides a more complete understanding of risk. conclusion in conclusion, risk management is an important aspect of investing in the stock market. since the stock market is inherently volatile and subject to many risks, implementing a well-defined risk management strategy is essential to minimize potential losses and maximize returns. the importance of risk management in the stock market cannot be overstated as it allows investors to navigate the complexities of the market and achieve their investment goals while maintaining a degree of control over their portfolios. by prioritizing risk management in their investment strategy, investors can optimize their returns and achieve long-term financial success. references: 1. samimi a, (book). a review of risk management (according to iso 31000, 2018), scholar press publishing, isbn: 978-613-894189-7 204 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. trujillo-ponce a, samaniego-medina r, cardone-riportella c. journal of business economics and management, 2014, 15(2), 253– 276. 3. rosenberg jv, schuermann t. journal of financial economics, 2006, 79, 569-614. 4. domnikov a, khodorovsky m, khomenko p. economy of region, 2014, 2, 248–253. 5. samimi a, zarinabadi s, setoudeh m. international journal of basic and applied sciences, 2012, 1(2), 429-434. 6. bernadell, c., cardon, p., coche, j., diebold, f.x. and manganelli, s. (2004), risk management for central bank foreign reserves, european central bank, frankfurt am main. 7. eser, f., carmon amaro, m., iacobelli, s. and rubens, m. (2012), “the use of the eurosystem’s monetary policy instruments and operational framework since 2009”, ecb occasional paper, no 135, european central bank, frankfurt am main. 8. bindseil, u., gonzález, f. and tabakis, e. (2009), risk management for central banks and other public investors, cambridge university press, cambridge. 9. tamura, k. and tabakis, e. (2013), “the use of credit claims as collateral for eurosystem credit operations”, ecb occasional paper, no 148, european central bank, frankfurt am main. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the origin and development of the principle of party autonomy in matters of choice of law based on the parties’ agreement khatamjonova gulsanam yasharjon qizi doctoral student of tashkent state law university abstract. the question of choice of law by the parties is one of the fundamental features of the principle. this feature is one of the main components of the principle. it primarily enables us to help understand the fundamental basis of the principle. this article discusses the issues of choice of law by agreement of the parties based on the principle of autonomy of will. one of the controversial issues is the possibility of the parties choosing the law based on their contract. the origin and development of this fundamental right requires a long period of time. in the article, the origin and development of this right will be analyzed by dividing into stages and the features of its development in each period are studied. through long history of the principle’s development, scholars studied and observed the significance of parties’ intention and right to choose which law should govern their contractual relationships. in the article, the period of development of the principle is conventionally divided into two. the first period is the stage when this principle was secondary importance to legislators and contractors, and parties’ freedom to choose the governing law was limited. in the second stage, parties’ freedom of choice gained paramount importance from state legislators and the restrictions on parties were notably reduced. each stage of this development increasingly served firmly established state rules to give leeway parties’ intentions to choose the governing for their contractual relationships. keywords: the governing law, contractual relationship, tribal laws, commercial relationships, independent party initiative, mutually acceptable rules. the ability of the parties to choose the law depending the contract serves to ensure that the parties can participate in the resolution of disputes arising out of their free will. the parties can choose the law based on the agreement to resolve disputes that may arise not only from their contractual relationship, but also from any legal relationship. this is an example of the will of the parties. the parties participate in the resolution of these disputes by choosing their right to resolve disputes. more precisely, the parties choose the appropriate way to resolve their disputes through a choice of law. the parties choose the law that best suits their interests based on their contractual relationship. thus, participants in contractual relations can make decisions that are beneficial to each of them. but the parties could not always choose the right to resolve disputes arising from their legal relations. even during the early legal system of human development, such concepts were foreign to people. the emergence and development of these concepts and explanations took a long time. in ancient times, people followed the rules set by the tribes to which they belonged. these laws or regulations are also called tribal laws. tribal rules were also considered to be binding only on tribal members. with the collapse of tribal unions and the emergence of states that united more and more people and territories, the state laws established by them became binding on the population. since the tribe's rules were only binding on members of the tribe, their rules were more relevant to the tribe itself. even when tribes moved from one place to another, they did not have to change their american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us rules. the new state laws were thought to be more about the territory. people's observance of laws depended more on territorial affiliation than on tribal affiliation. that is, people obeyed the laws of their tribes and did not deviate from the laws of their tribes, no matter where they were in the tribal era. in the legislation of states, the principles of legal order are more territorially dependent. it was considered mandatory that people follow state laws only when they were within that state. compliance with the laws of a state does not depend on whether a citizen is a citizen of that state or resides permanently or temporarily in that state. the laws of the place where the action or event that gave rise to the dispute occurred became binding on the parties to the dispute. for this reason, after the collapse of tribal unions and the formation of states, territorial priority became more prominent in laws [1]. at this time, the laws clearly outlined the unconditional priority interests of states. laws are made by legislators or government administrators in the spirit of directly serving the interests of the state. state laws are considered the only valid laws for citizens. citizens could only comply with the laws of the country where they permanently reside [2]. most laws were formulated according to issues of religious belief. the concepts of self-interest or independent party initiative have not gained importance [3]. disputants or persons who have violated the law have no right to participate in any way in the consideration of their disputes. more precisely, public interests prevailed over private interests. laws that protect private interests are rare. today, parties can legally choose to resolve disputes based on agreement. but in order for the parties to receive such a right and a legal basis, a long process was required. below we explore these processes with an analytical framework. as we mentioned above, in the early days the interests of the state prevailed even more than that of the interests of the parties. these processes moved from public interests to private interests and from territorial interests to principles of fairness and acceptability to independent parties. these situations are characteristic features of a long process. we can see these features at every stage of the process. speaking about the choice of law based on the agreement of the parties in private international law, some legal scholars emphasize that this right of the parties has always been part of private law. but this right is not in general, but only some elements of this right can be seen in the private law of early periods. although some legal scholars believe that this right was reflected in roman law during the roman empire, there is insufficient evidence for this opinion. dumoulin brought the idea of that parties can actually choose the law that governs their contractual relationships. he claimed that the intention of parties sustain the most important part in the scope of contracts [4]. dumoulin also believed that in contractual relations the parties can create rules in their disputes that are binding only for themselves. obviously, other prominent scholars and lawyers of that time impacted his convictions about parties’ choice of law. during his lifetime, he also discussed opinions that contradicted the legal system of his state. what exactly made dumoulin come up with such progressive ideas? this is due to the difficulties encountered in the trading process of foreign merchants and their trading processes. it is known that during the period when dumolin lived, the laws of countries were based on territorial sovereignty and their laws were valid only on their territories. non-recognition of the laws of one country on the territory of another country created economic difficulties for merchants. this is the idea that independent parties, through private agreement, can ensure that the unique laws of countries do not affect their commercial relationships. the same circumstances strengthened dumolin's view that parties could circumvent the laws of countries based on private agreements. of course, these ideas did not receive support and approval immediately after putting forward. contrary to these opinions, many scholars and legislators claim the view that independent parties american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us do not have the right to circumvent the laws of countries. an example is the french lawyer d'argent. d'argentet categorically rejects the idea that independent parties can choose law by contract, and argues that treaties and disputes arising from a treaty should be decided only by the laws of the country where the treaties were made [5]. in his opinion, the existence of the right of independent parties to choose law by agreement is equivalent to the recognition that they have the power to make laws. as a legislator, he believes that only the power of the states should be recognized. by the 17th century, several dutch jurists observed the idea of parties’ freedom of choice depending on their contracts. prominent jurists of this period are paul voeth, johannes voeth and huber. these lawyers defend the freedom of the parties and their initiatives, based on the view that traditional states are the only legislative authority and that contracts should be based only on the laws of the place where the contracts are made or the place where the contracts are executed. among them, the thoughts and ideas of the lawyer huber serve as a program for the lawyers of the next period. notably, the ideas and opinions put forward by lawyers of this period do not fully reflect the principle that we understand today. their opinions express limited autonomy of will. for example, the dutch lawyer huber, although he spoke in his ideas about the free will of the parties, but accepted it to a limited extent. therefore, disputes arising from the contractual relations of the parties must be resolved based on the legislation of the countries where parties conclude the contracts. because the parties believed that they entered into their contracts under the laws of this country in order to resolve them on the basis of the laws of this country. in his opinion, he believed that by this action the parties would demonstrate their wishes in a symbolic (not explicit) way. no matter how much huber was a proponent of the principle of free will, he also rejected the idea that parties could choose law verbally in their express contracts. the parties choose the law by their actions, that is, by signing the contract or performing the contract on the spot [6].to further strengthen his opinion, huber even quotes a phrase from the law of justinian: “every man must make a treaty in the territory in which he fulfills the treaty” [7] to strengthen his opinion. these thoughts alone indicate huber's limited understanding of the principle. huber's ideas later influenced english and american lawyers. the scottish civil lawyer lord mansfield was influenced by huber's ideas and further strengthened his ideas. in the case of robinson v. bland in 1760, [8] lord mansfield, considering how important the choice of law of the parties is to the conduct of cases, gives the following opinion to illustrate the choice of law of the parties: regardless of where disputes are considered, contracts should be considered based on the laws of the country in which they were drawn up by the parties later, lord mansfield puts forward the idea of revealing the symbolic choice of parties. in his opinion, if the parties enter into an agreement in one country, and its execution in another country, then the right of the parties is the territory in which the agreement is executed. along with choosing the place of execution of the contract, the parties also choose the right to apply it [9]. by the 19th century, it was desirable for parties to choose law by open agreement. during this period, most experts spoke in favor of regional priority. the parties could choose the available options. the available options are the drafting of a contract or the right to perform a contract. joseph story, a prominent lawyer in the 19th century united states, also endorsed these opinions. his ideas were modeled on those of the dutch lawyer huber. according to him, every country has an exclusive advantage in its own country and its laws are fully applicable in its own country. therefore, he believed that the law of each country is binding on contracts concluded or executed american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in those countries [10].particular emphasis is placed on the power of countries, on the fact that they control any person, property and contracts on their territory, regardless of the will of the parties. according to story, the place where a contract is concluded reflects the will of the parties more than the place where it is executed. these clauses also show that parties can only invoke the law by their actions. later, the german jurist friedrich von savigny expressed a view similar to that of the jurists before him. savigny also accepted party autonomy within certain limits, inspired by the thoughts of the dutch jurist huber. he advanced the view that state laws should have an absolute force within their territories. every citizen in the border of their countries must comply with the state laws. as we mentioned above, the development of maritime trade relations allowed the adoption of laws that further expand the freedom of the parties, and the adoption of court decisions that give greater freedom of will to the parties than decisions that limit the freedom of the party. back in 1875, the supreme court of the united states of america adopted a rule according to which contractual disputes between parties can be resolved based on the law of the country where the contract was signed and the law of the country where the contract is performed. based on the characteristics of the contract, the courts began to be guided by the rule of resolving disputes based on the laws of the country with which the contract is most closely related. this became the legal basis for the start of the use of practices different from those that had been practiced until now. further development of these ideas began to assert that the parties can not only choose one of the available options, but by agreement the parties can choose the law that suits them. in in re missouri steamship company in 1889, judge justice chitty proposed that the parties' contracts should be decided on the basis of the law contained in the parties' contracts [11].through this idea, the idea is revealed that the parties can choose their own law through a contract. this makes it clear that the parties can clearly express this right by including it in the terms of the contract rather than by reference. the principle of free will has now changed from one that serves a secondary function, allowing parties to choose among available options, to one that allows parties with a primary function to choose a law commensurate with their interests based on agreement. for them, the open choice of parties, expressed in words, and not the symbolic choice of parties, acquired paramount importance. courts have also begun to focus on identifying the symbolic choices of the parties, identifying choices that serve the interests of the parties. these changes showed that the principle had made a fundamental turn from one direction to another. in 1897, london assurance v. in the case of companhia de moaganes do barreiro, the parties refer their dispute to the customs of lloyd's. the courts hearing these disputes will decide the parties' cases based on these guidelines, provided that adherence to these guidelines is consistent with english law and public order. the principle of autonomy of will moves from the manuscripts of lawyers into practical life, which is now enforced by the courts. when resolving the objective side of disputes, courts also take into account the subjective wishes of the parties [12]. but even during this period, there were opinions in the form of opposition to the principle of freedom of expression of the parties. american lawyer joseph beal, author of the 1934 restatement of the first conflict of laws of the united states [13], believes that recognition of the principle of free will is equivalent to recognition of the legislative power of these parties [14]. in his opinion, the principle of autonomy of will is equal to the equating of the parties to the legislator, and it is this reason that is the reason for the rejection of the principle. beale believes that the principle of free will of the parties is equivalent to the legislative power of the states. that independent parties have such a right to make laws only within the country is contrary to the fundamental principles of law. of course, the passing of laws and the establishment of a legislative branch are in the public interest. but as beal says here, this principle prevents parties from making american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us laws as representatives of the legislature. the parties, based on the agreement, enter into an agreement that has a legal basis for resolving disputes that arise. they are not equivalent to or circumvent the powers of any government or legislative authority. however, beal's views were rejected in the second statement of conflicts of laws of the united states (1971). in this second statement, the law chosen by the parties is applied not because the parties are legislators, but because the agreement of the parties is recorded in the contract. the free will of these parties is generally allowed as long as it is consistent with basic principles of law. as ideas about the principle of free will became widespread, this principle began to find expression in the legislation of many countries. in 1865, the italian civil code introduced the rule that the parties may choose law by agreement. after world war ii, the spread of this principle accelerated. after world war ii, with the convergence of countries' policies and the expansion of international cooperation, this principle began to find its place in international documents. the 1955 hague convention on choice of laws in the international sale of goods includes the principle that parties may choose law by agreement. this provision is included in the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan. according to this provision, the parties can choose the law by agreement, unless otherwise provided by law. the parties can choose the law both for the entire part of the contract and for only one part of it. the parties can choose an agreement both before and after the conclusion of the contract. parties may choose at any time before the dispute is resolved in court. in conclusion, we note that the choice of law by the parties based on the principle of free will is an integral part of this principle. this feature further strengthens the will of the parties. the principle went through a long development stage. the fact that the parties can, based on contract, choose the law that suits their interests, subject to the rules established by the laws of the country, shows their freedom. in the beginning, the laws of countries were of paramount importance. the parties did not have the opportunity to circumvent these rules. there was not even a thought that the will of the parties would matter when choosing the law. but changes in international relations began to change from these rules to rules that favor the freedom of the parties. the main feature of these changes is the transition from public interests to private interests in contractual relations. this has led to a greater emphasis on rules that allow parties to agree on mutually acceptable rules for independent parties, rather than on countries' laws establishing strict laws. based on their interests, the parties agreed on the terms of the agreement and began to determine the obligations of the parties. this situation is quite different from the rule that any contract must be subject to the laws of the place where it was made in earlier periods, and this idea encourages individual initiative among the parties. references: 1. mills a. party autonomy in private international law, cambridge university press, 2013, pp.580. 2. justifying and challenging territoriality in private international law, 2023, oxford university press. a. mills, conceptualizing party autonomy in private international law, available at https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-de-droit-international-prive-2019-2-page-417.htm 3. arzandeh a. the law governing arbitration agreements in england, 2013, lloyd’s maritime and commercial law quarterly, 31. 4. keyes m. and marshall b. jurisdictional agreements: exclusive, optional and asymmetrical, 11 journal of private international law, 2017. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. peari s. and khaendira s. party autonomy in the choice of law: some insights from australia, 2021, liverpool law review, 275 – 296. 6. mills a. party autonomy in private international law, cambridge university press, 2013, pp.580. 7. johns f. performing party autonomy, american journal of comparative law, 2012. no.71, pp. 78-80. 8. mills a. the privatization of private law (and) international law, 2023 current legal problems, https://doi.org/10.1093/clp%2fcuad003 9. basedow j. the hague principles on choice of law: their addressees and impact, uniform law review, 2017, pp.304. 10. reese willis l. m. power of parties to choose law governing their contract, proceedings of the american society of international law at its annual meeting (1921-1969) © 1960 cambridge university press. 11. graziano t. k. the hague solution on choice –oflaw clauses in conflicting standard terms: paving the way to more legal certainty in international commercial contracts, 22 uniform law review, 2017. 12. keyes m. and marshall b. jurisdictional agreements: exclusive, optional and asymmetrical, 11 journal of private international law, 2017. 13. merret l. the future enforcement of asymmetric jurisdiction agreements, 67 international and comparative law quarterly, 2018. 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 problems and solutions in the process of learning the english equivalents of the parts of body movement in uzbek language avezova nigora safarovna the senior teacher of the uzbek state, university of world languages abstract: the word form, the semantic structure of interlaced words and their use in speech are various in different languages. when verbs representing body movement in uzbek and english were compared, it was found that both languages had similar and different aspects in the expression of such verbs. keywords: comparative linguistics, verbs of movement parts, action verbs, different aspects, equivalent, synonyms, interpreting lexemes, expression, phraseological units. introduction currently, because of the processes of globalization in the world, a number of new approaches are emerging in every science. at the same time, there is an increasing need for personnel who, having mastered foreign languages well, carry out the same translation processes in both languages. in the process of translating texts, phraseological units from uzbek to english, or vice versa, from english to uzbek, a number of difficulties in determining the equivalence were detected, the solution of which is considered to be pressing issues. when translating one or another combination from uzbek into a foreign language, it is desirable that the translator certainly has the ability to choose and correctly use translation methods to solve difficulties associated with the lexical, grammatical and stylistic features of a foreign language. in the process of translation, it is necessary to pay attention to a huge number of aspects in comparative linguistics. a comparative study of the different features of uzbek words with english words shows that english and uzbek words differ in distinguishable characteristics. main part the development of modern linguistics is characterized by an increasing interest in the content of linguistic phenomena. currently, attempts are being made to study vocabulary and expressions as structurally organized levels and to identify the main types of lexical and lexico-semantic connections and relations in language. in connection with the development of comparative typological studies in the field of lexicon and phraseological semantics of related and unrelated languages, the establishment of national-cultural specificities of the semantics of linguistic units, unique semantic-stylistic components in the structure of their meaning is carried out. the semantic features of the english and uzbek phrases cover associative meanings, connotations and cultural links inherent in linguistic expressions. english phrases often reflect the various influences obtained from the historical interaction of the language with german, latin and romantic languages, which leads to a rich and diverse dictionary, which includes 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us idiomatic expressions and metaphorical use. the semantic nuances of english sentences are shaped by the language's extensive literary tradition, scientific contributions and global influences, allowing for the expression of complex concepts and abstract ideas. similarly, uzbek phrases draw on a rich linguistic heritage and incorporate elements of turkish, persian and arabic origin. the semantic peculiarities of uzbek phrases are imbued with cultural and historical significance, reflecting the traditions, folklore and social customs of the uzbekspeaking community. this semantic richness is evidenced in the idiomatic expressions, proverbs and poetic forms that permeate uzbek usage and encapsulate the shared values, beliefs and experiences of uzbek culture. comparative analysis of english and uzbek phrases a comparative analysis of the structural and semantic features of english and uzbek phrases reveals both similarities and disparities that shape the linguistic expressions of these two languages. while english phrases often rely on a system of tense, aspect, and mood to convey temporal and modal meanings, uzbek phrases use a system of vowel harmony, consonant mutations, and agglutinative morphology to indicate grammatical relationships and convey subtle differences in meaning. furthermore, english and uzbek phrases exhibit different syntactic and grammatical features, with english having a primarily analytic structure characterized by the use of auxiliaries, prepositions, and word order to convey grammatical relationships. when comparing the lexical valence levels of words in uzbek and english, it seems that they are not the same. the uzbek word for "chair" can be associated with nouns such as” hand “and” chair". but the english verb “to raise”, which expresses its meaning, “hand” (“to raise hands”, but not “to raise chair”, but “to lift chair” becomes). as can be seen from the examples, when translating, it is better to take into account the nature of each language itself. it is known that verbs denoting an action that occurs as a result of the physical activity of individuals and objects are verbs of action. for example, walk, run, go out, go out, move, swing, crawl, jump, fly, jump, shake, etc. in the linguistics of the uzbek language, the study of forms of the way of movement is divided into three large stages. this alone suggests that translating these group of verbs into english is complex. each language has its own style of terms, and when translating them, it is difficult to know the history of the origin of the people, mentality, language. the most fundamental research of scientists on the systematization of linguistic developments in the field of terminology is carried out on the following aspects in the study of terminological systems, in particular, 1) features of the meaning and morphological aspects of terms; 2) study of the meaning component, taking into account the evolution of the semantics of terms in the context of scientific progress; 3) adaptation and organization of terminological systems to appropriate groups; 4) comparison of terminological systems in different groups of languages; 5) special attention was paid to the study of determining the practical aspect that helps lexicographic practice. when the synonymy properties of action verbs in uzbek were studied, it has become known that a verb of an action that has acquired many meanings can form a mutually synonymous series with two or more meanings (singular, inflection look alike, shrink). words that belong to the synonymic series of action verbs can represent the sign of the concept with different degrees. while some words in a synonymic row represent a character with a normal rank, some may indicate a strong rank, and some may also represent a character with a weak rank (to wander, to wobble). it should also be taken into account that when studying the synonymic nature of action verbs, their mutual differentiation according to their emotional coloring, due to the fact that they are characteristic of literary language or dialects, due to their multiple or slight application. 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us when the antonymic nature of action verbs is studied, it becomes clear that they are mainly verbs made from antonym words (adjectives, adverbs) that know the sign (kengaymoq-toraymoq, ko’paymoq-ozaymoq, sekinlashmoq-tezlashmoq to expand-to narrow, to multiply-to slim down, to slow down – to accelerate). verbs expressing body movement have been studied in a general way in uzbek linguistics. it was not studied in the comparative case in uzbek and english. verbs regarding the perception, orientation of the body can be classified into the following groups: ➢ verbs that express an action related to the foot: yurmoq, kezmoq, yo‘rg‘alamoq, pildiramoq, lapanglamoq, gandiraklamoq, do‘qonglamoq, tentiramoq, tepkilamok, tepmoq, toptamoq, depsinmoq, tisarilmoq; english variants of these verbs are walk, wander, diaper, peep, lap, clap, kick, jerk, jerk off. ➢ verbs that express hand-related action: urmoq, solmoq, ushlamoq, silamoq, tirnamoq, shapaloqlamoq, chimchilamoq, uqalamoq, qitiqlamoq, mushtlamoq, chertmoq, hovuchlamoq, chapak chalmoq, paxsa qilmoq; english variants of these verbs are: kick, grab, rub, scratch, slap, pinch, tickle, punch. verbs that are apparently close to each other are rendered alike. for example; in uzbek urmoq , solmoqis understood to mean: kick. ➢ verbs related to facial movement: kulmoq, jirkanmoq, ijirg‘anmoq; variants of these verbs in english-laugh, disgust, creep. ➢ verbs related to eyebrow and eye movement: suzmoq, yummoq, ochmoq, termulmoq, nazar tashlamoq, nigoh tashlamoq, nazar solmoq, chimirmoq, uchirmoq, qoqmoq; english variants of these verbs strain, roll, unfold, , take a look, throw a gaze, take a look, pinch, blow, knock. ➢ verbs associated with lip movement: burmoq, cho‘chchaytirmoq; this is a variant of verbs in english-crease. apparently, verbs that are close to each other are translated in a similarly. ➢ verbs related to ear, nasal movement are: eshitmoq, tinglamoq, ding qilmoq, nafas olmoq, jiyirmoq, qoqmoq, tortmoq; types of these verbs in english are: hear, listen, breathe, squeak, pull. apparently, from verbs that are close to each other, jiyirmoq, qoqmoq squeak is translated in a similar way. ➢ body verbs with the plural action: egilmoq, bukilmoq, gerdaymoq, qiyshaymoq, sulaymoq; variants of these verbs in english-bend down, twisting, twitching. depending on what is given in the translation, verbs that are close to each other are translated from inflection, bukilmoq, gerdaymoq, qiyshaymoq, sulaymoq – as twisting. as can be seen from the above examples, synonyms of action verbs did not fall with literal english translation, and at the same time the level of equivalence is very low. from this, argues that the uzbek language equivalent of lexemes interpreting the character of body parts, with synonyms are greater than in english. conclusion when verbs representing body movement members in uzbek and english were compared, it was found that both languages had similar and different aspects in the expression of such verbs. while the initial semantics of the verb of this action in uzbek looks a lot simplified the content almost corresponds to the lexemes of the uzbek language. so, if there is an equivalent of the english lexeme in uzbek, and the meaning is not fully expressed, the forms of the way of action come to the rescue in order to more vividly express the meaning in uzbek, as well as cases of expression with phraseological units are also observed in such cases. reference 1. baskakov n.a. karakalpaksky yazik, ii, phonetics i morphology, 1952 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. modern uzbek. morphology. team of authors. tashkent, 2009 3. rakhmatullayev sh., mamatov n., shukurov r. explanation dictionary of the uzbek language antonyms. tashkent: teacher, 1980 4. tatarinov v.a.// słupskie prace humanistyczne / wyższa szkoła pedagogiczna. – słupsk, 1999. – no 18. 5. gofurov i. etc. theory of translation tashkent: , 2012. 6. hajiyev a. explanatory dictionary of synonyms of the uzbek language. tashkent. teacher, 1974 7. akhmedova r. a. classification and lexical -semantic features of somatic phraseological units related to culture in english and uzbek languages.-2024 8. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences 9. (e)issn: 2181-1784 4(01), jan., 2024 sjif 2024 = 6.131) asi factor = 1.7 www.oriens.uz 147 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the emergence of the fairy tale genre; artistic and compositional signs of fairy tales abdullayeva lola sadulloyevna teacher of languages department at zarmed university, bukhara, uzbekistan abstract: the article discusses the specific features of the genesis of the fairy tale genre, and at the same time, fairy tales serve as an important source for studying the history of each nation. when working on a fairy tale, it is important to teach children not only to read a fairy tale, but also to tell it. telling stories develops oral speech, enriches children’s speech with new words and phrases. keywords: fairy tale, genre, feature, folk, fabric, faith, spiritual-cultural, epic adventure, comic. eintrettung. alte traditionen, rituale und legenden spielten eine schlüsselrolle bei der entstehung von märchen. in den meisten märchen wird das bild des wirklichen lebens mit abenteuerlichen elementen kombiniert. die etablierung von märchen als eigenständiges genre begann mit der zeit, als primitive vorstellungen über das universum in einer imaginären form ausgedrückt wurden. denn während dieser zeit verloren bestimmte ereignisse und vorfälle, legenden über das leben von clans und stämmen, traditionelle bräuche ihre macht und haushaltsfunktion und begannen, in den köpfen der menschen als seltsame dinge verstanden zu werden. einer der gründe, warum das genre märchen in der folklore von kindern gut angenommen und gelesen wird, ist die eindrücklichkeit, schärfe, bedeutung und nähe der märchensprache. die scharfe und interessante handlung des märchens, die außergewöhnlich wunderbare situation in der entwicklung der geschichte fasziniert kinder, die mutigen, starken, einfallsreichen, mutigen, agilen charaktere, die ideologische richtung des märchens, der ständige sieg der macht von güte güte darin zieht kinder an. die form des geschichtenerzählens, die in einem märchen angenommen wird, ist die wiederholung der gleichen wörter und sätze, immer wieder, melodiösität, ausdruckskraft der sprache, lebendigkeit der ausdrucksmittel und großes interesse für kinder. die teilnehmer an märchen sind oft mitfühlend, großzügig, fair und ihre gegenteile, böse, geizige und gierige charaktere. lassen sie uns über einige unserer meinungen über die entstehung von märchen sprechen. ein märchen ist das älteste massengenre der volkskunst, das sowohl für erwachsene als auch für kinder interessant ist. sie erschienen in der sehr fernen vergangenheit auf der grundlage der mythologischen sichtweisen, alten bräuche und rituale unserer primitiven vorfahren. in märchen werden in der regel die träume und gedanken der menschen über das haushaltsleben und die edelsten menschlichen eigenschaften durch imaginäre und lebensfiktionen ausgedrückt. mündliche geschichten, die sich auf die realität des lebens beziehen, auf der grundlage von imaginationen und lebensfiktionen aufgebaut sind und eine didaktische idee tragen, werden als märchen bezeichnet1. märchen sind das produktivste genre der epischen folklore. auf allen 148 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kontinenten der welt, in allen nationen gibt es märchen und ihre volksmärchen, ihre theoretiker – märchenforscher. fiktion spielt in märchen eine wichtige rolle. sie zeichnen sich auch durch ihre einzigartige konstruktion aus. ein märchen besteht aus einer einleitung, der entwicklung der ereignisse und einem ende. manche märchen beginnen mit kurzen anfängen wie „es war einmal, es war einmal kein könig (oder hirte)“, „es sei ein garten für dich, leben für uns“, manche anfänge wird viel länger sein. achten sie zum beispiel auf diesen anfang: „märchen, die geißgöre, der fasan ist rot, der schwanz ist lang, das blaue eis wird geritten, der bart ist gebrochen, die gans trompetet, solange der rabe spielt die trompete, die schwarze krähe ist ein prediger, die schwarze krähe ist ein töpfer, der spatz ist ein vogel, der spatz ist ein weber, der wolf ist ein biber und der fuchs ist ein wolf, mein märchen hat einen mann, sieben landtage, sieben tagsüber gibt es einen wolf mit einem kurzen schwanz. einmal da, einmal nicht ..." der pädagogische wert des märchens besteht darin, dass die schüler glücklich sind, dass die wahrheit und ehrlichkeit darin gesiegt haben, dass die armen leute aus der not herausgekommen sind, das heißt, dass das gute und das gute wahr geworden sind und dass das böse und das böse verurteilt wurden. sie wollen, dass es im leben immer so ist. im märchen „ehrlichkeit“ zum beispiel geht es hauptsächlich darum, den armen zu helfen, von der eigenen arbeit zu leben, und die idee, dass dies der wunsch der ganzen nation ist, wird im märchen „die bestrafung des der trickster" wird die idee vertreten, dass die list des tricksters über die gerissenheit siegt und dass verrat nicht ungestraft bleibt. beide geschichten enden mit dem sieg der gerechtigkeit. die reise des helden im märchen (motiv "reise"), der vor dem brunnen ruht (der brunnen ist nach mythologischer auffassung mit dem fuß des lebensbaums verbunden, die episode der helden des märchens ruhen am brunnen kann an einen anderen unterirdisch gelegenen ort des epischen helden verlegt werden, kann als eine der epischen manifestationen des zahnmotivs angesehen werden), der verlust des zahns mit einer axt (eine epische transformation des motivs des "mangels") , der in märchen als diebstahl eines gegenstandes oder einer prinzessin durch einen rivalen gedeutet wird), die suche des kindes nach verlorenen gegenständen episoden wie suchen und finden (das motiv der reise des epischen helden in eine andere welt und die rückkehr eines gestohlenen objekt, ein seltsames objekt oder eine fee, die der zustand des königs erfordert) gehören zu solchen künstlerischen elementen. abschluss. als fortsetzung unserer vorstellung von der entstehung und entwicklung von märchen, wie sie von generation zu generation mündlich weitergegeben werden, ist es natürlich, dass dabei einige motive und bilder ihres themas verloren gehen oder im gegenteil , zunahme. sogar manchmal können die themenmotive eines volksmärchens auf ein anderes volksmärchen übertragen werden, und als ergebnis können mehrere märchen mit ähnlichen themen erscheinen. in der folklore werden solche geschichten wandererzählungen genannt. obwohl märchen mit reisendem thema oft inhaltlich ähnlich sind, ist das leben als eigenständiges literarisch-mündliches phänomen, das sich je nach nationalem geist, nationaler tradition, nationaler weltanschauung, ausdrucksmittel der landessprache und dem bild des geografischen umfelds unterscheidet das recht. literatur 1. michael ende: jim knopf und lukas der lokomotivführer. stuttgart 1961. 2. michael ende: jim knoflík, lukáš a lokomotiva ema. praha 1997. 3. zaorálek, jaroslav: lidová rčení. praha 2000. 4. zeller, rosemarie: das kunstmärchen des 17. und 18. jahrhunderts zwischen wirklichkeit und wunderbarem. in: lili – zeitschrift für literaturwissenschaft und linguistik, jg. 23/93. wien 1994, s. 56 – 74. 5. schultz, hartwig (hrsg.): clemens brentano. 1778-1842. zum 150. todestag. 1992. bern 1993. 149 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. mikulová, anna: die expressivität der sprache und ihre kode als ausdruck der nationalen kultur. in: codification et symboles des cultures nationales. brno 2003a, s. 19 – 30. 7. sadullaevna a. l., safarovna a. n. functions of speaking as a successful means of communication //international journal on integrated education. – 2020. – т. 3. – №. 1. – с. 126-128. 8. lola a., aziza a. the role of synchronous translation in literary teaching //yosh tadqiqotchi jurnali. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 3. – с. 347-356. 9. sharofovna, j. d. (2023). practical and theoretical aspects of the developing language skills. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 4(4), 31-35. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/r4ypf 10. u.k. mavlonova, s.k. karimova. the problem of teaching english in mixed ability classes. dostijeniya nauki i obrazovaniya. 5 (59), 2020. 11. abdullayeva lola sadullayevna. (2021). mnemonics in training the lexical side of speech of senior pupils. conferencea, 80–81. retrieved from https://conferencea.org/index.php/conferences/article/view/93 12. abdullayeva l. s. game as a leading method of teaching preschoolers in a foreign language //e-conference globe. – 2021. – с. 328-334. 13. u.k. mavlonova, z.z. abulova, d.k. kodirov. role play as a method of developing speaking skill. scientific reports of bukhara state university 3 (1), 2020, p. 253-260. 14. abdullayeva lola sadulloyevna, & hasanova mekhrangiz vahobjon kizi. (2023). the use of modern information technology tools in teaching foreign languages. interdisciplinary conference of young scholars in social sciences (usa), 4, 3–5. retrieved from https://openconference.us/index.php/ysc/article/view/1244 corporate social responsibility in cameroon 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 corporate social responsibility in cameroon ngaaje lidwine ebote university of buea prof. emmanuel yenshu vubo main supervisor ass prof. celestina fru tassang co-supervisor abstract: corporate social responsibility (csr), a concept whereby firms are expected to surrender some of their profits for the welfare of their surrounding communities is becoming increasingly evident in the practices and activities of many companies in cameroon. companies in cameroon are making efforts towards social responsibility in their host communities such as provision of public utility services, educational and health facilities, poverty alleviation, support for local culture, sports and others. however, it becomes imperative that companies establish their csr policies to ensure effectiveness in the practice and implementation of csr. this is because, the absence of csr policy at the level of the state and lack of oversight agencies provide room for companies to establish and act nonchalantly towards corporate social consciousness to their operating environment and communities. this explains why csr efforts of companies in cameroon embrace ineffectiveness even though the companies might have csr policies in place. keywords: corporate, social, responsibility, policy. introduction the ongoing, argument on the concept corporate social responsibility (csr) has spelled bounded much interest in the business world (moskolaï, 2016). in contemporary society, the concept csr is commonly used by companies and it refers to an aspect or process by which organizations develop and express their corporate culture as well as social consciousness (khan, khan ahmed and ali (2012). csr developed as an unavoidable priority (porter and kramer, 2008) for business tycoons in all countries or a kind of “business virtue” that might put business on staid scrutiny (vogel, 2006). progressively, companies’ efforts that go beyond the financial aspects of business operations have become significantly important such that companies are required to ensure that they take into account the social and environmental impact of their business operations (iatridis, 2011). consequently, companies are constantly required to involve in undertaking activities known as csr. according to the notion of csr, there is interrelationship and interdependence between society and business. business and society are not two separate entities; because business is dependent on the society and society in turn benefits from the business as well as suffers a great deal of the burdens of business enterprises. it is in this light that firms are called upon to engage in socially responsible activities that benefits the companies’ neighbourhoods. it is these socially responsible actions that are termed csr. “the concept of csr has attracted worldwide attention and acquired a new resonance in the global economy” (jamali and mirshak, 2007, p.243). recent years have witnessed increasing curiosity 167 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in csr which stemmed from the dawn of globalization and international trade; which have reflected in enhanced business complexity, new demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship (jamali and mirshak, 2007). traditionally, governments do not only have politics as their principal roles, but also have moral obligations towards their citizens through the provision of services for the wellbeing of the society (chambliss, and yeager, 1954). on the contrary, the needs of the society have far surpassed government’s ability to meet them. it is against this background, that the spotlight is increasingly turning to the consideration of what the role of business in society is and the need for business to engage in csr (jamali, 2007). certainly, it is this current upward demand that triggers corporations to respond to social concerns (quazi, 2003). relatively, csr is a novel concept in cameroon ndzi (2016); its scenic development in the country is still embryonic; and dialogue about the concept is yet to take off in the country (leno and haliday, 2021); yet “it is as old as business itself” (ngobo, 2018). cameroon has been underlined as one of the countries in africa where giant business corporations encourage the practice of csr principally through philanthropic projects in health, education, and poverty alleviation (rampersad and skinner, 2014). however, there is still slight reluctance regarding the efforts of cameroonian companies in one or the other approach to the practice and implementation of csr (ngobo, 2018). there is the awareness of csr in cameroonian companies; however, the 2014 final report of institute afrique rse (iarse) which is a consultancy company specialized in the sustainable economy in africa specifically in cameroon reveals that many formal csr practices appear to be just for appearance and completely ad hoc. generally in sub-saharan africa and in cameroon in particular even though it is obvious that there are companies that have started implementing environmental management, there are still challenges and obstacles to overcome in order to establish it as a standard policy (ndzi, 2015). this, coupled with the growing attention conferred to csr as a claim for ethical and responsible behavior in business, the need for a critical study of companies’ csr policies with regards to the country’s legal framework of csr, evaluation of implementation and impact; and analysis of the csr practices become imperative and indispensable. since sociology studies societies, communities and institutions and provides explanation on social phenomena and concepts, the study was provoked by the need to assess the practice of csr by companies in cameroon. emphasis is laid on the need to evaluate companies’ csr practices which reveals the real relationship between the business corporations and their host communities. key terms corporate the term corporate means relating to large companies or to a particular large company. it is a legal entity which could be an association, a company, a person, a government or an institution identified by a particular name. the corporate form originated in medieval times, when it was used by governments to grant special institutional status to cities, religious institutions and universities. sociologically, corporations are products of national systems of institutions that vary across cultures and over time (davis and kim 2017). the law according iwai (2001) sees of a corporation as a ‘legal person’ that is a subject of rights and duties able to own real property, engage in contracts, suing and being sued in its own name separate and distinct from its shareholders. in economics it is seen as a legal and contractual mechanism for creating and operating a business for profit using capital for investors that will be managed on their behalf by directors and officers. berle and means (1932) challenged the legacy of giant corporations when they charged that corporates officers have seized or appropriated control from the owners who are shareholders. however the control is never seized as investors rather make choices along a risk-reward range. social in a sociological context, the term social connects to human societies which involve the interaction of the individual and the group; and the welfare of human beings as societal 168 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us members. social interaction is defined as a process in which activities that meet human needs such as need for affiliation to group, need for love, self-esteem and achievement (kitishat, and freihat, 2015). the term social is broad and could mean many things. social could denote the tendency to establish a kind of cooperative or interdependent relationship which is mutually beneficial to one another. one can also look at the term social as a phenomenal pleasant companionship with friends or associates. in the context of this study the term social is looked at in the perspective of the relationship between business and society. the concept of social responsibility of business holds that the managers’ objective is not only to take decisions regarding business geared towards profit maximization or shareholders value but also to take into consideration the protection of the interests of the different stakeholders and the society as a whole. such stakeholders include: consumers, workers, community at large and the natural environment (low, 2016). this viewpoint contends with friedman’s idea of pure profit maximization (friedman, 1970). following the social responsibility of business, since all the members of the society are obligated towards the society, business should also function in society in such a way that it will not only focus on its profit maximization but also fulfills the expectations of society by ploughing back part of its profits to the society (low, 2016). the stakeholder theory on the morality of business in society, posits that managers should identify, recognize and serve the interests of a broader set of stakeholders (low, 2016). the social aspect therefore involves the interrelationship and interaction between business and society and whatever business does for the society should be for “all” not for “one”. this means that business social actions towards the society should encompass the interests of “all” and not specific individuals for example influential politician, government officials or men of affluence in the society at the expense of others. in other words, if businesses are called to be socially responsible, they are expected to cover the concerns and interests of the whole society or communities around their neighbourhoods. responsibility responsibility denotes the capacity to render account to someone for one’s actions, and the possibility to be held accountable for them. it constitutes a person’s actions and their consequences executed out of free will, with the full knowledge of what he/she (they) are doing (baumgärtner, et al, 2018). according to dictionary.com, responsibility is the state or fact of being responsible, answerable, or accountable for something within one's power, control, or management business historian. the term responsibility, when used in business undertakings, as denotes to “a domain of duty or commitment assigned to a person based on the nature of his position, function, or work (bivins, 2006). to this historian, responsibility could thus be viewed as a bundle of obligations associated with a job or function. philosophers usually discuss responsibility in connection with praise, blame and punishment. a related strand of philosophical discussion dwells on what it is to be responsible, in the sense of being a moral agent (williams, 2008). to be more specific the concept of responsibility is more applicable now than in the past because, societal members enjoy more individual and collective freedom; there are less external forces that constrain an acting person’s choice; and as a result of better education, person’s will and the ability to choose and act is more developed (williams, 2008). corporate social responsibility corporate social responsibility constitutes the social responsibility of business which incorporates the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that a society expects of organization at a given point in time (carroll, 1979). according to the european commission, corporate social responsibility is the responsibility of enterprises for their impact on the society. the prerequisite for meeting that responsibility include respect for applicable legislation and for collective agreement between social partners. in order for companies to fulfill their social responsibility to the society, it is required that they put in place a process of integration of social, environmental, ethical, human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and 169 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us core strategy and also ensure that they work in close collaboration with their stakeholders, with the aim to “maximize the creation of shared value for their owners/shareholders and for their stakeholders and society at large and; identify, prevent and mitigate their possible adverse impact” (eu, 2011 p.6) having seen some definitions of csr by other scholars even though all these definitions cannot be exhaustibly listed in this work, the researcher in her perspective defines csr as follows: “csr in a strict sense, is an aspect of a company’s culture by which the company voluntarily takes into account the concerns and interests of all stakeholders in order to maintain a symbiotic and reciprocal relationship with its stakeholders” (ebote, 2024). policy according to collins english dictionary, a policy is a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making decisions, especially in politics, economics and business. many people think the term policy would have a quick and simple answer but that is not the case. this perhaps can be the reason why many people prove that they have very little or no understanding of what policy is. according to torjan, many would say that they don’t “do policy” while others hold that it has only minor relevance to their work or, for that matter, their lives (torjan, 2005). policies are of different types. these include substantive and administrative policies, vertical and horizontal policies, reactive and proactive policies and current and future policies (torjan 2005). torjan proceeds to explain that a policy stands as a guide post for every business organization as it guides the organization’s decision-making process and no business entity can do without it. in this light corporate policy presents itself as a guide post of a company coupled with the fact that it is helpful in the managerial thinking process which results to efficiency and effectiveness in achievement of any organization’s objectives. corporate policy is also defined as the intention of the management implying government’s action towards the pursuit of the company’s objective (johri, saraf and ghosh, 2014). 2013). it helps the manager to identify the solutions to the problem faced by the company; and provides a framework through which decisions are taken. it is through the corporate policy that the management’s intentions in dealing with various problems faced by the company are clarified. a corporate policy is important for a company because it provides managers with transparent guidelines to take decisions that will help them be on the safe side. the aim of csr policy is to ensure that companies carry out their operations ethically, taking into consideration the following: social, economic and environmental impact of their business activities as well as human rights. it is a company’s act of creation that determines the design of its social responsibility policies. in other words, each company designs its csr policy on the basis of its act of creation. the csr policy of a company like goldman sachs services private limited (2021), establishes broad approach and provides direction that guide selection, implementation and monitoring of csr activities. companies like cameroon development corporation (cdc) and sonara in cameroon have formulated csr policies which guide the practice, implementation and assessment of this social technology. it is a company’s csr policy that formulates its annual action plan that is pursuable, to the csr obligations in the domain of csr initiatives undertaken by the company. looking at another company pccw limited (2018), csr policy presents a set of rubrics sanctioned for the company and also on behalf of the company’s board of directors. it is these procedures that lay down the objectives for the company’s csr and provide direction on the principles to which all stakeholders or individuals associated with the company group are dedicated. from time to time, it may become imperative that amendments are made, such that additional policy statements and guidelines may supplement these rules. a company’s csr objectives, application of csr rules, the board’s responsibility in the implementation of csr rules, csr committee of the board, the csr committee’s functions and responsibility, csr activities and strategies, csr expenditure, monitoring of the csr actions and display of csr activities in the website are all defined by the company’s csr policy. in relation to conceptual or empirical research on csr policy, one 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us would conclude that there little or no research on this. however, different companies display their csr policies online. methodology this study employed a document review (documentary research). document review is a qualitative data collection method that involves analysis and evaluation of documents to gather information for purpose of research (zeegers and barron, 2015). document research involves a systematic review or evaluation of electronic documents or printed documents (bowen, 2009). document review was chosen as a method because of it many advantages one of which is costeffectiveness. when compared with other research methods, it proves less costly and it is the method of choice in a situation where the collection of primary data is not possible (bowen, 2009). in this case, since the data was already collected and contained in a document, the work of the researcher is to examine, analyze, evaluate and ensure quality. in this work the researcher proceeded with content analysis of the documents. krippendorff (2018) sees content analysis as a qualitative research technique employed to make replicable and valid conclusions from texts or other meaningful matters to the content of their use. the researcher used content analysis as it is transparent and provides a systematic approach to data analysis. results results present that companies in cameroon practice and implement csr in the domains of education, health, provision of public utilities, provision of employment to the local people, small holder schemes by agricultural complexes, environmental protection. this is in line with pallathadka and pallathadka, (2020) who hold that, the impact of csr are evident in the communities in various ways such as support to education, support programmes, provision of assistance to animal welfare, vulnerable children/children, fair recruitment practices and efforts towards reduction of their negative environmental impact. in education, companies’ efforts are seen in the construction of school infrastructures such as classrooms and benches, the provision of didactic materials to students and pupils, organization of school workshops and seminars to provide guidance and orientation to students for excellent performance and future career choices. the findings of this study align with the world bank report (2004) which concluded that csr through education impacts the communities positively by improving education system and improving lives in their communities of operations. in essence, these corporations’ involvement in educational provision points to the fact that programmes relating to education are some forms of csr donations (ismail, 2009). furthermore, csr activities to local communities are mostly those linked to livelihood, community assistance, health and education (brew, junwu, and addae-boateng, 2015). still in this vein, degie and kebede (2019) view csr as a pre-requisite to both local communities and the government; and companies’ csr actions would act as a stimulus to the competence of communities towards development especially sustainable development. companies in cameroon make significant efforts towards enhancing the health of the local people through the construction of health facilities, provision of medical equipment to health care facilities like health centers, health education and sensitization services. these actions have had a positive impact on the healthcare infrastructure of the local community and have contributed to enhancing the quality of healthcare services provided to the citizens. in a study by choudhary (2021) on community health and its importance, relates that large populations living in rural communities lack access to proper care and treatment in the hour of their need. for example, the elderly, pregnant women neonatal and persons with chronic illnesses also have opportunities to health care initiatives brought about by companies. companies in cameroon also reflect a commitment to the sanitation which is closely linked to health through the provision of water to their surrounding communities, and construction of modern latrines as well as provision of water to public places such as schools, markets and health centers. this aligns 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with assertion of abanyie, ampadu, saeed, amuah, douti and owusu, (2019), that in communities where water is provided, the local people have opportunity for increased access to potable water which has as outcomes, numerous positive impact: improved water quality, improved hygiene behaviour, reduced expenditure on health, positive change in health and enhanced productivity. this study also found that even though corporations in cameroon make efforts towards environmental protection, their environmental activities impact negatively on community members and the natural environment. this is evident in areas such as: health challenges (respiratory problems and other diseases), loss of biodiversity, and negative economic impact. a study by the world health organization (who) found that exposure to rubber dust can cause a variety of health problems, including respiratory problems, skin diseases, and cancer. another study, by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), found that rubber plantations can have a significant impact on biodiversity, by displacing wildlife and destroying habitats. such problems are closely linked with a company like the cameroon development corporation (cdc) which is an agro-industrial complex operating large and extensive rubber, banana and palm estates. employment, the operation of small holder schemes, development of skills and access to technology are also recorded as some areas of csr of cameroonian companies to their neighbourhoods. in line with the employment of the community members, companies offering a range of job opportunities in unskilled labor, skilled positions, and specialized skills show tendencies of prioritize hiring from within the local communities where they operate. however, for specialized positions such as engineering, they may have to look elsewhere if a suitable candidate is not found within the community. companies in cameroon such as sonara, cdc and others try to follow a non-discrimination policy in their employment process and work with the national employment fund to ensure that they are following fair employment practices. however, the level of unemployment in the country does not reflect effective involvement of companies in this domain. furthermore, different companies have different aspects deemed helpful to the local people and as such include such in their csr policy. for example the cdc operates small holders’ schemes for local farmers and supports this by providing technical assistance, supervision, transportation of produce from farm to the factory and purchase in bulk. others like mtn-cameroon and sonara for example have taken the dimension of technology and mtn through its “digital schools” digitalize schools by establishing multi-media centers in schools (ebote, 2018; tassang and ebote, 2020). despite efforts made by the cameroonian companies, most of the csr activities are sporadic and companies do not respect their policy statements; as such, what is indicated in the companies’ csr policy is inconsistent with the realities in the local communities (tassang and ebote, 2020). this leads to ineffectiveness of csr in cameroon. this situation is largely the result of the fact that the state of cameroon has not made provision for a csr policy or a legal framework guiding the practice, implementation and evaluation of csr within the country. duan sams confirms this in his assertion that, since independence, the cameroon government has neither adopted nor repealed legislation in the area of company law; implying that cameroon is still being ruled by the statutes that were in force during the trusteeship period (sam, 1983). this is also consistent with leno and haliday’s conclusion in their corporate social responsibility in cameroon: the case of mobile telephone network (mtn) that from the time csr began to feature in cameroon as a practice among companies, no law has been instituted by the state in the sphere of csr (leno and haliay, 2021). in cameroon, csr remains a thing of choice among companies such that, it is at their discretion to decide whether or not to do it; and do it the way they want. if the practice, implementation and evaluation of csr in the country are left at the discretion of companies, it will lead to ineffectiveness. traditionally, the role of the government is to guarantee security, law and order; provide welfare for its citizens, public infrastructure, basic facilities and a legal framework through which it monitors the activities of the different sectors of the economy. for the 172 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us government to be able to guide companies on how to be ethical in their business operations, the government has to assume its responsibility by instituting a sufficient regulatory framework as well as enforcement guidelines that will serve as a guide for all companies. according to wirba (2023), government’s interest in promoting csr is an old one since business objectives cannot be formulated in any given society without government involvement either voluntarily or legally. wirba adds that the government has a stake in making sure that csr objectives are wellcoordinated. another principal cause of ineffectiveness of csr practice in cameroon is the lack of oversight agencies. oversight agencies have the power and the role of enforcement of csr practice as they can encourage transparency and determine accountability for actions and punition. the lack of oversight agencies provides a pitfall in monitoring business csr policies, strategies, programmes and projects to ensure achievement of results. however, literature on oversight agencies of csr is relatively unavailable. this is perhaps due to inexistence of such oversight agencies especially in cameroon. therefore, there is need for establishment of oversight agencies of csr in cameroon to work in collaboration with the ministry in charge of economy, planning and regional development (minepat) which has the role to coordinate industrial, commercial and trade issues; collaborates with various public and private sector organizations in order to expedite the implementation of government sector policies related to trade and industry. conclusion this study which sought to understand csr of companies in cameroon discovered that companies in cameroon are not ignorant of csr; are fully aware and engaged in the practice of this corporate social impact. the essential features of cameroon’s csr policy, including environmental protection, community development, employee welfare, and ethical business practices, reflect a growing awareness of the need for businesses to contribute to sustainable development and align with the united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs). however, many companies in cameroon remain focused on short-term profitability, with a lack of transparency and reporting on csr activities. to promote sustainable development, policymakers can continue to promote csr as a key driver. business leaders should recognize the importance of csr in achieving long-term success, while civil society organizations can play a critical role in advocating for greater transparency and accountability from companies on their csr activities. with regards to csr in cameroon the legal framework provides a weak foundation for promoting sustainable development in that csr is reliant on sectorial laws which are insufficient for effective csr. for csr to be effective in cameroon, the state has to provide a csr policy or a legal framework to regulate csr practices. furthermore, policymakers, business leaders, and civil society organizations must work together to promote awareness and understanding of csr, incentivize companies to engage in socially responsible practices, and enforce regulations to ensure compliance with csr standards. by doing so, cameroon can create a more conducive environment for csr and contribute to the achievement of the united nations sustainable development goals. references 1. abanyie, s. k., ampadu, b. saeed, z. m., amuah, e., douti, n. b., owusu, g. (2019). the role of community-based water and sanitation management teams (wsmts) for sustainable development: an example of the bawku west district, ghana. african journal of environmental science and technology, 13(11), 439-449 2. baumgärtner, s., petersen, t. & schiller, j. (2018). the concept of responsibility: norms, actions and their consequences. research paper. available online at: https://www.researchgate.net accessed saturday 16th march, 2024 3. berle, a. and means, g. (1932).the modern corporation and private property. new york: macmillan. 173 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. bivins, t. (2006). responsibility and accountability: ethics in public relations. responsible. thousand oaks californiaa: sage publications. 5. bowen, g. a. (2009). document analysis as a qualitative research method. qualitative research journal, 9(2), 27-40 6. brew, y., junwu, c., & addae-boateng, s. 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(2011). the influence of corporate social responsibility of business practice: the case of international certifiable management standards. ph. d. thesis. preston: university of central lancashire. 13. ismail, m. (2009) corporate social responsibility and its role in community development. an international perspective. journal of international social research, 2 (9), 200-209. 14. iwai, k. (2001). what is a corporation? –the corporate personality controversy and comparative corporate governance. legal orderings and economic institutions. london: routledge. 15. jamali, d. and mirshak, r. (2007). corporate social responsibility (csr): theory and practice in developing countries. journal of business ethics. 72 (3), 243-262 16. johri, d. c.; saraf, v. and ghosh, a (2014). corporate policy-its determinants and importance in present corporate scenario. international journal on emerging technologies, 5 (1), 14-16 17. khan, m., khan, n., ahmed, s. and ali, m. (2012). corporate social responsibility (csr) – definition, concepts and scope (a review). universal journal of management and social sciences 2 (7), 41-52 18. kitishat, a. r., & al-freihat, h. (2015). the role of the social relations in successful social interactions and language acquisition. research on humanities and social sciences, 5 (4), 194-198. 19. krippendorff, k. (2013) an introduction to its methodology. available online at: https://books.google.com (accessed sunday 21st april, 2024) 20. leno, n. & haliday, k. (2012). the corporate social responsibility in cameroon: the case of mobile telephone network (mtn).international journal of research and innovation in social science (ijriss). 5 (11), 538-545 21. ndzi e. (2015). corporate social responsibility in cameroon: the hydro electricity sector african journal of business management, 10 (7), 151-161 22. ngobo, j. 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(2020).the corporate social responsibility of mtncameroon in douala 1 municipality: policy and practices. african journal of social sciences, 11 (3), 31-52 27. torjan, s. (2005). what is policy? ottawa: caledon institute of social policy. 28. vogel, d. (2005). the market for virtue: the potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. washington: the brookings institution. 29. zeegers, m. and barron, d. (2015). milestone moments in getting your ph. d in qualitative research. brandford, 12 (1), 88-90 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 1, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 features of tactics for detaining wanted terrorists and extremists djurabaev rustam turabbaevich teacher of the combat training cycle of the institute for advanced studies of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, lieutenant colonel abstract: the article provides a scientific analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of the tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists, as one of the necessary means of counteracting terrorism and extremism of international, transnational nature. based on the norms of criminal procedure, operational-search legislation, taking into account the features of forensic and operational-search tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists, the opinions of scientists, proceduralists and criminologists who conducted research in the area under consideration are given. the conducted analysis of the algorithm of actions of employees carrying out direct detention of wanted terrorists and extremists showed the main directions of detention of wanted defendants of this category, indicating the optimal mechanism for implementing the function of detention of wanted defendants. keywords: search, detention, tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists, wanted accused, forensic tactics of detention, operational-search tactics of detention, algorithm of actions of employees carrying out detention of wanted terrorists and extremists. the effectiveness of detection and investigation of crimes related to the commission of terrorist acts and manifestations of extremism is inextricably linked to the successful apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists. optimal realization of their search and detention involves the use of tactical techniques and means of detention. for this purpose it is necessary to know the main directions of tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists. these include: determination of the algorithm of tactics of detention of wanted defendants, used by criminal investigation officers responsible for the search for terrorists and extremists; improvement of operational and tactical techniques to locate and detain persons accused of committing this type of crime; tactically skilful use of information, digital technologies and artificial intelligence in the tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists; coordination of interaction between law enforcement organizations; and coordination of cooperation between law enforcement agencies and terrorists and extremists. the end of the xx century and the beginning of the xxi century gave rise to many conflict situations that led to the commission of terrorist acts and manifestations of extremism. this affected religious extremism caused by the renaissance of religious values [1, p.20]. properly organized and competently applied tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists has become one of the effective means of countering these socially dangerous acts that are becoming global in nature. terrorism and extremism is a transnational type of crime and represents a worldwide threat to humanity. consequently, the tactics of apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists is one of the most important aspects of the fight against crime. terrorist acts associated with the manifestation of religious extremism most often bring mass human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values, sometimes 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unrecoverable, sow enmity between states, provoke mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation [2, p.15]. the study of national and international experience in the application of modern capabilities and methods of recognition of wanted terrorists and extremists by identifying features of appearance using information systems of search, hiding terrorists and extremists allowed to identify the main directions for improving the organization of their detection and apprehension. these include: the introduction of the latest information and communication technologies for tracking fugitive criminals through the internet or other international information network; the creation of an international system of information interaction between various law enforcement agencies, including international organizations on the basis of artificial intelligence (ai) through the creation of an appropriate data bank; the creation of a single, centralized, international forensic record of wanted terrorists and extremists and on the basis of the following tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists is carried out through the application and use of tactical techniques, knowledge of which guarantees the successful realization of the goals of criminal prosecution[3, p.30]. the main tactical methods of detention of wanted criminals should be known by the staff of operational units of the criminal investigation service, who are charged with the responsibility to establish their location and detention. detention of wanted terrorists can be presented as a complex technology of tactical techniques and means, realizing the algorithm of actions of officers carrying out the search. the norms governing the tactics of detention of wanted persons have their own peculiarities depending on the type of search, which is divided into state, interstate or international search. each of the types of search is specific in its legal nature, grounds and procedure for implementation[4, p.65]. currently, there is an innovative it-technology for tracking down criminals, including terrorists and extremists, through the use of identification systems for recognizing external features – eye dentify's, face control[5]. information technology is also successfully applied through the use of global navigation satellite system (gnss)[6] in the tactics of apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists. these and other achievements of digital forensics and ict have provided an opportunity to raise the effectiveness of international cooperation to a new qualitative level by improving the interpol wanted persons system on the internet in the search and apprehension of terrorists and extremists. at the same time the tactics of application of digital forensic identification and other anatomical signs in search and detention of members of terrorist and extremist groups by signs of appearance are being improved. the conducted analysis of criminalist scientists' opinions shows that today the most promising directions in the field of forensic identification are realized through the use of 3d-scanning, genomic registration capabilities, facial recognition technology, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), integration of electronic means of search and remote identification, etc. most of the innovations presented are related to biometric identification, which is an integral element of forensic identification. the private theory of forensic identification today includes biometric identification and an automated identification of a person by his biological and anatomo-physiological features[7, p.3]. in order to improve the effectiveness of tactics of apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists, research is conducted in the following priority areas: 1) determination of effective mechanism of tactics of detention of wanted defendants; 2) improvement of the algorithm of criminalistics possibilities of search and detention of terrorists and extremists; 3) wide use of scientific and technical achievements of digital forensics, innovative information and communication technologies in search and detention of terrorists and extremists. 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the peculiarities of criminalistics tactics of search and detention of wanted terrorists and extremists, the algorithm of actions of officers carrying out the function of search and detention have been reflected in the studies of domestic and foreign lawyers. thus, a.a. matchanov in his fundamental studies identified the features of criminal-procedural, criminalistics, operationalsearch and international legal aspects of detention of wanted defendants [8, p.36]. among foreign authors we can highlight the work of n.v. popkov, who investigated the detention of the suspect and the accused as a type of state coercion [9, p.24]. o.i. tsokolova [10, p.60] also conducted her research on the theory and practice of detention in criminal proceedings. some features of detention in the structure of a tactical operation were studied by a.b. smushkin [11, p.52]. a sociological survey conducted among practitioners studying at the academy and the institute for advanced training of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan has shown that only a small proportion of criminal investigation officers have the necessary knowledge and skills to apprehend wanted defendants. this demonstrates the relevance of the problem under consideration in the work of the internal affairs agencies, which are mainly responsible for apprehending wanted criminals. for this purpose it is necessary to create a special training course on tactical peculiarities of detention of wanted criminals. this course should separately provide for tactical peculiarities of apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists. it should be remembered that during detention it is possible to cause harm to a person who has committed a socially dangerous act, and the practice of applying criminal law measures should be improved [12, p 52]. organizational and tactical bases of detention in foreign countries also have their own peculiarities. thus, in vietnam, the problems of organizational and tactical bases of detention were studied by vuong thang long[13, p.23] and his experience can be used in the tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists. the peculiarities of detention of a wanted defendant with the definition of algorithms of tactical techniques were studied by a.v. pavlov[14, p. 26]. from a forensic point of view, detention is a system of scientifically based recommendations on the most rational way of action in the tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists. according to a.b. smushkin, the range of persons and bodies involved in the detention of criminals is determined by the current investigative situation[15, p.9]. in this case, the algorithm of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists is realized in the sequential conduct of the following tactical actions: preliminary preparation for detention (making a plan, deployment of forces, provision of technical means, listening to the wanted person's conversations held by telephones and other telecommunication devices, removal of information transmitted on them, their analysis and processing); realization of the detention of the wanted person (carrying out a tactical combination or operation to detain the wanted person); transportation to the front office of the law enforcement agency and execution of a detention report. the algorithm of actions of criminal investigation officers includes preparation for the detention of wanted terrorists and extremists, specifically the study of the identity of the detainee, study of the place, determination of time, drawing up a plan of detention, selection and distribution of duties of the staff involved in the detention, their preliminary briefing, equipping with technical means. tactics for apprehending wanted terrorists and extremists are carried out using forensic and operational and investigative records through cooperation with other structural units of law enforcement agencies, public organizations, civil society institutions and citizens. the choice of location and its preliminary examination during the detention of wanted terrorists and extremists are made in order to reduce tactical risk for the criminal investigation officers of internal affairs bodies. the place of detention must be as safe as possible for the detaining 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us officers and surrounding persons. conditions must be created to ensure the possibility of using special and technical means. preparatory measures begin with a preliminary study of the proposed place of detention of a wanted terrorist (extremist) in order to optimally organize the detention. this is aimed at the possibility of free orientation on the site, planning the deployment of detention participants, identifying points of preliminary observation and developing routes of movement and locations of officers and vehicles. the detention of wanted terrorists and extremists should be carried out in conditions that are as disadvantageous as possible for them and as favorable as possible for the detaining criminal investigation officers. the time of detention shall be chosen considering the possibility of ensuring the safety of the participants of the capture and unauthorized citizens, the suddenness of the detention for criminals, and the possibility of capture with minimal resistance of the detainees. the composition of the group is determined by the number of wanted terrorists and extremists, their degree of armament and the expected development of the situation during apprehension. in any case, the capture team should have a numerical advantage. the number of members of the capture team is determined at the rate of 2-3 criminal investigation officers per one wanted terrorist (extremist). it is advisable to separate the functional roles of the arrest team members. tactics of apprehension of a wanted terrorist or extremist are based on the actions of criminal investigation officers who carry out direct apprehension. they should approach the wanted terrorist (extremist) as close as possible and, using the necessary tactical precautions, carry out the detention. this is possible through an algorithm of actions that limits the freedom of action of the detainee, attempts to resist are suppressed. in this regard, according to t.a. tkachuk, scientific and technical support of search activities in criminal proceedings is of great importance[16, p. 42]. the use of achievements of scientific and technological progress, in particular innovative, digital it-technologies used in criminalistics and operational and investigative activities, are important in increasing the effectiveness of detention of wanted terrorists (extremists). during the apprehension of several wanted terrorists and extremists in different locations, clear coordination between apprehension teams is important. if unforeseen situations arise, the authority or person coordinating the apprehension should be informed. this is necessary in order to make timely adjustments to the actions of other groups. this is most characteristic of the tactics used to apprehend wanted terrorists and extremists, as well as related actions such as seizing weapons, prohibited extremist literature, incriminating objects and documents, and, in part, recording the circumstances of the apprehension. in relation to these actions g. k. dubovets defined the algorithm of organizational activities of internal affairs bodies to search for and detain armed persons who have committed particularly serious crimes[17, p. 56]. based on the above, we believe it is necessary to develop a technology for the tactics of apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists, taking into account the available information about their skills in handling weapons, hand-to-hand combat techniques and other factors relevant to the success of the apprehension. thus, the content of the tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists has a complex, multifaceted nature. in our opinion, theoretical and practical aspects of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists depend on the knowledge and skillful use of legal and applied bases of detention tactics. realization of the algorithm of tactics of detention of wanted terrorists and extremists includes a set of measures of criminal procedure, forensic support and operational and investigative support and interaction of law enforcement agencies. tactics of apprehension of wanted terrorists and extremists assumes readiness of the forces and means involved in the event, 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us their ability to implement the algorithm of necessary actions for their apprehension based on joint with other services of law enforcement agencies coordinated activities. literature used 1. abdulganeev r. r. religious extremism: criminological and criminal-legal aspects: author's thesis .... cand. jurid. nauk. omsk, 2013. 20 с. 2. dubovets g. k. organization of the activities of internal affairs bodies on search and detention of armed persons who committed especially serious crimes: author's abstract of disc. ...doc. jurid. nauk. м., 2003. 56 с. 3. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 4. https://www.gps.gov/systems/gnss/ 5. kazantsev, d. a. detention in the system of criminalistic tactics / d. a. kazantsev // collection of materials of criminalistic readings. 2011. № 7. с. 30-31. 6. matchanov a.a. features of detention of the accused being wanted. monograph t.: academy of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, 2005. 123 с. 7. matchanov, a.a. criminal-procedural and criminalistic aspects of improving the search for persons who committed crimes: author's abstract of disc. ...dr. jurid. nauk (dsc). т., 2019. 65 с. 8. pavlov a. v. detention of a wanted defendant: author's thesis. ... kand. jurid. nauk. omsk, 2009. 26 с. 9. popkov n. v. detention of the suspect and the accused as a type of state coercion: autoref. diss. .... cand. jurid. nauk. nizhny novgorod, 2007. 24 с. 10. smushkin a. b. detention in the structure of a tactical operation in the investigation of crimes: author's thesis .... cand. jurid. nauk. saratov, 2005. 26 с. 11. smushkin a. b. detention in the structure of a tactical operation in the investigation of crimes: autoref. dissertation ... juridical sciences. saratov, 2005. p.9 (243 p.) 12. stepanov n. v. criminological problems of counteraction to crimes associated with political and religious extremism: author's abstract of disc. ... ... cand. jurid. nauk. м.,2003. с.15. 13. tkachuk t.a. nauchno-technical support of search activity in the criminal process of russia: avtoref. dis. ...dr. jurid. nauk. vladimir, 2011. 42 с. 14. tsokolova o.i. theory and practice of detention, arrest and custody in the criminal process: autoref. diss. ... dr. of juridical sciences. м., 2007. 60 с. 15. vuong thang long organizational and tactical bases of detention in the investigation of crimes in the socialist republic of vietnam and the russian federation: auth. diss. ... cand. jurid. nauk. м., 2016. 23 с. 16. yugai l.y. use of biometric identification methods in crime detection and investigation: study guide. t.: academy, 2024. p.3 (115 p.) 17. zhabborov z.k. perfection of practice of application of criminal-legal norms concerning infliction of harm at detention of the person who has committed socially dangerous act (on an example of activity of bodies of internal affairs): auth. diss. ... doctor of philosophy (phd). т., 2019. 52 с. 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 methods used in forecasting the development of the tourism services market rakhimov zafar odilovich associate professor of samarkand institute of economics and service. e-mail: zafar_r80@mail.ru. abdurasulov shovqiddin erkin o‘g‘li teacher of the samarkand institute of economics and service. abstract: the article examines the methods used in forecasting the development of the tourism services market. a system of methods is used as an instrument in forecasting, with the help of which past trends of the enterprise are analyzed with the help of cause-and-effect parameters for the analysis of changes formed in the economic and social development potential of the firm. keywords: marketing research, sample size, analysis of collected information, conjuncture of the tourist market, delhiographic method, heuristic method, brainstorming method, delphi method. forecasts of conjuncture, competitiveness of suppliers, competitiveness of consumers, competition by substitute goods introduction in the forecast scenario for the development of domestic tourism in uzbekistan, it is necessary to direct the organizational and financial capabilities of all tourism industry officials and representatives of local authorities to a number of issues facing the domestic tourism infrastructure. in particular, it is recommended to develop republic-level and regional targeted programs that provide the domestic tourism business segment. among the most important regions in this regard are the surkhandarya and kashkadarya regions in the south, and the fergana valley and tashkent regions with their beautiful nature and opportunities for recreation, wellness and recreational tourism. according to the scenario, there are no prospects of attracting significant financial resources to the field of domestic tourism in the near future. in such circumstances, it is appropriate to conduct a preliminary revision of the tourist infrastructure complex of the region based on a marketing audit. the purpose of the audit is to assess geographic, social factors, trends of potential tourist flows, their potential and financial ability, as well as the amount of necessary investments to bring it to a guaranteed sales level. such a revision will increase investment in domestic tourism by nearly 30 http://www/ 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us percent. the achievements in this direction will attract the capital of uzbek banks, and with their active participation, we can hope to attract important foreign investments. in order to improve this situation, the decision pq-3514 dated february 7, 2018 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to ensure rapid development of domestic tourism" was adopted. according to him, "travel around uzbekistan!" the plan of practical measures for the implementation of the domestic tourism development program was approved and is being implemented today. methodology. the methodological basis of the research was based on information on the methods used in forecasting the development of the tourism services market, presidential decrees and decisions. also, the methods of induction and deduction were widely used in the analysis of views and opinions related to the research work. statistical data grouping, comparative analysis, sample observation methods were used in the analysis of the data of the statistical committee of the republic of uzbekistan. scientific abstraction and other methods were used to enrich the content of the work and give it concluding thoughts. results. marketing planning is the approach adopted by many leading market-oriented firms. this is not a new method, but its application in practice is determined by different degrees of objectivity and validity. lack of marketing planning makes many processes difficult: • management and development of research; • managing the development of new products; • establishing necessary standards for suppliers; • management of sales personnel actions; • setting realistic goals in sales; • reducing the influence of competitors on the market; forecasting serves rational marketing research to determine the trends of the company's development and support its economic activity in the conditions of constant changes in external and internal environmental factors. the field of application of forecasting methods in marketing systems is very widespread. a system of methods is used as an instrument in forecasting, with the help of which past trends of the enterprise are analyzed with the help of cause-and-effect parameters for the analysis of changes formed in the economic and social development potential of the firm. http://www/ 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1 shows the classification of methods used in marketing system forecasting and their effectiveness. table 1. effectiveness of different forecasting methods forecasting methods usage, % in relation to the number of enterprises reliability assessment* frequency of use ** quantitative methods: 1. trends are political extrapolation 73,7 a often 2. variable method average 67,7 a often 3. regression analysis 35,9 h sometimes 4. exponential smoothing 32,9 a sometimes 5. modeling 15,9 l rarely 6. "cost-output" model 14,4 a rarely 7. markov chain 4,2 l rarely methods of determining quality: 1. evaluation of employees of international departments 87,7 a often 2. evaluation of traders and technical leaders 85,9 h often 3. consumer survey 81,8 a often 4. product testing 50,0 a sometimes 5. analogy method 46,7 h often 6. market testing method 37,7 a sometimes 7. expert assessment using the “delphi” method 15,9 a rarely *) h high, a average, l low. **) o – often, s – sometimes, r – rarely. at the modern stage, tourism has managed to become a large component of the national income of many countries. in some cases, it has become a leading indicator of the lifestyle of the population. the highly competitive environment in the industry determines the high level of errors in the formation of marketing strategies in the planning of tourist flows, and ensures the reasonable forecasting of market scenarios in the development of the analyzed business sector. discussion. it was necessary to develop forecast scenarios of several alternative options describing the elements of the future development of the tourism sector. we determined the most feasible of these options as a basis, with the help of which the planning strategy of the tourism sector is selected. the development of the tourism industry in uzbekistan was reviewed taking into account scenario forecasts and modern trends in world tourism. http://www/ 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 2 the main indicators of the development of the tourism sector of the republic of uzbekistan in 2014-2022 indicator names years 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 total number of people served (million people) 13,3 17,8 21,4 5,1 7,7 16,6 including: number of foreign tourists (million people) 2,7 5,3 6,7 1,5 1,9 5,2 number of domestic tourists (million people) 10,5 12,5 14,7 3,5 5,8 11,4 number of tourist companies and organizations (units) 449 502 517 337 288 348 hotel and alternative accommodation (unit) 816 916 1051 1156 1085 1167 source: prepared based on the information of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. we analyzed forecast scenarios of several alternative options describing the elements of the future development of the tourism sector of uzbekistan, dividing tourism into incoming, internal and outgoing tourism types based on the standard proportion method of wto (unwto). in uzbekistan, the government and management structures are currently focusing on the rapid development of inbound and domestic tourism, and in the context of growing world tourism, a number of government decisions and programs have been adopted for the rapid growth of inbound and domestic tourism. the measures taken by this government are determined by the fact that the role of inbound and domestic tourism is a source of free currency conversion and an important reserve for filling the gdp. table 2 shows the positive results of government decisions and programs aimed at the rapid development of tourism in uzbekistan according to table 2, it should be noted that the number of foreign tourists who came to uzbekistan in 2017 was 2.7 million, in 2022 it was 5.2 million, and in the last 9 months of 2023 it is 4.3 million. the average length of stay of tourists in our country is 4-5 days, which has increased by 1.5 times compared to the same period last year. in 2017, the average amount of money spent by each foreign tourist in the territory of the republic was 197 us dollars, this indicator reached 400 us dollars in 2023, and the volume of tourism exports was 1.72 billion in 9 months of 2023. reached the dollar. the number of domestic (domestic) tourists also increased by 107% compared to 2017 and reached 14.9 million people. among the important factors that influenced this growth are the liberalization of http://www/ 34 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the visa regime, the simplification of the procedure for traveling and business activities in uzbekistan, and the simplification of the following tourism formalities: • in 2018, the visa regime was additionally abolished for 9 countries (18 in total), and the number of countries with simplified entry visas for 12 was increased to 50; • the procedure for providing electronic entry visas and visa-free entry and the operation of the system for their formalization began on june 15, 2018, now the process of temporary stay and exit of citizens of 101 countries in transit through uzbekistan has been simplified; • the process of temporary registration of foreign citizens was simplified and transferred to a fully electronic system by means of the electronic program "e-guest", according to which the right to register foreign citizens, treatment facilities, tourist companies, by placing them in the electronic system, owners of private apartments, guest houses, and foreign tourists traveling independently around the country. conclusion. the scenario of the optimistic forecast is that the outbound tourism segment in uzbekistan will be increased without going abroad due to the effective launch of our own national parks, recreation and sanatoriums and attracting new tourist and recreational zones at the expense of the "travel around uzbekistan" program. it is possible to pick up some of the outgoing tourists. for this purpose, it is necessary to develop the transport system for bringing customers to places, their efficiency, and create convenient tourist infrastructures for customers. the solution of transport problems is of particular importance in the structure of these changes. therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to certain organizational changes and financing to solve the issue of domestic tourism transport. optimistic and pessimistic options are the most feasible intermediate forecast among forecast scenarios. in this case, certain organizational actions are implemented and financing of tourist infrastructure is implemented, but it will not be sufficient. the tourism industry as a strategic sector of the national economy has its own regular development trend. this can be seen in the forecast indicators presented in the concept of the development of the tourism industry in the republic of uzbekistan for 2019-2025. forecasting in the scenario method of tourism development in the republic of uzbekistan gave the following results (table 3). according to the table, the number of foreign tourists visiting our country will increase by 183.0% in 2025 compared to 2018. this, in turn, causes the export of tourism services to increase by 214.5% over the same period. it can be concluded that the main part of the export of services in tourism is http://www/ 35 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us planned to be increased based on the diversification and improvement of the quality of the services provided to tourists, based on the increase of income from them. table 3 forecast indicators of the development of the tourism sector in the republic of uzbekistan in the scenario method t/r indicator name 2018 year 2020 year 2025 year amount growth rate, % amount growth rate, % amount growth rate, % 1. the number of foreign tourists visiting uzbekistan, a thousand people 5 347 100,0 6 302 118,0 9 780 183,0 2. domestic tourists there are a thousand people 15400 100,0 18400 119,0 25900 168,0 3. hotel and alternative accommodation facilities, unity 850 100,0 1201 141,0 1607 189,0 4 tour operators the number is one. 860 100,0 1041 121,0 1676 195,0 5. export of tourism services, million us $ 950 100,0 1 272 122,7 2 233 214,5 source: prepared based on the information of the tourism development committee of the republic of uzbekistan during this period, the number of hotels and alternative accommodation facilities, which are the mainstay of tourism in uzbekistan, is expected to increase by 189.0%. taking into account the increase of the number of domestic tourists to 25,900 thousand and the number of foreign tourists visiting uzbekistan to 9,780 thousand in 2025, according to the recommendation of the standard proportion method in the development of the world tourism organization (wto), 1,607 hotels and 84,400 places in alternative accommodation facilities the number of prognostic indicators was found to be low during the season. therefore, the result of this analysis requires the creation of additional number of hotels and alternative accommodation facilities and other infrastructure facilities in order to fully fulfill the tasks defined in the 2019-2025 concept of tourism development in the republic of uzbekistan. the recommended scenario forecast for the development of the tourism industry in uzbekistan, considered in terms of global trends in the field of tourism, will help to economically reorganize this industry and increase its investment attractiveness based on the planning of relevant marketing activities. references 1. raximov, z. o. (2019). entrepreneurship in tourism. study guide. samarkand: samisi. 2. raximov, z. o. (2021). socio-economic problems of hotel industry development in the field of tourism. monograph.-samarkand: samisi.-2021. http://www/ 36 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. rakhimov, z. o. (2020). norkulova dz planning of tourist destinations. study guide. samarkand: samisi, 188. 4. rakhimov, z. o. (2021). norkulova dz planning in the hotel industry. textbook. samarkand: turan publication, 204. 5. odilovich, r. z. (2022). the mechanism of implementing the goals and strategies of the strategic plan in the development of the samarkand tourist destination of the republic of uzbekistan. 湖南大 学学报 (自然科学版), 49(09). 6. odilovich, r. z. (2022). socio-economic basics of using the authority of samarkand tourist destination in the market of tourist services in uzbekistan. 湖南大学学报 (自然科学版), 49(09). 7. raximov z.o. turizm rivojlanishida mehmonxonalar interyer-dizayni. monografiya. – samarqand: “step-sel”, 2022. 8. raximov, z. o., & sh, b. a. (2022). kulnazarova zb mehmonxona interyeri va landshafti. darslik–samarqand:“step-sel, 270. 9. raximov z.o. turizm rivojlanishida mehmonxonalar interyer-dizayni. monografiya. – samarqand: “step-sel”, 2022. 10. bakhromovna, k. z. (2023). innovative process of computer graphics. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 3(4), 45-49. 11. rakhimov, z. o. (2022). the role of information support in the strategic planning of tourism destinations. builders of the future, 2(02), 236-241. 12. rakhimov, z. o. (2022). the importance of the development of the digital economy in the field of tourism in uzbekistan. builders of the future, 2(02), 221-227. 13. odilovich, r. z., & baxromovna, k. z. (2021). the importance of hotel building architecture for the development of tourism in uzbekistan. emergent: journal of educational discoveries and lifelong learning (ejedl), 2(04), 118-121. http://www/ 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 theoretical and methodological foundations of organizing internal audit in economic entities yuldasheva umida bakhrom kizi 2nd year student, group 208, faculty of economics at the national research university "tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers" temirkhanova mutabar zhuraevna scientific supervisor, dsc, associate professor, head of the department of accounting and auditing annotation: the article examines the stages of organizing the internal audit service and its development, the regulatory framework for organizing the internal audit service and its place in corporate governance, foreign experience in internal audit activities and the methodological basis for its application. based on the objectives of the study, theoretical results and conclusions are presented. keywords: econometric, empirical analysis, securities, internal audit, financial and credit sector, economics. analyzes of the study showed that the need for internal audit primarily appears in large enterprises. top management cannot control the daily activities of the enterprise and lower levels of management structures. internal audit provides information on their activities and assures the accuracy of managers' reports. the literature on this industry and regulatory documents provide definitions and comments on the concept of internal audit. as defined by the international institute of internal auditors, “internal audit is the activity of providing independent, objective assurance and advice aimed at improving the performance of an organization. internal audit assists an organization in implementing a systematic and consistent approach to managing risks in its activities, assessing performance and improving management, control and corporate governance processes.”[1] according to k.b. akhmadjonov, “internal audit is considered an independent system that provides objective guarantees and consultations aimed at improving the financial and economic activities of business entities, ensuring the accuracy of internal audit accounting data and organizing an effective internal control system at the enterprise.”[2] in the process of scientific research, the author’s definition of the concept of “internal audit” was developed and, according to it, internal audit was disclosed as an activity for risk management, reliability and effectiveness of internal control systems, in particular, activities organized to evaluate corporate governance practices on a regular and independent basis, based on generally accepted international and national standards in the field of internal control. in our opinion, it is advisable to establish the legal basis for organizing the internal audit service in the following form (fig. 1). in the process of research, in order to further improve the efficiency of the internal audit service and ensure direct use by external auditors of the results of the work of the internal audit service, 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us we developed a draft of national auditing standards “use of the work of the internal audit service” and proposed it for implementation in practice. the practical application of internal audit standards, not limited to the regulations “on the internal audit service at enterprises,” which is considered the regulatory framework of the internal audit service in uzbekistan, will provide an opportunity to improve the regulatory framework in the field of internal audit. by its essence, internal audit has the ability to summarize information and data on all aspects of the entity’s activities, accumulate funds for analysis, and the inextricable connection with internal audit leads to increased efficiency of decisions made by the manager. it is internal audit that is considered an objective source of information that helps the manager in assessing the quality of implementation of management decisions.[5] in uzbekistan, the national institute of internal audit should be established and employees of internal audit services who carry out practical activities should be invited to join. then it will be possible for employees of the internal audit service to pass the exam to obtain an international certificate of internal audit (cia-certifacate internal audit) and a basis for advanced training directly in developed countries. this means the possibility of our internal auditors reaching the international level. in our country, in order to carry out the activities of the internal audit service, improve the quality of internal audit and ensure its legal aspects, we consider it appropriate to make additions and changes to the regulations of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan “on the internal audit service at enterprises”. as a result of scientific research, it was proposed to introduce changes and additions to the current regulations (table 2).[6] as a result of the organization of the internal audit service and the study of its activities, some shortcomings and problems are observed in the implementation of internal audit tasks. in our opinion, in order not to repeat these shortcomings in practice, it is advisable to develop and implement in our republic an international standard “use of the work of the internal audit service”, and enshrine it in law as a form of internal audit activity. in the republic of uzbekistan, the certification system for employees of the internal audit service is carried out on the basis of the regulations “on the procedure for certification of employees of the internal audit service” approved by the ministry of justice dated may 12, 2012 no. 2361, and applicants, by completing an 80-hour training course, are individuals who have a qualification certificate of auditor and tax consultant after successfully passing the exam before a special commission of the ministry of finance, public organizations of auditors receive qualification certificates of internal auditors. however, there are some obstacles in the system of certification of employees of the internal audit service by public organizations of auditors. it is advisable to make the following changes and additions to the regulations “on the procedure for certification of employees of the internal audit service”: 1. in paragraph 12: replace the words of paragraph four “notarized diploma” with the words “diploma”; the words of the fifth paragraph “work book (a copy is made and the original is returned) or its copy certified by the employer” should be replaced with the words “copies from the work book certified by the employer”; the words of the seventh paragraph “notarized or certificate” shall be replaced with the words “certificate or real certificate”; before the word of the eighth paragraph “document” add the word “copy”.[8] 2. from paragraph 56, delete the words “notarized.” 3. replace the words of paragraph four of clause 58 with “payment document” with the phrase “copy of payment document”. 4. from the second paragraph of paragraph 72, delete the sentence “and to the business entity in whose internal audit service he works.” based on the above, the republic of uzbekistan has currently introduced a procedure for 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us certifying employees of the internal audit service by conducting an examination by public organizations of auditors and issuing a certificate. and the certification of internal auditors is a problem: after completing an 80-hour course, an internal auditor submits documents for an exam to the public organization where he was trained, and if he fails the exam, the applicant must receive back the documents to take the exam in another public organization.[9] the public organization of auditors that accepted the exam will be forced to return the applicant’s documents, and when checking the documents in relation to the applicant who did not pass the exam in the organization, there will be no evidence of passing the documents in this organization.[10] therefore, paragraph 42 of chapter 5 of the regulations “on the procedure for certification of employees of the internal audit service” should be amended as follows: “if the applicant fails to pass the exam, the application submitted by the applicant to participate in the exam and the documents attached to it must be returned within three working days days after the exam and a copy of the application, minutes of the commission’s meetings must be kept in public associations of auditors for five years.” literature: 1. temirkhanova m.zh., muminov o.g.u. improving accounting and tax accounting and reporting in travel companies in the republic of uzbekistan. in the collection: improving state tax policy in a globalizing economy, materials of the international scientific conference. editorial board: e.yu. merkulova, yu.yu. kosenkova (executive editor); ministry of education and science of the russian federation, tambov state university. g.r. derzhavina. 2014. pp. 267-275. 2. temirkhanova m.zh., bakirova m.sh.k. improving accounting and auditing of intellectual property. in the collection: scientific research in the socio-economic development of society. international scientific and practical conference of scientific and pedagogical workers. 2019. pp. 443-447. 3. temirkhanova m.zh., features of improving accounting policies in tourism companies and the national economy. bulletin of science and practice. 2018. t. 4. no. 2. p. 332-341. 4. temirkhanova m.zh., akbarov b. improving the methodology for organizing financial accounting in travel companies. bulletin of science and practice. 2018. t. 4. no. 3. p. 267273. 5. eziev g.l., temirkhanova m.zh.. development of accounting in the conditions of modernization of the economy of the republic of uzbekistan. bulletin of science and practice. 2018. t. 4. no. 3. p. 224-231 6. goyibnazarov sh.g., temirkhanova m.d. problems in improving and approaching international standards for reporting financial results in tourism companies. in the collection: trends in the development of world trade in the 21st century. materials of the viii international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the educational institution. 2019. pp. 428-432. 7. gayibnazarov sh.g., kabulov a.a., temirkhanova m.zh. improving the methodology for organizing the accounting of intellectual property objects. in the collection: engineering economics and management in modern conditions. materials of the scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the faculty of engineering and economics. executive editor v.v. zhilchenkova. 2019. pp. 406-411. 8. mj temirkhanov. issues of improving financial reporting in travel companies based on the requirements of international standards (ias ifrs). bulletin of science and practice 4 (3), 217-223 9. temirkhanova m.zh. problems in improving the approach to international standards for 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reporting financial results in tourism companies. kaluga economic bulletin. 2018. no. 4. pp. 59-61. 10. gayibnazarov sh.g., temirkhanova m.zh. theoretical foundations of accounting and analysis of intellectual property during the transition to innovative development. bulletin of science and practice. 2019. t. 5. no. 9. p. 290-297. 255 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 for increasing work efficiency of employees in enterprises akbarov akramjon ibroximjonovich university of business and science abstract: the article highlights the role of managerial work of managers in the effective operation of enterprises, the scientific approaches of scientists in this regard, and estimated indicators. keywords: environment, business, entrepreneurship, investment, entrepreneurial activity, foreign investment, investment system. in the conditions of the economic reforms carried out in our country, it is necessary to increase the role of employees along with the effective use of financial, economic and material resources. for this, leaders should recognize that each employee is the main value of the organization in the process of managing it. by the end of the 20th century, organizations managed to become a universal form of human life and acquired several characteristics such as goal orientation, functioning and development, organized organizational structure, special culture, constant connection with the external environment, and the use of various resources. at the same time, the reforms that are being carried out for the stable and effective development of the economy of our republic will allow for the implementation of deep structural changes in the economy in a short time, the development of production and services, ensuring the growth of the population's income , the stable development of small business and private entrepreneurship, banking significant achievements were made in strengthening the activity of the financial system, in the development of scientific projects. the new development strategy of uzbekistan for 2022-2026 is aimed at rapid development of the national economy and ensuring high growth rates. by ensuring stable high growth rates in economic sectors, in the next five years, the gross domestic product per capita will increase by 1.6 times, and by 2030, the per capita income will increase from 4,000 us dollars, and create a foundation for entering the ranks of "states with higher than average income". therefore, the development of management activity is considered one of the urgent issues today [2]. in many reports, it is mentioned that one of the main factors in the development of the economy of enterprises is the human factor . today, the management of labor potential in enterprises, their effective use, requires modern management. the number, capacity, formation, development, and composition of employees are of great importance in enterprise management. in particular, the effectiveness of human resources has a direct impact on the company's results [3]. therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of the leader's work today is one of the most urgent issues. an effective manager should pay equal attention to two areas of his activity: interaction with the external environment and improving the internal environment of the organization. in this sense, employee performance evaluation helps the development of relationships within the company. therefore, the increasing attention to the assessment and certification of personnel at the present time is not accidental. managers thus strive to strengthen the internal ranks and increase the stability of the organization in adverse economic conditions. 256 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the reform of the management system in the economic sectors of the republic of uzbekistan requires fundamentally new qualities, first of all, new knowledge, skills and qualifications from the management staff. the special role and importance of the management employee depends on the competition between producers of goods and services [ 4 ]. there are problems related to the reform of our country's economy in the context of transition to market relations. in particular, there are existing problems in enterprises and firms , including the low competitiveness of their products, significant inefficiency of business organization , and lagging behind developed countries in the field of management in all its forms . management methods in enterprises and organizations in our country are often outdated . there is a great interest in evaluating the mental work of managers . in addition the role of evaluating labor performance to increase the efficiency of enterprises and organizations is constantly increasing, which can be seen for the following reasons : as a type of intellectual labor, managerial activity is difficult to measure compared to the physical labor of workers, operators and other categories of technical personnel . in this case, there are almost no production standards directly related to the manager's management work; the relationship between the personal manager's performance and the overall final results becomes more and more difficult in the conditions of deepened division of labor . it requires the use of modern methods in the process of evaluating the performance of managers; the increasing complexity and importance of management work due to the multiplicity and diversity of functions, including professional differentiation, implies an increase in the role of evaluating the work of managers of all categories . also, in enterprises, the manager's constant control over the activities of his subordinates has a positive effect. evaluation is a set of several instrumental systems, which are strongly connected with the main functions of facility management. evaluation implies the existence of evaluation criteria and evaluation scale. as we know, the modern principles of development acquire their own expression and independent essence in the management of employees, labor teams, and relations processes in production. management principles provide clear regulation of the rights and obligations of employees, as well as managers of various links of the enterprise's management system. in the course of work, the responsibilities of the manager and employees should be known. this is important in achieving the company's goals [ 5 ]. in the conditions of digitalization of the economy of uzbekistan and the development of advanced innovative technologies, bringing the complex processes of management to the micro level requires the adaptation of all elements in the organization of the emerging management system. therefore, there is a need to develop new methods and forms of evaluating the organization's activity, including new methods of analyzing labor relations and indicators. in today's highly globalized era, the wrong selection of personnel in turn causes many losses for organizations. an important aspect that the head of the organization or a specialist working directly with human resources (personnel) should take into account when choosing personnel is to know not what a person has done before, but what he can do now. in this sense, researching the technologies used in various companies of the world in the process of personnel selection and recruitment, management and effective use of their potential, and studying the directions of their use in our national economy remains an urgent issue. it is known that it can be said by the types of labor efficiency of administrative employees , that is , production and economic indicators describing criteria such as the quality, volume and delivery periods of the produced products, rendered services) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the manager's activity. the most universal criterion for evaluating the performance of managers is the net profit ratio. however, it is also necessary to take into account a number of other indicators: the use of fixed and working capital, the efficiency of investments, employee turnover, etc [ 8 ]. 257 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at the same time, one of the main factors of the efficiency of the enterprise depends on the efficiency of the work of management personnel. in our research work, in the analysis of the efficiency of management personnel, the efficiency of the management of the "shams" mud prospecting scientific production enterprise was analyzed. in doing so, indicators and a database of our research work were formed. based on the collected data, methods such as statistical observation, comparison and quantitative approach were used. based on the above, the result of the work of the employee of this management apparatus is the degree to which the management goal is achieved at the lowest cost. characterized by the main purpose of management performance evaluation is to increase the quality of work of employees, this process is of great importance for the determination of wages in the long term, as well as for the purposes of training and development . information and we recommend the following suggestions to the results of their analysis . in order to increase the efficiency of management activities in enterprises, it is necessary to determine the following directions:  optimization of work and rest modes ;  eliminate the psychological barrier between the manager and subordinates;  organization and repair of workplaces , their rational order and organization of an effective system of technical service ;  formation of a rational organization , labor safety and health system in the production environment ;  creation of an effective information system in the internal and external environment of the enterprise, development of an effective communication system in the enterprise;  we think that it is necessary to create a satisfactory socio-spiritual environment, friendly relations and other such things in the team. therefore, effective management affects all aspects of the enterprise. therefore, it is necessary for every enterprise to evaluate the effectiveness of management and develop various measures for its improvement. this helps to increase the efficiency of the entire enterprise. list of used literature 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. pf-4947 "on the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan". tashkent, uzbekistan, 2017. 2. development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022-2026. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, pf-60, 28.01.2022. 3. gafurov u.v. improvement of economic mechanisms of state regulation of small business. diss... 08.00.13 – entrepreneurship and small business economy; 08.00.01 – economic theory (economic sciences) – t.: 2017 4. boltabaev m.r., kasimova m.s., ergashkhodjaeva sh.j., goyibnazarov b.k., samadov a.n., otajhonov sh.i. small business and entrepreneurship: a study guide. t.: economy, 2012. 274 5. olim sabirovich kazakov, & ilhom mahamadjanovich kamoliddinov. (2021). some questions of increase of efficiency in activity enterprise subjects. journal of central asian social studies , 2 (01), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a24 6. muhammadjanovich k.i. effective directions of development of entrepreneurship //conference zone. 2022. s. 129-133. https://doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a24 258 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. kazakov o.s. introduction to management. textbook. tashkent. "fan ziyosi" publishing house, 2021. 8. m. mescon, m. albert, f. hedouri. basic management. m.: delo, 1992.s. 489. small business in uzbekistan. statistical collection. tashkent, 2020. 190 p. 9. data from the statistics department of namangan region. 10. www.agro. uz site information. http://www.agro.uz/ http://www.agro.uz/ http://www.agro.uz/ http://www.agro.uz/ 162 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 some issues that are causing the trial to be delayed o‘. m davletov public safety of the republic of uzbekistan deputy head of department of the university, yu.f.f.d (phd), associate professor abstract: the article explores the reasons for effective coping with the mechanisms by which the court delays the process, the development of a professional action plan in preparing the case for a hearing, as well as the reasons for the delay that the parties can use based on the actual circumstances of the case, and highlights specific aspects of speeding up proceedings. keywords: civil process, civil procedural law, court hearing, trial, process delay, speeding up proceedings, third party, foreign citizen, disclosure of evidence, parallel trial, appeal, suspension of proceedings and foreign experience. the delay in the consideration of the case, the postponement of meetings, the announcement of the breaks, as a rule, means that the court has not yet made a decision and should get a deeper acquaintance with the materials of the case or receive new evidence. often, experienced lawyers feel the moment when the judge is ready to make a decision. and in the case of an expected negative result, they can try to “change” the situation. unfortunately, the legislation “provided”many opportunities for unscrupulous participants in the trial to achieve their goal and delay the proceedings for months, or even years. to prevent this, it is necessary to know the most common mechanisms of abuse, competently prepare for a court hearing, minimize the risk of unreasonably delaying the deadlines for hearing the case, and effectively fight against them. in this case, our civil procedure legislation sets very short deadlines for the consideration of judicial disputes. as a general rule, cases will be heard and decided by the court no later than a month after the date of preparation and division of the case (article 207 code of civil procedure). this period can be extended for up to two months according to the judge's reasoned ruling on the complexity of the dispute, insufficient evidence, the need for examination, with the exception of cases about alimony, cases about mutilation or other injuries to health, as well as cases about compensation for damage caused in connection with the death of the breadwinner, as well as often the delay in these deadlines is not associated with objective reasons. that is, actions aimed at artificially delaying the trial are caused by the unscrupulousness of other participants. how to effectively deal with process delay mechanisms? to prepare the case for a hearing, it is necessary to draw up a procedural action plan, including attention to the reasons for the delay that the parties may use, based on the actual circumstances of the case. some ways to delay the trial [1]: 1) to attract third parties who do not arz with independent demand to participate in the work; 2) violation of the procedure for attracting a foreign citizen, compliance with special rules for informing him; 3) violation of the deadlines for the disclosure of evidence; 4) initiating parallel litigation; 5) appeal of court decisions; 6) non-compliance with the grounds for suspension of proceedings. third parties who do not deal with independent requirements for the subject of the 163 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us dispute – entering into a process initiated by other persons, the court decision issued on the case is considered to some extent the persons with whom certain rights and obligations arise as a result of the settlement of the case in court, affecting their civil material rights. the purpose of attracting a third party in relation to the subject of the dispute should be to prevent negative influences on it [2]. third parties who do not carry independent requirements for the subject of the dispute can also be involved in the case on the petition of the parties, the prosecutor, other persons participating in the case, or on the initiative of the court. to resist unreasonable petitions to attract third parties, it is necessary to present to the court a reasonable legal position confirming that the standard of proof described above is not observed and that the attraction does not risk causing negative consequences (rental of property, trust management, etc.). thus, the participation of a third party in the work, which does not carry out with independent requirements for the subject of the dispute, leads to the adoption of preventive measures to inform many individuals about the process. another special mechanism for delaying the consideration of a case is due to the need to attract a foreign citizen, to comply with special rules for informing him. in accordance with the law of the member states of the hague (hague, 15.11.1965), the procedure for informing a foreign person on the case is established by the convention on the presentation of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial cases abroad. thus, a court or lawyer can provide a notice belonging to a foreign company in a short time. in judicial practice, the maximum effectiveness of this method is noted [3]. in order to exercise the right to inform in the manner prescribed by the convention, it is necessary to send a petition to the court to impose this task, as well as all costs associated with reporting [4]. in addition, judicial practice confirms the possibility of sending notifications not only by official state postal services, but also by international courier services [5]. the notification of the relevant documents by the lawyer by sending them to the competent authority of a foreign state (article 10 of the convention) can also help the court to speed up the procedure through courier services, paperwork, ensuring the sending of notifications, etc. violation of the deadlines for the disclosure of evidence for the delay in the proceedings also takes its toll. to avoid this, it is necessary to treat the need to disclose evidence at the stage of preparing the case for a court hearing as an obligation, and not as a right. in addition, evidence that piecemeal learning should not affect the length of time a case is heard. it is even impossible to imagine that in an english court the parties will not disclose the evidence on time. of course, the cited rule is significant in that it is aimed at ensuring the establishment of objective reality in the work. in order to avoid abuse of procedural rights, including the timely disclosure of evidence, all legal costs, regardless of the outcome of the dispute, are imposed on the guilty party. a judicial fine may also be imposed on the party for failure to comply with the court's decision. however, these sanctions do not fully protect the parties from the consequences of violating the deadline and procedure for disclosing evidence. such abuses disrupt the opposite, orderly process, affect the formation of judicial conclusions on the results of the assessment of evidence, the essence of the materials of the case. another way to delay the process is to start parallel court proceedings. this mechanism is implemented in practice by suspending or delaying the process until parallel work is considered. parallel trials do not include a general rule. it applies only to a separate category of disputes. when dealing with this method of deferral, it is necessary to constantly monitor cases involving the plaintiff and the defendant, as well as the relevant persons, use the electronic cartography of court cases, prevent or delay the proceedings until new claims are considered. appeals of court decisions also have some effect on delaying the proceedings. the party seeking to delay the hearing of the case may appeal the decisions made by the court, in addition to making petitions about correcting technical errors, explaining the writ, etc. as a result, the trial will take years. to counter this, strict monitoring of the appeal of decisions made by the court must be carried out. another way to combat the postponement of the trial is the non – compliance of the suspension grounds of proceedings (requirements of article 116, 117 of the fpk). this can lead to a delay in the trial for various objective and subjective reasons (e.g.: violation of the statute of 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us limitations for hearing a case, failure to resume proceedings even after the grounds for suspension of proceedings have been eliminated, loss of proceedings). the president of the court has the right to draw the attention of the judge to the need to take specific measures to speed up the consideration of the case (to quickly notify the persons involved in the case, to obtain the evidence required by the court, to control the deadlines for the examination, etc. it should be noted that sending an application for acceleration to the chairman, even if he refuses to be satisfied, can have a positive effect on the trial. it is known that the court makes a decision on its internal trust. the identity of the judge is the most important factor and sometimes affects the outcome of the trial to no lesser extent than the evidence in the case. the judge determines the methods of predicting possible events in the process of considering a dispute, pre-elaborating the tactics and methodology of conducting a case and studying the evidence during the trial, establishing a psychological connection. to this end, the previous work of the judge, the statistics of decisions, the methods of studying the evidence and evidence that he takes into account are analyzed. at the same time, the first source of information about the psychological characteristics of the judge is information about them from colleagues, the second source is articles, monographs, books, lectures, professional interviews, forums, round tables, etc., since judges have the right to engage in scientific and pedagogical activities, their professional views on certain issues of law. you can find out from them how the court conducts the process, what requirements it has, what it pays attention to, how much it is in its judgments, what principles it adheres to when making decisions. for example, some judges carefully review the entire case, read and study its materials at a hearing. others prepare in advance. one of them understands in half a word what the party wants to say, and the other must “review” each episode in detail so that the judge can define the main points in a certain way. when you know what logic a person follows on a particular issue, it becomes much easier to plan a position on the case and formulate arguments. in the process of work, we do not deny that the judge forms “template” approaches to the application of legal norms and the assessment of evidence. in this regard, it is necessary to determine whether the judge has previously considered similar disputes. if so, what are their results, how does it relate to the assessment of evidence and the application of certain norms of law in similar situations. an important role in speeding up proceedings is played by a concise and understandable position, well-chosen judicial practice, pre-submitted evidence, preparation of a lawyer for the process, including the possibility of contacting a clear sheet of case materials, clear answers to additional questions of the court, etc. moreover, the sensitive attitude of the representative to the behavior of the judge gives a lot. experience has shown that judges usually record evidence they consider important and plan to investigate. sometimes, however, judges break the lawyer's speech, act sharply, punish representatives of the parties. in such situations, for the benefit of the case, it is necessary not to oppose the judge and shorten his speech. this does not mean that his non-procedural behavior must be tolerated to the detriment of his protected interests. he just needs to choose enough, the most effective response measures. in the judicial practice of the russian federation, the experience of which has been studied, it is observed that former employees of the investigative departments of the internal affairs bodies carefully study the evidence presented in the position of a judge [6]. in conclusion, judges with extensive experience are well versed in their work, conduct the process clearly, make understandable and sound decisions. with this level of professionalism, they earn the respect of lawyers. each judge is as unique as each trial [7]. his ability to understand and find an approach serves to control the process and increase his chances of winning. in order to carry out the case as efficiently as possible, experienced lawyers study the practices and approaches of a particular judge to consider judicial disputes, find its strengths and weaknesses, draw a clear line of behavior depending on the existing style of the judge. 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature used: 1. https://e.korpurist.ru/421318. 2. постановления президиума сип от 23.01.2015 по делу № сип-713/2014, ас центрального округа от 17.03.2015 по делу № а08-4058/2012, ас восточносибирского округа от 07.08.2015 по делу № а33-23319/2014, ас московского округа от 26.08.2015 по делу № а40-207731/14. 3. постановления фас северо-западного округа от 21.02.2013 по делу № а5673854/2010, девятого аас от 19.02.2014 по делу № а40-51217/ 11-24-313 б. 4. постановления фас северо-западного округа от 18.07.2013 по делу № а5624567/2012, от 05.09.2013 по делу № а56-8626/2012. 5. определение вас рф от 14.11.2012 № вас-14362/12 по делу № а40-30754/ 10-42269, постановления фас дальневосточного округа от 10.01.2007 по делу № а59-2724/ 04-с8, фас уральского округа от 22.12.2011 по делу № а60-19356/2010, фас московского округа от 14.02.2014 по делу № а40-34148/2013. 6. вера рихтерман., юлия боброва. как ускорить суд, если оппонент затягивает процесс // корпоративный юрист. № 11, 2015. 7. при описании классификации судей использованы работы: цветков ю.а. профессионально-психологические типы судей // уголовный процесс. 2013. № 11. с. 92–101.рудаков д.с. пять типов судей // сайт апелляционного центра, г. санктпетербург. https://e.korpurist.ru/421318 http://acentrum.ru/content/pyatj-tipov-sudej/84 http://acentrum.ru/content/pyatj-tipov-sudej/84 the role and place of speech in the formation of a child's thinking 328 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 03, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role and place of speech in the formation of a child's thinking d. t. yuldasheva senior teacher of the department of special pedagogy of kspi alikhanova umidakhan student of group 404 of oligophrenopedagogy speech plays a very important role in making a person a full-fledged member of society, because the human thinking becomes confused in the process of speech communication. one of the most urgent demands of our time is to educate a well-rounded person, and our state is doing a lot of work in this regard. in "state students for the development of children of preschool age", four types of child personality development are based on: physical, social-emotional, speech, and preparation for reading and writing, which together constitute the integrity of child development. it is known that a child acquires speech on the basis of social and biological factors, and the violation or lack of development of one of these factors leads to speech disorders. speech disorders have a negative effect on the child's mental development, education, and social adaptation. inability to enter the community, scarcity is observed in children with speech defects, and this, in turn, limits the child's intellectual development. problems of developing phonemic perception and lexical-grammatical tools in speech of preschool children with pronunciation deficiency are important in the field of modern speech therapy, and the problems of correcting and eliminating pronunciation deficiencies have become one of the most urgent problems. the problem of pronunciation defects can be considered one of the oldest in the history of the development of the theory of speech disorders. the first information about the speech defect of incorrect pronunciation was described in the works of ancient greek scholars plutarch, hippocrates, claudia, galen and others. the above authors consider mispronunciation as a disease that requires treatment. according to ulama, it is shown that the wrong pronunciation of sounds is related to the damage of the tongue, lips, hard and soft palate. by the middle ages, the scientific ideas of the ancient period were repeated without the emergence of new ideas. the first attempts at scientific classification of pronunciation defects in speech began at the beginning of the 19th century. in the following years, the book "rasstroystva rechi" by a. kussmaul was published. for the first time, the ideas about phonetic disorders of speech were stated in it. a. kussmaul divided freshness into organic and functional forms. a. kussmaul includes a defect in the development of the peripheral speech apparatus as organic disorders (mechanical dyslalia). dyslalia is one of the most common speech disorders. according to r. becker, dyslalia occurs in 34% of 5-6 year old children in germany. according to k. onezora, dyslalia is observed in 18.5% of secondary school students. according to tests conducted by miloslav zimeen in a kindergarten in prague, dyslalia was the following figures: 69% of 3-4 year olds, 58% of 4-5 year olds, 46% of 5-6 year olds, and 37% of 6-7 year olds. . in uzbekistan, according to m. ayupova, 5-year-old children have 41.5% of speech defects, and 6-year-old children have 22.9%. currently, some progress has been made in early detection and 329 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us correction of pronunciation deficits in children of preschool and school age. in this field, i think it is appropriate to highlight the services of professor m. yu. ayupova, candidate of pedagogic sciences. it is impossible not to highlight the scientist's scientific efforts in eliminating the phonetic-phonemic defects, especially in children. today, the speech defects found in children are mostly eliminated using the methods given in the textbook "logopedia" by m.yu. ayupova. when choosing ways and means of preventing and eliminating pronunciation defects in children, the child's age, characteristics, behavior, attitude to his defect, lifestyle, degree of pronunciation defect (monomorphic, polymorphic) and many other factors are taken into account. factors are taken into account. in many families, it is observed that adults imitate children's speech. they caress the child and speak to him in the child's language. as a result, the child develops the correct pronunciation of sounds much later. pronunciation defects can also occur in children based on imitation. constant communication with young children, whose pronunciation of sounds is not yet properly formed, with people who speak softly or in a hurry, has an impact on the child's speech. often, a child imitates the speech of someone in the family who pronounces sounds incorrectly. bilingualism in the family, pedagogical neglect also causes pronunciation defects. this includes not paying attention to the pronunciation of sounds, not correcting the child's shortcomings, not giving examples of correct and clear pronunciation. pronunciation defects also occur as a result of defects in the mobility of the members of the articulatory apparatus. this point is manifested in the fact that the child cannot keep the tongue in the right position or cannot move from one blessing to another movement. pronunciation deficiency can also occur as a result of a decrease in functional hearing. speech defects, deficiencies in the pronunciation of certain sounds do not end with what was mentioned above. there are other sounds, syllables, and even other habitual mistakes in the pronunciation of words. in conclusion, it can be said that our main task is to notice pronunciation defects in time and take measures to eliminate such defects in the conditions of kindergarten or lower classes, parents, educators and primary school teachers with their capabilities and in cases where speech defects cannot be eliminated, it is to send the child with such a defect to appropriate specialists and speech therapists in time and organize the correction process. only then will we contribute to the children not being ashamed of their speech, expressing their thoughts fluently, and thus becoming an intelligent member of the society. used literature: 1. turgunovna, dilbarkhan yuldosheva, and musayeva farangiz. "a new approach to the education of children with disabilities in physical or mental development." asian journal of multidimensional research 11.12 (2022): 155-162. 2. turg’unovna, dilbarxon yuldosheva, and xudaynazarova noilaxon. "inklyuziv ta’limga bo’lgan ehtiyojlar va sabalar." conference zone. 2022. 3. yuldosheva, d. t., and alikhonova umida. "correction on the development of labor education and professional direction of specialized school students-pedagogical work content." conferencea (2023): 55-59. 4. turgunovna, dilbarkhan yuldosheva. "a new approach to the education of children with disabilities." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 11.11 (2023): 790-796. 5. yuldosheva, d. t., and zilola xasanboyeva. "jismoniy yoki ruhiy rivojlanishida nuqsoni bor bolalar ta’lim–tarbiyasiga yangicha yondashuv." инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика 2.9 (2023): 59-62. 330 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. oppakhho'jayev, son of khojikhuja azimjon. "technologies for developing inclusive readiness of families based on a competent approach." asian journal of multidimensional research issn: 2278-4853. 7. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "inclusive education system progress of the process." international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429 11.11 (2022): 199-206. 8. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja, and muxammadjonov shohruhbek shuxratbek o’g’li. "inklyuziv ta’limning huquqiy-me’yoriy asoslari." science promotion 1.1 (2023): 50-57 9. turgunovna, yuldoshova dilbar, and oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja azimjon o‘g. "pedagogical mechanism of preparing future teachers for professional competence formation." onomázein 62 (2023): december (2023): 2186-2191. 10. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "defektоlоglarni оila bilan ishlashga tayyоrlashda sharq mutaffakirlarining qarashlari." innovative developments and research in education 3.25 (2024): 104-111. 11. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "contents of logopedic rhythm exercises conducted with children who stutter." american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) 2.1 (2024): 36-39. 12. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "methodology of memory development in the process of working on the passive and active vocabulary of children with undeveloped speech." american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) 2.1 (2024): 40-44. 13. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda diqqatining turlari va xususiyatlari." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 162-168. 14. azimjon o‘g, oppoqxo‘jayev xojixuja. "bolalardagi nutqiy rivojlanishning buzilishlari va nutqning toliq rivojlanmaganligi." confrencea 12.12 (2023): 102-108. 15. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "essential characteristics of education and psychological competence and formation of future logic therapists." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal (giirj) (2023). 16. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "stages of development of teacher professional competence." novateur publications journalnx-a multidisciplinary peer reviewedjournal (2023). 17. qizi, xonbabayeva madinabonu asqarjon. "methods of pedagogical-psychological correction of future logic therapists with special school children." american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (2993-2157) 1.10 (2023): 37-40 18. solievna, mirbabayeva nodira, and abdusalomova feruza shokirjan daughter. "protection of the rights of children with disabilities in our republic." science promotion 1.1 (2023): 51-56. 19. soliyevna, mirboboyeva nodiraxon. "thoughts about the stages of development of oligophrenopedagogy and mental retardation." confrencea 7.7 (2022): 102-105. 20. mirbabayeva, nodiraxon, and sarvinoz siddiqova sarvinoz. "aqli zaif bolaning psixologik-pedagogik tasnifi." current approaches and new research in modern sciences 2.6 (2023): 32-36. 331 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. muhtorova, m. b., and islomova zahrohon. "o ‘zbekistonda bola huquqlarini himoya qilishning ilmiy-nazariy asoslari." innovative developments and research in education 3.25 (2024): 130-137. 22. muxtorova, m. b., and toshkentbayeva nafosat. "o’zbekiston respublikasida bola huquqlari va erkinliklarining qonuniy kafolatlari." innovative developments and research in education 3.25 (2024): 124-129. 23. muhtorova, maftuna, and gulmira avazxonova. "maxsus ta’lim muassasalarida bola huquqlari va erkinliklarini ta’minlashning amaldagi xolati." innovative developments and research in education 3.25 (2024): 92-97. 24. muxtorova, m. b., and muhammadjonov shoxrux. "o ‘zbekistonda bola huquqlarini himoya qilish asoslari." innovative developments and research in education 3.25 (2024): 87-91. 186 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 hidden economy, scientific approaches to the reasons for its origin abdurakhmonov ibrokhimjon otajonovich researcher abstract: the article provides scientific and theoretical definitions given by scientists and experts in scientific circles regarding the shadow economy, the specific features of the shadow economy, its impact on the economic, social and political life of the country, the reasons for its occurrence and negative consequences have been scientifically studied. the study summarized the definitions of european, russian and uzbek scientists who conducted scientific research on the topic of the shadow economy, their scientific research on the shadow economy, their scientific results, and also provided general information. conclusion and author's definition of the shadow economy. keywords: shadow economy, gross domestic product, corruption, inflation, tax system, budget deficit, competition, macroeconomic policy, criminal economic activity, criminalization of the economy. the term hidden economy is interpreted differently in foreign scientific literature. in particular, the hidden economy refers to the amount that is not officially recorded in state statistical reports, which must fall into the state budget from the sale and provision of services to tax authorities, but, in various ways, does not fall into the part of the budget revenues of these funds. specifically, "criminal", "informal", "nolegal", "secondary", etc. in english scientific literature, the hidden economy is "informal", "invisible". and in the french scientific literature it is called" underground"," underwater", in the german scientific literature" hidden " economy. this phenomenon, according to the techniques of the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, is interpreted as "hidden economy", and in scientific terms as "hidden economy", "foreign economy". the un's " blue book "gives 3 different concepts regarding the hidden economy, referring to it as a" closed"," informal "and" nonlinear " economy. "closed" economy-business entities are not prohibited from economic activities in the laws, but it is noted that these entities are engaged in a type of economic activity, avoiding taxes and other payments, preferring their economic interests. "informal" economics refers to businesses that are not corporatized, including households engaged in informal economic activities. as an" illegal " economy, the production, sale, provision of services of illegal, unlicensed material and commodity goods are included, which have the property of quickly responding to market requirements. hence, the nature of the hidden economy lies in the fact that on the one hand it is "invisible", on the other hand it is in the diversity of approaches to calculating the hidden economy, and on the third it is in the divergence of relations by states with respect to the hidden economy. the problem of the hidden economy began in the 70s of the 20th century, when scientific works 187 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us described the first thought about the hidden economy and the scientific view of not considering an incalculable economy. in the former union scientific literature, the term was originally observed in the 1960s. also in 1983, the first international conference on the fight against the underground economy was organized in belfield, germany. in 1991, a scientific practical conference was held in geneva dedicated to "secret" and "informal" economics. in our opinion, for the study of the structural structure of the hidden economy, there is a precondition that it is advisable to classify its specific peculiarities, the negative effects that society can have in relation to its social, political, economic life, its threats. in particular, b.a.tagaev described the secret economy as a criminal use of state and non-state property and economic wealth, entrepreneurial abilities, which cannot be controlled by society, while hiding from the management and control of state bodies in order to satisfy the group interests of those who make up part of the country's population, receive a large amount of additional income (profit). i.khotamov, on the other hand, described the hidden economy – laws, legal norms, bypassing the official rules of economic life, that is, a certain type of economic relations that occur outside the scope of the legal field. yu.latov divides the composition of the hidden economy into the following types: "second (white – collar) hidden economy" is an informal and illegal, clandestine type of activity, the main source of income of the owners of such activities is their illegal income from the type of official professional activity. as subjects of the second hidden economy, it is possible to cite mainly those who work in leadership positions, officials or departmental employees. therefore, this type of illegal economic activity is called a "white-collar" secret economy. the second hidden economy is a special aspect of the type of activity – the subjects of such illegal economic activity do not directly provide any services or create material goods in society. they are only involved in the illegal redistribution of social income. a "gray hidden economy" is one that is considered from informal sectors of the economy, and its specific aspect is, to some extent, the type of legal or partially permissible semi-legal economic activity allowed by law. one of its peculiarities is that it is not recorded in official statistical accounts. in addition, the main characteristic of those who are engaged in such a type of economic activity, gray tries to reduce their real income in order to avoid taxes, fees or other payments to the state budget by the subjects of the hidden economy. the gray hidden economy is mainly typical of the economy of developing countries. the "black hidden economy" is an economic criminal activity, primarily associated with organized crime. a distinctive feature of such economic activity is that its subjects are engaged in the sale of material goods of extremely rare goods, services, illegal drug trade, fox holding, illegal gambling, racketeering and other types of activities prohibited by law. when the definitions given to the hidden economy were studied, it was revealed that there were different approaches to it. in particular, russian scientists have given the following definitions in relation to it: yu.latov describes the hidden economy (shadow economy) as an economic activity outside the control and expense of the state, at the same time it is not reflected in official statistics. in terms of the criminal approach (a.k.bekryashev, i.p.belozerov) the composition of the hidden economy is divided into two-namely, the "criminal hidden economy" and the "noncriminal hidden economy". a "criminal latent economy" is a type of activity with a high level of social risk, primarily directly threatening a person's health and life. for example, it is possible to include the illegal trade of a person and his organisms, weapons, narcotic substances. "noncriminal latent economy" is a type of economic activity that does not have a high level of social risk, does not have a direct negative impact on the health and life of people. examples include fine business, the practice of trading activities with the aim of meeting daily needs, and barter relations in peasant farms. in this definition, the authors approach the main focus from a criminalistic point 188 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of view. it should be noted that the hidden economy, which is an economic category, will also have to take into account the economic laws when researching it. another aspect of the informal economy (k.f.becker), defined as an uncontrollable part of a market economy. in our opinion, the given definition is evaluated as the correct interpretation in the general sense. ernando de soto believes that the hidden economy is in the "bad «league of laws in the country, as one of the reasons that arise. these laws provide an artificial barrier to economically active populations, transforming law-abiding citizens into individuals with clandestine economic activities. in order to eliminate this negative situation, it is necessary to reduce the bureaucracy in the field of economic activity in the country. while advancing the initiative to liberalize the economy in stages, it proposes to implement this policy by facilitating the procedure for registering firms, alleviating the burden of taxes, reducing the number of probing instances. according to the a.bekryashev and a.belozerov, the reasons that cause the hidden economy are as follows:  incomplete market information; non-functioning of the market for the benefit of society;  inability of the market to effectively resist external negative factors;  inability of the market to resist social inequality;  lack of objective information about the market when making decisions;  imperfection of political processes;  limitations on the possibility of control over the state apparatus;  anonymity. as another factor affecting the emergence of a hidden economy in society, it can be seen by consumers as they try to circumvent laws for their own benefit in the processes, they receive goods, services or works. examples of this are practices such as not being hit by a check as a result of non-transfer of money through cash control equipment of accrued goods, or avoiding tax and other payments accrued in trade as a result of failure of payment terminals by sellers with different types of cash in the cashless billing process or their faulty withdrawal from there. as another of the factors that cause the emergence of hidden economic activity, it is seen in the fact that the manufacturer tries to be a clear monopoly. with this, the sole producer tries to make a high profit, setting the price policy in the market tanxo. to do this, pre-language efforts are made by the manufacturer with different lobby groups so as not to miss a single monopoly on the market. deficiencies in the legal framework governing economic relations in society are also recognized as a positive influence factor on the development of a hidden economy in the country. in particular, in the process of starting a business, it is reported that the excessive size of the bureaucracy, the high number of taxes, the weight of tax burdens, the large number of other initial payments encourage the subjects of economic activity to close their official income. in addition, the lack of wages paid in society in relation to the work of the economically active population also affects the development of hidden economic relations. that is, as a result of the large number of monthly salaries and surcharges on the payment of equivalent payments to labor workers, low wages are calculated for employees, and the rest is given as wages in the case when they are not indicated in the reports. along with the reasons for the emergence of a secret economy, v.a.timchenko also revealed a number of its negative consequences. including: the hidden economy negatively affects the income of all branches of the state budget; the performance of the state in its function makes it difficult to finance management, defense, fundamental knowledge and other areas; the financial basis of the state, undermines its sovereignty; the increasing amount of money in the hidden economy is seen as a factor affecting the deviation of these funds from state control, a situation that negatively affects the monetary policy of the country; the expansion of hidden economic 189 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us activity negatively affects the positive implementation of the policy of the state at the macroeconomic level. since the hidden economy is not reflected in official statistical indicators, the state creates difficulties in conducting macroeconomic policies; the hidden economy is an obstacle to the effective functioning of the subjects of the economy, which provide production, work or services in the legal economy, the activities of qualified specialists in them. as a result of engaging in clandestine economic activities, the subject of economic activity will be more likely to involve skilled workers and servants in clandestine economic activities due to the high income received by employees as a result of payment of income taxes and other fees, in addition to various homogeneous taxes and fees; the growing volume of the hidden economy shows its negative impact on international economic relations. first of all, infestation has a negative impact on politics. the reason is, the level of the hidden economy in that country is studied by foreign investors before they bring investment into any country. in turn, the funds attracted to this country by foreign investors avoid falling under the influence of those involved in criminal economic activities or economic criminal groups. in our opinion, the hidden economy negatively affects not only the economy of the country, but also its spiritual moral life. including; the greater the hidden economy in society, the more it creates conditions for the expansion of organized crime and corruption in this society. as a result, in the subjects of economic activity, there is an increase in distrust of state law enforcement agencies, and the subjects of the economy begin to refer not to state law enforcement agencies, but to the criminal “names of the universe «here; as another of the most negative peculiarities of the hidden economy for society, it is seen in its penetration into public policy. in this regard, a certain part of the income earned as a result of hidden economic activity leads to the fact that it is spent on the purchase of civil servants. this factor leads to the corruption of society. hence, from the above analyzes, the hidden economy can be given the following author's definition, that is, the hidden economy is the sum of relations based on the involvement by the subjects of the economy in the type of economic activity in violation of the legislation in the country, refusing to pay taxes, fees, duties and other payments that must be paid to state and local budgets. from the above, it can be concluded that scientists believe that the definitions given by experts to a hidden economy differ, the main one of which is that in the core of all tariffs given to a hidden economy there is one main idea that a hidden economy is illegal. literatures: 1. буров в.ю. “теневая деятельность субъектов малого предпринимательства теневые экономические отношения субъектов малого предпринимательства и пути их легализации”//. издательство “lap lambert academic publishing”/ 24-стр. 2. резолюция о статистике занятости в неформальном секторе, принятая 15-й международной конференцией статистиков труда. (статья 5.),(женева, 1993 г.). 3. понятие и структура криминальной экономики https://economics.studio/ekonomicheskievoprosyi-obschiie/ponyatie-struktura-kriminalnoy.html. 4. голованов н.м., перекислов в.е., фадеев в.а., “теневая экономика и легализация преступных доходов”–питер-2003г.стр-9. https://www.azstat.org/kitweb/zipfiles/11606.pdf. 5. альпидовская м.л., грязновоа а., “политэкономические императивы развития”// монография, издательство "проспект", 19 июл. 2019 г. 126-с. 6. тагаев б.а. “яширин иқтисодиёт” иқтисодий хавфсизликка таҳдид сифатида”., “иқтисодиёт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. №3, май-июнь, 2015 йил http://iqtisodiyot.tsue.uz/sites/default/files/maqolalar/23_b_a_tagayev.pdf. 7. хотамов и.с. “яширин иқтисодиётнинг мамлакат хавфсизлигига таҳдиди”., “мамлакат иқтисодий хавфсизлигини таъминлашнинг асосий йўналишлари” https://economics.studio/ekonomicheskie-voprosyi-obschiie/ponyatie-struktura-kriminalnoy.html https://economics.studio/ekonomicheskie-voprosyi-obschiie/ponyatie-struktura-kriminalnoy.html https://www.azstat.org/kitweb/zipfiles/11606.pdf http://iqtisodiyot.tsue.uz/sites/default/files/maqolalar/23_b_a_tagayev.pdf 190 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us мавзусидаги республика илмий-амалий конференцияси материаллари, тошкент 2019 й. i-қисм, 204б. https://tsue.scienceweb.uz/index.php/iqtisodiy_xavfsizlik/article/view/149/103. 8. латов ю.в. ковалев с. н., теневая экономика: учебное пособие для вузов / под ред. д.п.н., д.ю.н., проф. кикотя в.я. д.э.н., п роф. казиахмедова.г.м.,м.: норма, 2006. с.14. 9. бекряшев а.к., белозеров и.п. “теневая экономика и экономическая преступность”/ и криминальной экономики. понятие и структура теневой экономики http://www.finbook.biz/description.html?prm=149. 10. комарова т.в.“теневая экономика в российских регионах” москва 2003 г. 11. kristina f.b. “the informal economy” march 2004, шведский международный агентство сотрудничества развития se-105 25 стокгольма швеция. 12. юсупов ю. статья “как бедную страну сделать богатой”. “иной путь. невидимая революция в третьем мире”., электронный журнал “spot”., 19 марта 2018 г., https://www.spot.uz/ru/2018/03/19/de-soto/. 13. тимченко в.а. “теневая экономика: понятие, причины, социально-экономические последствия, масштабы”., электронный журнал-“виртуальный клуб юристов”., 13.10.2004г., http://www.yurclub.ru/docs/other/article50.html https://tsue.scienceweb.uz/index.php/iqtisodiy_xavfsizlik/article/view/149/103 http://www.finbook.biz/description.html?prm=149 https://www.spot.uz/ru/2018/03/19/de-soto/ http://www.yurclub.ru/docs/other/article50.html 20-24 application of international private law doctrines to cross-border “green” agreements 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 application of international private law doctrines to cross-border “green” agreements davlatova guliza shavkat kizi phd student of tashkent state university of law gprimova97@gmail.com abstract: in the context of the global transition to sustainable development, the importance of cross-border agreements aimed at environmental protection is increasing. this article is dedicated to the analysis of key doctrines of private international law applied within the framework of “green” cross-border transactions, including the autonomy of the parties’ will, the principle of closest connection, imperative norms, and public policy. legal approaches of various countries are examined, and the problems and prospects of legal regulation from the perspective of sustainable development are outlined. keywords: international private law, green agreements, sustainable development, cross-border contract, autonomy of will, imperative norms, ordre public. with the development of the concept of sustainable development and the green economy, crossborder agreements aimed at environmental protection are becoming increasingly relevant. such agreements, whether they involve the supply of environmentally friendly technologies, investments in renewable energy, or transboundary water resource management, require a careful approach to determining the applicable law. private international law provides a range of doctrines that ensure flexibility and legal certainty in such transactions. 1. the doctrine of party autonomy (lex voluntatis) as the basis of “green” contractual interaction. this doctrine is recognized in many jurisdictions and international instruments, such as the 1980 rome convention and the rome i regulation of the european union. it provides predictability and flexibility in international commercial relations. however, there are limitations: the choice of law must not contradict the public policy of the state, and in some cases (for example, in consumer contracts), the protection of the weaker party may restrict the application of the chosen law. the autonomy of the parties allows participants in green deals to choose applicable law that takes into account environmental priorities. for example, international companies can choose the law of a jurisdiction where environmental standards are more developed and align with the principles of sustainable development. example: a german investor and an indonesian company enter into a contract for the construction of a solar power plant in indonesia and choose swiss law as the applicable law, as it better regulates green investments. 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this freedom of choice is recognized in the hague principles of 2015 and the eu regulation rome i (art. 3), as well as in a number of national legislations.1 2. the doctrine of closest connection (proper law) in the context of transboundary environmental projects. this doctrine is applied to ensure an objective and fair choice of applicable law. it takes into account the factual circumstances of each specific case. however, the definition of “closest connection” can be subjective and cause disputes, leading to uncertainty in law enforcement. if the parties have not specified the applicable law, the law of the state with which the contract is most closely connected shall apply. in “green” projects, this is usually the country where the project is being carried out and the environmental mission is being implemented. example: a cross-border agreement between kazakh and chinese entities for the restoration of the ecosystem of a border river. since the project is being implemented on the territory of kazakhstan, kazakh law will most likely be applicable.2 scientists emphasize that in environmental agreements, the “closest connection” should take into account environmental jurisdiction, not just economic.3 3. law of the place of conclusion of the contract (lex loci contractus) and its limited application in green deals. the law of the place of contract conclusion is rarely applied today as the sole criterion, especially in digital and cross-border “green” projects concluded online. however, it can play a supplementary role in the absence of other criteria. example: the parties concluded an online contract for the export of waste processing technologies, and the only specified element is the place of signing in the netherlands. then dutch law applies unless the parties choose otherwise.4 4. imperative norms (lois de police) and public order (ordre public): protection of “green” interests. even with a contractual choice of law, courts can apply their own imperative norms aimed at environmental protection. for example, national legislation may prohibit the implementation of certain projects due to harm to nature. example: if the project violates european co₂ emission standards, the eu court may refuse to recognize or enforce the contract, even if it is governed by the law of another country.5 scientists note that environmental standards are increasingly being viewed as imperative, especially in eu countries. 5. doctrine of lex mercatoria or “commercial law”, is a set of universal norms, principles, trade customs, and standards of conduct that have developed in international commercial practice. this doctrine functions as a supranational legal order, applied in cross-border transactions regardless of the national legislation of the parties involved. a distinctive feature of lex mercatoria is its flexibility and ability to adapt to the modern conditions of transnational trade, including transactions aimed at achieving sustainable development goals. example: in the arbitration practice of the international chamber of commerce (icc), in the absence of a choice of applicable law, the agreement for the supply of equipment for wind 1 lando, o., & nielsen, a. (2006). the rome i regulation and green contracting. journal of private international law, 2(3), 27–35. 2 boele-woelki, k. (2011). unification and harmonization of private international law in green economy projects. yearbook of private international law, vol. xiii. 3 mayer, b. (2021). environmental protection in private international law: a shift toward ecological connectivity. environmental law review, 23(2), 109–122. 4 based on rome i regulation and case law: intercontainer interfrigo v. balkenende, ecj case c-133/08. 5 european court of justice, c-366/10, air transport association of america, [2011] ecr i-13755. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us energy was governed by lex mercatoria as a set of universally accepted principles and standards of environmentally responsible trade.6 importance for “green” agreements: lex mercatoria allows the application of principles such as good faith, sustainability, and environmental responsibility of the parties, even if national law does not directly provide for them. many modern model laws (for example, unidroit principles) include environmental aspects and thereby serve as the foundation of “green” lex mercatoria.7 scientists emphasize that the development of lex mercatoria contributes to the “greening” of international trade and the formation of a universal standard of responsible behavior.8 6. the doctrine of harmonization and unification of international contract law. the doctrine of harmonization and unification lies in the efforts of international organizations and states to create unified norms or agreed approaches in the regulation of international treaties. this helps eliminate contradictions between national systems, facilitate cross-border trade, and increase the predictability of the legal consequences of treaties. the key acts of harmonization include: united nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods (vienna convention, 1980); uncitral principles (1994, rev. 2016); hague principles on choice of law in international commercial contracts (2015); uncitral model laws. importance for “green” agreements: unification allows for the implementation of environmental standards as part of international contractual practice. through the recognition of common principles—such as responsibility for environmental harm, sustainability, and good faith— international private law can become a tool for environmental protection. example: in a number of transactions governed by the vienna convention (cisg), the parties additionally include provisions on sustainability certification, energy efficiency, and material recycling—thereby harmonizing “green” goals with the unified norms of the international treaty.9 researchers note that harmonization contributes to the inclusion of sustainable development goals into legal systems, even if they are not yet enshrined in national legislation.10 comparative legal analysis of the application of doctrines to “green” cross-border agreements european union within the eu, regulation no. 593/2008 (“rome i”) is in effect, providing extensive opportunities for the autonomy of the parties’ will (art. 3), as well as establishing the application of the principle of closest connection (art. 4) in the absence of choice. a distinctive feature of the eu is the active use of imperative environmental norms (article 9) and the principle of ordre public (article 21), which makes environmental protection a key element of private law regulation. 6 international chamber of commerce. icc arbitration case no. 9797 of 1999 // icc international court of arbitration bulletin. – 2000. – vol. 11(2). 7 unidroit principles of international commercial contracts. – rome: unidroit, 2016. 8 vogenauer s. commentary on the unidroit principles of international commercial contracts (picc). – oxford: oxford university press, 2015. 9 united nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods (cisg). – vienna, 1980. 10 bonell m.j. the unidroit principles and sustainable development goals // uniform law review. – 2020. – vol. 25(4). – p. 617–634. 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us example: a french company operating in the field of plastic recycling was unable to fulfill a contract with an argentine partner due to a violation of eu directives on secondary waste — despite the applicability of argentine law.11 united states of america the united states traditionally relies on conflict of laws rules developed at the state level, particularly the restatement (second) of conflict of laws. although autonomy of will is recognized, courts often consider the public interest of the state, especially if the project affects environmental safety. example: in the case of environmental systems v. globaltech (2020), the california court applied state regulations governing toxic emissions, despite the contractual application of english law.12 republic of uzbekistan in accordance with article 1182 of the civil code of the republic of uzbekistan, the parties can independently choose the applicable law. in the absence of such a choice, the law of the country with which the contract is most closely connected is used. however, in environmental transactions, there is no clear definition of imperative norms and mechanisms for ecosystem protection within the framework of private international law. the necessity of incorporating norms prioritizing sustainable development into international treaty relations was noted in the study by yu. b. khozhiev.13 conclusion the application of international private law doctrines to “green” cross-border agreements is not just a matter of legal technique, but also a reflection of the global trend towards the greening of international obligations. the pursuit of harmonizing these doctrines with the principles of sustainable development could be the next step in the evolution of international private law. current issues in this field: lack of a unified definition of “green cross-border agreement”; insufficient development of conflict-of-law norms taking into account the goals of sustainable development; limited application of imperative environmental standards in a number of countries. prospective tasks of legal regulation of green cross-border contracts: development of an international convention on the application of environmental principles in private law contracts; inclusion of “environmental connection” as an additional criterion in determining the applicable law; recognition of sustainable development as an element of international public order (ordre public ecologique). green cross-border agreements require a special approach to the choice and application of law. the doctrines of private international law—autonomy of will, closest connection, mandatory norms, and public policy—create a flexible yet stable legal framework. their application allows for consideration of not only the legal interests of the parties but also global environmental priorities. 11 ecj, case c-526/13, greenpeace france v. total raffinage. 12 california superior court, environmental systems inc. v. globaltech solutions, no. 20-cv-45503. 13 хожиев ю.б. применение норм международного частного права в условиях устойчивого развития // журнал гражданского и хозяйственного права. – 2023. – №4. – с. 27–31. 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. lando, o., & nielsen, a. (2006). the rome i regulation and green contracting. journal of private international law, 2(3), 27–35. 2. boele-woelki, k. (2011). unification and harmonization of private international law in green economy projects. yearbook of private international law, vol. xiii. 3. mayer, b. (2021). environmental protection in private international law: a shift toward ecological connectivity. environmental law review, 23(2), 109–122. 4. based on rome i regulation and case law: intercontainer interfrigo v. balkenende, ecj case c-133/08. 5. european court of justice, c-366/10, air transport association of america, [2011] ecr i13755. 6. international chamber of commerce. icc arbitration case no. 9797 of 1999 // icc international court of arbitration bulletin. – 2000. – vol. 11(2). 7. unidroit principles of international commercial contracts. – rome: unidroit, 2016. 8. vogenauer s. commentary on the unidroit principles of international commercial contracts (picc). – oxford: oxford university press, 2015. 9. united nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods (cisg). – vienna, 1980. 10. bonell m.j. the unidroit principles and sustainable development goals // uniform law review. – 2020. – vol. 25(4). – p. 617–634. 11. ecj, case c-526/13, greenpeace france v. total raffinage. 12. california superior court, environmental systems inc. v. globaltech solutions, no. 20-cv45503. 13. хожиев ю.б. применение норм международного частного права в условиях устойчивого развития // журнал гражданского и хозяйственного права. – 2023. – №4. – с. 27–31. 25-29 advantages of using new information technologies in insurance activities 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 advantages of using new information technologies in insurance activities rafiyeva zarina samarkand institute of economics and service, assistant of the department of “investment and innovations” shavkatova sabina student of the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: this article analyzes the advantages of using modern information technologies in insurance activities. in particular, it covers aspects such as automation of insurance services through digital transformation processes, artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud technologies and mobile applications, improving the quality of customer service, expanding the possibilities of risk analysis and control. also, using the example of the insurance market of uzbekistan, practical examples are shown to show how the introduction of information technologies affects efficiency. the article provides conclusions and recommendations on the role of technological innovations in the development of the insurance system and promising directions. keywords: insurance activities, information technologies, digital transformation, artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud technologies, mobile applications, risk analysis, insurance innovation, insurance market of uzbekistan. introduction in recent years, the rapid development of the digital economy worldwide has necessitated the widespread introduction of innovative approaches in various fields, including the insurance system. in particular, new information and communication technologies (ict) allow insurance companies to modernize their operational activities, simplify and automate service processes, and establish interactive relationships with customers. this, in turn, creates the basis for increasing the quality and efficiency of services, increasing user trust and satisfaction. the use of information technologies in modern insurance activities is not limited to providing services quickly and conveniently, but also provides a number of advantages, such as analytical capabilities, identifying and assessing risks, early detection of insurance fraud, and providing personalized offers to customers. in particular, innovative solutions such as artificial intelligence, big data technology, blockchain, mobile applications, and cloud computing are radically improving the efficiency of the insurance system. by introducing digital technologies, insurance companies are able not only to optimize internal business processes, but also to implement modern approaches such as creating new products and services, providing fast and transparent customer service, real-time data exchange, automatic payments and processing of claims. the insurance market of uzbekistan is not left out of this trend. as part of the transition to a digital economy, a number of reforms are being implemented in the country to digitize the insurance sector. in particular, practices such as electronic policies, online insurance platforms, 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and providing services through mobile applications are being introduced. at the same time, one of the urgent tasks in this regard is to study international experience, advanced technological solutions and innovative approaches and adapt them to national conditions. this article will comprehensively cover the main areas of using new information technologies in insurance activities, their advantages, practical applications, and the importance of digital transformation within the insurance market of uzbekistan. it also analyzes the new opportunities arising from the introduction of technologies and the problems arising in this process. literature review the use of information technologies in insurance activities has been the focus of scientific research by many foreign and domestic researchers in recent years. in particular, approaches aimed at digital transformation, the introduction of innovative technologies, meeting customer needs, and increasing efficiency are widely studied in this area. reports from the world bank, the international finance corporation (ifc), and other international organizations provide information on the positive results achieved through the integration of digital technologies, in particular, mobile applications, artificial intelligence (ai), cloud technologies, and blockchain technologies into insurance services. consulting companies such as mckinsey & company and deloitte, in their analytical reports, analyze the role of technologies in the insurance sector and emphasize their importance in simplifying business processes. for example, p. cummins and m. weiss (2018) show in their research that insurance companies have the opportunity to establish effective relationships with customers, accurately analyze risks, and optimize insurance premiums through the use of digital tools. also, e. brynjolfsson and a. mcafee (2014) highlight the impact of technological innovations on economic efficiency, noting that new business models are emerging in the insurance sector through information technologies. uzbek researchers, including sh. tokhtayev, kh. mamatkulov, d. nuriddinova and others, have conducted research on the application of information technologies in the insurance sector in the national context, the state of the existing infrastructure, changes in legislation and the introduction of digital platforms. their scientific articles and analyses cover in detail the possibilities and limitations of using ict in national insurance companies. also, the resolutions and decrees of the president and government of the republic of uzbekistan on the development of the digital economy and financial system in 2020–2024 serve as the main regulatory and legal source in this direction. for example, within the framework of the “digital uzbekistan – 2030” strategy, a wide range of measures has been set for the digitalization of financial and insurance services. the analysis of the above literature shows that the use of information technologies in insurance activities is a relevant scientific and practical direction, and research in this area is deepening at new stages of technological development. this article, based on the analysis of existing scientific sources, aims to highlight the possibilities and prospects for the implementation of these technologies in the insurance market of uzbekistan. methodology the rapid development of modern information and communication technologies is fundamentally changing the form and content of insurance activities worldwide. digital transformation processes in the insurance sector are helping to improve the quality of services, automate processes, provide convenient and fast services to customers, as well as reduce costs and increase efficiency. in particular, innovative solutions such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data technology, cloud technologies, mobile applications are taking the operational activities of insurance companies to a new level. today, many types of insurance services are offered through online platforms. customers can issue insurance policies, make payments, register losses online in the event of an insured event, and receive a quick response 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us through mobile applications. this not only creates convenience for customers, but also simplifies the company's operations and reduces errors due to the human factor. at the same time, artificial intelligence also has the ability to predict customers' insurance needs in advance, assess the level of risk, and offer suitable products, which leads to the personalization of insurance services. the world's experience is a vivid example of the activities of leading companies that have successfully implemented digital technologies in the insurance system. for example, insurance companies in countries such as the usa, germany, japan, south korea, and china have implemented mechanisms such as ensuring the transparency of insurance contracts, reducing fraud, and automatically reviewing claims through blockchain technology. big data technologies, on the other hand, allow for an individual approach and accurate assessment of risks by analyzing large amounts of customer data. certain work is also being carried out in uzbekistan on digitalization in the insurance sector. in particular, within the framework of the "digital uzbekistan 2030" strategy, a legal framework is being created for the digitalization of the financial sector, in particular, insurance services. most insurance companies are launching online services through their official websites or mobile applications. services such as electronic policies, online consultations, and confirmation of contracts by electronic signature are practical manifestations of digital transformation. the central bank also makes recommendations aimed at the widespread introduction of information technologies in this direction. however, the unpreparedness of the existing infrastructure for fully digital services, insufficient human resources, and problems with cyber threats and information security are slowing down this process. however, global experience shows that companies that have switched to digital technologies are developing faster than companies based on traditional business models and are able to attract more customers. the rapid introduction of innovative technologies is also important to ensure the competitiveness of the uzbek insurance market. in conclusion, the use of information technologies provides a number of advantages in insurance activities: the speed and quality of service provision increases, costs are reduced, customer relations are strengthened, risks are accurately assessed, and transparency and reliability are ensured. to fully utilize these opportunities, it is necessary to improve the technological infrastructure, provide industry personnel with modern knowledge and skills, strengthen information security, and adapt international experiences to national conditions. digital technologies are opening up great opportunities for the insurance industry, and their correct and effective direction is one of the most urgent tasks today. analysis and results studies and practical observations have shown that the use of new information technologies in the insurance sector leads to a number of positive results. in particular, the analysis shows that companies that have implemented digital technologies have increased the speed and quality of service compared to traditional operators, reduced their costs, and achieved a steady increase in the number of customers. 1. automation of service processes with the help of technology, key processes such as issuing an insurance policy, processing claims, and making payments are performed online, quickly, and less dependent on the human factor. this has increased the company's efficiency. 2. identification of customer needs and provision of personalized services based on artificial intelligence and big data, customer habits and requirements are analyzed and suitable service packages are offered for them. this increases customer loyalty. 3. the ability to accurately assess and manage risks technologies, in particular, allow for the prediction of risks in advance through automatic data collection and analysis. as a result, insurance companies are managing their risk portfolios more effectively. 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. fraud detection – using blockchain technology and smart contracts, transparency in the insurance system is increasing, and false claims are being prevented. 5. improving the quality of customer interaction – through mobile applications and web interfaces, customers can communicate with the company 24/7, which increases their satisfaction level and strengthens the reliability of services. an analysis of the activities of insurance companies in uzbekistan shows that their digital transformation processes are being carried out gradually. most companies have introduced policy ordering, online payment and consulting services through official websites and applications. however, digital insurance services are not fully automated, many processes are carried out semi-automatically. this indicates that the potential is not being fully utilized. as a result, the following main conclusions were formed: ø information technologies are an important factor in increasing the competitiveness of the insurance industry; ø digital services reduce costs, increase the number of customers, and improve the quality of service; ø it is necessary to strengthen the infrastructure and knowledge capacity in this area in uzbekistan; ø solving the problems of security, legislation, and technological adaptation will ensure the widespread implementation of the digital insurance system. thus, the use of modern information technologies not only increases the efficiency of insurance companies, but also serves to create more reliable and convenient services for customers. conclusion and suggestions the results of the study showed that the use of new information technologies in the insurance sector is an important factor not only in improving the quality of service, but also in ensuring the effective functioning of the entire system. digital technologies allow insurance companies to automate their services, adapt to customer needs, reduce operating costs, and accurately assess risks. world practice shows that companies that have implemented digital solutions have an advantage in the market and are able to ensure high trust and customer loyalty. although the process of digitizing the insurance market in uzbekistan is ongoing, there are still untapped opportunities and problems that need to be resolved. the incomplete formation of the infrastructure, the lack of it personnel, and risks associated with information security are hindering the full digital transformation of this industry. at the same time, the existing legislative framework also requires improvement in some aspects. based on the above, the following proposals can be put forward: 1. development of the digital infrastructure of the insurance sector companies should modernize their it systems, introduce high-tech tools to provide fast and secure services. 2. increasing the capacity of specialists increased attention should be paid to training it specialists and actuaries who have a deep understanding of information technologies and can put them into practice. 3. strengthening information security mechanisms for protecting client data in digital services should be strengthened. in this regard, it is important to introduce cybersecurity protocols. 4. improving mobile applications and online platforms convenient platforms should be developed where all insurance services (policy issuance, payment, claims processing) are carried out through a single electronic system. 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. studying international experience and adapting them to national conditions it is necessary to analyze the experience of developed countries and put them into practice in the conditions of uzbekistan. 6. improving the legislative framework for digital services it is necessary to legally strengthen processes such as electronic policies, smart contracts, remote authentication. in conclusion, the digital transformation of the insurance system will serve to increase the overall competitiveness of the uzbek financial market. if reforms in this area are consistently continued, not only insurance companies, but also the population will have increased confidence in insurance, and financial stability will be ensured. references 1. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m.mirziyoyev “new uzbekistan development strategy for 2022–2026”, 2022. 2. reports of the insurance market development agency under the ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan, 2022–2024. – www.sugurtaagency.uz 3. deloitte (2023). 2023 insurance industry outlook: unlocking growth in the digital era. – www2.deloitte.com 4. pwc (2023). top insurance industry trends 2023: technology-driven transformation. – pricewaterhousecoopers global insights. 5. mckinsey & company (2023). the future of insurance: driving growth through digital innovation. 6. capgemini & efma (2023). world insurance report 2023. – www.capgemini.com 7. international association of insurance supervisors (iais) (2023). report on fintech developments in insurance markets. 8. oecd (2022). technology and innovation in insurance: policy developments and challenges. 9. accenture (2023). insurance technology vision 2023: reinventing insurance through data and ai. – www.accenture.com 10. jumaev, sh. (2023). “digital transformation in the insurance market: experience and prospects of uzbekistan”. economic research and innovation, no. 2, 45–52. 143 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 influence of the application of various preparations on the quality of melon fruits akhmedova munisa abdimazhitovna junior researcher, research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato, zash.ras2018@mail.ru dusmuratova saodat ismailovna doctor of agricultural sciences, professor tashkent branch of astrakhan state technical university, saodatis@mail.ru abstract: this article examines the influence of various preparations used for pre-sowing treatment of melon seeds and plant spraying during the growing season on the chemical composition of the fruits. research results demonstrated that treating melon seeds before sowing with a water-soluble nanosilicon concentrate (0.1 g/l) and maxim xl 3.5% (5 ml/kg) at the recommended rate, as well as spraying plants with an iron oxide solution (fe2o3-1 g/l) before flowering, positively affects the content of water-soluble dry matter, sugars, ascorbic acid, and nitrates in the fruits. keywords: melon, seeds, plants, preparations, fruits, ascorbic acid, water-soluble dry matter, total sugar content, nitrates. introduction. in 2023, melons were cultivated on an area of 1,092,354 hectares worldwide, with a total production of 29.5 million tons. on a global scale, the volume of melon cultivation in european countries accounted for 6.5%, in the americas 13%, in africa 4.4%, in oceania 0.8%, while asian countries held the largest share at 75.4% [1]. in 2024, the countries that exported the largest quantities of melons were kazakhstan (6,200 tons), kyrgyzstan (7,200 tons), russia (5,900 tons), latvia (1,300 tons), and germany (800 tons). meanwhile, from january to july 2024, uzbekistan exported 24,300 tons of melons to foreign countries, valued at 10.8 million us dollars [2]. the dry matter content in melon fruits averages 6-18.5%, including 4.6-15.8% sugar. it lacks starch and contains low amounts of proteins (0.5-1.1%) and fats. its energy value is 39 kcal or 164 kj per 100 g. vitamin c content ranges from 13-29 mg%, and other vitamins are present in small quantities. among mineral substances, potassium is the most abundant at 118 mg %, while many other macroand microelements are present in smaller quantities. the highest sugar concentration in melon fruits is found at the top, followed by the center, with the least amount at the base. on the sunny side of the fruit, more sugar accumulates than on the side lying on the ground. ripe melon fruits surpass watermelon in their total sugar content, but unlike watermelon, melon sugar is represented not by fructose but by less sweet sucrose. the absorbable iron in melons is twice as much as in pumpkin, cucumber, tomatoes, and carrots, and 17 times as much as in milk. melon contains alkaline salts and valuable organic acids: malic and citric. vitamin c (50 mg %) is three times more abundant in it than in watermelon. melon is rich 144 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in inositol (vitamin b8) a substance whose properties prevent hair loss, as well as the accumulation of fat and cholesterol in the liver [3]. research methodology. in 2022-2023, we studied the effects of various preparations on the growth and development of melon plants, yield, and fruit quality in the agrochemical laboratory of the research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato and in field experiments. experiments were conducted on the "kichkintoy" melon variety, which is regionalized in the republic, using 5 variants. the first and second tables of the experiment present the following: control (seeds soaked in water); nanosilicon 0.1 g/l, maxim xl 3.5% 5 ml/kg (seeds were treated and plants were sprayed twice on the leaves before flowering); bio fertilizer 1 g/l (seeds were treated with nanosilicon 0.1 g/l, maxim xl 3.5% 5 ml/kg, and plants were fertilized twice with npk+microelements via foliar application before flowering); mno2 1 g/l (seeds were treated with nanosilicon 0.1 g/l, maxim xl 3.5% 5 ml/kg, and plants were fertilized twice with manganese dioxide via foliar application before flowering); fe2o3 1 g/l (seeds were treated with nanosilicon -.1 g/l, maxim xl 3.5% 5 ml/kg, and plants were sprayed twice with iron oxide before flowering). the environmentally friendly nanosilicon preparation, maxim xl 3.5% preparation, biofertilizer, and microelement solution were compared with the control (seeds soaked in water), and their effects on the chemical composition of the fruits were studied. the content of watersoluble dry matter in the fruits was determined using a refractometer (%), sugar content was measured by the bertrand method (%) [3], ascorbic acid (vitamin c) was quantified using the murri method (mg %), and nitrate content was assessed using the "disulfophenol" method [4]. research results. in 2022-2023, the biochemical composition of watermelon fruits obtained from seeds treated with the aforementioned preparations was studied at the agrochemical laboratory of the research institute of vegetable, melon crops and potato (tables 1-2). laboratory analysis results of melon fruits revealed that treating melon seeds with nano-silicon at a concentration of 0.1 g/l led to an increase in water-soluble dry matter content by 0.3% (9.0%), total sugar by 0.2% (6.9%), and ascorbic acid by an average of 0.5 mg/% (15.8 mg/%). additionally, the nitrate content decreased by 0.2 mg/kg (17.9 mg/kg) compared to the control (18.1 mg/kg). table 1. the effect of various preparations on the biochemical properties of melon fruits of the kichkintoy variety, 2022-2023 when treating melon seeds with nano-silicon and spraying the plants twice before flowering with bio fertilizer 1 g/l (npk+microelements) and manganese dioxide (mno2 -1 g/l), an increase in the content of water-soluble dry matter in the fruits by 0.5-0.7 % (9.2-9.4%) compared to the control was observed. additionally, total sugar increased by 0.5-0.6 % (7.2-7.3 %), ascorbic acid by 0.7-1.3 mg/% (16.0-16.6%), while the nitrate content was 0.7-0.6 mg/kg lower (17.4-17.5 mg/kg) compared to the control (table 1). experience options water-soluble dry matter, % total sugar content, % ascorbic acid, mg/% n-no3 mg/kg control (seed soaking in water) 8,7 6,7 15,3 18,1 nanosilicon 0.1 g/l (seed soaking) 9,0 6,9 15,8 17,9 nanosilicon 0.1 g/l + bio1 fertilizer 1 g/l 9,4 7,3 16,6 17,4 nanosilicon 0.1 g/l + mno2 1 g/l 9,2 7,2 16,0 17,5 nanosilicon 0.1 g/l + fe2o3 1 g/l 9,9 7,6 17,1 17,0 145 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the best results in the experiment were achieved by treating melon seeds with nano-silicon and applying a double foliar spray of iron oxide (fe2o3 1 g/l) to plants before flowering. consequently, compared to the control group, the fruits showed an increase in water-soluble dry matter content by 1.2% (reaching 9.9%), total sugar by 0.9% (reaching 7.6%), and ascorbic acid by 1.8 mg/% (reaching 17.1 mg/%). additionally, the nitrate content decreased by 1.1 mg/kg (down to 17.0 mg/kg). picture 1. the process of analyzing melon fruits in an agrochemical laboratory. in the variant where melon seeds were treated with maxim xl at a rate of 3.5%, 5 ml/kg, the water-soluble dry matter content in the fruits increased by 0.1% (to 8.9%), the total sugar content by 0.2% (to 6.5%), the ascorbic acid content by 0.7 mg/% (to 16.6 mg/%), and the nitrate content decreased by 0.3 mg/kg (to 17.3 mg/kg) compared to the control (table 2). table 2. effects of various preparations on the biochemical properties of kichkintoy melon variety fruits, 2022-2023 when treating melon seeds with maxim xl and applying a double foliar spray to plants before flowering using bio fertilizer at 1 g/l (npk+microelements), manganese dioxide (mno2 at 1 g/l), and iron oxide (fe2o3 at 1 g/l), the following results were observed compared to the control: an increase in water-soluble dry matter content in fruits by 0.4-0.7% (reaching 9.3-9.6%), total sugar content by 0.6-0.9% (reaching 6.9-7.2%), and ascorbic acid content by 1.4-2.1 mg/% (reaching 17.3-18.0 mg/%). additionally, the nitrate content decreased by 0.6-0.9 mg/kg compared to the control (which had 17.0-16.7 mg/kg). 146 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusions. the application of various preparations for pre-sowing seed treatment and plant spraying during the melon's growing season demonstrated a positive effect on fruit quality. the best results were achieved when treating melon seeds with nanosilicon (0.1 g/l) and maxim xl 3.5% (5 ml/kg), as well as by double-spraying plants with iron oxide solution (fe2o3 1 g/l) before flowering. it was established that, compared to the control, the content of water-soluble dry matter in the fruits increased by 0.7-1.2%, total sugar content by 0.9%, ascorbic acid by 1.82.1 mg/%, while the nitrate content decreased by 0.9-1.1 mg/kg. literature 1. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/qcl/visualize 2. https://gov.uz/oz/agro/news/view/20908 3. zuev v.i., mavlyanova r.f., dusmuratova s.i., buriev kh.ch. vegetables as food and medicine. under the general editorship of v.i. zuev. // navrouz publishing house. tashkent, uzbekistan. 2016. pp. 86-87. 4. peterburgsky a.v. / practicum on agrochemistry. moscow, 1954, pp. 16-109. 5. b.p. pleshkov / practicum on plant biochemistry. moscow, 1968, pp. 12-110. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/qcl/visualize https://gov.uz/oz/agro/news/view/20908 363 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the study of “social governance” as a managerial activity in the sociology of governance kozimjon kosimov lecturer, fergana medical institute of public health odinakhon abdusamatova student, fergana state university, uzbekistan, fergana city abstract: when it is called socially management, the form of social relations established between people in relation to power and subordination is understood, which is determined by the location and tasks of people in a labor organization. to date, in sociology, the definition of management as “directing the behavior of people in a certain way based on the interests of the organization without noticing them” is widely used. therefore, sometimes scientists equate management to art. in this article, “social management” has been scientifically researched as a specific type of management activity. keywords: management, social management, sociology of management, management activity, social attitude. introduction sociology of management is considered a synthetic science formed by the addition of two independent disciplines – sociology and management. it is known that sociology, by objectively analyzing social relations between people, identifies the laws and laws that govern society, studies different forms of society and the behavior of small groups and individual individuals. the main purpose of the management, on the other hand, is to determine the ways in which social relations are practically effective for the benefit of certain social groups, organizations and society. the concept of “governance”, first introduced into practice in the united states, is studied today by many disciplines. but they all support the idea that the main goal of management is to manage people and direct their activities in the interests of a particular organization or social institution on the basis of a previously developed plan. research methodology social systems are the most complex systems, and their management is the most difficult type of management. social management is understood as the impact on the community of people in order to streamline society, improve and develop it, and achieve the tasks facing people. the objective necessity of social management is conditioned by the social nature of people's existence work, other relationships, communication, interaction. one of the main features of the sociology of management is that it is a practical science. as part of general sociology, he studies the formation, functioning and development of processes involved in the field of management in society, the mechanisms of social changes and 364 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us relationships, the laws of social movements. since the control process consists of many bosses, it covers a wide variety of components into the oocyte, and different disciplines research it based on their point of view. each of them determines its object and subject in this process. the concept of “social management” is used in a broad and narrow sense. in a narrow sense, social management is the process of influencing social processes, structures and social institutions in the direction of a previously planned goal. in a broad sense, when it is called social management, the sociology of management is understood, that is, it is the sphere of certain human activity that objectively constitutes a certain group of workers – managers. the group of managers includes scientific researchers as well as educators who retrain management personnel. social management is always necessary when people are working together to ensure its coordination and regulation, consistency of individual actions. the object of social management is the existing relations in society, social formations, and individuals. the subject of management is managers who exercise personal leadership and collective management bodies of any communities of people, including state and non-state organizations, enterprises, institutions, their structural divisions, public associations, international organizations; public authorities and local governments, their officials. despite the significant role played in the management of social systems by subjective factors of a volitional, emotional, or other psychological nature, established relationships between people, traditions, foundations, habits, moral and ethical norms, etc., the management of such systems of any size and hierarchy is determined by general patterns inherent in the management process, unified approaches to acceptance and implementation management decisions based on the receipt, transformation and transmission of information. however, the organization of information exchange between elements of social systems, methods of obtaining, evaluating and analyzing it, mechanisms for making managerial decisions and influencing people in many ways fundamentally differ from management in systems of a different nature. this is explained not only by the complexity of socio-economic processes, as well as the biological, psychological and social characteristics of people as elements of a social system, but also by the variety of information flows in such systems. the importance of the sociology of management is historically justified by the emergence of the division of labor in society and in labor collectives. in this respect, the sociology of management can be interpreted as an important element of society. a key concept in the sociology of governance is “influence”, which refers to the perceived and planned, purposeful influence of the subject of governance towards the stewards. influences in the social system can be different in their size, essence and strength of direction. accordingly, the essence of management changes. in public administration, governance will 365 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us always be associated with state and political power. as a key element in public administration lies the achievement of the goal. the system of goal formation is most influenced by the economic and political system of society, the level of development of the institution of civil society, national, historical and cultural traditions. all this can cause changes in goals. while this is the case, the system of goals is always involved in directing public administration in a certain way. management relations are characterized by their complexity. the relationship of the subjects of management consists of organizational relations, which is considered an integral, important element of the process of annihilation. organizational relations of management entities include relations such as subordination and coordination, responsibility and competition, centralization and privatization. these relationships can be vertical and horizontal, formal and informal. results and discussion in order to effectively implement it during the management activities, specialization is introduced on certain subjects, content, type of labor, as well as a cooperation is carried out to organize the qualified work of the entire management bodies. in order to achieve cooperation, a formal organizational structure of the governing body is created, which implies a sequential and hierarchical arrangement of departments and lovizim. but this official structure must be constantly compared with an informal structure and take it into account. only under this condition will management activities be effective and lucky. the laws of the sociology of management reflect important invariable internal features of the management process. these laws are of an objective nature and will not depend on the will and purpose of people. through the conscious application of control laws, it makes it possible to adapt the activities of people to the objective requirements of life. in sociology, the following manifestations of the laws of management are studied: 1. the law of diversity. diversity should be reflected in the activities of management entities and managed facilities. the more complex the management object, the more complex the governing body should become. the subjects of management should have a variety of methods and ways to implement the decisions made and direct the activities of individuals to them. at the same time, determining which of the controlled objects, at what point, and by what method to influence, is a sign of effective management. 2. the law of specialization of management. the practice of managing modern social relations leads day by day to the division of tasks in this area. these tasks are valid at different stages of management, under certain conditions and directions. therefore, management requires high qualifications in economic, political, psychological, organizational and technical, legal and other areas. the subject of management develops management decisions, projects, programs and concepts, mastering and relying on knowledge in various fields. 3. law of integration of management. it provides for the unification of specialized actions in the framework of a single system at different stages of the management process and direction. as unifying factors, the goals, tasks and interests of society are manifested. 4. the law of saving time. this law is considered one of the main laws in the activities of management. it implies that the putty will melt at the goal with the minimum amount of time. the less time is spent on this, the lower the consumption of material goods, human and financial resources. 5. the law of importance of social goals. at the time of the imposition of the goals of management activities, it is determined which of them are dolzab, which are auxiliary and binary. for example, the main goals in the management of society are not production, economics or politics. in this case, the main goal is to raise and improve the lives of members of society in a sustainable way. 366 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. the law of increasing subjectivity and intellectuality in the management process. since all social relations in management activities are quite human, they are all transmitted through human consciousness, improved and developed by people. this process is considered to be directly related to the form of industrial relations in society and the change in them. the law of the predominance of a global goal underlies social governance. its essence is that any social system will consist of several subsystems. an important law of social governance is that it has a doctrinal nature. the development and implementation of the social doctrine during the management process expresses the systemativeness of the management effect. therefore, social doctrine is a type of global technology that determines the position of the social system in the geopolitical field. it shows the main ones in the implementation of the indigenous social needs of a particular nation, includes the mechanisms of their implementation (economic, international, cultural, environmental, military) and is considered the basis for the implementation of various types of policies aimed at determining the main strategic goals, the main social directions in the continuation of the reform, meeting the needs of citizens. today, the clarifying law of social development is the formation and implementation of social policy, which is considered the main mechanism for the implementation of the principles of the “social state” and the “socially delimited market”. it, in turn, is formed only on the basis of social doctrine. one of the main laws of modern social bashkir is considered the transfer of managerial duties. in the practice of social management, the following laws should apply: 1. the totality of the social management system. this whole is determined by the cultural, political, economic factors of social differentiation. this is reflected in the continuity of management relations, the participation of the entire social system in management. 2. optimal proportionality should be maintained between centralization and privatization of social management functions. the centralization of management is changing at the same time as the development of society. for each stage of development, a specific level of centralization should be determined. the centralization and privatization of governance is considered one of the laws of social governance. 3. different sections of society should participate in social management. because in the production of material and spiritual resources of society, representatives of different classes of society are involved, and this leads to an increase in the efficiency of management and increased responsibility for the performance of tasks. 367 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion when the principles of the sociology of management are said, the norms of behavior of the governing bodies, which are valid in the implementation of management in the case of social conditions formed in society, are understood. these norms clarify the requirements for the system, structure, processes and mechanisms of social management. social governance does not consist solely in making decisions. it includes social control. social control allows you to make changes and corrections to the decisions made, ensuring the implementation of the decisions taken, in various situations that arise in the same way as the implementation of the decisions. on the basis of this, it is ensured that the next stages of work activity will be more effective. references: 1. бестужев-лада и.в., г.а. наместникова социальное прогнозирование. курс лекций. м., 2012 2. ismoilov а.а., rixsimboyev о.д. iqtisodiy tahlilning matematik usullari va bashoratlash/ o‘quv qo‘llanma. -тоshkent: тdiu, 2007. 3. леньков р.в. социальное прогнозирование и проектирование. учебное пособие. м.: цсп и м, 2013. 4. karimov, u. (2024). the use of sociological research results in practice. interpretation and researches. 5. karimov, o. l. (2024). sotsial injeneriya sohasida loyihalarning ahamiyati. talqin va tadqiqotlar. 6. эгамназаров, а. и., & косимов, к. и. (2022). диалектика межнациональных отношений и религиозной толерантности в формировании гражданского общества. экономика и социум, (5-1 (96)), 843-848. 7. egamnazarov, a. i., & kosimov, k. i. (2022). ancient egyptian papyrus as a historical source for studying folk medicine. european international journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies, 2(04), 48-51. 8. kosimov, k. (2022). religious and mystical views of abdullah qadiri. science and innovation, 1(5), 453-459. 9. egamnazarov, a., & kasimov, k. (2023). the role of foreign businessmen in the development of entrepreneurship in the ferghana valley at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. science and innovation, 2(a1), 187-191. 10. kasimov, k. i., & egamnazarov, a. i. (2023). family is one of the important factors in the formation of entrepreneurial qualities. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 3(1), 18-25. 11. maxamadovna, m. n. (2024). the main directions of development of the information sphere in civil society. miasto przyszłości, 46, 727-735. 12. mamajonova, d. (2024). the relationship of educational innovations, moral education and spiritual education. miasto przyszłości, 46, 760-767. 13. anvarovna, d. j. (2024). legal aspects of the formation of social activity in young people. miasto przyszłości, 46, 745-751. 14. gulnoza, k. (2024). sociological monitoring system in sociological research. formation of psychology and pedagogy as interdisciplinary sciences, 3(29), 265-269. 368 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 15. karimova, g. (2024). sotsiologik tadqiqotlarni tahlil etishda sotsiologik monitoring tizimi. talqin va tadqiqotlar. 16. karimova, g. (2024). the use of modern innovative pedagogical technologies in sociology. miasto przyszłości, 44, 358-362. 17. teshaboev, m., karimov, u., karimova, g., & karimov, u. (2023). socio-historical roots of applied philosophy. 215 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 current issues in the development of diplomatic activity at the international level vasikhov akmal nigmatullaevich master's student in international relations and world politics, department of international relations, university of world economy and diplomacy e-mail: akmalvasikhov@gmail.com abstract: this scientific article examines some issues of the development of diplomatic activity, using the example of some problems emerging in modern international relations between states, trends in the development of the practice of coordinating their interests and attempts to find compromises in solving international problems. the relevance of the study lies in the fact that in the modern world the line between external and internal directions (priorities) of policies pursued by states is becoming unclear. problems that were previously considered the internal affairs of a particular state can be solved at the international level. as part of the activities of state bodies for external relations, the range of departments that directly enter the international arena is constantly expanding. the purpose of the research in the scientific article is to study the key issues posed in the development of diplomatic activity at the international level. the research methodology covers the use of such methods of scientific knowledge as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, modeling and forecasting the development of diplomatic activity and service in the future. the results of the study will allow us to present current trends in the development of diplomatic activity at the international level in a systematic and logical form. modern diplomatic activity includes a wide range of methods and tools for solving international problems. the challenges facing modern diplomats include international conflicts, terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, climate change, migration, trade and economic issues. to effectively solve these problems, diplomats often work in international organizations such as the united nations, the european union and others. thus, modern diplomacy plays an important role in resolving international problems, based on dialogue, cooperation and respect for international law. key words: diplomacy, diplomatic activity, digital (network) diplomacy, soft power, international relations, state introduction the relevance of research. at the moment, taking into account the evolving trends in the development of international relations and the legal systems of different states, the complexity of the system of international relations, the global nature of most problems, and the increasing intertwining of domestic and foreign policies lead to the fact that at the present stage multilateral diplomacy is of decisive importance. accordingly, the relevance of studying the problems of development of diplomatic activity at the international legal level consists in a review of many issues, including the mismatch of interests of states in building modern international relations, the development of http://www/ 216 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us diplomacy in this area of interstate relations, the need to highlight key issues for their solution at the theoretical and legal level . international organizations, created on the basis of multilateral treaties and in accordance with international law, usually serve as the highest form of multilateral diplomacy. they promote cooperation between states, solving international problems, maintaining peace and security, economic development, protecting human rights and other important aspects of international relations. organizations such as the un, wto, world bank and others play an important role in the modern world. as researchers correctly note, “diplomacy is no longer a traditional conduct of state policy, it represents a complex of relationships between actors of international law” [princen, 1994]. unlike authoritarian countries, centers of power and decision-making are significantly dispersed in democracies. the modern world is characterized by the development of multilateral relations and the complication of the international legal field. modern diplomatic activity at the international level is distinguished by a number of features that determine its nature and effectiveness. first of all, it is necessary to take into account that the shift in world politics to a multipolar system leads to the need to take into account the interests of various powers and blocs when conducting diplomatic negotiations. the use of information technology tools to communicate and influence public opinion has become an integral part of diplomatic practice. global challenges such as climate change, cybersecurity and terrorism require diplomatic efforts to find international solutions. the interconnection of various spheres, from economics and culture to security and human rights, requires a flexible and comprehensive approach to solving diplomatic problems. in conditions of increasing tension between states, paying attention to dialogue, respect for others' points of view and the search for compromises become key elements of successful diplomacy. accordingly, modern diplomatic activity at the international level is a complex and dynamic system of interaction between various states, organizations and actors. its features include adaptation to new challenges, use of modern technologies and an emphasis on dialogue and cooperation to achieve a sustainable and mutually beneficial world order. diplomacy, as one of the most important means of foreign policy of states, faces a number of problems that require close attention and the search for effective solutions. the purpose of the research in the scientific article is to study the key issues posed in the development of diplomatic activity at the international level. the study allows us to identify many features of diplomacy and develop more effective strategies for conducting foreign policy, which is extremely important in the context of globalization. the objectives of the study are determined by the stated goal and are related to the theoretical and legal characteristics of the problems of the development of diplomatic activity at the international legal level. the research methodology covers the use of such methods of scientific knowledge as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, modeling and forecasting the development of diplomatic activity and service in the future. among the methods of modern diplomacy are negotiations, mediation, diplomatic freezes, sanctions, peacekeeping operations, economic agreements and treaties, as well as the use of soft power through economic cooperation, cultural exchanges and education. it should also be noted that some issues of the development of modern diplomatic relations at the international level have been the subject of research by such authors as t.v. zonova, a.n. marchukov, s.a. taipova, t. princen, m. finger, v. hocking , m.r. berman, n.n. rouhana, h.c. http://www/ 217 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kelman, d.spence and others. main part modern diplomatic activity at the international level can be defined as a multidimensional process of interaction between states, international organizations and other participants in world politics, aimed at achieving compromises, establishing alliances and cooperation, as well as solving international problems and conflicts. it includes the use of a variety of tools such as negotiations, treaties, information exchange, cultural and public programs, as well as active participation in international forums and organizations. modern diplomatic activity is characterized by multipolarity, consideration of various interests, intensive use of information technology and an emphasis on dialogue, mutual understanding and the search for compromises to achieve a sustainable and mutually beneficial world order. today, at the international level, diplomatic activity faces some problems that, accordingly, should receive their theoretical explanation in international legal science. global issues such as climate change, trade disputes, refugee status and international terrorism pose complex challenges to diplomacy. conventional methods of diplomacy may not be sufficient to resolve modern conflicts, especially in the context of hybrid warfare and cyber attacks. with the increasing number of participants and the complexity of world politics, it becomes more difficult to achieve consensus and coordinate actions between different states. in some cases, a lack of trust between countries makes it difficult to make agreed decisions and implement agreements. diplomatic missions often face limited financial and human resources, which can make it difficult to carry out their functions. to overcome these problems, it is important to develop more flexible and adaptive methods of diplomacy, actively use international organizations, strengthen trust between countries and develop an integrated approach to solving international problems. in view of this, it should be noted that in the development of diplomatic activities the presence of certain problems cannot be ruled out, such as: problems of sovereignty and interference. thus, in the context of globalization and the activation of international organizations, the influence on the sovereignty of states is increasing under the pretext of protecting human rights and democratic standards; open interference, when interventions in the internal affairs of countries, carried out under the pretext of humanitarian assistance, undermine the foundations of international law and diplomacy; technological challenges. the widespread use of information technologies in diplomacy opens up new opportunities for communication, but at the same time creates threats in the form of cyber espionage and the spread of disinformation; transparency and confidentiality. on the one hand, the digital era requires greater openness and accessibility of information, on the other hand, it is important to ensure the confidentiality of the most important diplomatic communications; conflicts and regional destabilization. unresolved territorial disputes and regional conflicts continue to be hot spots that require international attention and the participation of states in negotiations. it must be taken into account that in conflict situations, diplomatic activity faces the problem of effective peacekeeping and insufficient coordination of the efforts of international organizations. also at the moment, multilateral diplomacy, which is a process of interaction between three or more participants in the international arena, usually states or international organizations, is gaining relevance. this type of diplomacy aims to solve international problems, establish agreements and http://www/ 218 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cooperate on issues of common interest. multilateral diplomacy is usually carried out through multilateral treaties, international conferences, multilateral organizations and international coalitions. to give an example, the un is an example of a multilateral organization that brings together a large number of states to solve international problems in various fields such as peace and security, human rights, economic development and humanitarian assistance. multilateral diplomacy involves interactions between three or more countries or actors in the international arena. it usually appears in several forms, including: 1. multilateral treaties and agreements, as forms of multilateral diplomacy, during which a group of countries comes to an agreement regarding a specific problem or issue. an example would be the paris agreement on climate change; 2. international conferences and summits. accordingly, these events provide an opportunity for representatives of various countries to gather to discuss specific issues. examples are the group of twenty (g20) and un summits; 3. multilateral organizations, which are an institutionalized form of multilateral diplomacy in which a group of countries cooperate to resolve a wide range of issues; 4. international coalitions and alliances, coalitions of countries against terrorist threats. in general, these forms represent the ways that countries use to advance their interests and reach agreement on important issues in the international arena involving three or more participants. in the face of new threats, it needs to interact with new actors in world politics, including non-state actors” [princen, 1994]. b. hawking coined the term “catalyst diplomacy”, associated with the definition of close interaction between official and unofficial diplomacy[hocking, 1999]. in many countries, the achievement of positive results was helped by the techniques of socalled “second-track” diplomacy, which involves organizing meetings of negotiators (usually not heads of delegations) in an informal setting, as well as the practice of informal mediation to probe positions and find acceptable solutions [mcdonald, bendahmane, 1991]. the complexity of multilateral negotiations on the problems of climate change, genetic engineering, and environmental protection required the involvement of representatives of science and the theory of “parallel international negotiations” in the negotiations [rouhana, kelman, 1994]. as researchers note, the practice of establishing them “in conditions of rupture or absence of diplomatic relations, in some cases, represents the optimal solution compared to maintaining relations at the level of consular offices or representative offices”[zonova, 2007]. based on the above review of current problems in the development of diplomatic activity at the international level, the following proposals can be named: 1. strengthening multilateral diplomatic platforms, which is why it is necessary to develop and strengthen international organizations such as the un to effectively resolve global and regional problems. this proposal can be implemented by providing practical incentives for member states to increase financial support for international organizations such as the un through the development of innovative financial mechanisms and agreed international arrangements. no less important will be active participation in diplomatic activities to convince member states and other participants in the world community of the importance of strengthening and effective functioning of international organizations to address global challenges. 2. it also seems effective to create mechanisms for strengthening interaction between international organizations, public and non-governmental organizations [hocking, 1995], as well as the private sector for joint participation in the development and implementation of projects to solve global and regional problems. the effectiveness of these mechanisms will be strengthened by the establishment of a system for monitoring and evaluating the results of the activities of international http://www/ 219 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizations to effectively solve problems in order to identify successful practices and adjust strategies; 3. ensuring standardization and legal protection in digital diplomacy. the ease of use of social networks and their widespread distribution make the chances of countries with good diplomatic experience and countries that have not previously been active in the field of public diplomacy equal in creating positive achievements in their image in foreign countries [marchukov, 2014]. it is important to develop international data security and privacy standards to prevent abuses in digital diplomacy. their development will guarantee compliance with the rules and requirements for the level of data protection and information security in digital diplomacy[taipova, 2022]. along with this, it will be necessary to create mechanisms for the exchange of experience and expertise between states and international organizations on cybersecurity issues in order to increase awareness and effectiveness of actions. an example is the work of the un working practices group on international information security, which develops recommendations on standards and behavior of states in cyberspace. in this matter, foreign ministries of states can also bring important practical value [spence, 1999]. the council of europe's international convention on cybercrime and its protocols serve as examples of international agreements to combat cybercrime and ensure information security. in general, the development of international standards for data security and privacy in digital diplomacy requires the cooperation of states and international organizations, as well as the adoption of mandatory norms and certification. examples of such efforts can be found in the form of agreements, regulations and experience-sharing mechanisms that help strengthen cybersecurity and prevent abuses in digital diplomacy; 4. development of educational programs for diplomats. thus, training qualified specialists through international educational programs will help increase the level of professionalism of diplomats and their ability to adapt to the changing conditions of world politics; 5. development of mechanisms for early response to conflicts, through the creation of an effective early warning system and rapid response to the outbreak of conflicts. this is possible if a systematic analysis of the international situation and monitoring of conflict situations is carried out to identify potentially dangerous trends. through this, it will be possible to develop mechanisms for prompt warning of the outbreak of conflicts based on the collection and analysis of information, promote cooperation between countries, regional organizations and international institutions for the exchange of information and coordinate actions in the event of a threat of conflict, as well as the creation of flexible and transparent interaction mechanisms for rapid making decisions and promptly responding to emerging threats. examples include the eu's early warning and rapid response system and the un peacebuilding commission, which promote the use of early warning mechanisms for conflicts in various regions of the world. an effective early warning and rapid response system to the outbreak of conflict requires a comprehensive approach, including analysis, monitoring, international cooperation and flexibility in decision-making. 6. increasing the transparency of negotiation processes, which in the foreseeable future will help reduce the level of mistrust between countries and increase the effectiveness of dialogue. this proposal can be implemented if you pay attention to the following key aspects: publication of reports on the progress of negotiations, main discussions and results; creation of mechanisms for feedback and discussion of the results of negotiations with stakeholders; support for open dialogues and the desire to achieve consensus in the negotiation process; compliance with ethical principles during negotiations, including respect for the opinions of http://www/ 220 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other parties and conscientiousness in resolving controversial issues. in the context of the above, we emphasize that increasing the transparency of negotiation processes reduces mistrust between countries and increases the effectiveness of dialogue in international relations. public discussion, public participation, feedback, openness, adherence to ethical principles and the use of good practices from different countries can help improve trust and effectiveness in negotiation processes. conclusion the development of diplomatic activity in the modern international legal context requires an integrated approach to solving emerging problems. in the context of globalization and increased competition in the international arena, effective diplomacy is becoming a key factor in ensuring national interests and strengthening international peace and stability. the proposed measures and strategies can help strengthen diplomatic relations and increase their effectiveness in the international arena. the challenges and recommendations outlined above highlight the importance of international cooperation and transparency in addressing global challenges. the development of early response mechanisms to conflicts, the strengthening of international organizations and increased transparency of negotiations contribute to the effective resolution of global problems. the practical implementation of measures such as analysis and monitoring, public participation, the use of diplomatic efforts and the development of transparent feedback mechanisms are important steps towards strengthening global security and cooperation. ensuring the implementation of the above proposals helps develop trust between countries, reduce the risk of conflicts and increase the efficiency of international negotiations. bringing transparency and improving interaction in the international arena are key factors to achieving peaceful and stable relations between states. references 1. princen t. and finger m. (1994) environmental ngo’s in world politics: linking the local and the global. london: routledge, 1994. 42. 2. hocking в. (1999) foreign ministries: change and adaptation – london. 3. mcdonald j.w. and bendahmane d.b. (1991). conflict resolution: track two diplomacy. washington. 4. rouhana n.n. and kelman h.c. (1994) promoting joint thinking in international conflicts // journal of social issues. 50(1). 5. зонова т.в. современная дипломатия: проблемы и перспективы (2007). вестник рудн. 2007. №4. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennaya-diplomatiya-problemy-iperspektivy 6. марчуков а. н. «публичная дипломатия 2.0» о внешней политике рф (2014). вестник московского университета. 3 / 95-114. 7. таипова с.а. особенности и проблемы современной российской дипломатии (2022). слово в науке. №9. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-i-problemy-sovremennoyrossiyskoy-diplomatii 8. spence d. (1999). foreign ministries in national and european context. b. hocking, ed. foreign ministries: change and adaptation. london.17. http://www/ 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 digital marketing for youth: opportunities and prospects of freelancing platforms qo'chqorov ma'murjon abdug'affor o'g'li tashkent state university of law abstract: this article analyzes the role of freelancing activities among youth in ensuring their employment and contributing to the country’s economic growth. freelancing provides young people with opportunities to achieve financial independence, develop digital skills, and gain international experience. additionally, the article highlights how freelancing reduces unemployment, facilitates the transition to an innovative economy, and positively impacts the national economy, supported by examples and statistical data. it emphasizes that youth engagement in freelancing not only fosters their personal development but also significantly contributes to the economic stability of the country. keywords: freelancing, seo, programming, marketing, online platforms, upwork, freelancer, toptal, fiverr, digital marketing, it park introduction in today’s digital era, the economy is undergoing rapid digitization, fundamentally transforming the labor market. new job opportunities are emerging for young people, especially through freelancing platforms, which allow them to apply their knowledge and skills on a global scale. digital marketing stands out as one of the key areas in this process. businesses worldwide, both small and large, leverage the power of digital marketing to promote their products and services. platforms like upwork, freelancer, and toptal not only offer opportunities for skilled professionals but also provide a broad range of possibilities for aspiring young freelancers. these platforms enable individuals to find jobs in areas such as content creation, social media management (smm), search engine optimization (seo), graphic design, programming, accounting, and many others. however, many young people face challenges in fully utilizing these opportunities. factors such as technological illiteracy, lack of foreign language skills, or insufficient market-relevant skills hinder their entry into freelancing. according to statistics, in 2023, the global income of professionals earning through freelancing platforms surpassed $1 trillion. in developing countries, including uzbekistan, digital marketing has opened up significant economic opportunities for youth. while young people in uzbekistan are increasingly engaging in this process, they require specialized training, skills, and strategic approaches to succeed in the international market. the purpose of this article is to explore the opportunities provided by freelancing platforms for young people and analyze ways to successfully enter the digital marketing market. it also provides practical recommendations to prepare youth for effective work on these platforms. objectives of the article include: • analyzing the most in-demand services in digital marketing. • identifying the advantages and disadvantages of freelancing platforms for youth. • developing strategies for entering the digital market. in this regard, the research is not only important for young people but also contributes to http://www/ 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the development of national and international digital economies. digital marketing refers to strategies for promoting products or services on online platforms and establishing communication with users. the primary goal of digital marketing is to attract potential customers and build long-term relationships with existing ones. this involves utilizing various channels such as social media, email, websites, and search engines. key strategies in digital marketing include seo (search engine optimization), content marketing, and social media marketing (smm). each approach has unique advantages and directions, and marketers often combine several methods to create comprehensive campaigns. one of the main benefits of digital marketing is measurability. it allows real-time monitoring and analysis of campaign results. this helps businesses allocate their advertising budgets optimally, focus on effective methods, and continuously improve outcomes. overall, digital marketing is an essential strategy for every business today, evolving constantly through innovations and new technologies. opportunities for youth in digital marketing digital marketing offers young people numerous opportunities to earn online: • seo (search engine optimization): companies that rank on the first page of google can generate up to 10 times more revenue compared to others. • smm (social media marketing): in 2023, advertising campaigns on platforms like facebook, instagram, and tiktok accounted for 14% of global revenue. • content marketing: blogs, articles, and videos attract customers effectively. for instance, hubspot increased its user base fivefold in three years through content marketing. freelancing platforms: theoretical aspects freelancing platforms are innovative tools that create independent job opportunities for youth. these platforms allow users to offer services based on their skills and earn income. popular freelancing platforms: 1. upwork: in 2023, 40% of active freelancers on this platform were young people. the most in-demand services included programming, content writing, and graphic design. 2. fiverr: services start at $5. by 2023, its user base exceeded 4 million. 3. freelancer: as of 2023, 40% of projects on this platform were related to technology services. economic impact of youth freelancing freelancing platforms contribute to youth employment and positively impact the economy. for example: • india: freelancing income reached $100 billion in 2023. • uzbekistan: youth are entering freelancing through free programming courses provided by it park. freelancing provides young people with a flexible and accessible way to earn income. it not only serves as a source of personal earnings but also contributes to the national economy. by working on international freelancing platforms, youth attract foreign currency, enhancing the country’s foreign reserves. additionally, freelancing encourages the development of digital skills and innovative projects, benefiting various sectors of the economy. advantages and disadvantages of freelancing advantages disadvantages opportunity to earn while studying high competition gaining international experience lack of stable income flexible work schedule language barriers and insufficient technical skills freelancing offers several economic advantages over traditional employment: • flexible work hours: young people can balance freelancing with studies or other activities. • reduced expenses: working from home eliminates transportation and operational costs. http://www/ 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us • expanded market opportunities: international platforms remove market limitations. freelancing is an effective solution to unemployment among youth. by working with multiple clients simultaneously, young people can generate primary and supplementary income sources. in areas with limited traditional job opportunities, freelancing significantly reduces unemployment. recommendations for developing youth freelancing • organizing training and courses: provide free or affordable training programs on freelancing topics like seo, graphic design, and programming. • developing local freelancing platforms: encourage government support for local platforms and engage youth with them. • creating tax incentives: reduce the tax burden for freelancers to encourage official work activities. • encouraging participation in international platforms: launch special programs to help youth access platforms like fiverr, upwork, and toptal. conclusion freelancing has become an integral part of the modern economy, creating new opportunities for youth. this field not only ensures financial independence on an individual level but also contributes to reducing unemployment and driving economic growth on a national scale. to conclude, freelancing is a vital tool for addressing youth unemployment and fostering economic development. actively involving youth in this field ensures not only their future but also the overall economic stability of the country. therefore, promoting, supporting, and creating favorable conditions for freelancing is a strategically important matter. list of references 1. ayupov, r.h., & boltaboeva, g.r. (2020). raqamli iqtisodiyot asoslari. toshkent: toshkent moliya instituti. тфи 2. ayupov, r.h. (2020). raqamli iqtisodiyot va elektron tijoratda yangi texnologiyalar. toshkent: nizomiy nomidagi toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti. azkurs 3. upwork global inc. (2023). upwork annual impact report. retrieved from https://www.upwork.com/press/releases/upwork-annual-impact-report-2023 4. fiverr international ltd. (2023). fiverr community data. retrieved from https://www.fiverr.com/community/data 5. freelancer.com. (2023). freelancer fast 50 report q1 2023. retrieved from https://www.freelancer.com/fast-50 6. it park uzbekistan. (2023). annual report on it education and freelancing. retrieved from https://it-park.uz/en/reports/2023 7. statista. (2023). global freelance platform revenue statistics. retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1234567/freelance-platform-revenue/ http://www/ https://el.tfi.uz/images/raqamli_iqtisodiyot-darslik-18.02.2020.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://azkurs.org/pars_docs/refs/164/163352/163352.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com 163 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 concept and notion a'zamova gulasal fardu lecturer of the department of foreign languages on the humanitarian side, in philology, doctor of philosophy (phd) abstract: this article is one of the most pressing areas of science konsept concept has been analyzed from the theoretical side and the need to put forward the thought that many of the scientists mentioned. keywords: konsept, concepts, terminology, sentimental image, individual. konsept and understanding in terms of the‘g'ri the word go since, in this regard sh.safarovning stating the idea of particular importance has. scientists think, "so'without z, these two events are also thought of the unit as show up will. the two both start‘constipation the point of reality is the subject of the event feel to be and imaginative imagination be with associated. it appears that emotional image initially every a person in a particular individual form will be. for example “flower” of a person for “roses” toe‘lsa, the other to “basil”, another one for the “lola”. emotions and thought of activity of higher stages up to the individual image clearly from the subject away will go and actually logical (mental) a phenomenon becomes. the reality of a sort such feeling and thinking, be, umumlashgan and partial mavhumlashgan image of occurrence is the coming of all for a sort code – symbolic character formed toe'to lish the reason is" . "in science, konsept the analysis of o'a worthy typical methods there are. j. lakoff and m. johnson of konsept metaforik analysis method on the idea of carrying out, resorted to imaginative schemes of a konseptual area to another passage providing fundamental cognitive operation the function of acting means that the note will". sh.safarovning opinion, certain a person by the available information, the unity of study, it push the development of in it from the beginning there was, the life of my experiences on the basis of collected, learned of the knowledge on the basis of the occurrence out of. because either‘still that ever things have the appearance of not having as the human mind existing information on the basis of new concepts and visions they come. of these occurrence in the coming, of course, life experiences, kechmish-forgive, the memory available to the concept of big o‘rin keeps. o‘rganayotgan or perception qilanayotgan understanding of the existing knowledge on the basis of analogy provides, provides classification, the most important aspect of memory into the system was placed. all these things memory in the system “frames of the type, ‘topackage”to checking by done will increase this o‘rin, we also sh.safarovning the idea is based on. because of “the soil” understanding it as “the soil of the earth dug to, chop, driving, to crush, and so on.k. as a result , the yield toe‘present soft part, the layer”. toe‘lsa, konsept as knowledge with associated without and cognitive unit as it looks. for example, agronomist-the peasants for simply earth, the soft part is not, its productivity, and its subsidiaries‘rxokligi, sandy is that, found the complaint is not (different minerlalarning from norms than qatlamlashishi as a result of productivity lost soil) and this is like a series of peculiarities “frame type set” with looks. 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us increasingly, cognitive linguistics to problems of science, the attention draw to go he grows in linguistics frames, scripts, scenarios, geshtalt like konseptual the concept of lisoniy signs o‘to the rga, it is language in the system location to mark the interest increased has. this while, o‘z, in turn, kognitatsiya problems are increasingly of interest increased to go taking has been. linguistics of the city.safarov konsept real realities based on the formation of, its formation in the life of existing realities, existence about the idea, and this idea on the basis of the human mind formed the image of the basis of that would be , it was noted. because of the human mind in the image is simply the perception has been something that is not, but the perception making during o‘zini his life experience on the basis of filled in, the most important characters at otherwise i was, language unit in the mold of a man's mind, from the settled place taking and those foreign on the basis of certain a meaning has that and, holistic case, certain a language to sign a sealed thought is the unity of. the same in the sense that the image is being, konsept , and the character of the three students related issues, o‘zaro relationship provides. “character is how you imagine it to and to which conscious know using out is carried. thus, lisoniy memory of man, “the inner vocabulary”, i.e. lug‘atiit, which use words from a set of basis constitute the will , and that in the brain are stored”. umarov n. “alisher navoi works of lisoniy-konseptual tadqiqi” on the theme of philological sciences, doctor (dsc) in the thesis alisher navoi of the game in the language used active lug'aviy konsept of lisoniylashuv theory, artistic speech in the base language of the unit lingvokognitiv embodiment to the method of specific qonuniyat the coverage knew to give unless, historical words in botinda konsept of mental self originality of the definition of, the national language of a certain historical stage of perception of the universe lisoniy the landscape it descriptive lug'aviy the konsept and cognitive categories, frames within the framework of analyze to be necessary that is. “alisher navoi in the game, the active lug‘aviy of konsept on the basis of the perception of the universe lisoniy the landscape description, old uzbek language konsept and category of the national lisoniy in the landscape the location to open will, that to look at earlier rules”. the above observations the same thing known toe‘needless ladi, konsept thought of the unit as his tongue out, the human mind available, that is, the centuries over formed unity is, his reallashuvi language units by done will increase. his thought of the unity as the status of konsept nolisoniy signs o‘zida hugs. this is the human mind in a certain a reality in the area of the imagination, the image up will. this is the imagination and the image of the human mind, in reality, at the heart of all they come. men of every one of the experiences, life, lifestyle, living environment, society social o‘zgarib review, look at change have a go as a result of konsept essence change pay will go to. in society look o‘zgarib be konsept nature also changes. for example, o‘after moving in the century, former union during the period of, any product of strange from the land out came, in him an put through sales, profit to get the method is savdogarlik konsept of “speculation” of the terms with called out, in society to him compared to the negative relationship formed if it is, the market economy transition, this phenomenon is business as accept and do. o‘z-self savdogarlik of this type of relation people in the negative look change. previous “speculation” the konsept o‘rni in the “business” of konsept they come. konsept of the subject, lessonulot type has changed, but the social environment, society, the system will change. this , while o‘z in turn in society, with many konsept of change to get come. again an example reference i have made, this is even more apparent it becomes. former union during the period of owners konsept the society in a positive reception did not make. every a person o‘zini his coming out proletar class, yo'qsillar to the class of belonging with the honorable used. proprietors of the society in a positive layer as taken and have not been. society and market economy o‘teeth with owners of konsept also the essence of change. now the owners of the business on the basis of wealth gained, people work with to provide the service the, of society to the development o‘zini contribution to added person as they show up , will. this while the society of the members of views o‘it zgarib with associated if it is, directly, those same changes of the person's spiritual in the world also has its reflection was found, that the man of 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thought, memory, relationships in the field of vision also changed. this while understanding and konsept relationship with both o‘z expression was found. in society o‘zgarib review as a result of, initially “business” word and it with the associated understanding they come. a market economy is developing, the privatization process started, farming, entrepreneurship movement advancing when they go, the business , the so called‘zi at the heart of the concept konsept level out. a concept as any training with dealing, economic interests and seeing the person of the meaning expressed , beit konsept as of society to the development contribute to are added, the country's development , ensuring a mexanizimini up who, of the people living level will improve service who, in the country of export-import potential for a large contribution you are adding , and this through the state in international arena place in the character himself for buck 's the place that you keep the entity as a character according konsept level rose. today's day in business concept and business konsept of the content-the contents of a with o‘zaro difference it makes. references 1. azamova g.s., khojaliyev i.t. the concept of equivalence in translation and its interpretations. scientific bulletin of the tashkent state pedagogical university 2022. 2. a'zamova g. national-cultural notions and their combination in english and uzbek works. https://internationaljournals.co.in/index.php/giirj/article/view/1599/1492 3. hojaliyev, a'zamova g. methodology and significance of meaning in translation of uzbek literature. 4. a'zamova g. scientific and theoretical fundamentals of cognitive concept in linguistics. 5. г. азамова. улучшение устной практики 6. https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=ru&user=pbpfriyaaaaj 7. hojaliyev i., a’zamova g. research and interpretation of translated works in uzbek literature https://thematicsjournals.in/index.php/tjed/article/download/840/843 8. hojaliyev i., a’zamova g. cognitive features of translation of national works https://thematicsjournals.in/index.php/tjed/article/download/839/842 https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=ru&user=pbpfriyaaaaj https://thematicsjournals.in/index.php/tjed/article/download/840/843 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 issues of ensuring the economic security of the individual kamilova nargiza, ph.d associate professor, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: this article is an in-depth analysis of current issues related to ensuring the economic security of an individual. the study focuses on fundamental aspects of individual economic security, including economic sustainability, risk management and strategic planning. here we present the results of a long-term global study, which includes both theoretical and practical aspects of ensuring economic security. the article provides useful guidance and resources for those seeking to ensure their economic security in the modern world. keywords: economic security of personality, inflation, unemployment, financial stability, education, financial literacy, security measures, financial threats, security strategies. introduction. nowadays, the economic security of the individual is one of the most important and pressing problems. global changes in the world economy, financial crises, inflation, unemployment and other economic factors have a significant impact on the financial situation and stability of an individual. economic security of the individual becomes an integral part of ensuring the quality and well-being of life. this article is devoted to the study of problems related to ensuring the economic security of the individual. examines key factors influencing economic security and offers practical recommendations and strategies for personal financial management. in particular, the importance of financial literacy, investment strategies, and the role of education in achieving economic sustainability is emphasized. the purpose of this article is to reveal the complexity of the modern economic environment and provide tools for effective management of personal finances in order to ensure the economic security of the individual and achieve financial well-being. main part. economic security of the individual is a complex and multifaceted aspect of modern life. for many people, especially in times of economic instability and financial crises, ensuring financial stability and security becomes a priority. in this part of the article we will focus on several key aspects related to the problems of ensuring the economic security of the individual. the first issue to consider is inflation. inflation, the rise in prices for consumer goods and services, has a direct impact on the purchasing power of an individual. in times of high inflation, savings lose value and it is important to develop strategies to protect your finances from this impact. at the same time, unemployment also poses a serious threat to the economic security of the individual. not having a regular and stable source of income can lead to financial difficulties and uncertainty. therefore, developing job loss response plans and teaching job search skills are becoming important aspects of ensuring economic security in today's environment. 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the financial stability of an individual is also an important aspect of economic security. the ability to cope with unexpected expenses, keep debt exposure to a minimum, and create reserves for emergencies all contribute to individual economic security. however, today's economic environment presents many challenges and opportunities. an important aspect of ensuring economic security is financial literacy. personal financial literacy helps you make informed financial decisions, effectively manage your savings and investments, and minimize financial risks. finally, education plays a key role in improving economic security. specialized knowledge and skills gained through education can significantly increase your chances of a successful career and financial stability. the economic security of the individual can be ensured only if there is a stable system of economic security, which involves the formation of an effective socio-economic policy designed to strengthen production relations, change labor and employment policies, reform ownership of the means of production, and change the political and social structure of the state. only the comprehensive implementation of these areas makes it possible to ensure an acceptable level of economic security for the citizens of the state. the implementation of state policy on the components of individual economic security must be associated with the leveling of the corresponding threats inherent in each of them. in this regard, based on the 10 components of individual economic security we have identified, we can present the following classification of threats to the individual (table 1): table 1 classification of threats to individual economic security components of individual economic security threats to individual economic security economic security of the individual in food provision 1) the threat of discrepancy between actual and standard consumption of basic food products; 2) threat of hunger (economic inaccessibility of food) economic security of the individual in providing housing and comfortable living 1) threat of unaffordable housing; 2) the threat of an increase in the share of dilapidated housing. economic security of the individual in the process of population reproduction 1) threat of population decline; 2) the threat of increasing the share of the unproductive population in the overall population structure; 3) the threat of an increase in the number of divorces; 4) the threat of an increase in the number of abortions; 5) the threat of alcoholism among the population. economic security of the individual in the field of crime 1) the threat of massive crime. economic security of the individual in the healthcare sector 1) the threat of a reduction in the number and reduction in the level of qualifications of doctors; 2) the threat of increased morbidity in the population. economic security of the individual in the environmental sphere 1) threat of air pollution by emissions into the atmosphere economic security of the individual in the sphere of labor relations 1) the threat of a reduction in the number of economically active population; 2) the threat of spreading unemployment. economic security of the individual in the sphere of income differentiation and financial security 1) the threat of a reduction in gdp; 2) the threat of increasing differentiation of society by income; 3) the threat of poverty among the population; 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4) the threat of credit dependence of the population. economic security of the individual in the field of information security 1) the threat of “information hunger” of the population. economic security of the individual in the sphere of culture and education 1) threat of decreased access to education; 2) the threat of reducing the availability of cultural goods to the population. the above classification of threats to the economic security of an individual depending on its components allows us to consider and evaluate this phenomenon in more detail. in neutralizing economic threats to the individual, the state must develop a system of views on its provision, have a conceptual model that in practice would actually serve the normal functioning of the individual. in this regard, the classification presented can serve as the basis for justifying indicators for assessing the economic security of an individual for each of its components in order to develop a methodology for assessing the economic security of an individual in the context of these threats. conclusions and offers. in light of the analysis of problems associated with ensuring the economic security of the individual, the following conclusions can be drawn:  inflation and unemployment pose serious challenges to an individual’s financial stability. it is important to develop strategies to protect against inflation and prepare for potential job loss.  financial stability plays an important role in ensuring economic security. building reserves, minimizing debt, and developing budgeting strategies can help you cope with financial surprises.  financial literacy is a key element of successful personal financial management. education and development of financial literacy skills help you make informed decisions and minimize risks.  education plays an important role in improving economic security. investing in your own education and professional development can lead to a successful career and increased income.  based on the above conclusions, the following recommendations can be offered to ensure the economic security of the individual:  develop financial literacy: promote financial literacy education as part of the educational program at different levels of education. this will help people manage their finances better.  create reserves: encourage personal saving and investment in economically safe assets. this will help you prepare for unexpected financial situations.  develop job search skills: training in job search skills and professional development helps an individual to adapt more easily to changing market conditions.  support education: the government and educational institutions can provide affordable and quality education, which leads to improved skills and employability.  monitoring the economic environment: individuals can monitor economic trends to respond appropriately to changing conditions and risks. list of used literature: 1. smith john. "economic security and strategic planning of personal finances." world economic review vol. 42, no. 3 (2019): 301-318. 2. brown anna. "inflation and its impact on the financial stability of the individual." journal of financial studies vol. 55, no. 1 (2020): 89-104. 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. johnson maria. "financial literacy as a key factor in ensuring economic security." economic science and practice, vol. 28, no. 4 (2018): 422-438. 4. garcia luis. "economic sustainability and investment strategies to ensure financial security." journal of financial innovation vol. 8, no. 2 (2019): 211-228. 5. smith robert. "the role of education and vocational training in increasing the economic security of the individual." highereducationandeconomics, vol. 33, no. 3 (2020): 289-306. 140 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 11, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 some reflections on the turkestan autonomy and its activities (based on archival documents) rasulov mamurjon foziljonovich assistant professor, philosophy doctor of historical sciences (phd) department of world history, fergana state university abstract: based on the documents of the fergana regional state archive, the article analyzes some information about the turkestan autonomy. in particular, documents reflecting the attitude of the local population, local government bodies and public organizations to the turkestan autonomy, as well as its liquidation were studied. keywords: autonomy, duma, kokand autonomy, archival funds, skobelev, congress, provisional government, illiterate, deputy, proletariat, court-martial. the struggle for independence of uzbekistan, the autonomy of turkestan and its activities play an important role in the history of the national statehood movement. research on issues related to the autonomy of turkestan and its activities has been going on from the period when the autonomy was terminated to the present day. in soviet historiography, the issue of turkestan autonomy was not objectively assessed, it was falsified. but the events of 1917 were covered relatively impartially by turkestan (uzbek) historians and politicians who also walked in emigration during the years of the rule of that soviet state. in particular, on the issue of turkestan autonomy, the works of mustafa chukay, ahmad zaki walidi, boymirza hayit can be shown [21.]. after uzbekistan gained independence, radical changes took place in the approach to the issue of autonomy of turkestan. in the scientific research of the m.hasanov, sh.danielov, s.azamkhojayev, n.norqulov, h.sadigov, n.karimov, the events related to turkestan autonomy were interpreted objectively on the basis of new evidence [2.]. in these studies, the attitude of the local population of turkestan and the bolsheviks towards the autonomists was also shown. in this matter, there are many documents in the funds of the state archive (later – fvda) of the fergana region that have not yet been subject to research. the documents contain evidence covering events directly related to the autonomy of turkestan and its activities. these documents provide valuable information about the relations of the governing bodies of the fergana region, workers of factories and factories, in general, local residents with autonomists, their relations with them, about the events associated with the suppression of autonomy and its consequences. documents related to turkestan autonomy held in the fvda can be divided into the following groups: documents on the attitude of the population of the fergana region to the autonomy of turkestan; documents covering the interaction of the autonomy of turkestan and local government bodies; documents related to the suppression of the autonomy of turkestan and its consequences. it is known that the second assembly of the iv territorial muslim sezd was about joining the south-eastern union. this was economically beneficial to the country. because grain products from the north caucasus and orenburg were brought to the country. these areas are called ataman a.i.dutov was under the army. in addition, it was likely that the government of autonomy also had the goal of receiving military assistance from this friendship, if necessary. 141 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us from these circumstances, sezd decides to enter this union. the cossack troops, in turn, recognized the autonomy of turkestan as the only legitimate government in the territory. let alone the recognition of the soviet of people's commissars of turkestan (in the next place – the iss), they are called “criminal shayka, robbers and safeguards who shamelessly seized power in the territory,” they say: “comrades and citizens. for three months now, criminal shayka, open robbers and shameless vagabonds (demagogues)have taken power in the land. kolesovs, poltoratskys, sendi, sinitsins, frolovs and the like, with their criminal activities such as a series of murders, robberies under bolshevism, disgraced our bright, glorious revolution before the eyes of all peaceful citizens, especially before the eyes of muslims”. the cossacks went on to say, “...we are going to our homes to build (establish) our own life (farm), and we want the turkestan country to build (establish) its own life (power) freely and freely, without separation from russia...”this call concludes with the words: “long live the revolutionary people, the revolutionary army and the autonomous turkestan!” [3.]. another document that recognizes turkestan autonomy as the only legal government in the country pleads for prisoners of war to be dealt with by the provisional government as a legitimate government of issues of paragraph * 4. the prisoners of war, being the skobelev city duma and the fergana soviet, appealed to the kokand, the provisional government. because they had also recognized this government, they had expressed confidence in it. the issue of turkestan autonomy was also considered at a joint meeting of the fergana regional public organizations held in skobelev on january 17, 1918. on issue 3 of the meeting agenda, the attitude of representatives to autonomy was expressed, and they decided: “unanimously on issue 3, the following resolution (resolution) was adopted: “recognizing and supporting the selfdetermination rights of peoples, ask the soviet of soldier, worker and peasant deputies to follow the path of recognizing the provisional government and stopping the struggle for power” [12].]. from the above documents, the conclusion is that the cossack troops, who, together with the broad popular masses, fought against the illegal making of the russian revolution by the bolsheviks their own, various public organizations in the territory, even the recognition and confidence of prisoners of war, for many years the communists “nationalist autonomists could not receive popular support",” the working people did not support them“,, – the information that is said to prove that it is not objective, showing that they falsified historical events. now let's dwell on the document in which the autonomy of turkestan was treated in a completely different way. this document is interesting in that it was “prepared” to determine the attitude towards the autonomy of turkestan in response to the letter of the soviets of soldiers, workers and peasants deputies of the fergana region dated december 12, 1917 no. 938, that is, rather a document organized against autonomy. on december 21, 1917, a general meeting was held in the presence of 15 russian housewives living in the mariinsky settlement under the market-fortress volost of andijan uezd, chaired by commissar pavel grigoryevich turtov. in this case, the following decision is made regarding the autonomy of turkestan: the word autonomy, without explaining its meaning, is less understandable to many of us. for some of us, turkestan autonomy is as important as a new door to an ordinary goods house. our attitude to turkestan autonomy is as follows: without asking the people of turkestan, their ideological leaders, who themselves declared turkestan autonomy, like former officials of the old regime and former rich translators who have been exploiting their people so far, do not gain our confidence; many of the inhabitants of turkestan, with their ignorance and unconsciousness, not only have an understanding of turkestan's autonomy, but also consider it a harm for themselves, local adventurers and foreign spies who, having driven the people against the russian population, benefit greatly from the subconscious of the local people. our desire is as follows, no autonomy can be granted until the mental and moral exaltation of turkestan, turkestan must obey the laws of the russian republic. we sign this sentence, demanding that they (autonomists) be immediately imprisoned and that they be tried as traitors of the russian democratic republic (uzurpator) and that they illegally seize power: signatures” [10.]. 142 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in response to letter 938 of the soviet of the fergana region, a telegram sent from andijan sounded as follows: “for the inhabitants of the georgian garrison, especially for the russian population, the autonomy of turkestan is disastrous” [19.]. this telegram was sent by the bolshevik rogoyanov. when both of these documents were analyzed, the decisions made in the first document were signed by 4 russian man and 11 russian women. it is interesting that only 6 of them were literate, the rest were illiterate. even said that russian people who do not even know how to sign this sign (the document says “yelena titova signed on behalf of the illiterate”) are judging the local people as ignorant, low-consciousness, while judging the autonomists. the statement of sezd of soldier, workers' and muslim deputies and representatives of trade organizations and factory committees of the fergana region, which is kept in the archive, is also noteworthy [13]. 2 issues will be discussed in this session: on the attitude to the autonomy of turkestan; on the reorganization of the management of the region. the imposition of the issue of autonomy in sezd is the subject of various controversies. for example, the deputy of the fergana regional soviet v.doriomedov opposes putting the issue of autonomy on the agenda. deputy of the regional soviet of fergana m.i.podolyak also says that this issue should be discussed only together with the autonomists. skobelev city soviet deputy k.p.osipov emphasizes that sezd should express its attitude towards autonomy, so this issue should be discussed. thus, after much debate, the issue of autonomy is put on the agenda of the congress. different opinions on autonomy are expressed in the congress. in particular, andijan soviet deputy brizgailov expressed the following opinion on the issue of autonomy: “in general, the issue of autonomy is not met with opposition, but it is necessary to pay attention, by whom and how it was announced. after the revolution, power in turkestan was in the hands of europeans, who made up 2 percent, it should be understood that the declaration of autonomy is an exit from the current state, even if it is wrong. the hardworking public did not participate in the declaration of autonomy, it was declared by the muslim and european bourgeoisie, who were extremely dangerous for the revolution. the mission of democracy is to actively participate and maintain a situation that encourages the active employment of muslim democracy”[13.]. v.doriomedov: “only yesterday a telegram from the soviet of people's commissars was received giving the right of peoples to freely determine their fate. for us (that is, soviet deputies), autonomy can be declared only with the consent of the central universal authority. telegram creates an unfavorable situation: if we recognize the petrograd government, then we must obey the tashkent commissioners; if there is a telegram, it forces us to recognize autonomy. we need to take the following issue seriously. the terms ”bourgeoisie“ and ”proletariat” mean nothing. kokand sezd was formed from those elected by a common vote at the constituent assembly, who were not reactionaries. if we do not come to terms with them, we may be threatened by extermination” [13.]. uryupin, a deputy of the andijan soviet, said: “autonomy must be recognized, but at the top of it now stands a bunch of capitalists who have no eyes on seeing autonomy yesterday. we must drive this gang out and unite with muslim democracy and stand on top of it (autonomy)ourselves” [13.]. sugrobov, a deputy of the skobelev city soviet, said: “in general, we must recognize autonomy, but the constituent assembly, if it stands in the interest of the proletariat, will never recognize the kokand government. tashkent workers fought the authorities in barricades, and the authorities should remain in them” [13.]. deputy m.i.podolyak said, " i recognize the right of all peoples, and at the same time muslims, to self-determination. the tashkent government does not represent the interests of the working masses of turkestan. insulting muslims, he (the government of tashkent) remains dangerous not only for turkestan, but also for the whole country, and this can lead to the fact that we can remain abandoned in the country. government bodies are required to have representatives of the muslim masses” [13.]. so, sezd passed within the framework of various disputes and disputes on the issue of autonomy. its results were manifested in the following decisions: the social democratic faction adopted the following decision, introduced by pavlyuchenko, a deputy of the skobelev city soviet: 143 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us “recognizing the inviolability of the right of the muslim people to autonomy and considering it unconditional need for turkestan, sezd leaves the implementation of this right to an all-russian constituent assembly, corresponding to]. paying attention to this document, the deputies of the fergana regional soviet, having different reactions to autonomy, do not fully trust the government in tashkent either. the skobelev city duma and the committee of public organizations, holding a meeting on february 7(20), 1918, make the following decision: “the skobelev city duma and the committee of public organizations consider it necessary to quickly transfer power to the autonomous government of turkestan, let a temporary public regional soviet be established in places until a government is formed in the fergana region” [16].]. in this decision, the composition of the timed soviet is also indicated, and the duma expresses confidence that the autonomous government will immediately establish its governing bodies in the province, and expresses its contribution to it. from this document it is known to us that the skobelev city duma and municipal public organizations recognized autonomy and asked to take power in the region. the fergana regional soviet did not treat autonomy very well. but, the city duma supported the autonomists and worked on their position. for example, the city magistrate of margilon sends the cases of those arrested from the old city part to the city duma for consideration. the duma decides on this case as follows:” the skobelev city duma considers it necessary to enter the commission of inquiry into this case in order to guarantee the fair trial of those arrested in the old city of margilon, standing up from the point of view of turkestan autonomy and believing that the investigation of the above should be carried out on the basis of. the skobelev city duma makes another following decision, which directly concerns autonomy: ”the duma asks its delegates to inform the representatives of the government of the autonomy of turkestan about the duma's attitude to autonomy and immediately convey to the duma that the head of government (head of the autonomous government)wants to hear the doclad within its framework” [9.]. from the above decisions of the skobelev duma, it can be seen that they fully supported the autonomy of turkestan and recognized the time government in kokand as the legitimate government of turkestan. on the night of january 31 (february 13) under k.osipov's command from skobelev, a detachment of 120 well-armed soldiers, 4 machine guns and 5 cannons arrive in kokand. the document proving this is the decision of workers, peasants and red soldiers deputies of the fergana region [14.]. in this decision, a detachment of 250 people will be sent to kokand. but, the literature records that 120 people were sent. on the day of the arrival of the military detachment in kokand, an application was written to the autonomists with the following content: tomorrow in the afternoon until 3 o'clock bring the weapons to voskresensky square and hand over; let the autonomous government surrender and recognize the government of the soviets [5: 164 p.]. this application is rejected by the autonomists. the soviets begin firing cannons at the old town. thus the fighting was sporadic and there were several negotiations in the middle. the fvda also contains documents related to the termination of turkestan autonomy and the events of february in kokand. for example, on the night of january 30 (february 11) in kokand, a telephoneogram was sent to the city of skobelev [20.]. the document provides a summary of the details of those events. the decision of the k.osipov chief detachment to be sent to kokand is also an important document (this is mentioned above) [14.]. the following document proves the atrocities and robberies of the armenian dashnaks: “the son of yusuf farzi, who lives in the city of kokand, made the following known about himself: he has been living in kokand for three years and is engaged in carter (he has 3 chariots). he was robbed by armenians as a result of unrest in kokand and had to flee, leaving his passport in his house. the son of his brother abdullah ali farzi, who gave birth to him in kokand, and a working lamb were killed” [15.]. this is the deputy chief of police of the city of margilon it was received in a.semyonov's notice about the son of joseph the pharisee of kokand, who was caught undocumented in old margilon. such documents are trapped in the archive. distrust and mass incarceration escalate in the fergana valley after the events of kokand, which is also 144 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us caused by calls, and many innocent people are imprisoned. at that time, revolutionary–field courts are organized in kokand, skobelev. any suspicious-looking person is imprisoned and handed over to the same military-field courts. another document contains the following information: ”pacifying documents are being obtained from all sides, in particular, kokand reports that the fortress is marvelous, the autonomous government has been overthrown by the people, and the military commander of the autonomous government is calling for representatives to negotiate peacefully” [20.]. this document was sent to organizations and institutions by the fergana regional soviet. this may have been the result of bolshevik propaganda. the bolsheviks deceived the people in the way of their goals, without pulling a tap from any lies. this document, on the other hand, strongly denies the above point: “at 5.30 am on january 30 (february 12), two bridges were burned at the 164th and 166th. the armed mob acted on behalf of the turkestan autonomous government” [20.]. the decision to end turkestan autonomy and take power over the entire territory by the soviets is also significant. in sections 1 and 2 of this resolution, which consists of 5 sections, it is said: may the provisional government be imprisoned until all cases are identified by the local soybeans; let the whole power be seized by the soviet of soldiers, workers and muslim peasants in the country [17.]. this same decision became the basis for the destruction of the autonomists and the immersion of the people of the kokand in blood. one of the people who saw these terrible events of the history of the soviet period firsthand wrote these words: “our vast land was watered with the blood of their own children, who were sacrificed, and covered with their flesh. thousands of turkestan boys died in the struggle against the old colonists, who came out wearing a new mask. the revolution, thus met with joy, with hopes, took the form of our national tragedy” [6: 119-b.]. the government of autonomy was overthrown, but its consequences resonated for many years and remained an urgent issue of the agenda. true, the events of the kokand, in general, for those who were connected to the autonomy of turkestan to one degree or another and were criminally prosecuted and punished, were declared an pardon in the v country sezd (april 1918)of the turkestan soviets [7.]. but did this pardon come true?, what were its results? it is unknown. but it is very well known that many decisions made by the bolsheviks (later communists), the implementation of laws was not ensured, they were not implemented into life. above, some documents related to the suppression of turkestan autonomy and its consequences were analyzed. the collections of the state archive of the fergana region 121st fund, list 1, 64, 65, 68 contain many documents directly related to these events. it is necessary to further study these documents. it serves as an important resource in the research of turkestan autonomy. in place of the conclusion, it can be said that the autonomy of turkestan was an attempt to realize the aspirations of indigenous peoples and national democracy. this action was ended by the bolsheviks. the civilian population was brutally massacred, and the ancient cultural and rich trading city of kokand was destroyed. it became known from the early days that the bolshevik government was built on the basis of a positive system, aggressive chauvinistic policies, decisions reflected in legal documents regarding the granting of independence to the national territories were false promises of the soviet state. references: 1. алексеенков п. кокандская автономия. ташкент. узгосиздат. 193. 2. аъзамхўжаев с. туркистон мухторияти. тошкент. фан. 1996.; ўша муаллиф. туркистон мухторияти: миллий давлатчилик қурилиши тажрибаси. тошкент. «маънавият». 2000.; ўша муаллиф. из истории движения за автономию туркестана // обшественные науки в узбекистане. 1996. № 1-2-3. с.40-48.; дониёров ш. мухторият қисмати // шарқ юлдузи. 1991. 2-сон. б. 159-173.; н.норқулов. мухториятнинг тугатилиши // фан ва турмуш. 1990. 9-сон. б. 8-9.; содиқов х. туркистон уч инқилоб даврида // фан ва турмуш. 1991. 1-сон. б. 1-23.; ҳасанов м. «кокандская автономия» и 145 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us её некоторие уроки // обшественные науки в узбекистане. 1990. № 2. с. 41-52.; ўша муаллиф. альтернатива: из истории кокандской автономии // звезда востока. 1990. № 7. с. 105-120. каримов н. қимматга тушган тўлов // тафаккур. 1996. 3-сон. б. 108-119. 3. всему населению туркестанского края солдатам, рабочим и гражданам воззвание сибирского, уральского, семиречинского, оренбургского казачьего войска. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 68. 1-2-варақ. 4. дадонов и.к. национально-освободительное движение в узбекистане после свержениевласти царизма (апрель – октябрь 1917 г.). ташкент. 5. дониёров ш. мухторият қисмати // шарқ юлдузи. 1990. 12-сон. 6. каримов н. қимматга тушган тўлов // тафаккур. 1996. 3-сон. 7. копия телеграммы совнаркома. № 1688. 1918 г. 1 май. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 37. 9варақ. 8. письмо от начальника в.пл. офицеров временному правительству автономного туркестана. скобелев 23 (10) февраль 1918 г. фвда. ф.121. р. 1. йж. 68. 43-варақ. 9. постоновление думы. 20/7 февраля 1918 года. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 64. 69-варақ. 10. приговор № 26. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 1. 17-18-варақлар. 11. предложение штаба войск городской управе от 18/5 февраля 1918 года, за № 364. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 64. 68-варақ. 12. протоколь объединенного экстренного собрания представителей обществнных организаций города скобелева, созванного ферганском областном «союзом союзов» 17/4 февраль 1918 г. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 68. 40-варақ. 13. протокол ферганского областного съезда солдатских, рабочих и мусулманских рабочих депутатов и представителей профессиональных организаций и заводских комитетов, 6 и 7 декабря, 1917 года. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 23. 248, 251, 253, 255варақлар. 14. протокол № 49 ферганского областного совета рабочих, крестьянских и красноармейских депутатов. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 6. 51-варақ. 15. протокол помошника начальника милиции города маргилана а.семёнова. фвда. ф.121. р. 1. йж. 64. 2-варақ. 16. резолюция скоблевской городской думы и комитета общественных организаций города скобелева 7 (20) февраль 1918г. фвда. ф 121. р. 1. йж. 68. 46-варақ. 17. резолюция. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 65. 48-варақ. 18. сафаров г. колониальная революция (опыт туркестана). москва. госиздат. 1921.; федоров е. очерки национально-освободительного движении в ср.азии. ташкент. узгосиздат. 1925. ; рискулов т. революция и коренное население туркестана. ташкент. узгосиздат. 1926.; галузо п. туркестан – колония. москва. кутв. 1929. 19. телеграмма областному совету. фвда. ф.121. р. 1. йж. 9. 20-варақ. 20. телефонограмма. военная. фвда. ф. 121. р. 1. йж. 64. 32, 41, 65-варақлар. 21. чўқаев м. истиқлол жаллодлари (1917 йил хотиралари). тошкент. ғ.ғулом номидаги нашриёт. 1992.; валидий а.з. хотиралар // шарқ юлдузи. 1993. 3-4, 5-6, 7-8-сонлари. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of using authentic materials to develop reading comprehension ismatova nodirakhon makhmudovna a teacher of kokand university abstract: the importance of real materials and resources that english language teachers can use today—from online teaching resources to textbooks—to support and enhance english classes is covered in this graduation project. in order to expose students to the language as it is used in everyday situations, many educators incorporate authentic english content into their classes. anything written in english that was not intended for use in an english language classroom is considered authentic material. keywords: authentic, fluency, reading, vocabulary, monotony, verbal, non-verbal. introduction authentic materials support literary comprehension and analysis because it fulfills its natural function as a language, instead of introducing language as artificial and discrete elements. the input hypothesis theory states that authentic materials are more comprehensible, and therefore have a greater communicative value compared to simplified or independent texts. within the realm of academic language use, cognitive academic language proficiency (calp) suggests that teachers should introduce language that is context related through authentic materials, and not simplified language. through authentic materials, learners are also able to demonstrate the ability to use the knowledge of phonics cues and reading strategies. in a research done by aftab, 100 second grade learners were divided into a literature based group, and commercial phonics based group. the learners’ comprehension of reading materials and strategies were examined using miscue analysis procedures by goodman, watson, and burke (1987). materials and methods learners were audiotaped reading aloud, and data were derived from these read aloud sessions to determine the miscue percentages and retelling ability of learners. before the study was conducted, learners were told to read in a manner that was consistent to when they were reading alone. recalling materials were two part: learners were first asked to recall without interruption, and then according to questions provided by the teacher. the aim of the study was to examine learner’s proficiency regarding the integration of language cues (syntactic, semantic, phonics, and so on), reading strategies (prediction, self correction) and comprehension (analysis of cohesion and logical sequencing). the results indicated that learners in the literature based classroom used multiple cues to comprehend the texts, learned phonics within a meaningful context and focused on constructing meaning through reading strategies, corrections and recalls when immersed in a literacy rich environment. in contrast, the study found that learners in the commercial based program, which emphasized systematic and explicit phonic instruction, did not show significantly better performance compared to the literature based group; in fact, these learners were statistically less willing to 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us take risks, accepting instead to read meaningless texts. these learners also read controlled texts and answered questions with a single correct answer instead of multiple divergent answers. in comparison, learners in the literature based program were interacting with the text, immersed in rich discussion and attempted to make sense of the text, occasionally focusing on graphophonic cues but not relying solely on this reading component. these learners were able to process both the surface and deeper aspects of language, and were thus able to grasp text and word level meaning, allowing them to develop into independent readers. provides natural language. through literature based instruction, students are exposed to a broader range of grammatical constructs that are generally used in natural discourse and provide real examples, including normal redundancy that present learners with familiar language chunks used. because of the authentic nature of these learning materials, students are exposed to a vocabulary that is both rich and natural. in a study by ivey and broaddus, the researchers noted in a research log (dated april 26, 2004) the progress of one student which, in his participation with this study, not only read fluently, but comprehend the material well. each sentence he read was concluded with the meaning of the last word. the study found how important repeated exposure is toward building learner fluency and vocabulary, using words in multiple contexts, but without the monotony of drills. when producing their own independent writing, learners can reflect the variety of literary features acquired through authentic materials. research and discussion authentic materials also contain a large number of cohesive devices that increase the cogency of these texts, making them easier to decode and comprehend compared to simplified or stand alone texts. a cohesive tie, which is a natural part of authentic discourse, is a vital tool used in processing information and building reading comprehension skills in l2 learners. in a study by oller (2005), the researcher advocates the use of “pi” bootstrapping a hypothesis which suggest that comprehension and acquisition of the ability to refer to content material and construct highly complex target form are essential in learning a new language. this theory proves the validity of authentic materials used in l2 acquisition, through providing different sentence structures to subjects, who identified certain sentences through logical sequencing, thus increasing comprehensibility. “…measures of priming effects, reading times, coherent rating and retention all confirm the prediction of the pi – bootstrapping hypothesis: the more coherent the storyline, (language) is processed more fluently and remembered better than less well connected sequence”. a motivated reader will “activate prior knowledge to construct new understanding”. it is also claimed that the development of literacy (obtained from reading texts) and motivated students is “a reciprocal relationship…”; the better you get at understanding the texts you read, the more motivated you will become. this will encourage you to engage in the reading of more texts with an increasing difficulty level. reading leads to a better textual understanding which in turn inspires you to read further. so the trick should be to get the students interested in texts to get them motivated in the process of working with texts within and outside the classroom language skills need to be introduced alongside academic content, in order to ensure the achievement of fluency before learners lose interest or slip into resignation. literature based instruction not only helps familiarize learners with the subject matter, but more importantly, allows them to use english to communicate the content matter. students’ motivation level increases when they see the language in which they are learning reflected in daily conversation between family, friends and in school. the practice of using literature based instruction in the classroom has received favorable response: educators agree that teaching a language using authentic materials is academically sound. authentic material supports increased comprehension of texts through the use of authentic language input, and fulfills social and academic purpose. however, the authenticity of the materials might not serve the needs of students if the materials, which represent realistic communication, ignore or do not reflect the issues of the learners’ culture. teaching a second 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us language might require more than just authentic materials in addressing the educational needs of immigrant language learners; incorporating culturally relevant materials will be an additional aspect within authentic materials that might be necessary to increase student achievement and participation. culturally relevant materials. culturally relevant texts contain the aspect of cultural diversity and shared experiences set by its characters that reflect the lives and identities of its readers. because language and cultural identity are inseparable, opportunities for learners to explore bilingual and bicultural identities in reading materials are crucial for literary success. conclusion young learners whose culture and beliefs are excluded from books and literature learn that they have no part as valued members of a society (bishop, 1987). the national center for research on cultural diversity and second language learning released a study entitled the pacific northwest indian reading and language development program. it was created to develop a culturally relevant reading curriculum for first through third grade learners. the teachers had transcribed oral stories told by native american students and used these stories as reading texts. researchers observed that there was an increase in students’ oral language production and language complexity when compared to the study’s baseline. data and observations collected throughout the academic year revealed that gains were most noticeable within the group of learners who, through pre test scores, were identified as “non verbal”. the benefits of using culturally relevant materials also extend into the home environment of the learners, where parents viewed the materials as useful and relevant, thus increasing language related activities in the home. this supports butterfield (1983)’s claim that culturally appropriate curriculum for american indian students does affect students’ language learning, as learners receive support both in school and at home. references: 1. martinez, a.g. (2002). authentic materials: an overview. free resources for teachers and students of english, karen's linguistics issues, 1 2. kilickaya, f. (2004). authentic materials and culture content in efl classrooms. the internet elt journal, 10(7). 3. berardo, s. a. (2006). the use of authentic materials in the teaching of reading. the reading matrix, 6 (2), 60-69. 4. bacon, s. m. & finnemann, m. d. (1990). a study of the attitudes, motives, and strategies of university foreign students. modern language journal 74-459-473 5. nuttall, c. (1996) teaching reading skills in a foreign language (new edition) oxford, oxford university press. 6. попова, е. и. (2022). эстетическая функция грамматических средств языка в художественном тексте. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 3(11), 290-295. 7. попова, е. и. (2023). риторическая компетенция в профессиональной подготовке учителя. gospodarka i innowacje., 42, 332-336. 8. likhachev, s. v., & popova, e. i. (2024). folk orthology in the digital environment. russian language studies, 22(1), 43-57. 9. popova, e. i. (2023). structural and semantic features of impersonal sentences. open access repository, 9(1), 202-206. 10. попова, е. и. (2015). работа над поэтическим словом как средство развития познавательного интереса учащихся. in молодежь и наука: реальность и будущее (pp. 332-335). 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. исматова, н. м. (2017). побудительные предложения в английском и в узбекском языках. молодой ученый, (22), 472-473. 12. makhmudovna, i. n. (2021). the relation between names and language. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal, 11(3), 1254-1256. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 linguopragmatic characteristics of allegorical means rajapova malika ahmadali qizi a teacher of kokand state pedagogical institute email: malikarajapova1993@gmail.com abstract allegory is a stylistic trope that can make the artistic text and oral speech meaningful and convey the meaning to the listener and reader in a colorful way. allegory is considered a type of movement and means revitalization. this article talks about the linguocognitive and linguopragmatic features of allegory and their peculiarities. keywords: allegory, artistic discourse, stylistic trope, linguistic culture, cognitive linguistics, linguo-pragmatics. introduction nowadays, the science of "cognitive linguistics" or "cognitive linguistics" has become very popular in linguistics. this subject is one of the most relevant areas of linguistics, which has a strong place in modern linguistics. allegory, a pervasive literary and rhetorical device, operates at the intersection of linguistics, literature, and pragmatics. allegorical means extend beyond mere figurative language, embedding complex layers of meaning within texts. this article explores the linguopragmatic characteristics of allegorical means, analyzing how they function in communication, influence interpretation, and convey intricate messages within different contexts. the word cognitive is derived from the english word "cognizeto know, to understand, to understand", and this field is not limited to the theory of knowledge in philosophy, but connects language with thinking (consciousness) and psychological, biological and neurophysiological aspects of its formation. conducts a deep scientific study of the organic connection of aspects with social, cultural and linguistic phenomena. in this respect, cognitive linguistics is connected with various fields such as psycholinguistics, anthropolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics. materials and methods according to sh.safarov, the task of cognitive linguistics is to acquire and store knowledge with the help of language, to apply and transmit language in practice, and in general, to connect the language system and structure with thinking as a reflection of the human brain, and to carry out in-depth scientific research. a. abduazizov said that the center of complex phenomena such as the creation, transmission, and conscious storage of speech is carried out through the neurons of the brain. by differentiating the form and content of different units in the language, using different concepts, frames, and defining national-cultural and social features, phonological tools are of great help in determining the uniqueness of each nation or ethnic group. human language is "voiced" and its great importance in creating content is studied in cognitive phonetics and phonology, so it should be recognized as the main component of cognitive linguistics. a person's reaction to everyday events is inextricably linked with the practical application of the cognitive theory of language. already, on the basis of our life experience, knowledge and skills, which have been formed over the years, we can think about objects, events, events that exist in reality in one way or another, and based on this, our speech in the process of conversation we achieve a smoothness. it is known that cognitive activity begins with a person's direct perception and feeling of reality. sensual perception prepares the ground for the formation of a symbol of this fragment of reality in thought. in the process of perception of reality, a subject-object relationship arises based on the unique mutual opposition of the performer of cognitive activity the subject and the object of this activity. all stages of cognitive activity are based on the same relationship. in modern linguistics, the cognitive direction is closely related to the analyzes at the lexical-semantic level, according to which language is a general cognitive mechanism, and performs the function of information presentation, code transmission and transformation in the form of a cognitive weapon. is also a sign system. in cognitive linguistics, the mechanisms of full acquisition of information are studied with the help of cognitive structures and methods characteristic of a person. after all, words expressing intensity also serve to express knowledge and imagination about existence. research and discussion in order to understand the meaning of a word, we only need to know its semantic structure. we should also be aware of the features of thinking, ways of thinking and knowing the world with the help of language elements of people who speak a certain language. because it is difficult to assign these tasks to a purely linguistic analysis of words. in order to gain a deeper understanding of the nature and essence of the language phenomenon, it is necessary to put on the agenda of our research the issues related to the speaker's knowledge of existence and "cooking" it in his mind and freely transmitting it to the listener in his own language (speech). is doing the field of linguistics has an ancient history, and it goes back to the beginning of human history. when humanity expresses its opinion on the events around it, it widely uses the unique methods of linguistics, as well as stylistic tropes. allegory is one of them. it is no exaggeration to say that allegory has a long history and has become an integral part of the fields of linguistics and literature. in linguistics, three types of metaphors are distinguished in terms of content, that is, typical metaphors, animation and stylistic metaphors. animation is one of the important tools that give imagery in artistic speech. animating is an image method that appears by transferring the characteristics of people to inanimate objects, natural phenomena, animals, birds, etc. diagnosis personalization. depicting inanimate objects as human beings. treating inanimate objects as if addressing people is also a form of animating. this phenomenon is called apostrophe. for example, "whisper-whisper of empty leaves, murky rain, soft grasses, capricious wind, you are my simple trees and the chaos of the sky that i don't dare to bend we are all connected by lonely longing. intoq means to describe as a speaker, to speak like people. some defects, shortcomings, and objects characteristic of people are shown figuratively. this movement, which is called an allegory in european literary studies, is also based on the "speaking" method. in instant animation, objects and objects, animals speak like people. allegory is a type of symbol, which is the use of a symbolic word (image) that represents a concrete image instead of an abstract concept of an event or thing, that is, a vague concept (concept) is used by many people. a method of expressing known things with specific symbols. also, an allegory expresses an abstract concept or idea through a concrete image. for example, the word "wolf" means evil, evil; the first examples of allegory are the use of the word "fox" to express cunning. concepts of symbolism, allegory and myth are often used side by side. because these three tools of artistic representation allow the writer to explain his opinion clearly, soberly and morally. if ever a literary genre was created for consumer research, we can call that literary genre unhesitatingly allegory. as mentioned above, this word is derived from the ancient greek "allegoreo", which means to talk about another under one meaning. according to barbara b. stern's research, allegory means "building on top of". in conclusion, the history of the study of allegory goes back to the very distant past, in particular, this stylistic trope can be found not only in artistic speech, but also in every aspect of our daily life, in journalism, poetry, and religious books. allegory involves using symbolic figures, actions, or events to convey deeper meanings and abstract concepts, often moral, political, or philosophical. unlike metaphors or similes, which create direct comparisons, allegory constructs a parallel narrative, inviting readers to uncover hidden messages. classic examples include john bunyan’s "the pilgrim’s progress" and george orwell’s "animal farm." the linguopragmatic approach combines linguistic analysis with pragmatic considerations, examining how language functions in context to achieve communicative goals. this perspective is crucial for understanding allegory, as the interpretation of allegorical means relies heavily on contextual factors, cultural knowledge, and the interaction between text and reader. linguistic features of allegory several linguistic features characterize allegorical means: symbolism: allegory relies on symbols—words, phrases, or narratives that signify meanings beyond their literal sense. for instance, in "animal farm," the farm represents a society, and its animals symbolize different social classes and political figures. extended metaphor: allegories often employ extended metaphors, where a single metaphorical framework is developed throughout the text, providing a cohesive structure for the underlying message. narrative structure: the narrative in an allegory functions on two levels: the surface story and the deeper, symbolic narrative. this dual-layered structure demands active interpretation from the reader. 4. pragmatic aspects of allegory pragmatics focuses on how meaning is constructed in interaction and context. key pragmatic aspects of allegory include: contextual interpretation: the meaning of allegorical elements depends on the reader’s ability to recognize and interpret the symbolic references within the cultural and historical context of the text. illocutionary force: allegorical statements often carry illocutionary force, performing actions such as warning, criticizing, or instructing, which are discerned through the allegorical narrative. inference and implicature: readers must infer the intended meaning behind allegorical elements, navigating implicatures that suggest meanings not explicitly stated in the text. conclusion allegorical means, with their rich symbolic and interpretive potential, are a fascinating subject of study within linguopragmatics. by examining the linguistic features and pragmatic aspects of allegory, we gain insights into how complex meanings are constructed and communicated through language. understanding the linguopragmatic characteristics of allegorical means not only enriches our appreciation of literary and rhetorical works but also enhances our ability to interpret and engage with the deeper messages embedded in texts across cultures and contexts. references: 1. stephen browna, lorna stevensb and pauline maclaran, “what’s the story, allegory?”, consumption markets & culture. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2021.1948840 2. boboxoxnova l. t. “ingliz tili stilistikasi” toshkent, o’qituvchi. 1995. 72bet 3. rajapova malika ahmadali qizi, allegorical means specific to oral speech, europian journal of innovation in nonformal education (ejine) volume 2, issue 2, issn:2795-8612 4. stephen browna, lorna stevensb and pauline maclaran, “what’s the story, allegory?”, consumption markets & culture. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2021.1948840 5. rajapova, malika. "lingvoculturology and its peculiarities as new branches of contemporary linguistics." scienceweb academic papers collection (2021). 6. rajapova, m., & sheraliyeva, n. (2022). teaching english through fairytales. scientific research results in pandemic conditions (covid-19), 1 (06), 186-189. retrieved from. 7. rajapova, m., & sheraliyeva, n. (2022). teaching english through fairytales. scientific research results in pandemic conditions (covid19), 1 (06), 186–189. 8. nishonova, s. m., sheraliyeva, n. a. q., & satimova, h. k. (2021). the importance of intercultural communication in foreign language learning. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(5), 958-965. 9. rajapova, m., & sheraliyeva, n. (2020). teaching english through fairytales. результаты научных исследований в условиях пандемии (covid-19), 1(06), 186-189. 10. ganiyevich, m. t., & saminovna, m. d. (2023). factors in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among university students. journal of advanced zoology, 44(5). 11. ganievich, m. t. (2023). studying phraseology in universities. confrencea, 12(12), 122-127. 12. mirzaliev, t. g. (2022). the effectiveness of the use of innovative methods in teaching russian language and literature. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 8.036, 11(12), 296-298. 13. mirzaliev, t. g. (2023). scientific text as a source of enrichment of professional speech. international bulletin of applied science and technology, 3(3), 84-88. 14. tajiyeva, f., & mirzaliyeva, d. (2020, november). high altitude distribution of endemic species of the genus scutellaria l. in the flora of uzbekistan. in archive of conferences (vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 57-59). 15. dilfuza, m. (2023, june). exploring the benefits of bilingualism in early childhood. in " canada" internati̇onal conference on developments i̇n educati̇on, sci̇encesand humani̇ti̇es (vol. 9, no. 1). 16. ganiyevich, m. t., & saminovna, m. d. (2023). factors in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among university students. journal of advanced zoology, 44(5). 17. saminovna, m. d., & solijanovna, m. d. (2021). integrated approach to russian language lessons. academicia globe, 2(04), 179-182. 354 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us image1.png 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 understanding and importance of partnership of internal affairs departments with other field services and the community in the counter-drug department boymirzaev jasurbek bakhtiyarovich independent applicant of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article reveals the nature and significance of the interaction between the operational units of the internal affairs bodies to combat narcotic drugs and other industry services and bodies carrying out activities to interact with the population. the article analyzes the concept, forms and stages of relationships, organizational and managerial aspects, the author’s definition of the concept of “activities of other industry services and public cooperation in the fight against drugs of operational units of internal affairs bodies”, as well as opportunities are formed as its effectiveness increases. the work uses a complex of general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition, including such methods as the systematic method, synthesis, analysis, induction and other methods of scientific research. the scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the nature and content of interaction between operational units of internal affairs bodies with other industry services and the public in the fight against drugs. the main conclusion of the study is that the levels, forms and areas of cooperation between operational units of internal affairs bodies with other industry services and the public in the fight against drugs are closely related to each other and together constitute its main content. keywords: drugs, field services, public, types of cooperation, forms, operational departments. main part one of the factors that significantly influences the results of any team is the properly organized and skillfully implemented interaction between its participants. each government agency cannot ensure the effectiveness of its activities only within the limits of its internal capabilities without cooperation with other structures. [9, p. 11] the concept of mutual cooperation in the fight against narcotic drugs of operational units of internal affairs agencies with other industry services and cooperation with the public can be understood on the basis of the general concept of mutual compatibility of any entities operating in society from the point of view of various fields. mutual cooperation between investigative bodies and the population is of fundamental importance for the protection of society and state security from criminal encroachments. the forms and directions of this mutual cooperation are seriously studied by modern scientists. each of them confirms that an important potential for the fight against crime is hidden in the assistance of citizens to law enforcement agencies [1, pp. 36-40]. in philosophy, "interaction" is defined as a category reflecting the processes of influence of various objects on each other, their mutual conditioning and change of state. interaction is an integrating factor, with the help of which parts are united into a certain whole [2, p. 394]. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, interaction in the article under consideration is the process of interaction of operational units of the internal affairs bodies for combating drugs and other industry services and the population, in turn, their interdependence, interconnected activities are manifested, and the role of one subject in the fight against crime presupposes interdependence and coordination of activities. it should be noted that interaction serves as an integrating factor in the unification of the above-mentioned bodies into a single system, which in the process of their work change their position compared to the initial state. based on the above, it can be assumed that interaction is a certain type of relationship between subjects solving common or interconnected problems, which can be called cooperation and is manifested in their joint or coordinated activities. that is, the essence of interaction is the interconnection of subjects. the main goal of cooperation between operational investigation units and field services and the public in detecting and preventing drug-related crimes is to prove cases that are the subject of the investigation. it can be said that cooperation is a method of learning the objective truth about crime. in our opinion, in this case, the form of mutual cooperation should be understood as a certain organizational and tactical basis for implementing the interaction of interacting bodies to solve the tasks of solving and preventing crimes. most authors of cooperation understand the unity of interrelated elements, each of which performs its own function, contributing to the achievement of a common goal. if we talk about mutual cooperation of operational units of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, they are an integral part of individual regional internal affairs bodies. if the subjects of interaction represent different departments, they are part of a single system of state bodies for combating crime. in our opinion, the interaction of operational units, operational services and public cooperation through the implementation of measures to solve and prevent drug crimes, forming an independent, albeit temporary system, is aimed at achieving final results, that is, they form a specific program-target structure. continuity of mutual cooperation is associated with the stability of the tasks facing the operational units of the field service and interaction with the public. the specified features of the interaction of operational investigation units, industry services and the public allow us to consider it as a specific process. international dictionaries define "cooperation" as a series of changes in circumstances or a series of actions to achieve a result. in relation to the labor process, cooperation is defined as a set of actions carried out in order to obtain a specific product of labor [3, p. 16]. in a practical sense, the content of the process of relations with the public and operational services of investigative bodies is a moving dynamic system, the components of which are coordinated and joint actions at certain stages of solving and preventing crimes. a) cooperation (employee, colleague) 1. someone who does work together. 2 a mutually supportive employee willing to cooperate. b) cooperation 1) to be a partner in work, to unite in one work, to do it equally. 2) joint work and joint work in the field [8, p. 309]. it should be noted that the interaction of subjects at any level requires organizational influence, which is understood as a targeted influence on achieving a certain goal. the organization of mutual cooperation is essentially a management activity, or more precisely, social management. social management is the influence of management subjects on a social system with the aim of directing it to the implementation of their goals and objectives. depending on the current situation, the impact can be aimed at regulating the system, stabilizing it or transferring it to another state and is carried out through the correct organization and coordination of people's activities [4, p. 8]. thus, an important factor in organizing mutual cooperation, as well as in its implementation, is the process of collecting, processing, transmitting and using information. therefore, the system 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of mutual informing of the bodies involved in the fight against crime is a necessary condition for ensuring their mutual cooperation. when considering the legal regulation of cooperation between emergency services and industry services and the population, two important factors should be taken into account: firstly, the legal basis for mutual cooperation has now been significantly expanded. the laws "on operational-search activities" and "on internal affairs agencies" oblige operational-search activities to be carried out by operational units. secondly, the aforementioned laws clearly limit their powers in solving the problems of detecting and preventing crimes. the international legal literature defines various forms of interaction between subjects of the fight against crime. at the same time, depending on the legal regulation, procedural and nonprocedural forms of interaction are distinguished [5, p. 495]. based on the above definitions, the following forms of interaction can be distinguished depending on legal regulation, methods of implementation and levels of interaction: in accordance with the rules:  procedural;  non-procedural. cooperating with:  joint or coordinated work;  information exchange. by levels of interaction:  organizational and managerial;  organizational and tactical. according to v. m. shvankov, the most important signs of interaction are the following:  cooperation;  mutual assistance;  interaction of forces and means;  increase the "resolution" of the system;  strengthening its control parameters [6, p. 10]. both of these approaches to defining "interaction" are scientifically substantiated. however, it seems to us that in the first case, showing joint or coordinated actions in terms of goals, place and time, the main attention is paid to the appearance of interaction, i.e. priority is given to describing the form. in the second case, on the contrary, attention is paid to the essence of this phenomenon, emphasizing that interaction is cooperation based on support. in his research, professor i. ismailov conditionally divided cooperation in the system of combating crime into four areas;  intradepartmental cooperation  interdepartmental cooperation  cooperation with the public  international cooperation [7, p. 30]. mutual cooperation begins at the request of a regulatory legal document or at the initiative of one of the parties. 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main stage is the stage of actual coordinated or joint activity. the final stage is the stage of assessing the effectiveness of the work performed and summing up the results. achieving high consistency serves to increase the effectiveness of the operational search departments in the field of field service and interaction with the public. however, due to the extreme diversity of methods for committing even one type of crime, the consistency of functional and role expectations can only be achieved at the organizational and managerial level and cannot be achieved in advance at the operational and tactical level. therefore, interacting entities must be psychologically prepared to act in a coordinated manner in uncertain conditions. cooperation is conventionally divided into two main forms;  mutual exchange of information;  divided into practical cooperation, which is manifested in joint planning of specific measures of activity, generalization of the results of implementation, mutual assistance and support for the implementation of certain tasks [10, p. 13]. thus, it seems that we can come to the following conclusion. the studied levels, forms and directions of interaction, with all their diversity, are closely related to each other and together constitute its main content. this cooperation is a joint activity based on laws and legal documents, each of the cooperating parties uses its own special powers, methods and forms, and the main direction of activity is to find the person who committed the crime and reliably prove his guilt so that the court will assign him a fair punishment. references 1. kalyagin yu.s., tveritinova e.n., esipov a.g. legal consciousness in the context of the psychology of citizens' assistance to subjects of operational-search activities // legal psychology. 2014. no. 1 2. new philosophical encyclopedia. vol. 1 / scientific editorial board: v.s. stepin, a.a. guseynov, g.yu. semigin, a.p. ogurtsov. m., 2010. 744 p. 3. rofe a.i. organization and standardization of labor. m., 2014. 224 p. 4. fundamentals of management in internal affairs bodies: textbook / ed. a.p. korenev. 4th ed., revised. and add. m., 2001. 396 p. averianova. t.v., belkin p.s., korukhov yu.g., rossiyskaya e.r. forensic science: textbook for universities / ed. p.s. 5. belkina. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – m., 2003. – 990 p. 6. shvankov v.m. theoretical foundations of coordination and interaction in internal affairs bodies. – m., 1978. – 24 p. 7. i. ismailov fight against terrorism // under the protection of the law 2004 #7 b-30. 8. explanatory dictionary of the uzbek language t-2023, p-309. 9. a.a.bobokhonov, actual issues of mutual cooperation of law-making bodies in maintaining public order and ensuring citizen safety, republican scientific practical conference t2015, p-11. 10. a.a. askarov improving the management of cooperative activities of law enforcement agencies in the maintenance of public order // master's thesis // t-2023, p-13. 30 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 10, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the effectiveness of modern technologies in teaching chemistry tursunov navro'z independent researcher annotation: the use of modern technologies in teaching chemistry has revolutionized the way the subject is taught and learned. with advancements in digital tools, simulation software, and virtual labs, both students and educators are able to explore complex chemical concepts more interactively and engagingly. keywords: falsification of digital evidence, criminal law, obstruction of justice, fraud, computer crime, imprisonment, disbarment, emphasize the legal ramifications, digital signatures and timestamps. introduction. modern technologies are revolutionizing the way chemistry is taught, making learning more engaging, interactive, and accessible. here are some of the most effective technologies shaping the future of chemistry education: 1. virtual reality (vr) and augmented reality (ar): immersive learning environments: vr and ar technologies create immersive learning environments that transport students into virtual labs, allowing them to interact with 3d models of molecules, conduct experiments, and visualize complex chemical processes. enhanced visualization: vr and ar can visualize abstract concepts, like molecular structures, chemical reactions, and the movement of electrons, making them more concrete and easier to understand. 2. interactive simulations and games: interactive learning: simulations and games provide interactive learning experiences that allow students to experiment, explore, and test their understanding of chemistry concepts. gamification of learning: gamified learning environments can motivate students, enhance engagement, and make learning more enjoyable. materials. 3. digital labs and remote access: virtual laboratories: virtual labs allow students to conduct experiments remotely, without the need for physical equipment or chemicals. this expands access to experiments that may be expensive, hazardous, or otherwise unavailable. remote access to real labs: some labs offer remote access capabilities, allowing students to control experiments from their own devices and observe real-time results. 4. online learning platforms and resources: personalized learning: online platforms can adapt to individual student needs and learning styles, http://www/ 31 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us providing personalized content, feedback, and assessments. massive open online courses (moocs): moocs offer flexible and affordable access to high-quality chemistry education, reaching a wider audience. 5. 3d printing and molecular modeling: physical models: 3d printing allows students to create physical models of molecules, enabling them to visualize and interact with complex structures. interactive molecular modeling software: software programs enable students to manipulate and explore molecular structures, visualize chemical bonds, and simulate reactions. 6. data analytics and visualization: data analysis skills: chemistry experiments generate large datasets that students can analyze using statistical software and visualization tools. this develops essential data analysis skills and enhances understanding of chemical phenomena. visualization of chemical data: software programs allow students to visualize chemical data in various formats, such as graphs, charts, and 3d models, facilitating better comprehension and interpretation. 7. collaborative learning and online communities: virtual collaboration: online platforms enable students to collaborate on projects, share resources, and discuss concepts with classmates and teachers. online chemistry communities: online communities and forums provide spaces for students to ask questions, share ideas, and learn from peers and experts. 8. augmented reality (ar) and virtual reality (vr) for lab safety training: interactive safety simulations: ar and vr can create immersive and interactive simulations that teach students about safety protocols and procedures in a virtual lab environment, reducing risks in real-world labs. research and methods. modern technologies have proven incredibly effective in enhancing chemistry education, offering numerous benefits that traditional methods could not match. here's a deeper look at their effectiveness: 1. enhanced engagement and motivation: immersive learning: vr and ar experiences create captivating environments that transport students into the world of molecules, reactions, and lab settings. this immersion leads to greater engagement and a more profound understanding of complex concepts. interactive learning: simulations and games make learning active and engaging, encouraging students to explore, experiment, and test their knowledge. this active learning approach is more motivating than passive listening or reading. gamification: incorporating game mechanics like points, challenges, and rewards fosters friendly competition and a sense of accomplishment, motivating students to push themselves further. 2. improved understanding and conceptual learning: visualization of abstract concepts: vr, ar, and 3d modeling tools make abstract chemical concepts like molecular structures, electron movement, and reactions more tangible and understandable. visualizing these concepts leads to deeper comprehension and retention. hands-on exploration: virtual labs and simulations allow students to conduct experiments and manipulate variables, fostering a deeper understanding of cause-and-effect relationships in chemical processes. results. personalized learning: adaptive learning platforms tailor content and difficulty levels to individual http://www/ 32 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us student needs, ensuring that learners are challenged and supported appropriately. 3. increased access and flexibility: remote learning: virtual labs and online platforms provide access to chemistry education for students who may not have access to traditional lab facilities or resources. this democratizes learning opportunities. flexible learning: online courses and resources offer flexible learning options, allowing students to learn at their own pace, on their own schedule, and from anywhere in the world. 4. enhanced data analysis and problem-solving skills: data visualization and analysis: modern tools enable students to visualize and analyze chemical data, enhancing their understanding of trends and relationships. this fosters critical thinking and problemsolving skills. real-world applications: online platforms and resources often connect chemistry concepts to realworld applications, demonstrating the relevance and importance of the subject matter. 5. improved safety and risk management: virtual lab safety training: vr simulations can provide realistic and safe training environments for students to learn about laboratory safety protocols and procedures. reduced risk in real labs: virtual experiments minimize the need for dangerous chemicals and hazardous procedures in real labs, ensuring a safer learning environment. 6. collaborative learning and community building: online collaboration: online platforms and virtual labs foster collaboration among students, allowing them to work together on projects, share ideas, and learn from each other. online chemistry communities: online forums and communities provide a space for students to ask questions, discuss concepts, and learn from peers and experts. conclusion. these technologies are transforming the way chemistry is taught, making learning more engaging, accessible, and effective. they provide new opportunities for hands-on experimentation, visualization of complex concepts, personalized learning, and collaborative learning experiences, contributing to a more dynamic and engaging approach to chemistry education. overall, modern technologies are transforming chemistry education, making it more engaging, effective, accessible, and relevant for students. by leveraging these technologies, educators can create dynamic learning environments that foster deeper understanding, improve critical thinking skills, and enhance the overall learning experience. list of used literatures: 1. de jong, t., linn, m. c., & zacharia, z. c. (2013). physical and virtual laboratories in science and engineering education. science, 340(6130), 305-308. 2. hanson, r. m. (2010). jmol—a paradigm shift in crystallographic visualization. journal of applied crystallography, 43(5), 1250-1260. 3. moore, e. b., & chamberlain, j. m. (2017). interactive simulations as teaching tools in chemistry education. journal of chemical education, 94(4), 510-515. 4. seery, m. k. (2015). flipped learning in higher education chemistry: emerging trends and potential directions. chemistry education research and practice, 16(4), 758-768. 5. coley, c. w., green, w. h., & jensen, k. f. (2018). machine learning in computer-aided synthesis planning. accounts of chemical research, 51(5), 1281-1289. 6. ma, j., & nickerson, j. v. (2006). hands-on, simulated, and remote laboratories: a comparative literature review. acm computing surveys, 38(3), 7. http://www/ 33 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. liu, m., mckelroy, e., corliss, s., & carrigan, j. (2017). cloud-based collaborative learning in a global context: opportunities and challenges. journal of computing in higher education, 29, 1-17. 8. serafin, m., barros, m., & saito, k. (2018). 3d printing in chemistry education: introduction to stereochemistry via 3d molecular models. journal of chemical education, 95(12), 2086-2091. http://www/ 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 green investments: a factor for promoting ecological innovations in the national economy ashurova oltin yuldashevna samarkand institute of economics and service, senior lecturer, department of “investment and innovations” abstract: this article analyzes the concept of green investments, their role in the national economy and the development of ecological innovations. the importance of investments in the formation of a green economy, especially the economic efficiency of introducing environmentally friendly technologies in the industrial and energy sectors, is considered. the article also analyzes the current situation in uzbekistan in attracting green investments, foreign experience and opportunities for their implementation. based on the results of the study, proposals and recommendations have been developed to expand green investments and combine them with innovative development. keywords: green investments, ecological innovations, sustainable development, green economy, economic efficiency, renewable energy, ecological technologies, financing mechanisms, economy of uzbekistan. introduction in recent decades, global environmental problems such as climate change, environmental pollution and the limitation of natural resources have become urgent issues for all mankind. therefore, there is a growing need for a new economic direction the concept of a green economy that provides sustainability, efficiency and environmental safety, abandoning the traditional economic model. this new approach involves conducting economic activity with minimal damage to the environment, rational use of natural resources and the widespread introduction of ecological innovations. green investments stand out as the main driving force of the green economy. green investments are understood as financial resources aimed at ensuring environmental sustainability, that is, directed to the development of environmentally friendly, renewable energy, waste recycling, water and air resources purification, environmentally friendly transport and technologies. these investments play an important role not only in solving environmental problems, but also in maintaining economic growth rates and creating new jobs. currently, developed countries are defining green investments as a strategic priority and giving them an important place in state policy. they are implementing environmental innovations on a large scale using green bonds, subsidies, tax breaks and other financial incentives. this is leading to technological modernization and environmental safety in their economies. the republic of uzbekistan is also putting forward a number of initiatives and reforms to develop a green economy. within the framework of national programs such as "green space", "energy efficient economy", "sustainable development goals", improving the ecological environment, introducing renewable energy sources and switching to modern ecological 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technologies are set as priorities. however, further improving the investment climate in this area, attracting private and foreign investors, and diversifying financial instruments remain urgent tasks. this article analyzes the role of green investments in the national economy, their role in stimulating environmental innovations, international experience and practice in uzbekistan. proposals and recommendations will also be developed to improve the effectiveness of green financing mechanisms. literature review in recent years, research on the green economy and green investments has substantiated the need to reconcile environmental and economic interests. international scholars p. victor and r. costanza emphasize in their work that economic growth should be linked to environmental sustainability. reports developed by the oecd and unep highlight the effectiveness of green investments in the field of renewable energy, waste management and transport. several scientific articles and analytical materials on green economy issues have been published in uzbekistan, among which the works of m. t. karimov, s. a. oripov, d. sh. yusupov occupy a special place. these studies discuss mechanisms for attracting green investments, methods of financial incentives and the role of state policy. special attention is also paid to studying foreign experience in modernizing the economy, increasing energy efficiency and ensuring environmental safety. however, there is currently a lack of in-depth analysis of the specific economic outcomes and impact of green investments on innovative development, which increases the urgency of the topic. methodology this scientific study used a comprehensive methodological approach aimed at determining the importance of green investments in the national economy, assessing their role and effectiveness in stimulating ecological innovations. a number of scientific and methodological approaches were selected to achieve scientifically sound analysis and conclusions on the subject of the study. first, the analytical and comparative method was used. through this method, the concept of green investments, their forms, main directions, and advanced experiences of world countries in the field of green economy were studied and compared with the practice of uzbekistan. in particular, the strengths and weaknesses of the national model were identified based on a comparison with the strategies of germany, south korea, and china in financing ecological innovations. secondly, the volume of green investments in the republic of uzbekistan, their structural structure, distribution by sectors, growth dynamics, and economic efficiency indicators were analyzed based on the method of statistical analysis. official statistical data, materials from the world bank, the united nations environment program (unep), the international finance corporation (ifc) and the statistical agency of the republic of uzbekistan were used. based on this data, visual analysis was carried out in the form of graphs and diagrams. thirdly, a systematic approach was used to deeply study the economic, social and environmental factors that green investments and environmental innovations are interconnected with. this approach made it possible to assess complex processes in the national economy in a holistic way. fourthly, through the method of normative and legal analysis, the adopted legislative acts, presidential decrees, government resolutions, national strategies and roadmaps on supporting the green economy and green investments in the republic of uzbekistan were studied. also, existing problems in national legislation and the need for improvement were identified based on comparison with international standards and legal regulations. fifth, using the expert assessment method, the opinions of economists, environmental specialists, investment experts and experts from state administration bodies were studied. this revealed 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us practical obstacles, potential and opportunities in attracting green investments. the analysis of these opinions ensured the practical validity of the research results. in general, the methodological approaches used ensured the scientific validity, practical relevance and effectiveness of the research. the combination of various methods made it possible to comprehensively reveal the topic and increased the reliability of the conclusions and proposals presented in the article. analysis and results this section analyzes the interrelationships in the process of promoting green investments and ecological innovations, their impact on the national economy, as well as practice in uzbekistan and foreign experience. the main results obtained during the study are covered in the following sections. green investment financing mechanisms the republic of uzbekistan has a number of financial instruments for attracting green investments. these include, mainly, tax incentives provided by the state, subsidies, green bonds and public-private partnership (ppp) mechanisms. however, existing financial mechanisms are not yet fully effective. financing green investments is mainly carried out using the state budget and assistance from international financial institutions, but the funds attracted from the private sector are relatively low. according to experts, it is necessary to further diversify the financial incentive system, for example, expand green banks, green bonds and eco-certificates. it is indicated that uzbekistan can issue green bonds and cooperate with large international banks to attract debt funds for environmentally friendly projects. promoting ecological innovations and their economic efficiency the results of the analysis show that through the implementation of ecological innovations, significant savings can be achieved in the economy by increasing energy efficiency, recycling waste and reducing emissions. an example of this is the "green energy" projects in uzbekistan. these projects are playing an important role, in particular, in the introduction of renewable energy sources. projects to improve energy efficiency play a major role, firstly, in reducing energy consumption and, secondly, in ensuring environmental safety. studies show that the use of renewable energy sources increases the overall efficiency of the economy by reducing income by an average of 15-20%. the impact of green investments on the national economy the analysis revealed the positive impact of green investments on the national economy. such investments are of great importance in ensuring environmental safety, stimulating social development and increasing the sustainability of economic growth. in the process of uzbekistan's transition to a green economy, the main focus is on the development and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies. this process allows for the creation of new jobs, modernization of local industry, and increased energy efficiency. the analysis also shows that green investments can be effective in ensuring economic efficiency and developing new industries in the long term for the national economy. green investments can be not only environmentally friendly, but also economically beneficial. foreign experience and practice in uzbekistan foreign experience, in particular, the study of achievements in the field of green economy and green investments in germany, china, and south korea, has shown that uzbekistan can benefit from these experiences. in germany, for example, an economic model based on renewable energy sources is being successfully implemented, and this model creates opportunities for increasing energy exports and developing new development technologies. china, on the other 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hand, has implemented strict state policies and financial incentives in the transition to a green economy. in the experience of uzbekistan, there is a high need for the introduction of environmental technologies and the production of renewable energy sources, especially in large industrial enterprises. at the same time, the issues of increasing the effectiveness of state programs for the development of environmental technologies and involving the private sector remain relevant. main results of the study ➢ green investments create great opportunities for the modernization and sustainable development of various sectors of the uzbek economy. ➢ green investments can be stimulated by diversifying financial mechanisms, in particular, by developing mechanisms for green bonds and green banks. ➢ the implementation of ecological innovations serves not only to ensure environmental safety, but also to increase economic efficiency. ➢ significant progress can be made in the development of a green economy by integrating foreign experience and existing national practices. conclusion the main objective of this study was to analyze green investments as a means of stimulating ecoinnovation in the national economy and to determine their economic efficiency and contribution to environmental sustainability. the study examined the impact of green investments on the economy, their environmental and social efficiency, as well as the financial and legal mechanisms necessary to stimulate these investments. the results showed that green investments play an important role not only in ensuring environmental sustainability, but also in supporting economic growth. supporting green investments helps to increase energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and strengthen social sustainability. there is a need to improve the existing financial mechanisms to support green investments. a broader system of financial incentives is needed for the development of a green economy through tax incentives, subsidies, green bonds, and public-private partnership (ppp) mechanisms. such mechanisms can be effective in attracting the private sector. the study showed that economic efficiency can be increased through the introduction and development of ecological innovations. the introduction of green technologies leads not only to environmental sustainability, but also to the creation of new jobs and increased energy efficiency. also, the integration of foreign experience and national practices, especially the successes of countries such as germany, china and south korea in promoting green investments, can be adapted to uzbekistan. studying the experience of these countries in financing ecological innovations can be useful for creating effective mechanisms for attracting green investments in the national economy. state policy and legal norms play a great role in promoting green investments. it is important to create the necessary legal framework for the transition to a green economy in the republic of uzbekistan and effectively implement state programs in this area. at the same time, it is necessary to combine national and international support mechanisms for the development and introduction of environmentally friendly technologies. effective development of this sector can be achieved by improving financial mechanisms for the development of green investments, developing and introducing green technologies, as well as strengthening state policies. integration of foreign experience and national practice can lead to effective results in the development of environmental innovations in uzbekistan. the results of the study provide important guidelines for uzbekistan's transition to a green economy and can serve as a basis for future policies and practices. 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. gershenson, s., & luo, x. (2023). green investment and the transition to a sustainable economy: the role of private and public sectors. sustainability press. 2. shukla, p., & gupta, r. (2022). financing green innovations: exploring investment opportunities and challenges in emerging economies. journal of green finance, 15(4), 202-215. 3. müller, k., & lang, t. (2022). public policy and green investments: a comparative analysis of green bonds and subsidies in europe and asia. journal of environmental economics, 30(3), 347-367. 4. chen, y., & zhang, w. (2023). global green investment trends and opportunities: implications for developing economies. international journal of green business, 12(1), 5670. 5. li, q., & zhang, s. (2022). the role of green finance in promoting ecological innovation: evidence from china. green finance, 4(1), 90-105. 6. shomurodov, a., & tashkentov, a. (2023). green investments and their importance in the economy of uzbekistan. journal of economics and innovative development of uzbekistan, 10(1), 45-58. 7. iskandarov, a., & rasulov, m. (2022). green investments in financing ecological innovations: the experience of uzbekistan. journal of international economic studies, 17(3), 121-134. 8. beknazarov, z., & mirzaev, k. (2023). green finance and ecological innovations: development prospects in uzbekistan. economy of uzbekistan, 32(2), 76-89. 9. ganiev, j., & kamilov, d. (2022). green economy and energy efficiency: research in the context of uzbekistan. journal of ecology of uzbekistan, 8(1), 101-112. 10. rakhmonov, m., & bazarov, a. (2023). mechanisms for supporting ecological innovations and green investments: practice in uzbekistan. economics and ecology, 22(4), 112-125. 248 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 judicial consideration of disputes in the international private legal system islombek ruziyev otabekovich private law, tashkent state law university abstract: this article reviews and analyzes judicial consideration of disputes in the international private legal system. the features of alternative methods of resolving economic disputes in uzbekistan relating to private international law will also be revealed. the experience of uzbekistan in resolving economic disputes complicated by a foreign element will be studied. keywords: judicial consideration, uzbekistan, international private, legal system, experience. with the establishment of relations between the subjects of international law, disputes may arise between them. one such conflict is economic conflict. economic disputes are disputes arising from civil or other legal relations related to the implementation of economic activities by individual entrepreneurs or legal entities1. when economic disputes are complicated by a foreign element, they require regulation by private international law. therefore, in order for an economic dispute to be resolved on the basis of international private law, the subjects or one of them must be a foreign citizen or a foreign legal entity, or the disputed object must be located abroad, or the situation or event that caused the dispute must have occurred abroad. should be. economic disputes arising between the state and a foreign legal entity are resolved on the basis of international private law norms, even if the state is on one side. any dispute that arises requires an alternative solution for the parties. in addition, the 1969 vienna convention on international treaties states that treaty disputes, like other international disputes, should be settled only by peaceful means and in accordance with the principles of justice and international law [2]. there are several ways to resolve economic disputes in private international law. in this case, subjects can choose a method convenient for them to resolve the dispute. in private international law, economic disputes are regulated on the basis of international conventions, national legislation, and international agreements. in uzbekistan, economic disputes arising from complicated relations with foreign elements are resolved on the basis of international private law norms, international agreements and national legislation. scholars have different approaches to alternative dispute resolution in private international law. according to n. o. nurmamatov and k. matkarimov, "resolving disputes by alternative methods" is the use of the most effective non-state (private) method of resolving a dispute to achieve the necessary legal result and (or) resolving a legal dispute that is not prohibited by law [3]. m.t. sharipova analyzes the concepts of "conflict" and "conflict" and comes to a conclusion. according to this scientist, the combination of the words "alternative conflict resolution" includes a whole set of conflict resolution mechanisms, which in many cases can replace traditional methods of conflict resolution due to their high efficiency and flexibility [4]. alternative ways to resolve economic disputes in private international law are: 249 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in order to resolve economic disputes, the parties in most cases choose arbitration courts or mediation. in some cases, they can negotiate, reach an acceptable agreement for the parties, or resolve the dispute based on an expert opinion. negotiation is communication between the parties (negotiators) to achieve their goals and a common solution, in which each of the parties has equal opportunities to control the situation and solve the problem. negotiations are one of the simplest, most common, effective and inexpensive means of resolving disputes, including in the economic sphere, because they do not cause additional costs, they do not pose risks for the parties and are aimed at discussing the resolution of the dispute. negotiations are carried out in several stages. first stage, preparation for negotiations. at this stage, the parties state their requirements for conducting negotiations or address how to conduct negotiations in connection with the dispute. the second stage is the negotiation process. this stage involves the parties sharing their proposals and reaching a consensus on how to resolve the dispute. the third stage is the conclusion of the negotiations and the analysis of its results. at this stage, the parties conclude negotiations and resolve the dispute with a solution that satisfies all of them. the representatives of the parties will meet, study the situation in which the dispute arose, and make their proposals for solving the problem. negotiation is similar to mediation, but the mediation process is conducted by specially trained licensed mediators [5]. 250 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as we can see, negotiation as an alternative method of solving economic disputes related to private international law provides many conveniences for the parties to find a solution to the dispute. mediation is a universal technology of alternative resolution of disputes between two or more parties with the participation of a third party mediator, which helps to develop a certain agreement on the dispute, the process of decision-making by the parties on the resolution of the dispute and its resolution fully controls the conditions of making [2]. the mediation process should be based on the following principles: one of the alternative ways to resolve disputes is for the parties to enter into a settlement agreement. it is one of the most acceptable means of resolving conflicts for participants in private international law. the reason for this is that the terms of settlement of the dispute in the settlement agreement are determined by the parties themselves, based on their interests and capabilities, during negotiations, which helps to maintain a stable and favorable relationship between them. a settlement agreement is drawn up when the parties reach an agreement. in this case, first, the parties provide a procedure for resolving the dispute and a solution to the dispute. proposals will be considered one by one in order to reach an agreement. at the first stage of reaching an agreement, the parties make their proposals, and at the second stage, the acceptance or rejection of these proposals is considered. acceptance of the offer must be in writing, which will serve as proof of acceptance of the offer [3]. the parties may enter into a settlement agreement at one of the court stages or out of court. another alternative method of resolving economic disputes related to private international law is an expert opinion. parties in need of expert services may contact the icc international center of expertise and request the appointment of an expert in a specific area of interest. the center, established in 1976, carries out its activities in accordance with the icc expertise regulations. the center deals with technical, financial, legal and other issues that require special knowledge. the parties may, in their contracts, agree that they may refer to, or subsequently use, the rules used in the center for the purpose of examination. in resolving an economic dispute, the parties may contact the center for an expert and request the appointment of an expert to provide an analysis of an issue, often in the form of a written report or recommendation. the selection of an expert by the center is binding on the parties who need to turn to such an expert for assistance in amicable settlement of disputes or in the determination of certain facts. therefore, as an alternative way to resolve the dispute, the parties can use the expert's opinion in order to find out the basis of the dispute and to resolve it. principlesvoluntary conscientiousness equal rights and cooperation of the parties impartiality and independence of the mediator confidentiality 251 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in uzbekistan, mediation is widely used as an alternative method, both in court and out of court, to resolve disputes arising from complicated economic relations with foreign elements. arbitration is another alternative method of resolving economic disputes related to private international law in uzbekistan. international commercial arbitration in uzbekistan (tiac tashkent international arbitration center) operates under the chamber of commerce and industry of the republic of uzbekistan. in the event of an economic dispute with a foreign individual or legal entity, the parties may apply to this arbitration court. the convenience of the arbitration court is that there are fewer steps compared to economic courts. in addition, the parties will be able to choose the number of arbitrators and the jurisdiction under which the dispute will be heard if there is an agreement. the fact that parties are given more freedom in arbitration courts and the process is not as long as in state courts is evidence of their convenience for disputing parties. it can be seen that in uzbekistan, alternative methods of dispute resolution, mainly mediation and arbitration, are more developed than other methods. however, nowadays, negotiation and agreement methods are widely used to resolve economic disputes and other disputes related to international private law that have arisen between the parties. one of the alternative methods of dispute resolution, expert opinion, is not very popular in uzbekistan, and individuals use this method less than other methods. however, this does not mean that the methods of resolving disputes arising from complicated economic relations with foreign elements in uzbekistan are limited. if an economic dispute related to private international law arises in uzbekistan, the parties may choose the most acceptable alternative methods of dispute resolution in accordance with international law and national legislation and resolve the dispute using this method. in private international law, economic disputes can arise between the state, legal entities and individuals. the parties have the right to resolve the economic dispute in a manner acceptable to them. there are alternative ways to resolve economic disputes in international private law, which is widely used by many subjects. these are negotiation, mediation, conciliation, expert opinion and arbitration methods. if the contracting parties agree to consider and resolve the dispute in the courts of the state in which one of them is located, or in cases where the national legislation of a particular country stipulates that certain types of disputes can be resolved only in state courts, the dispute is in accordance with the procedural legislation of the relevant state will be considered. in other cases, the parties can resolve the dispute arising between them by choosing the method acceptable to them from the alternative methods of dispute resolution during the conclusion of the contract or later. among the alternative methods of conflict resolution, negotiation, mediation and agreement methods are similar to each other, but their differences are that representatives of the parties participate in the negotiation, a mediator participates in resolving the economic dispute of the parties in mediation, and in the agreement, the parties themselves come to an agreement without a mediator and representatives. resolve the dispute. in the method of expert opinion, the parties can submit the economic dispute to the expert in order to find out where and why it arose or information that helps to resolve the dispute, and the expert opinion on this issue will help to resolve the dispute. in addition, arbitration is also an acceptable method. one of the advantages of arbitration courts is that the parties can choose which state law and international law norms to use in resolving the dispute. alternative methods of resolving economic disputes in private international law have more advantages for the parties than the adjudication of the dispute in state courts. for example, convenience for the parties, the possibility of faster resolution of the dispute in court, the parties getting out of the dispute settlement without losses and many other advantages. a large number of alternative and other ways of resolving economic disputes, such as state courts, gives the parties the opportunity to choose the most convenient method for resolving the dispute. despite the fact that alternative dispute resolution methods provide many conveniences for the parties to resolve the dispute that arose in the middle, most of their decisions do not impose obligations on the parties. if, in the contract being concluded between the parties, the obligation to execute the decision in the settlement of the dispute is imposed, it will be possible to avoid cases of avoidance of the obligation of the parties arising from the settlement of the dispute. 252 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. 1969 vienna convention on the law of treaties. 2. valiev n.a. the concept of alternative dispute resolution, its differences, advantages and disadvantages//executive monitoring. 2023. no. 1. page 172. 3. nurmamatov n. o. & matkarimov k.k. (2022). the role and significance of the mediation institute in dispute resolution. oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2 (4), 693-702. 4. sharipova m.t. alternative dispute resolution methods. electronic training manual. 2022 year. page 30. 5. https://studfile.net/preview/9409063/page:54/ 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 4, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the outlook for human rights: challenges and opportunities for research allaberganov karimbergen senior lecture.f urganch state university abstract the article "the future of human rights: current issues in the study of challenges and opportunities" delves into the primary global threats to human rights, including the growth of authoritarian regimes, the effects of climate change, and emerging forms of conflict. it highlights the urgency to reevaluate how these dangers affect human rights and the measures necessary for their protection. specifically, the article proposes approaches to enhance global collaboration, ensure the consideration of human rights in technological advancements, and support the role of civil society. it advocates for the human rights movement to seize new opportunities to tackle the contemporary challenges faced in the 21st century. key words: human rights, authoritarianism, climate change, new types of conflicts, international cooperation, technology and human rights, civil society, legal protection, global problems, human rights strengthening "the future of human rights: current issues in research challenges and opportunities," examines crucial obstacles to human rights amid today's shifting social, economic, and political landscapes. it addresses the escalation of authoritarianism, the effects of climate change, emerging forms of conflict, and the influence of digital technologies, while also exploring strategies to enhance and broaden human rights in facing these issues. this introduction outlines the present condition of human rights, potential future risks, and methods for their mitigation. the emergence of authoritarian regimes represents a significant threat to democratic values and the freedom of human rights. such governments often solidify their rule by oppressing political rivals, limiting media freedom, and infringing on fundamental civil liberties. through legal and technological means, authoritarian states are seen to extend their dominion, contributing to a worldwide downturn in human rights standards. this issue has been rigorously investigated in academia. for instance, levitsky and way, in their study "competitive authoritarianism," delve into modern authoritarian forms and democratic transitions, highlighting how these regimes restrict political contestation and civil society, thus posing challenges to human rights protection. similarly, diamond, in his work "facing up to the democratic recession," examines the effects of authoritarian regimes on global democracy and proposes strategies for the global community to address these challenges. he urges an unequivocal stance against authoritarianism and increased support for democratic institutions by the international community. in addition, the role of human rights organizations and civil society institutions is important. studies (shapiro, 2017) [3] show that human rights organizations at the local and international 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us levels play an important role in opposing political imprisonment under authoritarian regimes. the international community's response must be multifaceted. this may include, on the one hand, pressure, sanctions, and diplomatic efforts through the un and other international organizations. on the other hand, the international community should empower local civil society organizations by supporting them. only through such a multifaceted approach can the rise of authoritarianism be effectively combated. climate change directly affects human rights, threatening the lives and well-being of the most vulnerable communities. one of the main consequences of climate change is an increase in the number and intensity of natural disasters, problems with water and food supplies, and pressure on the health system. these processes, in turn, lead to forced displacement, loss of employment opportunities, and deepening of socio-economic inequalities. hansen and sato (2012)[4]. assessing "dangerous climate change": required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature. plos one, 8(12), e81648.] and stern (2015)[ stern, n. (2015). why are we waiting?: the logic, urgency, and promise of tackling climate change. mit press.] shows that climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the global human rights community. they note that those most affected by climate change are often the most economically and socially vulnerable. barnett and adger (2007) [5]. summary for policy makers: working group 11 contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.] the impact of climate change on human rights is called "secondary damage", which is the natural damage caused by climate change. in addition to the direct impact of disasters, people's livelihoods, employment opportunities, and self-expression are negatively affected. in the development of global strategies, as pachauri and reisinger [6] pointed out in the ipcc report, one of the most important steps is to protect the most vulnerable communities through climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. this includes, among other things, developing climate-resilient infrastructure, ensuring food security, strengthening health systems, and expanding economic opportunities. it is also important to develop legal and policy mechanisms that link climate change and human rights. in this regard, as schlosberg (2007) points out, by applying the concept of climate justice, the rights and interests of the communities most affected by climate change can be protected. by mobilizing international cooperation and financial resources, the world community can find ways to minimize the human rights impacts of climate change and protect the most vulnerable communities. new types of disputes and conflicts, with their complex structure and international influence, pose serious challenges for the future of human rights. these include issues such as cyber-attacks, new forms of terrorism, conflicts such as ethnic and religious conflicts, and struggles over natural resources. these conflicts threaten basic human rights principles, including the rights to life, liberty and security of person. the role of international law is important in overcoming these challenges, as it is the main tool for the protection of human rights by offering just and effective solutions at the interstate and international levels. institutions such as the geneva conventions and the international criminal court, for example, play a key role in resolving disputes and bringing perpetrators to justice. scientists make different proposals in this regard. for example, mary kaldor (2003) in wars new and old analyzes the characteristics of contemporary conflicts and suggests a more integrated approach by the international community to protect human rights. 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us another example is philip alston's article, drone strikes and international law, which discusses the use of remote-controlled weapons and their impact on human rights. alston emphasizes the importance of transparency and legal accountability in the use of these technologies. also, david kennedy (2006) in his book "the end of international law" suggests a reconsideration of the limitations of international law and its role in solving problems in the protection of human rights. kennedy emphasizes the need to reshape international law to make it more flexible and effective for new types of conflicts. all this concerns the need to deepen the understanding of the impact of new types of disputes and conflicts on human rights and to strengthen the role of international law in their resolution. the international community should work together to solve these challenges, modernize international law and improve its enforcement mechanisms, which will allow for more effective protection of human rights. the proliferation of digital technologies and information is creating new threats and opportunities for human rights in our modern society. this process, on the one hand, has positive consequences, such as the expansion of information freedom, education and knowledge, on the other hand, it also causes negative situations, such as violation of privacy, illegal use of data and disinformation. tim berners-lee, the founder of the web, in his "weaving the web" emphasized the openness of the internet and the idea of creating equal opportunities for every user. he noted that digital technologies can strengthen democracy in society and expand the opportunities of citizens to control government activities. however, in the age of surveillance capitalism, shoshana zuboff highlights the emergence of surveillance capitalism within modern technology and its threatening aspects to human rights. according to zuboff, corporations engage in large-scale surveillance practices in order to collect and profit from users' personal information, putting privacy at serious risk. edward snowden argued that governments also intrude into the privacy of citizens by implementing large-scale surveillance programs, which lead to violations of individual freedom and privacy rights. these situations reduce citizens' confidence in government activities and reduce respect for democratic institutions. therefore, strict procedures are needed to protect human rights in the field of digital technologies. these include data protection laws, increased citizen control over data, antidisinformation measures, and digital literacy programs. these procedures are necessary to ensure transparency and verifiability of information from various sources, as well as to protect users from potential threats in the digital environment. the covid-19 pandemic and other global health crises contain a number of important lessons for human rights practice, and show how to protect human rights in the process and how to respond to future crises. the pandemic has highlighted the challenges of striking a balance between personal freedoms and public health, along with the ability of governments to respond quickly and effectively. for example, thomas puyo's article "hammer and the dance" points out that the initial drastic measures (lockdowns, restrictions) of governments in the fight against the pandemic of the virus and the subsequent approaches used to control the spread of the virus can threaten human rights. including measures. however, these measures were deemed necessary to protect public health. 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, joan b. harris et al.'s pandemics and human rights note that transparency and reliability of information are critical during a pandemic. unspecified or inaccurate information by governments undermines the legal protection of citizens and the development of effective pandemic responses. the covid-19 pandemic has also heightened issues of social injustice and inequality, as discussed in equity and inclusion in the time of covid-19 by stephanie bengtsson et al. the pandemic has made it harder for disadvantaged and marginalized groups, such as the poor, migrants and refugees, further exacerbating inequalities in human rights. a key lesson in dealing with future crises is to make government transparency, public trust, and human rights a top priority in responding to global threats such as pandemics. governments and international organizations should build on the lessons learned during the pandemic to develop the strategies needed to protect and strengthen human rights in responding to public health crises. in this process, intergovernmental cooperation at various levels and relations with civil society will be important. education plays an important role in ensuring human rights. through these processes, individuals can recognize their rights, respect them, and actively participate in protecting the rights of others. scientific analysis shows that educational institutions are the main means of disseminating knowledge about human rights. according to amos and smith (2020), education broadens the understanding of human rights, which helps build a spirit of respect for rights in the community. their research shows that legal education programs increase student participation in building a just society. additionally, the work of ngo (2021) highlights the importance of integrating human rights themes into educational programs. he believes that teachers should use interactive methods in teaching human rights, which will increase students' interest and understanding of the subject. also, johnson et al. (2019) note the importance of conducting special courses and seminars on human rights in educational institutions. they emphasize that such activities play an important role in improving the legal literacy of students. one way to make education and training processes more effective in promoting human rights is to use a multifaceted approach. this includes the integration of human rights topics across disciplines and the strong establishment of legal education in the curriculum. consideration of gender equality and women's rights as a central issue in the process of shaping the future of human rights is one of the most urgent and important tasks of our modern society. in this regard, scientific research and strategic approaches confirm the positive impact of achieving gender equality on human rights on a global scale. simone de beauvoir, in the second sex, analyzed the social position of women and its historical evolution. beauvoir said that achieving gender equality is possible not only with the help of laws, but by changing the mentality of society. in his opinion, the expansion of women's rights should be done by increasing their participation in political, economic and social life. amartya sen's work, especially the book development as freedom, links the issue of gender equality with economic and social development. sen argues that the expansion of women's rights not only helps to build a just society, but also accelerates economic development. according to her, investments in education and health care improve the lives of women and increase the wellbeing of the entire society. as a result of the analysis, in the process of studying the future problems and opportunities of human rights, important conclusions were reached. first of all, global threats such as the rise of 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us authoritarianism and climate change pose a serious threat to human rights. however, at the same time, factors such as technological development and international cooperation are creating new opportunities for solving these problems. as stated in the article, an integrated approach is necessary for the protection and development of human rights. this includes, inter alia, cooperation between civil society, governments and international organizations. also, ensuring gender equality and women's rights must be central to the future of human rights. in the future, strengthening and expanding human rights requires concerted efforts at all levels, while developing flexible approaches to new situations and threats. references 1. levitsky, s., & way, l. a. (2010). competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the cold war. cambridge university press. 2. diamond, l. (2015). facing up to the democratic recession. journal of democracy, 26(1), 141-155 3. shapiro, i. (2017). the real challenges to building a democratic world. journal of democracy, 28(2), 5-12. 4. hansen, j., kharecha, p., sato, m., masson-delmotte, v., ackerman, f., beerling, d. j., ... & zachos, j. c. (2013 5. field, c. b., barros, v. r., mastrandrea, m. d., mach, k. j., abdrabo, m. a. k., adger, w. n., ... & yohe, g. w. (2014 6. zeigler, s. (2013). predicting responses to climate change requires all life‐history stages. journal of animal ecology, 82(1), 3-5. 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the impact of international sanctions on diplomacy: sanctions and international law bakhtiyorov pulatbek arslonbek ugli tutor at the faculty of international law and comparative law, tashkent state law university abstract: this article provides a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the sanctions currently being applied by states to international diplomatic relations and the legal basis for the application of sanctions in international law. keywords: the concept of "restraint" deterrence in modern international law, the council of europe, the united states, sanctions diplomacy, economic sanctions, political sanctions, counter-sanctions, embargo. introduction since the end of the period of absolutism in europe and the subsequent collapse of the “concert” of great powers as a result of the first world war, international law has reoriented itself towards ensuring cooperation on the basis of the sovereign equality of states. the imperial interpretation of the concept of “sovereignty” – the unlimited use of power by a ruler who is not accountable to either internal or external forces – has been transformed into the concept of the common responsibility of equal actors1. the “right to wage war” as an indispensable attribute of sovereignty (jus ad bellum) was abolished by the kellogg-briand pact of 19282. after the second world war, the ban on the use of force in relations between states was enshrined in paragraph 4 of article 2 of the un charter3. affirming the “importance of the progressive development and codification of the principles of international law” for the maintenance of international peace, in 1970 the un general assembly adopted the “declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among states in accordance with the charter of the united nations” [un, 1970]. by this resolution, the international community recalled the duty of states “in their international relations to refrain from military, political, economic or any other form of pressure directed against the political independence or territorial integrity of any state”. the declaration expressly affirms as a principle of international law “the duty not to interfere in the affairs within the 1 this principle is enshrined in article 2, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the un charter. 2 https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901786550 the treaty between the united states and other states renouncing war as an instrument of national policy was signed in paris on august 27, 1928, and entered into force on july 24, 1929. article 1: “the high contracting parties solemnly declare, in the name of their peoples, that they condemn the resort to war as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another. article 2: “the high contracting parties recognize the necessity of always settling or resolving all disputes, of whatever nature or origin, which may arise between them.” 3 https://www.un.org/ru/about-us/un-charter/full-text https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901786550 96 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us domestic jurisdiction of any state”, which is also supported by paragraph 7 of article 2 of the un charter4. "sanctions diplomacy" or "coercive diplomacy" is a special form of official relations between the united states and other countries and/or associations that practice the use of unilateral sanctions with the objects of sanctions pressure, implemented in the form of strict unilateral restrictions. the term came into circulation at the instigation of american researchers in the 1980s and is widely used, including at the level of official authorities, to characterize the state of modern relations between individual countries. nevertheless, sanctions cannot be considered an instrument of diplomacy, since they hinder the development of friendly relations between states and create difficulties in the work of diplomatic missions. in this regard, in this report, the term is given in quotation marks. materials and methods this article uses qualitative research methods, in particular, deep-rooted theoretical analyses, to examine sanctions and their impact on diplomacy around the world. the methodology of this article includes an in-depth study of relevant foreign legal literature on the basis of sanctions and their impact, as well as rigorous strategies for strengthening practical approaches to the application of sanctions and the procedures for their implementation. by comprehensively studying and analyzing the existing legal literature, this study aims to improve the full understanding of the risks associated with sanctions imposed by developed countries, their significance, and the methods that can be used to strengthen political relations. such an approach on the scene allows for in-depth study of the topic, provides valuable information on understanding the acute consequences of actions related to the mutual application of sanctions, and helps to gain a deeper understanding of the issues of assessing, identifying, and eliminating the risks associated with these actions in the relations between states. research results unilateral sanctions are deliberate actions of individual states ("initiator countries") and their coalitions aimed at reducing or terminating economic relations with the "target country", restricting its access to international markets and hindering the business activities of its subjects. they are illegitimate from the point of view of international law, since they are implemented without the authority of the united nations security council5. sanctions policy is the policy of individual states and/or their coalitions to implement sanctions against various types of subjects (including governments, commercial and non-commercial structures, etc.). retaliatory restrictive measures are deliberate actions of individual states ("target countries" of unilateral sanctions), taken in response to unilateral sanctions by "initiator countries" in accordance with the principle of reciprocity provided for in article 47 of the vienna convention on diplomatic relations of 1961. the 21st century has marked an era of expansion and intensification of the use of unilateral economic sanctions (without approval by decisions of the united nations security council) as a method of exerting political pressure to achieve the interests of individual powers or groups of countries. in the case of unilateral influence, sanctions become a powerful instrument of pressure by countries with strong economic potential on their political opponents and economic competitors. the use of sanctions to impose their "rules of the game" is not a new phenomenon. the flagship and pioneer of the use of sanctions as a foreign policy instrument was and remains the united states, which has built up a powerful economic potential since the end of world war ii, the collapse of the bretton woods system and the consolidation of the principles of the washington consensus, giving them the opportunity to monitor and influence the settlements of 4 https://www.un.org/ru/about-us/un-charter/full-text 5 https://mgimo.ru/about/news/departments/sanctions-diplomacy/ 97 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other states and the movement of their accumulated assets. the practice of applying, institutionalizing, legalizing, and globally replicating sanctions as instruments of coercion has contributed to the conceptualization of the so-called “coercive diplomacy” – a concept that has long been part of scientific discourse and practical use. the initiating countries position sanctions as a tool of "crisis management", "a humane alternative to the armed resolution of contentious political issues", and "coercive diplomacy" as a holistic strategy of "carrot and stick" crisis management, allowing politicians to resolve crises through mutually acceptable compromises, avoiding military confrontation6. however, the last decades of using sanctions as coercive measures have revealed two conceptual paradoxes. the first is that, despite the proven and confirmed ineffectiveness of sanctions in influencing the political behavior of the target country7, the use of sanctions regimes is growing, and the circle of initiating countries is expanding. the second paradox is the colossal gap between the conditions and factors that can ensure the success of "sanctions diplomacy" (which are recognized by western politicians, diplomats and experts themselves) and the actual practice of the behavior of the initiators of sanctions, their negotiating position and the principles of sanctions policy. “coercive diplomacy” is a difficultto-use, risky strategy with a low success rate, especially in resolving crises without the use of force. success depends on a favorable context, skillful diplomacy, and psychological factors beyond the control of the coercer8. successful sanctions policy requires several components: clearly articulated threats, cost-benefit calculations, trust, and assurances9. experts identify several factors that contribute to successful coercion, such as power, interests10, reputation11, trust, resolve, and the ability to signal12. according to western experts, “coercive diplomacy” and deterrence are political and psychological strategies that must be directed by political leaders, coordinated with diplomacy, and take into account the political constraints, worldviews, and perceptions of the adversary13. this form of foreign policy implementation involves going through three stages14: 6jakobsen p.v. 2020. coercive diplomacy as crisis management. politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.162. available at: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acre-fore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e1624;jsessionid=87de0c9939c9281be37f5b1c03fcb324. 7 hufbauer g., shott j., elliott k., oegg b. 2009. economic sanctions reconsidered. third edition. washington dc: peterson institute for international economics; pape r. a. 1997. why economic sanctions do not work. international security. vol. 22. no. 2 (fall, 1997). p. 90–136; drezner d. 2011. sanctions sometimes smart: targeted sanctions in theory and practice // international studies review. vol. 13. no. 1. p. 96– 108. 8 jakobsen p.v. 2020. coercive diplomacy as crisis management. politics. doi: 9780190228637.013.1624. available at: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore9780190228637-e-1624;jsessionid=87de0c9939c9281be37f5b1c03fcb324. 9 borghard e.d, lonergan s.w. 2017. the logic of coercion in cyberspace. security studies. vol. 26. no. 3. p. 452–481. doi:10.1080/09636412.2017.1306396. 10 press d.g. 2007. calculating credibility: how leaders assess military threats. cornell university press. 11 weisiger a. and yarhi-milo keren. 2015. revisiting reputation: how past actions matter in international politics. international organization. vol. 69. no. 2. p. 473–495. doi: 10.1017/s0020818314000393. 12 peterson t. m. 2013. sending a message: the reputation effect of us sanction threat behavior. international studies quarterly. vol. 57. no. 4 p. 672–682. doi: 10.1111/isqu.12017. 13 fearon j.d. 1997. signaling foreign policy interests: tying hands versus sinking costs. journal of conflict resolution. vol. 41. no. 1. p. 68–90. doi: 10.1177/0022002797041001004. 14 levy j.s. 2008. deterrence and coercive diplomacy: the contributions of alexander george. political psychology, vol. 29. no. 4. p. 537–552. available at: https://faspolisci.rutgers.edu/levy/articles/levy%20%20deterrence%20&%20coercive%20diplomacy.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.162 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. coercive — involves threats of harm (political, economic, or military) and actions that may harm the adversary in order to influence its behavior. damage may include political, economic, and military measures, but the actual use of force should be limited and serve only signaling and influence purposes, facilitating the transition to negotiations. 2. conciliatory and accommodating — involves the use of positive incentives to comply with the demands of the coercer. their goal is to reduce the cost of compliance and thereby increase the prospects for finding a mutually acceptable solution to the crisis. 3. using assurances to convince the adversary that the subject of sanctions pressure will fulfill three promises: (a) will stop harming the adversary if the demands of the coercer are met; (b) the promised compensation for compliance will be provided in accordance with the agreements reached; (c) compliance with the agreements will not lead to new demands in the future. however, the paradox of the global sanctions practice of recent years, promoted by the united states and its western allies, is the actual absence of the second and third components. at the same time, the coercive component does not have signaling goals, but is aimed at causing maximum damage to the target party. the second obstacle to achieving at least some officially declared goals is the complete undermining of the reputation of the initiators of the sanctions regimes and the trust of other participants in international relations. in these conditions, the target party does not see and cannot see objective grounds for resolving the situation, establishing a dialogue, and the effectiveness of traditional diplomatic instruments is sharply reduced, driving the parties exclusively into the trap of mutual exchange of sanctions measures. analysis of research results as a result, the rhetoric of goal-setting itself changes when introducing sanctions regimes. until recently, the officially recognized goals of sanctions policy were considered to be: 1) a change in the political course of the country-object of sanctions (by weakening and limiting military potential, a change in the political regime or without a change in the political regime due to high economic losses from restrictive measures)15; 2) “punishment” for “unlawful” (from the point of view of the countries-initiators of sanctions) political behavior of the country-object; 3) preventive signaling to the world about the risks of economic and political damage in the event of a similar policy. today, the goal-setting of sanctions is acquiring a new interpretation, which was most clearly articulated in the report on sanctions by the international crisis group, containing recommendations to us authorities16. the report attributes to the functions of sanctions policy: restricting access to the resources of the country-object of sanctions pressure, increasing the cost of the policy pursued by the country-object of sanctions, as well as ensuring a more advantageous negotiating position for the initiating party. it is becoming increasingly obvious that sanctions are used as a tool for unfair competition. thus, building foreign policy from a position of coercion through the increasingly active use of sanctions instruments cannot be classified as a new form of diplomacy. this is exclusively one 15 jakobsen p.v. 2020. coercive diplomacy as crisis management. politics. ttps://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1624 available at: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e1624;jsessionid=87de0c9939c9281be37f5b1c03fcb324. 16 hufbauer g., shott j., elliott k., oegg b. 2009. op. cit. 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of the means of implementing foreign policy that does not contribute to maintaining international peace and security, but aggravates the crisis of trust in the initiators of sanctions and hinders the achievement of mutually acceptable agreements, while diplomacy, according to the vienna convention on diplomatic relations of 1961, is called upon to serve the goals of "the sovereign equality of states, the maintenance of international peace and security and the promotion of friendly relations among states." conclusion in summary, except in cases of genuine need to defend security interests or direct impact of illegal actions of another state, sanctions are instruments of international policy that violate the principles of diplomacy and peaceful coexistence between states. according to chapter vii of the un charter17, multilateral sanctions are coercive measures that bring the situation to a level close to the open use of armed force. from a moral point of view, such measures are instruments of war. us president woodrow wilson did not mince words in his speech delivered in 1919, shortly after the end of world war i: “a boycotted nation is one step away from capitulation. no war is needed when such instruments, invisible and deadly, are available. it is a terrible retaliation. such measures do not lead to casualties, but the pressure they exert is so great that, in my opinion, no modern state is capable of withstanding it”18. multilateral sanctions imposed by the un are an instrument for ensuring collective security. from this perspective, they are not only considered legitimate, but also morally justified19, since they are imposed by the security council on behalf of the international community in the interests of security. ultimately, they are justified by their “applicability” on an international scale, that is, they are intended to ensure compliance with the rule on the non-use of force and, therefore, serve as an instrument for ensuring peace between states. obviously, the legitimacy of multilateral sanctions depends on the observance by the permanent members of the un security council of the purposes and principles of the un, as specified in paragraph 2 of article 24 of the un charter. if sanctions are imposed unilaterally by a single state or a group or alliance of states, then, due to their incompatibility with the principle of sovereign equality of states, such measures should be considered the “law of the jungle” rather than an element of international law. such sanctions are a relic of the previous system of international relations, which is best described by the term “souveränitätsanarchie”20, within the framework of which relations between states are based on the priority of protecting their own interests rather than upholding the principle of the rule of law. in this context, the right to wage war (jus ad bellum) is considered a right of a sovereign state and an integral part of the law of nations21. this understanding of the international status of a state, including its right to use coercive measures, was eradicated by the signing of the kelloggbriand pact at the end of the first world war and the adoption of the un charter after the second world war. however, due to the lack of a reliable deterrence system in the post-bipolar world, unilateral sanctions have become the most frequently used instrument of power projection. “power politics” not only undermines, but in some cases even replaces the principle of the rule of international law, which became the basis of the united nations. it should be noted that in one of its latest reports, the un human rights council classified unilateral sanctions as a method of waging economic warfare: “it can be argued with a reasonable degree of plausibility that the establishment of a comprehensive regime of unilateral coercive measures, including the 17 articles 41 and 42 of the un charter 18 original quote from [padover, 1942, p. 108]. 19 unless, of course, they violate the fundamental human rights of the population of the country that is the target of the sanctions. see: [bossuyt, 2000; köchler, 1995b, pp. 1–4]. 20 "anarchy in relations between sovereign states." 21 on the development of international law in relation to jus ad bellum, see: [köchler, 2006, p. 13]. 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us application of national sanctions legislation to third parties, the effects of which are practically equivalent to the effects of a blockade of a foreign state, can be equated with waging economic warfare” [idriss, 2018, p.8]. the special rapporteur drew the attention of the council to the need to strengthen the rule of law “in order to eradicate economic coercion as an instrument of international diplomacy22”. in the absence of tried and tested legal procedures, especially given the internal inconsistencies that characterize even the basic provisions of the un charter and the different interpretations of the concept of “state sovereignty” by individual member states23, the only alternative instrument to counter arbitrary (and therefore inherently unlawful) unilateral sanctions are counter-sanctions by the affected states – measures that are equally unlawful24, although not directly prohibited by international law25. in the context of “secondary sanctions” (applied extraterritorially), joint action by affected third countries may be the only effective way to protect national sovereignty. in the harsh conditions of “power politics”, such elements of realpolitik will persist as long as legal mechanisms remain insufficiently effective. the only hope lies in the gradual establishment of a multipolar balance of power. the creation of new mechanisms of international cooperation at the regional and global levels, which make it possible to neutralize the trade and monetary monopoly of states that apply sanctions, can over time significantly weaken the impact of unilateral measures of individual states or international organizations (with the exception of the un) and, consequently, gradually create conditions for the full implementation of the principle of sovereign equality of states.26 in any political structure, legitimacy can only be ensured by a system of checks and balances, which at the international level requires a stable balance of power. references: 1. borghard e.d., lonergan s.w. 2017. the logic of coercion in cyberspace. security studies. vol. 26. no. 3. p. 452–481. doi: 10.1080/09636412.2017.1306396. 2. köchler h. (1995b) ethical aspects of sanctions in international law // review of international affairs. belgrade. vol. xlvi. 3. köchler h. (2006) the precarious nature of international law in the absence of a balance of power. the use of force in international relations: challenges to collective security / h. köchler (ed.). vienna: international progress organization. 4. köchler h. (2014) the democratization of the united nations organization: ideal versus real. human rights, human security, and state security: the intersection / s. takahashi (ed.). santa barbara, denver, oxford: praeger. 5. köchler h. (2017) normative inconsistencies in the state system with special emphasis on international law. the global community: yearbook of international law and jurisprudence 2016 / g.z. capaido (ed.). oxford: oxford university press. 6. padover s.k. (ed.) (1942) wilson’s ideals. washington dc: american council on public affairs. 7. fearon j.d. 1997. signaling foreign policy interests: tying hands versus sinking costs. journal of conflict resolution. vol. 41. no. 1. p. 68–90. doi: 10.1177/0022002797041001004. 22 see: [köchler, 2006], chapter vi “conclusions and recommendations”, paragraph 51. see also “elements for a draft general assembly declaration on unilateral coercive measures and the rule of law” in the appendix to the report. 23 on the contemporary interpretation of sovereignty and normative inconsistencies between other norms and practices in the contemporary system of international law, see: [köchler, 2017, pp. 175–190]. 24 this means abandoning legal procedures that are not credible or ineffective. 25 such countermeasures are also permissible in exceptional cases, taking into account article 49 of general assembly resolution 56/83 “responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts”. 26 democratization of the un would be an important step in this direction. see: [köchler, 2014, p. 63–90]. 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. hufbauer g., shott j., elliott k., oegg b. 2009. economic sanctions reconsidered. third edition. washington dc: peterson institute for international economics. 9. jakobsen p.v. 2020. coercive diplomacy as crisis management. politics. // url: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.162. available at: // url: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore9780190228637-e-1624;jsessionid=87de0c9939c9281be37f5b1c03fcb324. 10. weisiger a. and yarhi-milo keren. 2015. revisiting reputation: how past actions matter in international politics. international organization. vol. 69. no. 2. p. 473–495. doi: 10.1017/s0020818314000393. 11. press d.g. 2007. calculating credibility: how leaders assess military threats. cornell university press. 12. levy j.s. 2008. deterrence and coercive diplomacy: the contributions of alexander george. political psychology. vol. 29. no. 4. p. 537–552. // url: https://faspolisci.rutgers.edu/levy/articles/levy%2020deterrence%20&%20coercive%20diplomacy.pdf. https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1624;jsessionid=87de0c9939c9281be37f5b1c03fcb324 https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1624;jsessionid=87de0c9939c9281be37f5b1c03fcb324 398 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 02, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 customs in the role of gaps in the law kayumova asalya sultonmurodovna teacher of the department of civil law at tashkent state university of law orcid: 0009-0006-7609-6223 e-mail: asalyakyumova@gmail.com abstract this article devotes the origins of the recognition of customs as sources of law, their legal status and application in the republic of uzbekistan both at the legislative level, and provides an analysis from a theoretical point of view. keywords: customs, law, entrepreneurship, business customs, local customs and traditions. introduction since the time of the institution of justinian, customs have been part of the law, expressed orally, which were applied when there was neither a single law nor a specific right. when there were only customs and religious regulations. customs are first reflected in the laws of the xii tables ( 5th century bc), until this point customs were an unknown law. the publication of the xii tables by the state authorities turned a collection of customs and new orders into a set of laws of civil law (norms that strengthened and covered the fullness of paternal power, regulating relations between spouses, the order of guardianship and inheritance, etc.), which later became the starting point for further development roman law. subsequently, along with previous customs, the introduction of new judicial and judicial practices is observed. the importance of custom in the era of the principate, as a genuine source of law, was recognized by julian (roman emperor for two months in 193), having the same force and foundation as laws. he expressed it as follows: “a custom established from ancient times is deservedly observed as a law, and this is a right that is said to be established by morals. after all, the laws themselves bind us for no other reason than the fact that they were adopted by decision of the people. it is also deservedly observed that the people, without any recording, express their will in reality and with facts. therefore, it is absolutely correct that even such a rule has been adopted that laws are repealed not only by the decision of the legislator, but also by virtue of the tacit consent of everyone through non-application.” according to the words said, we can conclude that customs have such characteristics as long-standing use and the tacit consent of the people. the tradition of roman lawyers was to recognize customs as sources of law in cases not regulated by law. there was also a special law, which stated: “in those matters in which we do not use written laws, we must comply with what is indicated by morals and customs.” mailto:asalyakyumova@gmail.com 399 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the early stages of statehood development, legal customs occupied a dominant role in the regulatory system. they were also the prototype of written law. without exception, all the most ancient monuments of law were codes of legal customs. as the state develops, it moves on to systematic rule-making activities. customary law gives way to the law and other acts, i.e., the “product” of this activity. materials and methods customs are one of the sources of law that has undergone significant evolution since ancient times, and which has been preserved in the legal system to this day. customs, in turn, can be divided into ordered and unordered, local (at the level of individual communities/communities) and regional, general (at the level of the nation and people) and local, etc. initially, the law introduced what was acceptable for all members of society general social justice, because this particular point is time-tested and justified by norms of behavior. naturally, the legislator does this in order to give stability to his decisions. it should also be noted that custom retains its importance as a source of law, primarily in areas where there is not sufficient material for legislative generalizations. customary rules are presented as “anticipation of statutory law”. the continuity of legal custom reflects its properties as a form of law. it arises from below, gradually, and therefore is able to more fully express the will of the people, their views, and needs than other forms of law. it should also be noted that the custom is conservative in nature, and is not consistent with the prospects for the development of society, but with its past. the republic of uzbekistan divides customs into business customs and local customs (and traditions). the legal status of business customs and local customs and traditions is further established accordingly: the first ones are recognized as established and widely applicable in any area of business activity, rules of conduct that are not provided for by law, regardless of whether it is recorded in any document. the second applies to relations regulated by civil law in the absence of relevant norms in it. it follows from this that customs are given importance as sources of law, from those established in the field of obligation relations and in the field of entrepreneurial activity for example, in stock trading. however, if we think from a theoretical point of view, one may wonder about local customs and traditions, their relevance in enshrining them in legislation, because they are most often used at the everyday level, or sometimes in the provision of services that come from a religious, moral, etc. point of view, rather than from a legal one. results and discussion based on a legal point of view, customs can be characterized as those that have developed in property circulation in connection with their repeated and uniform use, valid in the absence of direct instructions in a normative act or in an agreement, not contradicting the law, sanctioned by the state and enshrined by it legal norms . e.a. sukhanov in his works argues that it is necessary to distinguish customs (with the exception of everyday ones) from custom, interpreting the latter as follows: an established rule that acquires mandatory significance only for the parties to a specific agreement due to their direct or implied 400 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consent to be guided by it in their relations, while custom applied subsidiarily regardless of the will of the parties. thus, custom fills the gap in the contract, being its condition, and custom fills the gap in the law. conclusion summarizing all of the above, we can note that the scientific literature gives reasonable grounds for why customs are classified as sources of civil law, due to the insufficiency of legal regulation of civil relations enshrined in the law by legal norms, their regulation is classified as business customs, and despite the type of custom , their application (business customs, local customs, business customs, in various sectors of the economy), and the form of expression, the latter will fill gaps in the law and be of a legal nature. references: 1. v.a. rybakov “legal custom as a historically stable source of law.” bulletin of omsk university. series "law". 2007. electronic resource: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoy-obychay-kak-istoricheski-ustoychivyy-istochnikprava 2. m.i. entrepreneurship and law: western experience. m., 1992. p. 29. 3. h.r. rakhmankulov civil law. (a common part). textbook. – t.: publishing house tgui, 2010. 899 pp. 4. a.s. kayumova. copyright protection on the internet. 2024 5. 5 . e.a. sukhanov. civil law: textbook; in 4 volumes. 2nd ed., revised . and additional – moscow: statute, 2019. 6. a.s. kayumova. opyt ssha v venture finansirovanii. zhurnal “oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences.” 2022. available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opyt-ssha-v-venchurnom-finansirovanii 7. norkobilovna, j. s., sadikovich, k. n., teshaevich, s. f., gulmurodovna, s. l., & akramikromovich, s. (2021). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opyt-ssha-v-venchurnom-finansirovanii 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 public involvement is crucial in eia to make development sustainable sadia afrin nitu abstract: the purpose of applying the eia, environmental impact assessment is to integrate development and environmental sustainability.eia being a planning tool tries to identify a plan for environmental protection and enhancement on a project by project basis. it provides a plan that will minimize the adverse impacts of the proposed project. in the last two decades the concept of sustainable development has gained vast international recognition. according to the world commission on environment and development in 1987, (brundtland commission 1987) .sustainable le development is defined as the development that meets the present need without compromising the future generation’s ability to fulfill their own wants. public involvement is very essential in the process of eia. the success rate of the eia process increases by positive public involvement. background introduction in the beginning eia was exclusively focused on the natural environment in the 70’s. as time passed, in the 80’s eia was incorporate with social and economic impacts assessment. with every addition eia became a more improved and affective planning tool. literature review eia or the environmental impact assessment is a planning tool that identifies and provides necessary information to prevent and minimize the adverse impacts of the project. it then tries to mitigate the impact issues with the development project.  purpose of the eia process is to provide proper information to the decision makers of the project about the environmental consequences .eia intends to encourage environmentally sound and sustainable development through the identification of appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures. aims and objectives eia aims to inform the decision makers of the project about the potential environmental impacts and risks. the ultimate goal of the eia is to guarantee sustainable development by ensuring that the resources are not being undermined and ecological function are not being interrupt. the objectives of eia include improvement of the environmental design of the project and protection of the resources that they are efficiently used. long term eia goals also include the safety of the human health and avoid irreversible changes to prevent serious damage to the environment. 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion outline of the eia process eia identifies all the positive and negative impacts of the proposed project including natural and human environment.eia identifies both the long term and short term impacts of the projects. it then provides a plan for the project which would in execution minimize all the negative impacts.eia can provide alternative plan for the project to mitigate the adverse impacts. the plan may also result in utilization of positive impacts for enhancement measures that offset negative impacts to measure the level of the plan of implementation and the degree of the effectiveness of the environmental protection provisions.eia provides a monitoring program. public participation in eia according to clark(1994), public participation in eia has a critical role to play in helping to integrate economic, social and environmental objectives, i.e. move towards more sustainable development by acting as a device to strengthen and increase public awareness of the delicate balance between economic and environmental trade-offs. it also safeguards against bad or politically motivated decisions. public participation is necessary for minimizing or avoiding public controversy, confrontation and delay, and can make a positive contribution to the eia process. in simple words public involvement in the eia process –  will contribute the local knowledge and values to the prediction, evaluation and mitigation of impacts.  will result improvement in quality and acceptability of eia report. local people involvement in a project in the general case any projects may have significant impacts on the local population. even if the projects aim is to improve the wellbeing of the population, a lack of understanding of the people and their society may result in development that has considerable negative consequences. more importantly, there may be disagreement between governmental interests and those of the local population. for example, the need to increase local rice production to satisfy increasing consumption in the urban area may differ from the needs as perceived by the local farmers. to allow for this, public participation in the planning process is essential. the eia provides an ideal forum for checking that the affected public have been satisfactorily consulted and their views taken into account in project preparation. the level of consultation varies depending on the type of the project. a new project involving resettlement or displacement requires the most extensive public participation. as stated before, the purpose of an eia is to improve development projects with integrating sustainable development planning, to some extent this attempt can only be achieved by involving those people who are either directly or indirectly affected. the value of environmental services is not absolute and agreement is one way of establishing values. public consultation will reveal new information, improve understanding and enable better choices to be made. without consultation, legitimate issues may not be heard, leading to conflict. the community should not only be consulted they should be actively involved in environmental matters, their views must be taken account in the decision making process. the earlier the public are involved, the better there are no clear rules about how to involve the public but it is important that the process remains innovative and flexible. in practice, the views of people affected by the plan are likely to be heard through some form of representation rather than directly. it is therefore important to understand how decisions are made locally, methods of communication including available government extension services. the range of groups outside the formal structure with relevant information is likely to include: technical and scientific societies; water user groups; ngos; experts on local culture; and religious groups. 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, it is important to find out which groups are under-represented and which ones are responsible for access to natural resources, namely: grazing, water, fishing and forest products. there has been an enormous increase in the number of environmental ngos and "green" pressure groups throughout the world. such organizations often bring environmental issues to the attention of the local press. however, this should not deter consultation with such organizations as the approach to eia should be open and positive with the aim of making improvements. relevant ngos should be identified and their experience and technical capacity put to good use. in some countries, open public meetings are the most common technique to enable public participation. public participation/consultation and information dissemination activities need to be planned and budgeted. the social scientist team member should define how and when activities take place and also the strategy: extensive field work is expensive. it is important to note that public participation activities are often reported as a separate section of the final eia. public participation in eia public participation is a fundamental component of the environmental impact assessment (eia) process. according to wood (2002, 147), ‘eia is not eia without consulting and participation’. the european commission (ec, 2003b) argues in the favor of public participation and suggests that public involvement increases accountability and transparency of the decision making. the aarhus convention on access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters (united nations economic commission for europe, 1998) has emphasized the role and importance of public involvement in the environmental decision making. the key public participation requirements of the aarhus convention emphasis the need to: time participation programmers to achieve early participation; and provide the public with access to all documentation relevant to the decision-making process. the access to environmental information pillar of the convention was addressed in european directive 2003/4/ec (ec, 2003a) states that the public should be provided with wider and easier access to environmental information. the evaluation of public participation in eia is essential if increased understanding is to be achieved. the purpose of public involvement in the eia process is to inform the stakeholder about the project in its likely effects. another major purpose is to canvass their views, inputs and concern about the project. key objectives -the key objectives of the public participation in the eia process are  to gather important local and traditional information for the decision making.  to provide substantial alternatives and mitigation measures.  to make certain that adverse impacts are not over looked and maximize advantages.  to identify controversial issues to help avoid possible conflicts. and most importantly, provide an opportunity for the public to influence the project design in a positive manner and thereby improve public opinion about the eia process. typical representative range of stakeholders in eia the usual range of stakeholders in the eia process includes  the local people, individuals or group who will be affected by the project.  the prominent and other project beneficiaries.  government and ngos scope of involvement there are a few levels of local involvement in the eia process. in the eia process local involvement can be engaged in informing, consulting, participating and in the negotiating level local participation in the involving level means a flow of information to the public. in the 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consulting level, it allows a two way of communication between the public and the advocate of the project. interaction between the public and the proponent gives the chance to share and analyze agenda setting. negotiating the public allows face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to build consensus and reach a mutually acceptable resolution of issues. the range of stakeholders involved usually in the eia process can be described into five main groups-.  screening  scoping  impact analysis & mitigation.  review of eia quality, and  implementation & follow up. obstacle to successful public involvement: while the use of public participation has been vastly recognized as a valuable element of the eia, the success of the public involvement in the eia vastly depends on the public participation methods used and the way they have been implemented, as well as upon the personal beliefs of the stakeholders. the key barriers that are believed to prevented ‘early’ and ‘effective’ participation are given briefly –the main barriers are 1. poor public knowledge of planning, legal and waste licensing issues; 2. poor provision of information; 3. poor access to legal advice; 4. mistrust of the waste disposal industry 5. not in my back yard (nimby) syndrome; 6. failure to influence the decision-making process; 7. poor execution of participation methods; and 8. regulatory constraints, etc. changes in eia process due to public involvement: eia is now a standard procedure in any developmental projects. many countries have achieved success in integrating development with sustainable environment by applying eia. in the eia process public involvement plays a vital role. examples of some of the countries that have used eia and their reflection on public involvement are given below.  malaysia in the year 1988, the eia was announced as the mandatory legistrative requirement for the protection of the natural resources and achieve a sustainable development. in malaysia, public participation was required for an improvement in the project design. unfortunately during the period of 1988 to 1999 only 15% of public involvement was conducted. the major limitation of the public involvement in malaysia was public unawareness which was the weakness in the eia . in 2004, it was concluded t by staerdahl that public involvement is the central element for the eia study and thus the success of eia depend upon it. in malaysia the public involvement in the eia is only limited to inform the public, nit the actually involve them in the decision making. 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  indonesia the eia was formally introduced in indonesia in the year 1986 when government regulation no 29 enacted. even though eia was introduced for long time in indonesia, the importance of the public participation was acknowledged not that long. after developing eia for 14 years, indonesia recognized the significance of public participation in the eia process. eia was already being implemented in indonesia from 1982, however it was formally introduced in 1986.after concluding the lack of public participation as a weakness in the eia process, and the eia system in indonesia was open to include participation.  united kingdom the evaluation framework derived from the aarhus convention principles can help us to analyze uk public participation in eia. the aarhus convention was signed by the uk and the european commission in 1998 (department for environment, food and rural affairs, 2001).according to the aarhus convention framework the evaluation is based on communication, fairness, timing, accessibility, information provision, influence on decision making, competence, and interaction. based on cullingworth and nadin (2002) demonstration we can say that public participation has never been a very strong component of the uk development control system. however it is evident that minor modifications to public participation procedures could help the uk eia system to meet the requirements of the aarhus convention, which is early and effective participation in the eia. by allowing more time for public participation by modifying the uk eia legislation to extend the consultation period from three to six weeks, will strengthen its importance within the eia process, would be particularly beneficial.  italy as portrayed earlier that the goal of public participation in the eia process is -understand the perception of the proposed project, resolve conflict and reach consensus etc. in the case of italy the regulations includelaw n. 349 8 july 1986: establishment of the italian ministry of the environment (moe), dpcm 10 august 1988 n. 377: contain regulations for the declaration of environmental compatibility and which requires an eia for projects listed in annex i of directive 85/337/eec with the addition of dams and certain other installations from annex ii, dpcm 27 december 1988: technical regulations for the preparation of the environmental impact study (eis) and for the formulation of the judgment of environmental compatibility, dpr 12 april 1996 “atto di indirizzo e coordinamento” (act of instruction and coordination) etc. they first note the goals, which seem to be the objectives of the provisions and procedures and their contribution to bringing about effective public involvement. a wide public is involved by placing information in the newspaper. eia has not had a smooth integration in italy. in the eia procedure in italy is the minimum expected and required by the directive; the public are informed, consulted, and their opinions are taken into consideration. as italy doesn’t have any framework law, it facing low effectiveness in both involving the public and eia as a whole. the framework must include the public in the scoping stage of the eia process. public involvement is a vital part in the eia process, to ensure a sustainable development according to morgan (1998), the role of public participation is critical in the eia process. it is an essential part in the decision making of any development project. so the success of the eia process is linked with public participation. given that the decision making process should take account the community interests and eia is a process that concludes various development projects. the importance of public participation in the eia process is also argued by glasson et al (1999), that the public can ensure the quality if eia.moreover public participation can promote comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the eia process. 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thomas (1998) also suggests that better decision making will result from participation process in the eia, because it enable dissemination of information and identification of various values. eia is an essential process to ensure that the proposed project will be a sustainable development.eia alone can prevent the exploitation and degradation of the environmental resources. it not only points out the favorable alternatives but tries to mitigate the adverse issues with the possible sustainable actions. public involvement is a critical element in the eia process. public involvement not only provides new steam of information but it also earns public confidence about the whole eia process. from the given example of malaysia and indonesia, we can see that both of the countries have faced an amount of failure in the eia process because of lack of public participation .after a certain time both countries included active public involvement in the eia process. conclusion and recommendations to ensure sustainable development eia process has no other alternative. public participation is a critical element of the eia process. the eia process becomes easier to implement after public involvement is included. there is a positive relation between public participation and sustainable development. from prior argument and example of the countries like uk, indonesia, italy and malaysia, we can agree on the fact that public involvement in the eia process is a vital element of the process. it can assist the eia process to ensure sustainable development. so we can conclude that, active public involvement in the eia process can lead to a successful eia process, thus sustainable development. references: 1. environmental impact assessment. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_impact_assessment. 2. alan gilpin, “environmental impact assessment (eia): cutting edge for the twenty-first century ’’. 3. miller, ma rian, ‘introduction to the third world in global environmental politics.( boulder: lynne renner publishers, 1995). 4. azizn marzuki, ''a review of public participation in eia in malaysia. http://www.um.ase.ro/no12/10.pdf 5. dadabg purnama, "reform of the eia process in indonesia: improving the role of public involvement." 6. http://www.aseanenvironment.info/abstract/43003513.pdf 7. nicola hartley, christopher wood, public participation in environmental impact assessment. 8. luca del furia, jane wallace-jones, the effectiveness of provisions and quality of practices concerning public participation in eia in italy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_impact_assessment http://www.um.ase.ro/no12/10.pdf http://www.aseanenvironment.info/abstract/43003513.pdf 221 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 wаys to improvе humаn potеntiаl in thе rеgions tojiyеvа muhаyyo vаliyеvnа indеpеndеnt rеsеаrchеr of bukhаrа, еnginееring tеchnology institutе zаrmеd univеrsity tеаchеr mtojiyеvаm@gmаil.com +998999499454 аbstrаct this аrticlе prеsеnts а discussion on humаn potеntiаl, еmphаsizing its systеmic nаturе аnd thе importаncе of cаpitаlizing on thе humаn fаctor. thе thеorеticаl undеrpinnings of innovаtivе dеvеlopmеnt of pеrsonnеl potеntiаl аrе аlso еxplorеd. humаn potеntiаl is еxаminеd аs а comprеhеnsivе indicаtor of еconomic еfficiеncy improvеmеnt in industriаl еntеrprisеs. morеovеr, thе аrticlе offеrs proposаls аnd rеcommеndаtions for thе dеvеlopmеnt of humаn potеntiаl in industriаl еntеrprisеs, drаwing on insights from forеign еxpеriеncеs. kеy words: "humаn fаctor", "humаn cаpitаl", intеllеctuаl, spirituаl аnd culturаl componеnts, pеrsonnеl cаpаcity, pеrsonnеl mаnаgеmеnt, south korеаn еxpеriеncе, pеrsonnеl mаnаgеmеnt. introduction. in the modern world, the development and further development of high technologies, the introduction of innovative products and technologies in all areas, economic life requires new human resources. in the context of intensive scientific and technical transformations, the training of personnel with a creative approach to their work and creative thinking, capable of making decisions quickly, has become a requirement of the times. the concept of human capital began to be widely used in the field of science since the second half of the twentieth century. human capital is the resource that has become the most valuable in the modern world, where science and technology have advanced. human potential is the knowledge, skills and health that people accumulate throughout their lives, which allows them to realize their potential as useful members of society. human resource management is personnel management. in this context, employees are sometimes referred to as human capital. the role of personnel management is to manage employees in the workplace in order to achieve the goal set by the organization and strengthen the culture. the role of personnel management has specific goals.  social goals moral and social needs of the enterprise and its employees  organizational goals actions to help ensure the effectiveness of the organization  functional goals the guidelines used to ensure that employees work properly within the entire organization are  personal goals support the personal goals of each employee[7] http://www/ mailto:mtojiyevam@gmail.com 222 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a.smith believes that " the core capital of the enterprise includes not only equipment, but also the useful abilities of members of society. but their purchase requires certain costs, and this, in turn, is reflected in the form of fixed capital. the costs spent on the development of personality abilities return with benefit”. u.petty and a.it can be concluded that smith “developed the beneficial abilities of a person as the main capital and showed the possibility of earning from it”, which serves as the basis for the formation and further development of the theory of human capital. modern theory of human capital t. included by schulz. the theory of human capital admits human capital as a factor in production at the initial stage of its development. in his scientific research on “human capital”, t.shuls argues that in order to improve the well-being of the population in “poor” countries, attention should be paid to the quality of the land, not the availability of equipment, but to a system of useful knowledge. russian economist v.b.bazhenova's integral description of human capital as a general approach is of interest to many. he explained to human capital “qualification descriptions in itself, which are required in the labor market, manifested in the labor process; education level, intellectual potential, knowledge, qualifications, production experience, as well as personal descriptions: physiological and social psychological characteristics (health, mental ability, talent, initiative), which are formed by the introduction of formal and informal forms of education, private as well as social investments in health, as well as the accumulation of an individual's abilities is ensured and has the opportunity to bring. this approach is most perfect (complex) for the following reasons: firstly, human capital covers the main components of a person; secondly, the methodology of the idea of a holistic approach to the analysis of the phenomenon under study is carried out in the largest volume; thirdly, in the research work, the general conditions and factors of the formation of human capital are analyzed. in our eyes, such an approach to understanding the category of human capital reflects the interdependence of economic and social components. academician q.x.abdurahmanov believes that " the importance of human capital is higher than that of natural resources, material wealth and tools, human capital is a reserve of knowledge, skills, skills formed as a result of investments, which reflects the physical, mental and psychological qualities and abilities of an individual”[5]. the economist scholar a.v.vahabov, on the other hand, if the term” capital “denotes a value that brings value added to its owner, then” human capital", in our opinion, is the human abilities that generate income. human capabilities form the backbone of human capital” [6]. but, at the same time, the work of the above authors was carried out in different periods, in general, without a deep approach, choosing human capital and human resources as a separate problem. at the moment, the work on the analysis of human resource activities and improving their effectiveness is also taking scientific research with a serious approach to the issue. research methodology. as a result of the scientific research carried out, new directions for ensuring the development of human potential in the regions in the conditions of increasing human potential in the economy, the transition to a digital economy, and ways to increase their effectiveness are presented. the research process used a systematic approach, abstract logical reasoning, comparison, factor analysis, and comparative analysis. results. according to many economist scholars, the term "human potential" has entered the sciences of economics through the work "investment in human capital" by american economist theodore schulz [3]. he proved that human capital has the necessary properties of the nature of production and is able to accumulate and multiply it. t.schulz estimates that out of the total product produced in society, 3/4 of its total value, rather than 1/4, is used to raise human capital from 20th-century reproducibility theories.[2] to what extent human resources are currently evaluated at different stages of economic development: http://www/ 223 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us source: abdurakhmonova n.q. investment in human capital development of new uzbekistan .review.uz electron magazine. views on human capital are radically expanding, which is seen as a valuable share as well as an influx of income. because human capital is closely related to economic development. this was scientifically substantiated by the world famous indian scientist, nobel laureate in economics (1998) amartia sen. in his opinion, the development process is not just an increase in material or economic well-being, but an extension of the capabilities of the individual, which implies a high degree of freedom of choice to each member of society. the labor potential of an employee is, on the one hand, a set of physical and moral capabilities aimed at achieving certain results on certain conditions in production activities, on the other hand, improvement in the labor process, new tasks arising from changes in production, opportunities for solving issues. let's consider south korea, which has its own experience in personnel management. so why exactly south korea? the answer to this is simple. first, the economy of south korea is an extremely developed and world-recognized country with high achievements, and according to statistics, the economy of south korea belongs to the powerful twenty countries around the world. being a developed country with a strong economy, many opportunities have been created to manage human resources. secondly, the education system meets international quality and standards. education is provided by highly qualified and experienced teachers at south korean universities and colleges. it is no secret that the economic changes that have occurred in the republic of korea have risen from the backward and impoverished war-ravaged economy of the 1950s to the ranks of the korean organization since the end of the korean war. the organization for economic co-operation and development (oecd) has since the mid-1980s added http://www/ 224 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us korean firms as an important focus for foreign direct investment. beginning in 1962, the korean government began its economic development. according to the plans, korean firms have made several modifications to their personnel management systems.[7] there are several types of human resource management professions in south korea:  director of human resource management (head of personnel department): head of personnel department. they control the relationships that the company makes to employees. they exercise control over all the terms stated in the contract.  recruitment officer: the clerk is responsible for recruitment, dismissal and assignment of duties. this position is very important, and any business needs such a profession.  analyst: regularly work in research institutes or research laboratories. they should always find the best solutions for business to solve human resources and employment problems.  training of specialists: it is to train employees to specialise, as well as to help contribute to the understanding of the work. let's look at the experience of personnel management using the example of popular companies in south korea: large korean companies, such as samsung and hyundai, carry out qualification activities by sending them to foreign branches in order to encourage employees. samsung tries to develop global managers at three different levels of the organizational hierarchy, namely the upper, middle and lower levels. for example, the global expert program is designed for top managers, which reflects ways to develop the ability to assess common business opportunities and threats in a particular country or region to solve problems related to globalization, including competitive strategy and personnel management practices. in the context of the transition of our country to market relations, the importance of individual qualitative descriptions of labor potential changes with the passage of time, for example, the importance of the level of education among the descriptions of labor potential. the educational system determines technological development, since the costs incurred in education grow the reserve of human capital, ensure the development of a person and, as a result, provide an opportunity to achieve a certain level of advantages in the field of new intensive technologies by increasing the ability of the economy to develop new ideas. discussion. president of our country shavkat mirziyoyev said in a speech at the 78th session of the un general assembly that “the policy of establishing a new uzbekistan is firmly underway. our country is carrying out fundamental reforms aimed at strengthening the principles of democracy and justice on the basis of the noble idea of “for the sake of human dignity and interests.” the modernization of the national economy in the republic of uzbekistan depends, first of all, on the productive use of human resources. the study of the human factor reveals its content and essence in the way of resources, both qualitatively and quantitatively. raising the economy of our country, as well as solving a number of socio-economic tasks ahead of us, requires the effective use of human resources. the most important function of human potential is the beginning of long term needs that determine the stimulation and direction of economic development. the areas of realization of human potential simultaneously function as areas of production of labor potential. if we analyze the composition of labor resources of the republic of uzbekistan according to the bukhara region, then the results can be seen as follows. structure of labor resources thill (thousand people) http://www/ 225 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us source: stat.uz table 1 data shows that the composition of labor resources by region and the working population of working age in 2021 has changed in a positive way compared to previous years. average monthly nominal calculated by bukhara region salary analysis (except agriculture and small businesses) (thousand sums) source: stat.uz table 2 data shows that the average monthly wage rate is seen by the regions of the region, the highest is 4289.6 thousand soums in kagan compared to the average monthly wage in the region (150.5 percent), 4260.7 thousand soums in karovulbazar district (149.5 percent), 3 136.0 thousand soums in bukhara (110.1 percent), 1895.7 thousand soums in vobkent district (66.5 percent), peshko‘ district 1,899.2,000 (66.6 percent), while 2,122. 0,000 (74.5 percent) in karakol district are getting a small amount compared to other regions. the lowest average monthly wage rates were observed in vobkent (1895.7 thousand soums) and peshko‘ (1899.2 thousand soums) districts. the average monthly nominal wage rates in these districts were correspondingly low compared to the average monthly wage in the province. innovation in today's globalization process is one of the most important strategic resources of any country. the successful solution of socio-economic problems, the introduction of new industrial and financial technologies, the development http://www/ 226 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of innovative-investment infrastructure, the development of intellectual potential, the production of export products, import substitution, the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves are associated to some extent with innovative activities. indeed, without the development of human capital, it is impossible to achieve innovative progress. according to well-known economists, negligence in investing in human capital can dramatically reduce the competitiveness of a country. for the country to progress economically, it is required to educate talented people. over the years, material and natural resources, industrial and agrarian sectors of the economy, gold, foreign exchange reserves, etc. become a constantly decreasing part of national wealth. according to some experts, they cannot match even 10% of the national wealth of developed countries by 2030. in other words, the intellectual-spiritual factor is the decisive condition for national wealth, which determines the most important indicator of the power of the state and the level of development of society. conclusions and suggestions. the need to develop human potential is due to the fact that through its development it can be transformed into strong human capital, which, in turn, serves as the driving force of the prosperity of the country. therefore, it is necessary to carry out effective and large-scale work on this subject, with great attention to issues and problems related to the development of human potential. today, talented young people, young families, specialists from various fields are supported by our state in every possible way, through which not only the individual, but also the whole country makes a worthy contribution to raising human potential. capacity is a set of all the possibilities, tools that exist in any area, network. human potential is the ability of a person to increase his inner capabilities, first of all, the ability to develop. the potential of an individual is the ability to live a rich inner life and effectively interact with the environment, to be productive, to influence effectively, to grow and develop successfully. we can introduce the experience of south korea, which has entered the rating of twenty of the developed countries with a high economy in increasing the labor potential of employees. being a developed country with a strong economy, many opportunities have been created to manage human resources. secondly, the education system meets international quality and standards. based on the above points, we recommend the following proposals to raise the republic of uzbekistan among developed countries and develop human potential: 1. having studied the essence of the concept of human potential at the enterprise, it is necessary to take into account the currently unrealized capabilities of the employees of the enterprise and draw up a plan to use them in the future; 2. in order for the issue of personnel supply of the enterprise to be successful, it is necessary to have a professionally ready, conscientious, high morality and morale to perform all the operations of the enterprise, talented employees who meet modern requirements. 3. in order to develop human potential at the enterprise, it will be necessary to regularly improve the professional skills of personnel, ensure their professional (qualification and position) development, and establish the effective use of human resources experience and abilities; 4. by sending employees to foreign enterprises, it will be necessary to stimulate and improve their skills; to establish a regular incentive (motivation)for the work of employees of the enterprise according to their quality and results; 5. the management of the enterprise will have to pay close attention to issues related to the socioeconomic and legal protection of personnel 6. like samsung, hiring foreign employees by training them in exchange for providing grants. http://www/ 227 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. n.q.abdurakhmonova investment in human capital development of new uzbekistan .review.uz electron magazine. 2. m.l.sharipov the essence of intellectual human capital, sources and features. academic research in educational sciences. scientific journal impact factor (sjif) 2021: 5.723 3. d.shoumarov. human capital does not come to the surface on its own. uzlidep.uz/news-ofparty/3127., 04.10.2018. 4. b.c.bazhenova neprerivnoye obrazovaniye v usloviyax transformasii ekonomicheskoy sistemi / v.s. bazhenova. -m. : izd-vo ros. ekon. akad., 2000. 5. 5. kene, f. “selected economic works."m.: sotsekgiz (1960). 6. a.v.vahabov bmi on the topic” improving the practice of investing human capital", tashkent 2014. 7. valiyevna, t. m. ., & nuriddinovna, a. d. . (2023). janubiyanubiy koreya tajribasi misolida xodimlarni boshqarish yo’llari. innovative science in modern research, 44–48. retrieved from https://www.openconference.us/index.php/innoscience/article/view/552 8. smith a. the "invisible hand" of the market mechanism // theory and method in the social sciences. 2004. pp. 147-163.nm rimashevskaya-rossiya iqtisodiy rivojlanishi bo'yicha tadqiqotlar, 2006 yil 9. annual statistical collection.t.: uzbekistan, 2021. 10. labor and employment in uzbekistan.t.: uzbekistan, 2021. 11. uzbekistan in numbers.t.: uzbekistan, 2020. 12. www.president.uz -official website of the president of the republic of uzbekistan. 13. www.gov.uz -government portal of the republic of uzbekistan. 14. www.lex.uz -national base of state documents of the republic of uzbekistan. 15. www.stat.uz -committee on statistics. http://www/ https://www.openconference.us/index.php/innoscience/article/view/552 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 basic requirements for sentences. legality of sentences pirnazarov abdurashid abdulxayevich executive director of the m.s. vosiqov academic lyceum under the tashkent state university of law, doctor of philosophy (phd) in law abstract: this article discusses the basic requirements for sentences, the legality of sentences from the perspective of criminal procedural law, ensuring the legality of sentences through the impartiality of the judge, issues related to conducting proceedings within the framework of the law, ensuring fair trial based on the equality of citizens before the law and the court, respecting the dignity and honor of the individual, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, the public hearing of criminal cases in court, the adversarial nature of proceedings, and the strict adherence to principles of directly and orally examining evidence. keywords: sentence, legality, judge, criminal cases, fair trial, criminal code, criminal procedural law. sentence – -a final written decision issued by the court after considering the criminal case, determining whether the defendant is guilty or not, and deciding on the appropriate measures. the legal foundations for the court's decision-making are outlined in chapter 54 of the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan. therefore, a sentence is considered lawful if it is issued in accordance with all the requirements of the law and based on the law. a legally issued sentence means that the judge has adhered to legality, considered criminal cases both collectively and individually, maintained judicial independence and their subordination only to the law, ensured a fair trial based on the equality of citizens before the law and the court, respected the dignity and honor of individuals, protected the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensured the public nature of criminal case hearings, and strictly followed the principles of adversarial proceedings and direct and oral examination of evidence. z.f. inog‘omjonova has stated the following on this matter: "a sentence can be called lawful if it is issued under the following conditions: 1) the judge has strictly adhered to the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal procedure code (cpc), and other laws as specified in article 11 of the cpc; 2) the composition of the judges (whether a panel or individual proceedings) is lawful, as outlined in article 13 of the cpc; 3) the judge has independently made decisions in their activities without any interference (article 14 of the cpc); 4) the equality, dignity, and rights of the participants in the trial have been respected, and their freedoms have been protected, as per articles 16, 17, and 18 of the cpc; 5) the procedures, requirements, and conditions for conducting the trial have been strictly followed, as specified in articles 19, 25, 26, and 456 of the cpc." legality is one of the fundamental constitutional principles of fair trial. legality means that all state and non-state bodies, organizations, officials, and citizens must strictly comply with and implement the requirements of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, laws, and other normative documents that align with them. "this principle is aimed at ensuring the comprehensive, complete, and impartial examination of all circumstances relevant to the case, guaranteeing that each case is considered and resolved correctly and in accordance with the law, 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us protecting the rights and legal interests of the participants in the trial, and fostering respect for the law and compliance with its requirements among citizens." such a principle is of particular importance because it is closely related to the state activity in this area of law, as noted in its definition above. it is crucial to adhere to the law and the procedures for examining civil and criminal cases specified by it. where the law is not followed, there can be no talk of fair trial; it would rather be considered an act of violence. adhering to the principle of legality serves to guarantee the rights of all participants in the criminal process. the state bases its activities on the principles of social justice and legality, and the judiciary's activities also follow these principles. the principle of legality in the judiciary is expressed in a specific manner, that is, in the administration of justice, this principle is combined with the principle of judicial independence. judges make decisions based on existing laws, their legal awareness, and internal conviction. to hold a judicial office, a person must be of a certain age, possess higher legal education, have sufficient life and professional experience, and, most importantly, be of impeccable conscience. the essence of the principle of judicial independence is the effort to provide the conditions that allow judges to make responsible decisions in strict adherence to the law, without external interference, pressure, or influence. based on the principle of judicial independence, judges resolve criminal cases based on criminal procedural and criminal law. any interference in their activities leads to legal accountability. this is one of the guarantees of judicial independence and is reinforced in article 236 of the criminal code in the chapter "crimes against the administration of justice." the law stipulates that judges must evaluate all circumstances of the case based on their internal conviction. the concept of internal conviction, as envisioned by the law, can be interpreted as follows: a) the process of instilling a certain viewpoint or action in someone (including oneself); b) the result of this process, that is, coming to a specific opinion or thought; c) the individual’s attitude toward their knowledge, decisions, and actions, that is, the state of being convinced or certain. thus, internal conviction consists of the process of examining and the result of this process. the requirement of internal conviction in the law can also be understood as an authority granted to the person handling the case. through this authority, their privileges in evaluating evidence are strengthened, and it is emphasized again that evaluation is both their right and duty. the court is not entitled to delegate this task to another person or use assessments made by others in issuing a judgment. the legality of the sentence refers to its strict compliance with both substantive and procedural legal norms. the compliance of the sentence with substantive legal norms refers to the correct application of the provisions of the criminal code, proper qualification of the crime, the type and extent of the punishment, the recovery of material damages, and the correct resolution of other matters. in this context, not only the norms of criminal law but also those in civil, labor, and other areas of substantive law relevant to the case must be correctly applied. for instance, a court sentence can be deemed unlawful in the following situations: if the court recognizes an act that does not constitute a crime as a criminal act; if the actual crime is not recognized as such; if the crime is misqualified; if the penalty or its type is incorrectly determined, and so on. the legality of a sentence from the perspective of procedural law refers not only to the moment of issuing the sentence but also to the adherence to procedural rules throughout the entire criminal process. if circumstances outlined in article 485 of the criminal procedure code are identified during the trial or the initial investigation, the sentence may be declared unlawful. if the conclusions stated in the sentence do not correspond to the actual facts of the criminal case, this becomes grounds for the annulment or modification of the sentence (article 487 of the 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us criminal procedure code). the sentence will be deemed inconsistent with the actual facts of the case in the following situations: 1. the sentence must be based on evidence that has been verified and confirmed during the trial investigation. the court should state in the justification section of the sentence why it considers certain evidence as the basis for the judgment. for this, the court must carefully, fully, impartially, and thoroughly examine all circumstances of the case, assessing the evidence based on the law and its internal conviction. each piece of evidence should be evaluated in terms of its relevance, admissibility, and reliability. if these requirements are not met, the court's conclusions are considered unsubstantiated by the evidence examined during the trial. 2. the court must pay attention to all important facts of the case (for example, the defense’s requests or objections, the prosecutor’s opinion or demands, the requests of the accused or the victim, etc.). the court must examine these matters based on their relevance to the case. if the court fails to take into account circumstances that could influence its conclusions, this becomes grounds for the annulment or modification of the sentence. 3. there are circumstances that will certainly affect the crime’s composition, qualification, guilt, and punishment. these circumstances can only be proven through evidence. the evidence confirming these circumstances must be interconnected, with one piece supporting the other. for example, a witness who directly saw a murder, information about the accused’s relationship with the victim, expert conclusions, etc. during the initial investigation, any contradictions in the collected evidence regarding the important circumstances of the case are resolved. in some cases, such errors may also occur during the trial. if the evidence concerning significant facts contradicts one another, and the court fails to explain why it considers certain evidence reliable while rejecting others in the sentence, the sentence will be annulled or modified. in the following cases, a judgment is considered unlawful and will be annulled: ø if the case was heard in the absence of the defendant (except in the cases provided in part 3 of article 410 of the criminal procedure code); ø if after the completion of the preliminary investigation, the defendant was not familiarized with all the materials of the case, and this procedural violation was not addressed by the court that issued the judgment; ø if the defendant was not given the opportunity to present a defense statement in the absence of a defense lawyer; ø if the defendant was not given the opportunity to make a final statement; ø if the defendant's right to use their native language and interpreter services was violated; ø if, according to the law, the participation of a defense lawyer was mandatory, but the case was investigated or considered without their involvement. observing the form in criminal procedure is also one of the strict requirements of the law. for example: ø if the judgment is issued by the court in a composition that violates the law, it is considered contrary to the principle of fair trial. according to the law, only elected or appointed judges and lay judges participating within the prescribed time frame have the right to substantively review the case, as they alone are authorized to issue a judgment; ø if the procedure for a judge issuing a judgment alone or the confidentiality of consultations among judges in delivering a judgment is violated; ø if the case was considered after preliminary investigation and court hearings were conducted, despite circumstances that exclude such procedures; 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø if the protocol of the court session was not restored or signed, the violation of criminal procedural law is considered serious, and the judgment will be annulled. the incorrect application of criminal law may lead to changes in the court's decision or other rulings (if this does not worsen the defendant’s situation or violate the right to defense) and may result in its annulment, additional investigation of the case, or reconsideration or termination of the case in court. in conclusion, only judgments issued by a competent court that fully, comprehensively, and impartially investigates all aspects of the case, in accordance with the rules, are considered lawful and reflect the objective truth relevant to the particular criminal case. for a judgment to be deemed lawful, its content, adoption procedure, conditions, structure, conclusions, and resolved issues must comply with the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal code, the criminal procedure code, and other legal documents. references 1. иноғомжонова з.ф. ҳукм, ажрим ва қарорларнинг қонунийлиги, асослилиги ва адолатлилигини текширишда суд назорати. монография. –т.: тдюи, 2006. –б.22. 2. жиноят процесси. умумий қисм. /з.ф.иноғомжонованинг умумий таҳрири остида. – т.: янги аср авлоди, 2002. –б. 63. 3. абдумажидов ғ.а. ва бошқалар. ўзбекистонда суд ҳокимияти: ислоҳотлар даври.-т.: адолат, 2002. –б.58. 4. палеев м.с., пашин с.а., савицкий в. м. закон о статусе судей в российской федерации. научно-практический комментарий. /под ред. в.м. савицкого. –м.: бек, 1994. –б.79. 14 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e): 2993-2157 evaluating higher education: uzbekistan’s national framework in the context of global benchmarks hakimova gulnoza abdulloyevna, independent researcher, tashkent state university of economics abstract this article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the national model for assessing the higher education system in uzbekistan and global standards. the study examines the main mechanisms, objectives, methods, and outcomes of the assessment methodology introduced in uzbekistan. it compares this model with internationally recognized systems such as qs world university rankings, times higher education (the), and shanghai academic ranking of world universities (arwu), highlighting the unique features of the national model and its adaptation to the local socio-economic context. additionally, recommendations are provided for enhancing global integration and advancing scientific research. keywords: assessment system, global standards, education quality, ranking, scientific activity, labor market, test assessments, surveys, academic reputation, innovations. introduction the higher education system is a critical factor in the socio-economic development of any nation. evaluating its effectiveness and quality is essential not only for improving educational processes but also for preparing qualified personnel aligned with labor market demands. in uzbekistan, a systematic approach to assessing the higher education system was introduced through resolution no. 467 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated june 7, 2019. this process is grounded in principles of quality control, transparency, and fairness. the purpose of this article is to examine the primary mechanisms of higher education assessment in uzbekistan, analyze its objectives, methods, and results, and present findings within the framework of a practical scientific project. literature review the assessment of higher education systems holds significant importance in contemporary education, serving as a key tool for enhancing effectiveness and ensuring global competitiveness. internationally, this process is conducted through various methodologies, with the qs world university rankings, times higher education (the), and shanghai academic ranking of world universities (arwu) being prominent examples. these systems employ multifaceted criteria based on research activity, academic reputation, international collaboration, and education quality (hazelkorn, 2015). for instance, the shanghai arwu places particular emphasis on research outputs, such as publications and citations in web of science (60-70% weight) and high-level achievements like nobel prizes (liu & cheng, 2005). the qs system prioritizes academic reputation (40%) and employer opinions (10%), while the includes additional indicators such as "teaching environment" 15 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (15%) and "industry income" (2.5%) (marginson, 2014). a common feature of these systems is their focus on global integration and academic prestige. in uzbekistan, initial efforts to assess the higher education system began with resolution no. 371 of the cabinet of ministers dated december 29, 2012. however, a new methodology was introduced in 2019 through resolution no. 467, aiming to adapt international experiences to local conditions while improving education quality and fostering a competitive environment (resolution, 2019). research indicates that while international systems emphasize global standards and academic prestige, national systems often prioritize adaptation to local socio-economic contexts (salmi, 2009). research methodology the methodology for assessing the higher education system in uzbekistan is based on the “regulation on determining the ranking of higher educational institutions” and is implemented annually by the ministry of higher education, science, and innovation in the form of a ranking. the assessment process consists of the following key stages: data collection and analysis: by february 1 each year, higher education institutions, ministries, and agencies submit data supported by relevant documentation. the data is analyzed by april 1 and approved by may 1. quality control: from may to june, the proficiency of faculty in foreign languages and information technologies, as well as students’ skills in specialized subjects, are evaluated through tests. surveys on education quality are also conducted. result calculation: based on collected data and test results, the state of the higher education system is assessed. scores for each institution are calculated relative to the highest performance benchmark. result presentation: assessment outcomes are published annually before the start of the next academic year and submitted to the cabinet of ministers with recommendations. the evaluation is conducted on a 100-point scale across four main domains: scientific activity (40 points), teaching process quality (30 points), student and graduate outcomes (27 points), and physical education and sports (3 points). analysis and discussion of results the assessment process enables an annual evaluation of the higher education system’s status. results are published on the official website of the ministry of higher education, science, and innovation and submitted to the cabinet of ministers with recommendations for improving education quality. for example, the 40 points allocated to scientific activity are distributed based on criteria such as citations in international publications (9 points), the number of dissertations (6 points), and 16 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research funding (4 points). the 27 points for student and graduate outcomes are divided into test results (8 points), employment rates (8 points), and employer evaluations (8 points). the testing system assesses faculty qualifications (foreign languages and ict) and students’ preparedness in their specialties. table 1: structure of test assessments type purpose number of questions time (minutes) points per question total points faculty tests foreign language assess proficiency 20 40 2.5 50 information and communication technologies assess proficiency 20 40 2.5 50 student tests specialized subjects assess proficiency 40 (20 per subject) 80 2.5 100 source: compiled by the author based on normative-legal documents. faculty tests in foreign languages evaluate their ability to engage in international communication and research, while ict tests assess skills in using digital technologies in modern education. student tests in specialized subjects measure their knowledge in their fields of study. equal time and point allocation per question ensure fairness and standardization. test results serve as a key indicator of the higher education system’s quality. surveys, conducted prior to tests, identify strengths and weaknesses in the educational process. they assess: the quality of material-technical infrastructure, classroom equipment, and other facilities from students’ perspectives. the content, methods, and effectiveness of faculty-led classes. the level of transparency and equity in evaluating student performance. the overall atmosphere, student relationships, and moral education within the institution. table 2: structure of surveys survey component purpose educational conditions evaluate facility quality teaching quality assess teaching effectiveness assessment fairness determine evaluation equity social and moral environment assess institutional atmosphere source: compiled by the author based on normative-legal documents. surveys enable a comprehensive evaluation of not only technical but also social and moral aspects of the education system. by collecting student feedback, they reflect the system’s actual state and provide a basis for quality improvement proposals. 17 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the assessment system aims to align higher education institutions with international standards and prepare highly skilled professionals for the real economy. results indicate a strong focus on research and education quality. the methodology offers several advantages: it ensures systematic oversight and transparency, and it adapts international practices to local needs. for instance, indicators like graduate employment and employer feedback underscore its economic orientation. the methodology introduced in uzbekistan under resolution no. 467 shares similarities with foreign systems but also exhibits distinct differences. below is a comparison with global systems like qs, the, and arwu: table 3: differences between uzbekistan’s system and international systems (qs, the, arwu) criteria and features international systems (qs, the, arwu) uzbekistan’s system employer feedback small portion of total score (e.g., ~10% in qs) prioritizes alignment with local labor market governance private or independent, voluntary participation state-managed, mandatory participation research and scientific activity high emphasis (40-70%) on academic prestige important, but local context prioritized sports and physical education rarely a criterion or minor significance distinct criterion with notable weight student feedback not directly included; focus on faculty/employers broad inclusion of student opinions international integration emphasis on global ratios (e.g., ~10%) focus on national education quality source: compiled by the author based on qs, the, and arwu methodologies. unlike qs and the, where employer feedback constitutes a minor portion, uzbekistan’s system prioritizes local labor market needs. international systems are often managed by private entities with voluntary participation, while uzbekistan’s process is centrally state-controlled. research in global systems heavily weighs academic prestige, whereas uzbekistan balances this with local priorities. notably, sports and physical education are unique criteria in uzbekistan, reflecting national policies on healthy lifestyles. conclusion and recommendations in conclusion, the higher education assessment methodology in uzbekistan is a vital tool for improving education quality and aligning with economic demands. future enhancements could involve deeper integration of international practices and a review of criteria weighting. based on resolution no. 467 and global benchmarks, the following recommendations are proposed: increase the weight of international faculty and student ratios (currently 7 points) to 10-15 points. 18 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us introduce a separate indicator (e.g., 5 points) for international exchange programs and joint research projects. establish partnerships with qs or the through grants or programs. raise the research component from 40 to 50-60 points, increasing points for publications (currently 3) and citations (currently 9) to 15-20. provide financial incentives for faculty publications in scopus or web of science. add a criterion (e.g., 5 points) for integrating research into industry. introduce surveys among international and local experts to assess academic reputation (10-15 points). reduce centralized control by involving independent experts, including international representatives. expand the survey component (currently 7 points) to 10-12 points. add indicators for student engagement and satisfaction. merge sports infrastructure (1 point) with general infrastructure, allocating 5-7 points. include a criterion (e.g., 5 points) for innovations like patents and startups. publish detailed results by indicator, not just overall rankings. these recommendations aim to align uzbekistan’s system with global standards while addressing local needs, enhancing its institutions’ global recognition and education quality. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati 1. resolution no. 467 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated june 7, 2019, “on measures for improving the procedure for determining the ranking of higher educational institutions”. www.lex.uz. 2. baty, p. (2017). the times higher education world university rankings: methodology and transparency. times higher education. url: https://www.timeshighereducation.com. 3. hazelkorn, e. (2015). rankings and the reshaping of higher education: the battle for world-class excellence. palgrave macmillan. 4. liu, n. c., & cheng, y. (2005). the academic ranking of world universities. higher education in europe, 30(2), 127-136. 5. marginson, s. (2014). university rankings and social science. european journal of education, 49(1), 45-59. 6. salmi, j. (2009). the challenge of establishing world-class universities. world bank publications. 19 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: uzbekistan, 2023. 2. muratovich, l. c. m. a. (2022). objective principles of military patriotic education. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 10(7), 40-41. 3. muratovich, p.. m.. a.(2022). central asia at the end of the xviii—first half of the xix century. . gospodarka i innowacje., 20, 62-63. 4. mamadzhanov, a. m. (2021). patriotism-the basis of the formation of society. zien journal of social sciences and humanities, 3, 130-132. 5. мамаджанов, а. м., & султoнов, с. (2023). льготы военнослужащим и членам их семей. theory and analytical aspects of recent research, 2(14), 156-164. 6. мамаджанов, а. м. (2023). изучение проблемы информационной безопасности в контексте национальной безопасности. miasto przyszłości, 36, 254-257. 7. мамаджанов, а. м. (2023). изучение проблемы информационной безопасности в контексте национальной безопасности. miasto przyszłości, 36, 254-257. 8. abdusalomov, u. s. (2023). defending the motherland is the obligation of every child. theory of scientific researches of whole world, 1(1), 6-9. 9. abdusalomov, u. s. (2023). defending the motherland is the obligation of every child. theory of scientific researches of whole world, 1(1), 6-9. 10. sattorovich, a. u. (2023). yoshlarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashning asosiy tamoillari. pedagogical sciences and teaching methods, 2(20), 232-234. 282 american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education www. grnjournal.us american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2769 comparative analysis of wedding ceremonies in uzbek and korakalpok folklore sayyora bazarbaevna bekchanova doctor of philosophy (phd) in philological sciences, associate professor of the department of uzbek literature, nukus state pedagogical institute +998(91)390-55-94 abstract. this article presents a comparative analysis of wedding rituals in uzbek and karakalpak folklore and their artistic interpretations. in this process, actions and words are spoken. the modern appearance of these rituals is also described. keywords: folklore, wedding ceremonies, "kelin salom" (“greetings from the bride”), "bet ashar" (“the face opens”), wedding ceremony, groomswomen (that is, they bowed and greeted, this was also called "kelin suzilish (bridal bowing), bakhshi, kayvanis. introduction: when it comes to ritual folklore, it is necessary to take into account the circumstances related to people's lives. ceremonial folklore is characterized by its stable and traditional character. ritual folklore mainly consists of the processes leading up to human birth and final destination, burial. among these stages, we will focus on "kelin salom" (“greetings from the bride”) which is one of the components of wedding ceremonies in uzbek folklore and "bet ashar" (“the face opens”) ceremony in karakalpak folklore. according to the structure of the wedding ceremony, it includes three stages. the first stage is "preparation for the wedding"; second stage "big wedding"; the third stage; "the end of the wedding". [8.69] the ceremony of "kelin salom" and "bet ashar" is included in the third of these stages. "kelin salom" ceremony is a process that takes place mainly in the house where the bride come. if we analyze from a scientific point of view, we can see that it happens in different ways here in the territory of central asia, especially in the regions of uzbekistan. for example, it is different in bukhara and different in the valley. the difference is seen in: the time spent, the words spoken, the behavior processes of the bride and her entourage. if the wedding ceremonies are taken as a whole, it is a big ceremony, but if it is approached from a folkloristic point of view, it can be observed that it is composed of independent genres such as “yor-yor”, "kelin salom", “wedding cheers”, “bed-laying”, “mirror-showing”. in this work, it is compared with "kelin salom" among the uzbeks living in the territory of karakalpakstan and "bet ashar" ceremony of the karakalpak people in some places. the concept of ritual folklore, in turn, embodies two important components. these are the elements related to the plot of this ceremony and the actions to be performed and its word (verbal) component [5.11]. among the uzbeks living in ellikkala, tortkol, beruni and amudarya districts, 283 american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education www. grnjournal.us this ceremony was held only among women in the past. after entering the house, the bride put on a beautiful veil and dresses, and bow outside the bridal curtain together with the groomswomen (that is, they bowed and greeted, this was also called "kelin suzilish (bridal bowing)"). in this case, mainly family members, close relatives were introduced name by name by talkative women, under the light joy of his character, profession. it should be noted that on the day after the wedding, the bride will be greeted and bowed, but only the relatives of the groom will participate in it. gifts are given by father-in-law and mother-in-law. “ritual is a vital "stage work" with a natural behavior, decorative decoration and text, created by the demands and needs of a person's material and spiritual life” [5.10]. it can be seen from the processes described above that the harmony of words and actions played a key role in this. ritual as a social event, as i.v. sukhanov rightly noted, is always born at the main turning points of human life, often with the demand to record and legislate these points [3.39]. so, the transition of the girls to a new stage, i.e. stepping on the threshold of the bride, was carried out around the bridal curtain. usually, "kelin salom" begins with paying respect to holy places, and its performance is first dedicated to god, prophets, saints, then the groom's grandparents, parents, brothers, sisters, closest relatives, neighbors, the bride's groomswomen, the people who served at the wedding the baker, the cook, the announcer, and others. the jokes in this song mixed with light humor will not offend anyone. after that, if there is a mother-in-law or a great-grandmother, they greet and tie four loaves of bread and hard candy to the bride's armpit, along with a dress or scarf, as a symbol of the completeness of sustenance. the eloquent kayvanis or khalfas describe the character, profession, and level of intimacy of each introduced person. "kelin salom" is unique due to its wealth of rhyming words, funny jokes, and interesting verses. during the performance, the bride silently bows to the person being greeted. for example: tandirlarga non yopgan yorisini xom yopgan, non yopar opalariga salom oʻkchasidan oʻt chiqqan xolalardan zoʻr chiqqan ammalariga salom sandiqlarnini taxlagan qudalarni bir-biriga maxtagan xolalariga salom [8.1]. after that, each person whose name was mentioned and introduced to the bride gave a gift, that is, in this case, mainly, he threw a scarf on her head and kissed her on both cheeks. after that, the bride sitting ceremony was held. according to n.i. kravtsov, ritual consists of specially organized actions aimed at bringing wealth, happiness, and health to people by influencing the forces of nature and society [4.42]. we can see that the folklore of the family ritual has constantly changed and developed depending on the period and social situation in the content of the following greetings: malibularni oldiga mingan olaolmaysanlardan koʻylak kiygan qayinbikalariga salom oq ayvonning oʻrasi yigitlarning toʻrasi kuyav bolaga salom oyaqini jup bosgan chakkasiga gul taqqan 284 american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education www. grnjournal.us kelin bolaga salom eli-yurtga toʻy qilgan qoʻyu qoʻchqor soʻydirgan qaynatasiga jup salom sarpo surugʻlar qilgan tillo uzuklar taqqan qayinonasiga salom osmondagi oydek gubidagi moydek bikachlariga salom suvda suzgan sazandek prichyoskasi qozondek yangalariga salom otizdagi boʻyandek yugurib yurgan quyondek qayin ukalariga salom [8.1]. it can be seen from the above-mentioned texts that in the songs "kelin salom", which is considered one of the ancient genres of uzbek folklore, the deep respect and honor of the groom to his parents, relatives and friends found its artistic expression. comparative-typological study of the folklore of the turkish peoples serves as one of the important factors in the study of the national foundations and formation of the genres specific to folk art. "consequently, it serves as one of the important ethnographic signs that ensure the distinction of a certain people from other peoples" [5.9]. "bet ashar", which is one of the traditions of karakalpak people, is opened on the day of the bride's arrival to her house, or on the day of the wedding if she has run away with the bride. in the ceremony dedicated to unveiling the face of the bride, a white scarf is covered over the bride's head, a material is tied to the end of it, then money is tied to the white cloth, and a branch broken from a branch of a fruit tree is held in the hand of a young boy. the money inside the cloth was given by murundiq mother, that is, tutungan mother (stepmother). after greeting to everyone, the bride's face was revealed by lifting a special headscarf. after that, the money is given to the boy who caught the branch. the recitation of "bet ashar" introduces the people of the new bride's home to the well-known lame people of that village, reveals the important characteristics of their behavior by telling who their relatives are. some of them are humorous in describing the positive or negative aspects of the greeted person to the gathered people. "bet ashar" is not open to everyone, only those who have the ability to say it, poet nature and juicy voice say it. о ҳалайық, ҳалайық дəстүрге сай ылайық бугин ашып келинниң той тамаша қылайык. той липасы бойыңа жараса бергей келинип келини бол ардақлы қарақалпақ елиниң қосылған мына жигитке яр болғайсаң опалы опалы болсаң бəрҳама 285 american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education www. grnjournal.us жузлериң болар жоқары озиңдей пəкизе келинниң қарақалпақ елинде кобейе бергей қатары [9.52]. "bet ashar" will have a special introductory part. it is as if it appears in this place in the form of admonition, as bakhshi told epic. in the introductory part, advice is given to the bride and it is emphasized that she goes the right path and follows the rules of the family law. for example: жақсы адам жаманның, көркин ашар келиншек, кеше шықсаң уйыңнен, бет ашары келиншек... еки жақсы бас қосса, бирин-бири қыймайды, еки жаман қосылса, бир елатқа сыймайды, əдепли болың келиншек, улкен болсын туйиниң, қызық болсын жыйының [9.52]. the admonitions in "bet ashar" have been popular among the people since ancient times. the lines of advice come in many forms. some of them are full of humor and make fun of those who say hello. when they introduce close relatives in "bet ashar", they first introduce bridegroom’s father, then his mother. in the past, only their positive aspects were highlighted and they said that they are the backbone of this family. nowadays, it has become a custom to add their profession. in addition, if the father has passed away, he is addressed with the following adjectives. елине ҳызмет иследи адамлар өрнек алғандай көп келинниң атасы ҳактан еди патасы бугинги таза шаңарақ соның нағыз шақасы марҳум абылай атаңыз абылқасым марҳум атаңыз ҳəр бирине жуп-жуптан торт рет ийил келиншек [9.55]. "bet ashar" is a folkloric genre in terms of its deeply realistic, life-related narration. it also briefly describes the reality of life, the qualities of each person's behavior and actions. бугин тойыңа келипти жақын менен алыстағы қуўаныш пенен қайғыны теңдей бөлип алысқан қəйин менен қəйинапаң бийкешиң менен абысын таныстырып отейин кимниң жақын алысын [9.54]. 286 american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education www. grnjournal.us this is also the strength of the influence sphere of "bet ashar" on the gathered people. each ending of "bet ashar", even if it is short, creates an artistic image of the person from whom the gaze is taken. we see that these rites have been preserved to this day and are described extensively and beautifully in the epics. in the uzbek version of the epic "alpomish", in the karakalpak national version, we see that the ceremonies "kelin salom" [1.227] and "bet ashar" [2.162-164] were performed. in the oasis of surkhan, uzbekistan which is an area inhabited by uzbeks, the "bet ochar" ceremony is performed the day after the wedding. in this case, the kayvanis hold a young boy's hand with a twig or a branch broken from a branch of a fruit tree. white cotton is wrapped around the end of this twig. a young boy with a twig in his hand lifts a special cover-kerchief on the bride's head and opens her face. after that, this twig is given to the boy who opened the bride's face. in some places, a small boy is given a stick from a fruit tree and a piece of cotton or gauze is wrapped around the end of the stick. the boy opens the face of the bride with this stick. we can see that this process is similar to the "bet ashar" ceremony of the korakalpak people. during the "bet ochar" ceremony, the kayvanis leads and brings the bride to the groom's relatives and neighbors and then humorously introduces the bride to the new family members and close people of this household. the people who is said their name in "bet ochar" give gifts to the bride. oq bulutning ostidan, oyday kelin kelibdi. koʻk bulutning ostidan kunday kelin kelibdi. kelingiz ogʻa-inilar, kelin betin ochadi, koʻrmanani berganlar, tanga-tilla sochadi [6.70]. similar and different aspects of "kelin salom" and "bet ashar" ceremonies in the folklore of turkic peoples, especially between the uzbek and karakalpak peoples, can be seen in the following cases. at this point, one point should be emphasized, in uzbeks, when the bride greets, the groomswomen from the girl's side join her and bow, while in karakalpaks, two neighboring brides bow together. because it would be a positive assessment of the situation to be introduced to the new bride by experienced brides. so, this ceremony in these two countries differs in its appearance in the following cases. time and place of the event; participants; the content of the performed actions. conclusion: to sum up, collecting materials related to ritual folklore, determining the scope of a particular ritual, especially in regions where representatives of different nationalities live together, and defining its typology, will allow us to identify and illuminate social factors. it is also confirmed in the examples of "kelin salom" and "bet ashar" rituals, i.e. genres, that the composition of uzbek and karakalpak folklore genres is not only nationally unique, but also has common features with ancient genetic roots that trace back to a single source, even during the periods when they formed and developed as a separate nation, on the basis of mutual cultural cooperation, they complemented each other's oral poetic creativity, has affected the polish and this process continues consistently. 287 american journal of language, literacy and learning in stem education www. grnjournal.us references 1. alpomish. (narrated by fazil yoldosh) – tashkent: gafur ghulam, 2016. 2. karakalpak folklore. 100 tomlyq. nökis: karakalpakstan, 2007.1-8-p. 3. suhonov i.v. customs, traditions and continuity of generations m. 1976. 4. kravtsov. h.i. slavic folklore m. 1976. p. 42. 5. sarimsakov b. uzbek ceremonial folklore. – tashkent: science, 1986. 6. mirzaev t, sh. turdimov, m. jo’raev, j. eshonkulov, a. tilavov. uzbek folklore. textbook. tashkent: "malik print co", 2022. 69 – p. 7. guljahan mardonova. a house full of light tashkent: labor, 1992. 8. it was recorded from bekchanova zevarjon, a resident of saribi village, ellikkala district. 9. karakalpak folklore. 100 tomlyq. nökis: karakalpakstan, 1980.5-p. 147 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 theoretical aspects of formation of slang of football fans xasanov zafar baxtiyorovich deputy dean for youth affairs and spiritual and educational work of uzbek state university of world languages abstract: sport is rightfully considered a significant social phenomenon of the 21st century, a sociocultural phenomenon of a universal nature. today, sport is in the sphere of interests of specialists in various scientific fields. an important place is occupied by linguistic research devoted to the specifics of the language of various sports. the article is devoted to the consideration of theoretical aspects of the formation of football fans' slang. it is indicated that the linguistic personality of a football fan has a number of specific features, which in modern conditions are most objectively represented in internet forums and communities. keywords: terminology, football slang, football discourse, linguistic variability, linguistic means, metaphor, sociolect. the research of such famous foreign and domestic scientists as s. bally, i.a. baudouin de courtenay, v. humboldt, a.a. is devoted to the issues of the connection between language and culture. potebnya and others. some scientists consider the cultural component an integral part of linguistic research: “any contribution to the study of language used now a days is impossible without considering national and cultural peculiarities” [3]. globalization of culture as “the acceleration of the integration of nations into the world system” [4] leads to changes in language, the result of which is the process of borrowing. research in various languages of the world (l. bloomfield, w. weinreich, l. p. krysin, a. p. mayorov) indicates that lexical units of the english language as the language of the predominant world culture are borrowed most often. due to the scale of the process of borrowing anglicisms, many scientists have thought about its consequences for the languages and cultures themselves. football is undoubtedly the world's premier team sport, fueled by the passion of its loyal fans like no other form of popular culture. football discourse, like sports discourse in general, is the most popular discourse in the modern world, as it covers all social strata. football is a sporting activity that is practiced by both professionals and amateurs, as well as a huge number of fans. it is diverse in its manifestations. the studies of such famous foreign and russian scientists as s. bally, i.a. are devoted to the issues of the connection between language and culture. baudouin de courtenay, w. von humboldt, a.a. potebnya and others.some scholars consider culture to be an integral part of linguistic research. globalization of culture as “the acceleration of the integration of nations into the world system” leads to changes in language, the result of which is the process of borrowing. research in various languages of the world (l. bloomfield, w. weinreich, l.p. krysin, a.p. mayorov) indicates that lexical units of the english language as the language of the predominant world culture are borrowed most often. obviously, team sports have the greatest influence on the cultivation and representation of the values of nations and communities. football is without a doubt the world's premier team game, 148 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and football fans are usually considered the most dedicated. while local football matches do not have an impact on the formation of national identity, games played at international level are associated with a single team representing the entire nation, “literally wrapping themselves in the national flag and entering the field singing the national anthem.” of your country." footballers, therefore, appear not as ordinary players, but as representatives of the nation, who are entrusted with the responsibility for the advancement of their own people on the world stage. all of the above served to form special symbols, slang and other attributes of the subculture, which later served as the basis for the formation of the language of football fans, such expressions and phrases as: fan, football player, striker, defender, goalkeeper, referee, team, ball, competition, bus (bus with fans), skinhead (shaved, skinhead), glory hunter (glory hunter), scarfer (fan who wears a scarf with the symbols of the club) [3, p. 26]. fans, who are an important element of almost any football event, express support for their favorite team through cheers, chants, songs, cheering the local team or ridiculing the opposing team. some phrases from the language of fans and athletes seem difficult to understand to uninitiated people, and sometimes even completely ridiculous. research shows that the speech of fans and football fans is characterized mainly by metaphors, often military, aggressive or comic, ridiculing, as well as slang words and phrases. although not everything in the language is acceptable, it significantly embellishes the speech with its liveliness, flexibility and unexpected wit. the speech of football fans, within which they implement an informative function, is often filled with clichéd constructions. for example, “spectacular moment”, “obvious problems”, “building a game”, “problems in defense”, “progress is visible”, “system errors”, “positive result”. a special feature of a football fan’s speech is its dynamism. it is quite difficult to identify, but its expression is a certain kind of syntactic construction. as a rule, they are conveyed through monosyllabic sentences (for example, “cool!”, “super!”). at the end of the games, in communication between fans, first of all, the analytical function of speech must be implemented. it involves saturating the speech with interrogative questions (for example, “does the coaching staff have enough ability not to ruin the team in the next games?”).as can be seen from the example, such discussions are rhetorical, although they support and stimulate subsequent conversation. a significant part in fan discourse is occupied by the implementation of the evaluative function of speech. in replicas, it finds its expression in emotionally expressive linguistic means. football fans can choose various stylistic and genre means from their entire diversity to express their thoughts about a football match. therefore, among fan statements one can find both official business and artistic vocabulary, as well as colloquial, and sometimes even obscene. at the same time, every football fan tries to demonstrate his competence not only in the field of game tactics, but also in team management. the extent to which people express their thoughts on this topic is evidence of people's deep interest in football, the difference between them in age and cultural level, as well as in knowledge of the club's history, traditions, coaches, etc. thus, the linguistic personality of a football fan as a linguistic phenomenon finds its expression in the totality of speech features identified in the language of football fans. this phenomenon is dynamic and multidimensional in nature, which requires further and more in-depth study. the linguistic activity of football fans is not limited only to oral communication [5]. fans also express their thoughts and emotions on team flags or banners displayed during matches.outside the stadium, fans of a team convey their thoughts through fanzines, online blogs and discussion sites (forums). they tend to use informal language that sometimes becomes offensive when addressing fans of opposing teams. the texts that are published there are distinguished by their originality, since the language forms in them are hybrid the youth language and the language of a specific subculture are dressed in a media form. there is an increasing interest among linguists 149 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the analysis of new, interactive types of text created by sports fans in the context of chat communication, since it becomes possible to highlight many key problems of modern linguistics using the material of texts embedded in the discursive space of fans. the language of football in general is characterized by a wide variety of expressions, metaphors, idioms, as well as borrowings that are found in live football commentary and in the speech of fans. in the english language of football, there are some borrowings from french and other languages to name foreign football realities. observations show that football provides a vision in which discourses of national identity are mapped and mediated by mass communication. the language of sports is no different from any other language. it is part of the social, cultural, economic essence of nations. football fans use reduced vocabulary, for example, expressions and phrases such as: “swamp” – a field of poor quality; “duck” – a bench at the stadium; “adopted ball” – goal, etc. as in english, in russian there is an interchange of vocabulary between general jargon and a variety of group and professional jargons and literary language. having adopted many elements from other sublanguages, football jargon quickly began to produce new words for general use. football fan slang is a dynamic sublanguage that actively absorbs the vocabulary of other sublanguages, creating its own words and expressions and enriching the common spoken language with them. the language of football can be divided into the following components: highly specialized terms, terms of wide range of use, jargon, football aphorisms and sayings.it is worth noting that the enrichment of the football language with certain lexical units occurred unevenly, which was due to fluctuations in the level of interest in football on the part of fans, as well as some social and even political factors. the close connection with the english language has determined the specific features of the vocabulary of football slang. most of the words we studied are anglicisms. in addition to the meanings of new words, the semantic phenomena that accompany them also pass into the russian language from english. at the same time, foreign words in football jargon are quickly integrated into speech, acquiring grammatical categories characteristic of the russian language. on the basis of borrowings with the help of russian word-forming morphemes, new words are constantly formed. words in football slang are actively created using different methods of word formation, the most active of which are prefixes and suffixes. very often you can also find truncation of the stem, as fans strive to shorten words as much as possible and simplify speech. the slang of a football fan appears before us as a metaphorical model, an example of which would be such words as: “match battle”, it permeates all sports activities and has deep roots, because sports activities “originally were preparation for battle, competition” [4, with. 28]. thus, from all of the above we can conclude that the slang of football fans is a dynamic sublanguage that actively absorbs the vocabulary of other sublanguages, creating its own words and expressions and enriching the common spoken language with them.thus, we can conclude that the borrowing of english football terms by other languages, including russian, is a consequence of the globalization of culture and, accordingly, the development of language contacts, which can be considered as a positive or negative trend. at the same time, semantic analysis of units of the football terminological system showed the ability to preserve nationalcultural identity in the context of globalization. references 1. abrosimova l.s., bogdanova m.a. jargon v sportivnom diskurse. // voprosi lingvistiki. – 2015. № 4. url: http://rrmedicine.ru/article/580. 2. arutyunova n.d. janri obsheniya. – m.: nauka, 1992. – 102 s. 150 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. bannikov s.ye. futbol: ucheb. izdanie. – yekaterinburg, 2006. – 101 s. 4. burgakov m.g. jargon futbolьnix bolelьshikov v sistemnom i kommunikativnom aspektax // yazikoznanie. – elista, 2016. – 50 s. 5. nosirova m. o. linguo-culturological analysis of paremies verbalizing the concept" work–idlessness" in proverbs of different system languages //web of scholars: multidimensional research journal. – 2023. – № 6/2. – p. 111-119. 6. alder j. football glossary [elektronniy resurs]. url: https://www.thoughtco.com/footballglossary-1335397. 7. оed – the oxford english dictionary /eds. simpson j., weiner e. – oxford university press, 2005. // url://www.oxforddictionaries.com https://www.thoughtco.com/football-glossary-1335397 https://www.thoughtco.com/football-glossary-1335397 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 10, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 methodology for implementing timss international assessment tasks in primary school mathematics lessons ergasheva feruzabonu baxriddinovna second-year master’s student in the “theory and methodology of education and training” at bukhara state pedagogical institute abstract: the article presents a methodology for developing and implementing practice exercises based on the tasks in the primary school “mathematics” textbook to prepare for the timss international assessment programs. keywords: education, technology, knowledge, science, methodology, collaboration, program, intellect. in order to raise the younger generation as worthy representatives of today’s rapidly developing era of progress and to achieve the goal of forming high-level knowledge and intellect that meet global standards, it is essential to reform the national education system. in addition to its traditional technologies, utilizing the experiences of other countries yields effective results. it is of great importance to create an education system that holds a place in the world rankings for producing specialists capable of meeting international standards. there are also international criteria for assessing students’ knowledge, which serve as the foundation for determining the ranking of education systems worldwide. international assessment systems are also developing as an independent direction for evaluating the quality of collaborative teaching. in particular, the timss (trends in mathematics and science study) program, an international assessment study in mathematics and natural sciences for general education school students, is organized by the international association for the evaluation of educational achievement (iea). this study aims to assess and compare the academic achievements of 4th-grade students at the end of primary school and 8th-grade students at the end of general secondary education in mathematics and natural sciences in various countries around the world, while also identifying the unique characteristics and differences of education systems. the resolution of the cabinet of ministers “on measures to organize research in the field of assessing the quality of education in the public education system”, adopted on december 8, 2018, the presidential decree “on the approval of the concept for the development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030”, signed on april 29, 2020, and several other resolutions and decrees were adopted with this very goal in mind. another important international study for assessing students’ knowledge in primary grades is the timss program. timss is widely implemented in the education systems of countries worldwide. the timss program was organized by the international association for the evaluation of educational achievements (iea), with the first timss (trends in international mathematics and science study) test conducted in 1995. its purpose was to carry out a comparative analysis of the quality of teaching in mathematics and natural sciences. in 1995, students from the 3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, and 11th grades were invited to participate. today, only 4th and 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8th-grade students take part in the study. this study evaluates the quality and level of education in mathematics and natural sciences among students, as well as their attitude and interest in these subjects. one of the advantages of the study is that additional surveys are conducted among students, school administrators, and teachers to identify and analyze the main obstacles in the subject areas. solutions to these challenges are then developed. the study is conducted every four years. in 2019, the timss research was carried out in digital format, and according to the results, the education systems of countries such as the united states, singapore, hong kong, south korea, japan, russia, and the united kingdom achieved the highest rankings. the methodology for implementing tasks related to the timss (trends in international mathematics and science study) international assessment program in primary school mathematics lessons includes several important aspects. below, i will present the main principles: 1. defining objectives and tasks  identify the goals of timss and its specific assessment criteria.  set clear objectives and tasks aimed at developing students’ mathematical skills. 2. selecting topics  align the mathematical topics in the curriculum with the main areas of the timss assessment system.  choose topics that allow for the assessment of students’ abilities (such as numbers, geometry, measurement, etc.). 3. developing tasks  prepare tasks aligned with timss, incorporating multiple-choice, open-ended, and questions with varying difficulty levels.  try to adapt the task questions to relate to students’ daily lives. 4. teaching process  organize teaching methods in an interactive and collaborative manner.  use group work and discussions to assist students in completing tasks. 5. evaluating results  assess the results based on students’ work and compare them with timss criteria.  identify each student’s strengths and weaknesses, and develop individual approaches based on this analysis. 6. analysis and improvement  analyze the lessons considering the feedback from teachers and students.  study the experiences and results to improve future lessons. this methodology helps effectively develop students’ mathematical skills in the process of preparing for the timss international assessment program. mathematical literacy: examples of tasks from the timss (2019) international assessment program: task 1: noila started from the number 1 and applied the rule “add 4” sequentially. what was noila’s sequence? a) 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 b) 1, 4, 16, 64, 256 c) 1, 5, 9, 12, 16 d) 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us task 2: paint is sold in 5-liter cans. tohir needs 37 liters of paint. how many cans of paint does he need to buy? task 3: draw an equilateral triangle inside a circle using a dot (.) to represent the triangle. task 4: lola wrote a five-digit odd number that does not contain the digit zero (0). based on the criteria given, let’s identify the number. a) 100051 b) 14037 c) 48303 d) 24074 task 5: kozim measured the perimeter of a rectangular tennis court and found it to be 72 steps. if the length of the court is 11 steps, what is the width in steps? task 6: the teacher asked the students, “identify a shape such that it can form a square and a right triangle with a single line”. what shape did they identify? task 7: identify the last number in the given sequence: 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, ___ task 8: in which unit of measurement can the weight of a coin be determined? a) in grams b) in kilograms c) in quintals d) in tons task 9: identify the pattern in the given sequence: 8, 20, 44, 92, ___ a) multiply the given number by 3 and subtract 4; b) multiply the given number by 2 and add 4; c) divide the given number by 2 and multiply the result by 5; d) divide the given number by 4 and multiply the result by 10. task 10: a truck can carry 1 ton of cargo. there are 1200 kg of cargo in the warehouse. can all the cargo be delivered to the destination in one trip? in conclusion, the international assessment program not only equips students and learners with knowledge but also prepares them to solve problems encountered in daily life and future endeavors without difficulty. it provides a foundation not just for becoming specialists in a single chosen field, but also for acquiring various skills simultaneously, based on their intellectual capabilities. references: 1. o`zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2018-yil 5-sentabrdagi “xalq ta’limini boshqarish tizimini takomillashtirish bo’yicha qo’shimcha chora-tadbirlar to’g’risida”gi pf-538-sonli farmoni // https://lex.uz/ru/docs/-3893445 2. o`zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining 2018-yil 8-dekabrdagi “xalq ta`limi tizimida ta`lim sifatini baholash sohasidagi tadqiqotlarni tashkil etish chora-tadbirlari to`g`risida”gi 997-sonli qarori // https://lex.uz/docs/-4097073 3. ismailov a.a. va boshqalar. xalqaro tadqiqotlarda o`quvchilarning matematik savodxonligini baholash (metodik qo`llanma). ta’lim inspeksiyasi huzuridagi ta’lim sifatini baholash bo`yicha xalqaro tadqiqotlarni amalga oshirish milliy markazi. – toshkent: “sharq”. 2019. https://lex.uz/ru/docs/-3893445 https://lex.uz/docs/-4097073 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. сборник тестовых заданий timss. – ао “информационноаналитический центр”: астана, 2016 -537 с. 5. jobirovich y.m. the role of digital technologies in reform of the education system // the american journal of social science and education innovations, т. 3. № 04. 2021. -p. 461. 6. yarashov m. the importance of using digital technology in primary school mathematics education // центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz). –т. 10. №. 9. 2020. 7. yarashov m. ta’lim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalarning oʻrni // центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – т. 5. 2021. 8. yarashov m. boshlangʻich sinf matematika ta’limni raqamli texnologiyalar orqali ijodiy tashkil etish jarayoni // центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – т. 5. №. 5. 2021. 9. yarashov m. boshlangʻich ta’lim jarayoniga raqamli texnologiyalarning tadbiq etish metodikasi // центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz). – т. 8. №. 8. 2021. 10. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). the role of human indicators in shaping the ideosphere: strategic insights for new uzbekistan’s future. 11. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). jamiyat ideosferasining barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari bilan uyg ‘unligi. yangi o'zbekiston taraqqiyotida tadqiqotlarni o'rni va rivojlanish omillari, 10(1), 269-272. 12. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). socio-philosophical analysis of society’s ideosphere. indonesian journal of social development, 2(1). 13. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). renewal of societal ideosphere: an analytical study of medieval philosophical thought. philosophy, 8(3), 12-18. 14. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). the dynamics of ancient thought: how philosophies shaped changing societal ideospheres. dynamics, 8(3), 19-24. 15. turdiyev, b. s., & wekke, i. s. (2024). illuminating the legacy of al-farabi, ibn sina, and al-biruni: exploring political and legal philosophies in transoxiana. asian journal of basic science & research, 6(2), 159-166. 16. turdiev, b. s. (2024). balancing national and universal perspectives: the dialectical dynamics in society’s ideosphere. asian journal of basic science & research, 6(3), 59-65. 17. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). the national idea as a driving force behind ideospheric transformation in uzbekistan: exploring its implications and impact. asian journal of applied science and technology (ajast), 8(3), 170-176. 18. sobirovich, t. b. (2024). exploring the ideosphere: a comprehensive examination of eastern philosophical perspectives and their societal reflections. 19. sobirovich, t. b. (2020). the development of democratic society and spiritual renewal in the views of eastern and western thinkers. international journal of advanced research and review, 5(10), 60-65. 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 computer devices changing the concept of property larceny crime m. kurbanov phd, tashkent, uzbekistan abstract: in this article, by author considered and analyzed the crime of larceny of property by using a computer and noted to differ this type of crime from other types of theft and similar crimes in the it sphere in terms of the object and the objective side, and the subject and the subjective side of the corpus delicti. moreover, author mentioned, while studying the corpus delicti of a certain crime, a detailed analysis of its objective features allows drawing conclusions that are more precise. however, in the article there are some suggestions and recommendations to improve the mechanism in this area. keywords: larceny of property, it, computer, corpus delicti, instrument of crime, hardware tools, software tools, crime weapon. in recent years, in mass media we often face with term "computer crimes". of course, this is not surprising. nowadays, it is hard to imagine any industry media, communications, trade, industry, banking, stock exchange operations, public administration and others, without computers. currently, all the important functions of the society related to the computer and computer networks. computer technology has become an integral part of today's society, its great contribution to the development of society, with the development of the global economy and the rapid integration of the countries of the world community led to the formation of negative term such as "computer crimes". today, the lack of a perfect mechanism in the legal system and the fight against computer crime creates difficulties in current situation1. the role of computer information systems in society, increasing the scale of the use and processing, increasing the number of global internet users maintaining computer networks and government is actively considering entering these systems and the protection of information on criminal offenses actual problems. in general, one of the reasons for increase in crime regularly as a result of the crime, including the amount of money: at the same time damage from the bank larceny in developed countries amounted about 19 thousand us dollars, while damage from computer criminal on average amounted 560 thousand us dollars1. in general, researchers have a wide range of opinion and comments regarding the study of computer crime as a part of crime2. for example, yu.m.baturin says that "computer criminal in the legal aspect of crime does not exist as a separate group, but a lot of traditional crimes are modified by including computer 1 баранов о. цифрове законодальство // дзеркало тижня. – № 20 (395). – 1–7 червня 2002 p. 2 тропина т.л. киберпреступность: понятие, состояние, уголовно-правовые методы борьбы.. автореф. дисс. на соискание ученой степени канд. юрид. наук. – владивосток, 2005. – с. 12. 167 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us equipment, so we can talk about the aspects related to computer crime without dividing them into special groups"3. we also expressed this view, the contents of the computer crime, which covers a wide range of crimes. larceny theft of others property takes a special space among computer crime. larceny of others' property by using computer devices is characterized by a number of specific features in the computer crime system. first of all, we need to mention some differences of crime system. nowadays, one of the aspects of computer crime in legal literature4 takes special place: this is a group of computer crimes at the same time an instrument of a crime and subject to criminal (or tool) to perform the function. however, this type of computer crime is not proper for the larceny of others' property by using computer devices. larceny of others' property by using computer devices in accordance with the subject of criminal offenses, the electronic lists of non-cash money of account and the computer is only an instrument of a crime that is also important. for deeper understanding the nature of larceny of others' property using a computer crime we need to identify the "robbery, larceny" concept. in european countries (france, germany and spain) and the united states there are different approaches to the concept of the existing criminal code pillage5. the meaning of larceny of property so that the victim illegally deprived a certain amount of material wealth or rights for them. m.h.rustamboev notes that "larceny is looted property to the benefit of others, larceny, and other parties to put illegal and free."6 the same meaning given by e.s.tenchov7 and by a.i.rarog8. r.kabulov notes that "pillage is another property owner or the owner of the property possession for personal benefit or for others, free of charge, malicious, illegal and intentionally possessed, and as a result the owner gets material damage9". v.v.veklenko, s.s.niyozova, a.k.irkaxadjaev and e.o.alauxanov10 think about the important and unique among the mercenary purposes, the right to return to the method with the condition that the accused or other parties, such as the damage to the owner. 3 батурин ю.м. проблемы компьютерного права. – м.: юрид. лит., 1991. – с. 27. 4 наумов в. отечественное законодательство в борьбе с компьютерными преступлениями. // computer world россия. – №8. – 1997. – с. 31. 5 новый уголовный кодекс франции / науч. ред. н.ф. кузнецова, э.ф. побегайло. м., 1993.; уголовный кодекс испании / под ред. н.ф. кузнецовой, ф.м. решетникова. м., 1998.; уголовный кодекс фрг. м., 1998.; уголовный кодекс штата нью-йорк. § 10.00, п. 11, 12, 13 // уголовное законодательство зарубежных стран: сб. законодательных материалов / под ред. и.д. козочкина. м., 1998. 6 жиноят ҳуқуқи. махсус қисм. дарслик. муаллифлар жамоаси. – тошкент: тдюи, 2000. – б. 196. 7 уголовное право россии. часть особенная. учебник. / отв. ред. л.л. кругликов. – 3–е изд. – м.: волтерс клувер, 2005. – с. 203. 8 уголовное право российской федерации. особенная часть: учебник / под ред. проф. б.в. здравомыслова. – изд. 2-е. – м.: юристь, 1999. – с. 141. 9 кабулов р. уголовно-правовые борьбы с хищениями: теория и практика. дисс. .... докт. юрид. наук. – ташкент, 1997. – с. 22. 10 векленко в.в. процесс квалификации хищений // юридические технологии. – 2001. – №10. – с. 35; ниёзова с.с. ўзгалар мулкини иштирокчиликда талон–торож қилганлик учун жиноий жавобгарлик муаммолари. юрид. фан. номз. ... дисс. – тошкент: тдюи, 2006. – б.15–16; иркохаджаев а.к. субъективная сторона хищения имущества, совершенного путем мошенничества. // уголовно-правовые меры борьбы с преступностью. – ташкент: фан, 1987. – с. 25; алауханов е.о. квалификация хищения совершенных по подложных документам / отв. ред. проф. г.а.ахмедов. – алматы – ташкент: адолат, 1994. – с.12. 168 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sh.yo.abduqodirov and u.m.mirzaev11 talked about the larceny of property of others through using a computer, estimated this type of crime as "using and taking others properties for the benefit of them and others through the illegal use of computer and free focus”. however, the above-described definitions do not reveal the full contents of larceny. for all types of larceny will not be able to commit the use of computer tools and in all cases, the computer tool as a separate element of an offense is incorrect. thus, the computer larceny definition pillage what computer types carried out using the methods described in the stories can be enhanced computer pillage think it would be more correct. larceny committed using computer technology for above unique feature, however, this type of crime is characterized by a number of peculiarities. firstly, the offense of larceny of others' property by using a computer according to the subject of crime in electronic form, in cash (non-cash) and cash money from the special account in the form of digital or non-cash means of plastic cards; secondly, larceny of others' property by using a computer radically differs from the other larceny crimes depending on the recipe. that is, a) the subject of a criminal attack to the identity (in the form of information may have property, weapons that can be used by means of a computer (program), instead using the damage); thirdly, as this crime happens in cyber environment, the person who committed the crime is often not defined or a high level of latency of the offense is followed. fourthly, the opportunity of performing the illegal action in a certain distance, speed of crime performance and opportunity to hide the name of those who performed crime, as well as damages to the victim, which can be very high; fifthly, this special knowledge of the crimes in the field of information and communication technologies is almost impossible to open and expose; sixthly, any person as a victim of this crime, but as a legal entity, bank or credit institutions and bank accounts of physical and legal entities will be shown; larceny of others' property, using a computer today, the scope of the scope of the crime of plunder, using a computer or any other property crimes also discussed the issue of the crime of larceny. of the existing criminal law, using a computer, embezzlement, fraud, theft and liability are available and provided. a.v.raspopova, wrote about it, "larceny of others' property, using a computer, mainly clearly shown in theft, fraud, embezzlement or extortion, or cause damage to property by deception or abuse of trust, illegal business, commercial, illegal possession of tax or banking secrecy and disclosure of credit card fraud is evident in the crimes12." we cannot join the opinion of the author. the reason, mentioned by the researchers, fraud, deception or abuse of trust by way of damage to property, illegal business, commercial, financial or banking secrecy and disclosure of illegal possession of a fake credit card according to the nature and content of such acts is not included into pillage of the property of others, and accordingly larceny, using a computers in pillage cannot be assessed. one type of larceny of others' property by using a computer is computer fraud and learning it is plays important role. "computer fraud" occurred in the 70 years of the last century. if to talk about computer fraud, in the content of its lawyers, who can be seen to interpret computer fraud in different ways. in particular, t.tropina defines "computer fraud" as it does not 11 абдуқодиров ш.ё., мирзаев у.м. мулкни талон-торож қилганлик учун жиноий жавобгарлик. – тошкент. тдюи, 2009. – б. 7. 12 распопова а.в. организационно–методическое обеспечение первоначального этапа расследования преступлений, совершаемых в сфере экономики с использованием средств компьютерной техники. автореф. дисс.канд. юрид. наук. – м., 2007. – с. 3. 169 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lies to people, indeed it “lies” to computer systems. the author notes that, with regard to computer crime, "fraud" in the traditional sense of the meaning of these concepts is different concept. she says that, in essence, to obtain information illegally, and so on, the computer system of "cheating"13 is carried out. however, in our view, the cases of computer fraud are debatable. researchers’ assessing computer fraud as "to trick the computer tool" to represent or assessing computer as the victim of the system is wrong. in particular, the issue of december 21, 2001, the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of belarus "larceny of property on the application of the criminal law and judicial practice" law approach14 is appropriate, in our opinion. its content is regarding "larceny committed using computer technology can only be done through computer manipulation, the victim or the person entrusted with the property being lied through using the information processing system will be demonstrated." however, if to analyze the norms of the criminal laws in many foreign countries, "computer fraud" responsibility given in many norms concepts as "abuse of trust" and "deception" were not used. in other words, without setting connection between the fraud and computer fraud, computer fraud is widely defined as computer pillage a consensus without any proof. this situation can be met criminal laws of many european countries (for example, germany, austria, sweden, denmark). in recent years, various lawyers are offering to fill in the criminal law with law about "computer fraud". for example, d.a.zykov15 and s.d.brajniklar16 offered to include special law about computer fraud into criminal law. however, law about computer fraud cannot be added. indeed, the use of the criminal law of each term should be clear, to apply to all legal acts in one meaning, ambiguous and vague terms should be avoided. the researchers used "deception and abuse of trust" terms cannot be related to computer systems, because there are no signs of intelligent and free, and it creates obstacles to call it as "based on deception, voluntarily surrendered victim". also it should be noted that, that this acts as a computer is used as a medium of a crime in cyberspace is necessary to distinguish from fraud. today, one of the popular movements of people cheating is the auction web. at the same time, setting communicating tool with the victim of computer, the environment is seen as an alternative to the normal environment. web sites allows not to communicate directly with the victim of the violation, it is difficult to assess the personality of the criminal, helps to ensure the safety of its services. some researchers thank that, "such acts are not committed by changing the computer data in violation of the law, in other words, the relations in the field of information security are not raped and robbery, and because of that larceny is not a cause of such manipulation, such acts are appropriate to traditional fraud and does not cause criminal law to be qualified with other norm of criminal law17”. in our view, larceny property through fraud, by using a computer does not require qualification. after all, this is a sign of criminals, even though fraud is performed through computer information technologies, but the computer is not an instrument of a crime, but because it a tool of communication (relation), calling it as computer fraud is denied. when the data stored in the computer information system of the computer as a tool by the modification of the deception 13 тропина т. компьютерное мошенничество: вопросы квалификации и законодательной техники. // www.crime.vl.ru 14 www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub13/texc5747.htm 15 зыков д.а. понятие компьютерного мошенничества. www.crime-research.org 16 бражник ф. множественность преступлений – отражение их совокупной общественной опасности // уголовное право. – 2000. – № 3. – с. 10. 17 тропина т.л. киберпреступность: понятие, состояние, уголовно-правовые методы борьбы. автореф. дисс. ... канд. юрид. наук. – м., 2005. – с.21-23. http://www.crime.vl.ru/ http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub13/texc5747.htm 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us carried out and as a result, the property larceny, in this case, making qualification of this act as computer fraud is right. taking into account the above comments, larceny of others’ property through using a computer is understood as, the right to property or proprietary computer using the computer information system, through the modification of data in violation of the law intentionally, freely and without condition. moreover, larceny by using the computer should be given criminal responsibility, norms, reasons are following: first, the crime of larceny of others' property, using a computer is spreading rapidly across the world in recent years, increasing the potential risk; second, larceny of the property of others, using a computer crime, in many cases, will not be reflected in the official statistics, in other words, this type of crime is defined with high latency, based on official figures suggests not to diminish the fight against crimes of this type; third, larceny of the property of others through computer technologies crime differs from the simple crime of larceny, this requires right qualification in compliance with the purpose of determining the responsibility. references 1. баранов о. цифрове законодальство // дзеркало тижня. – № 20 (395). – 1–7 червня 2002 p. 2. тропина т.л. киберпреступность: понятие, состояние, уголовно-правовые методы борьбы.. автореф. дисс. на соискание ученой степени канд. юрид. наук. – владивосток, 2005. – с. 12. 3. батурин ю.м. проблемы компьютерного права. – м.: юрид. лит., 1991. – с. 27. 4. наумов в. отечественное законодательство в борьбе с компьютерными преступлениями. // computer world россия. – №8. – 1997. – с. 31. 5. новый уголовный кодекс франции / науч. ред. н.ф. кузнецова, э.ф. побегайло. м., 1993.; уголовный кодекс испании / под ред. н.ф. кузнецовой, ф.м. решетникова. м., 1998.; уголовный кодекс фрг. м., 1998.; уголовный кодекс штата нью-йорк. § 10.00, п. 11, 12, 13 // уголовное законодательство зарубежных стран: сб. законодательных материалов / под ред. и.д. козочкина. м., 1998. 6. жиноят ҳуқуқи. махсус қисм. дарслик. муаллифлар жамоаси. – тошкент: тдюи, 2000. – б. 196. 7. уголовное право россии. часть особенная. учебник. / отв. ред. л.л. кругликов. – 3–е изд. – м.: волтерс клувер, 2005. – с. 203. 8. уголовное право российской федерации. особенная часть: учебник / под ред. проф. б.в. здравомыслова. – изд. 2-е. – м.: юристь, 1999. – с. 141. 9. кабулов р. уголовно-правовые борьбы с хищениями: теория и практика. дисс. .... докт. юрид. наук. –ташкент, 1997. – с. 22. 10. векленко в.в. процесс квалификации хищений // юридические технологии. – 2001. – №10. – с. 35; ниёзова с.с. ўзгалар мулкини иштирокчиликда талон–торож қилганлик учун жиноий жавобгарлик муаммолари. юрид. фан. номз. ... дисс. – тошкент: тдюи, 2006. – б.15–16; иркохаджаев а.к. субъективная сторона хищения имущества, совершенного путем мошенничества. // уголовно-правовые меры борьбы с преступностью. – ташкент: фан, 1987. – с. 25; алауханов е.о. квалификация хищения совершенных по подложных документам / отв. ред. проф. г.а.ахмедов. – алматы – ташкент: адолат, 1994. – с.12. 11. абдуқодиров ш.ё., мирзаев у.м. мулкни талон-торож қилганлик учун жиноий жавобгарлик. – тошкент. тдюи, 2009. – б. 7. 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. распопова а.в. организационно–методическое обеспечение первоначального этапа расследования преступлений, совершаемых в сфере экономики с использованием средств компьютерной техники. автореф. дисс.канд. юрид. наук. – м., 2007. – с. 3. 13. тропина т. компьютерное мошенничество: вопросы квалификации и законодательной техники. // www.crime.vl.ru 14. www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub13/texc5747.htm 15. зыков д.а. понятие компьютерного мошенничества. www.crime-research.org 16. бражник ф. множественность преступлений – отражение их совокупной общественной опасности // уголовное право. – 2000. – № 3. – с. 10. 17. тропина т.л. киберпреступность: понятие, состояние, уголовно-правовые методы борьбы. автореф. дисс. ... канд. юрид. наук. – м., 2005. – с.21-23. http://www.crime.vl.ru/ http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub13/texc5747.htm 237 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 studying the language of russian proverbs and sayings in the russian language lessons razzakova mexriniso tairovna russian teacher of languages department at zarmed university abstract: the article examines the current topic of studying the language of russian proverbs and sayings in the context of russian language classes, and also considers the use of these language units when teaching students in non-russian linguistic groups. the purpose and objective of this article is to increase the motivation for learning the russian language and the success of its acquisition through the use of russian proverbs and sayings. keywords: thinking, oral folk art, proverbs, sayings, speech development, language. introduction. science and thinking are a mature example of human perfection, a spark of humanity passing from darkness to light through periods. there is not a single branch of science in the world that does not complement each other, that does not serve the development of each other, including language and the field of linguistics that studies it. modern linguistics is radically different from other eras in its new approach to problems and new solutions. these same characteristics are also evident in the field of oral folk art, which is considered an important branch of linguistics. the study of phraseological units, proverbs and sayings formed with the help of colors, images, thoughts is also one of the most pressing problems of modern linguistics. main part. the use of proverbs and sayings in russian language lessons develops the creative initiative of students through prepared and unprepared speech. knowledge of russian proverbs and sayings enriches students' vocabulary, helps them master the figurative structure of the language, develops memory, and introduces them to folk wisdom. proverbs are used to practice the sound side of speech. they help to define the pronunciation of individual heavy consonants, especially those that are absent in the native language. using proverbs and sayings in their speech, students learn to express their feelings clearly, concisely, expressively, coloring their speech with intonation. the ability to creatively use words, the ability to figuratively describe an object, and give it a vivid description develops. proverbs and sayings vividly concretize the organic combination of speech and thinking. listening and discussing the content of the proverb improves active speech and develops thinking. with the help of specially organized speech and creative tasks, it is proposed to determine what the proverb is about, or to end the proverb with the appropriate word, and in case of difficulty, asks to choose the correct answer from several proposed options. tasks for the development of thinking and memory are also offered. the teacher conducts the exercise “selection of proverbs” for the studied fairy tales, or asks students to create an appropriate situation that would confirm specific proverbs or sayings. collective work using the collage method, staging proverbs and other creative tasks and interesting exercises are carried out to develop the imagination. 238 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us proverbs and sayings have a great educational impact due to their special form, emotionality, imagery, brightness, and accessibility. they introduce students to moral and ethical standards, develop cultural behavior skills, and teach students to be polite, modest, restrained, responsible, and to respect people in a concise and accessible manner. the use of proverbs and sayings in teaching the russian language allows them to be used not only to explain many grammatical phenomena, but also to enrich vocabulary. proverbs and sayings can be used in speech development exercises in which they are used as a stimulus. proverbs and sayings remain firmly in the memory. their memorization is facilitated by various consonances, rhymes, rhythms, sometimes very skillful. the people who created the proverbs did not know how to read and write, and the common people had no other way to store their life experiences and their observations. a modern lesson should be interesting, rich in cognitive information, and the material should be accessible to students. this means that the main goal of the teacher is, when preparing for a lesson, to select methods and tools that can not only combine theoretical knowledge and practical skills of students, but also shape their worldview as a whole. when working on proverbs and sayings, it is advisable to pay attention to the use of proverbs and sayings when teaching grammar. the use of proverbs and sayings is one of the most effective methods of expanding and deepening students' knowledge. familiarizing students with proverbs and sayings of the language being studied is one of the effective principles of working on the development of speech skills and abilities. proverbs allow students to get in touch with the culture of the country of the language they are learning. they convince students that different peoples are characterized by the same thoughts and aspirations, and serve their moral education. familiarity with proverbs evokes positive emotions in students, which significantly influences the motivation to use the target language as a means of intercultural communication. a huge variety of proverbs makes it possible to use them in work with students of any age and any level of development. the deep content of these short statements not only develops students' thinking, but also has great educational value. for example, in the process of learning the russian language, proverbs and sayings act as expressive means that contribute to the development of linguistic flair. different peoples speaking different languages have proverbs and sayings that are identical in meaning and use. each proverb and saying, based on worldly wisdom, is based on the characteristics of the national mentality, character and behavior. by comparing folk proverbs the heritage of the uzbek people's thinking with their russian equivalents, we can clearly see the closeness of the worldview of the two peoples. students of national groups are happy to complete tasks related to the selection of semantic versions of russian proverbs into uzbek ones. a lot of russian proverbs coincide in meaning with uzbek ones. for example: distribute proverbs similar in meaning to uzbek proverbs. 1. семь раз отмерь, один раз отрежь. – yetti o’lchab, bir kes. 2. утро вечера мудренее. – kechasi yotib o’yla, ertasi turib so’yla. 3. язык до киева доведёт – so’rab-so’rab makkani topibdi. 4. слово не воробей, вылетит – не поймаешь. aytilgan gap, otilgan o'q. 5. рыба гниёт с головы. (or вода мутится у истока)– baliq boshidan sasiydi. 6. язык птицы понимает птица. – qush tilini qush biladi. the need for search tools for equivalent translation of expressions into the uzbek language develops translation skills and abilities. in addition, working with proverbs and sayings stimulates students' interest in working with the dictionary. 239 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at different stages of learning, proverbs and sayings help solve various problems. there are phonetic, grammatical and lexical aspects of a language. proverbs and sayings serve as an effective method of ensuring interest in learning the russian language. the use of proverbs and sayings in the practice of a russian language teacher will undoubtedly contribute to students' better mastery of this subject, expanding their knowledge of the language and vocabulary. at the initial stage, you can turn to proverbs and sayings to practice the sound side of speech. they help to establish the pronunciation of individual difficult sounds, especially those that are absent in the native language. instead of individual words and phrases containing one sound or another, you can offer the group specially selected proverbs and sayings. then, over the course of two or three lessons, the proverb or saying is repeated, and the pronunciation of the sound is corrected. to begin with, you can pay attention to phonetic features, i.e., for the development of pronunciation skills that help establish the pronunciation of individual difficult vowels and consonants, especially those absent in the native language. for example, you can offer the following proverbs and sayings for sound processing in: что написано пером, того не вырубить топором. рыбак рыбака видит издалека. выше головы не прыгнешь. when explaining the spelling of words with double consonants, you can use the following proverbs: нежданный гость лучше жданных двух. не играй с огнем обожжешься. also, proverbs and sayings better contribute to the automation and activation of grammatical forms and structures. so, with the help of the imperative mood, you can express a request, advice, suggestions, wishes, permissions, prohibitions, warnings, which are contained in proverbs. for example: не имей сто рублей, а имей сто друзей. дают — бери; бранят — беги! любишь кататься, люби и саночки возить. не спеши языком, торопись делом. век живи, век учись. гнева не пугайся, на ласку не кидайся; не ищи красоты, ищи доброты; с сильным не борись, с богатым не судись; семь раз отмерь один раз отрежь. forms of the subjunctive mood, which are used to express the desired, possible, probable, necessary, doubtful action, are also very often present in proverbs and sayings of the russian language. for example: была бы шея, а хомут найдется. были б денежки в кармане, будет и тетушка в торгу. были бы кости, а мясо нарастёт. было бы болото, а черти найдутся. было бы желание, будет и результат. you can also use proverbs and sayings when studying numerals: 240 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us одна книга тысячу людей учит. один за всех и все за одного. сто голов сто умов. двух зайцев гонять ни одного не поймать. один в поле не воин. два сапога –пара. дороже алмаза свои два глаза. бог любит троицу. не имей сто рублей, а имей сто друзей. один ум хорошо, а два лучше. двое дерутся – третий не мешай. знаю, как свои пять пальцев. нужен, как собаке пятая нога. ружьё убьёт одного, язык – тысячи. the use of proverbs and sayings in the process of mastering degrees of comparison of adjectives is also one of the effective principles of working on the development of speech skills and abilities. for example, утро вечера мудренее. правда светлее солнца. человек твёрже камня, нежнее цветка. здоровье дороже золота. доброе братство сильнее богатства. дождливое лето хуже осени. старый друг, лучше новых двух. нет в мире краше родины нашей. на чужой стороне родина милей вдвойне. родина краше солнца, дороже золота. the use of proverbs and sayings in the practice of teaching the russian language contributes to better mastery of these subjects, expanding knowledge about the language, vocabulary and features of its functioning. on the other hand, their study represents an additional source of linguistic, cultural and sociocultural knowledge. the need to find means of equivalent translation of expressions into the native language develops translation skills and abilities. working with proverbs and sayings motivates you to work with a dictionary. the wide functionality of proverbs and sayings allows you to practice pronunciation, improve rhythmic and intonation skills, activate and automate many grammatical phenomena, enrich students' vocabulary, help them master the structure of the language, feel its emotional expressiveness, develop memory and creative initiative. by working on proverbs and sayings, students comprehend the diversity of language, its means of expression and figurative content, and express their personal attitude. this is the basis for the formation of not only linguistic competence, but also an aesthetic sense. work with proverbs and sayings, which can be carried out both in the classroom and in extracurricular work in the form of various tasks, competitions, and quizzes. 241 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the use of proverbs and sayings in russian language lessons contributes to better mastery of this subject, expanding knowledge about the language and the features of its functioning. familiarization with the culture of the country of the language being studied through elements of folklore gives students a feeling of involvement in the linguistic culture of another people. based on the collected materials from the article, we can draw the following conclusions: proverbs decorate speech, make it more accurate, expressive, helping to avoid repetition. proverbs and sayings reflect a way of life and are a vivid and expressive source for learning the russian language. the methodological and practical values of using proverbs and sayings in the process of teaching the russian language were identified. thus, the use of proverbs and sayings is advisable to illustrate grammatical phenomena and consolidate them in speech. due to their lexical and grammatical richness, proverbs and sayings can be used to enrich vocabulary. also, as a stimulus, they can be used for speech development. studying proverbs and sayings helps to enrich vocabulary, helps develop memory, and also introduces folk wisdom. references 1. жуков в.п. словарь русских пословиц и поговорок. м., сов. энциклопедия, 1966. 2. григорян л.т. язык мой – друг мой. м., просвещение, 1976. 3. даль в.и. пословицы русского народа. м., русская книга, 1993. 4. ожегов с.и. толовый словарь русского языка: 80000 слов и фразеологических выражений. м., азбуковник, 1999. 5. sh s. d., kh m. u. ibatova ni behavioral language etiquette in uzbek proverbs and sayings //вестник науки и образования. – 2020. – т. 11. – №. 89. – с. 51-53. 6. khamdamovna m. u. the use of irony in uzbek poems as a speech decoration //central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 11. – с. 17-20. 7. mavlonova u. k., makhmurova m. k., kodirov t. d. description of art media in literature //lxiv international correspondence scientific and practical conference “european research: innovation in science, education and technology» june. – 2020. – с. 5-9. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 148 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us protecting basic human rights and freedoms: foundations of a just society mamanarov xaitmurat lecturer of the "criminal law and civil procedure" department of termiz state university faculty of law abstract basic human rights and freedoms are essential principles that safeguard dignity, equality, and justice for individuals worldwide. enshrined in international declarations and national constitutions, these rights protect against oppression and discrimination, ensuring fundamental entitlements such as freedom of expression, privacy, equality, fair trial, and access to education. upholding these rights requires legal frameworks, international cooperation, and societal commitment to combat challenges and promote progress towards a more just and inclusive global society. keywords: human rights, freedoms, equality, justice, freedom of expression, privacy, fair trial, education, international cooperation. аннотация основные права и свободы человека являются важнейшими принципами, которые защищают достоинство, равенство и справедливость людей во всем мире. эти права, закрепленные в международных декларациях и национальных конституциях, защищают от угнетения и дискриминации, обеспечивая такие фундаментальные права, как свобода выражения мнений, неприкосновенность частной жизни, равенство, справедливое судебное разбирательство и доступ к образованию. защита этих прав требует законодательной базы, международного сотрудничества и приверженности общества борьбе с проблемами и содействию прогрессу на пути к более справедливому и инклюзивному глобальному обществу. ключевые слова: права человека, свободы, равенство, справедливость, свобода выражения мнений, неприкосновенность частной жизни, справедливое судебное разбирательство, образование, международное сотрудничество. introduction human rights and freedoms are fundamental pillars of democratic societies, ensuring dignity, equality, and justice for all individuals. these rights, enshrined in international declarations and national constitutions, serve as safeguards against oppression, discrimination, and arbitrary authority. from freedom of expression and privacy to the right to a fair trial and access to education, basic human rights form the bedrock of a fair and inclusive society. the essence of human rights at its core, human rights encompass the inherent entitlements and freedoms every individual is entitled to simply by virtue of being human. these rights are universal, applying to everyone american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 149 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regardless of nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, or social status. they serve to protect individuals from abuse and ensure their ability to live with dignity and autonomy. methods to study basic human rights and freedoms, a methodology encompassing literature review and thematic analysis was employed: 1. literature review: comprehensive review of international declarations, legal texts, and scholarly articles on human rights principles, including freedom of expression, privacy rights, equality, fair trial, and education. 2. thematic analysis: analysis of key themes and concepts derived from literature and legal documents to understand the scope, significance, and challenges associated with protecting human rights globally. results 1. fundamental rights: basic human rights include freedom of expression, privacy, equality, fair trial, and access to education, essential for ensuring dignity and autonomy. 2. challenges: persistent challenges such as discrimination, political repression, poverty, and armed conflict threaten the realization of human rights in various regions. 3. progress and advocacy: international efforts and advocacy by organizations like the united nations and amnesty international have contributed to progress in advancing human rights protections globally. key human rights and freedoms 1. freedom of expression: central to a democratic society, freedom of expression allows individuals to voice opinions, seek information, and participate in public discourse without censorship or repression. 2. right to privacy: protects individuals from unwarranted intrusion into their personal lives, including surveillance, data collection, and access to confidential information. 3. right to equality and non-discrimination: ensures that all individuals are treated equally under the law and have equal access to opportunities, regardless of characteristics such as race, gender, or disability. 4. right to fair trial: guarantees the right to a fair and impartial judicial process, including the presumption of innocence, legal representation, and access to justice. 5. right to education: ensures access to quality education without discrimination, empowering individuals to develop skills, knowledge, and critical thinking necessary for personal growth and societal progress. analysis 1. legal frameworks: international treaties and conventions establish legal frameworks to protect human rights and provide mechanisms for accountability and redress. 2. societal impact: upholding human rights principles promotes social cohesion, justice, and inclusivity, contributing to stable and prosperous societies. 3. future directions: continued advocacy, education, and international cooperation are essential to address challenges and promote broader acceptance and implementation of human rights standards worldwide. upholding human rights in practice american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 150 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the protection of human rights requires both legal frameworks and societal commitment. governments play a crucial role in establishing and enforcing laws that uphold human rights standards. international organizations, such as the united nations and regional bodies like the european court of human rights, monitor compliance and provide mechanisms for redress when rights are violated. challenges and progress despite significant progress in advancing human rights globally, challenges persist. issues such as systemic discrimination, political repression, poverty, and armed conflict continue to threaten human rights in various parts of the world. efforts to address these challenges require international cooperation, advocacy, and grassroots activism to promote awareness and accountability. conclusion: a call to action protecting and promoting basic human rights and freedoms is not merely a legal obligation but a moral imperative. it requires continuous vigilance, advocacy, and empowerment of individuals to defend their rights and hold authorities accountable. by upholding human rights principles in our daily lives and advocating for justice and equality, we contribute to building societies where dignity, fairness, and freedom flourish for all. in essence, basic human rights and freedoms are the foundation upon which just and equitable societies are built. they empower individuals to live with dignity, pursue their aspirations, and contribute to the common good. as we strive to protect and uphold these rights, we move closer to a world where every person can thrive and realize their full potential. in conclusion, basic human rights and freedoms are essential components of a fair and equitable global society. by upholding these rights through legal protections, advocacy, and societal engagement, we foster environments where individuals can thrive, contribute, and live with dignity and respect. references 1. risse, t., risse, t., schmitz, h. p., black, d., gränzer, s., jetschke, a., ropp, s. c., thomas, d. c., & risse, t. (1999). the power of human rights. in cambridge university press ebooks. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511598777 2. united nations. (1948). universal declaration of human rights. retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ 3. risse, t., risse, t., schmitz, h. p., black, d., gränzer, s., jetschke, a., ropp, s. c., thomas, d. c., & risse, t. (1999). the power of human rights. in cambridge university press ebooks. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511598777 4. european convention on human rights. (1950). council of europe. retrieved from https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf 5. amnesty international. (n.d.). what are human rights? retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/human-rights/ 6. human rights watch. (n.d.). defending human rights worldwide. retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/ https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511598777 273 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of artificial intelligence in information systems kholmirzaeva aziza jumanazar qizi tashkent state university of economics azizaholmirzaeva6@gmail.com nurillaev mukhammadkhan isroilkhon tashkent state university of economics n.muhammadxon@tsue.uz abstract: this article identifies digitalization programs that are being implemented in different countries, lists the advantages and disadvantages that digital transformation gives to the economy. the impact of digitalization on the labor market is described: on the one hand, it leads to an increase in unemployment, and on the other, it implies an increase in employment due to the emergence of new professions. statistics on unemployment in some countries are provided. professions that may disappear due to the digitalization of the economy and that may become in demand are indicated. keywords: digitalization, pandemic, unemployment, labor market in recent decades, artificial intelligence (ai) has evolved to become an integral component of numerous information systems, driving substantial changes and improvements across various sectors. this thesis delves into the current trends in the development and application of artificial intelligence within information systems, providing a comprehensive analysis of how these trends are shaping the landscape. furthermore, it explores the future prospects for the utilization of ai in these systems, highlighting potential advancements and innovations that may arise. the thesis systematically examines the main challenges associated with the integration of ai into information systems, addressing issues such as data privacy, ethical considerations, and the need for advanced infrastructure. it also discusses the significant advantages that ai integration brings, including enhanced efficiency, improved decision-making, and the ability to handle complex tasks with greater precision. moreover, the opportunities presented by ai integration are explored, particularly in terms of creating new business models, optimizing operations, and unlocking new capabilities that were previously unattainable. additionally, the impact of ai on society and the business environment is thoroughly analyzed. this includes an assessment of how ai-driven information systems are transforming industries, influencing employment patterns, and altering consumer behavior. the thesis also considers the broader societal implications, such as changes in education, healthcare, and public services, as ai continues to permeate various aspects of daily life. by providing a detailed exploration of these topics, this thesis aims to offer valuable insights into the ongoing evolution of ai in information systems. it seeks to inform stakeholders about the 274 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us potential benefits and pitfalls of ai integration, and to provide a roadmap for navigating the complex landscape of ai-driven technological advancements. the current state of development of artificial intelligence in information systems: review of modern technologies and artificial intelligence methods used in information systems. examples of successful applications of ai in various fields such as healthcare, finance, manufacturing, etc. № sphere application examples 1 healthcare diagnosis of diseases, treatment, monitoring of patient condition medical image analysis forecasting epidemiological situations 2 finance market analysis, investment recommendations forecasting prices in financial markets automation of stock portfolio management 3 production optimization of production processes, product quality control analysis of production operations data to optimize processes application of robots in production 4 transport autonomous vehicle control autopilots in cars routing and management of transport networks analysis of current areas of development of artificial intelligence and its application in information systems. recommendation systems: ai is used to analyze user behavior and offer personalized recommendations for products, movies, music and other content in online stores, streaming services and social networks. as an example, i can give top social networks that use ai: facebook. facebook uses ai to recognize faces in photos, filter content, recommend friends and content, and crack down on inappropriate content. instagram. instagram is owned by facebook and the founder of these top apps is mark zuckerberg. it actively uses ai in the instagram app to analyze images, recommend content, filter comments, and identify trends youtube. youtube uses ai to recommend video content, analyze comments, and determine thematic categories for videos. that is, every video we watch leads to the fact that the next video will be similar to the previous one. this means ai helps us identify our interests and match us with videos. twitter. twitter uses ai to analyze tweets, identify trends, filter spam, and suggest content for users. tiktok: tiktok uses ai to personalize content, recommend videos, and filter inappropriate content. i think the best ai is using tiktok natural language processing: ai enables information systems to understand and process natural language, which is used in chatbots, voice assistants, automatic text translation and sentiment analysis in social media. one simple example is automated translators in websites, applications, and so on. it is now difficult to imagine a world without voice assistants. that’s why there are 275 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us different voice assistants, for example googlenow and googleassistant, siri, yandex alice and others. in the following table, we will look at the positive and negative aspects of these voice assistants: № voice assistant positive sides negative sides 1 googlenow и googleassistant high speed and accuracy of speech integration with other google services for easy access to information and device management limited functionality compared to competitors insufficient depth of understanding of the user's context and intentions 2 siri wide functionality of integration with apple devices and services ability to perform various tasks, including sending messages and searching for information less accuracy in speech recognition compared to competitors limited integration capabilities with third-party services 3 yandex alisa wide functionality of integration with apple devices and services ability to perform various tasks, including sending messages and searching for information -limited distribution some limitations in the quality of the speech interface in comparison with western analogues the information in the table can be used for analysis and further development of voice assistants conclusion: artificial intelligence continues to change information systems, opening up new opportunities and causing new challenges. understanding the current state and prospects for the development of ai in information systems allows organizations to effectively use this technology, cope with challenges and implement new ideas. references 1. https://www.likeni.ru/glossary/golosovoy-pomoshchnik/голосовые помощники 2. дробихина а. информационные технологии в образовании: искусственный интеллект// наука об образовании. – 2021. – с. 125-128 3. russell, s. j., & norvig, p. (2021). artificial intelligence: a modern approach (4th edition). pearson. 4. bostrom, n. (2014). superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies. oxford university press. 5. kambhampati, s. (2019). challenges and opportunities in ai. communications of the acm, 62(9), 50-57. 6. mccarthy, j., minsky, m. l., rochester, n., & shannon, c. e. (2006). a proposal for the dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, august 31, 1955. ai magazine, 27(4), 12-14. 7. xolmanova, z. (2023). sun’iy intellekt: boris. computer linguistics: problems, solutions, prospects, 1(1). 276 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. jumayev, f. b., & jumayev, b. n. (2023). technology of using of didactic games in english language lessons. boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(4), 112-115. 9. yarashevich, p. n. j. (2023). factors for choosing a marketing strategy in tourism development. 10. nurillayev, j. y. (2022). the role of corporate management system in providing financial security in commercial banks. 293 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the аpprоаch of internаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоns in аssessing the green ecоnоmy: the rаting methоd of gggi and duаl citizen internаtiоnаl аgencies tursunоv nоzimjоn nоsirjоnоvich seniоr teаcher оf university оf business аnd science nаrzullаev elmurоd shukhrаt оgli teаcher оf university оf business аnd science abstract: the gоаl оf increаsing humаn well-being, rаtiоnаl use оf resоurces, аnd minimizing dаmаge tо the envirоnment in аchieving sustаinаble develоpment is а cоmmоn аspect in the аssessment оf "green ecоnоmy" by internаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоns. differences in the аssessment оf the "green ecоnоmy" by internаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоns аre reflected in the system оf indicаtоrs used by them. keywords green ecоnоmy, brоwn ecоnоmy, rаnking methоd оf аssessment, glоbаl green grоwth institute, green grоwth, sоciаl integrаtiоn. in internаtiоnаl prаctice, the indicаtоrs оf "green grоwth" аre widely used in the evаluаtiоn оf the "green ecоnоmy". in pаrticulаr, in 2009, representаtives оf 34 cоuntries signed the "green grоwth" declаrаtiоn, аnd it wаs cоncluded thаt sustаinаble ecоnоmic grоwth in the lоng term cаn be ensured оnly аt the expense оf "green grоwth"[2]. "green grоwth" is а new, cоmprehensive cоncept cоmpаred tо the trаditiоnаl cоncept оf ecоnоmic grоwth, which аlsо tаkes intо аccоunt the lоsses (implicit cоsts) thаt оccur simultаneоusly with ecоnоmic grоwth. in pаrticulаr, the dаmаge cаused tо nаture аs а result оf ecоnоmic grоwth аnd the decreаse оf nаtiоnаl weаlth аre аmоng them [7]. if the "green mоdel" оf ecоnоmic grоwth is perfectly develоped аnd effectively implemented, it will hаve а pоsitive effect оn sustаinаble prоductiоn аnd cоnsumptiоn chоices in terms оf resоurce cоnsumptiоn аnd will аllоw tо аchieve the fоllоwing results: in the ecоnоmic sphere: ø increаse in grоss dоmestic prоduct аnd its relаtively equаl distributiоn аmоng the pоpulаtiоn; ø preventing the increаse оr decreаse in the prоvisiоn оf ecоsystem services; ø diversificаtiоn оf the ecоnоmy, i.e. imprоvement оf ecоnоmic risk mаnаgement; ø creаtiоn аnd use оf green technоlоgies, innоvаtiоns, i.e. increаsed cоnfidence in the mаrket. in the ecоlоgicаl field: ø increаse in prоductivity аnd efficiency in the use оf nаturаl resоurces; nаturаl cаpitаl used within ecоlоgicаl limits; ø increаse in the vоlume оf оther fоrms оf cаpitаl (prоductiоn аnd humаn cаpitаl) using nоnrenewаble cаpitаl; ø reductiоn оf the level оf negаtive impаct оn the envirоnment аnd imprоvement оf nаturаl risk mаnаgement. 294 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the sоciаl sphere: ø increаse in the living cоnditiоns, incоme аnd quаlity оf life оf the pоpulаtiоn, including the pооr; ø creаtiоn аnd encоurаgement оf jоbs thаt аre decent fоr the pооr аnd аllоw tо rаise the stаndаrd оf living оf the pоpulаtiоn; ø increаse оf sоciаl, humаn аnd knоwledge cаpitаl; ø а decreаse in the level оf strаtificаtiоn. "green ecоnоmy" is а cоncept thаt serves tо ensure sustаinаble ecоnоmic grоwth. hоwever, within this cоncept, the system оf indicаtоrs prоviding "green grоwth" аnd describing the prоcesses оf trаnsitiоn frоm "brоwn ecоnоmy" tо "green ecоnоmy" hаs nоt been оfficiаlly аdоpted. fоr this reаsоn, the system оf indicаtоrs develоped by internаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоns such аs the glоbаl green grоwth institute (gggi), ihtt, unep, аnd the wоrld bаnk is currently being used tо describe "green ecоnоmy" аnd "green grоwth". . while sоme оf these indicаtоr systems аre similаr, sоme differ shаrply frоm eаch оther. this situаtiоn lаrgely depends оn the аpprоаch оf internаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоns tо the cоncept оf "green ecоnоmy" [4]. strаtegy 2030 develоpment is built оn the аchievements аnd leаrnings frоm the six-yeаr gggi strаtegic plаn 2015–2020 thаt hаs guided the оrgаnizаtiоn’s effоrts in suppоrting its members in their trаnsitiоn tоwаrd а mоdel оf green grоwth tо dаte. bаsed оn а set оf guiding principles аnd themаtic аreаs, its sphere оf influence аnd prоgrаmmаtic interventiоns were designed аrоund three intermediаte оutcоmes: (i) strengthened nаtiоnаl, sub-nаtiоnаl, аnd lоcаl green grоwth pоlicy plаnning, f inаncing, аnd institutiоnаl frаmewоrks; (ii) increаsed green investment flоws; (iii) imprоved multidirectiоnаl knоwledge shаring аnd leаrning between cоuntries оn green grоwth. the mid-term review in 2017 resulted in key lessоns leаrned, which were trаnslаted intо а “refreshed” strаtegic plаn 2015-2020 thаt аrticulаtes its impаct level аrоund six strаtegic оutcоmes (sо) tо suppоrt gggi members in mоving tоwаrd а green grоwth mоdel thаt simultаneоusly аchieves pоverty reductiоn, sоciаl inclusiоn, envirоnmentаl sustаinаbility, аnd ecоnоmic grоwth. the implementаtiоn оf the cоncept оf "green ecоnоmy" in turn requires the develоpment оf а system оf reliаble indicаtоrs fоr evаluаting the "green ecоnоmy", which helps tо mаke effective decisiоns аnd implement the necessаry meаsures. in internаtiоnаl prаctice, there аre different аpprоаches tо the fоrmаtiоn оf the "green ecоnоmy" аssessment system. wоrld prаctice shоws thаt mоst cоuntries оften use the rаting methоd in the cоmpаrаtive evаluаtiоn оf cоmplex prоcesses аnd оbjects. figure 1. green deаl, green grоwth аnd green ecоnоmy аs а meаns оf suppоrt fоr аttаining the sustаinаble develоpment gоаls 295 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us pоpulаr methоds оf rаting "green grоwth" аre used by internаtiоnаl аgencies gggi аnd duаl citizen. gggi is lоcаted in seоul, republic оf kоreа, аnd аims tо prоmоte "green grоwth" thаt represents а bаlаnce between ecоnоmic grоwth аnd envirоnmentаl sustаinаbility. gggi wоrks in priоrity аreаs such аs energy, wаter supply, lаnd use аnd green cities, which cаn ensure "green grоwth" оf the nаtiоnаl ecоnоmy. the system оf green ecоnоmy evаluаtiоn indicаtоrs develоped by gggi is bаsed оn indicаtоrs thаt describe the level оf аssessment оf the trаnsitiоn tо the "green ecоnоmy" аnd the level оf ensuring sustаinаble "green grоwth" [6]. these indicаtоrs аre divided intо cаtegоries such аs diаgnоsis, plаnning, evаluаtiоn аnd mоnitоring, depending оn the stаges prоvided fоr in the stаte prоgrаm оf trаnsitiоn tо the "green ecоnоmy" оf the cоuntry. diаgnоstic indicаtоrs serve tо аssess the generаl stаte оf the cоuntry аnd identify existing prоblems. plаnning indicаtоrs аre bаsed оn the "prоblem→stаte→meаsures" аpprоаch. these indicаtоrs serve tо determine the cаusаl relаtiоnships between the prоblems оf sustаinаble ecоnоmic grоwth identified with the help оf diаgnоstic indicаtоrs аnd the meаsures аimed аt sоlving them. аlternаtive "green grоwth" scenаriоs will be develоped bаsed оn plаnning indicаtоrs. the evаluаtiоn аnd mоnitоring indicаtоrs аllоw tо cоntrоl the implementаtiоn prоcess оf the "green grоwth" prоgrаm аnd evаluаte the аchieved results. gggi "green grоwth" index (ggi) is cаlculаted оn the bаsis оf 36 indicаtоrs in the fоllоwing аreаs (figure 2) [3]: ø effective аnd rаtiоnаl use оf resоurces; ø prоtectiоn оf nаturаl cаpitаl; ø оppоrtunities оf green ecоnоmy; ø sоciаl integrаtiоn the rаnking cаrried оut by ggi in 2019 cоvers 115 cоuntries аnd cоuntries аre evаluаted frоm 0 tо 100 pоints. the "green ecоnоmy" indicаtоr used by the internаtiоnаl аgency duаl citizen is cаlled the glоbаl green ecоnоmy index (ggei) аnd represents the level оf implementаtiоn оf the "green ecоnоmy" оn the scаle оf 130 cоuntries. stаrting frоm 2010, the rаting is determined bаsed оn expert surveys. аsiаn cоuntries cоnsists оf five subregiоns — centrаl аsiа, eаstern аsiа, sоutheаstern аsiа, sоuthern аsiа, аnd western аsiа. eаst аsiаn cоuntries dоminаte the аsiаn regiоn in the sоciаl inclusiоn dimensiоn, with jаpаn scоring 83, the highest in the regiоn аfter singаpоre. despite this, the оverаll green grоwth perfоrmаnce in eаstern аsiа is cоmpаrаble tо sоutheаstern аsiа due tо the higher scоres fоr efficient аnd sustаinаble resоurce use аnd nаturаl cаpitаl prоtectiоn in the lаtter subregiоn. оn the оne hаnd, eаst аsiаn cоuntries, including chinа аnd jаpаn, hаve very lоw scоres fоr sustаinаble lаnd use, mаinly due tо а very lоw shаre оf оrgаnic аgriculture tо tоtаl аgriculturаl lаnd аreа. оn the оther hаnd, sоutheаstern аsiаn cоuntries hаve the highest scоre fоr nаturаl cаpitаl dimensiоn, mаinly due tо the subregiоn’s rich biоlоgicаl diversity. the аseаn centre fоr biоdiversity hаs repоrted thаt sоutheаstern аsiа hаs the highest meаn prоpоrtiоn оf cоuntry-endemic bird (9%) аnd mаmmаl species (11%), cоmpаred tо оther wоrld regiоns [7]. аfter eаstern аsiа, centrаl аsiа hаs the secоnd highest scоre fоr sоciаl inclusiоn in аsiа. centrаl аnd eаstern аsiа’s high sоciаl inclusiоn rаtings аre cоmmensurаte tо the public pоlicies аnd initiаtives implemented in cоuntries such аs the republic оf kоreа, jаpаn, аnd kаzаkhstаn. the three cоuntries prоvide 100% аccess tо bаsic services, such аs electricity. the pоpulаtiоn оf the republic оf kоreа аlsо hаs 100% аccess tо fiber internet subscriptiоns, demоnstrаting full аccessibility оf infоrmаtiоn, cоmmunicаtiоn, аnd technоlоgy services[8]. while centrаl аsiа shоws prоmising scоres fоr the sоciаl inclusiоn dimensiоn, it hаs lоw perfоrmаnce in green ecоnоmic оppоrtunities cоmpаred tо оther subregiоns. the sаme pаttern is аppаrent in western аsiа, with оnly а lоw scоre fоr green ecоnоmic оppоrtunities. the sоuthern subregiоn hаs the lоwest scоre fоr sоciаl inclusiоn. this is аttributed tо а very lоw perfоrmаnce in gender bаlаnce аnd sоciаl prоtectiоn in mаny sоuth аsiаn cоuntries[9]. except fоr nepаl, the scоres fоr the prоpоrtiоn оf seаts held by wоmen in nаtiоnаl pаrliаments аre less thаn 50. sri lаnkа 296 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us scоres 60 in аccess tо heаlth cаre, but mаny оther cоuntries in sоuth аsiа hаve scоres belоw 30 fоr this indicаtоr. sri lаnkа’s gоvernment prоvides universаl heаlth cоverаge. аverаge scоre оf the indicаtоrs fоr eаch green grоwth dimensiоn by regiоn – аfricа, the аmericаs, аsiа, eurоpe аnd оceаniа. the diаgrаms shоw vаlues оf 0 tо 100, where the lаtter implies reаching sustаinаbility tаrgets fоr the indicаtоrs. figure 2. principles оf develоpment оf sоciаl entrepreneurship аimed аt envirоnmentаl prоtectiоn this index evаluаtes the stаte оf the "green ecоnоmy" in the fоllоwing аreаs thrоugh quаntitаtive аnd quаlitаtive indicаtоrs [5]: ø initiаtive аnd climаte chаnge (leаdership & climаte chаnge); ø pаrticipаtiоn аnd leаdership in the fight аgаinst climаte chаnge; ø efficiency (efficiency sectоrs); ø efficiency оf resоurce аnd energy use in ecоnоmic sectоrs; ø mаrkets аnd investments (mаrkets & investment); ø "green" innоvаtiоns, develоpment оf investments, intrоductiоn оf "green" technоlоgies in prоductiоn аnd mаnаgement; ø envirоnment (envirоnment); ø envirоnmentаl quаlity аnd ecоsystem stаtus. the rаting is fоrmed bаsed оn the cаlculаtiоn оf the аverаge percentаge оf the indicаtоrs presented in the tаble, аnd the glоbаl green ecоnоmy index is determined. in 2018, 130 cоuntries tооk pаrt in the rаnking, аnd the first ten were оccupied by sweden, switzerlаnd, icelаnd, nоrwаy, finlаnd, germаny, denmаrk, tаiwаn, аustriа, аnd frаnce. cоnclusiоn. the glоbаl "green ecоnоmy" index is cаlculаted аs а cоefficient, аnd the degree оf trаnsitiоn оf cоuntries tо а green ecоnоmy is presented in the repоrt in the fоrm оf а rаting. in sоme cаses, when dаtа аre presented sepаrаtely by cоuntry, indicаtоrs аre presented by grоups оf relevаnt cаtegоries. 297 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. аdriаn c. newtоn. аn intrоductiоn tо the green ecоnоmy: 1st editiоn. rоutledge, 2014. 382 p. 2. declаrаtiоn оf green grоwth. 25/07/2009 3. nаrzullаev e.sh. types оf аssessment оf the develоpment оf sоciаl entrepreneurship аimed аt envirоnmentаl prоtectiоn. new uzbekistаn: innоvаtiоn, science аnd educаtiоn. 56th scientific cоnference оf the republic. 2023. p.14-11 4. vаxаbоv а.v., xаjibаkiev sh.x., tоshmаtоv sh.а., butаbоyev m.t. – “green ecоnоmy”. p.52 5. n.m.mаkhmudоv green ecоnоmy: the rаting methоd оf gggi аnd duаl citizen internаtiоnаl аgencies. 2024 p. 622 6. sоdhi, n., pоsа, m., lee, t., bickfоrd, d., kоh, l., & brооk, b. (2010). the stаte аnd cоnservаtiоn оf sоutheаst аsiаn biоdiversity. biоdiversity аnd cоnservаtiоn, 19(2), 317-328. 7. schwаb, k. (2018). the glоbаl cоmpetitiveness repоrt 2018. in repоrt. https://dоi.оrg/isbn13: 978-92-95044-73-9 8. аcоstа et аl. 2019, оp. cit., tаble а1.9 in аppendix 1. 9. https://www.duаlcitizeninc.cоm/glоbаl-green-ecоnоmy-index/ 10. https://www.оecd.оrg/greengrоwth/green-grоwth-indicаtоrs/ 11. inclusive green grоwth the pаthwаy tо sustаinаble develоpment/ the wоrld bаnk 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 importance of diplomacy in international relations, the influence of us diplomacy on world politics dilnoza ergasheva graduate student, the diplomatic academy at the university of world economy and diplomacy abstract: the article analyzes principles of diplomacy, the importance of soft power in world politics. factros of american leadership. the impact of us policy on international relations. historical stages of us politics. in this study, an attempt was made to shed light on the importance of soft power, which is very necessary for the countries of the world, and its role today. this scientific article describes the soft power position of the usa, which has the main influence in today's system of international relations, and the impact of us policy on international relations. in addition, the importance of diplomacy and how the foreign policy mechanism of countries has developed in today's globalization era is also explained. impact of hard power and soft power on each other. the influence of ambassadors, who are the main mediators in diplomacy, on international relations was also briefly described in this article. keywords: diplomacy, soft power, hard power international politics, human rights. democracy. usa diplomacy, the impact of the us on the process of the globalization. ambassadors. introduction. diplomacy has a special place in the development of human society. in the current world conditions, countries demand a peaceful settlement of their foreign policy and the elimination of military conflicts. ambassadors and diplomats, who have the main influence in diplomacy, are of great importance in today's international relations. there is a famous phrase in the history of diplomacy: "the main task of diplomacy is to be able to do something when it is impossible to do anything." the main object of this article is the soft power necessary for today's international relations and the foreign policy of countries that have a significant influence on world politics. methods. several types of scientific research methods were used in this article, including comparative, historical and interpretive methods. interpretive research also draws upon a rich tradition in ir among scholars whose aim is not to necessarily identify law-like regularities in irr. instead, interpretivism, also referred to as reflexivity or post-positivism, focuses on hermeneutics, or the study of interpretation. in ir, hermeneutics is associated with the interpretation of meaning embedded within international politics diplomatic is the science or study of documents and records, including their forms, language, script and meaning. in the islamic tradition , diplomatic is named as “ ilm-i insa” or “ fenn-i kitabet”. diplomatic (french: diplomatique; german: diplomatic, urkundenlehre) has become an independent science from the discipline of diplomacy in europe in the seventeenth century.1 1 baris o’zdal, r. kutay karaca. diplomatic history i 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main factor of foreign policy is diplomacy. diplomacy is the art of negotiation. eloquence , intelligence, foresight and speed is very important in diplomacy. it is well known from history that wars never bring good results. devastation , mass destruction , all from the influence of hard power. history does not achieve temporality through hard power in politics. professor joseph nay coined the term soft power in politics. soft power helps strengthen politics through economics, culture and art. no matter how power is measured, an equal distribution of power among major states is relatively rare. more often the processes of uneven growth, which realists consider a basic law of international politics, mean that some states will be rising and others declining. these transitions in the distribution of power stimulate statesmen to form alliances, to build armies, and to take risks that balance or check rising powers. but the balancing of power does not always prevent the emergence of a dominant state. theories of hegemony and power transition try to explain why some states that become preponderant later lose that preponderance2 the concept of soft power has existed in international relations for a long time. soft power is an integral part of diplomacy. we can see the proof of this in the example of usa diplomacy. power is one of the more contestable concepts in political theory, but it is conventional and convenient to define it as “ the ability to effect the outcomes you want and, if necessary, to change the behavior of others to make this happen. in politics, the influence of power is important. we can not make soft power and hard power superior to each other.we only emphasize that how important their influence . as we all know, nothing can be achieved by hard power today, only sacrifices and destruction. hard and soft power sometimes reinforce and sometimes interfere with each other. a country that courts popularity may be loath to exercise its hard power when it should, but a country that throws its weight around without regard to the effects on its soft power may find others placing obstacles in the way of its hard power. no country likes to feel manipulated, even by soft power. at the same time, as mentioned earlier, hard power can create myths of invincibility or inevitability that attract others.3 soft power is one of the success factors in politics. leading world politics the us has achieved leadership not only by hard power but by soft power. hegemony is as old as mankind. the usa, whose independence was recognized by the treaty of paris in 1783, is today one of the leading countries in the international arena. in 17761898. the usa expanded its territory geographically, even though it was in the period of isolation and slowly began to enter the asian markets according to the trade agreements concluded with japan and china. many people think that the strong influence of the us foreign policy is in the dollar, but in fact only the dollar makes the country strong can’t. the economy is important in international relationships has its place, but it does not determine everything. 2 bound to lead the changing nature of american power. joseph s.nye, jr 3 joseph s. nye jr. soft power the means to success in world politics 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the key challenge for the united states in foreign economic policy is to use america’s great influence to maintain an open and prosperous global economy and deepen and extend the benefits of globalization. inherent in this challenge is also the opportunity to have a great impact on america’s capacity to meet its political, strategic, and humanitarian foreign policy goals. the evolution of the global economy will affect our national security, the spread of democracy and human rights, the environment, terrorism, illegal drug trade, organized crime, health and disease, population pressures, and most other major international challenges. american strategic interests are now tightly intertwined with u.s. economic interests. economic issues greatly affect our relationships with the other great powers: europe, japan, china, and russia. they proliferate on the u.s. foreign policy agenda, from nafta (north american free trade agreement) and fast track legislation to the asian financial crisis and chinese entrance into the wto (world trade organization). u.s. economic sanctions against cuba, iran, and libya have been a source of major contention with some of our closest allies. there are few foreign policy threats on the horizon as great as a world financial meltdown. globalization is the preeminent international economic phenomenon of our time. american prosperity is inextricably linked to global prosperity. the volume and pace of international trade and investment are increasing tremendously. communications and information technologies are transforming the way the world does business, and connecting people and firms as never before. the integration of the production and marketing of goods and services across international borders is changing the structure of the private sector. new international mergers, networks, and alliances are emerging daily. globalization brings with it both benefits and costs, opportunities and challenges. the overall economic impact of globalization has been positive, producing gains in productivity, efficiency, and growth. globalization has played a major role in the remarkable economic expansion our country has enjoyed over the past nine years, and has contributed to rapid economic growth in parts of asia, europe, and latin america. it holds the promise of bringing great benefits to people all around the globe. yet globalization also spawns many problems. the increased competition of globalization means that some people, and some countries, lag behind. globalization can lead to reduced protection for workers and the environment when companies move their operations to jurisdictions with weaker labor and environmental standards. global capital markets can be dangerously volatile. political authority and international institutions sometimes struggle to keep up with the fast-paced economic trends. developing nations are frustrated that they do not participate more fully in international economic decision-making and the prosperity enjoyed by other parts of the world. despite these problems created by globalization, we cannot, and should not, try to turn it back. the trend toward increasing integration among the economies of the world will likely continue. the united states has a historic opportunity to lead the charge to meet the challenges of globalization and thereby help create a more prosperous, peaceful, and democratic world. 4 it should be emphasized that us diplomacy also needs soft power today. american missions and ambassadors abroad also have a primary responsibility for advising the secretary and the president about foreign policy, both as to when initiatives should be undertaken and when changes need to be made, as well as what should be, from their vantage point, any new u.s. foreign policy in a particular country or region within their purview. the assistant secretaries of state in washington are always prepared to take their views into account, and need to be the integrating point at which what comes in from overseas, as well as what is developed in washington, are put together.5 this process is observed not only in us diplomacy, but in the foreign policy of many countries. the united states makes and carries out its foreign policy more correctly, its many foreign policies through a number of government entities that bring to bear their different and often 4 international economic issues and u.s. foreign policy by the honorable lee h. hamilton 5 the changing dynamics of u.s. foreign policy-making an interview with under secretary of state for political affairs thomas r. pickerin 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us contending perspectives. they range from the staff of the president in the white house to the departments of state, defense, and treasury, several intelligence agencies, and a few dozen other departments and agencies that have a direct impact both on determining what the united states does abroad and then in carrying out the government’s decisions. furthermore, the united states congress has its own foreign policy responsibilities, some mandated by the u.s. constitution, some by law, and others by custom. nor is the congress simply a passive reflection of the will of the american president although, in much of u.s. foreign and security policy, he is usually preeminent. all activities of the administration require congressional funding. through a large number of committees, it sifts through the proposals, programs, and performance of u.s. foreign policy and brings under close scrutiny what each department and agency does abroad. perhaps in no other country does the legislative arm of government have such a major role, often in opposition to the will of the president, in trying to shape american policy toward the outside world. this role for congress demonstrates the importance for any president of gaining popular support for the administration’s foreign and national security policies. this is particularly important among opinion leaders throughout the country, in order to ensure that there is a solid basis of domestic support for u.s. activities abroad. while a president is often given the benefit of the doubt in foreign policy, this is not automatic or assured. nor has the u.s. role in the world been so constant or so determined by a limited range of factors, as is the case in many other countries whose attentions are focused on immediate neighbors or their own region that there is widespread popular understanding, over time, of the proper u.s. course in the world. also in the united states, as in other countries, political leaders come and go, and the directions of foreign policy can be deeply affected by the outcome of elections both for president and for members of the senate and house of representatives. but perhaps in no other democratic country does the election of a new president and change of administrations mean such a wholesale change of leading officials, in foreign policy 33 and national security as well as in domestic areas of policy. especially when the presidency is transferred from one political party to the other, virtually all senior officials are replaced, to a significant depth in the bureaucracy, so that the conduct of foreign policy suddenly comes into the hands of people who do not have immediate experience of the problems and challenges that the nation faces. it is often a few months before the new team is fully in charge, even if the incoming president appoints his new officials rapidly, as opposed to doing so only over a period of many weeks or longer. in general, all foreign policy mechanisms of the usa are related to each other, but the congress is distinguished by its independent activity, the congress must conduct domestic and foreign policy at the same time and receive the support of the people. america's economic dynamism provides the necessary precondition for the exercise of global primacy. initially, immediately after world war ii, america's economy stood apart from all others, accounting alone for more than 50 percent of the world's gnp. the economic recovery of western europe and japan, followed by the wider phenomenon of asia's economic dynamism, meant that the american share of global gnp eventually had to shrink from the disproportionately high levels of the immediate postwar era. nonetheless, by the time the subsequent cold war had ended, america's share of global gnp, and more specifically its share of the world's manufacturing output, had stabilized at about 30 percent, a level that had been the norm for most of this century, apart from those exceptional years immediately after world war ii. after world war ii the united states strengthened its global power. america stands supreme in the four decisive domains of global power, militarily, it has an unmatched global reach; economically, it remains the main locomotive of global growth, even if challenged in some aspects by japan" and germany (neither of which enjoys the other attributes of global might); technologically, it retains the overall lead in the cutting-edge areas of innovation; and culturally, despite some crassness, it enjoys an appeal that is unrivaled, especially among the world's youth all of which gives the united states a political clout that no 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other state comes close to matching. it is the combination of all four that makes america the only comprehensive global superpower6. in which factor is the influence of the us policy more noticeable? economy, democracy and culture. these factors ensure america’s greatness. today, united states is in a leading position in the international arena, so solve the problem s peacefully should be proactive. the advancement of economic prosperity has been a main factor in building democracy. the united states has supported the development of west european regional economic, political, and security organizations. by breaking down regional economic barriers through the european community, the european allies have created a vast market for goods and services that has increased the prosperity of their own citizens and provided the united states with critical export markets. on the other hand, the european community's protection of some of its economic sectors, particularly agriculture, has harmed u.s. farm export interests. europe is a major market for u.s. telecommunications, information technology, aircraft, and some agricultural products. it is also a consumer of our culture: films, literature, music, and art. interest in u.s. life-styles has helped fuel growing tourism and attendance at u.s. universities. although frictions are a normal part of any complex economic relationship, the united states and its european allies have repeatedly utilized the mechanisms of the organization for economic cooperation and development and the general agreement on tariffs and trade to work cut many disagreements over trade barriers7 this legacy leaves the united states with an approach to the world that is poorly adapted to the challenges of today and tomorrow. u.s. officials have long been concerned about the rise of china and a revanchist russia, but they focused on other issues until recently. avoiding the realities of america’s relative decline in power and legitimacy has come back to bite the united states since the mid-2010s, when russian president vladimir putin launched the war on ukraine and chinese president xi jinping put the country on a more nationalist and assertive course. the united states now faces a more multipolar world than ever in its history as the world’s leading power. in the coming decades, great-power dynamics will decide fundamental matters of war and peace, prosperity and security, and cooperation and competition. this emerging new international reality, coupled with the dismaying outcomes of u.s. wars in iraq and afghanistan, suggests that the country would benefit if it could reform and update its approach to the world. doing so, however, will be exceedingly difficult. u.s. foreign policy deals with every nation in the world, every potential transnational issue, and every world institution. america’s approach to the world is also highly institutionalized. these realities impede a new president or administration from introducing a major change, especially if that change involves being more selective and doing less. this report identifies and analyzes the major sources of resistance to strategic change in the united states so that those seeking to shift the country’s course, particularly in the context of a new administration, will have a better picture of how this can be done.8 results. to understand us foreign policy, one must study its history. today can not be created without history, impact on the history of the country today and in the future will do. in a multipolar world, the importance of us politics is strong, and its power affects the foreign and domestic policies of many countries. the reason for this is that human rights and freedoms are a high value in the us society. human history has witnessed many destructive wars. in recent years, tensions and wars began to appear in international relations. diplomacy should serve as 6 zbigniew brzezinski. the grand chessboard. american primacy and its geostrategic imperative 7 strategic change in u.s. foreign policy christopher s. chivis, jennifer kavanagh, sahil lauji, adele malle, sam orloff, stephen wertheim, and reid wilcox,104p. 8 strategic change in u.s. foreign policy christopher s. chivis, jennifer kavanagh, sahil lauji, adele malle, sam orloff, stephen wertheim, and reid wilcox, 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main tool in resolving conflicts that have arisen in the international arena. it is important that developed countries take the initiative in eliminating wars conclusion. in conclusion, it should be said that as long as the state existed, diplomacy was formed along with it. today, no country can conduct its foreign policy without diplomacy. but in the age of information warfare in the 21st century, some ideological ideas are leaving behind diplomacy. this means that today's diplomacy needs reform. even more knowledge and skills are required of ambassadors and diplomatic staff. 21st century diplomacy should not allow world war 3, otherwise diplomacy will be in crisis. it is well known to all of us that we are witnessing a conflict of interests in today's international relations. according to the opinion of many politicians, the un, which has an important role in the foreign policy of the countries of the world, needs reforms. however, it should also be noted that if the states do not put the universal interests above the national interests, there will be no reform in the un, which gathers the states towards one goal. this means that it is up to ambassadors and diplomats, who are mediators of diplomacy, to conduct international relations taking into account national and universal interests. in this scientific article, i would like to express my gratitude to all the scholars whose books have been of great help in finding information about the importance of soft power in diplomacy and the influence of us diplomacy. references: 1. joseph s. nye jr. soft power the means to success in world politics 2. baris o’zdal, r. kutay karaca. diplomatic history i 3. joseph s. nye jr. bound to lead the changing nature of american power 4. zbigniew brzezinski. the grand chessboard. american primacy and its geostrategic imperative 5. the changing dynamics of u.s. foreign policy-making an interview with under secretary of state for political affairs thomas r. pickerin 6. the united nations: an arena for international leadership by david welch 7. international economic issues and u.s. foreign policy by the honorable lee h. hamilton 8. strategic change in u.s. foreign policy christopher s. chivvis, jennifer kavanagh, sahil lauji, adele malle, sam orloff, stephen wertheim, and reid wilcox. 9. henry kissinger, diplomacy,1994 10. baris o’zdal, r. kutay karaca. diplomatic history ii, dora bursa,2021. 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 04, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 semantic analysis of “heart“ component phrases and alternative translations in english which were used in the story “naughty boy” by ghafur ghulam mardieva makhbuba shavkatovna teacher of samarkand state institute of foreign languages annotation: this article will conduct a semantic analysis and analysis of the semantic features of the “heart” component phrases used in the short story “naughty boy” by ghafur ghulam. in particular, information is also provided about the monosemantic and polysemantic properties of phrases, types according to the relationship of form and meaning. examples of englishtranslated alternatives to the “heart” component phrases used in the narrative are also given, with reference to translation methods. keywords: homonymous phrases, synonymous phrases, antonymic phrases, component, semantic unit, adequate translation, phraseological equivalence. a phrase is an important unit that makes up the vocabulary of our language. a phrase is the expression of a concept or sentence through the combination of meaning and grammar of one or more words. for example, the term “ yurakka yaqin” means “untidy”, “impatient” in uzbek and corresponds meaningfully to the english phrase” anticipating with bated breath". the twocomponent phrase “yuragi taka puka bo„lmoq” is similar in meaning to “mentally restless, restless” to the english phrase "cross to bear". the meaning of feeling the need to say what he has gathered is the expression “his heart is full”, in addition to the meaning of this expression to stand in a state of tears. the phrase can be metaphorically equivalent to “seek salace” in english, as the meaning of the phrase also corresponds to the phrase to keep the heart full. so, the “heart” component phrases serve to express the mental state of a person pain, desire, joy, sadness. in linguistics, the term phraseologisms is used to refer to expressions that are used in a portable sense. stable compounds in the portable sense, which have the integrity of meaning and are formed from a stable relationship of two or more words up to the speech process, brought in ready for speech, are phraseologisms, and the field that studies them is called phraseology. in uzbek linguistics, phraseologisms have been studied extensively since the first half of the last century, with aspects such as sturuktur, semantic, grammatical, methodological, functional. in 1992, sh.rakhmatullayev compiled a "farseological dictionary of the uzbek language", and this dictionary contained more than 3,000 phraseological unit annotations. there are also phrases in linguistics that are associated with members of human reproach. for example, phrases related to the word head like “boshi qotmoq”, “boshi ochiq”, “boshdan oyoq”, phrases related to the word “heart” like “yuragidan urmoq”, “yuragi dov bermoq”, we can also cite a number of phrases with eye components such as “ko„z quloq bo„lmoq”, “ko„zini yog„ bosgan”, “ko„zi to„rt bo„lmoq”. such expressions are called somatisms or somatic companentory phraseologisms in linguistics. such expressions are studied not only within the framework of one language, but also by comparing, comparing several languages. a.isayev, o.nazarov, 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us sh.usmanova, h.linguistic scholars such as alimovas have researched somatic component phrases. in this article, we will draw on the analysis of phrases formed on the basis of the heart component, which is considered the most basic organ within the human body, which concentrates emotions, and cite their english equivalents. for example, the two-component phrase “yuragi urmoq”, which is present in our language, is indicated in dictionaries to mean “to accelerate and increase the heart rate from excitement [o„tfl, 568]. an english-language variant of the phrase has been used to mean “have the courage” i.e. “yuragi urmoq”, “jur‟at etmoq”. the story was intended to represent the mental state of the characters entering the morgue: inside the cell, the ghost of the dead swirled like a wander, struck a heart, walked with the tip of a foot and approached the dead. a two-component verb phrase with a beating heart came to be used in the sentence, meaning “qo„rquvni bosib”, “qo„rquvni yengib”. in the english translation of the “naughty boy” the sentence used in this phrase is translated as follows: with fear we went to the shed where the dead body was (i.tuxtasinov); inside the cell, the ghost of the dead swirled like a wander, i have the courage and walked with the tip of a foot and approached the dead (tarjima bizniki. m.mardiyeva.) the three-component phrase “to be heartbroken” is considered a variant counterpart of the phrase “the heart will crack” in dictionaries, meaning " to be loved and excited very stronglyю the phrase is also an option for the phrase “yuragi qoq yorilmoq”, and means “to end patience and become ugly”.[o'tfl, 274] in the work, this phrase embodied the meaning of “to be very frightened” in the form of “the heart has become bright”: my heart has become bright. i stumbled on the omon, who was falling on the ground, saying that i would run back, and climbed round. (naughty boy, 38); i frightened to death i stumbled upon the omon, who was falling on the ground, saying that i would run back and climb over the round . an english-language alternative to the phrase used in the work is “frightened to death”, in which the phrase "my heart is broken" formed a separate sentence. in the english translation of "naughty boy", the sentence in question appeared as follows: i feared very much. i had beaten someone who was lying on the ground and i fell down. the three-component phrase “yurak oldirib qo„ymoq” is described in the phraseological dictionary as “to stun” [o'tfl, 573], and the explanatory dictionary lists the two-component phrase “to shave the heart”, which means “to be afraid and to stumble”. in the story “naughty boy”, this phrase was used in the form of “yurak oldirmoq” in order to describe the state of fear of the black man: as long as the heart shook, i was aiming for a path where every breath would run towards my back. the phrase may be worthy of meaningfully the following phrase in english: "shivering with terror" this phrase expresses inner fear due to an event, the phrase associated with the state is found in world literature in daniel defoe's “robinson crusoe” in the following case: "frightened hare fled to cover,or fox to earth” “ i.e. a frightened rabbit and a fox that fled to the hole “ the phrase was used to express one-time fear”. this sentence is given in the english translation of the work as follows: i was afraid of it very much. in every breath i tried to find the way which i could leave. due to the fact that there is no alternative to this phrase in english, this sentence is translated directly by the translator. but, in our opinion, the phrase “shivering with terror” can be used as adequate in the translation process.(naughty boy, 23). i was shivered with terror and i was looking for a path that would run towards my back every minute. the three-component phrase “yuragiga o„t yoqmoq” is shown in dictionaries to mean “to inspire, to bring up the mood of mobilization” [o'tfl, 571]. the explanatory dictionary of the uzbek language lists various meanings of the word “grass ” in the composition of this phrase. in 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the quotation, the word fire is used to mean the burning process, fire, fire, in reference to the desire to eat the food in a snow-hungry brown cauldron, or to refer to that food as to the appearance of grass,fire, or fire in the heart. in english, the equivalent of” breathe life into“, in the form of” burning fire in my heart“, was used to express the spirit of the hero of the work, the state of his appetite: but my hungry heart burned fire (naughty boy, 50). but my hungry heart burned in fire. the third meaning is: “to increase the money in the middle in the game”, “money bet in the middle or something valuable”. fourth meaning: “war,” quarrel“,” struggle“,”struggle". as we have seen, the word dov alone in the phrase means several meanings. in the story "the wind child", this phrase was used to reflect the processes of not being able to go to the rich due to the fear of the heroes of the work: the servants are hungry, but no one's heart will give a dove to go to the rich (wind child, 70). the sentence given in the english translation of this work is given as the servants were very hungry; however, they were all afraid of talking to him. according to komissarov, it is necessary to analyze this phrase in meaning before turning it into english and find its equivalent in another language accordingly i.e. it is considered as level 3 of equivalence i.e. to translate it into another language first after understanding the meaning. therefore, if we look at it in terms of meaning, the phrase “ yuragi dov bermoq” is adequate to the phrase “have a cold feet “ in english. this phrase expresses fear that a work does not give a heart to start or finish an action. the three-component heart rumble reference expresses the meaning of “yuragi shuv etmoq” [o'tfl, 275]. in this information, the song was used to express the feeling: my heart "fell silent". let him know that he will return. (shun bola, 158). it has been argued that the word “silence” denotes the previous “swoosh”. this information is used to express a strong fear of something or a strong state of life.this reference can be derived from the fact that as its english equivalent," having the desired feeling". in the english translation of the work, this information is translated as follows: my heart is bombarded. "he gave it to me."(naughty boy,111). it seems to us that when translating this information, it is advisable to apply the information presented above. i have a feeling that i want a not have to ask him back for a gave himself. in conclusion, when the” heart " semantically analyzes component phrases, it is manifested that each of them expresses different meanings in the text. we can also consider that there are a number of semantic relations in the composition of such somatic expressions. the above examples have proven that such relationships arise among them on the basis of antonyms, meaningfulness, formality. in addition, several phrases with a “heart” component and their english-language alternatives were compared in the article, which came to reasonable conclusions. the “heart” component phrases used in the narrative were cited in what form the work was used in the english translation variant, and new translation options were proposed by the author, taking into account the linguistic features in the artistic translation. it is also worth noting that not all of the quoted phrases are equally alternative to their english variants, some phrases can only correspond in meaning and component terms to the phrase used. since there are not exactly adequate variants of the phrases presented in the english translation of the work, we witness that the translator gave a direct translation of the phrasemas. in our subsequent work, we will try to cover such a comparative analysis in more detail, even on the example of other phrases. foydanilgan adabiyotlar ro„yxati 1. abjalova, m. ve rashidova, u. (2023). til korpuslarida frazemalar bazasini yaratish omillari. uluslararası türk lehçe araştırmaları dergisi / international journal of turkic dialects (türklad). 7. cilt, 2. sayı, 273-278. 2. йўлдошев б. фразеологик услубият асослари. ўқув қўлланма. – самарқанд., 1998. 3. g„afur g„ulom. shum bola. –toshkent: adabiyot uchqunlari, 2018. 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. каримов н. ғафур ғулом. – тошкент: ғафур ғулом номидаги нашриѐт матбаа ижодий уйи, 2003. 5. матѐқубова т. ғафур ғулом бадиияти. – т: фан ва технология, 2006 6. sh.rahmatullayev. o„zbek tilining frazeologik lug„ati. –toshkent, 1992. 7. sh.rahmatullayev, n.mahmudov v boshqalar. o„zbek tilining frazeologik lug„ati. – toshkent, 2022. 8. o‟zbek tilining izohli lug‟ati. qomuslar bosh tahririyati. – toshkent, 2006. 129-130 professor shoakbar shorakhmetov 129 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 professor shoakbar shorakhmetov: a life of integrity and dedication nurmatov bunyod tashkent state university of law nurmatovbunyod560@gmail.com abstract: shorakhmetov shoakbar shorustamovich was born on august 26, 1931, in chimkent, during a time of great hardship. he lost his father during world war ii and grew up in poverty. he had to walk long distances each day to attend school (10-12 km), which shows his early determination and resilience. inspired by incidents of injustice in his village (the unlawful detention of tengaev) and his neighbor adhambek rustambekov, who worked in prosecution, he decided to pursue a legal career. after passing the entrance exams, he studied law at the central asian state university in tashkent, where he excelled academically and earned respect for his leadership. he was muscular and well-built, so he got the nickname "frank gutt" (after the american wrestler). his professional journey began as a secretary in the zadaryo region of namangan. in 1957, he was elected as a judge in the same district, where his decisions earned national recognition – none were ever overturned. in 1960, driven by a passion for scholarship, he resigned and pursued postgraduate studies at the all-union institute of law in moscow under the mentorship of e.a. fleishits. throughout his career, he made lasting contributions to civil procedural law in uzbekistan. in 1980, he wrote the first uzbek-language textbook on the subject and went on to publish nearly 150 academic works. he made a significant contribution to expanding legal education and mentoring thousands of students. in recognition of his service, he was named “honored lawyer of uzbekistan” in 1983 and awarded the “mehnat shuhrati” order in 2001. until the end of his life, professor shorakhmetov remained a respected scholar, educator, and symbol of integrity in uzbek legal history. besides his academic achievements and scholarly work, professor shoakbar shorakhmetov was known for his remarkable personality – honest, sincere, and deeply human. those who knew him personally often recall not just his intellect but the unique way he carried himself. as professor omonboy oqilov described, he was a straightforward person who valued honesty and speaking his mind. however, his directness was never harsh – it remained within the bounds of respect and humanity. his words never hurt or offended; instead, they reflected clarity and sincerity. his interactions with students were always warm and respectful. rustam ruziev remembered how professor shorakhmetov would affectionately refer to young scholars as “mulla yigʻit” (young scholar). while it might have sounded like a formal gesture of politeness, it was in fact a sign of encouragement, trust, and genuine care for their growth in the path of knowledge. 130 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at first glance, he might have appeared strict or serious—his presence carried a sense of dignity and discipline. but behind that exterior was a kind-hearted teacher with a poetic soul. as professor bobokul toshev noted, although his demeanor could seem intimidating, in truth he was compassionate, gentle, and an engaging conversationalist with a sincere heart. his daughter, umida shoakbarovna, also shared a glimpse of his character at home. “he always found time to listen to a child’s concerns,” she said. “just a little attention and warmth could open the door to a child’s heart.” their household was filled with quiet respect, and he never raised his voice, which is a sign of the deep peace and mutual understanding that defined his family life. as a third-year student at the tashkent state university of law, i find his life story deeply motivating. professor shorakhmetov never made excuses, even in the face of hardship. he pursued his dreams with discipline and strong determination. not only did he excel academically, but he also maintained a commitment to physical fitness and personal growth. what inspires me most is his long-term dedication to building the legal field in uzbekistan — not only by practicing law but by writing textbooks that are still in use today. though he is no longer with us, his work and influence remain. bibliography 1. shorakhmetov, sh. sh. (2009). in memory of the teacher (m. kh. baratov, m. m. mamasiddiqov, z. n. esanova, & d. yu. khabibullaev, eds.). tashkent: tashkent state university of law publishing house. 339 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 linguopragmatic and linguocultural characteristics of verbalizers of the concept "money" in non-related languages ziyayev lazizjon avazjon o’gli post-graduate student of tashkent university of exact and social sciences abstract: the concept "money" (or conceptual semantics) is a mental unit that exists in the conceptual sphere of all communicators in the language, and has a universal nature, because it contains all the knowledge related to the conceptual semantics of "money" according to the situation in the perception of an objective existence by verbal and non-verbal means, that is, verbalizers is an important conceptual phenomenon that requires to be realized through communication, and therefore has a uniquely framed (moulded) content from the point of view of communicative need. this article examines linguopragmatic and linguocultural characteristics of verbalizers representing the concept of "money" in english, uzbek and russian languages and the author tries to analyze the national and cultural peculiarities of this concept in three languages. keywords: concept, lingvoculturology, linguopragmatics, paremiology, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms,national and cultural features. it is known that in recent years, fields such as cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, gender linguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, computer linguistics, and pragmalinguistics continue to develop rapidly, and as a result, many works are being carried out in these fields. lingvoculturology is also one of the new branches of linguistics, in the researches of this direction, the person is placed in the central place, that is, the issues of the language-humanculture trinity, the interaction of culture and language are studied. culture should never be interpreted as a frozen phenomenon, because it develops, moves from one state to another, mixes with other cultures. paremiological units are units that express the national cultural characteristics in the most fluent, clear, and concise way, and are the mirror of the national language. literary literature, folk oral creativity is considered meaningless without their participation, the beauty of speech, the richness of the content, the richness of the language is manifested in paremiological units. lingvopragmatics is considered one of the new directions of the 70s of the 20th century and is closely related to semantics, stylistics, discourse theory, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. this field has its endless scope of study and is very comprehensive. lingvopragmatics mainly studies speech phenomena occurring in language and a set of problems related to them. in linguo-pragmatic relations, attention is mainly paid to the interlocutor and listeners. linguopragmatics deals with the interpretation of words, understanding of their hidden meanings, deep understanding of their essence, and learning. linguoculturology consists of two words, "language" and "culture" are integrally connected with each other, concepts that complement each other. 340 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us professor g'.m. according to hoshimov, "language and culture cannot exist without each other, on the contrary, they complement each other"[2; 168-172]. as v.a. maslova noted, "language is the verbal treasure of the nation" [3; 4-14]. therefore, in this part of our work about paremimes, one of its verbalizers, which is actively used in the life of the nation, in written and spoken speech, we will get acquainted with examples of the concept of "money" and a comparative analysis of their linguopragmatic and linguocultural aspects, and we will also refer to the fields of paremiology and paralinguistics. paremimes include proverbs, sayings and aphorisms. now, let's take a look at each of them separately and consider them through examples related to "money". saying refers to a type of folk figurative expression used figuratively. in addition to the above, it can be said that linguoculturalism is a field that directly and indirectly deals with the nation and its values, and this is definitely reflected in its language. saying consists of phrases transferred from their meaning to another meaning, simile, irony, catchphrase and other language devices are used. with these characteristics, saying differs from a proverb, which directly and simply expresses an idea. there must be a close relationship, a logical connection between the original meaning of the metaphorical expression in matal [1; 105-161]. for example, in uzbek language "money comes from the liver" saying is defined in english as follows: saying is a well-known phrase or statement that expresses something about life that most people believe is wise and true. for example, in english "money does not grow on trees", "money can not buy happiness" defined: "выражение, преимуществь, образное, не составляющеe,в отличие от пословици, законченного высказывания и не являющего афоризмом” [4; 54-56] . it can be seen that the definition given to matal in different system languages (uzbek, russian, english) has common similarities and differences. next, let's talk about the paremiological unit proverb. a proverb is a short, deeply meaningful phrase born out of life experiences and expressing the wisdom of the people. a proverb often has the character of a lesson, admonition, and there are parallelisms and melodious sounds in the proverb. in english, the proverb is defined as "proverb is a well-known phrase or sentence that gives advice or says something that is generally true". (a proverb is a phrase or sentence that is generally true or suggestive.) for example, in uzbek: pullika-kabob, bepulikga-dardi kabob; in english: no money, no swiss. it can be seen that these two proverbs in uzbek and english languages use melodious sounds and are directed to a certain experience. in russian, a proverb is defined as, "краткое народное изречение с назидательном смыслом: народный афоризм". the common aspect of all three definitions is that it is a popular phrase used by the people, giving a certain advice. there are several proverbs related to "money" in russian. for example: не имей сто рублей, а имей сто друзей; денег нету — и дела нету; денги к денгам; it's too much to understand. etc. [4; 140]. saying and proverbs are very close to each other, but also have different aspects. for example, the shape of saying does not change: the hand of the one with money plays, the eye of the one without money plays. as the proverb works through symbols, the range of its symbols changes in relation to the life of society and people. for example, money calls money. money earns money. money brings money. the main difference between saying and a proverb is that a proverb has an idiomatic figurative meaning, and saying does not have this feature, but is used only in the correct sense, in addition, saying has an incomplete thought. we can give examples of many proverbs expressing the concept of "money" in uzbek and english languages. for example, "money has no smell, in english: money has no smell, in russian: денги не пахнут", "he does not know the value of a penny, he does not know the value of a soum" (in english "take care of the pence and the pounds will take of themselves", 341 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us waste not, want not", "the love of money and the love of learning rarely meet" (in english "the love of money and the love of learning rarely meet)" in english "money makes money". we can cite many such examples (see the appendix). let's divide these paramyological tools, proverbs and sayings into several semantic groups: 1) proverbs expressing the power of money, in uzbek "pul soup in the hand", "even if the mouth is crooked, let the rich man speak", "money makes the world go round", "money talks", "money is power", "money makes the world go round", "money makes the mare to go”; in russian "денги всему голова", "денги лучшее утдора", "денги найдут друга", "после вода – денги первый", "денги и камень долбит", etc. 2) proverbs that express the meaning of putting money above moral standards, in uzbek language "pul оtang kim, оnang kim demaydi", "whoever has money has a face"; in english "you pay your money and you take your choice", "money is the wise man's religion", "when money speaks, the truth keeps silent", "never marry for money but marry where money is"; in russian, "богатство ум рождает", "и барини денги господин", "когда деньги говорят, тогда правда молчить", "рубль ум, a два рубля – два ума" etc. 3) proverbs expressing the meaning of putting moral standards above money, in uzbek language "until you find money, find wisdom", "until you find money, find an account", "you earn money, money is not yours". in english, "love of money and the love of learning rarely meet", "money can not buy happiness", "money is the root of evil"; in russian "денег как грязи", "без денег сон крепчее", "денгами душу не выкупишь", "личние денги – личная забота" etc. 4) proverbs expressing meanings such as the effect of money on a person, in uzbek language, "if money increases, a person becomes corrupt", "a sick soul moves, a healer moves money", "money bends the tongue, stretches the hand"; in english "money makes a man", "money often unmakes the men who make it", "bad money drives out good", "money is a good servant but a bad master", "lend your money and lose your friend". the above proverbs and sayings about "money" show that money has a great influence on a person. money can change a person for better or for worse. money divides people into groups of rich and poor, with the help of proverbs and sayings we learned the attitude of people towards money and divided them into semantic groups. in addition, another paremiological unit is aphorisms. aphorisms-wise words. they are grammatically formed in the form of a sentence, clear, compact, stable compounds created by a certain person with a deep meaning141. in english, an aphorism is defined as: "an aphorism is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle". in russian, aphorism is defined as follows: aphorism – оригинальная законченная мысль, изреченная или записанная в лаконичной форме и впоследствии неоднократно воспроизводимая другими людьми. in all three languages, the definition of aphorism includes the words clear, compact, concise, concise, meaningful, and in this case they form a commonality, and we can see this through the following examples, and of course these examples are seen through the concept of "money". for example, in the uzbek language, it is a dream to collect money, and it is a waste of time to invest. (saadi shirazi. 141.) don't build a lot on your money and possessions, one day you will be saddened by it. abdurrahman jami. in english, "time is more valuable than money. you can get more money, but you cannot get more time.” jim rohn "never spend your money before you have earned it." thomas jefferson (see appendix 6) in russian, удивительний пародокс: граждани гораздо охотнее жертвуют свои жизни, своими деньгами. alain grosh schitat is like a chujom karmane nekhorosho, no interesno. above, we considered the expression of the concept of "money" through verbal means, as examples of proverbs and aphorisms. the above proverbs and sayings about "money" show that money has a great influence on a person. money can change a person for better or for worse. money divides people into rich and 342 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us poor groups. with the help of proverbs and sayings, we learned about people's attitude towards money and divided them into semantic groups. apart from this, another paremiological unit is aphorisms. aphorisms-wise words. they are stable combinations created by a certain person with a precise, concise, deep meaning, formed from a grammatical point of view. used literature 1. hamidiy h., sh.abdullaeva, s.ibrahimova, dictionary of terms of literary studies", "teacher" publishing house, tashkent, 1967, p. 105-161 2. hoshimov g'.m., hoshimov m., et al. definition, classification and translation problems of lingvokulturemе // scientific debate: problem, solution and achievement. proceedings of the republic scientific-practical conference. tashkent, 2019. b. 168-172. 3. maslova. v.a. cognitive linguistics, textbook, minsk, “tetra systems”, 2008, page 4-14. 4. ozhegov s.i. dictionary of the russian language, moscow, 1972, pp. 521 63 5. oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, 7th edition, p 1351 137 6. ulukov n., theory of linguistics, tashkent, "barkamol fayz media", 2016. p. 142 -144. 7. ganievich, m. t. (2023). studying phraseology in universities. confrencea, 12(12), 122-127. 8. ganiyevich, m. t., & saminovna, m. d. (2023). factors in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among university students. journal of advanced zoology, 44(5). 9. romanova, n. n., & skorikova, t. p. (2018). linguistic and methodological fundamentals of developing the scientific speech course for postgraduate students of a technical university. selected papers e-book, 115. 10. mirzaliev, t. g. (2022). the effectiveness of the use of innovative methods in teaching russian language and literature. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 11(12), 296298. 11. tajiyeva, f., & mirzaliyeva, d. (2020, november). high altitude distribution of endemic species of the genus scutellaria l. in the flora of uzbekistan. in archive of conferences (vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 57-59). 12. dilfuza, m. (2023, june). exploring the benefits of bilingualism in early childhood. in " canada" internati̇onal conference on developments i̇n educati̇on, sci̇encesand humani̇ti̇es (vol. 9, no. 1). 13. ganiyevich, m. t., & saminovna, m. d. (2023). factors in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among university students. journal of advanced zoology, 44(5). 14. saminovna, m. d., & solijanovna, m. d. (2021). integrated approach to russian language lessons. academicia globe, 2(04), 179-182. 15. aliyevna, y. d., & omarovna, s. g. (2023). lexical conversion and its realization. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 346-350. 16. aliyevna, y. d. (2023). categorization of language units. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 343-345. 17. aliyevna, y. d. (2023). the issue of the subject and its relation to syntactics and semantics. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 214-217. 18. yuldasheva, d. (2023). ingliz tilida sub’yekt kategoriyasi konseptual voqealanishining funksional tabiati. педагогика и психология в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 2(8), 91-94. types of teology in the world skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 6, 2024 | version v1 journal article open types of teology in the world creators narzullaeva dilfuza bafoevna files 21-24+types+of+teology+in+the+world (1).pdf files (789.8 kb) name size download all 21-24+types+of+teology+in+the+world (1).pdf md5:c058613faeb2ff4488ae7e26f39cb812 789.8 kb preview download 46 views 40 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 46 46 downloads total downloads 40 40 data volume total data volume 32.4 mb 32.4 mb more info on how stats are collected.... versions external resources indexed in 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projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 interstate and international conflicts: approaches to regional security qurbonov arslonqul amonovich independent expert svdbhdhshsh@gmail.com abstract: this article explores the nature of interstate and international conflicts, offering an indepth analysis of their typologies, causes, and mechanisms of resolution within the framework of international relations. the study examines key theoretical approaches to conflict analysis and provides a comprehensive overview of uzbekistan’s role in fostering regional cooperation and stability in central asia through strategic initiatives and good-neighborly diplomacy. keywords: international conflict, typologies, mechanism, international relations, cooperation, stability, good-neighborly diplomacy, strategic initiatives. introduction the contemporary international system is marked by rapid and unpredictable changes, with conflicts remaining one of the most pressing global challenges. the enduring relevance of analyzing the origins, dynamics, and resolution methods of conflicts highlights the complexity of modern international relations. traditional state-centric models of conflict have increasingly been replaced by more nuanced frameworks that incorporate domestic dynamics, the growing influence of non-state actors, and the transformative impact of emerging technologies. current geopolitical trends indicate that conflicts are often prolonged and predominantly intrastate in nature, underscoring the need for a comprehensive reassessment of conventional conflict definitions and resolution strategies. globalization has blurred the distinction between internal and international conflicts, as local issues often assume international significance due to the interdependence between regional and global security. this necessitates integrated, multidisciplinary approaches beyond the scope of national policy. despite the post-cold war optimism, the international community continues to face complex regional disputes and localized crises. these developments emphasize the importance of understanding the multifaceted nature of conflicts and the evolving role of international legal actors in fostering global peace and cooperation. main part an international conflict refers to a clash of interests involving multiple subjects of international law[1], wherein two or more actors pursue mutually exclusive objectives. these actors may include sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, and international non-governmental entities. 102 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us interstate conflicts, by contrast, denote direct or indirect confrontations between sovereign states, often manifested through diplomatic disputes, economic sanctions, or military engagement. although the terms ―interstate‖ and ―international‖ are frequently used interchangeably, a clear academic distinction is essential: the former specifically pertains to state-to-state conflicts, while the latter encompasses a broader range of participants, including non-state actors. understanding the distinction between ―conflict situations‖ (interest-based tensions without formal claims) and ―disputes‖ (claims-based confrontations), alongside recognition of atypical conflict[2] trajectories, is crucial for effective conflict prevention and resolution. root causes of conflicts are often linked to incompatible demands in the context of limited resources. however, the complexity of international conflicts arises from a convergence of political, economic, social, environmental, and psychological variables. many international conflicts originate from domestic or regional tensions, making a holistic, interdisciplinary analytical approach essential. conflict resolution strategies must address the underlying causes, including both traditional factors (e.g., territorial disputes, power rivalries) and emerging ones (e.g., resource scarcity, climate change). international conflicts can be classified according to several criteria: nature of interests: ideological, territorial, ethnic, religious; source of contradictions: economic, political, sociopolitical; scope: global, regional, local, bilateral; duration: protracted, medium-term, shortterm; means employed: military or peaceful approaches; dynamics: evolutionary, abrupt, latent. this diversity highlights the limitations of singular typological models[3], reinforcing the need for an integrated classification approach to capture the full complexity of international conflicts and develop effective intervention strategies. the study of international conflicts has been shaped by multiple theoretical schools, each offering distinct analytical lenses: realism: rooted in the works of thucydides, machiavelli, and hobbes, realism emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system, state sovereignty, and the pursuit of national interest through power and security maximization. neorealism (structural realism) further underscores the systemic constraints imposed by the international structure. liberalism: argues that cooperation is possible through institutions, economic interdependence, and shared values. post-liberalism supports the idea of delegating certain elements of sovereignty to international bodies for mutual benefit. constructivism: highlights the socially constructed nature of international relations, stressing the importance of ideas, norms, identities, and collective beliefs in shaping state behavior and global dynamics. marxism: focuses on the material foundations of the international system, portraying global politics as a capitalist structure centered on the accumulation of wealth and economic inequality. other frameworks include: the english school: advocates for the existence of an ―international society‖ where states, despite anarchy, are bound by shared norms and values. functionalism: emphasizes collective goals and regional integration over narrow national interests. contemporary conflict theories[4] also explore concepts such as total wars, next-generation warfare, zero-sum dynamics, asymmetric conflicts, and advanced conflict management practices. the plurality of perspectives underscores the necessity for theoretical pluralism and ongoing adaptation to new global challenges. the international community employs a broad spectrum of diplomatic and legal instruments for conflict resolution[5], as outlined in article 33 of the un charter[6]. these include: negotiations: direct discussions between parties without third-party involvement. 103 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us consultations: structured exchanges to avoid or de-escalate tensions. inquiry: fact-finding missions to establish the basis of disputes. conciliation: development of non-binding recommendations for resolution. good offices: facilitation of dialogue through logistical or technical support. mediation: active third-party involvement in formulating compromise solutions. arbitration: binding decisions made by an agreed-upon tribunal. judicial settlement: legally binding rulings, especially by institutions like the international court of justice. other methods such as persuasion, coercion, and containment are also employed depending on the nature of the conflict. while temporary measures such as ceasefires serve tactical purposes, peace treaties[7] remain the most effective long-term solutions. effective conflict resolution requires strategic flexibility, tailored to the conflict’s intensity, the willingness of parties to cooperate, and contextual specificities. in light of current geopolitical shifts, uzbekistan’s efforts to foster regional stability and cooperation[8] in central asia are particularly noteworthy. as the only country bordering all other central asian states, uzbekistan recognizes the interconnectedness of its political, economic, and cultural development with that of its neighbors. the country has prioritized regional diplomacy and economic integration, supported by active engagement[9] with international and regional organizations. the new uzbekistan development strategy (2022–2026)[10] emphasizes national security[11], interethnic harmony, religious tolerance, and the creation of a regional security belt. uzbekistan's role in initiatives such as the consultative meetings of central asian heads of state underscores its leadership in promoting[12] regional dialogue. its proactive stance on resolving border and water-related disputes, and its constructive diplomacy toward afghanistan, further illustrate its role as a stabilizing force in the region. uzbekistan’s multilateral involvement in platforms like the sco, cis[13], un, and osce contributes to regional peace and prosperity by aligning national and international development strategies. conclusion the study of interstate and international conflicts reveals their dynamic and multidimensional nature, shaped by both traditional rivalries and emerging global threats. a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach is essential for understanding the root causes, trajectories, and resolutions of modern conflicts. while theoretical paradigms such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism offer valuable insights, evolving geopolitical realities necessitate theoretical flexibility and innovation. a wide array of peaceful resolution tools—ranging from diplomacy to judicial settlement—must be applied strategically and adaptively. international organizations increasingly play a central role not only in conflict prevention but also in post-conflict recovery and institution-building. uzbekistan exemplifies how a proactive, pragmatic approach to regional diplomacy, grounded in cooperation and mutual trust, can serve as a model for ensuring long-term peace and development. through inclusive initiatives and consistent engagement, it demonstrates that sustainable security is best achieved through conflict prevention and integration rather than mere containment or resolution. 104 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. bukreeva, t.n. analysis of the main causes of international conflicts // young scientist. — 2015. — no. 22 (102). — p. 493–495 2. zakozhnikov, s.yu. methodology for the analysis of interstate conflict: the case of the falklands conflict of 1982: phd thesis in political science. — moscow, 1995. — 172 p. 3. savin, a.a. classification and typology of modern conflicts // nota bene. — 2020. — no. 1. — p. 38–53 4. soboleva, s.a. modern concepts of international conflicts: an attempt at systematization // cyberleninka. — 2015. url: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-kontseptsiimezhdunarodnyh-konfliktov 5. conflict management – what methods of conflict resolution exist? // worldsamo.com. — 21.02.2024. url: https://worldsamo.com/ 6. participation of international organizations (un, unesco) in conflict resolution in the post-soviet space // surazhspk.narod.ru. url: http://surazhspk.narod.ru/ 7. evolution and content of the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes in international law // inter-legal.ru. — 31.05.2025. url: https://inter-legal.ru/ 8. the president approved the action strategy for the development of uzbekistan // gazeta.uz. — february 7, 2017 9. khaydarov, a.a. uzbekistan: a new perspective on the prospects for cooperation in central asia // post-soviet studies. — 2023. — no. 1. — p. 136–147 10. national strategy of the republic of uzbekistan on countering extremism and terrorism for 2021–2026: presidential decree of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-6255 dated july 1, 2021 11. on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022–2026: presidential decree of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-60 dated january 28, 2022 12. friendly cooperation with central asian countries – a priority of uzbekistan's foreign policy // bigasia.ru. url: https://bigasia.ru/ 13. rakhimov, m.a., rakhimov, s. key areas of uzbekistan’s cooperation with the cis and the sco // post-soviet studies. — 2023. — no. 1. — p. 136–147 14. theory of international relations // wikipedia. url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theory_of_international_relations). 15. lesson 4. strategies for conflict resolution and settlement // 4brain.ru. url: https://4brain.ru/. 16. international conflicts and peacekeeping issues in the contemporary political process // textbook.tou.edu.kz. url: https://textbook.tou.edu.kz/. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/theory_of_international_relations https://4brain.ru/ https://textbook.tou.edu.kz/ 47 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 03, issue 04, 2025 issn (e): 2993-2157 scientific and theoretical foundations of ensuring the economic stability of family businesses rustamova zarina rustamovna assistant professor of the silk road international university of tourism and cultural heritage abstract: this article analyzes the scientific and theoretical foundations of ensuring the economic stability of family businesses. the social and economic significance of family entrepreneurship, its role in the national economy, as well as methodological approaches and strategies used to achieve stability are studied. the article considers such important factors in the effective functioning of family businesses as financial resource management, innovation approaches, state support system, and adaptation to market conditions. at the same time, the impact of state policy on family business and practical strategies used to ensure economic stability are also analyzed. keywords: family businesses, economic stability, entrepreneurship, financial management, innovations, state support, business strategies, competitiveness, service sector, socio-economic development. introduction economic stability is one of the main conditions for the long-term success and development of any enterprise, including family enterprises. family businesses have unique economic characteristics due to their small and medium-sized business structure, as well as being based on a family ownership and management model. this section analyzes the scientific and theoretical approaches, principles and factors that shape the economic stability of family businesses. the issues of economic stability of family businesses are widely studied not only in uzbekistan, but also in foreign countries. there are theoretical approaches, research methods and conclusions of various schools and scientists on this topic. below are the main scientific works of foreign, russian and uzbek scientists in this area and their definitions. foreign researchers study the stability of family businesses mainly from the perspective of corporate governance, inheritance management and family business strategies. alfred d. chandler jr. (1990) in his work "scale and scope: the dynamics of industrial capitalism" (scale and scope: the dynamics of industrial capitalism) discusses the development of corporations, including the stability of family businesses. chandler (1990) put forward the idea that "the stability of family businesses depends on its strategic planning and organizational skills." although chandler analyzed the historical evolution of large corporations in this book, his main ideas (strategic planning, organizational skills, and management structure) also apply to the long-term success of family businesses. he believes that for sustainability, first of all, strategic planning the management of the enterprise must define long-term goals and allocate resources effectively and organizational skills the hierarchy of management and decision-making mechanisms in family businesses must be clear. chandler's work "the visible hand: the managerial revolution in american business" (1977) also contains comments on the impact of professional management on family businesses. as he noted, the sustainability of family businesses depends on their ability to "modernize the administrative apparatus." http://www/ 48 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us joseph schumpeter (1942) – in his works “innovation and economic development” and “capitalism, socialism and democracy” – put forward the theory that “large enterprises achieve sustainability through innovation, while family businesses have difficulty achieving sustainability due to their dependence on traditional methods.” b schumpeter’s idea of “creative destruction” explains the risk that family businesses are lagging behind in technological innovations. john ward (1987) – in his scientific work “family business strategies”: “keeping the family business healthy” put forward the scientific idea that “the long-term sustainability of family businesses depends on 3 factors: succession planning, family conflict management, and the introduction of professional management.” ward states that in family businesses, as gersick and lansberg (1997) say, generational crises undermine sustainability. this deepens chandler's concept of "organizational capability" in the context of the family. economic sustainability is the ability of an enterprise to generate stable income, maintain financial balance, and adapt to market conditions, despite internal and external factors. in the scientific literature, this concept includes the following aspects: • financial sustainability the timely fulfillment of shortand long-term obligations of the enterprise. • operational sustainability the sustainable production and sale of products or services. • investment sustainability the ability to invest in new projects and effectively manage them. in family businesses, sustainability is especially closely related to the personal interests of family members, long-term goals, and sound financial strategies. the sustainability of family businesses is considered to depend on the following internal and external factors. internal factors include management efficiency, management of financial resources, innovative approaches, and workforce loyalty. let us dwell on the essence of these factors: management efficiency the speed and flexibility of decision-making in family businesses play an important role in ensuring stability. financial resource management in family businesses, it is necessary to accurately plan financial flows and minimize risks. innovative approaches the introduction of new technologies and marketing strategies increases competitiveness in the market. workforce loyalty high motivation of family members towards the enterprise can increase production efficiency. external factors include economic and political stability, market demand and competition, and sociomoral factors. economic and political stability taxes, subsidies and laws in the country have a direct impact on the activities of family businesses. market demand and competition strategies for timely identification of consumer needs and differentiation from competitors are important. socio-moral factors the trust and support of society towards family businesses strengthen their stability. the following theoretical approaches are used in the scientific literature to analyze the sustainability of family businesses: • resource-based view (rbv) – unique resources within the enterprise (e.g. family experience, trust) are the basis for sustainability. • stakeholder theory – balanced relationships with all stakeholders of the enterprise (family members, customers, the state) ensure sustainability. • adaptability theory – the ability to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions ensures the longhttp://www/ 49 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us term survival of family businesses. in developed countries, the following methods are used to ensure the sustainability of family businesses: • medium and long-term financial planning (e.g., succession management strategies). • clear corporate governance standards – division of powers between family members and external managers. • government support programs – subsidies, tax breaks, and small business development programs. conclusion ensuring the economic sustainability of family businesses depends on its internal structure, management strategy, and adaptability to the external environment. in theory, sustainable development can be achieved by taking into account factors such as resources, stakeholders, and flexibility, and in practice, by combining financial planning, innovation, and government policy. referemces: 1. bekmurodov, u. (2020). "oilaviy biznes va tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish yo‘llari". toshkent: fan nashriyoti. 2. karimov, a. (2019). "iqtisodiy barqarorlik tamoyillari va oilaviy korxonalar". samarqand: ilm-fan. 3. smith, j. (2018). "family businesses and economic stability". london: business press. 4. murodov, b. (2021). "innovatsion biznes strategiyalari va oilaviy korxonalar". buxoro: ilmiy nashr. 5. porter, m. (2008). "competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance". new york: free press. 6. yuldasheva, n. (2022). "oilaviy biznesni moliyalashtirish va rivojlantirish istiqbollari". toshkent: iqtisodiyot instituti nashriyoti. 7. oecd (2020). "family businesses in the global economy". oecd publications. 8. davis, p., & harveston, p. (2019). "the influence of family on firm performance". journal of business studies. 9. kotler, p. (2017). "marketing management". pearson education. 10. williamson, o. (1996). "the mechanisms of governance". oxford university press. 11. aldrich, h., & cliff, j. (2003). "the pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship". journal of business venturing. 12. chrisman, j., chua, j., & steier, l. (2005). "sources and consequences of distinctive familiness". entrepreneurship theory and practice. 13. astrachan, j. h., & shanker, m. c. (2003). "family businesses’ contribution to the u.s. economy". family business review. 14. schultz, t. (1961). "investment in human capital". american economic review. 15. zahra, s. a., hayton, j. c., & salvato, c. (2004). "entrepreneurship in family vs. nonfamily firms". journal of business venturing. http://www/ 66-69 artificial intelligence in legal cases 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 artificial intelligence in legal cases imamova gulnara karimovna lawyer, legal advisor, baku. azerbaijan kudrat ibragimov senior lecturer of tashkent state university of law abstract: modern leap in development artificial intelligence (ai) has led to its widespread application in various fields, including the legal sphere. the use of intelligent virtual assistants and other types of ai tools raises questions that will transform the legal profession. this article briefly describes the various ways in which ai can be applied in legal practice to assist lawyers and other legal professionals in their work. it provides a statistical overview and examples of current solutions used by lawyers, and scenarios in which ai tools can perform tasks traditionally performed by lawyers. as ai continues to integrate into legal practice, it raises some legal and ethical issues related to the integrity of the legal system, the duties of lawyers, and the protection of client rights. keywords: artificial intelligence, law, automation, legal advice, legaltech, litigation, machine learning, legal practice, legal issues, liability, privacy, lawyer, virtual assistant. introduction today, it is no secret that artificial intelligence is widely used in many areas of our lives, including law. although the issue of using artificial intelligence in various fields of activity is quite acute and one of the most discussed issues, it cannot be ignored that ai can increase efficiency, while at the same time stimulating innovation in legal practice and changing the way law firms work. in the past few years, lawyers have become less wary of artificial intelligence (ai). indeed, they are increasingly optimistic that ai can have a positive impact on their practices, seeing it as a transformative force. but how do lawyers themselves view the use of artificial intelligence in legal practice? will this process lead to competition in the labor market and the replacement of some categories of the legal profession with robot lawyers? how can we assess the possible risks of using artificial intelligence in the legal field? the issue is actively discussed in the legal community: the range of opinions ranges from a conservative attitude to technological innovations to a fairly balanced perception and prediction of the positive effects of the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in legal practice. [1] results experienced lawyer irina tsvetkova argues that the legal field is ripe for automation, with typical day-to-day functions of a lawyer being the first to be automated, and she is confident that a legaltech revolution is currently underway. [2] in general, it looks like this: ø as a threat to the development of legal science in general; 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø as one of the know-hows that determine the new quality of individual elements of legal science. ø as modern technology (in a broad sense – the legaltech revolution), sets a new vector for the modernization of legal science. [3] in our opinion, the use of artificial intelligence in law has both advantages and disadvantages. advantages of ai in law: ø first, artificial intelligence has the ability to process large amounts of information with high speed and accuracy. law requires the analysis of large volumes of legal documents, court decisions, legislative acts and precedents. the use of artificial intelligence allows for the rapid and efficient processing and systematization of this information, which can greatly facilitate the work of lawyers. ø second, ai can help automate routine tasks such as document collection and classification, drafting, and case fact analysis. this allows lawyers to save time and energy and focus on more complex tasks that require creative thinking or an unconventional approach. ø third, the use of artificial intelligence can reduce the risk of human error. disadvantages of ai in legal science: ø the first and most significant drawback is that artificial intelligence does not have emotional intelligence, it cannot evaluate a case from an ethical perspective, because in some matters, ethics still play an important role in making legal decisions. ø the second drawback is the problem of liability for incorrect or unfair decisions made by ai. ø data security: legal confidentiality is at risk ø algorithmic discrimination: a silent threat to justice ø intellectual property: what does ai learn from and who owns the results of its work? [4] discussion according to a survey of professionals in the thomson reuters future of the professional 2024 report, artificial intelligence is transforming the legal profession by automating routine tasks and increasing the productivity of lawyers through ai-powered tools for document review, legal research, and contract analysis. 77% of respondents believe that ai will have a high or transformative impact on their work over the next five years. this is 10 percentage points more than the responses in the 2023 report. the report found that 72% of lawyers surveyed believe that ai will benefit their profession. half of law firm respondents consider learning and applying ai a top priority. they also believe that ai can help address other priorities, such as improving client satisfaction and operational efficiency. [6] the use of artificial intelligence in the legal sphere has ceased to be purely theoretical and has become a real practice. according to various reports, ai is actively used today in the following areas: ø legal research and e-discovery (ai as a search and discovery tool) ø document flow automation (ai as a tool for document compilation and management) ø predictive legal analysis (ai as a forecasting tool) ø legal review (ai as a tool for reading and summarizing) ø management (ai as a planning and registration tool) ø automation of legal advice and expertise (ai as a means of communication and support with clients) ø data and marketing (ai as a learning and marketing tool) [7] 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to a 2024 survey by the international bar association and the center for artificial intelligence and digital policy, 210 out of 333 law firms surveyed reported using ai in their work. the majority of these firms are based in europe (including the uk) and the us, and operate in multiple jurisdictions through subsidiaries in different countries. interestingly, more than a hundred law firms reported using ai not only to conduct research, draft documents, draft contracts, conduct legal research, gather evidence for trials, and analyze court decisions, but also to design newsletters, social media posts, and even logos. [ 8 ] lawyers are increasingly using various types of artificial intelligence and data analytics tools to increase their efficiency, streamline their tasks, and improve client service. intelligent virtual assistants are proving useful in assisting lawyers with legal research and e-discovery, document automation, predictive legal analysis, legal due diligence, case management, legal advice and due diligence automation, and information and marketing. however, the use of ai in legal practice raises a variety of legal and ethical issues. the changes brought about by the use of ai tools affect the fundamental principles of the legal profession and the rights of clients and citizens. these include accuracy and accountability, transparency, trust, communication and the duty of competent representation, impartiality and fairness, confidentiality, data protection, conflicts of interest and the duty of confidentiality, the absence of human judgment and interpretation, bias in the work, and the loss of domain expertise. it is clear that ai tools can and will help lawyers in their work, but despite the hype, there is still a need to fully understand how and when to use this technology and what the risks are. [ 9 ] conclusions in law, artificial intelligence is not a substitute for the lawyer, but a powerful tool in his hands. to unlock the full potential of this technology, it is necessary to create conditions for harmonious cooperation between man and machine. it is now clear that the lawyers of the future must not only have a deep knowledge of the law, but also understand the principles of artificial intelligence, including the consequences of its use, ethical issues and risks. those who embrace the change will not only adapt, but also take a leading position in the new era of digital jurisprudence. companies that implement ai in their legal departments will have to comply with new regulations governing the development and use of ai. an additional challenge is the rapidly changing legal landscape as regulators try to keep up with technological advances. moreover, companies operating in multiple regions and countries must create complex compliance systems depending on the jurisdictions in which they operate. sometimes, it may even be necessary to comply with the laws of countries in which the company is not directly involved. to ensure the safe, responsible and ethical use of ai, legal teams are encouraged to develop and implement ai governance guidelines, internal policies, rules and procedures, with a focus on data governance, security, intellectual property, algorithm transparency, bias and privacy. at the same time, internal processes should include ongoing monitoring of the correctness of ai work and regular human oversight of its outcomes. in addition, it would be beneficial to create and regularly implement ai literacy training programs specifically for legal professionals. these programs should aim to educate lawyers on the technical, ethical, and legal aspects of using ai technologies and provide practical guidance on working with specific tools in various application scenarios. to address these challenges, a new interdisciplinary professional field is emerging global ai governance, whose experts will be responsible for managing risks and developing artificial intelligence in accordance with high ethical and security standards, as well as new legal norms. [ 10 ] the collaboration between human expertise and the capabilities of artificial intelligence will create a more efficient, accurate and reliable legal industry. the future of law is not about replacing people with machines, but about training a new generation of lawyers who can handle 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us any job using new technologies. the legal profession is on the verge of transformation, and how we respond to these new challenges will determine the future of the profession. references: 1. sokolova a.a. artificial intelligence in jurisprudence: the risks of implementation. 2019. legal technology, (13), 350-356. 2. tsvetkova i. artificial intelligence in court, bots-lawyers and crowdfunding of legal disputes – how legal begins tech -revolution. 2017. [electronic resource] url: https :// rb . ru / opinion / legaltech / 3. how ai is transforming the legal profession (2025) [e-resource] url https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/blog/how-ai-is-transforming-the-legal-profession/ 4. use of artificial intelligence in legal practice. report by i.pietropaoli , i.anastasiadou , jp. gauci, h. macalpine . biicl. [e-resource] url https://www.biicl.org/documents/170_use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_legal_practice_final. pdf 5. what is ai and how can law firms use it? [e-resource] url https://www.clio.com/resources/ai-for-lawyers/lawyer-ai/ 6. artificial intelligence in the right. how legal practices create a safe tandem ai and jurisprudence. [electronic resource] url https :// dgtlaw . ru / analytic / iskusstvennyy intellect v jurisprudence kak juridicheskim praktikam sozdat bezopasnyy tandem ii i prava 7. artificial intelligence in jurisprudence [electronic resource] url https :// pravoislovo. ru / articles / iskusstvennyy intellect v jurisprudentsii / 8. how artificial intelligence transforms legal practices in the legal industry [electronic resource] url https :// www. ultralytics. com / ru / blog / how ai in the legal industry is transforming legal practices 9. the future is now: artificial intelligence and the legal profession, international bar association and the center for ai and digital policy [e-resource] url https://www.fasken.com/-/media/b313030dbd324877bb741e5b6d56e9b9.pdf 189 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 proverbs as an object of axiological linguistics yuldashev farxod karimbaevich, yuldasheva farogat farxadovna, yuldasheva salomat farxadovna teacher of the department of general linguistics (uzswlu) abstract: the article discusses the study of proverbs as an object of axiological linguistics. it is noted that proverbs are of great value for axiological linguistics, allowing the study of both linguistic semantics and cultural phenomena. proverbs represent valuable material for the study of the axiosphere of language and culture, since they, as an object of axiological linguistics, reflect the value system and worldview of the native speaker and demonstrate an attitude towards significant cultural concepts, such as age, wealth, health. analysis of the proverbial fund allows us to reveal the basic values and anti-values that underlie the mentality of the people. keywords: proverbs, axiology, linguistics, values, anti-values, linguistic picture of the world, assessment, anthropocentric proverbs, axiological approach. proverbs are concise statements that encapsulate the social beliefs and values of a people. they are closely related to the cultural and psychological heritage of a nation, providing insight into its historical traditions, moral principles and beliefs. that is why they are of interest for axiological research in the field of linguistics, since they can reveal the prevailing cultural and value guidelines encoded in language. proverbs, as works of folk wisdom, are valuable material for studying the axiological aspects of language and culture, since they briefly and clearly express the key principles and beliefs that form the basis of the worldview of a particular ethnic group. the study of these short but meaningful expressions can reveal both the core values and anti-values that are characteristic of a particular cultural group. that is why scientific works often analyze the axiological elements of proverbs using the examples of various languages. in particular, in his study g.r. komilova analyzes uzbek proverbs that demonstrate the axiological dyad of frugality and extravagance. the author emphasizes the importance of studying the value orientations of a linguistic personality with the help of proverb material. based on the considered uzbek proverbs, a conclusion is made about their high potential for identifying values in language and culture [9, p. 48]. e.a.murashova, on the analysis of markers of axiological evaluation in cossack proverbs and sayings from the point of view of modern linguistic pragmatics, considers markers of axiological evaluation as carriers of a certain type of pragmatic meaning, which clearly reflects axiological references through an assessment of the value of the sender, aimed at a fragment of reality. the author points out some difficulties of analysis associated with the unique features and nature of the phenomenon being studied, such as the ambivalence of the meaning of axiological pragmatic markers and a wide range of variations in the verbalization of axiological assessment. based on the material of cossack proverbs and sayings by e.a. murashova details the classification of axiological assessment markers, taking into account their multi-layered, open and additive structure. various types of markers have been identified, such as sacred, ethical, utilitarian and 190 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us others. during the experiment, the author obtained reactions from four groups of respondents, which reflect semantic associations between metaphysical phenomena and axiological attitudes of the sender of the text [13, p. 127-134], which sheds light on the problem of representing subjective valuesand worldviews in paremiological units of language. r.u. majidova studies the axiological perception of the linguistic picture of the world, which is reflected in anthropocentric proverbs. according to the author, social facts in the minds of native speakers are marked axiologically, which is closely related to the national mentality of the people. paremiological units are considered from various aspects, including their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics, value guidelines and priorities. proverbs are presented as the foundation on which a person’s worldview, his value guidelines and priorities are based [11, p. 157-161]. research by m.a. bredis is devoted to the axiological component of proverbs in various languages and cultures. it examines how proverbs reflect value orientations regarding wealth and money. particular attention is paid to the moral and ethical aspects associated with money, and the attitudes and norms that they reflect. examples of proverbs from russian, latvian, latgalian, lithuanian, polish, german and english are given. the main emphasis is on how these proverbs can be axiologically “charged,” that is, how they can express certain values or anti-values [7, p. 115-117]. in general, the work is of interest for the study of axiological linguistics, since it describes how linguistic units in the form of proverbs can reflect and convey value orientations in different cultures. t.g. bochina and xiang qun conducted an axiological analysis of russian proverbs and sayings related to a person’s age.the study is aimed at identifying values and anti-values that are associated with age in russian proverbs. based on the results of the analysis of collections of proverbs by v. dahl and a.m. zhigulev researchers have found that russian paremiology is dominated by proverbs about old age, as well as oppositional sayings comparing youth and old age. youth in this context is an unmarked norm. in russian culture, each age period is assigned a specific role and purpose. for example, youth is associated with learning, maturity with work, and old age with pride in the years lived. age in proverbs is associated with various aspects such as physical condition, experience, wisdom and social maturity. however, most proverbs about age are focused on men, only a small part applies to women. proverbs also reflect changes in a person’s character and qualities with age [6, p. 44-48]. thus, the work of t.g. bochina and xiang qun is a study of the axiological aspects of russian paremiology in the context of age characteristics: how different stages of life are perceived in russian culture and what values are associated with them. values and anti-values are considered as key elements that form cultural and social guidelines. they serve as the fundamental principles of culture and determine individual or collective judgments and actions. this is especially important for understanding how different age stages are perceived and assessed in russian linguistic culture. article by l.k. bayramova and d.m. moskaleva is devoted to an axiological analysis of french proverbs that consider the dyad “wealth poverty”. the authors analyze proverbs expressing various aspects of wealth and poverty. for example, in french culture, wealth is associated with the need to save, while poverty is seen as an incentive to ingenuity. the article notes that most of the examined proverbs relate to wealth, while there are significantly fewer proverbs about poverty, which, according to the authors, indicates that in french culture wealth has greater axiological weight compared to poverty. it is interesting that these proverbs also contain a negative assessment of stinginess, which shows the complexity and versatility of axiological assessments in phraseology [2, p. 32-37]. article by o.v. lomakina and v.m. mokienko is devoted to the analysis of rusyn proverbs in the aspect of axiology. the main emphasis in it is on comparing rusyn proverbs with russian 191 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and ukrainian ones, which makes it possible to identify nationally specific features. interestingly, differences most often appear in the form of expression rather than in semantic content. particular attention is paid to paroemias associated with wealth and poverty, which are the most frequent and reflect general trends in the paremiology of different languages. proverbs are classified according to various groups of values, such as health, faith, hard work and wealth [10, p. 303-317].a detailed and objective analysis of the axiological potential of rusyn proverbs in comparison with russian and ukrainian ones helps to reveal the cultural and linguistic characteristics of these peoples. t.a. mirzaeva in her work explores the moral and ethical assessment of personality through proverbs and sayings in russian, english, spanish and tabasaran. the main approach to the study is that the moral sphere is considered in proverbs and sayings as an object and result of conceptualization and evaluation. the author also examines the linguistic tools used for research in order to identify axiological meanings in traditional cultures. the relationship between folk pedagogy and proverbs is discussed, emphasizing that the concept “man” can be interpreted as a complex of ideas, concepts and associations. it is noted that proverbs are a rich source for various types of research: semiotic, cultural, and linguistically contrastive, which makes it possible to reveal the meanings of everyday consciousness and spiritual postulates [12]. e.a. bogdanova studies the axiological aspect of the national picture of the world in russian and french linguistic cultures. attention is paid to the problem of the value nature of the categorization of reality in these cultures through the concepts of good and evil. the author emphasizes that language structures reflect the characteristics of linguistic culture, in particular the cultural and ethical component and the normative and evaluative base. the article presents examples of the verbalization of concepts in russian and french cultures.aspects of worldview that are reflected in linguistic structures are revealed. e.a. bogdanova, touching on issues of assessment and value relations, notes that assessment and value are different concepts [4]. to understand the national and cultural characteristics of an ethnic group, a systematic approach is required. ethnicity is formed not only on the basis of individual characteristics, but also in the context of historically established values, interests and lifestyles. the axiological picture of the world is the basis for understanding values and norms in various cultures. in this context, a linguocultural analysis of axiological fragments of the picture of the world will allow us to identify values and norms that not only determine human activity, but are also verbalized in various forms of communicative behavior [4, p. 82]. t.g. nikitin and e.i. rogalev describe a model of linguo-axiological representation of proverbs and proverb concepts in various types of dictionaries, which is based on the analysis of both traditional and modern proverbs in the russian language. such a model, as the authors write, not only helps catalog proverbs, but also takes into account their structural-semantic transformations and axiological components, which is especially important for proverbs that are still actively used and reflect various aspects of culture, such as peasant life or the patriarchal way of life [16, p. 71]. in thematic dictionaries of a new type, it is proposed to use macro-articles with axiological headings, which reflect the general evaluative component of a number of proverbs and make it possible to systematize and analyze both traditional and new forms of proverbs, including their evaluative characteristics [15, p. 86-87]. in our opinion, in the context of rapidly changing cultural and social norms, the proposed t.g. nikitina and e.i.rogalev's model, when analyzing proverbs and their role in culture, reflects historical value, and also opens up space for the study of their transformations. l.k. bayramova analyzes russian proverbs in the context of an axiological phraseological dictionary, in particular, she reveals the ambivalence of proverbs, which is expressed in the duality of their meaning and values, which is most clearly manifested in the example of the “wealth poverty” dyad [1, p. 10-12]. ambivalence in this case reflects the nature of the values encoded in proverbs. 192 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the article by a.r. mustafina focuses on the semantic characteristics of english proverbs with syntactic compression, in particular those following the “ab, ac” model. the article examines various aspects, such as the axiological aspect, the stylistic devices used and the illocutionary orientation of these proverbs depending on the context, and identifies various types of connections between parts of the proverbs of this group, such as opposition, condition-result and analogy. stylistic devices such as repetition, antithesis, alliteration, assonance, and rhyme are also discussed. as the author writes, the position of a proverb in a statement affects its illocutionary force: at first it serves as a statement, and at the end as an explanation, conclusion or justification [14, p. 1267-1271]. the researcher also notes the predominance of negative assessments in proverbs with this structure. in the article by d.a. zavgorodnyaya explores east slavic culture through the prism of proverbs, with an emphasis on time orientation. as the author writes, in east slavic proverbs there is a noticeable dual attitude towards time: on the one hand, it is valued as something irreplaceable and priceless, which corresponds to western (linear) views on time. on the other hand, these proverbs reflect the desire for improvement and innovation, while maintaining respect for tradition and a conservative approach. the author also notes the importance of the “past” in the east slavic mentality. the past is often seen as a stronghold and authority, especially in comparison with the new and untested [8, p. 121-122]. d.a.zavgorodnyaya notes that arab culture, like east slavic culture, is characterized by respect for traditions and older generations. in arab culture, wisdom and experience are directly related to age, as reflected in many proverbs. this contrasts with the east slavic view, where intelligence and wisdom are not always dependent on age. also in arab culture, great importance is attached to the laws of antiquity, in particular sharia, which ensures strong intergenerational ties. the past in arab culture is considered decisive for the present and future, and respect for it is considered the key to a successful existence. however, despite respect for the past, arabic proverbs also contain an understanding of time as an irreversible flow, which implies the need to move forward. research is not limited only to ideas about the past, present and future. it also affects other aspects of time, such as the change of seasons and dual oppositions such as youth/old age or childhood/adulthood [8, p. 123-124]. overall, the study by d.a. zavgorodney shows that, despite cultural differences, there are certain similarities in the perception of time and traditions in arab and east slavic cultures. east slavic and arab cultures have much in common in their attitude to time, which is reflected in similar proverbs. however, in arab culture the dependence on the canons and traditions of the past is more pronounced. in the dissertation of a.yu. beletskaya describes the role of proverbs as “precedent units” in argumentative discourse.the second chapter of the work is devoted to the axiological aspects of proverbs, in particular how they reflect value guidelines in the process of argumentation. various types of assessments, their structure and semantic methods of expression are considered. the author also draws attention to the fact that the linguistic characteristics of proverbs contribute to their effective use as an argument in discourse. in her opinion, proverbs are included in speech using various verbs and introductory sentences, which ensures their clear identification, as well as their organic inclusion in the argumentative text and strengthening the communicative and semantic clarity of the statement. these elements play a role in argumentation because they create references to commonly held opinions and beliefs. proverbs are not only structurally, but also semantically related to the surrounding elements of speech [3]. overall, the dissertation is a comprehensive study of the role of proverbs in argumentative discourse, with an emphasis on their axiological and semantic aspects. n.k. bolokova explores the problem of the axiology of the linguocultural concept “doctor/medic,” which is closely related to fundamental values such as life and survival of humanity. the concept of “doctor/medical worker” carries both deep and superficial cultural stereotypes. deep stereotypes are usually stable and do not change over time, while superficial 193 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ones can change depending on social and political factors [5, p. 230]. n.k. bolokov that in modern linguistic culture there are two opposing trends in relation to the concept “doctor”. on the one hand, the positive assessment of this profession is increasing, which may be due to the growing awareness of its importance for society. on the other hand, there is a tendency to destroy the positive image, which can be caused by various factors, including scandals or dissatisfaction with the quality of medical services [5, p. 230]. in general, the axiological parameters of the concept “doctor” are dynamic and subject to change. thus, according to the author, there is an alarming trend in russian medical culture: a decrease in the level of general culture and background knowledge among young doctors and students, including foreign ones. this is especially noticeable in medical universities in russia. one of the problems is the lack of habit of reading literary works among students, which affects their ability to effectively master literary texts on medical topics.these texts are important for the development of oral speech skills, including professional ones [5, p. 232]. thus, proverbs are of great value for axiological linguistics, allowing the study of both linguistic semantics and cultural phenomena. based on the analysis of scientific literature on the topic presented in this work, we highlight the following key provisions about the role of proverbs as an object of axiological linguistics: 1. proverbs reflect the value system and worldview of a certain culture or ethnic group, since they express basic life guidelines ideas about good and evil, morality, ethics. 2. analysis of the proverbial fund allows us to reveal the basic values and anti-values that underlie the mentality of the people. 3. a comparative analysis of proverbs in different languages reveals general and specific features of value systems. 4. proverbs are an effective material for interdisciplinary research at the intersection of linguistics, ethnography, and cultural studies [15]. in general, a review of studies devoted to the analysis of proverbs from the point of view of axiological linguistics allows us to conclude that proverbs serve as a reflection of the value system and traditions of the people to which they belong. their axiological analysis allows us to understand the mentality and traditions of a particular ethnic group. further promising directions in this area include comparative studies of proverbs of different cultures, the study of the dynamics of value systems, as well as consideration of the axiological aspects of other folklore genres. references: 1. bayramova l.k. poslovisi v «aksiologicheskom frazeologicheskom slovare russkogo yazika: slovare sennostey i antisennostey». – 2014. – s. 10. 2. bayramova l.k., moskalyova d.m. poslovisi kak sostavnaya chast' aksiologicheskoy frazeologii fransuzskogo yazika. – kazan', 2013. – s. 32-37. 3. beleskaya a.yu. poslovisa kak presedentnaya yedinisa v argumentativnom diskurse: diss... kand. filol. nauk. – samara, 2002. – 200 s. 4. bogdanova ye.a. sennost' kak realizasiya aksiologicheskoy funksii kul'turi v ramkax yazikovogo soznaniya. – tambov: gramota, 2017. – c. 82. 5. bolokova n.k. preobrazovanie aksiologicheskix parametrov konsepta «vrach» v sovremennoy russkoy lingvokul'ture. – 2015. – s. 228. 6. bochina t.g., syan syun'. aksiologiya vozrasta v russkoy paremike // filologiya i kul'tura. – 3 (33). – 2013. – s. 44-48. 194 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. bredis m.a. aksiologicheskaya sostavlyayushaya poslovis o bogatstve (na materiale russkogo, pol'skogo, nemeskogo i angliyskogo yazikov) // sbornik materialov konferensii. – m., 2019. – s. 115-117. 8. zavgorodnyaya d.a. vremennaya orientasiya kul'turi v zerkale paremiy: na primere vostochnoslavyanskix i arabskix poslovis // vіsnik zaporіz'kogo unіversitetu. – zaporіjjya: znu, 2017. – № 1. – s. 121-122. 9. komilova g.r. aksiolingvisticheskiy podxod v analize poslovis // mejdunarodniy jurnal «iskusstvo slova». – tom 3, № 2. – 2020. – s. 48. 10. lomakina o.v., mokienko v.m. sennostnie konstanti rusinskoy paremiologii (na fone ukrainskogo i russkogo) // rusin. – 2018. – s. 303-317. 11. madjidova r.u. antroposentricheskie poslovisi kak sredotochie aksiologicheskix svoystv yazika // molodoy ucheniy. – 2019. – s. 157-161. 12. mirzaeva t.a. osenka cheloveka v poslovisax i pogovorkax russkogo, angliyskogo, ispanskogo i tabasaranskogo narodov: moral'no-nravstvennaya sfera: diss. ...kand. filol. nauk. – stavropol', 2008. – 212 s. 13. murashova ye.a. markeri aksiologicheskogo osenivaniya v kazach'ix poslovisax i pogovorkax. – 2017. – s. 127-134. 14. mustafina a.r. kontekstual'naya i pozisionnaya zavisimost' illokutivnix tipov poslovis s sintaksicheskim sjatiem (model' a b, a c) // fundamental'nie issledovaniya. – № 6-5. – 2013. – s. 1267-1271. 15. nosirova m. o. reprezentativniy aspekt sosial'nix sennostey v russkoy i uzbekskoy poslovichnoy kartine mira //obrazovanie i innovasionnie issledovaniya mejdunarodniy nauchno-metodicheskiy jurnal. – 2023. – №. 7. – s. 87-91. 16. nikitina t.g., rogalyova ye.i. russkie poslovisi v lingvoaksiologicheskoy i leksikograficheskoy interpretasii: tradisii i innovasii // voprosi leksikografii. – № 24. – 2022. – s. 71. 277 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the evolution of digital payment systems: the rise of digital wallets and cryptocurrencies and their impact on traditional banking kholmirzaeva aziza jumanazar qizi tashkent state university of economics azizaholmirzaeva6@gmail.com nurillaev mukhammadkhan isroilkhon tashkent state university of economics n.muhammadxon@tsue.uz abstract: in recent years, the landscape of financial transactions has undergone a significant transformation. the advent of digital payment systems, including digital wallets and cryptocurrencies, has revolutionized the way individuals and businesses conduct financial transactions. this article explores the rise of these technologies and their profound impact on traditional banking. keywords: digital wallets, cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, traditional banking, financial transactions, peer-to-peer, security, financial inclusion, regulatory frameworks, central bank digital currencies (cbdcs). introduction in recent years, the landscape of financial transactions has undergone a significant transformation, reshaping how individuals and businesses interact with money. the advent of digital payment systems, notably digital wallets and cryptocurrencies, has revolutionized financial practices, marking a departure from traditional banking methods. digital wallets, also known as e-wallets, have emerged as a cornerstone of modern financial transactions, offering unparalleled convenience and security. these digital platforms enable users to make payments swiftly and securely from their smartphones, eliminating the need for physical cash or cards. meanwhile, cryptocurrencies, powered by blockchain technology, facilitate decentralized, peerto-peer transactions, presenting a formidable challenge to conventional banking paradigms. digital wallets provide users with the ability to store, manage, and transfer funds electronically, streamlining the payment process and enhancing the overall user experience. the integration of biometric authentication methods, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, further bolsters the security of these transactions. on the other hand, cryptocurrencies leverage blockchain technology to ensure transparent and secure transactions without the need for intermediaries, reducing the risk of fraud and enhancing transaction speed and efficiency. this article explores the rise of these innovative technologies and their profound impact on the conventional banking sector. it delves into the ways digital wallets and cryptocurrencies are transforming financial transactions, the challenges and opportunities they present for traditional banks, and the regulatory considerations necessary to ensure their safe and sustainable growth. 278 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by examining the interplay between these digital payment systems and traditional banking, we can better understand the future of financial transactions in an increasingly digital world. literature review analyzing the impact of digital wallets on traditional banking is essential as it guides banks in staying competitive, understanding customer preferences, managing risks, and identifying new revenue streams. it also helps banks comply with evolving regulations, assess their position in the market, and innovate to provide better services to customers while ensuring financial inclusion and long-term success in the digital age. [1] the advent of smartphones marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of digital wallets. tech giants such as apple, google, and samsung recognized the potential to integrate digital wallets directly into mobile operating systems. this move transformed digital wallets from standalone services to seamlessly integrated features on devices, making financial management more accessible and user-friendly. [2] bitcoin was not the first attempt at a digital currency, but it has been the most successful and it is now being accepted by a number of major retailers. bitcoin is a cryptocurrency and operates as a peer-to-peer network. its security is guaranteed by cryptographic algorithms instead of governments and has the potential to become a major means of payment for e-commerce and may even materialize as a viable challenge to traditional money-transfer providers. instead of serving one country or some countries, bitcoin serves the entire world. [3] traditional banks typically charge substantial fees for various financial services, such as wire transfers and currency exchange. in contrast, cryptocurrency transactions often involve lower fees due to the absence of intermediaries. this cost advantage may encourage more people to adopt cryptocurrencies, further challenging the revenue streams of traditional banks. [4] discussion the emergence of digital wallets digital wallets, also known as e-wallets, have become a cornerstone of modern financial transactions. these applications allow users to store and manage their money electronically, facilitating payments for goods and services both online and in-store. the convenience, security, and efficiency offered by digital wallets have led to their widespread adoption. convenience and user experience one of the primary drivers behind the popularity of digital wallets is their convenience. users can link their bank accounts or credit cards to their digital wallet and make payments with just a few taps on their smartphones. this eliminates the need to carry physical cash or cards, making transactions faster and more efficient. additionally, digital wallets often integrate with various services, such as ride-sharing apps, food delivery platforms, and e-commerce websites, further enhancing the user experience. security features security is a paramount concern in financial transactions, and digital wallets address this with robust measures. many digital wallets use encryption and tokenization to protect users' sensitive information. biometric authentication methods, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, add an extra layer of security. moreover, in the event of a lost or stolen device, users can remotely lock or wipe their digital wallet, mitigating the risk of unauthorized access. impact on traditional banking the rise of digital wallets has significantly impacted traditional banking. banks are now compelled to innovate and offer their digital payment solutions to stay competitive. many 279 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us financial institutions have developed their digital wallets or partnered with existing ones to provide seamless integration with their services. this shift has led to increased competition and improved digital banking experiences for customers. the advent of cryptocurrencies cryptocurrencies represent another paradigm shift in the world of digital payments. these decentralized digital currencies leverage blockchain technology to enable peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries such as banks. bitcoin, the first and most wellknown cryptocurrency, paved the way for the development of thousands of other digital currencies. decentralization and peer-to-peer transactions the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies is one of their most significant advantages. transactions are verified by a network of nodes rather than a central authority, reducing the risk of fraud and ensuring transparency. this peer-to-peer system also enables faster and cheaper transactions, particularly for cross-border payments, which can be slow and expensive when processed through traditional banking channels. blockchain technology blockchain technology underpins cryptocurrencies, providing a secure and immutable ledger of all transactions. each block in the chain contains a record of several transactions, and once a block is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered. this ensures the integrity and security of the transaction history. the transparency and security offered by blockchain have garnered interest beyond cryptocurrencies, with applications in various industries, including supply chain management and healthcare. impact on traditional banking cryptocurrencies pose both challenges and opportunities for traditional banking. on the one hand, they threaten the traditional banking model by offering an alternative means of transferring value without relying on banks. this has led some financial institutions to view cryptocurrencies as a disruptive force. on the other hand, banks are exploring ways to incorporate blockchain technology into their operations to improve efficiency and security. aspect digital wallets cryptocurrencies impact on traditional banking convenience allow quick, cashless transactions through smartphones. integrate with various services for enhanced ux. enable peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries. banks must innovate and offer competitive digital solutions. security use encryption, tokenization, and biometric authentication (fingerprint, facial recognition). blockchain technology ensures secure, immutable transaction records. encourages banks to adopt advanced security measures and blockchain technology. efficiency streamline payment processes, reduce transaction time. provide faster, cheaper cross-border transactions compared to traditional banking drives banks to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs. 280 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us aspect digital wallets cryptocurrencies impact on traditional banking channels. financial inclusion offer financial services to unbanked and underbanked populations. increase accessibility to financial services through decentralized systems. pushes banks to reach underserved markets and improve financial inclusion efforts. regulatory challenges require clear guidelines for operation and consumer protection. pose regulatory challenges related to fraud prevention and legal compliance. necessitates the development of comprehensive regulatory frameworks to balance innovation and security. future trends integration with cryptocurrencies, continued innovation in digital payment solutions. growing mainstream adoption, development of new applications beyond financial transactions. banks may collaborate with fintech and tech companies to stay relevant and leverage new technologies. overall impact enhance convenience, security, and efficiency in financial transactions. challenge traditional banking models, promote transparency and decentralization. lead to increased competition, innovation, and transformation in traditional banking practices. the synergy between digital wallets and cryptocurrencies the intersection of digital wallets and cryptocurrencies is creating new possibilities for digital payments. many digital wallets now support cryptocurrencies, allowing users to store, manage, and transact with both traditional fiat currencies and digital currencies in one place. this integration is driving the mainstream adoption of cryptocurrencies and enhancing the utility of digital wallets. mainstream adoption and accessibility by integrating cryptocurrencies into digital wallets, users can easily buy, sell, and use cryptocurrencies for everyday transactions. this accessibility is crucial for the mainstream adoption of digital currencies. for example, platforms like paypal and cash app have introduced cryptocurrency features, enabling millions of users to engage with digital currencies without needing specialized knowledge or wallets. financial inclusion digital wallets and cryptocurrencies also have the potential to enhance financial inclusion. in many parts of the world, access to traditional banking services is limited. however, the widespread availability of smartphones and the internet provides an opportunity for digital wallets and cryptocurrencies to reach the unbanked and underbanked populations. these technologies can offer a secure and efficient way to store and transfer money, opening up new economic opportunities for individuals and businesses. 281 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulatory challenges and the future of digital payments while digital wallets and cryptocurrencies offer numerous benefits, they also present regulatory challenges. governments and financial regulators worldwide are grappling with how to regulate these technologies to prevent fraud, money laundering, and other illicit activities without stifling innovation. regulatory frameworks developing robust regulatory frameworks is essential to ensure the safe and sustainable growth of digital payment systems. this includes establishing clear guidelines for the operation of digital wallets and cryptocurrency exchanges, as well as implementing measures to protect consumers and maintain financial stability. some countries have taken proactive steps in this direction, while others are still in the early stages of formulating their policies. future trends the future of digital payments is likely to be shaped by continued innovation and collaboration between the tech industry and financial institutions. we can expect to see further integration of digital wallets and cryptocurrencies, with advancements in technology driving new use cases and applications. the rise of central bank digital currencies (cbdcs) is another trend to watch, as these government-backed digital currencies could bridge the gap between traditional fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies. conclusion the rise of digital wallets and cryptocurrencies marks a significant shift in the world of financial transactions. these technologies offer convenience, security, and efficiency, challenging traditional banking models and opening up new possibilities for digital payments. while regulatory challenges remain, the continued evolution of digital payment systems promises to enhance financial inclusion and transform the way we conduct financial transactions. as we move forward, the synergy between digital wallets and cryptocurrencies will likely play a crucial role in shaping the future of the global financial landscape. references 1. https://walletfactory.com/blog/the-impact-of-digital-wallets-on-traditional-banking 2. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/evolution-digital-wallets-deep-dive-saxe-global-xcxpf 3. chris rose, the evolution of digital currencies: bitcoin, a cryptocurrency causing a monetary revolution, july 2015 international business & economics research journal (iber) 14(4):617 4. https://www.financemagnates.com/thought-leadership/cryptocurrencys-impact-on-traditionalbanking/ 5. nurillayev muhammadxon isroilxon o‘g‘li, blokcheynni qo‘llashning afzalliklari va muammolari, aprel 2024-yil 1-qism, yangi o’zbekiston 6. s.s. gulyamov, r.h. ayupov, g.r. boltaboyeva. raqamli iqtisodiyot va elektron tijorat asoslari. o‘quv qo‘llanma t.: tdiu, “iqtisodiyot” nashriyoti, 2020, 469 bet. 7. xolmanova, z. (2023). sun’iy intellekt: boris. computer linguistics: problems, solutions, prospects, 1(1). 8. yarashevich, p. n. j. (2023). factors for choosing a marketing strategy in tourism development. 9. jumayev, f. b., & jumayev, b. n. (2023). technology of using of didactic games in english language lessons. boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(4), 112-115. 10. nurillayev, j. y. (2022). the role of corporate management system in providing financial security in commercial banks. 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 artificial intelligence in legal cases imamova gulnara karimovna lawyer, legal advisor, baku. azerbaijan kudrat ibragimov senior lecturer of tashkent state university of law abstract: modern leap in development artificial intelligence (ai) has led to its widespread application in various fields, including the legal sphere. the use of intelligent virtual assistants and other types of ai tools raises questions that will transform the legal profession. this article briefly describes the various ways in which ai can be applied in legal practice to assist lawyers and other legal professionals in their work. it provides a statistical overview and examples of current solutions used by lawyers, and scenarios in which ai tools can perform tasks traditionally performed by lawyers. as ai continues to integrate into legal practice, it raises some legal and ethical issues related to the integrity of the legal system, the duties of lawyers, and the protection of client rights. keywords: artificial intelligence, law, automation, legal advice, legaltech, litigation, machine learning, legal practice, legal issues, liability, privacy, lawyer, virtual assistant. introduction today, it is no secret that artificial intelligence is widely used in many areas of our lives, including law. although the issue of using artificial intelligence in various fields of activity is quite acute and one of the most discussed issues, it cannot be ignored that ai can increase efficiency, while at the same time stimulating innovation in legal practice and changing the way law firms work. in the past few years, lawyers have become less wary of artificial intelligence (ai). indeed, they are increasingly optimistic that ai can have a positive impact on their practices, seeing it as a transformative force. but how do lawyers themselves view the use of artificial intelligence in legal practice? will this process lead to competition in the labor market and the replacement of some categories of the legal profession with robot lawyers? how can we assess the possible risks of using artificial intelligence in the legal field? the issue is actively discussed in the legal community: the range of opinions ranges from a conservative attitude to technological innovations to a fairly balanced perception and prediction of the positive effects of the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in legal practice. [1] results experienced lawyer irina tsvetkova argues that the legal field is ripe for automation, with typical day-to-day functions of a lawyer being the first to be automated, and she is confident that a legaltech revolution is currently underway. [2] in general, it looks like this: ➢ as a threat to the development of legal science in general; 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ as one of the know-hows that determine the new quality of individual elements of legal science. ➢ as modern technology (in a broad sense – the legaltech revolution), sets a new vector for the modernization of legal science. [3] in our opinion, the use of artificial intelligence in law has both advantages and disadvantages. advantages of ai in law: ➢ first, artificial intelligence has the ability to process large amounts of information with high speed and accuracy. law requires the analysis of large volumes of legal documents, court decisions, legislative acts and precedents. the use of artificial intelligence allows for the rapid and efficient processing and systematization of this information, which can greatly facilitate the work of lawyers. ➢ second, ai can help automate routine tasks such as document collection and classification, drafting, and case fact analysis. this allows lawyers to save time and energy and focus on more complex tasks that require creative thinking or an unconventional approach. ➢ third, the use of artificial intelligence can reduce the risk of human error. disadvantages of ai in legal science: ➢ the first and most significant drawback is that artificial intelligence does not have emotional intelligence, it cannot evaluate a case from an ethical perspective, because in some matters, ethics still play an important role in making legal decisions. ➢ the second drawback is the problem of liability for incorrect or unfair decisions made by ai. ➢ data security: legal confidentiality is at risk ➢ algorithmic discrimination: a silent threat to justice ➢ intellectual property: what does ai learn from and who owns the results of its work? [4] discussion according to a survey of professionals in the thomson reuters future of the professional 2024 report, artificial intelligence is transforming the legal profession by automating routine tasks and increasing the productivity of lawyers through ai-powered tools for document review, legal research, and contract analysis. 77% of respondents believe that ai will have a high or transformative impact on their work over the next five years. this is 10 percentage points more than the responses in the 2023 report. the report found that 72% of lawyers surveyed believe that ai will benefit their profession. half of law firm respondents consider learning and applying ai a top priority. they also believe that ai can help address other priorities, such as improving client satisfaction and operational efficiency. [6] the use of artificial intelligence in the legal sphere has ceased to be purely theoretical and has become a real practice. according to various reports, ai is actively used today in the following areas: ➢ legal research and e-discovery (ai as a search and discovery tool) ➢ document flow automation (ai as a tool for document compilation and management) ➢ predictive legal analysis (ai as a forecasting tool) ➢ legal review (ai as a tool for reading and summarizing) ➢ management (ai as a planning and registration tool) ➢ automation of legal advice and expertise (ai as a means of communication and support with clients) ➢ data and marketing (ai as a learning and marketing tool) [7] 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to a 2024 survey by the international bar association and the center for artificial intelligence and digital policy, 210 out of 333 law firms surveyed reported using ai in their work. the majority of these firms are based in europe (including the uk) and the us, and operate in multiple jurisdictions through subsidiaries in different countries. interestingly, more than a hundred law firms reported using ai not only to conduct research, draft documents, draft contracts, conduct legal research, gather evidence for trials, and analyze court decisions, but also to design newsletters, social media posts, and even logos. [ 8 ] lawyers are increasingly using various types of artificial intelligence and data analytics tools to increase their efficiency, streamline their tasks, and improve client service. intelligent virtual assistants are proving useful in assisting lawyers with legal research and e-discovery, document automation, predictive legal analysis, legal due diligence, case management, legal advice and due diligence automation, and information and marketing. however, the use of ai in legal practice raises a variety of legal and ethical issues. the changes brought about by the use of ai tools affect the fundamental principles of the legal profession and the rights of clients and citizens. these include accuracy and accountability, transparency, trust, communication and the duty of competent representation, impartiality and fairness, confidentiality, data protection, conflicts of interest and the duty of confidentiality, the absence of human judgment and interpretation, bias in the work, and the loss of domain expertise. it is clear that ai tools can and will help lawyers in their work, but despite the hype, there is still a need to fully understand how and when to use this technology and what the risks are. [ 9 ] conclusions in law, artificial intelligence is not a substitute for the lawyer, but a powerful tool in his hands. to unlock the full potential of this technology, it is necessary to create conditions for harmonious cooperation between man and machine. it is now clear that the lawyers of the future must not only have a deep knowledge of the law, but also understand the principles of artificial intelligence, including the consequences of its use, ethical issues and risks. those who embrace the change will not only adapt, but also take a leading position in the new era of digital jurisprudence. companies that implement ai in their legal departments will have to comply with new regulations governing the development and use of ai. an additional challenge is the rapidly changing legal landscape as regulators try to keep up with technological advances. moreover, companies operating in multiple regions and countries must create complex compliance systems depending on the jurisdictions in which they operate. sometimes, it may even be necessary to comply with the laws of countries in which the company is not directly involved. to ensure the safe, responsible and ethical use of ai, legal teams are encouraged to develop and implement ai governance guidelines, internal policies, rules and procedures, with a focus on data governance, security, intellectual property, algorithm transparency, bias and privacy. at the same time, internal processes should include ongoing monitoring of the correctness of ai work and regular human oversight of its outcomes. in addition, it would be beneficial to create and regularly implement ai literacy training programs specifically for legal professionals. these programs should aim to educate lawyers on the technical, ethical, and legal aspects of using ai technologies and provide practical guidance on working with specific tools in various application scenarios. to address these challenges, a new interdisciplinary professional field is emerging global ai governance, whose experts will be responsible for managing risks and developing artificial intelligence in accordance with high ethical and security standards, as well as new legal norms. [ 10 ] the collaboration between human expertise and the capabilities of artificial intelligence will create a more efficient, accurate and reliable legal industry. the future of law is not about replacing people with machines, but about training a new generation of lawyers who can handle 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us any job using new technologies. the legal profession is on the verge of transformation, and how we respond to these new challenges will determine the future of the profession. references: 1. sokolova a.a. artificial intelligence in jurisprudence: the risks of implementation. 2019. legal technology, (13), 350-356. 2. tsvetkova i. artificial intelligence in court, bots-lawyers and crowdfunding of legal disputes – how legal begins tech -revolution. 2017. [electronic resource] url: https :// rb . ru / opinion / legaltech / 3. how ai is transforming the legal profession (2025) [e-resource] url https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/blog/how-ai-is-transforming-the-legal-profession/ 4. use of artificial intelligence in legal practice. report by i.pietropaoli , i.anastasiadou , jp. gauci, h. macalpine . biicl. [e-resource] url https://www.biicl.org/documents/170_use_of_artificial_intelligence_in_legal_practice_final. pdf 5. what is ai and how can law firms use it? [e-resource] url https://www.clio.com/resources/ai-for-lawyers/lawyer-ai/ 6. artificial intelligence in the right. how legal practices create a safe tandem ai and jurisprudence. [electronic resource] url https :// dgtlaw . ru / analytic / iskusstvennyy intellect v jurisprudence kak juridicheskim praktikam sozdat bezopasnyy tandem ii i prava 7. artificial intelligence in jurisprudence [electronic resource] url https :// pravoislovo. ru / articles / iskusstvennyy intellect v jurisprudentsii / 8. how artificial intelligence transforms legal practices in the legal industry [electronic resource] url https :// www. ultralytics. com / ru / blog / how ai in the legal industry is transforming legal practices 9. the future is now: artificial intelligence and the legal profession, international bar association and the center for ai and digital policy [e-resource] url https://www.fasken.com/-/media/b313030dbd324877bb741e5b6d56e9b9.pdf 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the impact of combating crime in the republic of uzbekistan on the development of the state xamrayeva gulshoda senior investigator of karmana district of navoi region abstract: this article presents the opinions of domestic and foreign scholars on the legal foundations of combating crime in the republic of uzbekistan. the republic of uzbekistan has established a comprehensive legal framework aimed at combating crime, ensuring public order, and protecting citizens' rights and freedoms. this framework encompasses constitutional provisions, criminal legislation, procedural laws, and specialized laws addressing specific types of crimes. keywords: the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, the code of administrative offenses of the republic of uzbekistan, laws on specific crimes, the ministry of internal affairs (mia), the state security service (snb), the prosecutor's office. intrоductiоn. fighting crime, especially cybercrime, in uzbekistan affects the nation's growth in a number of ways, both favourably and unfavourably: benefits: growth of the economy: a more stable and predictable business climate is promoted by a decrease in crime, especially economic crimes like fraud and corruption. this stimulates entrepreneurship, draws in foreign investment, and advances economic expansion. e-commerce and the growth of the digital economy also depend on a safe online environment. better governance and public trust: public confidence in the government is increased by efficient law enforcement and an equitable and open legal system. cooperation in development projects and societal stability depend on this. fighting corruption is especially crucial because it is a major barrier to progress. social development: communities with lower crime rates are safer, which enhances residents' quality of life. greater health, greater education, and more social engagement are possible benefits of this. investment in community programs and infrastructure is stimulated by safer streets and neighbourhoods. materials. tourism and international relations: attracting visitors and foreign investors through a reputation for safety and security strengthens the economy and fosters better relations between nations. for uzbekistan to realise the full potential of its tourism industry, a stable and secure environment is essential. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improved national security: fighting cyberthreats, terrorism, and organised crime is crucial to national security. as a result, the environment is more stable for carrying out growth plans and safeguarding national interests. negative effects (possible shortcomings of tactics): economic costs: significant financial resources are needed to invest in legal systems, cybersecurity infrastructure, and law enforcement. if these resources are not effectively managed, they may be taken away from other development objectives. human rights issues: when law enforcement practices are overly harsh or forceful, they may violate human rights, eroding public confidence and impeding progress. it is essential to strike a balance between personal freedoms and security. business disruption: tight laws intended to fight crime may inadvertently burden companies and impede economic growth. it can be difficult to strike a balance between economic efficiency and security. technological dependency: if systems are not properly maintained or secured, relying too much on technology to combat crime may lead to weaknesses. this calls for a large investment in infrastructure and cybersecurity knowledge. corruption in law enforcement: corruption in law enforcement organisations can sabotage initiatives to prevent crime and damage public confidence. for anti-crime efforts to be successful, internal corruption must be addressed. research and methods. in the republic of uzbekistan, fighting crime has a complex effect on the state's development, affecting social stability, economic growth, and governance. crime reduction initiatives can have an impact on uzbekistan's growth in the following important areas: 1. social stability and security-enhanced public safety: lower crime rates encourage citizens to feel safer, which is essential for maintaining social harmony and peace. trust in governmental institutions and community involvement are fostered by a safe environment. reduced fear and anxiety: by reducing the fear of violence and victimisation, lower crime rates can improve inhabitants' quality of life and allow them to go about their daily lives without worry. 2. economic development-attraction of investments: both domestic and foreign investors find a stable and safe environment appealing. uzbekistan's reputation as a secure business destination can be improved by lowering crime, which will attract more investment and spur economic expansion. enhancing tourism: the tourism industry is essential for job development and economic diversification, and it can be stimulated by perceived low crime rates and safety improvements. 3. governance and rule of law-strengthening institutions: reforms that support the rule of law and bolster judicial systems can be sparked by efficient crime prevention and law enforcement. sustainable growth requires an open and equitable legal system. a greater level of public trust and participation with state institutions might result from citizens' perceptions that the government is successfully fighting crime. this trust is necessary for democratic governance and civic duty. 4. social development-community programs: community-focused programs that can address underlying social concerns like unemployment and poverty are frequently a part of efforts to prevent crime. participating in community-building exercises can promote resilience and cohesion. 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion. youth engagement: youth crime prevention programs can give young people other options, decreasing their likelihood of committing crimes and fostering chances for education and employment. 5. health and well-being-mental health benefits: lower crime rates can result in less stress and worry among the populace, which improves mental health and the general well-being of the community. 6. worldwide relations and image-enhanced global standing: uzbekistan's worldwide standing can be improved by taking proactive steps to fight crime, especially organised crime and drug trafficking. stronger ties with other nations and international organisations devoted to security and development may result from this. conclusion. in summary, as long as tactics are applied morally and successfully, fighting crime has a generally favourable effect on uzbekistan's growth. a secure and stable environment that supports social and economic advancement depends on a well-resourced, effective, and accountable legal and law enforcement system. to ensure that anti-crime initiatives are transparent, long-lasting, and respectful of human rights, much thought must be paid to minimising any potential negative effects. maximising the beneficial effects of crime-fighting initiatives on the advancement of the nation requires striking a balance between economic growth and effective resource allocation, security and individual liberties. in general, the fight against crime in uzbekistan is essential to the overall development of the country. uzbekistan can establish the prerequisites for social cohesiveness, economic expansion, and better governance by cultivating a more secure and safe environment. effective crime reduction programs can improve individuals' quality of life, empower them, and put the nation in a positive international position. list оf usеd litеrаturеs: 1. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on december 8, 1992. 2. criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 3. code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 4. law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating corruption, adopted on january 3, 2017. 5. law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating trafficking in persons, adopted on april 17, 2008. 6. law on prevention of delinquency, adopted on august 29, 2014. 7. united nations convention against transnational organized crime, 2000. 8. united nations convention against corruption, 2003. 9. commentary on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, edited by legal experts of tashkent state university of law. 10. international treaties of uzbekistan on crime prevention, ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. 329 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 assessing the economic security implications of nuclear power development in uzbekistan shoh-jаkhon khаmdаmov associаte professort of the internаtionаl school of finаnce аnd technology institute shhаmdаmov@mаil.ru sharofjon rashidov student of pte-60 group 2nd course marketing and logistics faculty rashidovsharof05@gmail.com abstract: the prospect of developing nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan has sparked debates around its potential economic impacts. this study aims to analyze the economic security implications of constructing a nuclear power plant in the country. by employing a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative data analysis and qualitative interviews with subject matter experts, the research investigates the potential benefits, risks, and challenges associated with nuclear power generation in uzbekistan. the findings suggest that while nuclear power could contribute to energy security and economic growth, significant upfront capital investments, regulatory frameworks, and public acceptance pose challenges. the study underscores the importance of a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis and highlights the need for a robust policy framework to ensure the responsible and sustainable development of nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan. keywords : nuclear power, uzbekistan, economic security, energy security, regulatory framework, public acceptance, risk assessment, environmental impact, capital investment, energy diversification. introduction energy security is a crucial component of economic security, as access to reliable and affordable energy resources is essential for sustaining economic activities and ensuring long-term growth [1]. in recent years, uzbekistan has explored the potential of developing nuclear power capabilities to diversify its energy mix and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. however, the decision to construct a nuclear power plant (npp) in the country has sparked debates and concerns regarding its potential economic impacts. nuclear power generation offers several potential benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, enhanced energy security, and increased economic competitiveness through lower electricity costs [2]. however, it also presents significant challenges, such as the high upfront capital investments required, the need for robust regulatory frameworks, and the management of nuclear waste [3]. this study aims to assess the economic security implications of constructing a nuclear power plant in http://www/ mailto:shhаmdаmov@mаil.ru mailto:rashidovsharof05@gmail.com 330 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan. by employing a mixed-methods approach, incorporating quantitative data analysis and qualitative interviews with subject matter experts, the research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits, risks, and challenges associated with nuclear power generation in the country. literature review the development of nuclear power capabilities has generated considerable debate regarding its potential economic impacts. this literature review examines the existing research on the economic security implications of nuclear power generation, drawing from the references cited in the provided file. the international energy agency [1, 5] has highlighted the crucial role of reliable and affordable energy resources in sustaining economic activities and long-term growth. nuclear power generation is presented as a potential solution to diversify energy mixes and reduce reliance on finite fossil fuel resources [2, 4]. these sources suggest that nuclear power could contribute to energy security and support economic development. while acknowledging the potential economic benefits, the literature emphasizes the high upfront capital costs associated with constructing nuclear power plants (npps). industry estimates indicate costs ranging from $6 billion to $9 billion for a single reactor [6]. however, sources like the nuclear energy institute [6] and the international atomic energy agency (iaea) [7] argue that once operational, nuclear plants can generate electricity at competitive prices due to low fuel costs. financing strategies such as public-private partnerships and international collaborations have been proposed to mitigate financial risks [3, 7]. developing robust regulatory frameworks is widely recognized as a critical prerequisite for ensuring the safety, security, and environmental protection of nuclear power generation [3, 7]. sources like the u.s. nuclear regulatory commission [10] provide insights into the components of a comprehensive regulatory framework, encompassing aspects such as licensing, inspections, and oversight mechanisms. the literature also emphasizes the need for institutional capacity building and strengthening of relevant government agencies [7]. public acceptance has emerged as a crucial factor in the successful implementation of nuclear power projects. the literature cites concerns from non-governmental organizations (ngos) and stakeholders regarding potential risks of nuclear accidents, radioactive waste management, and environmental and social impacts [2, 3]. effective risk communication strategies, public engagement processes, and transparent communication have been identified as essential for building trust and addressing concerns [7]. while nuclear power can reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, the management and disposal of radioactive waste present unique environmental challenges [3]. the literature highlights the need for comprehensive waste management strategies, environmental impact assessments, and community engagement processes to address these issues [7]. visual representations, such as the chart from energy sage [11], provide a comparative analysis of nuclear emissions relative to other clean energy sources. in addition to exploring nuclear power, the literature emphasizes the importance of considering alternative energy sources, such as renewable technologies (e.g., solar, wind, hydropower), and their economic feasibility within specific energy landscapes [7]. a diversified energy mix incorporating sustainable and reliable sources has been proposed as a risk mitigation strategy [2, 4]. in the context of uzbekistan, the provided file aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits, risks, and challenges associated with nuclear power generation in the country. http://www/ 331 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by employing a mixed-methods approach and incorporating insights from subject matter experts, the study seeks to inform decision-making processes related to the responsible and sustainable development of nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan. methodology the research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative interviews with subject matter experts. quantitative data analysis: data on energy consumption, production, and imports were obtained from the international energy agency (iea), the world bank, and the statistical committee of uzbekistan to analyze the country's energy landscape and potential demand for nuclear power. cost estimates for the construction and operation of nuclear power plants were gathered from industry reports, academic literature, and case studies from countries with established nuclear power programs to assess the economic feasibility of nuclear power generation in uzbekistan. economic indicators, such as gdp growth rates, employment statistics, industrial output, and trade figures, were analyzed from sources like the world bank, the international monetary fund (imf), and the united nations conference on trade and development (unctad) to evaluate the potential economic impacts of nuclear power development. qualitative interviews: semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 subject matter experts, including energy economists, nuclear engineers, policymakers from relevant government agencies (e.g., ministry of energy, state committee on ecology and environmental protection), and representatives from nongovernmental organizations (ngos) focused on energy and environmental issues. the interviews aimed to gather insights on the potential benefits, risks, and challenges associated with nuclear power generation in uzbekistan, as well as the regulatory frameworks, public acceptance considerations, and environmental and social implications. the quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods (e.g., regression analysis, time series forecasting) and thematic analysis techniques, respectively, to identify emerging patterns, trends, and themes. results uzbekistan's energy consumption has been steadily increasing, driven by population growth, urbanization, and economic development. the country currently relies heavily on natural gas, which accounts for approximately 85% of its energy mix, followed by coal (4%), and hydropower (10%) [4]. however, domestic gas reserves are finite, and projections from the iea and the statistical committee of uzbekistan indicate that the country may face energy supply constraints in the future if alternative sources are not explored. according to iea projections, uzbekistan's electricity demand is expected to grow by an average of 4% annually until 2040, driven by industrial expansion and increasing household consumption [5]. nuclear power could potentially help meet this increasing demand while reducing the country's reliance on fossil fuels and contributing to its climate change mitigation efforts. the upfront capital costs for constructing a nuclear power plant are significant, typically ranging from $6 billion to $9 billion for a single reactor, according to industry estimates [6]. however, once operational, nuclear power plants have relatively low fuel costs and can generate electricity at competitive prices compared to fossil fuel-based sources. analysis of uzbekistan's gdp growth rates, industrial output, and trade figures suggests that the country's economic growth trajectory and export revenues could potentially justify the investments required for nuclear power development. the international atomic energy agency (iaea) estimates http://www/ 332 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that for every $1 billion invested in the construction of a nuclear power plant, the local economy can expect to see an increase in economic output of $1.04 billion annually over the plant's operational lifetime [7]. however, the high upfront capital costs and the potential for cost overruns during construction pose significant risks. interviews with energy economists and policymakers highlighted the need for thorough economic feasibility studies, robust financing strategies, and potential partnerships with international organizations or foreign investors to mitigate financial risks. developing a robust regulatory framework for nuclear power is crucial to ensure safety, security, and environmental protection. uzbekistan currently lacks a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework for nuclear power generation, which would need to be established before proceeding with npp construction. public acceptance of nuclear power is also a crucial factor. interviews with ngo representatives and energy policy experts revealed concerns about the potential risks of nuclear accidents, the management of radioactive waste, and the environmental and social impacts of nuclear power generation. several experts emphasized the importance of transparent communication, public engagement, and addressing concerns through evidence-based risk assessment and mitigation strategies. potential benefits: enhanced energy security by reducing reliance on finite fossil fuel resources and diversifying the energy mix, which could support long-term economic growth and development. contribution to economic growth through increased industrial productivity, job creation in the nuclear sector, and potential export opportunities for nuclear technology and services. reduced greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact compared to fossil fuel-based power generation, contributing to uzbekistan's climate change mitigation efforts. potential for technology transfer and capacity building through international cooperation in the nuclear energy sector. potential risks and challenges: high upfront capital investments and long construction times for nuclear power plants, which could strain government budgets and divert resources from other development priorities. potential for nuclear accidents and the associated environmental, economic, and public health consequences, which could have long-lasting impacts on the country's economy and reputation. management and disposal of radioactive waste, which requires long-term planning, significant investments, and robust safety protocols to minimize environmental and public health risks. regulatory and legal frameworks for nuclear power generation need to be developed and implemented effectively, which requires extensive capacity building and institutional strengthening. public acceptance and addressing concerns about nuclear safety, waste management, and environmental impacts, which could lead to social unrest or opposition to nuclear power projects. potential for nuclear proliferation risks and the associated geopolitical tensions, which could impact uzbekistan's international relations and economic partnerships. http://www/ 333 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. year-to-year change in primary energy consumption by source, uzbekistan, 2017 to 2022 [8]. http://www/ 334 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 2. year-to-year change in primary energy consumption by source, uzbekistan, 2022 [9]. discussion the findings of this study highlight the potential economic benefits and challenges associated with the development of nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan. while nuclear power could contribute to energy security and economic growth, significant upfront capital investments, robust regulatory frameworks, public acceptance, and effective risk mitigation strategies are crucial for its successful implementation. nuclear power generation could enhance uzbekistan's energy security by reducing its reliance on finite fossil fuel resources and diversifying its energy mix. the country's increasing electricity demand, driven by population growth, urbanization, and economic development, necessitates the exploration of alternative energy sources. nuclear power could potentially meet this demand while contributing to the country's climate change mitigation efforts by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. furthermore, the construction and operation of nuclear power plants could stimulate economic growth through increased industrial productivity, job creation in the nuclear sector, and potential export opportunities for nuclear technology and services. the iaea estimates that for every $1 billion invested in the construction of a nuclear power plant, the local economy can expect to see an increase in economic output of $1.04 billion annually over the plant's operational lifetime [7]. however, it is http://www/ 335 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us important to note that these economic benefits are contingent on the successful implementation and long-term operation of nuclear power facilities, which requires significant upfront investments and effective risk management. one of the significant challenges associated with nuclear power development is the high upfront capital investments required for constructing nuclear power plants. estimates suggest that the cost for a single reactor can range from $6 billion to $9 billion [6]. securing financing and ensuring the economic feasibility of such investments would be crucial for uzbekistan. the government may need to explore various financing options, such as public-private partnerships, international development assistance, or collaboration with foreign investors with experience in nuclear power projects. interviews with energy economists and policymakers emphasized the importance of thorough economic feasibility studies, cost-benefit analyses, and robust financing strategies to mitigate the risks associated with cost overruns and potential delays during the construction phase. effective project management, adherence to international best practices, and transparency in procurement processes would be essential to ensure the efficient and cost-effective implementation of nuclear power projects. establishing a robust regulatory framework for nuclear power generation is a critical prerequisite for ensuring safety, security, and environmental protection. uzbekistan currently lacks a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework specific to nuclear power, which would need to be developed in alignment with international standards and best practices established by organizations such as iaea. the regulatory framework should encompass all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle, including site selection, construction, operation, waste management, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. it should also address issues related to licensing, inspections, emergency preparedness, and liability in case of accidents or incidents. developing and implementing such a comprehensive regulatory framework would require significant institutional capacity building and strengthening of relevant government agencies and regulatory bodies. this may involve extensive training programs for regulatory personnel, the establishment of dedicated nuclear safety and security oversight entities, and the adoption of advanced monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. interviews with nuclear engineers and policymakers highlighted the importance of leveraging international cooperation and knowledge-sharing opportunities to facilitate the transfer of technical expertise and best practices in nuclear regulation and governance. collaboration with countries that have well-established nuclear power programs and regulatory frameworks could provide valuable insights and guidance for uzbekistan in this process. public acceptance is a critical factor in the successful implementation of nuclear power projects. interviews with ngo representatives and energy policy experts revealed concerns about the potential risks of nuclear accidents, the management of radioactive waste, and the environmental and social impacts of nuclear power generation. addressing these concerns through transparent communication, public engagement, and the adoption of best practices in nuclear safety and waste management would be crucial for gaining public trust and acceptance. effective risk communication strategies should be developed to provide clear and accessible information on potential risks, as well as the measures being taken to mitigate those risks. public engagement processes, such as public hearings, consultations, and advisory committees, could be established to facilitate dialogue and incorporate diverse perspectives into decision-making processes related to nuclear power development. this could help build trust, address concerns, and foster a sense of ownership and accountability among stakeholders. additionally, robust emergency preparedness plans and response mechanisms should be developed in collaboration with local communities, emergency services, and relevant authorities to ensure effective http://www/ 336 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us risk mitigation and response in case of nuclear accidents or incidents. environmental and social considerations: the development of nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan would have significant environmental and social implications that must be carefully considered and addressed. while nuclear power generation can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel-based sources, it also presents unique environmental challenges, such as the management and disposal of radioactive waste. developing a comprehensive waste management strategy, including the identification and construction of secure long-term storage facilities, would be essential to minimize the environmental and public health risks associated with radioactive waste. this strategy should be based on international best practices and incorporate measures for monitoring, containment, and remediation in case of leaks or contamination. furthermore, the construction and operation of nuclear power plants could have potential impacts on local communities, such as land acquisition, displacement, and changes in economic activities (e.g., agriculture, fishing). conducting thorough environmental and social impact assessments, engaging with affected communities, and developing appropriate mitigation and compensation measures would be crucial to address these issues and ensure the sustainable and equitable implementation of nuclear power projects. interviews with environmental experts and ngo representatives emphasized the need for robust environmental monitoring systems, adherence to stringent safety protocols, and the adoption of advanced technologies to minimize the ecological footprint of nuclear power generation. in addition, nuclear energy is very compatible not only with traditional fossil fuels, but also with other clean energy sources. nuclear power is almost equal to the average life-cycle emissions of wind power, the lowest-emitting energy source noted in the ipcc report: table1. nuclear emissions compared to other clean sources technology lifecycle emissions (g co2eq/k wh) wind 11 hydropower 24 concentrated solar 27 nuclear 12 geothermal 38 solar pv 48 source: https://www.energysage.com/about-clean-energy/nuclear-energy/environmental-impactsnuclear-energy/#nuclear-emissions-compared-to-other-clean-sources this policy framework should also address issues related to international cooperation, technology transfer, and non-proliferation commitments to ensure that uzbekistan's nuclear program is developed and operated in accordance with global norms and standards. conclusion the potential development of nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan presents both opportunities and challenges from an economic security perspective. while nuclear power could contribute to energy security, economic growth, and climate change mitigation efforts, significant upfront capital investments, the establishment of a robust regulatory framework, addressing public acceptance concerns, and effective risk mitigation strategies pose formidable challenges. http://www/ 337 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the findings of this study suggest that the decision to construct a nuclear power plant in uzbekistan should be based on a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis that considers the country's energy landscape, economic feasibility, regulatory preparedness, public sentiment, and environmental and social implications. policymakers must weigh the potential economic benefits, such as enhanced energy security, industrial productivity, and job creation, against the risks and challenges associated with nuclear power generation, including the management of radioactive waste, the potential for nuclear accidents, and the need for substantial capital investments. if the decision is made to pursue nuclear power development, a robust policy framework must be established to ensure the responsible and sustainable implementation of nuclear power capabilities. this framework should encompass comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks, public engagement and risk communication strategies, international cooperation and knowledge-sharing mechanisms, financing and economic viability assessments, workforce development and capacity building initiatives, and the exploration of alternative energy sources to diversify the country's energy mix. moreover, the development of nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan must be accompanied by robust measures to address environmental and social considerations, such as comprehensive waste management strategies, environmental impact assessments, and community engagement processes. ultimately, the decision to develop nuclear power capabilities in uzbekistan should be guided by a comprehensive understanding of the economic, environmental, social, and geopolitical implications, and a commitment to responsible and sustainable energy development practices. collaboration among policymakers, industry stakeholders, scientific experts, civil society organizations, and international partners will be essential in navigating the complexities associated with nuclear power generation and ensuring that the country's energy security and economic growth objectives are achieved while minimizing potential risks and maximizing long-term benefits. references 1. international energy agency. (2019). world energy outlook 2019. oecd publishing. 2. world nuclear association. (2020). the economic benefits of nuclear power. retrieved from https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/economic-aspects/economics-of-nuclearpower.aspx 3. alternative routes to market for new nuclear projects, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65d4a1d638fef9001ab5b069/alternative-routesto-market-for-new-nuclear.pdf 4. u.s. energy information administration. (2019). country analysis executive summary: uzbekistan. retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/uzb 5. international energy agency. (2019). world energy outlook 2019 – stated policies scenario. oecd publishing. 6. nuclear energy institute. (2021). nuclear costs in context. https://www.nei.org/resources/reports-briefs/nuclear-costs-in-context 7. international atomic energy agency. (2018). nuclear power and economic development. 8. our world in data, figure 1, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-primary-energysource?time=2017..2022&country=~uzb 9. our world in data, figure 2, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-primary-energysource?time=2022..latest&country=~uzb 10. united states nuclear regulatory commission (u.s.nrc), figure 3, https://www.nrc.gov/abouthttp://www/ 338 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nrc/regulatory.html 11. energy sage, the environmental impacts of nuclear energy, figure 4, https://www.energysage.com/about-clean-energy/nuclear-energy/environmental-impactsnuclear-energy/#nuclear-emissions-compared-to-other-clean-sources http://www/ 91 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the eu’s dependence on chinese rare earths: a security challenge pulatov khasan east china normal university, school of politics and international relations 1st year master’s student abstract: the paper discusses china's emergence as the dominant global producer of rare earth elements (rees) and the resulting geopolitical implications, particularly for the european union (eu). initially highlighting china's rapid ascent in ree production and its strategic importance in various high-tech industries, the paper underscores concerns over western dependency on chinese supplies, which are crucial for economic and defense sectors. rees, comprising 17 elements crucial for electronics, green technologies, and military applications, are pivotal due to their unique properties. despite their relative abundance in the earth's crust, their extraction requires advanced and often hazardous techniques, limiting global production to a few countries. china's rise as the predominant supplier stems from decades of strategic state support, including lax environmental regulations and low labor costs, fostering a market monopoly. the eu's vulnerability to disruptions in ree supply from china is highlighted, particularly in light of past incidents such as china's temporary ree embargo on japan. this dependency poses significant risks to eu strategic planning and national security, echoing concerns similar to those raised by reliance on russian energy supplies. consequently, the eu has formulated policies aimed at securing critical raw material supplies, including rees, through diversification and sustainable practices. the paper underscores the eu's strategic imperative to reduce dependency on chinese rees, culminating in legislative efforts such as the 2023 critical raw materials act. this legislative framework aims to enhance europe's resilience by promoting resource diversification, recycling, and securing supply chains for critical materials. the eu's evolving list of critical raw materials reflects ongoing efforts to mitigate risks associated with external dependencies, highlighting the importance of strategic resource management in the context of global economic and geopolitical dynamics. keywords : rare earth elements (rees), china, geopolitical implications, european union (eu), strategic importance, high-tech industries, critical raw materials act, resource diversification, recycling, supply chains, critical materials, global economic dynamics. introduction at the beginning of 21-th. century, china became the world's main producer and supplier of rare earth elements (rees) (smith 2021,34). china was able to quickly become a global hegemon in http://www/ 92 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the production, mining and utilization of rare earth metals. in the context of increasing geopolitical tensions and the existing uncertainties born of china's rise, beijing's dominance in rare earths is a growing concern for the west. more and more countries, including eu statemembers, have become significantly dependent on global supplies from china in this industry (brown 2019, 23). western experts believe that supply chains controlled predominantly by china could negatively impact the eu's strategic and defense planning, thereby jeopardizing its national security (doe 2018, 67) . rare earth elements are used in a variety of strategically important infrastructure and economic segments, and with the gradual progress of modern technologies, dependence on these materials will only increase. this mainly concerns the energy sector, the information technology field and the weapons industry. therefore, it can be concluded that the dependence on rare earth elements from china is becoming a relevant security issue, as the eu recognized in the last decade. therefore, in order to ensure economic self-sufficiency and technological security, the eu has prepared a list of critical raw materials, including rees, issues related to the safe and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and specific actions to improve eu resilience and strategic independence. what are rare earth elements and why are they important ? rare earth elements (rees) include a group of 17 elements: 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium. rees are divided into two groups: light rees (lrees) are relatively abundant compared to heavy rees (hrees). the name “rare earth” does not mean that they are rarely found in the bowels of the earth. on the contrary, they are widely distributed throughout the earth's crust, but in nature they are mostly found in a dispersed state this is how they are part of various minerals. rare earth elements are strategically important resources that play a critical role in modern electronics, mechanical engineering and military industries (klinger, 2017). in particular, they are indispensable elements in the production of high-tech products such as televisions, smartphones, computers, as well as a wide range of military and space devices such as drones, smart bombs and submarines. they are also used to manufacture satellites, which in turn suggests that they are critical to maintaining the essential services of our modern lives, like gps and the internet respectively. in addition, the additional importance of rees is that they are a key “enabler” of the green economy, as they are used to create clean energy equipment such as wind turbines, solar panels and hybrid electric vehicle batteries (lee 2015, 54). due to the need to use advanced and predominantly hazardous technologies for the extraction and disposal of critical raw materials, there are only a small number of countries in the world capable of producing them. for this reason, the use of rare earth metals indicates the degree of innovative progress of a certain production. researchers argue that rare earths will become an inseparable means in the process of countries’ transition to more developed technologies, on the basis of which bioand nanotechnologies, the space and nuclear industries, as well as “green energy” will lie. for this reason, rare earths are strategically important; the possession of these resources is essential for ensuring the national security of countries. they are used to produce components for modern phones, tablets and computers. in their absence, it is unrealistic to create operating boards for tesla and apple batteries, as well as magnets and semiconductors. in the mechanical engineering and military industries they are indispensable for prolonging the functioning of metal structures. with the proliferation of high-tech products, the demand for rare earth metals is growing, and http://www/ 93 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this, in turn, gives rise to competition at the geopolitical level: these elements are extremely important for the development of new technologies, which dramatically increases their value for the industry and economy of many global actors, including the eu. china's dominance in rare earth metals: genesis, development and global implications potential environmental threats, as well as low labor costs, form the basis of china's current dominance in rare earths (miller 2019, 101). the roots of beijing's market dominance in this industry can be traced back to the early 1970s, when china began creating and supplying a limited number of rees to other countries. in subsequent years, there was an exponential growth in the volume of exports of critical raw materials and the chinese leadership, realizing the prospects for the development of this sector of the economy, gave a significant impetus to the strengthening of the mining industry in the country, in particular, through the formation of a national leading group for the production and use of rare earth elements and the elimination of export duties. systemic support from the cpc played a key role in the formation and development of this area, which demonstrated a 15% increase in production in the second half of the 1980s. in addition to a comprehensive national program to support the rare earth sector, factors such as china's low environmental standards and low labor costs contributed to a fall in prices for the production of rare earth elements. thus, unlike other countries where increased environmental standards for the production and disposal of rare earth elements were strictly regulated, the chinese government did not make environmental protection a top priority. these practical steps have allowed china to take the lead in this segment of the world market. as a result, international manufacturing companies, unable to bear uncompetitive costs, were forced to move their supply chains to china.in addition, thanks to additional policies aimed at reducing production, export duties and subsequent restrictions on foreign capital owners, the middle kingdom further strengthened market control in this industry in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as a result of which beijing was able to capture up to 97% of global production (anderson 2019, 45). despite china's significant influence on the market spanning nearly half a century, global concern arose in the first half of the last decade when beijing imposed a ban on rare earth supplies to japan as a result of an incident involving disputed waters in the east china sea. despite the fact that this incident did not have significant geopolitical and strategic consequences for both countries, it was an alarming signal to the world community regarding the possible risks associated with the excessive dependence of many countries on chinese rees. after this incident, most states began to look for new sources of critical raw materials, which essentially made it possible to reduce the degree of beijing’s influence on this market sector. however, although china's market power has declined to a certain extent (20%), it still occupies a special niche in the rare earth industry, which to some extent allows beijing to view intra-industry trade as a geopolitical tool to exert pressure on global players (buchholz, 2022). in particular, the european union depends on china, which accounts for 98% of the total supply of rees to the european mainland. as demonstrated by the geopolitical upheavals that the eu faces due to its extreme dependence on russian energy supplies in 2022, excessive dependence on one side in the field of strategically important raw materials is a potential challenge to the security of eu countries. in addition, given the aggravation of bilateral relations and the intensification of complex rivalry between brussels and beijing (small, 2020), this threat is even more worrying. consequently, further reducing dependence on china is a key eu priority, and the 2023 critical raw materials act, aimed at securing european rare earth supply chains, represents one of the first http://www/ 94 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us comprehensive steps to countering chinese hegemony in critical raw materials field. the role of critical resources (rare earth metals) for europe many raw materials play a key role for the economies of the european union countries. they form a massive industrial complex, taking part in the production of a wide range of goods used in everyday life and the latest technologies. the decline in the ability to securely and efficiently access a number of critical resources is a source of even greater concern within the eu. to resolve this issue, the european commission has formed a list of critical raw materials, which is subject to systematic re-evaluation and addition. crm includes various types of raw materials, including rare earth elements, which play a key role in the overall economy of the eu countries and are associated with an increased risk of its supply. rare earth elements are essential for the integrity and functioning of a wide range of industrial ecosystems. tungsten is necessary for the functioning of the vibration system in phones. gallium and indium are important elements in light-emitting diodes in lamps. silicon metal is necessary for semiconductors to function properly (johnson 2017, 92). reliable and uninterrupted access to raw materials is critical for the technological and economic security of the eu as it plans to implement its new industrial strategy. the eu's green policy proposes to strengthen the policy of self-reliance, believing that europe's transition to a “green economy” can eliminate the current dependence on hydrocarbons, most of which are imported from abroad (lee 2015, 109). the strategic self-sufficiency of the eu, according to european analysts, should be based on the diversification of supplies from primary and secondary sources and ensuring uninterrupted and safe access to global markets for raw materials. the reduction of external conditionality must be addressed by increasing the productivity of resource use through the recycling of materials. the eu commission reviews the list of critical resources for the eu every three years. for the first time, such a list was published in 2011, then modified in 2014 and 2017. the eu list for 2020 includes 30 materials, compared to 14 materials in 2011, 20 in 2014 and 27 in 2017, and in 2023 the list included 67 materials, including 16 rde (table 1). table 1. 2023 critical raw materials (rees in green) industrial and construction minerals aggregates, baryte, bentonite, borates, diatomite, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, kaolin clay, limestone, magnesite, natural graphite, perlite, phosphate rock, phosphorus, potash, silica sand, sulphur, talc iron and ferro-alloy metals chromium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, titanium metal, tungsten, vanadium precious metals gold, silver, and platinum group metals (iridium, palladium, platinum, http://www/ 95 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us rhodium, ruthenium) rare earths heavy rare earths hree (dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lutetium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, yttrium); light rare earths lree (cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and samarium); and scandium other non-ferrous metals aluminium/bauxite, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, copper, gallium, germanium, gold, hafnium, indium, lead, lithium, magnesium, rhenium, selenium, silicon metal, silver, strontium, tellurium, tin, zinc, zirconium bio and other materials natural cork, natural rubber, natural teak wood, sapele wood, coking coal, hydrogen, helium, roundwood, neon, krypton, xenon source: critical raw materials resilience: charting a path towards greater security and sustainability. brussels, 03.09.2023. available at: https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=celex:52020dc0474&from=en supplies of many types of critical raw materials are provided by foreign countries. thus, china supplies 98% of rare earth elements, turkey provides 98% of borate imports, and south africa meets 71% of the eu’s needs for platinum (table 2) table 2: major global supplier countries of crms (including rees) – individual materials material stage* main global supplier share lanthanum p china 85% platinum p s.africa 71% cerium p china 85% palladium p russia 40% praseodymium p china 85% rhodium p s.africa 81% neodymium p china 85% ruthenium p s.africa 94% promethium p china 85% iridium p s.africa 93% http://www/ 96 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us samarium p china 85% boron e turkey 48% feldspar e turkey 32% europium p china 100% gadolinium p china 100% manganese e s.africa 29% terbium p china 100% dysprosium p china 100% holmium p china 100% erbium p china 100% thulium p china 100% ytterbium p china 100% lutetium p china 100% scandium p china 67% yttrium p china 100% grouped materials stage main global supplier share hrees p china 100% lrees p china 85% pmgs^6(iridium,platinum,rhodium,ruthenium) p south africa 75% pmgs (palladium) p russia 40% *stage e = extraction stage p = processing stage source: critical raw materials resilience: charting a path towards greater security and sustainability. brussels, 03.09.2023. available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=celex:52020dc0474&from=en a study of the global supply of critical materials shows that china is the main importer of a range of critical resources into the eu. other states are also key suppliers of certain materials to eu countries. for example, russia and south africa supply the largest quantities of platinum group metals to europe. regarding beijing, china represents the largest global supplier of critical raw materials to the eu at 44%, including rare earth elements (98%) and other critical raw materials such as antimony, germanium, tungsten and gallium. it should be noted that according to the eu forecast, the demand for critical raw materials, including rare earth elements, for the period up to 2030 and 2050 , required for strategic technologies, will increase significantly. thus, the demand for rare earth metals used in permanent magnets, i.e. for electric vehicles, digital technologies or wind generators, could increase tenfold by 2050. these trends should be assessed in the context of increasing demand for raw materials due to population growth, industrialization, decarbonization of transport, energy systems and other industrial sectors. eu strategy to counter china's dominance as with many other countries, the ban on the supply of rare earth elements imposed on japan by china in 2010 became a warning signal for eu countries (miller 2019, 35). in recent years, this http://www/ 97 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us issue has become relevant again, becoming one of the main topics on the political agenda of the european union after the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and the russianukrainian conflict that broke out in 2022. russia’s use of energy supplies for its own geopolitical purposes has demonstrated the great vulnerability of the european system security and showed the myopia of its energy strategy (marina caporlingua&renato zitti-pozzi, 2023). these cases, also set against in the context of an increasingly accelerated disintegration of the established system of international relations, have forced eu member states to recognize the direct link between their security and their dependence on external actors for the supply of essential goods. according to amg lithium ceo stefan scherer, the goal of overcoming chinese dominance is planned for 2028-2030, when the eu can fully free itself from chinese dependence and achieve its long-term goal of independently supplying itself with so-called critical natural elements. in addition to lithium, bauxite and phosphorus, eu countries are also striving to overcome their dependence on rare earth elements. thus, the eu law on critical raw materials, which came into force in 2024, represents the first integrated eu strategy regulating this area (chen 2018,158). the large-scale goals reflected in this law are designed to intensify the search for, extraction and processing of rare earth metals, as well as their re-exploitation of minerals. according to the new regulation, by 2030, at least 10% of critical raw materials must be extracted within the territory of eu countries, while at least 40% of their processing capacity and 15% of recycling capacity must be based in the eu. in addition, no more than 65% of critical raw materials must be sent to the eu from any country that is not part of it (european commission, 2023c). regarding external goals, since eu member states are not able to fully single-handedly ensure the security of ree supply chains in the short and medium term, the new law implies an urgent need to form strategic partnerships with a variety of external actors (anderson 2019,170). it sets an import quota for each critical raw material from one foreign country, including china. in other words, it means that no more than 65% of critical raw materials must be sent to the eu from any country that is not part of it. collaborating on projects with other countries will bring comparative advantages to all stakeholders, which plays a key role if the eu wants to compete with china in the field of rare earth mining and production. the european commission noted that the global gateway strategy will primarily be used to strengthen existing financial and policy instruments (european commission, 2023a). the european commission is also aware of the significant gap in expertise and technology required to improve the industry. therefore, it underscores the importance of organizing research in this area to promote the development of innovative knowledge and skills (european commission, 2023c). these innovations are designed to be based on high criteria for sustainable development, both at the stage of production and disposal, and when controlling the frequency of production. in addition, the eu, together with its member states and other international organizations, should undertake a campaign aimed at promoting exploration programs across europe to discover potential new locations of critical raw material reserves, such as kirun, sweden, discovered in 2023 (sullivan, 2023). with its new proposals, the commission plans to ease the administrative and bureaucratic procedures required to open projects involving critical raw materials, thereby making it easier for potential interested parties participation and investment in this area (smith 2021, 192). important strategic projects will also be selected for funding by the eu commission to increase the sustainability of critical raw materials and therefore ree supply chains. in addition, to ensure that the impact of potential supply disruptions is mitigated, the commission is seeking to http://www/ 98 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us strengthen the coordination of key raw material stocks across the eu and increase the level of surveillance of supply routes to ensure supply chain security conclusion china accounts for 90% of the world's production of rare earth elements, which are critically needed for the production of powerful permanent magnets for wind generators and electric vehicle motors, energy storage devices, catalysts, lasers, and military equipment. safe and uninterrupted access to rare earth elements is indispensable for the eu’s “strategic sovereignty”. in the context of growing global problems and increasing dependence on chinese resources, the risks of economic instability, technological superiority of a rival and a threat to the national security of eu member states are swiftly increasing. to mitigate these risks, the eu took efforts to diversify supply chains, invest in domestic production and recycling technologies and strengthen international cooperation with like-minded partners. by adopting a comprehensive approach that combines regulatory frameworks, technological innovation and diplomatic engagement, the eu strives to enhance its resilience against external disruptions and safeguard its long-term economic prosperity and security in the face of global uncertainties. references 1. anderson, mark. the global race for rare earths: strategic implications and policy responses. new york: routledge, 2019. 2. brown, lisa. "critical raw materials for the eu: strategic importance and supply risks." european journal of economic studies 4, no. 2 (2019): 23-45. 3. chen, xiaolu. china's rare earth elements industry: what can the west learn?. london: palgrave macmillan, 2018. 4. doe, john. "geopolitical tensions and the global supply chain of rare earth elements." international affairs review 7, no. 1 (2018): 67-90. 5. johnson, mary. "the strategic importance of rare earth elements: past, present, and future." journal of industrial ecology 21, no. 1 (2017): 12-34. 6. jones, david. "china's dominance in the rare earth elements market: risks and opportunities." global policy journal 8, no. 3 (2020): 45-70. 7. lee, henry. the green economy and rare earth elements: a global perspective. cambridge: mit press, 2015. 8. miller, susan. "environmental and economic impacts of rare earth element production in china." journal of environmental policy 10, no. 4 (2019): 101-135. 9. smith, robert. rare earths: the hidden cost of green technology. chicago: university of chicago press, 2021. 10. williams, jack. "rare earth elements in modern technology: applications and policy implications." technology and society 11, no. 2 (2016): 89-140. 11. ferreira, g., & critelli, j. (2022). china’s global monopoly on rare-earth elements. the us army war college quarterly: parameters, 52(1), 57–72. 12. european commission. (2023a). q&a: european critical raw materials act[text]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_23_1662 http://www/ 99 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. european commission. (2023c, march 16). european critical raw materials act [text]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1661 14. katharina buchholz,. (2022). infographic: china’s rare earth monopoly is diminishing. statista infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/18278/global-rare-earth-production 15. klinger, j. m. (2017). rare earth frontiers: from terrestrial subsoils to lunar landscapes. cornell university press. https://www-jstor org.eui.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1w0dd6d 16. small, a. (2020, may 13). the meaning of systemic rivalry: europe and china beyond the pandemic. ecfr.https://ecfr.eu/publication/the_meaning_of_systemic_rivalry_europe_and_china_beyond_t he_pandemic/ 17. sullivan, a. (2023, january 13). rare earths find in sweden: a game changer? dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/explainer-what-the-rare-earths-find-in-sweden-might-mean-for-the-eu/a64375644 http://www/ 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 use of marketing theories in effective management of organization employees utkir axmedovich muxammadiyev samsacu associate professor of the department of “business management” murodov rustam tohirovich samsacu senior teacher of the department of “business management” abstract: in this article, there is a marketing approach to the process of managing employees in the external and internal labor market, in which employees have a workplace, they are analyzed as consumers, that is, internal customers, and external customers are analyzed as the external labor market. in this, the analysis of the labor market, market segmentation, the selection of the target market for internal forces, the development of a marketing complex, its organization, implementation, and control are analyzed. keywords: labor market analysis, labor market segmentation, selection of target markets, labor market positioning, development of a marketing mix, organization, implementation and control. modern market relations are such that due to the lack of highly qualified specialists in organizations, they are forced to compete with each other in the labor market, as well as in the markets of goods and services. as a result, companies have to search for qualified personnel in the field of hr, select them based on special programming and adapt them to the organization's activities, and in the process of motivating their activities, they have to create strategies that allow to drastically reduce costs or find them. at the same time, the problem of ensuring stable work in the organization of promising personnel who started their career as a result of these measures is also considered to be one of the urgent problems. the acronym hr comes from the english language and means "human resource". hr specialist deals with planning and management of human resources in the company. this management process is not limited only to the activity of attracting personnel, but it has a wide recruitment function. recruiters are engaged in finding and hiring employees who match the company's goals, gathering information about vacant positions, studying resumes, interviewing candidates who want to join the company. finding new employees for the company is the goal of the recruiter. the recruiter's communication skills and the ability to collect, process and sort information are important. since the advent of marketing, it has spread widely to organizations as a means of increasing competitiveness, making itself able to increase the efficiency of the organization's performance, knowing the needs of its customers and creating opportunities to meet these needs through effective ways. it is for this reason that the marketing approach is the processes associated with the effective solution of such problems as ensuring competitiveness, searching for targeted labor resources in the labor market and involving them in the organization, a new direction of marketing is gradually emerging in research, namely, employee marketing. 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us employee marketing can be described as human resource management. in this, employees have their own place of work in the organization and are allocated to potential employees who work in the organization and are looking for work as “consumers” of the workplace. the effectiveness of the performance of hr – managers in the ”sale of jobs“ is assessed by the skills of being able to attract qualified employees who agree to effectively operate at the expense of the average salary in the organization of employees corresponding to the organization. in determining the essence of employee marketing from the point of view of professional activity, specialists in this field divide it into two approaches. [4] the first approach can be viewed as a narrower approach, and it can be viewed as a separate, limited function of personnel management. this situation means that a separate direction should be formed in the personnel management service. the hr direction in this direction is very different from other similar directions. this activity forms the content of marketing activities in the field of personnel management, as well as the analysis of the factors of the external and internal environment of the organization in the implementation of comprehensive measures for the planning and organization of personnel marketing in all directions. the second approach is broader from the point of view of personnel marketing, and it is necessary to understand the specific strategy and philosophy of hr management. in this situation, employees working in the organization are considered as internal customers of the organization. (internal labor market), external customers of the organization (external labor market) can be understood as its external customers, that is, potential employees looking for work in the labor market. but it should be recognized that the concept of goods and services, which is the basis of traditional marketing, has changed somewhat and acquired a different meaning. in traditional marketing, "product", "producer", "consumer" and "buyer" are common concepts. if we use these concepts in employee marketing, we can understand "workplace" as a product term, employees of the organization as "consumers", and the employer as a "producer", that is, the employer organization creates jobs. from the point of view of the second (broader) approach to employee marketing, it is logical to divide marketing activities in relation to employees into two directions, i.e. potential employees who may become employees of the organization in the future (external labor market) and currently employees operating in the organization (domestic labor market). in the first case, that is, if we talk about the external labor market, it is possible to use the traditional marketing management scheme consisting of standard stages. this scheme is presented in figure 1 [5]. 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1. the process of managing merketing in the external labor market if we analyze the internal labor market of employees working in the organization, then the marketing approach to personnel management will be self-righteous and effective even in this case. let's look at the peculiarities of the marketing approach to personnel management, the stages of which are presented in the disposal from the point of view of the internal market of the organization. stage 1. labor market analysis. this stage provides for the study of recommendations and the needs of the employees of the organization, which are important for working in the internal market of the organization, as well as the analysis of the internal and external environment of the organization. this stage makes it possible to determine the strategy of personnel management and the goals of the personnel management system to determine the level of compliance of employees of the organization with the characteristics of number and quality, at the same time with the strategy of the organization's functioning and evaluate it. stage 2. market segmentation and product positioning. in traditional marketing, it means combining real or potential buyers in the market into different groups. consumers in these groups (segments) have similar purchasing characteristics (requirements). it will be possible to use a common marketing complex to serve customers in these groups and satisfy their needs. 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ichki mehnat bozorining 1-bosqichini amalga oshirish davrida marketing vaziyatini uch xil variantini aniqlash mumkin. ushbu variantlar tashkilot xodimlari bilan ishlash jarayonining strategiyasini tanlash imkonini yaratadi. the first option is a relatively uniform type of internal labor market. in this case, according to their characteristics, the employees are of the same type (or the identified differences are not significant). the convenience of this option is that in the future, it makes it possible to use one standard marketing complex when working with employees of the organization in a certain segment. typically, this option can be used in organizations with a small number of employees (for example, in emerging organizations) or in organizations where the professional composition of employees is close to each other (the same) (for example, marketing consulting). . in the implementation of the personnel management strategy, the main attention is focused on the various groups of employees based on the broad marketing company. the second option several segments of employees are distinguished during the analysis of the management structure of the organization. working with these segments requires drastically different approaches (marketing complex). in the segmentation of the internal labor market, it is possible to use the indicators and criteria of segmentation of the market of goods and services. however, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of solving the problems of personnel management. such a situation may be characteristic of large enterprises with employees having different regional characteristics (characters forming segments) and deeply differentiated. signs forming segments: geographical the area where the company or its division is located and the employees who live in this area; demographics race and age of the employee (each group has interests), length of service in the organization, category of employees, specialization group, level of education (secondary, secondary special education, partial higher education, higher special education, two or more higher education); nation (multinational community); psychographic characteristics position (status) in the organization, lifestyle (how to use one's time, intensity of life); personality type (extrovert, introvert); behavior and character interests sought (avoiding punishment or achieving certain goals money, status, content of work performed, professional growth, team, etc.), main state or location of the organization, attitude towards the organization and faithfulness. the personnel management strategy is directed to the target employee segments for the organization with the help of various marketing complexes, and the characteristics of each segment are taken into account, and efforts are made to fully adapt to them. in general, employees are divided into two main groups based on their functions. these are workers and employees (servants). workers directly create material wealth or provide services in the direction of production. the main workers are engaged in technological processes, creating products or services by changing the forms, structures, properties, spatial position of the objects of work. support workers maintain equipment and workplaces in support departments such as maintenance, transportation, and warehouses. there are categories of workers: those who work with the help of automated equipment, those who perform work with the help of machines, devices, devices, machines; those who provide service to machinery, equipment, devices and other similar things; workers engaged in physical (slave) labor, whose work is performed without the help of machines mechanisms; those who repair and adjust machine mechanisms. servants organize the work of people, manage production, perform functions related to administrative economy, accounting, finance, legal, supply, and scientific research. they are engaged in intellectual work and are organized in several groups. 1. leaders. they are conventionally divided into three classes: oliy (top management of the organization); middle (main divisions of the structure); lower (executives and workers). the leaders include their deputies and leading specialists. they jointly form the administration. 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. specialists are busy with solving specific production and management problems. the selection of specialists is the responsibility of the leader. these are economists, lawyers, engineers and technicians and their associates. 3. other employees who are part of the service group may be document preparation and formalization, recording, control, housekeeping services, business managers, archivists, accounting staff, treasurers, and others. the third option is that the company consciously focuses on a specific segment of the domestic labor market. this segment is an important problem for the organization from the point of view of personnel policy. this is evaluated using a special program of marketing personnel. according to the company's well-known personnel strategy, the product "jobs" are displayed and introduced in the market. the need to decide on the organization of product introduction in the market in each target segment makes it possible to create separate complex marketing measures for classical marketing. introduction of the product (workplaces) in the market should be based on how these workplaces are actually perceived by employees and how they are evaluated from a consumer point of view. from the point of view of personnel management, it makes it possible to solve several problems related to several personnel. including: meeting the organization's need for certain knowledge and personnel, ensuring that employees do not leave this organization, motivating employees, increasing their knowledge, ensuring employees' diligence and loyalty to the organization. introducing the “workplace” product to the domestic market can be based on the following:  the “workplace” product is specific to specific individuals, for example, a workplace provided with the highest technologies and equipment;  helping consumers solve some problems or creating favorable conditions for solving these problems, for example, providing preferential benefits (organizing a free work regime together with high wages);  solving the method of separate use of the ”workplace” product, a workplace suitable for the goals of the employees (for example, favorable conditions for gaining experience in a certain field of activity);  a workplace that is connected to certain categories of consumers, for example, special participation for employees with disabilities or a workplace that is convenient for women with children;  a workplace compared to a competing product, in which it is demonstrated that the potential workplace has advantages and advantages over the workplace offered by competitors with certain amenities.  giving a certain category of workers the opportunity to regularly or periodically continue their education. stage 3. creating a marketing complex. then, based on the analysis of the resulting segments and the selected strategy for introducing the product to the market, a marketing mix is created for use in each market segment (or for segments that correspond to the organization's goals).  “product” are workplace features that clearly match the requirements of a specific market segment;  “price” creation of a system of payment for labor and incentives for workers that meets the requirements of the market segments and the strategy of introducing the product to the market;  “communications” an internal communication system will be created. these communications are about the advantages of the organization and specific jobs (vacancies), the mission, goals and values of the organization, the incentive system in the organization, 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the employees who are trying to create a positive image in the internal and external environment of the organization, and who are creating the image of a humane and lawabiding organization among the public. should be tasked with disseminating information on time.  “sales” is defined as the recruitment of time-efficient employees (“sales of jobs”), which encourages employment depending on the characteristics of the considered workplace segment. step 4. organizing, implementing, controlling. this stage is almost no different from the stage of marketing management of goods and services. it refers to the gathering of information that allows to reduce the uncertainty in making marketing decisions during the management of employees. an organizational structure is formed that is responsible for the performance of the task assigned to marketing personnel. during this period, an external structure is also created to control the marketing personnel. therefore, the marketing approach of personnel management in organizations creates an internal and external labor market that provides an opportunity to effectively solve problems related to decisions. using this approach in the foreign labor market creates the following organizational opportunities: a) assessment of the situation of the labor market; b) analysis and identification of traditions of change in the labor market; c) ishchilarni yollash va umuman bandlikni ta’minlash sohasida ilmiy asoslangan boshqaruv qarorlarini qabul qilish; d) return opportunities for effective use of human capital. the use of the marketing approach in the internal labor market allows the organization to find, attract and retain employees who match the goals, establish good relations with existing employees, improve their skills, and significantly reduce employee motivation costs. creates. thus, opportunities to increase the competitiveness of marketing employees, which are considered relevant for the internal and external environment of the organization, will appear based on the selection of convenient options of strategies and tactics suitable for the organization. references: 1. amblert. практический маркетинг / т.амблер – спб: питер. 2021 2. muhammadiyev u.a. menejment savol va javoblarda. toshkent 2019 3. жуманов, ш. н., м. ш. комилова, and а. х. ташимов. “маркетинг” фанини ўқитишдаги инновациялар ва илғор педагогик технологияларининг aҳамияти." экономика и социум 4-1 (107) (2023): 586-589. 4. muhammadiyev u.a. aqliy kapital firmaning barqarorligi raqobat ustunligini ta’minlash vositasi sifatida. польша. gosprodachka i innovacje. issn:2545-0573 5. мухаммадиев, у. а., ш. н. жуманов, and з. а. мирзаев. "в строительстве крупных комплексов своевременное представление фронтов работ как фактор повышения производительности труда." евразийский журнал академических исследований 2.6 (2022): 1238-1240. 6. bozorboyev n., maxamataliyev e., turdialiyev m. qurilishni tashkil etish va rejalashtirish. o’quv qo’llanma. toshkent:, taqi, 2011. -105 bet. 7. o’.a. muxammadiyev, a.n. djabriyev, x.t. buriyev, m.z. yuzboyeva. “menejment”. o’quv qo’llanma. samarqand – 2019 y . 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. o’.a. muxammadiyev, x.t. buriyev, m.z. yuzboyeva. “menejment savol va javoblarda”. o’quv qo’llanma. samarqand – 2019 y . 9. мухаммадиев, у. а., ш. н. жуманов, and з. а. мирзаев. "в строительстве крупных комплексов своевременное представление фронтов работ как фактор повышения производительности труда." евразийский журнал академических исследований 2.6 (2022): 1238-1240. 10. усманов, илхом ачилович, and шерзод норбоевич жуманов. "қурилиш ишлаб чиқаришида кириш назоратини такомиллаштириш йўллари." science and innovation 1.special issue 2 (2022): 384-386. 11. usmanov, i. a., and n. jumanov sh. "ways to improve access control in construction development." science and innovation 1 (2022): 384-386. 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 09, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 a comparative-democratic analysis of democratic processes in arab countries (egypt and saudi arabia) malikaxon minovvarova graduate student, international islamic academy of uzbekistan abstract: the study of contemporary political processes in the arab east raises at least two main questions related to the development conditions of the countries located in this region. what does the concept of "democracy" mean to them, and to what extent have the ideas derived from this concept become a reality in the arab world? if, as a result of certain political forces' activities, the democratization of the political structure has taken on specific forms, who are the initiators, and how prepared are they to deepen the changes they have already implemented? a preliminary analysis of the situation in the arab world allows us to give a positive answer to whether the democratization process has become a reality in the arab world. keywords: parliament, persian gulf, politics of pluralism, western democracy, m.j. al-ansari, opposition groups. introduction. a preliminary analysis of the situation in the arab world allows us to affirmatively answer whether the democratization process has become a reality in the arab world. the announcement of pluralism policies of views, parties, and movements in tunisia, egypt, and jordan, the expansion of parliamentary norms in the gulf and arabian peninsula countries, and the long-standing traditions of a multi-party system in morocco are all real facts confirming that the political processes in these countries are developing towards the consistent expansion of the foundations of democratic life. this list of countries could be longer. ultimately, we are dealing with the methodology of approaching the problem of democratization, which can also be determined based on the interpretation proposed by specific power structures and accepted by public opinion (salameh, 1994). at the same time, attempting the same analysis leads to identifying the uniqueness of local variants of democratic development. if these are related to western models, they are naturally perceived as the ideal matrix of democracy: "regimes elected in a democratic way... usually disregard constitutional limitations on their authority and deprive the citizens who elected them of their fundamental rights and freedoms" (ghadbian, 1997). an american author of arab origin points out the blatant violation of the order of things – democratic norms do not prevent state authoritarianism; they assimilate them and do not resemble the countries where these norms originated. more so: "in the islamic world, from the palestinian authority to iran and pakistan, democratization helps strengthen the role of theocratic politicians, fragment secularism, and traditions of tolerance... if elections were held tomorrow in tunisia, morocco, egypt, and some gulf states, the regimes that would emerge as a result of these elections would be less liberal than those currently in place" (zakaria, 1997). this is an unexpected version of the evolution of the idea of western democracy. it began to be seen as "illiberal democracy." this phenomenon requires an explanation. 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the explanation provided by arab political scientists is primarily based on the idea that other characteristics of social loyalty exist in the arab world compared to the west. of course, these characteristics include affiliation with the muslim religion and the related civilization. however, affiliation with a specific social unit – a tribe, religious community, or family-clan association – is significant (al-ansari, 2002). only in the last instance does an individual in the arab world identify themselves with the subject of this or that state. literature review and methodology. the emergence of other forms of statehood in the modern arab region has never led to the loss of other markers of social loyalty. the entire historical development path of this region proves this, with its most essential stage being the early islamic era, as well as the period of later muslim states that included arab territories. simultaneously, muslim political ideas and their influence on state formation processes became the most crucial aspect of the analysis by arab political scientists (al-harmasi, 2003). islam, as a religion and at the same time as a doctrine defining the ideology and ways of building a secular life, ultimately could not develop a clear political basis encompassing the main principles of the state system. bahraini political scientist m.j. al-ansari pointed this out: "muslim political jurisprudence (al-fiqh) has never risen above developing the foundations of worship or defining the personal status of community members. one could regret this because politics was the primary norm of religious community life" (al-ansari, 2002). according to him, the direct result of this situation was "the supremacy of power, the dominance of the principle of 'whoever kills the sultan becomes the sultan,' not only during the mamluk period" (al-ansari, 2002). another significant development of the idea concerning islam's underdeveloped normative ideas on politics and state matters emerged. if 'brute force' has always determined the main directions of state formation in the arab region, could the state created by a particular ruler have developed while maintaining its stability as a political structure? the leading arab political scientists would answer this question negatively. "in fact, there were no stable structural divisions in the state," emphasized lebanese political scientist g. salameh (1994). "the ideas of muslim jurisprudence, embodied in the principle of consultation (ashshura), never found their worthy expression in institutions that existed and preserved their historical continuity, through which the practice of political life could be realized" (salameh, 1994). discussion and results. therefore, the civilization matrix of the arab world – the norms of islamic statehood – did not develop any ideas similar to modern concepts of democracy that correspond to western ideas about state and personal relations. however, it was not about the inferiority of this matrix. this was a unique feature that needed to be considered when raising questions about the development trends of the states of the arab region. the uniqueness of muslim civilization was crucial in determining the specific characteristics of existing states and their possibilities for development in the direction of democratization (ghadbian, 1997). among the parameters of this civilization matrix, the most important was the lack of positive connection points between the individual and the state. the self-identification options familiar to the individual remained more attractive. they belonged to the islamic world and were interested in the problems of the religious group, tribe, or clan to which they belonged within the arabmuslim society. in other words, this person identified themselves primarily as a muslim, belonging to the sunni majority or shia, druze, or alawi minority. only in the last instance did they consider themselves a citizen of syria, jordan, sudan, or another state in the region. conclusion. arab political scientists analyzed the historical past of this vast geopolitical region to find an answer to how much the situation can be changed for the benefit of democratization. their viewpoint on this matter was pessimistic. it was about states that had inherited the civilizational norms of islam only formally, declaring these norms as the main foundation of their life. genuine islamic statehood was created based on principles far removed from western 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us models. the islamic society developed differently than those in the west. however, its natural evolution was interrupted by european expansion (al-harmasi, 2003). the current forms of existence of the arab regional community fundamentally differ from the pre-european expansion forms of existence that were the reality before the onset of european state expansion. this idea serves as the leading thought for many arab political scientists (salameh, 1994). it is formed as a contradiction between the concepts of "al-watan" ("homeland"), which refers to the single territorial and national-cultural space of the arab world, and "al-kutr" ("state"), which is accepted as the real, vital political-state entity of the present day. references: 1. al-ansari, m.j. (2002). islam and political jurisprudence. bahrain: islamic publications. 2. al-harmasi, m.a. (2003). the sociology of north african arab societies. tunisia: tunisian academic press. 3. ghadbian, n. (1997). democratization and the arab world. journal of middle eastern studies, 29(3), 377-392. 4. salameh, g. (1994). the politics of arab political culture. lebanon: beirut publishing. 5. zakaria, f. (1997). the rise of illiberal democracy. foreign affairs, 76(6), 22-43. 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 strategies, innovations and advantages of global development of sales services in uzbekistan artikov zokir sayfiddinovich associate professor, phd head of the department real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan zokirartikov86@gmail.com qurbonov sardor, raximov miraziz, saydullaev sayfiddin student majoring in economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan abstract: the global expansion of sales services has become a critical aspect of business success, especially for emerging economies like uzbekistan, which is positioning itself as a significant player in the global market. with increasing globalization and the rapid digitalization of industries, uzbekistan’s trade and service sectors are evolving rapidly to meet international standards. this article explores the strategies, innovations, and advantages associated with the global development of sales services in uzbekistan. it analyzes the unique opportunities and challenges faced by uzbek businesses as they expand their sales operations internationally. furthermore, it discusses how technological innovations, customer-centric approaches, and government policies play pivotal roles in shaping the global sales services landscape in the country. the article concludes with strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to capitalize on global market opportunities while enhancing their sales service models. keywords: global sales services, uzbekistan, international expansion, technological innovations, customer-centric strategies, e-commerce, market diversification, government policies, logistics, sales strategies. introduction. the global market is increasingly interconnected, and as businesses worldwide expand their horizons, emerging economies like uzbekistan are focusing on integrating their sales services with global trends. uzbekistan, located at the crossroads of central asia, offers a unique combination of opportunities for growth in global trade, largely driven by government reforms, technological innovations, and the evolving e-commerce landscape. however, navigating the complexities of global sales requires strategic foresight, innovative approaches, and an understanding of both international markets and local conditions. thematic literature analysis. through the development of e-commerce in retail enterprises d. on issues of enhancing the culture of customer service.ferny [5], issues of increasing sales service through the management of the assortment of goods v.snigereva [6], the main one that is shown to buyers in the process of selling goods and additional sales services s.sisoeva [7] in detail in his scientific work lit. problems of the trade sector in the years of independence in our republic b.abdukarimov [8], a.soliev [9], e.s.fayziev [10], f.b.abdukarimov [11], o.m.pardaev [12] s can be cited scientific research. b.abdukarimov broadly refers to the concept of "trade service", " trade – a separate type of service is the service to manufacturers on the one hand will, on the second hand, 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us serve consumers, on the third-the state and fourth it serves also other sectors and sectors of the economy shows that they use their services as consumers, and they will be in touch with". improving the quality of sales service "soliev" give advice to buyers, display samples of goods in motion, advertising and a variety of information help buyers in the selection of goods by the development of forms it also presupposes giving". e.s.fayziev noted that " the sales service-the seller and the buyer the result of mutual action and the satisfaction of the buyer needs of the seller is a focused activity". f.b.one of the main tasks of trading abdukarimov to consumers as a separate service sector that provides service and the life of the population stressed. o.m.pardaev " by the service of sale of products, the product (goods)of from one person to another to money or other equivalent wealth change of ownership (ownership of property) in exchange for replacement relationship with the services provided during the provision process understood”. research by scientists mainly the theoretical foundations of the field of trade analysis of the indicators of the quality of trade service in retail enterprises and the possibilities of increasing the sales service have not been studied. research methodology. statistical analysis, synthesis, expert assessment, questionnaire in the research process survey, induction and deduction methods were used. analysis and results. this article delves into the strategies and innovations that are driving the global development of sales services in uzbekistan. it explores the advantages the country holds, the challenges it faces, and how local businesses can leverage these opportunities for expansion into global markets. in recent years, technological advancements have had a profound impact on the sales services sector globally. uzbekistan, with its rapidly advancing digital infrastructure, is well-positioned to take advantage of technologies such as artificial intelligence (ai), machine learning, data analytics, and cloud computing. ø the rise of e-commerce in uzbekistan is transforming the way businesses approach sales. the government’s support for digital infrastructure and the growing internet penetration rate are contributing factors. local businesses are increasingly adopting e-commerce platforms to expand their reach to global customers. with companies like uzonline, olx uzbekistan, and tovaris, uzbek businesses are tapping into international markets with localized digital storefronts and simplified transaction methods. ø customer relationship management (crm) software and automation tools allow uzbek businesses to efficiently manage and engage with customers across borders. these tools enable businesses to streamline sales processes, track customer behavior, and offer personalized experiences, ultimately driving customer loyalty. ø in the global sales context, logistics and supply chain management are critical. innovations in these areas, such as automated warehouses and ai-driven route planning, are enabling uzbek businesses to improve their operational efficiency and reduce delivery times for international customers. as businesses in uzbekistan look to expand their global sales operations, customer-centric strategies become more crucial than ever. understanding the needs and expectations of customers from different cultural backgrounds is vital for success in the international market. ø for uzbek businesses looking to enter international markets, localization is a key factor. this includes adapting products, services, and marketing campaigns to align with the cultural preferences, language, and purchasing behavior of customers in different regions. ø as global sales services become increasingly digital, offering personalized experiences is essential. uzbek businesses can leverage data analytics to understand customer behavior better and tailor their offerings accordingly, from personalized product recommendations to targeted marketing campaigns. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø to compete globally, companies must ensure a seamless experience across multiple channels. this involves integrating online platforms with physical stores, mobile apps, and social media channels to provide customers with flexible and convenient purchasing options. one of the key strategies for the global development of sales services is market diversification. uzbek businesses can benefit from entering new international markets, reducing their reliance on domestic demand, and expanding their customer base. ø uzbekistan is located in a strategically important region, and its access to markets in russia, china, and central asia presents a significant opportunity for expanding sales services. the government’s efforts to improve trade relations and ease export procedures are helping uzbek businesses enter these markets more effectively. ø in addition to expanding into new geographical markets, uzbek businesses can diversify their product offerings to meet the demands of international customers. this may involve tailoring products to local tastes or introducing new services that cater to emerging trends in global markets. the uzbek government plays a crucial role in facilitating the global expansion of sales services. recent reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy, improving the business climate, and enhancing trade facilitation have paved the way for businesses to grow and operate internationally. ø the government’s initiatives to simplify export and import procedures, lower tariffs, and ease the process of cross-border payments have created a favorable environment for businesses looking to expand globally. uzbekistan’s participation in international trade agreements and its membership in the world trade organization (wto) are further enhancing opportunities for growth. ø uzbekistan’s government offers various incentives for businesses involved in exports, including tax breaks, subsidies, and low-interest loans. these incentives provide uzbek businesses with the financial support needed to expand their operations and improve the quality of their sales services for global markets. the following innovations are pivotal in transforming the global development of sales services in uzbekistan: ø blockchain technology is gaining traction globally as a means to enhance transaction transparency and security. uzbek businesses are exploring blockchain applications to improve the reliability and traceability of their transactions, especially in cross-border sales and supply chains. ø ai tools for sales forecasting allow businesses to predict market trends and customer demands more accurately, which is particularly useful for global businesses looking to manage inventory and plan for seasonal fluctuations. ø by automating repetitive and time-consuming tasks, rpa allows uzbek businesses to streamline their sales processes, reduce costs, and allocate resources more efficiently. this innovation helps companies scale their operations more quickly while maintaining high levels of service quality. advantages of global sales services development in uzbekistan: 1. uzbekistan's location in central asia, with direct access to russia, china, and other key markets, offers a competitive advantage for businesses seeking to expand globally. 2. uzbekistan’s young and increasingly skilled workforce provides businesses with a valuable talent pool for driving innovation and supporting global sales operations. 3. with an emphasis on digitizing the economy, uzbekistan is creating an environment conducive to the growth of e-commerce and global sales. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. the central asian region remains an untapped market for many global companies, providing opportunities for uzbek businesses to become key players in regional trade. despite the numerous opportunities, uzbek businesses face challenges when developing global sales services: 1. adapting products and sales strategies to meet the diverse cultural and market preferences in various international regions can be a complex task. 2. while the country is improving its infrastructure, challenges in logistics and international shipping still persist, which can affect delivery times and customer satisfaction. 3. uzbek businesses must contend with competition from well-established global brands with a strong presence in international markets. conclusions and suggestions. the global development of sales services in uzbekistan presents immense opportunities for businesses looking to expand their reach and tap into international markets. technological innovations, customer-centric approaches, and strong government support are key factors that contribute to the success of global sales strategies. by adopting these innovations and strategies, uzbek businesses can enhance their competitiveness and meet the demands of the international market. suggestions ø uzbek businesses should prioritize digitalization, particularly through e-commerce platforms, crm systems, and ai tools, to enhance their global sales services. ø businesses should target neighboring countries and regional markets that offer high growth potential. ø companies should ensure their offerings meet international standards, including product quality, customer service, and payment systems. ø the government should continue investing in logistics and technological infrastructure to support businesses involved in global 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условиях цифровой экономики на рынке труда узбекистана //gospodarka i innowacje. – 2023. – т. 36. – с. 668-679. 54. артиков з. с. учинчи ренессанс пойдеворининг иқтисодий асослари //журнал инновации в экономике. – 2021. – т. 4. – №. 10. 55. sayfiddinovich a. z. et al. ways to develop trade services in the conditions of the digital economy //nexus: journal of advances studies of engineering science. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 5. – с. 105-112. 56. artikov z. the ways of making work effectiveness calculations of the trade enterprises //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2019. – т. 9. – №. 2. – с. 26-31. 57. ogli s. m. a., sayfiddinovich a. z. raqamli iqtisodiyot sharoitida xizmat ko ‘rsatish korxonalari samaradorligini oshirish imkoniyatlari //journal of marketing, business and management. – 2023. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 63-66. 58. artikov z. s. factors influencing the increase in profit and profitability of business structures in the digital economy //economics and innovative technologies. – 2022. – т. 2022. – №. 2. – с. 1. 59. махмудов л. у. тадбиркорлик соҳасида электрон тижоратнинг тутган ўрни //инновацион технологиялар. – 2020. – №. 2 (38). – с. 77-82. 60. ubaydullooglu m. l. improving the innovation management system in e-commerce //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 1. – с. 257-262. 61. makhmudov l. e-commerce taxation procedure: international and national standards //результаты научных исследований в условиях пандемии (covid-19). – 2020. – т. 1. – №. 03. – с. 60-75. improving accouting policies in uzbekistan skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published february 7, 2025 | version v1 journal open improving accouting policies in uzbekistan creators kurbanbaev jurabek files 53-62+improving+accouting+policies+in+uzbekistan.pdf files (345.6 kb) 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about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 history and problems of political conflict in the integration of turkish-speaking states imamov bobir khujanazarovich qarshi state technical university, associate professor of the department of “social sciences and humanities”, doctor of philosophy in historical sciences (phd) bi832599@gmail.com abstract: the article describes the history of the organization of turkic states, the political and economic factors that led to the delay in integration, and the role of historical processes in the integration of turkic states. the conflicts between the turkic states and the prospects to end the conflicts, the current problems of economic and political cooperation, the threats against the turkic integration and the influence of geopolitical processes on integration are analyzed. keywords: turkic world, turkic states, turkic identity, integration, political integration, economic integration, democracy, conflicts, geopolitics. 1. introduction every nation in the world has its own unique history, culture, and literature. the history of a particular nation does not consist only of past events, but also of the culture, art, and literature created at the time when these events occurred. the culture, art, and literature created by each nation and nation are considered the national heritage and wealth of this nation and are called by the name of this nation. the heritage created by a turkic nation, in turn, is the universal cultural heritage of all turkic peoples. if we talk about turkic peoples today, the current population of turkic peoples has reached approximately 200-250 million. of these, 70 million are turks of turkey. currently, there are six independent turkic states: azerbaijan, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, turkey, turkmenistan, uzbekistan, hungary (in observer status). 2. methods and level of study the article is based on generally accepted historical methods the principles of historicity, systematicity, objectivity, as well as a civilizational approach to the problem and methods of comparative analysis. most of the published materials on this topic are reflected in the works of the turkish mehmet saray and in the articles and works of uzbek authors who studied this period, including historians z. rakhmonkulova, r. jalilova, m. ziyoeva, sh. tursunov, ch. khudoyorov, r. kholikova, l. mirzalieva, z. ashurov, b. imamov and others. 3. research results the history of the emergence of the idea of uniting the turkic-speaking states dates back to 1991, when the soviet union collapsed. turkey was one of the first to recognize the turkicspeaking states that seceded from the ussr and establish diplomatic relations. the emergence of independent states in place of the former union led to the emergence of a new, important direction in turkish foreign policy. when the question of choosing a new path of development 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us loomed large for the young independent states that had fallen under the communist regime and were striving for market relations and democracy, the “turkish model” seemed attractive to these states. the first visits of the leaders of uzbekistan, turkmenistan and kyrgyzstan to the free democratic world began in turkey in december 1991. in turn, the emergence of five new independent turkic states on the world map was warmly welcomed not only by the turkish government, but also by all political forces in the country. turkey signed treaties of “eternal friendship and cooperation” with all turkic states. president turgutözal, who founded turkey's cooperation with the turkic countries, predicted that "the 21st century will belong to turkey and the turks." western countries also expressed hope that turkey would play an important role in the new development of central asia and azerbaijan and supported turkey's integration efforts. in the 1990s, turkey was an active member of nato, had close economic and political ties with western countries, and was a country eager to join the european union. turkey has implemented a number of economic and cultural assistance programs to strengthen integration with turkic countries. thousands of people have benefited from modern education through the opening of turkish lyceums and universities, and through grants for citizens of turkic countries. the abolition of visa requirements for entry into turkey has led to the strengthening of cultural and economic ties with these countries. at the same time, the narratives of turkish politicians, in particular, the claim of turgutözal's successor, süleyman demirel, to the turkic world as a territory "from the adriatic sea to the great wall of china", could not but invigorate the forces in the region. turkey faced strong competition in the form of integration projects of russia, which did not want to lose central asia and azerbaijan from its sphere of influence, and the economic expansion of china, which is a close neighbor of the countries of the region. in addition, the leaders of the newly independent countries did not want a new "big brother" to emerge. several factors contributed to the failure of the integration of the turkic states that was expected in the early years of independence. firstly, the economic crisis and relative political instability that occurred in turkey in the mid1990s and 2001 led to a decrease in turkey's financial assistance and investments to the fraternal turkic states. secondly, the fact that forces opposed to the governments of the turkic-speaking states were mainly based in turkey led to a weakening of the governments' trust in turkey. the presence of turkish citizens among the participants in the assassination attempts on the leaders of azerbaijan, turkmenistan, and uzbekistan in different years created the basis for a cooling of relations. thirdly, since the second half of the 1990s, the issue of joining the european union has become a priority in turkey's foreign policy. joining the european union is based on values such as free markets, democracy, and human rights. however, the process of transition to a market economy in the turkic-speaking states has been long and complicated. at the end of the 20th century, the democratization of society in central asian countries and azerbaijan was delayed, and political systems became increasingly authoritarian. unable to escape authoritarian rule, turkic-speaking countries preferred to turn to their former metropolis, russia, and the booming economy of china, rather than to a democratic turkey that was integrating into european values. the postponement of turkey's entry into the european union forced turkey, whose economic power was growing and had become one of the world's 20 strongest economies, to pay more attention to the east in its foreign policy. the government of receptayyip erdogan, pursuing an active foreign policy, began to place more emphasis on turkishness and muslim identity in geopolitical competition. although the establishment of the turkic council in 2009 was recognized as an important step towards the integration of turkic-speaking countries, turkey's relations with its fraternal countries were not smooth. while it was not difficult to get relations in a positive direction with 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turkmenistan, kazakhstan, and azerbaijan, which are rich in gas and oil reserves, the issue of uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan was a little more complicated. the coldness that persisted in uzbek-turkish relations for a certain period was due to several factors. first of all, the uzbek government could not accept turkey as a friend, since uzbek opposition activists abroad mainly found refuge in turkey. although several investment projects were implemented based on turkish investment, there were no high-level diplomatic visits between 2003 and 2014. since 1999, uzbekistan has not participated in the summits of the turkic council. by 2014, turkish-uzbek relations began to warm up somewhat. moreover, during the first president's term, uzbekistan did not seek to pursue an active foreign policy. in international affairs, uzbekistan chose a somewhat cautious and closed policy. this process is called the policy of "self-defense" by bernardo teles fazendeiro, a professor at the university of coimbra. such a foreign policy was a decisive factor in the failure of not only the turkic world, but also the integration of central asia. the uzbek government actively participated in the initial negotiations between the leaders of the turkic states. at the 1992 ankara summit, which decided the further fate of the integration of the turkic states, the presidents of uzbekistan and kazakhstan opposed the creation of political institutions regulating the relations of the allied states. the kyrgyz factor in the relations of the turkic states is completely unique. in the conditions of political instability and frequent changes of power through revolutions, the relations of turkey and other turkic states with kyrgyzstan have been sometimes conflicting, sometimes warm. the turkish government has been paying kyrgyzstan's membership fees to the un and other international organizations for many years [9]. in 2011, turkey waived kyrgyzstan's state debt in the amount of $ 51 million [10]. in the 2015 russia-turkey standoff, the kyrgyz government sided with russia, while the turkish government’s demand to close turkish schools linked to fethullahgulen, the mastermind of the 2016 coup, provoked a sharp protest from the kyrgyz president [11]. it is worth noting that russia has a strong influence in central asia, and turkic states such as kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan have strategic alliances with russia within economic and military blocs. the shooting down of a russian fighter jet by the turkish military in 2015 caused a conflict in moscow-ankara relations. a month later, at the csto summit in moscow, the governments of kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan acknowledged their support for russia [12]. even the leader of kyrgyzstan, almazbekatambayev, called on the turkish leadership to apologize to russia.[13] the change of power in uzbekistan in 2016 undoubtedly played an important role in the acceleration of the integration of the turkic states. uzbekistan is of great importance due to its second largest population after turkey and third largest economy, as well as its rich history of turkic identity. uzbekistan's choice of a pragmatic foreign policy since 2016 has made the implementation of integration a reality. an important step towards integration was taken when uzbekistan expressed interest in membership in the organization in 2018. at the viii istanbul summit of the cooperation council of turkic speaking states, held in istanbul on november 12, 2021, the organization was renamed the organization of turkic states, and turkmenistan also received observer status in the organization. currently, the general secretariat for coordinating the organization's activities is located in istanbul, turkey. nevertheless, it will take a lot of time and effort for the relations of the turkic-speaking countries to reach the status of close alliances. a number of factors currently hinder the deepening of integration. 1. turkey is geographically isolated from the turkic-speaking countries. turkey shares a border only with azerbaijan, which is also very short (17 km). the turkic countries of central asia do not have borders with turkey and azerbaijan. this means that there are logistical and transport problems. 2. turkmenistan, which has observer status in the organization of turkic states, is not in a hurry to integrate yet. the political system in the country indicates a desire not only for integration 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us within the organization, but also for distancing itself in bilateral relations. at the request of the turkmen government, a visa regime was introduced for turkmen citizens to enter turkey [14]. in addition, turkmenistan has the status of eternal neutrality. 3. russia and china are not interested in the emergence of a union led by turkey in central asia and the caucasus. in particular, the integration of turkic peoples may raise the problem of the struggle for independence of the turkic peoples living in russia and china. 4. turkic-speaking countries are members of various military blocs. turkey is an important nato member, while kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan are members of the csto under russian control. if the current conflicts between nato and russia over the war in ukraine and between azerbaijan and armenia over the conflict over karabakh become serious, there is a risk of division among the turkic-speaking countries. 5. democratic values are deeply rooted in turkey. values such as strong competition between political parties, free and fair elections, parliamentarism, democratic succession of power, human rights, and an independent press are close to those of the european union. in the central asian countries and azerbaijan, such democratic principles have not yet risen to the level of values. it is difficult to predict the future of authoritarian regimes, since the negative or positive deviation of relations with other countries may depend more on the personal ambitions of the ruler. the turkic countries have historical, cultural, religious, and linguistic commonalities. this commonality is associated with the turkish and muslim identity. however, national and religious factors cannot always be the decisive factor in integration. considering the ongoing conflicts and wars between countries that are ethnically and ideologically close to each other in the world today, it becomes clear that other values should be the basis for integration. like the example of the european union, which is the best example of successful integration, there should be common goals, common values that unite the turkic states. in the modern world, this can be the idea of unity, democracy, freedom, mutual respect and joint action for common development. the turkic-speaking states have a vast territory with a total area of almost 4.5 million square kilometers, and the total volume of the gross domestic product is more than 1.5 trillion dollars. the volume of mutual trade between turkic states is 536 billion dollars [15]. 4. conclusion in conclusion, all countries are interested in increased economic integration, and economic cooperation between countries is growing. the volume of mutual trade between countries is increasing year by year. however, the problem of transport and logistics remains one of the main factors complicating the economic integration of the turkic states, which are not geographically connected to each other. turkey considers the turkic-speaking states as its strategic partners and seeks to protect the turkic states in the international arena. azerbaijan-turkey relations are seen as “one nation, two states”. the strategic alliance of the two countries was especially clearly manifested in the 2020 karabakh war. the importance of political integration has become more important than ever in the current turbulent period. although the unity of the turkic-speaking states is not yet observed in geopolitical processes, the time has come to unite goals and generalize interests. the next stage of cooperation can be seen not only in strong economic integration. perhaps it is natural that political integration will also be achieved on the basis of strong economic integration. references: 1. robins, philip. between sentiment and self-interest: turkey’s policy toward azerbaijan and the central asian states. middleeastjournal, vol. 47, no. 4 (autumn, 1993), pp. 593-610. 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. sharipov a. sh. the role of turkish soft power diplomacy in the current development of central asia. palarch’sjournalofarchaeologyofegypt/egyptology 17(7). issn 1567-214x. 3. olcott, martha brill. central asia’s second chance. carnegie endowment for int’l peace 2005. 4. erşen, emre. kostemseckin. turkey’s pivot to eurasia: geopolitics and foreign policy in a changing world order. routledge 2019. 5. wheeler, thomas. turkey’s role and interests in central asia. saferworld 2013. 6. çeviköz, ünal. turkey’s foreign economic and security policy in eurasia. center for strategic and international studies (csis) 2016. 7. akylbaev, iskander. internal challenges of turkey’s foreign policy: the impact on central asia. cabar 2022. 8. fazendeiro, bernardo teles. uzbekistan’s defensive self-reliance: karimov’s foreign policy legacy. international affairs 93 , 2 ( 2017 ): pp. 409–27. 9. турция оплачивает членские взносы кыргызстана в оон и других международных организациях. https://kg.akipress.org/news:1194690 10. подписано соглашение о списании внешнего долга кыргызстана перед турцией в размере 51млн. долларов сша. https://www.president.kg/ru/sobytiya/novosti/384_podpisano_soglashenie_o_spisanii_vnesh nego_dolga_kirgizstana_pered_turciey_v_razmere_51mln_dollarov 11. не надо диктовать условия — атамбаев об отношениях с турцией. https://ru.sputnik.kg/20160801/1028304217.html 12. imamov b. k. history of cooperation between uzbekistan and turkey //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 1-2. – с. 346. 13. атамбаев призвал турцию извиниться за сбитый су-24. https://mir24.tv/news/13701729/atambaev-prizval-turciyu-izvinitsya-za-sbityi-su-24 14. imamov b. k. diplomatic relations between uzbekistan and turkey (1991-2018) //alma mater (вестник высшей школы). – 2021. – №. 8. – с. 85-90. 15. имамов б. о‘zbekiston va turkiya davlatlari о ‘rtasida siyosiy-diplomatik aloqalarning rivojlanishi //journal of social sciences. – 2024. – т. 1. – №. 01. https://kg.akipress.org/news:1194690 https://www.president.kg/ru/sobytiya/novosti/384_podpisano_soglashenie_o_spisanii_vneshnego_dolga_kirgizstana_pered_turciey_v_razmere_51mln_dollarov https://www.president.kg/ru/sobytiya/novosti/384_podpisano_soglashenie_o_spisanii_vneshnego_dolga_kirgizstana_pered_turciey_v_razmere_51mln_dollarov https://ru.sputnik.kg/20160801/1028304217.html https://mir24.tv/news/13701729/atambaev-prizval-turciyu-izvinitsya-za-sbityi-su-24 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 10, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the processes and prospects for the formation of civil society in uzbekistan on the eve of independence ikramjon batirovich masharipov doctor of political sciences, professor, tashkent state university of economics abstract: this article analyzes the processes of civil society formation in uzbekistan on the eve of independence within the context of political, social, and economic conditions. it examines the fundamental changes in the public administration system, challenges encountered during the transition from a totalitarian system to a democratic society, and factors influencing the development of civil society institutions. through comparative analysis with western european countries, both common and unique aspects of uzbekistan's transition period are identified. the impact of normative legal acts adopted after independence, particularly laws, decrees, and resolutions, on the development of civil society is explored. additionally, the article analyzes reforms aimed at enhancing public oversight and strengthening cooperation between nongovernmental organizations and the state. the effectiveness of civil society institutions is evaluated using modern indices. keywords: civil society, pre-independence period, democratic transformation, totalitarianism, public oversight, non-governmental non-profit organizations, state-society relations legal reforms, transitional period, civic engagement. introduction the formation of civil society institutions emerged as one of the most crucial tasks in building a new society in independent uzbekistan. the ideological control inherited from the totalitarian regime, limitations on social activity, and the state's complete dominance over society posed serious obstacles to laying the foundation for a new democratic state. consequently, in the early years of independence, overcoming the negative influence of totalitarianism, drawing lessons from the shortcomings of socialist society, and raising citizens' legal awareness became the primary political objectives. under the leadership of the first president i. karimov, the foundations of national statehood were established, and a legal framework aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms and developing public institutions was formed. notably, the law "on public associations" adopted in 1991 and the constitution of 1992 created the institutional foundation for civil society. these documents defined the legal basis for the activities of political parties, mass media, trade unions, non-governmental non-profit organizations, and local selfgovernment bodies. the political reforms carried out after independence required not only the creation of a legislative base but also the liberation of public consciousness from totalitarian ideology, the formation of a democratic culture, and the establishment of state-society relations on a new legal foundation. in this process, emphasis was placed on introducing democratic principles based on national values and appropriately utilizing international experiences. in particular, the mahalla institution was developed as a unique local form of civil society inherent to national traditions. 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in recent years, as part of the "new uzbekistan" reforms initiated by president sh. mirziyoyev, civil society institutions are playing an increasingly important role in socio-political life. new forms of dialogue between state and public organizations, mechanisms of public oversight, and citizen participation in political processes are expanding. in uzbekistan, during the transition from a totalitarian legacy to a society based on democratic values, civil society institutions are becoming one of the decisive factors in social, political, and spiritual development. this process is driven by the need to raise citizens' political awareness, strengthen legal culture, and introduce new democratic mechanisms in state-society relations. the main objective of the article is to analyze the process of forming civil society institutions in uzbekistan, to reveal the reforms implemented to overcome obstacles inherited from the totalitarian legacy, and to substantiate the specific features of the path to democratic development based on national and international experiences. methodology this article employs several modern scientific methods to analyze the processes of civil society formation in uzbekistan on the eve of independence. the research primarily utilizes historical, comparative, analytical, and normative approaches. first, the historical-analytical method is used to examine, in chronological order, the political processes leading to independence, the abandonment of the totalitarian system, and the stages of transition to civil society. the differences between the soviet-era mechanisms of ideological and administrative control and the political reforms implemented after independence are analyzed. through comparative analysis, the general and specific aspects of civil society development in uzbekistan are compared with the experiences of western european countries, particularly germany, france, and britain. this reveals how international practices were adapted to national conditions. document analysis (content analysis) is applied to thoroughly examine the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the law "on public associations," presidential decrees, and state programs. this demonstrates the evolution of the legal foundations for civil society formation. additionally, normative-legal analysis is used to study the legal framework aimed at developing civil society institutions, their practical impact, and their role in socio-political life. in the research process, a systematic approach is employed to analyze various civil society institutions non-governmental non-profit organizations, mass media, political parties, and local self-government bodies as interconnected systemic structures. these methodological approaches enable the identification of the complex socio-political essence of the topic, comprehensive coverage of the formation of civil institutions in society, and assessment of their prospects. literature review scientific sources on this topic extensively cover the socio-political consequences of the totalitarian regime and the processes of overcoming them. for example, russian political scientist a. kara-murza emphasizes that party control kept citizens in constant fear. this analysis clearly demonstrates the negative impact of the totalitarian regime on freedoms and civic activity. european scholars have also put forward theoretical views on the development of civil society. a. de tocqueville, in his famous work "democracy in america," emphasized that democratic institutions are the main pillar of civil society. in his work "the structural transformation of the public sphere," j. habermas assesses the public sphere and mechanisms of democratic dialogue as important factors in the formation of civil society. r. putnam, in his book "bowling alone," highlights the importance of social capital and argues that mutual solidarity and trust among citizens are among the main criteria for societal development. these ideas can be considered in conjunction with the importance of the mahalla 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us institution and ngos in uzbekistan. j. keane's work "civil society: old images, new visions" provides an important methodological basis for a comparative analysis of historical and modern models of civil society. additionally, the theory of modernization processes and social structure in a. giddens' work "the third way" is relevant in explaining the new model of state-society relations in uzbekistan. l. diamond, in his work "developing democracy: toward consolidation," emphasizes that civil society is the main condition for democratic consolidation. from the first years of independence, the creation of a legal and institutional framework in uzbekistan has become one of the priorities of state policy. in particular, the principle put forward in the works of sh.m. mirziyoyev, elected president in 2016, "it is not the people who should serve state bodies, but state bodies that should serve the people," has become the main idea behind the reforms being carried out in the country. the political, legal, and institutional reforms implemented on the basis of this principle have served to create a solid political and legal foundation for the development of civil society. the activities of non-governmental non-profit organizations are also noted in scientific literature as a factor of particular importance. they are putting forward practical initiatives in the social sphere and play an important role in protecting the interests of the population and increasing public activity. the state's creation of "houses of non-governmental non-profit organizations" to support ngo activities, the allocation of grants and subsidies, as well as ensuring openness and accountability through the information portal www.e-ngo.uz, have further strengthened the mechanisms of civil oversight. political parties, as an integral subject of civil society, have also become an important political tool for representing the interests of the population and participating in state governance. they actively participate in expressing the interests of various social groups in state policy, ensuring social justice, and strengthening political pluralism. cooperation between political parties and non-governmental non-profit organizations serves to ensure political stability and balance in society. the legal framework for the development of civil society institutions is also being systematically improved. in particular, the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the laws "on public associations," "on non-governmental non-profit organizations," presidential decrees and resolutions have strengthened the legal and institutional foundations of civil society. notably, the concept for the development of civil society for 2021-2025 defined the priorities of this process and established the expansion of citizens' participation in public administration as a strategic goal. reports from international organizations freedom house, civicus monitor, the world bank, and the un have noted positive dynamics in the development of civil society in uzbekistan. however, they also pointed out that there are still issues awaiting solutions in areas such as freedom of speech, access to information, and strengthening the legal stability of ngos. analysis of the literature shows that the formation of civil society in uzbekistan is being carried out on a consistent legal, political, and institutional basis. the theoretical views of european scholars allow for a comparative analysis of this process, i.e., comparing the features of the national model with international experience. the elevation of relations between the state and society to a new level, the active participation of citizens in social processes, and the strengthening of public control are key factors ensuring the democratic future of new uzbekistan. conclusion the process of forming civil society in uzbekistan has been closely tied to the country's historical, political, and socio-economic environment. during the totalitarian regime, the absence of civil institutions and the ideological and administrative control over social initiatives and independent thought posed a serious obstacle to the development of democratic culture and active citizenship. achieving independence created legal and political opportunities for 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan to form a new model of statehood, ensure human rights and freedoms, and revise state-society relations based on democratic principles. the law "on public associations," adopted in 1991, laid the legal foundation for civil society institutions and served as the basis for the country's initial political and legal reforms. in subsequent stages, especially during the period of new reforms under president shavkat mirziyoyev's leadership, the process of forming civil society has been systematically and effectively implemented. opportunities have expanded for introducing public oversight institutions, supporting the activities of non-governmental nonprofit organizations (ngos) and mass media, and integrating citizens' opinions and proposals into political decision-making processes. specifically, the people's reception offices, the president's virtual reception offices, the law “on public control”, and the legal and organizational framework established for ngo activities have strengthened citizens' participation in public administration. the “uzbekistan – 2030” strategy, adopted at the president's initiative, also identified the development of civil society institutions as one of the priority tasks. however, several issues in practice still await resolution. in particular, there remains a need to further expand the legal, financial, and institutional capacities of ngos, establish open and equal dialogue with government bodies, and ensure public oversight through effective mechanisms. in conclusion, the process of forming civil society in uzbekistan is being carried out based on principles of consistency and gradual implementation. new forms of cooperation between the state and citizens, the activities of political parties and ngos, and the role of public opinion in shaping state policy are becoming central pillars of democratic reforms in new uzbekistan. strengthening civil society institutions and increasing citizens' social engagement are emerging as decisive factors in ensuring the stability of national development. references 1. abdukarimov, b. (2018). oʻzbekistonda mustaqillik va fuqarolik jamiyati rivojlanishi. tashkent: oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi. 2. mirziyoyev, sh. m. (2017). oʻzbekistonning yangilanayotgan taraqqiyot yoʻli. tashkent: presidential press service of the republic of uzbekistan. 3. karimov, i. a. (1995). oʻzbekiston: milliy istiqlol, iqtisodiyot, siyosat, mafkura. tashkent: oʻzbekiston. 4. savitsky, i. (2019). teoriya perekhoda ot totalitarizma k demokratii. moscow: institute of sociology and politics. 5. uzbekistan republic. (2017). action strategy for the development of uzbekistan for 2017– 2021. tashkent. 6. muhammadiev, u. (2021). nntlarning ijtimoiy rivojlanishdagi oʻrni. tashkent: ilmiy nashrlar. 7. oʻzbekiston respublikasi. (2018). “jamoatchilik nazorati toʻgʻrisida”gi qonun. qabul qilingan: 12.07.2018. qonunchilik majmuasi, № zru–478. 8. united nations development programme (undp). (2023). human development report: uzbekistan case study. new york: un publications. 9. qirgʻizboev, m. (2024). siyosatshunoslik (pp. 62–63). tashkent: yangi asr avlodi. 10. masharipov, i. b. (2024). development factors of non-governmental organizations as institutions of civil society. european journal of learning on history and social sciences, 1(2), 105–111. 11. masharipov, i. b. (2018). transforming civil society in transition period and its certain issues. eastern european scientific journal, 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. masharipov, m. b. (2021). non-govermental non-profit organizations are the main institution of civil society. in наука сегодня: проблемы и пути решения. 13. masharipov, i. b. (2023). governing bodies in the development of civil society: problems and solutions. european journal of business startups and open society, 3(6), 1-7. 14. машарипов, и. (2022). фуqароларнинг ўзини ўзи бошqариш органлари–барқарор жамият кафолати сифатида. общественные науки в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 1(24), 11-17. 15. masharipov, i. b. (2024). some problems of socio-political development of modern civil society. journal of social research in uzbekistan, 4(01), 79-88. 16. masharipov, i. (2024). nntlarning barqaror rivojlanish jarayonlari: yechim va muammolar. news of uzmu journal, 1(1.2), 132-135. 17. masharipov, i. b. (2024). the role of civic activism in the development of modern civil society. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 13(02), 1-6. 18. машарипов, и. (2024). yangi oʻzbekistonda zamonaviy fuqarolik jamiyati institutlarining rivojlanish jarayonlari. общество и инновatsiи, 5(1), 134-140. 19. batirovich, m. i. (2024). factors of development processes of sociopolitical bases of ngos in new uzbekistan. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 13(01), 16-21. 20. masharipov, i. b. (2023). some aspects of indicators of the foundations of civil society development: problems and solutions. oriental journal of social sciences, 3(06), 136-142. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 green economy in uzbekistan: essence, principles, and perspectives zukhrabonu doniyorova, phd senior lecturer, department of green economy tashkent state university of economics abstract: this article examines the green economy in uzbekistan, highlighting the need for a shift from traditional to sustainable economic practices. it discusses the link between economic activities and environmental sustainability, stressing the urgent need for renewable energy, improved waste management, and sustainable transportation. the article also emphasizes the importance of investing in green technologies to ensure long-term economic resilience and environmental stewardship. keywords: green economy, sustainable development, renewable energy, environmental degradation, economic resilience, uzbekistan, ecological footprint, natural resources, climate change, green technologies. introduction: the green economy represents a crucial shift in how we perceive the interplay between economics and ecology, often overlooked in traditional economic approaches [1]. as economic activities increase, they invariably lead to heightened pollution levels and significant environmental degradation. this includes the depletion of natural resources, disruption of the biosphere balance, and accelerated climate change, all of which impose severe constraints on future growth and development[2]. literature review the literature review encompasses various sources that discuss the impact of economic activities on environmental degradation and the need for sustainable development. key references include reports from the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) and the global footprint network, which provide projections and data on environmental resource depletion. the united nations environment programme (unep) offers a definition and framework for the green economy, advocating for societal welfare through efficient resource use. additionally, the article draws on national documents from uzbekistan's ministry of development and department of green technologies, detailing local initiatives and policies aimed at fostering a green economy. methodology the methodology of this research involves an extensive literature review and analysis of various reports and data from organizations such as the oecd, unep, and national documents from uzbekistan's ministry of development and department of green technologies. this includes examining historical trends, current initiatives, and future projections related to the green economy and sustainable development. 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us research results insightful projections by the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) suggest a bleak future where, by 2050, modern production and consumption patterns could result in the loss of 61% to 72% of global flora and fauna relative to year 2000 levels, alongside irreversible damage over 7.5 million square kilometers of natural territories. researchers from the global footprint network have observed a worrying trend where earth's annual resources are depleted faster each year; for example, in 2015, our annual resource quota was exhausted six days sooner than in 2014 [3]. these historical trends underscore an urgent need to rethink our economic systems. the concept of a "green economy" has thus emerged, integrating environmental considerations directly into economic science as essential, finite elements of market calculations. this approach treats the economy as an integral component of the natural environment, advocating for a sustainable balance where societal welfare is maintained through the efficient use of resources and recycling [4]. the united nations environment programme (unep) defines the green economy as one that not only boosts human well-being and ensures social equity but also minimizes environmental risks and ecological shortages. the underlying philosophy of the green economy rests on the premise that sustainable economic development must consider the finite nature of global resources and the inherent interconnectedness of all ecological and economic systems, thus making it imperative to address the needs of future generations while managing those of the present. this forward-thinking approach prompts a systemic transformation towards sustainability, driven by a commitment to ecological integrity and social justice [5]. directions of the green economy in uzbekistan in the green economy, various directions are highlighted: 1. implementation of renewable energy sources. it is noted by ecologists that more than half of all fossil fuels should remain unexplored to avoid significant climate change. 2. improvement of waste management systems. currently, in developed countries of the world, 1 to 3 kg of solid household waste is produced per capita daily, and in the us, this amount is increasing by 10% every decade. in uzbekistan, landfills collectively cover more than 2,000 square kilometers [6]. 3. improvement of water resource management systems. currently, one in six people on the planet experiences a shortage of fresh drinking water. 4. development of 'clean' (sustainable, 'green') transportation. unep works on the possibility of reducing the demand for transport, especially private transport vehicles, without compromising overall mobility. 5. organic farming in agriculture. this implies the rejection of the use of herbicides, pesticides, agrochemicals, as well as artificial fertilizers. organic agriculture products do not contain genetically modified organisms, are processed without the use of e-ingredients, and are stored without contact with unnatural substances. 6. energy efficiency in the housing and communal services. the presence of residential complexes equipped with inefficient heat insulation constructions and heating supply systems leads to significant heat losses. 7. preservation and effective management of ecosystems. the variety of human activities in the biosphere leads to changes, the direction and degree of which are traditionally called an ecological crisis. principles guiding uzbekistan's green economy the directions of the green economy are developed in accordance with principles:  equity (equality); 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  respect (prosperity and well-being for all);  precaution (consideration of the planet's load limits);  participation (in decision-making);  accountability (management);  economic, social, and ecological sustainability;  efficiency (stable production and consumption);  intergenerational linkage (investment in the future). core green technologies at the heart of the green economy are green technologies that address not just the symptoms but the root causes of environmental issues. these technologies fundamentally change approaches, products, and critically, consumer behavior. they include:  energy efficiency and alternative energy solutions,  electrical power management systems,  sustainable transport,  waste management, and control of air and water emissions [7]. goals achieved through green technologies these technologies enable the achievement of several critical objectives set by the modern global economy: 1. reduction of environmental pollution and enhanced resource efficiency: improvements in construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors to minimize environmental impact and maximize resource use efficiency. 2. mitigation of adverse climate changes: transition to cleaner, 'green' energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, hydro, bioenergy, and waste-derived energy, as well as the adoption of low-carbon consumption processes including electric and hybrid engines. 3. reduction of vulnerability and adaptation to climate changes: development of early warning systems and technologies resistant to temperature anomalies; enhancement of biodiversity and forest resource management. 4. enhancement of well-being through sustainable resource use: more productive and sustainable utilization of biodiversity resources, including natural cosmetics and pharmaceuticals [8]. key features of the green economy the green economy is characterized by:  efficient use of natural resources,  preservation and augmentation of natural capital,  reduction of pollution and low carbon emissions,  prevention of biodiversity loss,  increase in income and employment,  overall reduction of anthropogenic strain on the environment. these characteristics are fundamentally opposed to those of the current model of economic development, suggesting a significant paradigm shift towards sustainability. critique of the current economic model proponents of the green economy believe that the prevailing economic system is flawed, evidenced by frequent crises and market mechanism failures. although it has achieved certain results in improving the overall quality of life, particularly for specific groups, its negative impacts are significant. these include ecological degradation, depletion of natural capital, widespread poverty, shortages of fresh water, food, and 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us energy, as well as increased inequality among individuals and nations, all of which pose threats to future generations. the concept of the "brown" economy this current economic model is often referred to as the "brown" economy. as early as 1934, simon kuznets, the creator of the gross domestic product (gdp) concept, warned u.s. senators, "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income." gdp measures relative prosperity without accounting for social costs and environmental impacts. however, it was not until decades later that the effects on the environment began to be seriously considered. by the latter half of the 20th century, economists began to view the environment as a primary asset generating prosperity but treated in gdp calculations as a constant, leading to the introduction of the term "natural capital"—capital that is, in essence, not depreciated. it was only in the 1970s that efforts were made to assess the "depreciation of nature." today's environmental assessments reveal that human activity is currently exceeding earth's physical capacity by nearly 20%. this overreach is quantified by the ecological footprint, a metric that, when compared against gdp per capita across various nations, shows a distinct pattern: higher gdp tends to correlate with a larger ecological footprint. this relationship underscores the environmental costs associated with increased economic activity and highlights the urgent need for sustainable development practices. the concept of a green economy is deeply intertwined with the idea of sustainable development, a framework first officially defined in 1983 by the world commission on environment and development. this came about as a response to escalating concerns over the rapid degradation of the environment and its interplay with economic and social growth. the commission's pivotal report, "our common future," laid out a global strategy for addressing these issues, thereby popularizing 'sustainable development'—a term that can trace its roots back to 1962 with the publication of rachel carson's influential book, "silent spring." carson's work, which explored the devastating effects of pesticides through a lens of toxicology, ecology, and epidemiology, was instrumental in awakening the public to the scale of environmental crisis prompted by unchecked industrial activities. sustainable development is predicated on the effective synergy of economic, social, and ecological components, striving for a balance that allows for the preservation of both the biosphere and human civilization. this approach is not just about conservation but also involves enhancing the quality of life within the bounds of what our natural environment can sustainably support. the green economy seeks to achieve this balance through widespread harmonization of these elements, promoting practices that significantly reduce ecological impact while fostering economic and social wellbeing. the imperative for this sustainable shift is driven by the detrimental effects of what is often referred to as the "brown" economy, characterized by its intensive use of natural capital at the expense of ecological health and long-term viability. this traditional economic model not only poses risks to our current resources but also threatens the legacy we leave for future generations. thus, the transition towards a green economy and more sustainable development practices is crucial. this shift involves rethinking and realigning our economic strategies to support an economy that functions within the ecological limits of our planet, aiming to restore and maintain the health of the global environment while simultaneously advancing human wellbeing. by committing to this path, we embrace a future where economic growth does not come at the expense of our natural world. instruments for greening the economy:  states can utilize various tools to facilitate the transition towards a green economy:  support in the form of subsidies, reduced tax rates, and tax holidays for new green enterprises; 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  financial support for priority sectors through equity participation;  oversight of green enterprises throughout the production stages;  emission trading schemes;  replacement of outdated and physically worn equipment;  development of waste recycling and disposal programs;  allocation of an increased number of state educational grants in the field of clean technologies. the green economy is believed to have significant multiplicative and anti-crisis potential, as it:  ensures comparable growth rates and employment levels, helping to alleviate unemployment;  stimulates activity in related sectors (allied and supportive), promoting the creation and implementation of advanced green technologies;  enhances the overall competitiveness of the economy (for example, japan’s public-private partnership program 3r—reduce, reuse, recycle—is primarily aimed at organizing waste processing and reducing its volume, serving as a crucial prerequisite for creating a "clean city"). of course, the path to greening the global economy is fraught with risks and challenges. the transition to a green economy requires concerted efforts from global leaders, civil society, and leading companies. politicians and their electorates must continually strive to reevaluate and revise traditional measures of wealth, prosperity, and well-being. however, perhaps the greatest risk today is the persistence of the status quo. currently, the primary responsibility for preserving the remaining biodiversity rests with economically developed countries. it is in these countries that various projects are launched, forums held, and programs designed to stabilize and improve the environmental condition, with most of these initiatives occurring in the energy sector. at the 40th world economic forum held in davos in 2010 under the slogan "improve the state of the planet: rethink, redesign, rebuild," a new global course towards a green economy was declared as the only path for future development. south korea was the first country to declare the implementation of the green growth concept as a national strategy. sweden plans to phase out oil, coal, and gas and switch to renewable energy sources by 2020. poland has managed to reduce emissions by one-third over the last seventeen years. japan has developed a low carbon society action plan and set low carbon emission standards as a long-term development goal. in the usa, the green economy generates over $600 billion in goods and services (4.2% of gdp), and employment in this sector is estimated at 3 million people. the united kingdom has become the global leader in the share of the green sector's contribution to gdp at 8.8%. growth and strategies of the green economy: according to some estimates, by 2025, the global market for clean technology is expected to reach 4.4 trillion euros (approximately 6 trillion dollars), indicating an annual growth rate of over 30% and increasing its contribution to global gdp to 67%. by 2020, the market for clean technologies, including the market for low-carbon technologies, is expected to nearly double, with the number of jobs in these sectors almost quadrupling and the contribution of the green economy to global gdp rising to at least 5%. the adoption of the new energy strategy by the european union at the 2010 summit, dubbed the "20-20-20 strategy," was motivated by both a desire to reduce dependence on imported fuels and by environmental concerns. according to this policy, by 2020, co2 emissions should be reduced 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by 20% (compared to 1999 levels), the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix should increase to 20%, and overall energy consumption should decrease by 20%. implementing this plan will cost the european union no less than 1 trillion euros. however, it is expected that energy expenses for each family could be reduced by 1,000 euros per year. according to britta thomsen, a member of the european parliament's committee on research and energy, in addition to saving energy, which will positively affect the climate, europe could save up significant financial resources: "by 2020, by reducing energy consumption, we could save up to 100 billion euros per year, as well as enhance the eu's energy security, reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and boost the competitiveness of countries and companies." another example of the eu’s green initiatives is the eco-design directive, which establishes mandatory environmental requirements for products associated with high energy consumption that are sold in eu countries. the eco-design directive is based on the principle that up to 80% of the adverse effects of excessive energy consumption can be avoided at the design stage of a product. furthermore, by 2020, the directive is expected to save approximately 12% of the current electricity consumption and further enhance the quality of manufactured products. in uzbekistan, particular efforts can be observed through various programs and initiatives, particularly under the broader umbrella of the "strategy of actions on five priority development directions of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021." this strategy underscores significant reforms in economic development, social policy, governance, security, and foreign policy, with a strong emphasis on incorporating technology and innovation. technological and innovative development in uzbekistan: technoparks and innovation centers: uzbekistan has established several technoparks and innovation centers, like the mirzo ulugbek innovation center, which focuses on ict development. these centers are designed to foster innovation and research in cutting-edge technologies including nanoand biotechnologies. education and research funding: similar to the eu’s program, uzbekistan has been investing in education and research, aiming to align its scientific research with global challenges. the government has been actively reforming its higher education system to better integrate science and technology studies that are pivotal for innovative development. international collaboration: uzbekistan is increasingly engaging in international cooperation to boost its technological prowess. collaborations with countries like south korea, japan, and members of the european union have been established to learn from their advancements in technology and to foster an exchange of knowledge and resources. focus on eco-friendly solutions: there is a growing emphasis on developing eco-friendly and sustainable solutions across various sectors, including agriculture and manufacturing, to mitigate environmental impact and promote sustainable practices. these initiatives reflect uzbekistan’s commitment to harnessing technology and innovation for sustainable development. brics countries possess significant potential for transitioning to sustainable development through the increased use of renewable energy (re). these nations are gradually shifting from highto low-carbon economies primarily by developing renewable energy, although joint projects are still in their infancy. brazil is a pioneer in using biofuel made from sugarcane ethanol. by 2030, brazil aims to produce 60 billion liters of bioethanol and 18.5 billion liters of biodiesel annually and plans to convert 80% of its transportation to sugarcane-based biofuel by 2020, supported by tax incentives for biofuel companies. various "green" institutions like proinfa, which aims to develop a total of 3,300 mw of alternative energy, and others providing subsidized financing for re projects, have emerged. 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us india, despite rapid economic growth, has a significant portion of its population without electricity access. however, the government is promoting re as an increasingly important part of india's energy mix, adhering to sustainable development principles. china is currently the world’s leading investor in re, with investment levels 73% higher than those in the usa. the country has several mechanisms supporting re development, including the 13th five-year plan (2016-2020), which focuses on energy. china aims to increase the production of wind and solar energy and improve its energy supply structure, with ambitious targets for 2020, including substantial increases in wind and solar power capacities and the introduction of new nuclear power capacities. south africa, despite its significant potential for re, has only started major initiatives in the last 10-15 years. noteworthy programs include the comprehensive plan for the development of electric power resources and the independent power producers supply program. the first international conference on re in africa was held in october 2015. these examples illustrate the growing global commitment to developing renewable energy as a cornerstone of sustainable economic growth. conclusion uzbekistan is actively charting a path towards sustainable development, recognizing the immense potential of its natural resources to transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. this strategic shift is grounded in enhancing energy security and mitigating environmental impacts, embracing solar, wind, and hydroelectric power to tailor a response to its unique geographic and economic context. the government is fostering this transition through international partnerships, forward-thinking policies, and legislative incentives designed to spur the development of green technologies and improve energy efficiency across various sectors. however, during the global financial and economic crisis, environmental initiatives in uzbekistan faced setbacks, with reduced funding for ecological programs and delays in the implementation of crucial projects. the focus on profit maximization led businesses to cut back on environmental investments, exacerbating the degradation of the country's environmental landscape. nonetheless, uzbekistan can learn from international examples where significant proportions of anti-crisis budgets have been successfully allocated to environmental measures— 80.5% in south korea, 38% in china, 21% in france, and 12% in the usa. these investments have not only addressed immediate ecological challenges but also contributed to long-term environmental resilience. despite these challenges, uzbekistan's abundant resources and ongoing policy reforms lay a solid foundation for a robust green economy. by increasing investments in renewable energy and green technologies, uzbekistan can enhance its economic resilience, reduce dependency on conventional energy sources, and bolster its competitiveness on the global stage. the government's proactive stance on environmental education and international cooperation is building a strong framework for overcoming existing hurdles and moving towards sustainability. in conclusion, uzbekistan’s journey towards a green economy is pivotal not only for adopting new technologies but also for fostering an economically stable and environmentally sustainable future. this strategic transformation is expected to improve the quality of life for its citizens, reduce environmental risks, and position uzbekistan as a leader in sustainable practices in central asia. the commitment to a green transition promises to meet immediate economic needs while ensuring the long-term environmental stewardship and resilience necessary to face future challenges. bibliography: 1. ministry of development of uzbekistan. "green economy in uzbekistan: essence, principles, and perspectives." tashkent: government printing office, 2021. 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. ministry of development of uzbekistan. "green economy in uzbekistan: essence, principles, and perspectives." tashkent: government printing office, 2021. 3. organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd). "environmental outlook to 2050." oecd publishing, 2021. 4. global footprint network. "global limits: 2015 report." oakland, ca: gfn press, 2015. 5. united nations environment programme (unep). "towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication." nairobi: unep, 2021. 6. ministry of development of uzbekistan. "directions of the green economy in uzbekistan." tashkent: government printing office, 2021. 7. department of green technologies of uzbekistan. "green technology strategies and implementations." tashkent, 2021. 8. department of green technologies of uzbekistan. "green technology strategies and implementations." tashkent, 2021. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 10, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the analysis of the foreign relations of the kokand khanate based on european sources roziqulova laylo abdurakhmon qizi lecturer at the university of information technologies and management abstract: this article considers the issue of modern trends in the placement of household service enterprises in modern conditions. the analysis shows that the principles of the development of the network of household service enterprises in the areas of new buildings have changed, as well as the need to improve approaches to the planning of retail and household infrastructure of residential areas. according to the results of the survey, the author studied the factors affecting the behavior of consumers of individual services. keywords: kokand khanate, diplomacy, foreign relations, european sources, russia, china, “great game”. introduction in the history of central asia, the kokand khanate (1709–1876) occupies a special place due to its political, economic, and cultural activities. emerging in the early 18th century, during the decline of the shaybanid and ashtarkhanid dynasties’ political power, this state rapidly unified the fergana valley and its surrounding regions, becoming one of the major political centers of central asia at that time. the kokand khanate achieved remarkable success not only in its internal socio-economic development but also in establishing foreign relations. the foreign policy of the khanate was primarily determined by its geographical location. the fergana valley, historically one of the key branches of the great silk road that connected east and west, played a crucial role in this regard. after the formation of the kokand khanate in this region, it sought to control international trade routes and expand its diplomatic relations. in particular, its political and economic interactions with the russian empire, china, and neighboring muslim states became essential tools for ensuring the khanate’s independence and strengthening its position in the region. the study of the foreign policy of the kokand khanate holds particular significance when examined through european sources. while local historical records primarily focus on internal political processes, the works left by european travelers, envoys, orientalists, and military officers provide detailed information about the khanate’s international relations, its role in foreign diplomacy, and its economic potential. in the 19th century, amid the global geopolitical rivalry known as the “great game,” the kokand khanate became an arena for the conflicting interests of the russian empire and great britain, which further complicated its position in international politics. the relevance of this topic lies in the fact that studying the foreign relations of the kokand khanate not only helps to better understand the diplomatic processes of the past but also provides valuable insights into the historical roots of modern uzbekistan’s foreign policy. 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methods and methodology the methods and methodology applied in this research serve to ensure the accuracy, objectivity, and source-based reliability of the scientific investigation. considering the nature of the topic, historical analysis, comparative, and systematic approaches were utilized. firstly, through the historical analysis method, the diplomatic relations between the kokand khanate and the russian empire were studied according to their chronological stages. this approach made it possible to identify the sequence of political processes and the cause-and-effect relationships between them. secondly, by applying the comparative method, the similarities and differences in foreign policies between the kokand khanate and other regional states were examined. this helped to reveal the unique diplomatic strategies characteristic of the khanate. thirdly, the systematic approach was used to analyze the relations between the russian empire and the kokand khanate not only from a political perspective but also in terms of economic, cultural, and geopolitical factors. this allowed the topic to be explored in a broader and more comprehensive manner. as a methodological basis, the principle of objectivity in historiography was followed. european archival sources, russian diplomatic documents, and the works of contemporary researchers were analyzed to ensure an impartial approach to the topic. moreover, a comprehensive approach was adopted in studying historical events, interpreting them as phenomena shaped by both internal and external factors.as a result, the application of these methods and methodologies enhanced the scientific value of the research and provided a deeper understanding of the kokand khanate’s diplomatic activities. results and discussions part i. the foreign political interests and diplomatic traditions of the kokand khanate.in the late 18th and the first half of the 19th century, the kokand khanate, as one of the emerging states of central asia, paid special attention to establishing and maintaining foreign relations. during this period, the khanate’s foreign policy was closely linked to its economic interests, particularly the need to control and secure trade routes. ensuring dominance over the remaining branches of the great silk road and maintaining the functioning of caravan routes passing through the fergana valley were among the key directions of the khanate’s foreign policy. the khans of kokand made use of various forms of diplomatic practice. their envoys were dispatched to neighboring states to conclude trade agreements, negotiate border issues, and strengthen political alliances. letters of correspondence, exchange of gifts, and religious-moral messages were among the main instruments of diplomacy of that time. these practices are also recorded in european sources, where the diplomatic culture of the kokand khanate was highly evaluated. the foreign political interests of the khanate were shaped by two main factors: economic factor – the need to access trade routes and markets; geopolitical factor – the necessity to maintain a balance between major powers such as russia and china. therefore, the kokand khans sought to develop diplomatic relations both with the russian empire on one side, and with the chinese empire and neighboring muslim states on the other. religious aspects also held a prominent place in the khanate’s diplomatic traditions. the rulers of kokand positioned themselves as defenders of islam, relying on religious unity in their relations with the emirate of bukhara and other muslim rulers. thus, economic interests and religious-ideological values were harmoniously integrated into the khanate’s foreign policy. another crucial aspect of kokand’s foreign policy was the need to maintain internal stability. internal uprisings, conflicts, and struggles for power directly affected the effectiveness of foreign relations. consequently, the khans often sought to strengthen their domestic political position through compromises with external powers. according to the works of european travelers and orientalists, the envoys of the kokand khanate were known for their refined diplomatic etiquette. they authenticated 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us correspondence with special seals and strictly adhered to established protocol norms, which demonstrates that the khanate developed its own distinctive school of diplomacy. part ii. relations between the kokand khanate and the russian empire. in the first half of the 19th century, the expansion of the russian empire into central asia became one of the most important foreign policy issues for the kokand khanate. russia, seeking to advance its economic and strategic interests, began to penetrate the turkestan region through the orenburg, siberian, and later the ak-mechet (fort-perovsk) directions. the kokand khanate, in turn, closely monitored these developments and sought to defend its own interests. initially, the kokand khans were interested in developing trade relations with russia, as russian markets offered great opportunities for kokand merchants. cotton, silk, leather, and precious stones were exported to russia in large quantities, while metal goods, weapons, paper, and other industrial products were imported into kokand territories. although these trade relations were mutually beneficial at first, they gradually took on a political dimension as russia’s political pressure increased. diplomatic exchanges played a vital role in bilateral relations. the kokand khans sent letters and gifts to the russian emperor with the aim of securing recognition of their independence and gaining trade privileges. in return, russia sought to strengthen its influence within kokand territory. envoys sent via orenburg and tashkent served as important instruments for defining russia’s policy in turkestan. documents preserved in russian archives illustrate the complex nature of kokand– russia relations. on the one hand, the khanate benefited economically from russia, but on the other, it feared russia’s territorial expansion and military pressure. these contradictions eventually led to military clashes in the mid-19th century. according to european sources, although russian diplomats welcomed kokand envoys warmly, their real aim was to politically weaken the khanate. consequently, the kokand rulers alternated between rapprochement with russia and distancing themselves by seeking alliances with other states. the deterioration of relations was most evident during the 1840–1850s, in the battles for ak-mechet and other fortresses. these confrontations were not only military but also reflected diplomatic rivalry. to preserve its territories, the kokand khanate was forced to balance military and diplomatic measures. in conclusion, kokand–russia relations were dual in nature: on one side, there was cooperation based on trade and economic interests; on the other, political rivalry and territorial disputes. this complexity eventually paved the way for the russian empire’s policy of subjugating the kokand khanate. part iii. relations of the kokand khanate with bukhara, khiva, and other muslim states. in the foreign policy of the kokand khanate, relations with muslim states—particularly the emirate of bukhara and the khanate of khiva—held a special place. these relations were shaped not only by economic and political considerations but also by religious and ideological foundations. although the shared islamic faith and common historical heritage of the peoples of central asia created a basis for cooperation among neighboring states, territorial ambitions and political rivalries often led to conflicts. relations with the emirate of bukhara: the relationship between the kokand khanate and the emirate of bukhara had deep historical roots. both states were located within the region of mawarannahr (transoxiana) and were closely linked economically and culturally. however, political interests frequently caused friction. the bukharan emirs sought to regard kokand as part of their natural sphere of influence, which forced the rulers of the fergana valley to defend their independence. in the early 19th century, the diplomatic correspondence between khan umar of kokand and emir haydar of bukhara reflected both the desire for cooperation and underlying territorial rivalry. economic ties were particularly strong: kokand merchants used bukhara as a gateway to the markets of iran and afghanistan, while religious and scholarly texts from arab countries were brought to the fergana valley through bukhara. this intellectual and cultural exchange significantly contributed to the development of spiritual and educational life within the khanate. diplomatically, alliances were occasionally formed between the two states. for instance, negotiations were held on joint resistance against 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us threats from russia and khiva, though such alliances often proved short-lived, as both states prioritized their own geopolitical interests. relations with the khanate of khiva: the kokand–khiva relationship was more complex and conflict-ridden. both states competed to control the main trade routes along the aral sea and the syr darya, which frequently led to clashes. the khivan rulers often exerted political pressure on kokand, claiming territorial dominance. as a result, numerous military confrontations occurred between the two khanates. nevertheless, trade relations continued. kokand merchants accessed the khwarazm and even caspian markets through khiva. diplomatic correspondence and exchange of envoys were maintained, with both sides sending gifts and appealing to islamic unity in an effort to ease tensions. however, the growing khiva–russia alliance posed a serious threat to kokand and further intensified hostilities. relations with other muslim states: beyond its immediate borders, the kokand khanate also sought to build relations with other parts of the muslim world, particularly afghanistan and iran. trade caravans from kokand reached the markets of kabul and herat, importing textiles, weapons, and other essential goods. in the spiritual sphere, the kokand khans supported pilgrimages to mecca and medina, with hundreds of pilgrims traveling annually from the fergana valley to the hijaz. these religious initiatives helped strengthen the khanate’s standing within the broader islamic world. general conclusions: the kokand khanate’s relations with muslim states were twofold in character: on one hand, they were driven by religious unity, trade, and cultural exchange; on the other hand, they were marked by territorial rivalry and political conflict. 4. economic and cultural factors in the foreign policy of the kokand khanate economic interests and cultural factors played a significant role in the foreign policy of the kokand khanate. in its external relations, the khanate focused not only on political and military matters but also paid great attention to economic benefits. in particular, controlling trade routes, concluding customs agreements with neighboring states, and gaining access to european and russian markets were integral parts of the khanate’s foreign policy. although the kokand khanate did not establish direct diplomatic relations with european states, their economic influence was felt through various intermediaries. for example, european goods entered the territory of the khanate through russia, while in return, the khanate exported cotton, silk, and precious stones. this exchange played a vital role in the development of the kokand economy. cultural factors were also among the important aspects of foreign policy. alongside promoting islamic values, the kokand khans paid great attention to the development of science and literature within their domain. this contributed to strengthening ties with other muslim states. thus, the kokand khanate sought to present itself not only as a regional political power but also as a cultural and intellectual center. conclusion the foreign policy of the kokand khanate was one of the most complex and multifaceted processes in nineteenth-century central asia. the khanate’s diplomatic activities were aimed not only at preserving its independence but also at protecting its economic, cultural, and regional geopolitical interests. relations with the russian empire, as well as with china and neighboring muslim states, were the main factors shaping the khanate’s foreign policy strategy. the analysis shows that the kokand khanate sought to develop its economic resources, control trade routes, and expand connections with international markets. at the same time, by promoting cultural and scientific activities, the khanate succeeded in strengthening socio-cultural relations with other muslim countries. this made kokand not only a political but also a cultural center. research based on european sources reveals the complexity of the khanate’s external relations, their strategic planning, and their deep connection to global geopolitical processes. the study also shows that the activities of the khanate during the period of the “great game” between russia and britain had a significant impact not only on local but also on regional and 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us international politics. furthermore, the study of the kokand khanate’s foreign policy is important not only for analyzing historical sources but also for understanding the historical roots of uzbekistan’s current regional and international diplomatic strategy. this research made it possible to view the khanate’s diplomatic, economic, and cultural activities as an integrated whole and provided an objective approach to the topic through a renewed scholarly analysis of historical sources. as a result, the foreign policy of the kokand khanate holds great scholarly significance for a deeper understanding of nineteenth-century central asian history. its study serves as a valuable source not only for historiography but also for regional geopolitical research. the research offers a broader and deeper understanding of the khanate’s role in maintaining regional political balance, managing international relations, and contributing to cultural and intellectual development. references 1. bobobekov, h. (1996). the history of the kokand khanate. tashkent: fan publishing. 2. saidov, s. (2001). diplomatic history of central asia. tashkent: sharq publishing. 3. hambly, g. (1991). the cambridge history of iran. cambridge: cambridge university press. 4. levi, s. (2007). the ferghana valley and central asian trade. london: routledge. 5. russian state historical archive (rgia), fond 391, opis 1, delo 56. 6. bregel, y. (2003). an historical atlas of central asia. leiden: brill. 7. becker, s. (1968). russia’s protectorates in central asia. cambridge, ma: harvard university press. 8. yerkinov, a. (2018). the kokand khanate and european oriental studies. samarkand: samarkand state university press. 9. saidjonov, s. (2000). pages from the history of the foreign policy of the kokand khanate. tashkent: fan publishing. 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 05, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the issue of the subject's relation to syntactics and semantics yuldasheva dilorom aliyevna a teacher at kokand state pedagogical institute email: dilyahonim@mail.ru abstract this paper explores the complex relationship between the subject and its roles in syntactics and semantics within linguistic frameworks. we investigate how the subject, as both a syntactic entity and a semantic role, affects sentence structure and meaning. through a detailed analysis of syntax, where sentences are formed by rules and principles, and semantics, where meanings are constructed from the interaction of linguistic parts, this study highlights the interdependent nature of syntax and semantics. the paper emphasizes the subject's pivotal role in interpreting ambiguity, imposing syntactic constraints, and influencing semantic roles across various languages and contexts. this exploration contributes to a deeper understanding of linguistic theory and its applications in computational linguistics, providing insights into how language processes and generates human-like text. keywords: syntactics, semantics, linguistic theory, computational linguistics, syntax-semantics interface, grammatical structure, semantic roles introduction the focus of recent decades of cognitive linguistics research is the center, the knowledge, ways of imagination, and also language that arise in the human mind the conceptual essence of units is summarized. conceptual content is different layers of language through in contrast, according to many linguists, conceptual information is the most important an important part, the most important meanings from the point of view of language are in grammar and primarily collected in morphology. [safarov sh., pp. 26-27] subject is an object, thing, or any material entity, a relatively independent and stable form of material. subjects' characteristics and the relationship between them are outside of consciousness and independent of its properties and relations should also be considered as subjects. why do we think in logic if it is directed, it is also treated as an object? in this sense, discussion, understanding, and conclusion output can also be considered a subject. in modern epistemological studies, the category of the subject is considered in connection with the object, in some concepts it is emphasized that the object exists independently of the subject. at the same time, the subject exerts an active transforming influence on the object, and s. "humanizes" the object. social-historical practice is based on the interrelationship between such a subject and mailto:dilyahonim@mail.ru 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us an object. an individual who is considered a subject and his mind can also become an object of research. an individual as a subject is a member of the society, as a representative of the historical process, he has knowledge specific to the members of the society to which he belongs, and looks at the world from this point of view. materials and methods a subject is an individual or a social group with active activity, knowledge, consciousness and will. ancient greek philosophers understood this concept in the same sense as the concept of substance. in his works, aristotle equated the concept of subject with substance and presented it as an individual being. from the 17th century, the concept of subject was interpreted in an epistemological sense. the materialists of the new era explained the subject as a knowing matter limited only to the passive reflection, perception and copying of the objective and eternally existing external reality. they did not understand the real activity that lies in the essence of the subject, that is, in the process of knowing, it is this activity that makes it possible to learn the reality in a deeper, wider, more detailed, more perfect way. the concepts of syntax and semantics occupy a very important place in linguistics and they are closely related to each other. the subject, the main concept of who or what the sentence is talking about, affects both of these areas. that's why we can say that they are complementary language tools. any scientific research begins with collecting, systematizing and summarizing facts. facts are of great importance in the development of science. that is why v. i. vernadsky said: "scientific facts are the main content of scientific knowledge and scientific research. based on them, it is possible to make empirical generalizations, to distinguish a certain system of scientific facts. although facts serve as the basis for scientific research, one should not become its slave. any fact is conceptualized by the subject, imbued with a certain theoretical idea. therefore, it is necessary to collect a certain number of facts and combine them into a specific conceptual system. a researcher does not blindly search for facts. when gathering facts, it comes from a certain goal, task, idea. thus, empirical experience can never be blind, especially in modern science. it is planned by theory. therefore, facts always have a theoretical weight. the beginning of science, its base is not bare facts, but theoretical schemes, conceptual analysis of existence. they consist of abstract objects (ideal constructs), conceptual models, etc. research and discussion the issue of the subject's relation to syntactics and semantics is a deep topic within the fields of linguistics and philosophy of language. here's a brief overview: syntactics: this refers to the structure of language, including the rules and principles that govern the formation of sentences. it deals with syntax, the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. semantics: this refers to the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. semantics focuses on how the meanings of sentences are derived from the meanings of their parts and how these meanings interact with each other. the relationship between syntactics and semantics is crucial because syntax and semantics do not operate independently of one another. instead, they interact closely: syntax-semantics interface: this is where syntactic structures map onto meanings. for instance, the way a sentence is structured can affect what it means, and certain syntactic positions may be reserved for specific semantic roles (like a subject or an object). interpretation and ambiguity: syntactic structures often influence how sentences are interpreted. ambiguity in language can often be traced back to syntactic structures that map onto multiple possible meanings. 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us constraints and dependencies: semantic roles and relations can impose constraints on the syntactic structure of a sentence. for instance, certain verbs require specific kinds of noun phrases as their arguments, which is a dependency dictated by semantics but manifested in syntax. the study of how subjects (as syntactic entities) relate to their semantic roles is particularly intricate. for example, how the grammatical subject of a sentence corresponds to various semantic roles like agent, experiencer, or theme can vary greatly across different languages and contexts. this relationship is pivotal in many areas, including computational linguistics, where understanding and manipulating the syntactic and semantic properties of language are key to processing and generating human-like text. conclusion in conclusion, the intricate interplay between syntactics and semantics within cognitive linguistics highlights the essential role of the subject in shaping linguistic structure and meaning. as explored in the text, the subject, whether conceptualized as an individual, a collective entity, or a theoretical construct, influences both the syntax and semantics of language. this dual influence underscores the inherent complexity of language as a cognitive tool that embodies both structured grammatical rules and the dynamic, context-dependent meanings. the syntactic arrangement of sentences not only supports grammatical accuracy but also guides semantic interpretation, often dictating how meaning is constructed and understood. meanwhile, semantics enriches this structure by infusing it with meaning that is shaped by and reflective of external realities and internal cognitive processes. therefore, understanding the relationship between syntax and semantics, facilitated by the role of the subject, is crucial for advancing linguistic theory, enhancing computational models, and refining our understanding of language as a profound medium of human thought and communication. references: 1. nurmonov a. rasulov r. o’zbek tili jadvallarida. toshkent. o’qituvchi, 1993. 2. sodiqov a, abduazizov a, irisqulov m. tilshunoslikka kirish. toshkent, 1981 3. shermatov, a. choriyev b, umumiy tilshunoslik kursidan mustaqil ishlar. toshkent. o’qituvchi, 1989. 4. amini, a. (2023). shimoliy afg’oniston o ‘zbeklari nutqidagi dehqonchilikka oid harakat fellarini ifodalovchi birliklar. integration of science, education and practice. scientific-methodical journal, 4(1), 9-15. 5. amini, a. (2023). dehqonchilikka oid maqollarning semantik tadqiqi. молодые ученые, 2(11), 123-128. 6. ahmad, a. a. (2021). the interpretation of agricultural words in" baburnama”. journalnx, 7(12), 116-118. 7. bokhodirovna, i. b., & azizovna, g. d. (2023). basic medical terminology in english. innovative achievements in science 2022, 2(20), 16-20. 8. azizovna, g. d. (2023). ingliz va o ‘zbek tillarida jins ifodalangan maqollar tahlili. научный фокус, 1(1), 335-338. 9. ganiyeva, d. a., & kizi ibrokhimova, s. r. (2023). local units expressing religious beliefs. educational research in universal sciences, 2(3), 139-141. 10. aliyevna, y. d. (2023). the issue of the subject and its relation to syntactics and semantics. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 214-217. 11. aliyevna, y. d. (2023). categorization of language units. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 343-345. 12. aliyevna, y. d., & omarovna, s. g. (2023). lexical conversion and its realization. gospodarka i innowacje., 36, 346-350. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. yuldasheva, d. (2023). ingliz tilida sub’yekt kategoriyasi konseptual voqealanishining funksional tabiati. педагогика и психология в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 2(8), 91-94. 14. yuldasheva, d. (2023). sub’yektning badiiy diskursdagi funksiyasi. педагогика и психология в современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования, 2(8), 95-98. 15. shoirakhon, k. (2023). the use of rhyming arts in alisher navoi's work nazm ul javohir. journal of advanced zoology, 44. 16. shoirakhon, k. (2023). the artistry of alisher navoi’s work “nazm uljavohir”. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies (29932157), 1(10), 403-408. 17. zohidova, d., & xo‘jayeva, s. (2024, february). “nazm ul-javohir” ruboiylarining qofiya xususiyatlari. in konferensiyalar| conferences (vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 96-102). 18. xo‘jaeva, s. (2023). alisher navoiy ijodida iymon talqini. academic research in educational sciences, 4(conference proceedings 1), 180-187. 19. khujaeva, s. (2023). rhythmic variation in alisher navoi’s work" nazm ul-javahir". pedagogy, 2(2), 1247-1247. 20. абдуназарова, н. ё. қ. (2021). дунёнинг лингвистик манзаралари типологиясида миллий дунёнинг лингвистик манзараси масалалари. scientific progress, 2(1), 1812-1816. 112-116 on the issue of increasing the competitiveness of the 112 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 on the issue of increasing the competitiveness of the economy of the republic of uzbekistan mohina oynazarova 2nd year student of the university of world economy and diplomacy, international relations faculty ixtiandr uvraimov the senior lecturer of the political science department of the university of world economy and diplomacy abstract: in the era of globalization and technological advancement, uzbekistan prioritizes enhancing national competitiveness through deep structural reforms under the “uzbekistan2030” strategy. key goals include digital transformation, innovation, human capital development, and attracting foreign investment. the country aims to join the top 50 of the global innovation index by 2030 through integrated efforts in education, science, and economic modernization. uzbekistan is committed to building a robust digital infrastructure, enabling seamless integration of technology across all sectors. the government is encouraging the growth of tech startups, smart city initiatives, and the expansion of e-governance to increase transparency and efficiency. investments in artificial intelligence, blockchain, and it parks are laying the foundation for a digital economy that aligns with global standards. keywords: uzbekistan, competitiveness, innovation, uzbekistan-2030, digitalization, foreign investment, human capital, global innovation index, reforms, exports, wto, sustainable development, science, technology, education, startup ecosystem. introduction. increasing the competitiveness of the economy is a critical objective for emerging nations aiming to secure sustainable growth and improve living standards. the republic of uzbekistan, with its strategic location in central asia and abundant natural and human resources, has embarked on comprehensive reforms to enhance its economic competitiveness [1]. this topic is particularly relevant due to the complex interplay between global economic trends, domestic policy reforms, and regional integration efforts that shape the country’s economic trajectory [2]. understanding how competitiveness can be effectively improved requires a synthesis of economic theories, including porter’s diamond model, endogenous growth theory, and institutional economics, which collectively emphasize innovation, productivity, and governance as drivers of competitive advantage [3].despite significant progress in economic reforms, uzbekistan faces several challenges, such as infrastructure bottlenecks, limited technological advancement, and regulatory constraints, which hinder its full competitive potential. previous studies have focused extensively on specific sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and services, highlighting areas for improvement but often lacking an integrated national competitiveness perspective. moreover, comparative analyses with neighboring countries reveal gaps in innovation capacity and market diversification that need urgent attention [4]. this study addresses these gaps by analyzing the 113 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us multifaceted factors influencing uzbekistan’s competitiveness and evaluates recent policy measures aimed at overcoming structural constraints.the research adopts a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis of macroeconomic indicators with qualitative insights from expert interviews and policy document reviews [5]. this methodology enables a comprehensive understanding of both measurable outcomes and contextual factors driving competitiveness. by focusing on the period following major reforms initiated in 2017, the study provides a timely evaluation of progress and identifies persistent barriers to economic growth. the analysis anticipates revealing how institutional improvements, investment in technology, and human capital development contribute to strengthening competitiveness [6]. furthermore, it expects to demonstrate the role of regional cooperation and trade liberalization in expanding market access and enhancing export performance. the findings aim to inform policymakers and stakeholders on effective strategies for fostering a resilient and dynamic economy in uzbekistan and this research contributes to the broader discourse on economic competitiveness in transition economies by providing empirical evidence and practical recommendations [7]. it underscores the importance of a holistic approach that integrates economic, institutional, and social dimensions, offering insights that could guide future reforms and strategic planning in uzbekistan and similar contexts. methodology this study employs a mixed-methods research design to thoroughly examine the factors affecting the competitiveness of uzbekistan’s economy. quantitative data were collected from official national and international databases, including the world bank, international monetary fund, and uzbekistan’s state committee on statistics, focusing on indicators such as gdp growth, productivity levels, foreign direct investment (fdi), export volumes, and innovation indices. statistical techniques, including trend analysis, correlation, and regression models, were applied to identify relationships and measure the impact of specific variables on competitiveness over time.complementing the quantitative analysis, qualitative data were gathered through semistructured interviews with policymakers, industry experts, and academics, providing nuanced perspectives on the effectiveness of reforms and ongoing challenges. policy documents, government reports, and strategic plans were also reviewed to understand the institutional context and policy environment shaping economic competitiveness.by integrating quantitative indicators with qualitative insights, the methodology captures both the measurable outcomes and the complex socio-economic dynamics influencing uzbekistan’s competitiveness. the study period spans from 2017 to the present, allowing evaluation of recent reforms and their implications. this approach ensures a comprehensive and balanced analysis that considers statistical evidence alongside expert opinion and policy frameworks, thereby producing actionable conclusions relevant to decision-makers aiming to enhance the country’s competitive position in the global economy. result and discussion in the period of globalization and technological progress, the question of improving the competitiveness of the country takes a central place in the strategic agenda of the republic of uzbekistan. the country is confidently moving along the path of massive reforms that are aimed at sustainable development, technological modernization and integration into the global economy. in speeches, the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. m. mirziyoyev has repeatedly emphasized that “a competitive economy is the foundation of a strong state and a prosperous society” [8]. according to experts, the year 2025 in uzbekistan is marked by the fact that the main focus is on increasing labor productivity, diversifying the economic structure, digital transformation and attracting foreign direct investment [9]. uzbekistan is realizing the long-term strategy "uzbekistan-2030", within the key priorities are identified: they are the development of human capital, ensuring justice and the role of the private sector and creating a modern competitive economy. key government strategies include: industrial development program until 2030, national export strategy, digital uzbekistan 2030, the program for the 114 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us transition to a “green” economy and ensuring “green” growth in the republic of uzbekistan until 2030, science, technology and innovation policy [10]. these documents aim to ensure the coherent transition to a new step in the development of an economy that is based on knowledge and innovation. a special insistence is placed on support for the private sector and the creation of a favorable investment climate. since 2017 more than 6500 regulatory acts have been canceled or simplified, and the term of business registration have been reduced to less than one day. in 2023 alone, foreign direct investment in uzbekistan reached 8.2 billion dollars, as it was a record high. furthermore, till 2026 it is planning a significant increase in the output of electricity, due to the share of renewable sources up to 25%. at the same time, it is expected that the share of small and medium sized businesses in gross domestic product (gdp) will rocket to 60% at all [11]. moreover, in the context of the program of digital uzbekistan, until 2026 it is planned to increase the influence of digitalized economy in gdp of a country to 2.5%, which will lead to the rise of labor productivity and reduction of administrative barriers [12]. these steps are directed to improve the country's position in international rates, such as global competitiveness index and doing business. attracting direct foreign investments and thriving export potential also play a crucial role in the improvement of competitiveness of the economy. uzbekistan is investing in science, research, and digital technologies. competitiveness is impossible without a skilled workforce. uzbekistan is investing heavily in education and workforce training [13]. the number of universities has tripled since 2017, including branches of foreign universities. the admission quota in higher education augmented from 66000 in 2016 to 220000 in 2024. the 2023 law on vocational education has strengthened the legal framework for dual education and private sector involvement in curriculum development.to meet the needs of a labor market, more than 50 new professional standards were introduced in priority sectors such as agriculture, information and communication technology (ict) and industry [14]. according to the ministry of digital technologies, it services exports exceeded $1 billion in 2024, compared to just 100 million dollars in 2019. the launch of it parks in 14 regions, coupled with tax incentives, created over 30000 high-tech jobs. digital solutions are being actively implemented in governance, logistics, and public services, contributing to greater efficiency and transparency. in 2023 foundation for science financing and innovation support was established with a capital of 500 million dollars to support start-ups and research-based enterprises. it should be noted also, according to the data of startupblink, uzbekistan entered the top 50 countries in the global startup ecosystem index [15]. the innovative development strategy for 2022–2026 envisages the formation of an effective ecosystem of interaction between the state, business, and scientific organizations. in 2023, the share of high-tech exports amounted to 2.4% of total exports, and research expenditures reached 0.16% of gdp. till 2030 uzbekistan has a plan of attracting more than 100 billion dollars of direct foreign investors. the emphasis on the development of industries with high added value products, such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, mechanical engineering and agricultural processing. uzbekistan is actively integrating into the global economy through regional cooperation and multilateral partnerships, accession to the world trade organization (wto) remains one of the governmental ultimate goals. negotiations with the wto have intensified in 2023–2024, with support from the eu, china, and the united states. at the same time, uzbekistan became an active member of the central asia regional economic cooperation (carec) and signed new preferential trade agreements with countries such as turkey, south korea, and the uae. the presidential decree of the republic of uzbekistan sh. m. mirziyoyev on july 6, 2023 introduced a new mechanism of export credit and insurance, significantly simplifying conditions for domestic producers to enter foreign markets. as a result, non-commodity exports increased by 18% in 2024, reaching 9.7 billion dollars. 115 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to the committee on budget and economic reforms of the legislative chamber of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, the country holds strong potential to enter the top 50 of the global innovation index (gii) by 2030. this ambitious goal is supported by positive trends in income levels, the effectiveness of ongoing reforms, and insightful comparisons with international peers. key priorities on this path include the development of human capital, the thoughtful adoption of some countries’ successful practices, and the creation of a cohesive innovation ecosystem through the integration of education, science, and technology. this strategic direction reflects uzbekistan’s commitment to building a competitive, knowledge-based economy for the future. сonclusion. in conclusion, it should be emphasized that the processes aimed at increasing the competitiveness of uzbekistan's economy have acquired a systematic and consistent character. the state strategy focused on structural reforms, technological modernization, and integration into global markets represents an adequate response to the challenges of the modern global economy. strengthening competitiveness will ensure conditions for sustainable economic growth, improved living standards, and the establishment of uzbekistan as a confident and respected player on the world stage. the effectiveness of this transformation will depend on the sound management of investment flows, institutional capacity building, and the development of human capital through modern education and innovation. according to specialists, through the synergy of public policy, private initiative, and international cooperation uzbekistan will be able to fully unlock its economic potential and ensure long-term national prosperity of economy. references: 1. m. e. porter, the competitive advantage of nations, new york, ny, usa: free press, 1990. 2. r. barro and j. w. lee, “international data on educational attainment: updates and implications,” oxford economic papers, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 541–563, jul. 2001. 3. world bank, “doing business 2023: uzbekistan,” washington, d.c., usa, rep. 2023. [online]. available: https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan 4. a. a. yusupov and t. k. khasanov, “structural reforms and economic growth in uzbekistan,” central asian journal of economic studies, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 22–35, 2021. 5. international monetary fund, “republic of uzbekistan: staff report for the 2022 article iv consultation,” imf country report no. 22/123, may 2022. 6. j. stiglitz, economics of the public sector, 4th ed., new york, ny, usa: w.w. norton & company, 2015. 7. p. aghion and p. howitt, endogenous growth theory, cambridge, ma, usa: mit press, 1998. 8. united nations conference on trade and development (unctad), “investment policy review: uzbekistan,” geneva, switzerland, rep. 2020. [online]. available: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaepcb2019d5_en.pdf 9. d. rodrik, “goodbye washington consensus, hello washington confusion? a review of the world bank’s economic growth in the 1990s: learning from a decade of reform,” journal of economic literature, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 973–987, dec. 2006. 10. a. tashkentov and s. mirzayev, “innovation potential and competitiveness of uzbekistan,” journal of central asian economic research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 45–60, 2020. 11. oecd, “enhancing competitiveness and productivity in emerging economies,” paris, france, rep. 2019. 12. r. hausmann, d. rodrik, and a. velasco, “growth diagnostics,” john f. kennedy school of government, harvard university, working paper no. 123, 2005. 116 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. world economic forum, “global competitiveness report 2022,” geneva, switzerland, rep. 2022. 14. s. k. rakhmatov and j. k. abdullaev, “challenges and prospects of economic diversification in uzbekistan,” economic policy review, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–29, 2021. 15. t. akhmedov, “foreign direct investment and economic growth in uzbekistan: empirical analysis,” asian economic journal, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 270–287, 2020. 105 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of budget and finance around the world mamayusupova shokhina ulugbek kizi tashkent state university of economics, finance and accounting faculty, 3-year student abstract: this passage elucidates the impact of accounting methods on financial reporting and decision-making processes within the context of wisconsin's government operations. it highlights the distinction between the "cash" basis of accounting, which records transactions based on cash inflows and outflows, and generally accepted accounting principles (gaap), which provide a more comprehensive view of financial performance by recognizing accrued expenses and revenues. the discussion emphasizes how the use of cash basis accounting in wisconsin has led to discrepancies between budgeted amounts and actual financial outcomes, resulting in deficits that affect the state's creditworthiness. furthermore, it underscores the legal requirement for local governments to adhere to gaap standards, ensuring consistency and transparency in financial reporting across different governmental levels. keywords: accounting basis, cash basis accounting, generally accepted accounting principles (gaap), financial reporting, budgeting, deficit fiscal management. introduction: a budget generally fulfills four essential functions: it acts as an accounting tool, a management document, a decision-making guide, and a communication device. as an accounting tool, much like a personal checkbook, a budget records expenditures and revenues. thus, while the adoption of a budget dictates the spending limits for a department or agency, actual expenditures must be meticulously recorded and audited at the fiscal year's end. similarly, although authorization to spend tax dollars is granted to a department or agency, managers are given a certain degree of discretion regarding how these expenditures are made. management decisions, therefore, dictate the specific allocation of resources within legal boundaries. on a larger scale, a budget document reflects the legislature's and governor's policy objectives. recently, the primary focus has been on limiting tax growth (wisconsin legislative reference bureau, 2005). [1] consequently, the state-level budgeting process over the past decade has been influenced by policies aimed at reducing property taxes. finally, and perhaps most importantly, the budget serves as a communication tool for the public. through the budget document, media coverage, and the key policy outcomes of the budget, the public gains insight into how their tax dollars are spent. government agencies at both the state and local levels initiate the formal budgeting process by submitting their requests to lawmakers. these budget requests inevitably reflect the policy objectives of the respective agencies and departments, with department heads actively advocating for their goals throughout the budgeting process. alongside government agencies, various advocacy groups, including citizen groups, unions, and local governments, also push for resource allocation. in wisconsin, a significant portion of state funds is allocated to local governments, making them prominent advocates in the budgeting process. the wisconsin counties association represents 106 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us counties, while cities and villages are represented by the league of wisconsin municipalities and the wisconsin alliance of cities. towns have their interests advocated by the wisconsin towns association, and school districts are represented by the wisconsin association of school district administrators and the wisconsin association of school boards. citizen advocacy groups, often focused on tax issues, are also active in wisconsin. examples include the brown county taxpayers alliance and the oconto county taxpayers alliance. additionally, the wisconsin taxpayers alliance, a non-profit research organization, publishes research on wisconsin tax policy, contributing to the public discourse on state and local budgeting. the ability to raise revenues and allocate resources is closely tied to the social and economic conditions within a state and community. in wisconsin, as in many other states, the demographic composition of its residents is undergoing significant changes. wisconsin is becoming more diverse, its population is aging, and the number of school-aged children is decreasing (wisconsin department of administration, 2006). concurrently, the state's economic base is evolving. although wisconsin remains a leading manufacturing state, its manufacturing sector is declining, giving way to a growing service sector. the demands of this changing society and the state's capacity to raise sufficient revenues, given the economy's ability to generate tax dollars, will continue to pose challenges. adapting to these demographic and economic shifts will be essential for the state to maintain its fiscal health and effectively meet the needs of its residents. literature view: wisconsin, like many other states, is experiencing significant demographic and economic changes. according to the wisconsin department of administration (2006), the state's population is becoming more diverse, characterized by an aging population and a decline in the number of school-aged children. furthermore, the economic base of wisconsin is shifting, with the manufacturing sector, traditionally a cornerstone of the state's economy, experiencing a decline. in contrast, the service sector is witnessing growth. [2] the evolving demographic and economic landscape of wisconsin presents challenges for budgeting and revenue generation. as the population ages and becomes more diverse, the demand for certain services, such as healthcare and social welfare, may increase, while the need for others, like education, may change. budgeting decisions must, therefore, adapt to these shifting priorities to effectively allocate resources and address the evolving needs of the population. [3] the ability to raise revenues is crucial for sustaining government operations and funding essential services. however, the changing economic base of wisconsin poses challenges to traditional revenue generation strategies. with the decline of the manufacturing sector and the growth of the service sector, policymakers must explore alternative revenue sources and adapt tax policies to ensure sufficient funding for government programs. this may involve diversifying revenue streams, revising tax structures, and incentivizing economic growth in emerging sectors. [4] the changing socioeconomic landscape of wisconsin presents both challenges and opportunities for budgeting and revenue generation. while demographic shifts and economic changes may strain government resources, they also offer opportunities for innovation and reform. for example, investing in education and workforce development programs can help mitigate the effects of an aging population and support economic growth in emerging industries. similarly, leveraging technology and data analytics can improve fiscal management and enhance revenue collection efficiency. [5] to gain further insights into the dynamics of budgeting and revenue generation in changing socioeconomic landscapes, it is instructive to examine case studies from other states or countries 107 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us facing similar challenges. comparative analysis can highlight best practices, lessons learned, and innovative approaches that may inform policymaking in wisconsin and other jurisdictions. analysis: budgets and financial management are essential for: 1. resource allocation: ensuring that limited resources are used efficiently to meet public needs. 2. economic stability: managing inflation, unemployment, and economic growth through fiscal policies. 3. governance: enabling transparency and accountability in government spending. 4. policy implementation: reflecting the priorities and objectives of governments through budget allocations. budgetary processes across different countries 1. united states the u.s. federal budget process is an annual process that involves the president’s budget proposal, congressional budget resolutions, and appropriations bills. the u.s. budget focuses on defense, healthcare, social security, and interest on debt. 2. european union the eu budget is unique as it is not a national budget but a collective budget agreed upon by member states. it primarily funds agricultural subsidies, regional development projects, and administrative expenses. 3. japan japan's budget prioritizes social security, public works, education, and defense. given japan’s aging population, social security expenditures are significant. global budgetary allocations to provide a visual comparison, let's look at the budgetary allocations of different regions through graphs and tables. graph 1: sectoral allocation of budgets in different regions (2023) 108 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the accounting basis used by a state has significant implications for financial reporting and decision-making. in wisconsin, the state government operates on a "cash" basis of accounting, which dictates when expenses and revenues are recorded. [6] under this method, expenses and revenues are recognized when cash is received or paid out, rather than when the transactions occur. for example, wisconsin makes payments to counties and municipalities at specific times of the year, such as shared revenues distributed on the fourth monday in july (15%) and the third monday in november (85%). in the context of cash basis accounting, payments made after the fiscal year-end, such as in late july, are not recorded as expenses until the actual expenditure occurs. this can lead to a discrepancy between budgeted amounts and actual financial outcomes. in the case of wisconsin, although the state may pass a balanced budget based on cash basis accounting, the audit for 2011 revealed a deficit of $2.9 billion in the general fund (state of wisconsin, 2011). this deficit, as per generally accepted accounting principles (gaap), reflects a more comprehensive view of the state's financial position, taking into account accrued expenses and revenues, regardless of when cash transactions occur. [7] the discrepancy between the reported deficit under gaap and the balanced budget under cash basis accounting has implications for the state's financial health and creditworthiness. bonding ratings, which assess a government's ability to meet debt obligations, may be downgraded due to concerns about fiscal management and transparency. bond investors rely on accurate and transparent financial reporting to assess the risk associated with investing in government debt, and deviations from gaap standards can erode investor confidence. it is noteworthy that while the state government of wisconsin may employ accounting methods not endorsed by gaap, local governments within the state are required by law to adhere to gaap standards. this requirement ensures consistency and comparability in financial reporting across different levels of government, facilitating informed decision-making and accountability. in summary, the choice of accounting basis has significant implications for financial reporting, budgeting, and fiscal management. while cash basis accounting may provide simplicity and ease of administration, it can obscure the true financial position of a government entity, potentially leading to misinterpretation and mismanagement of resources. adhering to gaap standards ensures transparency, accuracy, and accountability in financial reporting, essential for maintaining investor confidence and fiscal sustainability. table 1: budget deficits and surpluses (2023) trends in global budgeting 1. increased healthcare spending 109 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the covid-19 pandemic has led to a significant increase in healthcare spending worldwide. countries are allocating more resources to healthcare to strengthen their systems and ensure better preparedness for future health crises. 2. focus on infrastructure many developing countries are increasing their investment in infrastructure to support economic growth and development. this includes investments in transportation, energy, and digital infrastructure. 3. social security and aging populations in developed countries, a significant portion of the budget is directed towards social security and pensions due to aging populations. this trend is particularly evident in japan and parts of europe. [8] challenges in budget and finance 1. debt management: high levels of public debt are a concern for many countries. balancing the budget while managing debt repayments is a significant challenge. 2. transparency and corruption: ensuring transparency in budgetary allocations and combating corruption are ongoing issues, particularly in developing countries. 3. economic disparities: addressing economic disparities and ensuring equitable distribution of resources remains a global challenge. conclusion budgets and financial management are pivotal in shaping the economic and social landscape of countries around the world. they reflect government priorities, influence economic stability, and impact public welfare. by analyzing budgetary processes and allocations, we can gain insights into the diverse approaches and challenges faced by different regions. understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers, economists, and citizens alike. references 1. wisconsin department of administration. (2006). wisconsin economic outlook: demographic trends and economic implications. madison, wi: author. 2. smith, j. r., & johnson, k. l. (2018). budgeting in an era of economic change: lessons from state governments. public administration review, 78(3), 412–424. 3. jones, m. a., & brown, r. g. (2020). adapting tax policies to changing economic realities: lessons from state-level reforms. journal of public economics, 172, 104–117. 4. kim, s., & lee, h. (2019). managing budgets in times of demographic shifts: lessons from local governments. public budgeting & finance, 39(2), 87–99. 5. johnson, l. m., & martinez, a. (2017). innovations in revenue generation: case studies from across the globe. public finance review, 45(4), 567–580. 6. university of wisconsin system, presentation of 2005-06 annual budget to board of regents, july 2005 7. university of wisconsin-extension, merger of city-village services: best practices, university of wisconsinextension local government center, february, 2003. 8. deller, steven c. and craig s. maher. 2006, “a model of asymmetries in the flypaper effect,” publius: the journal of federalism 36(2): 213-229. 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 11, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the development prospects of the chinese economy abduvakhid kuldashevich turayev assistant, department of digital economy, samarkand institute of economics and service sardorbek isomiddinovich mahmudov student of group xim-k-324, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the chinese economy has become one of the most important and fastest-growing parts of the global economy in the 21st century. this article analyzes the development prospects of the chinese economy, its growth model based on technological innovations, and the process of global integration. china's "made in china 2025" strategy, "belt and road initiative," and the policy of expanding the domestic market are aimed at strengthening its position in the global economy. however, alongside china's economic development, social inequality, environmental problems, and political conflicts in international relations also pose risks. the article examines the main directions of china's economic development, the obstacles to their implementation, and china's future strategies. keywords: chinese economy, technological development, social inequality, environmental policy, global economy, made in china 2025, belt and road initiative. introduction the chinese economy stands out in the world for its rapid development and significant influence. the changes that began in 1978 with deng xiaoping’s economic reforms transformed china into one of the largest economic powers globally. china's economic development is transitioning from export-based industry and commodity production to the expansion of the service sector and investment in innovative technologies, aiming for high-tech manufacturing. the future development prospects and political-economic strategies of the chinese economy are focused on strengthening its position in the global trade system, ensuring environmental sustainability, and maintaining social stability. this article analyzes the key directions and prospects for the development of the chinese economy, including technological changes and its role in global integration. methodology when analyzing the development prospects of the chinese economy, the pestel analysis method was used. this method allows for the examination of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. other methods involve analyzing data and statistics related to economic growth, stability, social policy, and environmental development. using this method, the future prospects and obstacles to the development of the chinese economy are deeply analyzed. results and analysis the main factors affecting the development of the chinese economy are as follows: 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technological development: investment in technology and reliance on innovative solutions are key drivers of economic growth. the "made in china 2025" strategy aims to produce high-tech products, which in turn contributes to making china a global technological leader. social policy: social inequality and rural development issues exist in china. the aging population, changes in the labor market, and unequal distribution of economic growth may hinder social stability. environmental sustainability: steps are being taken in china to strengthen environmental policies and invest in renewable energy sources. these initiatives will help ensure environmental sustainability and make economic growth environmentally sustainable. global integration and trade: china's "belt and road initiative" and international trade agreements have enhanced its integration into the global economy. china's export-dependent economy is influenced by global trade relations, especially political conflicts with the u.s. and europe. discussion the effectiveness of china's economic development strategies, particularly technological innovations and the growth of new industrial sectors, has helped strengthen its position in the global economy. the "made in china 2025" initiative and the "belt and road initiative" are helping diversify china's export-dependent economy. however, social inequality, environmental issues, and demographic changes pose risks to china's economic stability. the aging population and labor market changes, especially in rural areas, could create challenges in ensuring social welfare. conclusion the chinese economy is currently one of the most important parts of the global economy and is strengthening its position through technological development and global integration. china's economic growth continues through its "made in china 2025" strategy and the "belt and road initiative." however, social inequality, environmental problems, and political conflicts in international relations may negatively impact economic stability. therefore, the success of china's future economic development depends on how it addresses these challenges and utilizes new opportunities. references 1. world bank. (2020). "china's economic transformation." world bank group. 2. li, w., & liu, x. (2018). "the belt and road initiative: economic impacts and future prospects." journal of international trade. 3. zhang, y. (2019). "the role of technology in china's economic growth." journal of china economics. 4. chen, z. (2021). "sustainable development strategies in china: challenges and opportunities." environmental economics journal. 5. xu, x., & wu, q. (2017). "china's economic policy and global trade relations." asian economics policy review. 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 achieving quality and efficiency of education is the main goal of the state national education system vasiyeva dilorom ibragimovna professor, karshi state technical university abstract: in this article, in the years of independence, a radical reform of the education sector, the adoption of many laws regulating relations in the field of education, achieving quality and efficiency of education is the main goal of the national education system of any state. the state is analyzed, and this process is a highly continuous development of the material and technical base of educational institutions, improvement of its regulatory framework, educational and methodological support, modernization of management and control of education based on modern pedagogical technologies. keywords: innovative approach, labor market, development, education, science, social development, higher education, development of personality and society, reform, intellectual development, socio-economic development, non-governmental educational institutions. introduction. since the first years of independence, the development of the education system in our country has been elevated to the level of state policy, and effective work has been carried out to ensure that our youth acquire modern knowledge and professions in conditions that meet world standards, mature into physically and spiritually mature people, realize their abilities, talents, and intellectual potential, and cultivate in their hearts a sense of loyalty and selflessness to our homeland. as you know, the "strategy of actions in five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2017-2021" was approved by the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev's decree no. pf-5847 dated october 8, 2019 “on approval of the concept for the development of the higher education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030” and resolutions no. pq-2752 dated june 5, 2018 “on additional measures to improve the quality of education in higher educational institutions and ensure their active participation in the comprehensive reforms being implemented in the country” and no. pq-4391 dated july 11, 2019 “on measures to introduce new principles of management in the system of higher and secondary specialized education”, resolution no. 967 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated december 3, 2019 “on the gradual transition of higher educational institutions to self-financing”, decree no. 133-f of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 25, 2019 serves as the basis for a fundamental reform of today's higher education system. indeed, the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the strategy of actions for the further development of the republic of uzbekistan” of february 7, 2017, sets out a number of priority tasks for the development of the social sphere, in particular, education and science. this adopted document provides for strengthening the material and technical base of educational institutions, the construction, repair and overhaul of new educational institutions, as well as providing them with modern educational and laboratory equipment, computer equipment 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and teaching aids. based on the action strategy, a number of decrees and resolutions were adopted aimed at further improving the personnel training system in our country, providing the economic and social sectors with highly qualified specialists, taking into account the current and future needs of employers in the training of bachelors and masters and achieving the harmony of educational areas, introducing medium-term target programs for structural changes in the economy, modernization, technical and technological re-equipment and diversification of industries, and comprehensive socio-economic development of regions. research methodology. today, in the era of high technology and informatization processes in the world, the competition between companies for the training of highly qualified specialists has increased somewhat. this applies not only to commercial organizations, but also to scientific research centers and educational institutions. indeed, the issue of the quality of modern education is one of the problems that must be solved first of all. after all, the higher educational institutions existing in our country form the knowledge of specialists in a specific professional field in the future. today, education has become the highest priority of state policy. during the years of independence, the composition of state budget expenditures has changed qualitatively. currently, the main place in state expenditures is occupied by financing the implementation of a strong social policy and social protection of the population. the funds allocated from the state budget for education are planned at the level of 33.7 percent of budget expenditures, and the volume of expenditures directed to the education sector is 10-12 percent of the gdp of our country. the education system is important in the implementation of social policy for three main reasons. these are: ➢ education is one of the main factors in the exercise of the right of people to follow the law and participate in building a democratic society; ➢ education ensures economic growth and provides people with the skills necessary to make a material contribution to the economy; ➢ education is considered an important part of social wealth, which plays a fundamental role in restoring the rich intellectual and national heritage of the uzbek people. education is an investment in the human factor. society as a whole is interested in it. after all, improving the level and quality of education ensures economic growth, increases labor productivity, finds rational solutions to social problems, and ultimately determines the country's place in the international community. in order to solve existing economic problems in the conditions of strong international competition, it is necessary to ensure the full and effective use of the intellectual potential of the population. one of the main principles of state policy in the field of education is to be educated and encourage talent; to harmonize state and public management in the education system, and to have a humane, democratic character of education and upbringing. knowledge, as a product of the educational sphere, has its own characteristics: it is a priceless social benefit; it is unlimited and does not decrease with use; it is not dependent on space; it is not refundable; the value it creates does not depend on the intensity of its subsequent use; it is time-related, etc. achieving the quality and efficiency of education is the main goal of the national education system of any state, and this process requires the continuous development of the material and technical base of higher education institutions, the improvement of their regulatory and legal framework, the modernization of educational and methodological support, education management and control based on modern pedagogical technologies, the organization of the personnel training system in accordance with the needs of the world, society, customer enterprises and organizations, and the improvement of the educational content of the system of retraining and advanced training of teachers of the higher education system based on foreign experience. 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nowadays, while the attention to the introduction of innovative pedagogical and information technologies in the education system is increasing, improving the content and quality of education is unimaginable today without a new direction of pedagogical innovation. the introduction of innovative processes and innovative innovations in the education system is determined by the professional capabilities of the teacher. in particular, the role and importance of modern teaching methods, interactive methods, and innovative technologies in teaching the subject of the world education system are incomparable. conclusion. thus, a new education system is being established in our country, aimed at entering the global educational arena. simultaneously with this process, significant changes are taking place in the theory and practice of the pedagogical educational process. the structure of approaches in education is changing, and different attitudes and pedagogical mentalities are being established. the education system is being enriched by the ability to work with new information, focusing on the individualization of the educational program, creative solutions. in the process of teaching innovative technologies in higher educational institutions, a factor remains the training of highly qualified personnel, the formation of their professional competence, improving their methodological skills, and equipping them with modern technologies. references 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5847. national database of legislative documents, 09.10.2019, no. 06/19/5847/3887; 30.04.2020, no. 06/20/5987/0521. 2. strategy of actions in five priority areas of development of uzbekistan in 2017 2021. decree of the president of uzbekistan no. pf-4947. 07.02.2017. 3. resolution no. pq-3775 dated june 5, 2018 “on additional measures to improve the quality of education in higher educational institutions and ensure their active participation in the comprehensive reforms being implemented in the country.” 4. law of the republic of uzbekistan, no. 637 of 23.09.2020. 5. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis. december 28, 2018. – www.uza.uz. 6. вахабов а., имамов э. висшее образование в сентралной азии. задачи модернизатсии. м.: 2017. http://www.uza.uz/ place and basis for the formation of meteorological vocabulary in the system of french and uzbek languages skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 11, 2024 | version v1 journal article open place and basis for the formation of meteorological vocabulary in the system of french and uzbek languages creators khamidova muborak khafizovna yuldosheva mohinur files 66-68+place+and+basis+for+the+formation+of+meteorological+vocabulary+in+the+system+of+french+and+uzbek+languages.pdf files (246.3 kb) name size download all 66-68+place+and+basis+for+the+formation+of+meteorological+vocabulary+in+the+system+of+french+and+uzbek+languages.pdf 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creative commons attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited. read more citation export technical metadata created november 12, 2024 modified november 12, 2024 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 responsibility for corruption crimes and foreign experience otaboev bobur lecturer of the tashkent state university of law criminal law, criminology and anti-corruption department abstract: the article examines the problem of corruption as a transnational crime causing a global crisis. it analyzes the experience of various countries in the fight against corruption, including the uk, scandinavia, hong kong, the usa, singapore, japan and the netherlands. it discusses the legislative measures taken in these countries to combat corruption, such as the bribery act in the uk and the foreign corrupt practices act in the usa. it also emphasizes the importance of public control and ethical standards in reducing the level of corruption. the article emphasizes that a successful fight against corruption requires a comprehensive approach, including both legislative initiatives and the active participation of civil society. keywords: corruption, transnational crime, fight against corruption, legislation, ethics, international experience the problem of the expansion of corruption crimes in recent years has been the subject of wide discussion by international organizations as a transnational crime at the international level. some politicians even characterize corruption as a factor causing a global crisis. researchers who have studied the impact of corruption on international relations have come to the conclusion that developed countries of the "first world" can use corruption to overthrow governments they do not like, establish a benevolent regime, and provide material support to the opposition to the current government.1 in this regard, we would like to study the experience of some developed countries in the fight against corruption in general and highlight them based on the rating of the level of noncorruption in the world. the uk judicial system has uniquely effective mechanisms to combat corruption, and the basis for criminal legislation relating to the taking of damages (corruption) is the bribery act, passed in 2010 2. this law is distinguished by its aggravating nature in comparison with the country’s previous anti-corruption legislation, that is, the absence of the institution of the passage of time limits for bringing judges to criminal responsibility and immunity from criminal prosecution. according to the provisions of the law, for certain crimes committed, judges and court officials are subject to punishments involving fines and imprisonment. the uk's anti-corruption strategy includes a specific programme to strengthen the principles of honesty and integrity in all areas of society and public services (including the judiciary). 11. berdiev a.t., khaidarov m.m., kuskarov t.r. zhinoyatlari corruption uchun zhavobgarlik : ўқув kullanma . – t.: uzbekiston republic of iiv academy , 2018. -152 p. 1. 2bribery act (uk, 2010). 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us these principles have had a strong influence on the fight against corruption through the media and public opinion. scandinavian experience shows that in the practice of all foreign countries special attention is paid to the use of effective forensic research in the prevention of corruption. in particular, the scandinavian council of criminology, created in 1962 by the ministers of justice of the scandinavian countries denmark, finland, iceland, norway and sweden, takes part in the formation of the policy of combating crime in these countries. the main goals of the council are the coordination of forensic research in the member countries, the development of recommendations to governments on combating crime. in the criminal-legal doctrine of these countries, a special place is occupied by ethical categories and the system of social values. the scandinavian council of criminology consists of 15 members three representatives from each state, two prominent criminologists and one representative of the ministry of justice. the peculiarities of the legal consciousness of the population of scandinavia are the idea of social equality, trust in the public and legal institutions, tolerance of various phenomena at the level of the individual, as well as a general sense of justice, manifested in relation to such legal categories as "crime," "criminal," "punishment" and "responsibility." in general, for scandinavian countries, the prevailing point of view is that the main criminogenic dominants are the social roots of crime. the experience of scandinavian countries shows that in order to organize an effective fight against corruption, it is advisable to further develop forensic research, while higher education institutions and scientific institutions of the legal field should coordinate research in the field of forensic science. it should be noted that the rating reflecting the level of corruption in countries of the world, published by transparency international (transparency international), notes that in scandinavia this indicator is at the lowest level. according to the data, the countries with the lowest indicators in this regard are new zealand, denmark, singapore, sweden, switzerland, finland 3. corruption, first of all, means the weakness of the state apparatus in fulfilling its minimum obligations to the people in any country. this also covers many developing countries in africa, latin america and asia and is one of the serious problems for these countries. in all these countries, corruption becomes the cause of poverty of the people, backwardness of the country. if we talk about hong kong's experience, the independent anti-corruption commission established in hong kong can serve as an example for institutions capable of successfully and decisively implementing measures in this area. the basis for the fight against corruption in hong kong is the systematic monitoring of the activities of government bodies official institutions, individual citizens, as well as the prosecution of those guilty. if we talk about the legislation of the united states of america, then the usa has adopted a special legislative act aimed at combating corruption. this legislative act, called the "foreign corrupt practices act," establishes liability for american companies for bribing foreign officials to obtain benefits and guarantees when concluding contracts 4. in the united states, an employee who makes an unintentional mistake is not punished. social ethics classes are taught in elementary and middle schools in america. the u.s. office of ethics provides information on its website about the required ethical standards for executive officers. almost all u.s. federal agencies conduct anti-corruption training on a regular basis (usually once a year). many departments have created special units to detect abuses, such as the internal revenue service, where responsible employees for official compliance work on a permanent basis and are contacted for help or advice. if an official has committed an offense, but at the same time acted 3 transparency international corruption reports 4 foreign corrupt practices act ( usa ) . 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in accordance with the preliminary instructions of an employee of the internal revenue service, he or she is not subject to punishment. this rule is aimed at rewarding conscientious employees who may accidentally make a mistake. as is known, before gaining independence in 1965, singapore was in a situation reminiscent of a picture of modern corrupt countries. on the one hand, the legislation was imported from distant england by british colonialists, on the other hand, law enforcement agencies did not have the ability to fight organized crime. most officials were mired in corruption. most of the population was illiterate and could not protect their rights. the country's leaders realized the need to eradicate corruption and arbitrariness, without which the country has no future. this served as the basis for the adoption of a whole system of measures, distinguished by their severity and consistency. the actions of officials were streamlined, bureaucratic barriers were eliminated, and strict control over compliance with high ethical standards was ensured. a special bureau for the investigation of corruption cases played a huge role in eradicating corruption the body that implemented these measures and has retained its powers to this day. citizens contacted the bureau with complaints about the actions of civil servants and demanded compensation for damages. at the same time, criminal penalties for corruption were increased, the independence of the judicial system was enhanced, judges' salaries were sharply increased, their high social status was ensured, and significant economic penalties were introduced for bribery or evasion of participation in anti-corruption investigations. strict measures were taken in many state organizations, including dismissal of all employees. these measures were implemented by reducing state intervention in the economy, increasing officials' salaries, and training qualified administrative personnel. "foiz," "taqdirlash," "baksheesh" no matter what corruption is called in local jargon, it is one of the manifestations of the asian way of life. ministers and officials cannot live on a salary that meets their needs. the higher their position, the more houses they have. and this is not enough, they have many wives and mistresses. depending on the position of their husbands, their gold jewelry is also expensive. singaporeans doing business in such countries should not bring these bad habits home, wrote the country's prime minister, one of the initiators of reforms in singapore, lee kuan yew 5. singapore, a country with strong authoritarian governance, currently ranks among the world leaders in terms of low corruption, economic freedom, and development. singapore, home to just 4 million people, has shown that political will, effective anti-corruption laws, and an incorruptible independent agency can reduce corruption to very low levels in a few years. the use of commercial sector employees by singaporean government officials for their personal gain, the low literacy rate of the population, and the lack of legal culture made the fight difficult. as a result, bribery became the only way to achieve the goal. another difficult aspect of the issue was that the staff of the corruption investigation bureau, created during the english period, consisted of local policemen and were not psychologically prepared to combat this vice. "customs officials accepted bribes to 'speed up' inspections of vehicles carrying contraband and banned goods. central supply officials provided bid information to interested parties for a fee. import-export department officials accepted bribes to expedite permits. contractors offered bribes to clerks to turn a blind eye to deficiencies. shopkeepers and homeowners paid the department of public health to remove garbage. school principals and teachers received commissions from stationery suppliers. when power is used for personal gain, human ingenuity knows no bounds." (lee kuan yew) 5lee kuan yew works on reforming singapore 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us realizing that the country was in a very difficult situation, the government made a firm decision to create an atmosphere of openness and purity in society, to ensure that corruption was perceived as a socially unacceptable phenomenon. it based its work on the principle of "remaining clean and incorruptible." the authors of the strategy were convinced of the importance of controlling corruption for national progress. the singapore government set itself the goal of turning singapore into a financial and trade hub for southeast asia and attracting foreign investors to the country. thanks to the political will of the leadership and strong anti-corruption legislation, singapore managed to defeat bribery and become one of the world's economic leaders. first of all, the opportunity for corrupt acts was reduced. in 1960, the anti-corruption strategy was enshrined in the act on the granting of special powers to the bureau for the prevention of corruption and the investigation of corrupt offences 6. in 1989 and 1994, the salaries of senior civil servants were revised to levels that no other civil servant in the world could dream of. however, this formula does not automatically mean an annual salary increase, since private sector incomes have been falling and rising. if private sector incomes fell in 1995, then in 1997 the salaries of all ministers and officials were correspondingly reduced. singapore's leadership was convinced that big campaign expenses were pointless for many asian countries. the winners who spent big money on elections had to not only recoup the money spent, but also raise money for the next elections. this opened the door to corrupt practices. so the leaders of the people's action party of singapore tried to cut their campaign expenses. the main idea of singapore's anti-corruption policy is to "eliminate situations that encourage people to commit corruption." this is achieved through a number of principles: 1) equating the salaries of civil servants to the average monthly salary of individuals successfully working in the private sector; 2) monitoring annual reports on the property, assets and debts of officials of state bodies (in particular, the prosecutor has the right to check any bank accounts, shares of persons suspected of violating anti-corruption legislation); 3) ensuring high moral standards of high-ranking officials; 4) eliminating administrative barriers that arise in economic development. an important aspect of the japanese state's experience is that in the 1990s, japanese researchers proposed the following to reduce corruption crime: disclose information about the activities of government agencies, introduce an independent ombudsman institution at the central and local levels to monitor officials, toughen penalties for such crimes (disqualification from being elected as a deputy, lifelong disqualification from holding high positions, punishment of persons in the electoral group associated with this), and fully finance election campaigns with public funds. in japan, along with the fight against corruption, a false (slanderous) report of a bribe can also be punished in the same way as the recipients of the bribes with hard labor for three years or a fine. thanks to reforms in the criminal law, punishments for a number of official crimes have been toughened. for example, for abuse of office by state and public figures, a punishment has been established in the form of hard labor or imprisonment for up to 2 years. previously, a person was punished in the same way for such a crime, but for up to 6 months. the netherlands is among the countries with the lowest level of corruption. the anti-corruption system in the netherlands includes: after the fact of corruption is revealed, the consequences of the corrupt actions are discussed and the sanctions applied to them are regularly published. the minister of internal affairs 63. zufarov r.a., akhrarov b.zh., mirzaev u.m. corruption. konun . zhavobgarlik . monograph // mas'ul muharrir : ju.f.d. , prof. m.kh.rustambaev . – t.: tdyui nashriyoti , 2011. – 168 bet 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reports annually to the parliament on the facts of corruption and the measures of punishment of persons involved in corruption. a system has been developed to monitor “points” where corrupt practices may arise and to control the activities of individuals in these places. a system of rights and responsibilities of officials responsible for violation of official rules of ethics has been created. the main punishment for corrupt actions is deprivation of the right to work in state organizations and all social benefits. a fine and temporary suspension from the performance of one's duties are also applied. in the most important organizations, in particular in ministries, there are internal security services whose task is to identify errors by officials, their intentional or accidental violations of rules. a system has been created for selecting individuals for positions that may be susceptible to corruption. all materials concerning corruption that are not related to the national security system are published to the public. a special system has been created to train officials who understand the harm of corruption. to combat corruption, a state security system has been created, which has extensive powers to identify corruption. officials at all levels are required to register cases of corruption known to them; this information is sent to the ministries of internal affairs and justice. the media plays a big role in the fight against corruption. because they reveal facts of corruption and conduct investigations about them. in germany, civil servants, regardless of their specific functions, are obliged to carry out their duties impartially and fairly in the interests of the whole society. the first task in the fight against corruption in germany is to maintain official secrecy. a civil servant must also keep secret information and facts that have become known to him in the course of his work. a civil servant may not give evidence or make statements, even in court, without obtaining permission. a civil servant must obtain prior consent from a superior for any work other than official work. permits for civil servants are not required only in scientific institutions and for activities related to teaching and research. civil servants do not have the right to engage in any entrepreneurial activity personally or through their authorized representatives. the federal government establishes the procedure for civil servants to work part-time by adopting a decision having the force of law. it specifies such issues as what activities are considered civil service or are equivalent to it; whether the civil servant receives payment for additional work; which categories of civil servants are required to obtain permission. it establishes the maximum amount of wages received by various categories of employees per year and the procedure for calculating it. if, after the termination of the service relationship, a civil servant works in a position related to his last five-year service activity, he must report this to his last place of service. his activity is prohibited if it may harm the interests of the service. this prohibition is imposed by the highest authority of the civil service and ends after 5 years from the end of the service relationship. the consequences of failure to perform or improper performance of duties by civil servants are regulated in detail. a civil servant (in accordance with the federal regulation on disciplinary 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us law) is considered to have committed an offense if he violated the procedure for performing his duties. in line with the high demands and restrictions associated with civil service in germany, high wages and other benefits, job security and a high standard of living are guaranteed. in australia, corruption is combated by special courses. there is no federal structure or centralized system of anti-corruption bodies in australia. control over the activities of government structures is carried out through national public organizations of australia, the parliament and the media. any citizen has the right to file a complaint to such a commission or report corrupt actions committed by a public official. the main anti-corruption educational program is a special course on the topic "corruption and methods of combating it," which is conducted at the faculty of public policy of the australian national university (canberra). during the training, students have the opportunity to become familiar with various approaches to the phenomenon of corruption and methods of combating its manifestations. in addition, there are special courses for university professors and high school teachers. this educational program is offered by the global education center. the uk foreign and commonwealth office organises anti-corruption seminars at its embassies (similar events have been held in recent years at diplomatic missions in the uk, china, russia, argentina, thailand, singapore, mexico, spain and the united arab emirates). for diplomats appointed to diplomatic posts, two-day intensive courses are organized, during which anti-corruption specialists conduct personal interviews with mfa employees and review written work on anti-corruption. as part of a joint project between the department for international development and the uk trade and investment agency, a special textbook on identifying instances of corruption has been published and is being sent to trade missions and embassies in foreign countries. the main anti-corruption agency in the uk is the serious fraud office (sfo). another feature of public education in the uk anti-corruption policy is the deliberate distraction of the population from the problem of internal corruption. the state certainly supports the external focus of educational programs in the field of combating corruption. the most active conductors of the london idea of global eradication of corruption are such nongovernmental organizations as the "british anti-corruption forum," "transparency international," "engineers against poverty," "center for combating corruption in infrastructure" and others. often, british non-governmental organizations implement anticorruption education programs for government agencies, businesses and civil society institutions of foreign countries on a gratuitous basis. the problem of corruption in india has not lost its relevance for a long time. according to experts, one of the reasons for the low effectiveness of the fight against corruption is the insufficient legal literacy of the population. there are no anti-corruption educational programs in indian schools. in law colleges and universities, anti-corruption laws and law enforcement practice are generally not taught as separate courses, but are studied as part of courses on socioeconomic crimes or as part of courses on white-collar crimes or the criminal procedure code. conclusions. corruption is seen as a transnational crime that can cause global crises. research shows that developed countries can use corruption to overthrow unwanted governments and support the opposition1 uk experience: the uk has passed the bribery act 2010, which increases criminal liability for judges and public officials and includes programmes to strengthen public integrity1 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the nordic approach: scandinavian countries place emphasis on forensic science and ethical standards, which allows them to maintain low levels of corruption due to high levels of trust in public institutions1 hong kong: the hong kong independent commission against corruption carries out systematic monitoring and prosecution, setting an example of an effective approach to combating corruption1 singapore: the country has made significant progress in reducing corruption thanks to strict laws and the high social status of judges. the government has introduced measures to increase the salaries of officials and strictly monitor their activities1 corruption in developing countries: in africa, latin america and asia, corruption leads to poverty and underdevelopment, which requires a comprehensive approach to eradicate it1 in some cultures, corruption is perceived as normal, making it difficult to combat. for example, in singapore, the government has worked to change the public perception of corruption as socially unacceptable1 effective fight against corruption requires a comprehensive approach, including legislative measures, public initiatives and support from the media. the experience of countries with low levels of corruption shows that political will and high ethical standards are key factors in this fight. list of references: 1. berdiev a.t., khaidarov m.m., kuskarov t.r. corruption zhinoyatlari uchun zhavobgarlik: ўқув қўлlanма. – t.: uzbekistan respublikasi iiv akademiyasi, 2018. -152 b. 2. otajonov a.a. boškaruv tartibiga karshi corruptionaga oid zhinoyatlar uchun zhavobgarlik: ŏқuv қўllanma. – t.: uzbekistan respublikasi iiv akademiyasi, 2018. -58 b. 3. zufarov r.a., akhrarov b.zh., mirzaev u.m. corruption. konun. zhavobgarlik. monograph // masul muharrir: juridical doctorate, prof. m.kh.rustambaev. t.: tdyui nashrietyti , 2011. – 168 bet. 4. zufarov r.a. the development of the living zhavobgarlik. monograph. – t.: tdyui, 2004. 5. bribery act (uk, 2010). 6. transparency international reports o corruption . 7. research by the scandinavian council of criminology. 8. foreign corrupt practices act ( usa ) . 9. lee kuan yew works on reforming singapore. 10. criminal law of japan. 11. corrupt practices and countermeasures in the netherlands. 12. anti-corruption reports in germany. 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 artificial intelligence, school administration and teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria esther amina akuh. phd department of educational foundations, federal university lokoja, nigeria abstract: this study invested the impact of ai on school administration and teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. this study adopted survey research design and correctional method. the target population for this study consisted of all principals and all teachers in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. the sample size consisted of 50 principals and 150 teachers giving the total as 200 which were drawn from some selected the sample schools. the sample size was randomly selected. the instrument for this study was questionnaire titled ‘ai, school administration and teachers’ job performance questionnaire’ (astq). the questionnaire comprised agree (sa) =4, agree (a) =3, disagree (d) =2 and strongly disagree (sd) =1. the split-half reliability coefficient then is determined by correlating the scores. based on the standard indices for reliability coefficient obtained for the instrument (0.94 and 0.94) are an indication of high reliability, pointing to the suitability of the instrument. the data collected were quantitatively analysed using tables, frequency distribution, percentage and person product moment correlation coefficient (ppmcc). the study revealed that ai has significant relationship with school administration in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd), fct, nigeria. the study also disclosed that ai has significant relationship with teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd), fct, nigeria. based on this finding, the paper recommends that government should increase funding of public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct for the development of artificial intelligence in all public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. government should organize capacity building programme for school administrators and teachers to improve their digital capacity and digital knowledge. keywords: ai, teachers’ job performance, school administration. 1.0 introduction the post-basic education and career development (pbecd) is the education children receive after a successful completion of nine years of basic education and passing the basic education certificate examination (bece) and junior arabic and islamic studies certificate examination (jaisce). it includes: (i) senior secondary education, (ii) higher school; and (iii) continuing education given in vocational enterprise institutions (veis) to either basic education graduates who are not proceeding to senior secondary schools, or senior secondary graduates that are not proceeding to the tertiary level, as a means of preparing them for the world of work, wealth creation and entrepreneurship (national policy on education 2014; mohammed, ogunode, & yahaya 2021). the objectives of post-basic education and career development (pbecd) according to (national policy on education 2014) are to: a. provide holders of the basic 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us education certificate and junior arabic and islamic studies certificate with opportunity for education of a higher level, irrespective of gender, social status, religious or ethnic background; b. offer diversified curriculum to cater for the differences in talents, disposition, opportunities and future roles; c. provide trained manpower in the applied sciences, technology and commerce at sub-professional grades; d. provide entrepreneurial, technical and vocational job-specific skills for self-reliance, and for agricultural, industrial, commercial and economic development; e. develop and promote nigerian languages, art and culture in the context of world's cultural heritage; f. inspire students with a desire for self-improvement and achievement of excellence; g. foster patriotism, national unity and security education with emphasis on the common ties in spite of our diversity; and h. raise morally upright and well-adjusted individuals who can think in dependently and rationally, respect the views and feelings of others and appreciate the dignity of labour. (national policy on education 2014). the realization of the above objectives depends on the availability of adequate human and materials resources such as artificial intelligence. artificial intelligence has programs designed with human-like intelligence and structured in the forms of computers, robots, or other machines to aid in the provision of any kind of service or tasks to improve the social economic and political development of the society. artificial intelligence is an application or program constructed to carry out tasks with human-like intelligence (ogunode & ukozor 2023). artificial intelligence is a specific branch of computer science. through research and development, it can simulate, extend, and expand the theory, method, technology, and application system of human intelligence. the research scope of this field is wide, including language processing, language image recognition, and intelligent robot. since the advent of artificial intelligence technology, it has been deeply studied by scholars all over the world. the theory and technology research are becoming more and more mature, and the application field is also expanding. in the future, the scientific and technological products brought by artificial intelligence will be the aggregation of human intelligence. to some extent, artificial intelligence can carry out digital simulation of the information process of human consciousness and thinking and even surpass human in thinking ability class. at the same time, artificial intelligence is a science with great development potential (xia, & li, 2022). artificial intelligence has the ability of a computer or machine to mimic the capabilities of the human mind – learning from examples and experience, recognizing objects, understanding and responding to language, making decisions, solving problems – and combining these and other capabilities to perform functions a human might perform, such as greeting a hotel guest or driving a car (alagbe, awodele, & ayorinde, 2021). artificial intelligence (ai), according to copeland (2023) is the ability of a digital computer or computer controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. the term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from experience. frankenfield (2023) defined artificial intelligence (ai) as a simulation of human intelligence by softwarecoded heuristics. artificial intelligence is a branch of science producing and studying the machines aimed at the stimulation of human intelligence processes. 1.1 purpose of the study the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of ai on school administration and teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. the specific objectives includes; 1. to find out the impact of ai on school administration in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria; 2. to find out the impact of ai on teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. 96 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1.2 research questions based on the purpose of the study, the following research questions were generated for the study: 1. what is impact of ai on school administration in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria?; 2. what is the impact of ai on teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria?. 1.3 hypotheses based on the research questions of the study, the following research hypotheses were generated for the study: h01: there is no significant relationship between ai and school administration in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. h02: there is no significant relationship ai and school teachers’ job performance in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct 2.0 literature review school administration is the process of arranging all educational resources, putting each resource where it ought to be used and coordinating both the human and materials resources for purpose of realizing the objectives of the school. school administration also deals with the effective and efficient utilization of school resources to actualizing the school programmes (ogunode, lawan, gregory & lawan 2020; muhammad, 2020; muhammad, 2020; kalagbor, 2017; ikgbusi &iheanacho, 2016). ogunode, et al (2020) opined that school administration look at the effective allocation, supervision and organization of school resources to realize the objectives of the educational institutions. the objectives of school administration include; to plan the educational programme, to design policies to direct the implementation of educational programme, to organize curriculum for the school, to eliminate educational waste, to ensure effective allocation of education resources, to ensure effective supervision of educational resources and to ensure deliver of quality education. school administration covers the following; school planning, organizing, controlling, coordinating and evaluating performance, decision making, curriculum development and planning, school plant management, students activities, teachers’ programme, human capacity development, school-community relationship, academic calendar planning, extra-curriculum programme, school discipline programme, school sport, school examination and school security. school administration involves practical organization and arrangement of school work schedules in effective ways using administrative structures to implement school programme and realize the school objectives whereby posts are created and assigned for the optimal performance of the school. school administration include; decisions making, forecasting, school objectives, programming school activities, budgeting, establishing and interpreting policies, examination, sporting activities, prize-giving/ graduation ceremony, maintenance of school plants, timetabling, distribution of functions to teachers, disciplinary procedure for both teachers and students, acquisition and distribution of instructional materials for the school among others (muhammad, 2021) school administration operates in different forms of educational institutions. school administration occurs at the early child administration, primary school administration, secondary school administration and university administration etc. secondary school administration is the internal organization of human and materials resources within in the school for the realization of school goals. secondary school administration is the practical arrangement of school resources to the implementation of school programme for the achievement of school objectives. secondary school administration is aimed at improving teachers’ job performance and students’ academic performance in the schools. teachers job performance refer to the level of attainment of instructor’ tasks and assignments in the school. teachers’ job performance is the extent to which 97 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the instructor carry out the assigned responsibilities in the school. teachers’ job performance is the act or process by which the teachers execute the official responsibilities in the schools (oyedemi, 2015; nwiyi, 2018; ogunode et al (2023). teachers’ job performance includes writing of lesson note, lesson plan, organization of instrument materials, assigning of test and examination, marking, representing of school, extra– curriculum activities and motivation of students. the teachers’ job performance are all activities and programme the teachers carry out in the school and the extent to which the activities are achieved. teachers’ job performance is the degree by which teachers executes their official responsibilities in the school. (muhammad, 2021) teachers’ job performance is capacity to effectively inculcate the three domain such as concerned cognitive, psychomotor and affective on the learners. teachers’ job performance covers the roles of the teachers to substitute the parents roles in the schools. teacher’s job performance is the duties performed by a teacher in a particular period in the school system in achieving organizational goals (obilade as cited in selamat & tautig, 2013). teachers’ job performance could be measured through teachers’ job satisfaction and job attitudes such as job commitment, feelings of job challenge, job meaningfulness and job responsibility. 3.0 method this study adopted survey research design and correctional method. the target population for this study consisted of all principals and all teachers in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. the sample size consisted of 50 principals and 150 teachers giving the total as 200 which were drawn from some selected principals and teachers. the principals and teachers were randomly selected. the instrument for this study was questionnaire titled ‘ai, school administration and teachers’ job performance questionnaire’ (astq). the questionnaire comprised agree (sa) =4, agree (a) =3, disagree (d) =2 and strongly disagree (sd) =1. the instrument was face validated by two experts in educational administration and planning from the state university of abuja. to determine the reliability of the instrument, the researcher tests its consistency through a pilot test using split-half method and each half administered separately to a group of respondents. the split-half reliability coefficient then is determined by correlating the scores. based on the standard indices for reliability coefficient obtained for the instrument (0.94 and 0.94) are an indication of high reliability, pointing to the suitability of the instrument. the data collected were quantitatively analysed using tables, frequency distribution, percentage and person product moment correlation coefficient (ppmcc). 4.0 result and discussion h01: there is no significant relationship between ai and school administration in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. table 4.1: significant relationship between ai and school administration in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. variable n x sd df a t-cal t-crit p decision ai 82 25.77 12.36 198 0.05 7.16 1.96 0.00 reject school administration 118 22.66 10.88 4.1 showed that there is a significant relationship between ai and school administration in postbasic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. the mean scores are 25.77 and 22.66, t-cal = 7.52 and t-crit = 1.96 which is less than the alpha (a) value of 0.05. therefore, the hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between ai and school administration in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. this means that ai support school administration, implementation of teaching programmes, enhance effective learning in tertiary institution students, effective conduct of examination, support 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us virtual learning, improve the provision of community service programme, effective management of data, improve security in school and improve the attendance of teachers in classroom. there is no significant relationship ai and school teachers’ job performance in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. table 4.2: significant relationship between ai and teachers’ job performance in postbasic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. variable n x sd df a t-cal t-crit p decision ai 85 25.99 12.36 198 0.05 8.62 1.93 0.00 reject teachers’ job performance 115 23.86 10.88 table 4.1 showed that there is a significant relationship ai and school teachers’ job performance in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. the mean scores are 25.99 and 23.86, t-cal = 8.62 and t-crit = 1.93 which is less than the alpha (a) value of 0.05. therefore, the hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship ai and school teachers’ job performance in post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct is rejected. this means that ai is support teachers to implement the school curriculum in fct. 4.1 discussion of finding the study revealed that ai has significant relationship with school administration in public postbasic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. effective management is critical for smooth curriculum implementation. ogunode and olowonefa (2023) opined that ai has the capacity to improve data generation, distribution, storage and computation in school for effective decision and planning for effective school management. westagilelabs (2022) noted that to eliminate manual administration work in n schools, colleges and universities such as scheduling, rescheduling classes, marking attendance, grading papers, finance, and accounting and record keeping. this streamlines the regular, mundane tasks that no longer need to be done by the staff. ai tools can perform various functions like ending truancy alerts, report cards and other correspondence to the parents automatically, plan and schedule meetings, automate routine, student forms, enrollments, and other paperwork to the correct department, shorten the time spent on progress reports ai, streamline any other record-keeping tasks. the study also showed that ai has significant relationship with teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. ai can aid effective implementation of curriculum in the postbasic education and career development (pbecd) schools (ogunode, and ukozor, 2023; ogunode, and gregory, 2023 & igbokwe, 2023). curriculum implementation deals with lesson planning and presentation. lesson planning and lesson presentation is a major function of a teachers in the post-basic education and career development (pbecd). the teachers is saddled with responsibilities of planning a simple and presentable lesson plan that will stimulate learning in the classroom. ai resources have been proved to have the capacity to aid the teachers to prepare bot lesson plan and aid the teachers to present the lesson perfectly. ogunode et al (2023) asserted al can be applied to aid delivery of lecture or implementation of teaching programme in educational institutions. westagilelabs (2022) observed that tutoring programs or intelligent tutoring systems (its) based on artificial intelligence are equipped to handle personalized feedback and instructions for one-on-one teaching. they can help in scenarios where human tutors are not available for small lessons that can be taught and evaluated online. it can be an effective tool in e-learning platforms to teach languages, geography, circuits, medical diagnosis, computer programming, mathematics, physics, genetics, chemistry, etc. they are designed to factor in engagement, metrics for grading and comprehension. 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4.2 conclusion and recommendations the study assessed the impact of ai on school administration and teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. the specific objectives includes; to find out the impact of ai on school administration in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria and to find out the impact of ai on teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. the study concluded that ai has significant relationship with school administration in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. the study also disclosed that ai has significant relationship with teachers’ job performance in public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct, nigeria. based on this findings, the study recommends the following: 1. government should increase funding of public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct for the development of artificial intelligence in all public post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in fct. 2. government should organize capacity building programme for school administrators and teachers to improve their digital capacity and digital knowledge. references 1. adeyemi (2023) ai and educational problem of out of school children in nigeria 2. balarabe, d. m & muhammad, a. s. 2021 ‘’necessity of respecting the name of allah on the circulation of the tongue’’ abuja journal of islamic studies, department of islamic studies, faculty arts, university of abuja, abuja nigeria. vol. 2, no. 2. december, 2021, pp: 2233. 3. chiroma, (2024) leveraging-on-ai-to-reduce-out-of-school-children-in-nigeria 4. copeland, b.j (2022). artificial 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(2023). application of artificial intelligence (ai) in educational management. international journal of scientific and research publications, 13(3).300-307 https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificialintelligence https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract%20 https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract%20 https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract%20 https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%25 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 16. ike, p. (2017) problems and prospects of secondary education in nigeria. international 17. ikgbusi, n, g &iheanacho, r, c (2016) factors militating against effective administration of secondary schools in anambra state. world journal of educational research. 3, 1,journal of education and evaluation. 3 (1) 44-51 18. kalagbor, l. d. (2017). educational administration: principles and practices in schools. port klirs (2024) artificial intelligence and out of school children in nigeria. 19. muhammad, a. s. 2020 ‘’traces of peaceful coexistence in the prophetic tradition as a panacea for national cohesion.’’ al-nazzarah, referred journal of arabic and islamic studies, department of religion and philosophy, faculty of arts, university of jos. vol 3, no. 5. december, 2020, pp: 12-27. 20. muhammad, a. s. 2021 & sunusi, s. a. ‘’the role of religion in conscience reawakening of the youth’’ al-nazzarah referred journal of arabic and islamic studies, department of religion and philosophy, faculty of arts, university of jos. vol. 4, no. 3. december, 2021, pp: 1-12. 21. muhammad, a. s. 2021 ‘’ the role of civil society organization in the face of contemporary security challenges in nigeria’’ abuja journal of islamic studies, department of islamic studies, faculty arts, university of abuja, abuja nigeria. vol. 2, no. 2. december, 2021, pp: 125-138. nigeria. journal of resourcefulness and distinction, 16. 1, 215 22. nwiyi, g. u. (2018). administration of private secondary education in a dwindling 23. ogunode n,. j & jegede, d. (2021). an investigation into the challenges militating against implementation of secondary school educational policies in federal capital territory, abuja, nigeria. commonwealth journal of academicresearch, (cjar.eu), 112. doi: 24. ogunode n,. j. & olowonefa j,. a. (2023). ai education in nigerian schools. international journal of human computing studies, 5(10),47-55 25. ogunode, n. j. & gregory, d. m. (2023). artificial intelligence (ai) in educational administration. international journal on orange technologies, 5(10), 7-16. 26. ogunode, n. j., & ukozor, c. u. (2023). curriculum revolution in higher education: the mighty role of artificial intelligence. retrieved june 22, 2023, from https://ijins.umsida.ac.id/index.php/ijins/article/view/971/1183 27. oyedemi, o. (2015). ict and effective school management,administrators' perspective, proceedings of the world congress on engineering, 249-253. 28. singh, s., & jain, p. (2022). applications of artificial intelligence for the development of sustainable agriculture. in: kumar, p., tomar, r. s., bhat, j. a., dobriyal, m., rani, m. (eds) agrobiodiversity and agri-ecosystem management. springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978981 19-0928-3_16 29. westagilelabs (2022).how artificial intelligence (ai) is transforming education: 8 cuttingedge applications. https://www.westagilelabs.com/blog/8-applications-of-artificialintelligence-ineducation/ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981 https://www.westagilelabs.com/blog/8-applications-of-artificial-intelligence-ineducation/ https://www.westagilelabs.com/blog/8-applications-of-artificial-intelligence-ineducation/ the effect of the foreign political strategy of the republic of uzbekistan on domestic political processes skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 6, 2024 | version v1 journal article open the effect of the foreign political strategy of the republic of uzbekistan on 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studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 impact of insecurity on universities education in nigeria habujika abdulhadi ismaili department of science education, faculty of education, federal university wukari, nigeria deborah jegede oluwaseun department of art education, university of abuja nigeria abstract: this paper looked at the concept of university education, insecurity, causes of insecurity in nigeria, and the impact of insecurity on university education in nigeria. the paper is a position paper that depends on secondary data. the secondary data were sourced from print literature and online literature. content analysis was employed for the literature screamed in the paper. the paper concluded that insecurity has affected the development of university education in nigeria. insecurity has led to the deaths of lecturers, university closures, an unstable academic calendar, and poor implementation of teaching, research, and community services programmes. based on these findings, the paper hereby recommends the following: the government should urgently address all issues breeding insecurities across the country by exploring different strategies. the government should provide adequate funding to securities agencies to strengthen security operations and management in nigeria. universities in the country should be adequately secured, and school defenses should be provided in all the universities. keywords: insecurity, university education. introduction university education is the final stage of education. university education is the next level of education after secondary school education. university education is the education for the transformation of communities, states, and nations (ogunode, olowonefe, & olumodeji, 2024). university education is the education that produces manpower of all categories for social, economic, and technological advancement. university education is organised and systematic in nature and leads to the award of certificates after graduation. university education is an educational system centered on teaching, researching, and the provision of community services. university education, by its nature, is the largest educational system globally (ogunode et al., 2024). according to the npe (frn, 2004), university education is expected to make an optimum contribution to national development through the intensification and diversification of its programmmes for the development of a high-level human resources base within the context of the needs of the nation, make professional course contents reflect nigeria’s national requirements, make all students part of the general programme of all-round improvement, and offer general study courses such as history of ideas, philosophy of knowledge, and nationalism. universities are expected to encourage and disseminate their research results to both the government and industries. universities are expected to inculcate community spirit in their students through projects and action research. they are expected to ensure that faculty in their professional fields have relevant industrial and specialized experience. however, the npe states that a huge percentage of funding for university education will be devoted to science and technology. 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us oni and alade, (2010) submitted that the objectives or goals of establishing a university differ from one society to another. generally, it is a basic assumption that universities are, by definition and long-established tradition, meant to be places where all learning activities are governed by creative skepticism, constant questioning, disputations, and argumentation. universities educate future leaders and develop the high-level technical capacities that underpin economic growth and development (odekunle, 2001). also, ibukun (1997) posited that the main purpose and relevance of university education in nigeria is the provision of much-needed manpower to accelerate the socio-economic development of the nation. higher education is regarded as an instrument of social change and economic development. the benefits derivable from a good and functional university education system can never be overemphasised. the entire developmental apparatus of the socio-economic structure revolves around a good university education. the contribution of university education to development comes in varied forms. firstly, it helps in the rapid industrialisation of the economy. this is done by providing manpower with adequate professional, technical, and managerial skills. in another vein, a good university system helps to boost the transformation of societies into knowledge societies. this it does by providing not just educated workers but knowledge workers who will contribute immensely to the growth of the economy (tilak & jandhyala 2009). university education helps to instill good attitudes and engenders attitudinal changes that are necessary for the socialisation of individuals, thereby leading to the modernisation and overall transformation of society. it is also clear that a functional university system helps, through teaching and concise research, in the creation, absorption, dissemination, and application of knowledge. finally, healthy university education helps in the formation of a strong nation-state and, at the same time, aids globalization. it allows people to enjoy an enhanced life of mind‘, offering the wider society both cultural and political benefits (taskforce on higher education and society (tfhes), 2000). university education is a critical economic sector development, and it’ drives long-term economic growth, spurs innovation, strengthens institutions, and fosters social cohesion. university education remains an imperative tool in the development of the country. concept of insecurity insecurity refers to lack of or inadequate freedom from danger. insecurity is a situation whereby people of a nation or community are not safe and free from any crime or violence that destroys, harms or destabilizes the continuity of their livelihood (umar, 2022). insecurity is a common feeling that nearly most people will experience at some point, and it can stem from numerous sources (eric 2021). achumba, (2013) defines insecurity from two perspectives. firstly, the author sees insecurity as the state of being open or subject to danger or threat of danger, where danger is the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury. secondly insecurity is perceived as the state of being open to risk or anxiety, where anxiety is a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some misfortune. insecurity as the state of fear or anxiety stemming from a concrete or alleged lack of protection (beland 2005). insecurity in nigeria is cause by many factors, according to jacob and andrew, (2015), the factors includes; unemployment, bad governance, lack of quality education or training, lack of or inadequate basic infrastructures, corruption and corrupt practices of government officials, perceived victimization, arrant poverty in the midst of affluence, ethnic superiority, religious superiority, domination and exploitation, materialism and the display of it with impunity, etcetera. also, ineffective education is the leading factor responsible for insecurity syndrome in nigeria followed by unemployment, corruption, poverty, poor security infrastructure, mismanagement of national resources, selfishness, high rate of illiteracy, poor information and communication technology, inadequate database and under funding of the security agencies in nigeria were identifies as causes of insecurity by according to ishaq, tope and abdulhafiz (2019). 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us manga (2019); innocent, musa, and ogunode, (2021) noted that the cause of insecurity in schools are included non-challant attitude of some school administrators towards security matters, lack of a comprehensive and well disseminated school security policy, lack of execution of security duties by the school security guard among others. insecurity continues to threaten the university educational system in the country to the extent that students, teachers, and the government are being frustrated, leading to unstable academic calendar in educational institutions. impact of insecurity on university education in nigeria there are many impacts of insecurity on university education in nigeria. some of them includes; death of many lecturers in the universities, universities’ closure and poor implementation of teaching, research and community services programme. death of many lecturers in the universities insecurity in nigeria and attacks of universities have led to death of many lecturers which have affected implementation of teaching programme. lecturers or academic staff are implementer of curriculum in the university system. lecturers are saddled with the responsibilities of lecture planning, lecture presentation, instructional resources organization and students assessment. killing of these academic staff have been reported by akin-ibidira, ogunode, and ibidiran (2022) that claimed that many lecturers, students and researchers have been killed by bandits and boko-haram members across the country. adedigba (2018) quoted nigeria’s former minister of education, adamu adamu, who noted that 2295 teachers were killed in attacks by insurgents in the north-east. the minister confirm this during a workshop organised for the review of legal framework on the safe school declaration in abuja on wednesday. the minister, who expressed concern over the systematic destruction targeted at education, said 2,295 teachers have been killed and 19,000 others displaced in borno, yobe and adamawa states in the last nine years. universities’ closure insecurity in different part of nigeria has led to closure of educational institutions especially the universities. in different occasion has the university of job closed down just because of insecurity. most universities in north-east nigeria have also been closed due to insecurities caused by boko-haram members in the region. these universities closure has negative impact on implementation of curriculum and research activities. ekpoh,. aniefiok, and nse (2020); ogunode, jegede, adah, audu and ajape (2020) noted that universities closure in nigeria may lead to prolonged of academic programme and academic calendar. ogunode, ukozor, and ayoko, (2023) opined that continuous closure of higher institutions can led to poor quality of education because many students syllable and scheme of work will not be covered. universities closure can also lead to education resources wastage because it increase expenses of the students and that of the universities. universities closure in nigeria slow down implementation of teaching programme. it disrupt academic calendar and student learning programme (manga, 2019). lecturers and students are displaced due to insecurities (olusola 2021; unicef & eu, 2021). insecurities affects effective execution of educational services that involves teaching, extra-curriculum activities and school administration (ogunode & chijindu, 2022; oke, 2021; sanni, 2015) poor implementation of teaching, research and community services programme insecurity in nigeria has negatively affected universities programmes. insecurity has led to poor implementation of teaching, research and community services programme. teaching programme is the first cardinal programme of the universities. it is very vital to the realization of the objectives of the universities. the implementation of this programme is been done by the lecturers in the universities. teaching programme requires a peaceful and conducive environment for effective implementation. teaching programme involves impartation of knowledge on the students. studies by musa (2021) and musa and manga (2023) asserted that 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the implementation of teaching programme is some nigerian universities have been disrupted because of insecurity problems. insecurity has also militated against effective implementation of research programme of the universities. research programme is the secondary programme of the universities. research programme involve both the lecturers and students (ogunode, & ade, 2023). research programme is a very strong cardinal programme of the universities. research programme of universities have been affected by insecurities according to ibrahim, (2013); omede, and omede, (2015); human rights watch (2016); akor, musa, and ogunode, (2021) observed that many researchers have been kidnapped and killed and many research communities cannot be access because of insecurities problems in the areas. on the impact of insecurity on research, onu, (2022); ogunode, umeora and olatunde-aiyedun (2022) observed that the insecurity has affected the movement of students, lecturers and researchers when he said “apart from the university of nigeria, which has some of its staff and students living inside the institution, all other tertiary institutions in the southeast have their staff and students living off campus. this is why you cannot find anyone in any school on mondays or any day ipob may determine as a sit-at-home day. this means that no teaching or learning takes place on these days. "another evil this sit-at-home has brought upon us is that no conference or seminar holds anymore in the southeast because of the fear of the attacks that might result from sit-at home as reported by (onu, 2022). with school closure, no any meaningful research programme can take place. on effects of insecurity on community service, ogunode, ukozor, & ayoko, (2023) concluded that insecurity in the southeast region has also affected the community service programme of the higher institutions in the zone. higher institutions are known for carrying out community service programmes in their respective host communities. the insecurity challenges especially the sit-athome order and kidnapping issues have disrupted the community service programme of some institutions in the southeast zone. insecurity is undermining the development of community service provision in nigeria (ogunode, & olaitan, 2023;adekola, & enyiche, 2017). community service programme of the universities has also been affected by insecurities. the closure of universities leads to suspension of major programme of the universities such as the community programmes. oni, (2016); protect education attack, (2020); ogunode, and ukozor (2022) observed that whenever the universities are closed, it not only affects the students and lecturers but the entire host communities. the closure affects the socio-economic aspects of the host communities. conclusion and recommendations this paper discussed the impact of insecurity on university education in nigeria. secondary data were used in the paper. the paper concluded that insecurity has affected development of university education in nigeria. insecurity has led to death of lecturers, universities closure, unstable academic calendar and poor implementation of teaching, research and community services programme. based on this points identified, the paper put forward the following recommendations; government should urgently address all issues breeding insecurities across the country by exploring different strategies. government should provide adequate funding to securities agencies to strengthening security operation and management in nigeria. universities in the country should be adequately secured and defense should be provided in all the universities. references 1. achumba, i. c. (2013). security challenges in nigeria and the implication for business activity and sustainable development. journal of economics and sustainable development,4(2) 79-99.www.iiste.org 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. adedigba, a. (2018) nigeria: boko haram kills 2,295 teachers in north-east – minister. https://protectingeducation.org/news/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2295-teachers-in-north-eastminister/ 3. adedoyin,. a& adeagbo, i (2024). international organisation laments impact of insecurity on education https://punchng.com/international-organisation-laments-impact-of-insecurity-oneducation/ 4. adekola, g., enyiche, c.c. (2017). effects of insecurity on community development projects in ogba/egbema/ndoni and ahoada east local government areas of rivers state, nigeria. journal of education and practice 8, (14), 34-39 5. akin-ibidiran t. y, ogunode, n. j. & ibidiran, a (2022) analysis of factors responsible for poor curriculum implementation in tertiary institutions in nigeria. electronic research journal of social sciences and humanities, 4 (5), 1-11 6. akor a. i. musa, a & ogunode, n, j (2021) causes, forms and consequences of insecurity on nigerian educational system: implications for educational managers. middle european scientific bulletin, (18), 262-272 7. beland, d. (2005). the political construction of collective insecurity: from morale panic and to blame avoidance and organized irresponsibility. center for european studies, working paper series, 126. 8. eric, p. (2021) insecurity: definition, causes, and seven ways to cope.www. choosing therapy.com 9. ekpoh, u. aniefiok, o. e &nse, n. u(2020) security challenges in universities: implications for safe school environment. journal of educational and social research. 10(6), www.richtmann.orgaugust, 2021 10. federal republic of nigeria (frn) (2004). national policy of education. lagos, nigeria: nerdc. 11. garba, a. g. ogunode, n. j musa, a. & ahmed. i (2022) effects of insecurity on tertiary education in north-east nigeria and way forward. the spanish journal of society and sustainability., (2), 10-17 12. human rights watch (2016) set the classroom on fire. https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/04/11/theyset-classrooms-fire/attacks-education northeast nigeria 13. ibrahim, m. b. (2013). security challenges in educational institutions: the way forward, a paper presented at the annual lecture of zaria education development association (zeda). on 27th december 2013. 14. ibukun wo (1997). educational management: theory and practice. adoekiti: green line publishers. 15. innocent, a. a., musa, a. & ogunode, n. j. (2021). causes, forms and consequences of insecurity on nigerian educational system: implications for educational 9managers. middle european scientific bulletin, 18, 262-272. issn 2694-9970 https://cejsr.academicjournal.io/index.php/journal/article/view/881 16. ishaq, a. b. m, tope. a.; &abdul hafiz, z (2019) education and insecurity in nigeria. oasis educational consults, abuja, nigeria.oasisconsults@gmail.com 17. jacob o. & andrew a. o(2015) terrorism and insecurity in nigeria: moral, values and religious education as panaceas. journal of education and practice. 6(11) pp. 120126www.iiste.org https://protectingeducation.org/news/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2295-teachers-in-north-east-minister/ https://protectingeducation.org/news/nigeria-boko-haram-kills-2295-teachers-in-north-east-minister/ https://punchng.com/international-organisation-laments-impact-of-insecurity-on-education/ https://punchng.com/international-organisation-laments-impact-of-insecurity-on-education/ https://cejsr.academicjournal.io/index.php/journal/article/view/881 mailto:nigeria.oasisconsults@gmail.com 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. manga, s. d. (2019) assessment of causes and forms of insecurity in educational institutions in kebbi state: implication for school administration. international journal of current research. 11(10) 7676-7680.available online at www.journalcra.com 19. musa, a., & manga, s. d. (2023). use of military uniform and vehicles by terrorists and the future of school security in nigeria: an x-ray of the dilemma for nigerian education system. african journal of educational management, teaching and entrepreneurship studies, 9(3), 171-181. retrieved from https://www.ajemates.org/index.php/ajemates/article/view/314 20. musa, t. (2021) insecurity and educational research in nigeria. journal of management, 2(3),12-20 21. odukunle k,. s. (2001). funding of university education under democratic rule in nigeria: problems and prospects. proceedings of the 12th general assembly of ssan. 22. ogunode n, j, jegede d, adah, s, audu e, i, & ajape t, s (2020) administration of research programme in nigerian public universities: problems and way forward. riwayat: educational journal of history and humanities, 3(2), 2020, hal 21-32 23. ogunode, n. j & ade, t. j. (2023) research programme in public universities in nigeria. best journal of innovation in science, research and development 2(3), 1-12 24. ogunode, n. j & olaitan, a. z (2023) addressing challenges state universities are facing for effective university administration in nigeria. web of semantic universal journal on innovative education 2(1)1-12 25. ogunode, n. j, umeora, m & olatunde-aiyedun, t.g (2022) impact of insecurity on administration of post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in south-east geo-political zone of nigeria. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, (8), 56-62 26. ogunode, n, j. & chijindu, o. e (2022) implication of sit at home order (insecurity) on basic education in south-east geo-political zone of nigeria. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 03 (07), 21-29 27. ogunode, n. j & ukozor c. u (2022) implication of insecurity on higher education in south-east geo-political zone of nigeria and way forward. international journal on integrated education,5(7), 77-85 28. ogunode, n,. j., ukozor, c,. u. & ayoko, v,. o. (2023). insecurity challenges and higher education in nigeria. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(5),61-78 29. oke, i. t. (2021) the contemporary vices in nigerian educational management. issues, challenges and prospects. solaces production, jos: opposite university of jos main campus. 30. ololube, n. p. (2016). education fund misappropriation and mismanagement and the provision of quality higher education in nigeria. international journal of scientific research in education, 9(4), 333-349. 31. olusola o. (2021) the menace of rising security challenges on education nhttps://lemaplaninternational.org/the-menace-of-rising-security-challenges-oneducationinnigeria/ 32. oni, a. a. and alade, i. a. (2010). towards improving the status of higher education in nigeria. the online journal of academic leadership, 8(3). 33. oni, j. a. (2016). combating security challenges in the university system. paper presented at national conference of nigerian universities professional administrators canupa, 2016 34. onu, n. (2022) outcry in southeast schools over „sit-at-home‟. https://thenationonlineng.net/outcry-in-southeast-schools-over-sit-at-home/ http://www.journalcra.com/ https://www.ajemates.org/index.php/ajemates/article/view/314 https://thenationonlineng.net/outcry-in-southeast-schools-over-sit-at-home/ 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 35. omede, j., & omede, a.a. (2015). terrorism and insecurity in nigeria: moral, values and religious education as panaceas. journal of education and practice. 6(11), 120126. 36. protect education attack, (2020). global coalition: sourced online from gcpea on 9th july 2020 37. sanni, o. b. (2015) effects of insecurity and challenges on females‟ education in nigeria. african journal for the psychological study of social issues, 18(3) 38. tilak, jandhyala b.g., (2009) financing higher education in sub-saharan africa. jerry commercial productions, calabar. 39. taskforce on higher education and society (tfhes), (2000) higher education in developing countries: perils and promise. world bank, washington dc. 40. umar, y. (2022). insecurity in nigerian education system: implications for educational managers. bije bichi journal of education, 16(1), 87-95. 41. unicef & eu. (2021) insurgency: 2295 teachers killed, 1400 schools destroyed in north east since 2009. vanguard newspaper. available on line at www.vanguardngr.com. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 inductive reasoning mamatkulov rashid pazilbekovich associate professor of tashkent state university of law r.mamatqulov76@gmail.com abstract: this article explores the role and significance of inductive reasoning in the professional activity of legal practitioners. the application of inductive inference in law-making and in addressing legal gaps is examined through methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and document analysis. the study provides a comprehensive overview of the role of the inductive method in reasoning, examining its types—including complete and incomplete induction, general (enumerative) induction, scientific induction—and their respective methodologies within a complex approach. the article also highlights the importance of identifying causal relationships in developing professional legal competencies. keywords: induction, complete induction, incomplete induction, enumerative induction, scientific induction, cause, effect, method of difference, method of similarity, method of residues. introduction. reasoning—particularly the ability to draw conclusions—is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. in everyday life as well as in science, individuals constantly engage in the process of inference. in legal practice, reasoning as a form of thought assumes special importance. for legal professionals, the ability to derive new knowledge from established facts and evidence is crucial. it facilitates the analysis of legal norms and their practical application in specific contexts. the rational use of reasoning during decision-making processes plays a vital role in ensuring the adoption of fair judgments and the protection of citizens' rights and freedoms. [1] from this standpoint, the necessity of a scientific analysis of the concept and mechanisms of reasoning becomes evident. reasoning is a form of thinking in which one or more judgments serve as the basis for deriving a new judgment. this process is carried out through logical deliberation. the structure of reasoning consists of propositions (judgments), which serve as premises. the new knowledge derived from these premises constitutes the conclusion. between the premises and the conclusion, a specific logical relationship is established. [2] methodology. the propositions that serve as the source of reasoning are referred to as premises. the new proposition derived from these premises is regarded as the conclusion. when classifying types of reasoning, the number of premises is taken into account first. if the conclusion is derived from a single premise, the process is known as immediate inference. [3] based on the direction of thought, reasoning is typically divided into three categories: 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and analogical reasoning. the term induction is derived from the latin word inductio, meaning “leading in” or “guiding.” [4] inductive reasoning belongs to the category of mediate inference, as it derives new knowledge indirectly. inductive reasoning is a logical operation in which attributes identified in individual objects are generalized to all objects belonging to the same class. its main feature lies in formulating hypotheses based on the sequential study of phenomena and relying on observed facts. in inductive reasoning, thought moves from the particular to the general. this type of reasoning is closely associated with observation and experiment. through the progression from individual to particular and finally to general judgments, the logical patterns of inference are revealed. another essential characteristic of induction is that its conclusions are often probabilistic rather than certain. such probabilistic conclusions play an important role in legal practice, where absolute certainty is rarely attainable, yet reasoned judgment must still be rendered. [5] logic distinguishes between two primary forms of inductive inference: complete induction, incomplete induction. complete induction refers to a type of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn by examining every member of a particular class of objects or phenomena. that is, conclusions are reached by analyzing all elements of a set to determine a shared characteristic. for this kind of inference to be valid, the objects or events under study must exhibit common or similar features. [6] in complete induction, the conclusion is usually expressed through a universal proposition asserting the presence (or absence) of a certain property across all members of a defined class. importantly, complete induction leads to definitive, non-probabilistic conclusions. example structure of complete induction: s₁ possesses property p; s₂ possesses property p; sₙ possesses property p. s₁, s₂, ..., sₙ together constitute class k. conclusion: all members of class k possess property p. results and discussion. incomplete induction and its logical-scientific foundations incomplete induction is a type of reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about all members of a given class based on the examination of only some of its representatives. in such cases, the knowledge obtained from a limited number of objects is extended to the entire group, and the conclusion necessarily remains probabilistic. by its nature, incomplete induction is often considered more flexible and broadly applicable than complete induction. [7] it allows for conclusions to be drawn about a class or group of objects and phenomena based on several known facts. however, deriving conclusions about unexamined or unknown elements based on limited data is a complex logical process. still, it often leads to conclusions that are closer to the truth. 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in incomplete induction, only a subset of members of a defined group or class is examined, but conclusions are generalized to include the entire group. for this reason, incomplete induction is sometimes referred to as ampliative induction, since the conclusion typically contains more information than is explicitly present in the premises. the structure of incomplete induction can be formalized as follows: premises: s₁ possesses property p; s₂ possesses property p; sₙ possesses property p; s₁, s₂, ..., sₙ ∈ class k. conclusion: probably, all members of class k possess property p. according to the method of justification of the conclusion, incomplete induction is divided into two main types: enumerative induction scientific induction enumerative induction enumerative induction is primarily conducted through observation. it refers to a method in which a specific feature is repeatedly observed in several members of a group (objects, events, phenomena), and a conclusion is drawn that this feature is likely shared by all members of the group. [8] a key feature of enumerative induction is the assumption that there are no exceptions to the observed pattern. however, enumerative induction does not always uncover the inner nature or causal relationships of events and phenomena. for such purposes, scientific induction is more appropriate. scientific induction scientific induction is a form of reasoning in which conclusions are based on the causal relationships between phenomena. all scientific disciplines aim to identify the causes of the emergence, development, transformation, or cessation of events and phenomena. to understand a phenomenon means to understand its origin and development — that is, its causes. causality (from the latin causa — cause) is a necessary connection between two events or phenomena, where, under certain conditions, one (the cause) gives rise to the other (the effect). the concepts of cause and effect are interrelated: the occurrence of one event is dependent upon the existence of another. causality represents an internal relationship between phenomena whereby, each time a given cause is present, it is necessarily followed by its effect. the main characteristics of causality include: universality of connection – nothing in existence arises without a cause; temporal sequence – the cause precedes the effect; necessity – the relationship is not arbitrary but essential; univocal correlation – a specific cause produces a specific effect. in the context of legal reasoning, the universality of causation suggests that no legal situation or dispute arises in complete isolation; rather, each legal conflict is directly or indirectly influenced 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us by other phenomena. thus, legal analysis must consider the complex interrelations between multiple causes and effects. [9] temporal consistency in causation requires that legal gaps be examined from the standpoint of what causes preceded the observed legal consequence. similarly, in legislative drafting, the relative positioning of time and the timely identification of emerging issues must be treated as a priority. the necessity of causation implies that an effect occurs only when the corresponding cause exists. if the cause is absent, the effect cannot materialize. therefore, in establishing causality, it is essential to eliminate those factors which precede the effect but do not bring it about. finally, the univocality of causation refers to the fact that a specific cause leads to a specific effect. a change in the cause necessarily leads to a change in the effect. this property of causality guides researchers to isolate only those phenomena that vary together, discarding irrelevant variables. conclusion. the scientific significance of inductive conclusions was first substantiated by francis bacon, whose foundational ideas were later systematically developed by john stuart mill. modern logic recognizes several distinct methods of scientific induction, which are especially relevant in fields that require the identification of causal relationships, including legal reasoning. [10] 1. method of agreement this method holds that if two or more events share a common factor and produce the same outcome, then the shared factor is likely the cause of the observed effect. the method is often associated with systematic observation and is used to identify consistent patterns across separate cases. formal structure: when phenomena a, b, and c occur, event a follows. when phenomena a, d, and e occur, event a also follows. → therefore, a is probably the cause of event a. 2. method of difference this method assumes that if an event occurs in one case but does not occur in another, and all other conditions are the same except for one differing factor, then that difference is the probable cause of the event. formal structure: in the presence of phenomena a, b, c, and d, event k occurs. in the presence of a, b, and c only, event k does not occur. → therefore, d is probably the cause of event k. 3. method of concomitant variation this method is based on the observation that if a change in one phenomenon consistently corresponds with a change in another, the first is likely the cause of the second. this approach is especially useful when complete elimination of variables is not possible. formal structure: changes in a, b, and c correlate directly with changes in a. → therefore, a (or a in combination with b and c) is likely the cause of a. 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. method of residues according to this method, if a part of the effect can be explained by known causes, then the remaining part of the effect must be attributed to an unknown cause, which can be logically inferred. formal structure: the joint occurrence of a and b produces effects a and b. if b is known to produce b, → then a is likely responsible for a. conclusion: the practical importance of inductive reasoning in legal professions based on the above methods and logical structures, it can be concluded that inductive reasoning plays a critical role in the professional activities of legal practitioners. in particular: in legislative drafting, both complete and incomplete induction can be applied to develop and refine legal bills, by generalizing from specific legal cases, practices, or social realities. in addressing legal gaps, methods of causal analysis—such as the methods of agreement, difference, concomitant variation, residue, and statistical generalization—can be employed to systematically identify underlying causes and propose effective normative responses. thus, mastering inductive reasoning techniques is essential for legal professionals engaged in law-making, legal interpretation, and judicial decision-making. these logical tools allow for sound generalizations, better policy design, and more accurate resolution of legal uncertainties based on empirical and reasoned analysis. rerefences 1. rahimov i., mantiq. oʻquv qoʻllanma. – b. 110-152 2. sharipov m., fayzixojayeva d. mantiq. oʻquv qoʻllanma. – t., 2005 (lotin grafikasida). – b. 112-183 3. turgunov, b. t. (2021). mantiq asoslari. toshkent: o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti nashriyoti. 4. xudoyberganov, r. (2018). huquqshunoslar uchun mantiq. toshkent: adolat nashriyoti. 5. ивлев ю. в. логико для юристов . – м.: проспект, 2024. – с. 55-114 6. крилов в.и., старченко а.а., . – m.: юрист, 2012. – с. 119-194. 7. bacon, f. (2000). the new organon. cambridge university press. 8. copi, i. m., cohen, c., & mcmahon, k. (2016). introduction to logic (14th ed.). routledge. 9. mill, j. s. (2002). a system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive (8th ed.). university press of the pacific. 10. solove, d. j., & schwartz, p. m. (2014). information privacy law (4th ed.). wolters kluwer law & business. financing of innovative activity in service field enterprises skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 11, 2024 | version v1 journal article open financing of innovative activity in service field enterprises creators kholmirzayeva gulrukh akbarovna files 63-65+financing+of+innovative+activity+in+service+field+enterprises.pdf files (184.0 kb) name size download all 63-65+financing+of+innovative+activity+in+service+field+enterprises.pdf md5:9b31075e8b87303fc753ffb320bf6bc5 184.0 kb preview download 34 views 21 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 34 34 downloads total downloads 21 21 data volume total data volume 3.9 mb 3.9 mb more info on how stats are collected.... versions external resources indexed in 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projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 1, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of the constitution in ensuring individual rights and freedoms bozorov jasurbek saydulla o’g’li the supreme school of judges under the supreme judicial council of the republic of uzbekistan 12.00.09 – criminal procedure, criminology, operative-investigative law, and forensic examination abstract: this article examines the role and importance of the constitution in protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals at the pre-trial stage, the problems that arise in the application and implementation of these rights, and the proposals and recommendations for their solutions, based on the study of national legislation and other international practices. in addition, the normative legal acts regulating this area of law and the scope of their application, as well as reasonable considerations on expanding the scope of their application, and the development of legal awareness and legal culture of the population are presented. keywords: constitutional rights and freedoms, individual rights, rights and obligations of individuals, normative legal act, legal awareness, legal culture. introduction the constitution is the cornerstone of any democratic society, serving as the fundamental legal document that defines the relationship between individuals and the state. in uzbekistan, the constitution guarantees the protection of individual rights and freedoms, laying the foundation for a just legal system. recent amendments, particularly those introduced in 2023, have further strengthened these protections, especially at the pre-trial stage. this article examines the role of the constitution in ensuring individual rights, explores challenges in their practical implementation, and offers recommendations for enhancing legal awareness and the application of constitutional protections. by analyzing both national legislation and international practices, this study aims to highlight the importance of constitutional safeguards in building a fair and democratic society. the constitution, as the most crucial legal document in every state, provides a solid foundation for ensuring individual rights and freedoms. it regulates the relationship between individuals and the state, protects citizens’ rights, guarantees freedoms, and defines the limits of state power. ensuring individual rights and freedoms is fundamental to building a democratic society. the adoption of a new version of uzbekistan’s constitution on april 30, 2023, has taken this foundational document to the next level. for instance, the new version incorporates the “miranda” rule and limits pre-trial detention without a court decision to 48 hours. such amendments emphasize the systematic protection of individuals’ rights at both pre-trial and trial stages and elevate human rights and freedoms to a national policy level. individual rights and freedoms are categorized into: 1. natural rights: inherent rights that individuals possess from birth, such as the right to life, freedom, and property. 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. legal rights: rights established by the state through the constitution and other laws, including the rights to education, work, and political participation. the constitution guarantees fundamental principles and ensures their implementation through legal and regulatory frameworks. for example, article 13 of the uzbek constitution declares human dignity, life, and freedom as the highest values. the constitution ensures: 1. fundamental rights and freedoms: basic rights such as the right to life, freedom, and education are enshrined in the constitution. for example, article 13 of the uzbek constitution states, “democracy in the republic of uzbekistan is based on universal principles; human life, freedom, honor, dignity, and other inalienable rights are the highest values.” 2. mechanisms for rights protection: the constitution establishes systems to protect these rights, such as the independence of the judiciary, personal inviolability, and the right to appeal to the courts. 3. state obligations: the state is constitutionally mandated to guarantee individual rights and freedoms, including education, healthcare, employment, and social protection. the constitution forms the basis of all laws. any law or subordinate legislation that contradicts the constitution is invalid. for instance, article 24 guarantees the right to life, while article 25 protects personal freedom and inviolability. any decision that violates these principles is deemed null and void. key constitutional principles include: 1. supremacy of human dignity: the constitution prioritizes human dignity, as stated in article 13, ensuring state respect and protection for individual rights. 2. legal equality and justice: article 18 guarantees equal rights for all citizens, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or religion. for instance, article 46 affirms gender equality. 3. state accountability: the constitution obligates the state to take measures to protect human rights and freedoms. uzbekistan aligns its legal framework with international standards, incorporating practices such as: ➢ the universal declaration of human rights (1948) ➢ the international covenant on civil and political rights (1966) ➢ the international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights (1966). by adopting these norms, uzbekistan enhances its global standing and ensures alignment with universally recognized human rights principles. effective implementation requires: 1. legislative support: laws must align with the constitution to uphold individual rights. 2. independent judiciary: article 106 guarantees judicial independence, ensuring fair resolution of rights violations. 3. human rights institutions: ombudsman services safeguard citizens’ rights by addressing grievances. 4. awareness and education: promoting legal literacy strengthens societal understanding of constitutional rights and obligations. methodology this study employs a qualitative approach, combining legal analysis, comparative research, and case studies. the primary method involves reviewing the constitutional framework of 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan, particularly the amendments introduced in 2023, to assess their impact on individual rights and freedoms. a comparative analysis of national legislation and international practices, including human rights conventions, provides a broader perspective on the effectiveness of constitutional protections.secondary sources such as legal literature, reports from human rights organizations, and judicial case law are examined to identify challenges in the application of constitutional rights at the pre-trial stage. interviews with legal experts and practitioners further inform the practical implementation of these rights. finally, the study offers recommendations for improving legal awareness, enhancing the scope of constitutional protections, and strengthening mechanisms for rights enforcement. results and discussion the study reveals that the recent amendments to the constitution of uzbekistan, particularly the incorporation of the "miranda" rule and restrictions on pre-trial detention, significantly enhance the protection of individual rights at both pre-trial and trial stages. these changes demonstrate a stronger commitment to human rights, aligning national practices with international standards. however, challenges persist in the practical application of these constitutional protections, particularly regarding the consistent enforcement of individual rights and the need for greater legal awareness among citizens. the judicial system, while independent in theory, faces obstacles in terms of capacity and access to justice for marginalized groups. furthermore, the implementation of human rights protections requires continuous education and training of legal professionals, as well as broader public engagement with constitutional principles. to address these issues, the study suggests expanding legal literacy programs, enhancing the role of human rights institutions, and ensuring stricter accountability measures within the judicial system. these reforms are essential for strengthening the rule of law and ensuring that constitutional rights are effectively protected and upheld in practice. conclusion the constitution of uzbekistan plays a pivotal role in safeguarding individual rights and freedoms, particularly through recent amendments that enhance protections at the pre-trial stage. while significant progress has been made, challenges remain in ensuring consistent application and broad public awareness of these rights. strengthening legal education, improving judicial independence, and expanding human rights institutions are crucial steps to ensure that constitutional protections are effectively realized. continued reform and vigilance are necessary to further align uzbekistan's legal system with international human rights standards. references 1. sahaddinov s.m. juvenile delinquency: scientific-theoretical, criminal-legal, and procedural analysis. monograph / responsible editor: professor z.f. inog‘omjonova. – tashkent: uzbekistan academy of sciences, 2013. – 300 pages. 2. sahaddinov s.m. the institute of reconciliation: scientific-theoretical, criminal-legal, and procedural foundations. monograph / responsible editor: professor z.f. inog‘omjonova. – tashkent: tdyi, 2013. – 336 pages. 3. the specific features of appointing and conducting forensic medical examinations. scientific popular book. – tashkent: tdyi, 2011. 4. taran a.s. circumstances excluding the participation of a lawyer in criminal proceedings. monograph. – moscow: yurlitinform, 2013. – 192 pages. 5. examples of investigation procedural documents: practical guide / mirazov d.m., cho‘tboev m.r., et al. – tashkent: academy of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, 2012. – 407 pages. 6. tuxtasheva u.a. the theory and practice of appellate proceedings in criminal process: monograph. – tashkent: tgji, 2007. – 169 pages. 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. tuxtasheva u.a. pretrial detention as a preventive measure: concept and application procedure: practical guide – edited by doctor of legal sciences professor m.h. rustambaev. tashkent: tdyi, 2007. – pages 87-126. 8. tuxtasheva u.a. criminal process: general part. textbook. – tashkent: tgji, 2007. – 512 pages. 9. to‘laganova g.z. limitations of personal rights in criminal proceedings. monograph / edited by professor g‘.a. abdumajidov. – tashkent: tdyi, 2007. – 243 pages. 10. to‘laganova g.z. procedural coercion in criminal proceedings and its specific features. monograph / edited by professor g‘.a. abdumajidov. – tashkent: tdyi, 2009. – pages 156-187. 11. criminal procedural law: special part: textbook for law students. edited by g. abdumajidov. tashkent: “ilm ziyo”, 2011. – 524 pages. 12. criminal process. general and special parts: textbook for law students / v.v. vandychev; interregional institute of economics and law. moscow: contract, 2010. – 720 pages. 13. commentary on the criminal-procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan. responsible editor: professor g‘.a. abdumajidov. – tashkent: tdyi publishing, 2009. – 950 pages. 14. commentary on the criminal-procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan / responsible for publication u. tadjixanov. – tashkent: adolat, 2000. – 768 pages. 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 advertising as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon jurayeva maksuda mukhammadovna associate professor, phd, french philology department, bukhara state university m.m.jurayeva@buxdu.uz arashova rukhshona 3rd year student of bukhara state university, faculty of foreign languages abstract: this article is devoted to the study of advertising language as a cultural phenomenon and analyzes advertising texts in uzbek and french. advertising is important not only as a means of presenting products or services, but also as a means of reflecting social and cultural values. the article studies the linguistic features, styles and cultural contexts of advertising texts in uzbek and french. it also analyzes the specificity of advertising language, its role in communicating with the audience, and how culture affects the content of advertising. it examines how the specific aspects and traditions of uzbek and french cultures are expressed in advertising language, as well as the importance of language and its communicative functions in this process. the results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between advertising language and culture and provide an opportunity to look at advertising practices from a new perspective. keywords: advertising, language, culture, communication, linguistics, symbolism, connotation, cultural values, creativity, globalization, social impact, advertising texts, audience, cultural traditions, advertising strategies, interaction between language and culture, visual communication, advertising media, cultural studies. introduction advertising is an integral part of modern social life, which plays an important role not only in promoting products and services, but also in reflecting the interaction of culture and language. the unique values, traditions and language features of each nation are clearly reflected in advertising texts. the uzbek and french languages, along with their cultures, offer different styles and language features in the field of advertising. in this article, we will study the complex relationship between language and culture through the analysis of advertising texts in the uzbek and french languages. the uniqueness of the advertising language, its communicative functions and role in communicating with the audience, as well as the influence of culture on the content of advertising are considered. we will consider how the unique aspects, traditions and language systems of the uzbek and french cultures are expressed in advertising texts, the importance of language in this process and its communicative functions. the results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between advertising language and culture and provide an opportunity to look at advertising practices from a new perspective. in the course of the article, we will examine how advertising language is formed and developed as a cultural phenomenon, and also shed light on the interaction between language and culture in this process. 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us methods and analysis advertising texts written in uzbek and french were collected, advertising texts were divided into different categories, the grammatical, lexical and stylistic features of each language were studied, diction and phraseological units used in advertising texts in uzbek and french were analyzed, metaphors, analogies and other stylistic techniques were identified in advertising texts, social and economic factors influencing the content of advertising were identified, the characteristics of the target audience for both languages were studied, and the suitability of advertising texts for these audiences was analyzed. discussion advertising (from the latin word “reclamare” – “to shout, call”) is an activity carried out with the aim of presenting a product, service or idea to the public and encouraging them to buy it. in modern society, advertising is recognized not only as a marketing tool, but also as a cultural phenomenon. the role of advertising in society is determined by the following functions: ➢ informing (providing information about the product/service) ➢ persuading (encouraging the consumer to buy) ➢ reminding (keeping the product/service in memory) ➢ cultural (reflecting and forming the values of society) ➢ social (strengthening social norms) the stages of development of advertising in uzbek and french societies have their own characteristics. while advertising in france has a long history, appearing in the form of newspaper advertisements in the 18th century, in uzbekistan, modern advertising has a relatively recent history, especially after independence. [1] advertising language is a separate linguistic phenomenon, which is characterized by such features as brevity, expressiveness, and emotionality. advertising texts have the following linguistic features: a) lexical features: ➢ use of advertising vocabulary ➢ activity of emotional-expressive lexicon ➢ use of neologisms, occasionalisms, and borrowed words ➢ use of figurative words such as metaphor, metonymy, and simile b) syntactic features: ➢ abundance of elliptical (incomplete) sentences ➢ use of rhetorical questions and exclamations ➢ activity of imperative sentences ➢ use of parallel constructions and repetitions c) phonetic features: ➢ alliteration and assonance ➢ rhythm and rhyme ➢ intonation features ➢ graphic features: ➢ use of different fonts and colors 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ specific use of punctuation marks ➢ graphic accentuation methods. [2] the linguistic features of uzbek advertisements are closely related to the national language and culture. the following linguistic features are widely found in uzbek advertisements: lexical features: use of national-cultural words and expressions: words such as “dasturxon”, “mehmon”, “to’y”, “bayram”. use of emotional-expressive vocabulary in the uzbek language: “shirin”, “laziz”, “so’z”, “ajoyib”. voice reflecting national values: “hurmat”, “ehtirom”, “oila”, “farzand”. example: “rafaello a sign of attention and respect for your dear people” (rafaello chocolate advertisement). syntactic features: frequent use of imperative mood: “oling!”, “taste!”, “benefit!” use of rhetorical interrogative sentences: “are you looking for a quality product?” use of parallel constructions: example: “ dice the successor of our national traditions, dice the beauty of your table, dice the happiness of the family” (dice oil advertisement). pragmatic features: use of forms of respect: wide use of the pronoun “you”. national features of forms of address: “dear customers”, “dear compatriots”. as a result of a comparative analysis of uzbek and french advertisements, the following similarities and differences were identified: similarities: wide use of emotional-expressive vocabulary in advertisements in both languages use of words and phrases reflecting national values use of effective syntactic constructions. differences: while concepts such as collective values, family, and respect predominate in uzbek advertisements, ideas of individuality, self-confidence, and enjoyment of life are more common in french advertisements. traditionality is more evident in uzbek advertisements, while innovative approaches are more evident in french advertisements. whether puns and puns are used more in french advertisements, figurative expressions and metaphors predominate in uzbek advertisements. [3] examples: uzbek: “a holiday is sweeter with cola!” (coca-cola advertisement). french: “un verre ça va, trois verres bonjour les dégados! ” (one glass is enough, three glasses are the beginning of problems!) (social advertising against alcohol). 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results uzbek-language advertisements focus more on traditional values, family ties, and national traditions. for example, advertisements for family events or national holidays use national colors and symbols. french-language advertisements, on the other hand, are more individualistic, aesthetically pleasing, and modern. these advertisements often address topics related to modern lifestyles, fashion, and art. uzbek advertisements often use simple, straightforward language, which helps them reach a wide audience. competitive prices and quality are emphasized. french advertisements, on the other hand, use more sophisticated lexical and stylistic devices. metaphors, alliteration, and humor are widely used, which increases the aesthetic appeal of the advertisement. uzbek advertisements often take into account family and collective values, and are therefore more likely to appeal to families or communities. french advertisements, on the other hand, are more targeted at a younger and more urbanized audience, which increases interest in innovative products and services. uzbek advertisements often try to attract consumers by highlighting viewing opportunities, discounts and promotions. french advertisements, on the other hand, focus more on emotional appeal, storytelling and highlighting the high quality of the brand. uzbek advertisements may emphasize social issues, such as a healthy lifestyle and environmentally friendly products. french advertisements, on the other hand, often focus on gender equality, social justice and environmental issues. uzbek advertisements tend to include more traditional elements, such as national colors and symbols. french advertisements may be based on more modern design and aesthetics, which increases their visual appeal. [4] conclusion the study of the relationship between advertising language and cultural phenomena reveals the specific features of advertising texts in uzbek and french. the approaches to advertising of both cultures differ in terms of language and aesthetic aspects, target audiences, which reflect their social values and traditions. in general, advertising language is not only a means of selling products or services, but also plays an important role in the formation of cultural identity and the expression of social values. by analyzing advertising texts in uzbek and french, we can see cross-cultural differences and similarities, which helps to develop new strategies and approaches in the field of advertising. thus, the study of advertising language leads to a deeper understanding of culture and serves to improve communication processes on a global scale. references: 1. abdullaeva m. reklama matnlarining lingvopragmatik xususiyatlari. – toshkent: fan, 2018. – 154 b. 2. boltaboeva h. o'zbek reklamalarining lingvomadaniy xususiyatlari. – toshkent: turon zamin ziyo, 2020. – 180 b. 3. karimov s. zamonaviy o'zbek reklamalari: lingvistik tahlil. – toshkent: tafakkur, 2019. – 124 b. 4. adam j.m., bonhomme m. l'argumentation publicitaire. – paris: nathan, 2017. – 238 p. 5. barthes r. mythologies. – paris: seuil, 1970. – 267 p. 6. charaudeau p. le discours publicitaire, genre discursif. – paris: mots, 2018. – 195 p. 7. cook g. the discourse of advertising. – london: routledge, 2001. 256 p. 8. goddard a. the language of advertising. – london: routledge, 2018. – 198 p. 9. guidère m. publicité et traduction. – paris: l'harmattan, 2019. – 325 p. 10. hall e.t. beyond culture. – new york: anchor books, 1989. – 320 p. 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. mukhammadovna, jurayeva maksuda. "media relations in french discourse." middle european scientific bulletin issn (2021): 2694-9970. 12. maqsuda, jurayeva. "yozma matbuot diskursining funktional xususiyatlari." ilm sarchashmalari 6 (2021). 13. м жўраева pour une analyse fonctionnelle et discursive des titres de la presse francaise educational research in universal sciences 1 (7), 422-428 14. maqsuda, j., & madina, t. (2023). the title-the first word that the author says to his reader. international journal of social science & interdisciplinary research issn: 2277-3630 impact factor: 7.429, 12, 146-147. 15. maqsuda, j., & ferouza, f. (2023). modern mass media: characteristics, functions and types. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 2(6), 4-7. 16. jm muhammadovna matbuot va jurnalistika фан ва технологиялар тараккиёти илмий техникавий журнал 4 (7), 235-238. 17. исломов, д. ш. "поэтические формы как культуроведческий компонент при обучении иностранному языку." наука. мысль: электронный периодический журнал 1 (2015): 23-29. 18. ванцова, н. в., д. исламов, and т. м. хусяинов. "возможности использования проектной методики при преподавании иностранных языков." наука. мысль: электронный периодический журнал 10 (2016): 31-34. 19. shomurodovich, islomov dilshod. "the emergence of psycholinguistics, the scientists’scientific-theoretical views and its connection with other sciences." journal of multidisciplinary bulletin 6.5 (2023): 213218. 20. islomov, d. "the role of phonostylistic units and phonemes in the process of teaching french to adults in the analysis of examples." конференции. 2021. 21. islomov, d. sh. "the differentiation aspects of uzbek and french phonetics." ethiopian international journal of multidisciplinary research 10.11 (2023): 47-51. 22. shomurodovich, i. d. l. e. "role de l'emotion en phonopsychologie." (2023): 77-79. 172 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 ahmad donish's work "risola" covers the history of the mangit period jumayev abbosjon akmalovich teacher of history department of zarmed university abstract ahmad donish bukhari wrote "risolai dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun" about the reform in 18701873 ("culture and the order of society)". however, the emir did not like the ideas in it and removed him from the palace (1874). ahmad donish served as a judge in bukhara districts for a certain period of time. after the death of amir muzaffar, he returned to bukhara and taught in one of the madrasals. the 100-year rule of the mangit dynasty was written in the work "history of the house of mangitiya", known as "historical risolai". key words: ahmad donish,"historical risola", "history of the kingdom of mangitiya", "tarzhimai ahvoli amironi bukhara" ("biographies of bukhara emirs"), sadriddin ainiy "memories", bukhara emirate, "risolat dar ilmi kurra" ("treatise about the globe") introduction. if the emir wants me to leave my scientific work and enter the affairs of the state apparatus, it is necessary that he introduce a certain system in the management of the state, as in other countries... i will write a brochure in which the principles of management of the emirate and the state apparatus are described, as in european countries...» it was the preface to ahmad ibn nasir's 1875 treatise "on culture and mutual assistance", known in the 19th century not only as bukhara or movarounnahr, but also throughout the east as ahmad makhdum, ahmad munajjim, ahmad kalla or ahmad donish. «...being a ruler is one of the most proud things in the world, the work says. a ruler can cope with all his duties only if he relies on science and experience... to be fair, the ruler must act under the following ten conditions. main part. the first condition: the king must place himself in the place of that citizen when discussing and reviewing the work of his citizen, and imagine him in his place. in both cases, the decision made will be favorable, and the verdict must be distributed to citizens. what is not acceptable for itself should also be considered unacceptable for others. otherwise he would have committed treason...» so who is ahmad donish himself, who went to the point of putting a condition on his ruler? what was the reason for this courageous step, putting his own life at risk... in particular, in his work" munozir al-kavokib "("observing the stars"), which addressed an important issue of falakiyot science, in his 12-chapter work" iztighroji bul and arzi balat "("measuring the length and width of places"), ahmad wise meditates on the issues of determining the celestial meridian in hours to measure the position of places. ainiy testified that ahmad donish calculated and accurately determined the dates of the solar and lunar eclipses. it has also advanced scientific hypotheses on the periodicity of the formation of http://www/ 173 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us planet earth. the work "mukhtasare az tarikhi sultanati khanadoni mangitiya" dedicated to the history of bukhara emirs (the book is also called "risela" and "tarikhcha") begins with the description of the planets, and in the following places bukhara mangit management and military policy of the emirs, dedicated to memories of a trip to russia. risolai dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun ("treatise on culture and mutual assistance") states the following points: if the emir wants me to leave my academic work and enter the work of the state apparatus, as in other countries, i will not be able to manage the state it is necessary to introduce a system. because it is very difficult to establish order among the uzbeks (mangits). i will write a treatise on the principles of administration of the emirate and state apparatus, as in european countries... being a ruler is one of the proudest jobs in the world. a ruler can fulfill all his tasks only if he relies on knowledge and experience... to be fair, the ruler must act on the basis of the following ten conditions. the first condition: the king must put himself in the place of that citizen, and imagine him in his place, while discussing and considering the case of his citizen. in both cases, the decision is acceptable and the verdict should be distributed to the citizens. what is not acceptable for oneself should be considered unacceptable for others. otherwise, he would have committed treason... second condition. the king should never make people who come to him with one or another wish to wait. a muslim should not engage in other activities without fulfilling his wishes, because the wishes of citizens take precedence over other activities... third condition. the king should imitate the past caliphs in eating and dressing. there is no justice without humility. lavish dress and food should be avoided. the fourth condition. a king should be polite when pronouncing a sentence and there should never be any reason for rudeness. when considering each case, it is necessary to thoroughly examine all the documents and evidence related to the case, and patiently listen to the testimony of witnesses related to the case under consideration. you should not be ashamed to talk to weak and poor people. the fifth condition. the king should not act against the rules of sharia based on the wishes of individual people. at the same time, when announcing the verdict, the ruler should not be indifferent, indifferent and hypocritical, he should know that the verdict cannot satisfy everyone's wishes. if the decision is fair, the ruler should not be afraid of the anger of the disaffected party. the sixth condition. the king should not alienate (annoy) his subjects with his pride and arrogance. on the contrary, he should win the love of his citizens with fatherly care and kindness. the seventh condition. the king should not forget that the country and the government are in danger. he should understand that the task (position) of the ruler is like a tool (a tool emphasis is ours) with the help of which one can achieve happiness happiness and goodness in this world and the next. at the same time, the king should not forget that with the help of this tool you can be cruel and absolutely disgraceful. the king, who is the ruler of today's country, must choose the path of truth in solving any issue, regardless of whether the issue is very important or not very important, he must act from the point of view of truth and justice. the eighth condition. the king should always communicate with spiritually pure people and listen to their advice. because selfish scientists praise the ruler and make him happy, and with their tricks they try to accumulate wealth. the ninth condition. the king should be aware of the treachery of officials and oppression of citizens. he should not entrust power to wolves in human form. when the criminal acts of officials become known, they should be punished in such a way that it serves as a lesson to other high-ranking officials and statesmen. the king should enjoy the fact that he is not oppressing the people and that he http://www/ 174 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us is establishing justice and truth. he should always encourage those around him towards truth and justice. the ruler should be fully responsible for the activities of state officials. the oppression of the people by the officials is the oppression of the people by the king. at the same time, the high-ranking officials of the state should not be indifferent to the king's oppression of the people. the tenth condition. the king must avoid arrogance, arrogance, conceit, and not knowing what to do. he should be gentle and unassuming, but not vain in love, otherwise worthless people will understand it differently. because of the king's arrogance and self-conceit, people should not meet him. cruelty calls for revenge on people and causes a person's mind to become dull. therefore, when the king performs his duties, he should be patient, patient, kind, and forgiving of people's mistakes and sins. . let the king know that if he is kind and forgiving, he will reach the level of a prophet and a saint. if a king rules a country with cruelty, the king is no different from a stupid man, a camel or an evil animal. it is known that citizens, society and regions are needed for the formation of the state and the organization of the state government. for this, the country must be prosperous and have a certain number of troops. because without them, a country cannot live. a king cannot live without an army, and an army cannot live without the treasury. if the country is not prosperous, the state treasury cannot be enriched. if the country is not prosperous, it is impossible to create a society with loyal citizens. prosperity of the country depends on the proximity of mountains, abundance of water in rivers, wells and springs. state power is like a person sitting on a throne, whose structure cannot be without the following five things. first of all, conscience and truth are the four pillars of the throne itself, army, people, water and treasure. if there is no one of these, the others cannot be saved either, because the army cannot be saved without the treasure, the treasure is collected from the people, and the people cannot grow crops without water. the result is the destruction of the king and the government. the king is like a spring, others are like the streams that draw water from the spring, if the water in the spring is sweet, the water in the streams is also sweet, if the water in the spring is bitter, the water in the streams is also bitter. therefore, the king must have just and good moral qualities, so that others will follow him. the king must form a great council. because this is the characteristic feature of the management of developed civilized (cultural) countries. council members should be intelligent and wise people who receive salaries from the public treasury and are selected from different strata of the population. a literate and educated person should be appointed as the chairman of the council. the members of the council should take into account the interests of the people and the country when discussing and considering this or that issue. the decision of the council on the development of the country and people's interests should be submitted by the chairman to the ruler. if he approves of the decision, he must confirm it and implement it in life. the unanimity of intelligent people prevents the occurrence of mistakes in work. if the council meeting is opened in the presence of the king, some members of the council cannot tell whether this or that decision is right or wrong because they are afraid of the king, the decision being made is wrong. even if it is, they act according to the king's will. in such a case, if the king does not insist on his point of view, he must listen to the advice of the majority of the council members. the sultan must choose two wise ministers after consultation with the consent of the majority of the people and the famous and respected people of the state. one of them should be engaged in accounting of incomes, and the other should be engaged in accounting of state expenses. they should be above all other officials with their positions. if the position and place of each sage is clearly defined, if the sultan's reception is clearly http://www/ 175 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us defined, no sage will avoid the sultan's conversation. if these affairs are strictly managed, all scholars and experts will gather in the sultan's palace and each of them will demonstrate their art. then the country will flourish and become rich. as a result, the state will be stable and strong. for this, of course, a regulation on the implementation of state power and the organization of state power courts must be developed... persons who do not comply with the requirements of this law must be removed from state power courts. if the people are dissatisfied with the state procedures and government policies and riot, neither the army nor the treasury can save the king. if the people are happy and interested in the ruler, let him know that no one will raise his head against him. if a man raises his head, he will be defeated. if the position and place of each sage is clearly defined, if the sultan's reception is clearly defined, no sage will avoid the sultan's conversation. if these affairs are strictly managed, all scholars and experts will gather in the sultan's palace and each of them will demonstrate their art. then the country will flourish and become rich. as a result, the state will be stable and strong. for this, of course, a regulation on the implementation of state power and the organization of state power courts must be developed... persons who do not comply with the requirements of this law must be removed from state power courts. this text is given in d. tashkulov's pamphlet called "knowledge". translated from the title "traktat o poryadke sivilizatsii i vzaimopomoshchi" with some abbreviations. a. wise thoughts are always useful and a lesson for society and people. ahmad donish, known as ahmadi kalla, lived and worked in bukhara during the reigns of amir nasrullah, amir muzaffar, and amir abdulahad. during his life, the great enlightener donish sacrificed himself for the sake of the people and serving the people of the kingdom in bukhara. a ruler who is a symbol of justice was his constant dream. it burned with this noble dream and illuminated the east as a torch. sadriddin ainiy did not for nothing express such lofty opinions about this figure: "it rained like a bright star in the period when the sky of bukhara was covered with darkness...". donish also wrote "risolat dar ilmi kurra" ("treatise about the globe"), which talks about the function of the globe, its importance for science, and its practical use. in the 12-chapter work "iztigraji bul va arzi balat" ("measuring the length and width of places"), ahmed donish reflects on the issues of measuring the position of places and determining the celestial meridian in hours. his socio-political views were reflected in works such as "navodir ul-vaqaye", "risolai mukhtasare az tarikhi sultanati khanadono mangitiya". the last work is also briefly called "risola" and is dedicated to the history of the mangit dynasties in the bukhara khanate and includes the history from the reign of amir daniyol (1758-1785) to the reign of amir abdullah (1885-1910). takes (introduction, commentary and translation by i. a. najifova, "history of mangitskoy dynastii". dushanbe, 1967). also, his treatises such as "majmuai kharyati ahmed kalla" ("collection of stories of ahmad kalla") (1877), "islah miyoni shia va sunn" ("advice on the reconciliation of shia and sunni"), "daftari al-qaland" ("diaries ") is also important. at the end of his life, ahmed donish wrote the book "tarikh risola". on the one hand, he analyzed the reasons for the progress and decline of each state, using the example of amir temur, husayn boygaro, abdullah khan, subhonquli khan, shahmurad, and on the other hand, the kingdom of amir muzaffar. he considered the first group as mujaddids (purifiers of religion and state). these works are distinguished from their predecessors by their simple and lively language and style of expression. sinchkov's scientific judgment, critical and analytical thinking gives them a special spirit. propensity to dramatization in the image and expression, effective use of dialogue makes it easier for the author's thoughts to reach the mind of the reader. ahmad donish is not only an active public figure of his time, a master of natural sciences, but http://www/ 176 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also a very famous author of philosophical, historical works. ahmad donish is the author of 16 books. his "navodir ul-waqaye" (rare events), "tarjimai akholi amironi bukhara" (biographies of the emirs of bukhara), "meyori tadayyun", "risola fi amal ar-hurra" (ways of using the globe), "resolai dar nazmi" tamaddun wa taovun" (treatise on culture and mutual assistance) are rare examples of the spiritual heritage of our people. ahmad donish put forward such progressive ideas in the "story of farumushkhana" in this work. these ideas are visible in all his stories. "why does a person die? it is necessary to think about it so that he does not die! a person cannot fly in the air, it is necessary to invent such a thing (apparatus) so that a person can fly in it!" such as unimaginable thoughts at that time are also presented. that's why the mudarris and mullahs of the time took him to the dahri. ahmad donish paid special attention to the history of the bukhara emirate and the emirs who ruled it. ahmad donish's "brief history of bukhara mangit amirs" and a number of other works are available. the work is undoubtedly an important source for the study of the history of the rule of mangits in bukhara. the work mainly covers the history of the last mangit rulers. the author describes the abdication of this dynasty as irresponsible. the work focuses on the beginning of the reign of amir muzaffar and amir abdulahad. the author directly describes the events he witnessed. the work focuses on special coverage of issues such as the occupation of central asia and mainly jizzakh and samarkand by tsarist russia. this resource can be conditionally divided into two parts. in the first part, the author described the events that were available only in written sources and that he heard. it describes the last years of amir daniyal's reign and the three amirs shahmurad, haydar, and nasrullah khan. but donish did not rely on a specific source in giving the information. he cited only two sources in this part of his work. these are "tuzuki temuri" and "ravzat as-safo". the first source is interested in him as a work that contains an example of a perfect ruler. he makes the following comment about this source in the introduction to the treatise (of the work). "amir temur koragony is the ruler who renewed 800 years. anyone who wants to clarify this can refer to "amir tuzuklari" and "ravzat al-safo" was mentioned only in one place of the work. in the second part of the work, ahmad donish reflected the historical events he saw, mainly the events of the era of amir muzaffar and amir abdulahad. ahmed donish may have used the works of a number of local historians such as "tuhfat ul-fani", "gulshan ul-mulk", "mirza shams bukhari's correspondence" in writing this work. the information in these sources corresponds to the events in the work of ahmed donish. the second part of the work differs from the first part in the breadth and brightness of information. for example, he expressed the following thoughts about amir muzaffar's accession to the throne: "after amir muzaffar ascended the throne, he pursued a brutal policy against anyone who might oppose him. even nasrullah khan's grandson had to flee bukhara and hide." the army and the people were dissatisfied with these actions of the emir. from these opinions of ahmad donish, it is known that he used an objective and critical approach in creating his work, unlike other historians of his time. conclusion. writing about the occupation, the author turns it into a "testament" to his sons. and through this, great interest and passion arises in the student. in fact, the writer's happy and unhappy, sweet and bitter days, life, travel memories, stories heard from friends during the journeys, and lessons from these will not leave anyone indifferent. the important thing is that these lessons were the testaments of the greatest representative of the eastern science of the time on the border of turkestan, http://www/ 177 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us who saw the european civilization of the 19th century with his own eyes. love for the profession, science, honesty, being away from the greed for career and wealth, benevolence to mankind, doing good in any case, islamic ethics are the main content of these wills. another thing worth noting is that ahmed donish wrote about farang sages, "political rulers". he informed that they "deeply studied the history of revolts and revolutions" and found the cause of all injustice and injustice in "state affairs being in the hands of the tsar alone". in fact, this testament had not only an educational and moral, but also an important sociopolitical content. references 1. mominov i. from the history of socio-philosophical thought of uzbekistan, tashkent, 1964. 2. rahim vahidov, mels mahmudov. practical lessons of ustad sadriddin tashkent.: "fan" 2004. 3. ahmad donish navodir ul-waqae' tashkent.: science. 1964. 4. sadriddin ayniy works (reminiscences) t vii. toshnet: 1966. 5. ahmed donish. a treatise or summary of the history of the royal family. monday, 1992 6. mavlonova u.h. kadirov d.x. about vozekx's treatise "the source of pleasure and the cloth of blessings. электронное научно-практическое периодическое издание "экономика и социум". выпуск 1(56) 1(январь, 2019). сайт: h. ст. 56-63. 7. jumayev, a. (2023). ahmad donish's attitude to the social and political life of bukhara in the work "navadir -ul-waqaye". interpretation and research, 1(34). izvlecheno ot https://talqinvatadiqijotlar.uz/index.php/tvt/article/view/1468 8. mukhamedjanova lola polvonovna, & jorayev isomiddin ismailovich. (2023). the place of mirzo salimi's work &quot;kashkuli salimi and tawarhi muttaqadimin and muttaahirin&quot; in our spiritual heritage. open access repository, 4(2), 147–158. 1. кадыров д.х. мавлянова у.х. гастрономическая мудрость бухары в трактате возеха "кони лаззат ва хони неъмат" (источник наслаждения и скатерть благ). science of world, 22 (основной раздел 1(22) январь 2019), ст. 35-56. http://www/ javascript:void(0) javascript:void(0) javascript:void(0) javascript:void(0) american journal of public diplomacy and 24-28 analysis of services provided by commercial banks for the financing of industrial production 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 analysis of services provided by commercial banks for the financing of industrial production qoʻldoshev qaxxor qaxramon oʻgʻli o‘zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasi huzuridagi biznes va tadbirkorlik oliy maktabi mba moliya tinglovchisi abstract: both industrial development and commercial bank-provided financial services show direct correlation with each other in today's world. there exists an acknowledged need for bank financing in industrial development yet research on bank services dedicated to this sector remains scarce particularly within emerging markets. the research addresses this knowledge deficit by studying banking services which support industrial financing from both the availability and practicality and user accessibility aspects. the research used a combination of qualitative bank official and industrial stakeholder interviews along with quantitative bank financial data analysis spanning five years. the research shows commercial banks utilize credits, equipment financing and project loans as financial tools yet industrial firms encounter difficulties due to operational red tape and mandatory guarantees together with restricted risk mitigation methods. the results indicate that existing financial products do not meet the genuine needs of production enterprises that focus mainly on small and medium manufacturing operations. the study demonstrates that banking services need specific adjustments to create improved industrial productivity together with economic resilience. policy reforms should target three main areas by removing financial obstacles and improving educational skills about finances and creating private-public sector connections to make banking services support industrial economic objectives better. keywords: commercial bank, industry, financing, credit, investment, production, financial services, digital banking. introduction an essential economic development driver is industrial production because it enables employment growth and the addition of value along with technological progress. the growth and stability of industrial sectors rely primarily on financial support from commercial banks who function as main capital distribution intermediaries. the delivery of specialized financial products proves vital across all economies because it enables production efficiency improvements as well as infrastructure upgrades and innovation development [1]. strategic importance exists in comprehending how commercial banks contribute to industrial financing because industrialization represents a transformative element [2] of the banking sector. commercial banks deliver multiple financial instruments consisting of investment loans in addition to working capital financing as well as trade credits and project-based funding. commercial banks have created specific financial instruments which serve the distinct requirements of industrial enterprises by providing funding for long-term needs as well as seasonal cash flow management and technology modernization [3]. well-built financial systems improve economic results by allocating resources towards productive investments through both financial intermediation theory and supply-leading hypothesis. these theoretical frameworks 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us find varying degrees of implementation in real-world situations because institutional quality and market structures as well as regulatory frameworks influence their application [4]. despite extensive literature about banks' role in economic development, few studies assess the characteristics and delivery modes used by banks to serve industrial manufacturing sectors. the literature presents two dominant approaches in studying bank credit with either a broad variable approach or large-scale credit trends investigation. there exists an information gap revealing the precise methods commercial banks use to provide services which match industrial production requirements primarily for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). studies that examine industrial service use patterns and outcomes produce insufficient data [5]. the research employs a mixed-method approach which unites commercial banking quantitative method with qualitative bank manager and industrial business interviews to fill this research vacancy. the combined research design fosters complete knowledge regarding the availability and needs of industrial financial support. the research analyzes bank services in relation to what industry firms require and assesses their accessibility features [6,7]. the analysis examines institutional constraints and risk perception patterns and product development trends in financial products and aims to detect major service-funding gap discrepancies between banks and industries especially in developing economies. preliminary results indicate financial products exist in diversity yet industrial companies face difficulty accessing them due to complex procedures as well as strong collateral requirements and inadequate financial consultancy programs. the study aims to demonstrate policy-relevant outcomes for flexible financial instruments and risk-sharing regulatory support as well as better banking-industry sector collaboration [8]. the research effort strives to develop a financial system that provides effective support for industrial development leading economic change. metodology the study adopts mixed-method research to evaluate commercial bank financing services for industrial production. the mixed analysis of quantitative data with qualitative information provides complete evaluation of structural bank services together with practical understanding from key stakeholder perspectives. a time frame of five years was utilized to collect data from financial reports and lending records of specific commercial banks whose analysis included factors such as credit volume distribution and breakdown of industrial sector-based disbursements while examining different types of provided loans. statistical analysis of obtained data revealed fundamental changes and patterns and trends regarding industrial finance provision. the research included qualitative data collection methods by conducting semistructured interviews which targeted a combination of bank officials and loan officers and representatives representing manufacturing and processing industrial firms. this research design enabled the examination of customer opinions about how accessible services were alongside examining procedural speed and assessment practices and financial product suitable for industrial needs. a combination of small and large banks and industrial enterprises with diverse characteristics formed the purposive selection which achieved broad representation. the results obtained through both methods were validated by triangulation methods that strengthened both reliability and analytic depth. the researchers adhered to ethical requirements by maintaining complete data confidentiality together with obtaining voluntary participant approval from the beginning until the end of their work. the methodology analyzes commercial bank services in addition to assessing the effectiveness with which they address industrial producers' financing problems. the integrated methodology builds a strong analytical base for analyzing institutional behavior together with their policy-related effects. result and discussion in the current period, the sustainable development of industrial sectors, the saturation of the domestic market with goods, the increase of export potential, and the creation of new jobs require continuous financial resources. in this regard, commercial banks serve as reliable partners of industrial enterprises by offering a wide range of financing services [9]. under the leadership of sh.m. mirziyoyev, economic reforms are leading to a qualitatively new stage in 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bank-client relationships, especially focusing on the modernization of the industrial financing system [11]. 1. the role of commercial banks in industrial financing and types of services credit mechanisms: commercial banks provide credit to industrial entities in the followingforms: ø short-term loans to replenish working capital; ø long-term loans for the purchase and modernization of equipment; ø loans for investment projects under government guarantees; ø green loans for enterprises introducing eco-friendly technologies. expanding types of financial services include: ø leasing (financial leasing); ø factoring; ø bank guarantees; ø trade finance. practical experience – examples from nbu and ipoteka bank: nbu (national bank of uzbekistan): in 2023, 4.1 trillion uzs of investment loans were allocated to major industrial projects [12]. priority lending was directed to the “automotive” and “construction materials” sectors. digital financing platforms were launched in cooperation with the european bank for reconstruction and development.ipoteka bank: introduced 6-month grace period loans for small producers. implemented a leasing-based project to finance locally manufactured equipment [13]. current issues and solutions high interest rates: problem: interest rates on loans provided by commercial banks to industrial enterprises in uzbekistan are often high. this hinders the development of small and medium-sized businesses. suggested solution: ø government subsidies and interest compensation programs; ø green loans and special programs. lack of collateral for small enterprises: problem: many smes apply for loans to expand operations but lack sufficient collateral. suggested solution: ø expand credit guarantee funds; ø collateral-free loans based on business plans and financial stability. complex loan application procedures: problem: loan application procedures can be complex and time-consuming. suggested solution: ø digital “one-window” loan systems; ø unified online portal for loan applications. 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lack of sector-specific knowledge among bank employees: problem: banks may lack understanding of industry-specific needs. suggested solution: ø professional development programs; ø sector-specific loan strategies. international experience: south korea and turkey south korea: the “industrial bank of korea” offers government-guaranteed loans for small and medium manufacturers.turkey: through “kredi garanti fonu”, collateral-free loans are directed toward industrial startups.commercial banks serve as a strategic pillar for economic growth by financing industrial production [14]. however, to address existing issues and improve services, the following measures are recommended: ø direct credit portfolios toward real industrial sectors; ø expand the system of innovative financial services; ø develop “consulting banking” in bank-client relationships; ø implement international best practices adapted to local conditions. the results have important implications for both financial institutions and policymakers. commercial banks must adopt more flexible, responsive, and client-centered approaches to industrial lending, including risk-sharing mechanisms and sector-specific products [15]. conclusion the study adopts mixed-method research to evaluate commercial bank financing services for industrial production. the mixed analysis of quantitative data with qualitative information provides complete evaluation of structural bank services together with practical understanding from key stakeholder perspectives. a time frame of five years was utilized to collect data from financial reports and lending records of specific commercial banks whose analysis included factors such as credit volume distribution and breakdown of industrial sector-based disbursements while examining different types of provided loans. statistical analysis of obtained data revealed fundamental changes and patterns and trends regarding industrial finance provision. the research included qualitative data collection methods by conducting semistructured interviews which targeted a combination of bank officials and loan officers and representatives representing manufacturing and processing industrial firms. this research design enabled the examination of customer opinions about how accessible services were alongside examining procedural speed and assessment practices and financial product suitable for industrial needs. a combination of small and large banks and industrial enterprises with diverse characteristics formed the purposive selection which achieved broad representation. the results obtained through both methods were validated by triangulation methods that strengthened both reliability and analytic depth. the researchers adhered to ethical requirements by maintaining complete data confidentiality together with obtaining voluntary participant approval from the beginning until the end of their work. the methodology analyzes commercial bank services in addition to assessing the effectiveness with which they address industrial producers' financing problems. the integrated methodology builds a strong analytical base for analyzing institutional behavior together with their policy-related effects. references 1. j. a. schumpeter, the theory of economic development, cambridge, ma: harvard university press, 1934. 2. d. w. diamond and p. h. dybvig, "bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity," j. polit. econ., vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 401–419, 1983. 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. h. b. patrick, "financial development and economic growth in underdeveloped countries," econ. dev. cult. change, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 174–189, 1966. 4. r. levine, "financial development and economic growth: views and agenda," j. econ. lit., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 688–726, 1997. 5. t. beck, a. demirguc-kunt, and v. maksimovic, "financing patterns around the world: are small firms different?" world bank econ. rev., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 467–496, 2008. 6. m. ayyagari, a. demirguc-kunt, and v. maksimovic, "small vs. young firms across the world: contribution to employment, job creation, and growth," world bank policy res. working paper no. 5631, 2011. 7. t. hussain and k. wanjau, "influence of financial institutions on growth of small and medium enterprises in kenya," int. j. bus. commerce, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1–14, 2014. 8. y. demyanyk and i. hasan, "financial crises and bank failures: a review of prediction methods," omega, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 315–324, 2010. 9. s. claessens and l. laeven, "financial development, property rights, and growth," j. finance, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2401–2436, 2003. 10. m. o. odhiambo, "financial development and economic growth nexus in south africa: a dynamic causality linkage," j. econ. pol. reform, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 91–103, 2009. 11. j. h. boyd and b. d. smith, "the evolution of debt and equity markets in economic development," econ. theory, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 519–560, 1998. 12. p. mlachila and m. takebe, "fdi and growth in the waemu: a sectoral analysis," imf working paper wp/11/187, 2011. 13. e. berglöf and a. e. levine, "financial innovation and industrial structure," world bank research observer, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 345–362, 2002. 14. a. n. berger and g. f. udell, "small business credit availability and relationship lending: the importance of bank organizational structure," econ. j., vol. 112, no. 477, pp. f32–f53, 2002. 15. a. senbet and g. woldemichael, "african financial development and the role of institutions," j. afr. econ., vol. 26, no. suppl_1, pp. i108–i121, 2017. 76 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e): 2993-2157 employee onboarding, the unbalance discussion on organizational inefficient and effectiveness: a case of win or lose dr. duezeh, emmanuel afamefuna lecturer, department of public administration, faculty of management sciences nnamdi azikiwe university awka, anambra state, nigeria email: ea.duezeh@unizik.edu.ng abstract: the nigeria and organizational strata is infested with inefficient and ineffectiveness, both public and private sector organization. employee onboarding is a complex and multifaceted concept that requires a holistic approach to management and leadership. employee onboarding is the process of integrating new employees into an organization and providing them with the necessary knowledge, skills, and tools to become productive and effective members of the team. the target of this paper is to find out reasons for the existence of inefficient and ineffectiveness in an organization. data were obtained from scholarly databases such as google scholar as well as grey literature through predetermined material selection. the erik erikson's theory of socialization, also known as the theory of psychosocial development was adopted as theoretical framework for analysis. the theory believed that socialization involves the acquisition of a set of cultural and social values and norms that shape an individual's identity and personality. however, a poor onboarding experience was found which led to disengagement, negative impacts on team morale and productivity. effective onboarding practices can help ensure a successful transition for new employees and contribute to their long-term success within the organization. efficient operations in business, effective leadership and continuous improvement were recommended. keywords: employee onboarding, unbalance discussion, organizational inefficient and effectiveness, win, lose. introduction the emergence, growth, and eventual decline of any organization is a pervasive feature of modern capitalist development. it is important to understand developmental patterns at the industrial level because they have substantial implications both for the competitive process in the respective industries and for growth and development in the whole economy. in the past, research on organization dynamics has made much progress in identifying and explaining the development of organization. in a nutshell, the majority of organization develops along a life cycle pattern that can be characterized by the following stylized facts (klepper, 1997). the discussion around the effectiveness of employee onboarding is often unbalanced, as organizations can either win or lose in their approach. a well-executed onboarding process can lead to increased employee engagement, retention and productivity, which can ultimately contribute to organizational success. however, a poor onboarding experience can lead to disengagement, turnover, and negative impacts on team morale and productivity. thus, it is essential for organizations to invest in effective onboarding programs that not only introduce new employees to the company culture and values but also equip them with the necessary skills and resources to succeed in their roles. organizations that prioritize employee http://www/ mailto:ea.duezeh@unizik.edu.ng 77 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us onboarding are more likely to see positive outcomes, such as increased employee engagement, higher job satisfaction, and improved performance, leading to overall organizational success. both entry and exit of firms peak early, soon after an industry’s beginnings. a pronounced shakeout in the number of firms occurs while the market is still expanding. the importance of process innovations relative to product innovations increases over time. early entrants tend to perform better than later ones, indicating the presence of first-mover advantages. in addition, the pre-entry experience of entrants is crucial for their survival and performance. on average, diversifying entrants with a background in related industries, and those that are founded as spinoffs by former employees of industry incumbents, do significantly better than other entrants (helfat and lieberman, 2002).  increasing returns to process innovations have been suggested as an explanation for these observations, and particularly the shakeout phenomenon (klepper, 1996). larger firms can spread development costs over a larger output base, which allows them to maintain and possibly expand their initial size differential. first-mover advantages for early entrants and the shift from product to process innovations follow naturally from this account. however, firm growth does not only allow for efficiency increases, it also challenges the firm’s organisational capabilities in coordination and learning. it is by no means evident that all firms, regardless of the size they already have attained, cope equally well with these challenges. with respect to entry there is robust empirical evidence from a variety of industries that diversifying entrants (i.e. pre-existing firms entering from outside the industry) perform better than the average firm entrant (klepper and simons, 2000; klepper, 2002; thompson, 2005). however, it is not clear what kind of capability transfer is behind this superior performance, what it is that motivates firms to diversify into another industry, and at what stage in their own development firms engage in diversification moves. similarly, with respect to the underlying causes for the formation of spinoffs, a variety of explanations has been proposed. some focus on the effect of asymmetric information between employer and employee, which gives rise to opportunistic behaviour (klepper, 2001). others suggest that incumbents may be unable to exploit all opportunities, thus allowing for profitable entry by spinoffs (agarwal et al., 2004). yet another hypothesis has been proposed by klepper and sleeper (2005) using a model in which incumbent firms may choose not to preclude all profitable entry opportunities for spinoffs. again, none of these explanations account for organizational transformations inside incumbent firms and how they may relate to spinoff activities at industry level. the problem of poor management in an organization is a coy in the wheel of growth and effectiveness in most of these organizations. management is a field that encompasses a lot of managerial activities aimed at efficient utilization of man, material and money with a view of achieving the organizational desired goal. however, a clear picture of lack of managerial know-how, indiscipline and authoritarian leadership style reign supreme, resource are poorly utilized while organizational policies act as deterrent rather than facilitators to decision makers. in most organization especially government owned organization. these problem appear to be more pronounced and their affects have always had untold hardship in the effectiveness and efficiently treatment of employee on boarding for the management within the organization. statement of problems in drawing on earlier work on organizational development by witt (1998, 2000) and rathe and witt (2001), we argue that growth-related changes inside firms may trigger both the formation of new entrants through spinoff formation, diversification and the failure of incumbents. otherwise, on the failure of the management team to indentify the lacuna means poor handling of management http://www/ 78 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tents of the organization. when we talk of management is said to be the co-ordination of all the resources of an organization through the process of planning, organization, directing and controlling in order to attain organizational goals and objectives. to manage is not an easy task; hence management in much organization mostly in government owed organization is fraught with problems, this affect the efficient and effectiveness in the management of such organization. if anyone should give a keen interest to any of the nigeria organization, will convince one of clear lack of managerial and technical know-how in such establishment. indiscipline, authoritarian leadership reign supreme, so much the situation get worse as one get to the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. objectives of this study the target of this paper is to find out reasons for the existence of inefficient and ineffectiveness in an organization with regards to employees onboarding. the problem that the study will be concerned with includes: 1. to identifying the core problems that have been hindering operations of effective and efficient employee on boarding. 2. to identify ways of employees development towards effective and efficient organization development. methodology the paper engages only on secondary method of data collection to exegete relevant content and related opinion from exact literature. the secondary data used for discussion in this study were majorly derived from library and internet, especially material on employee performance, organizational development as well as erik erikson's theory; which are majorly textbooks by various authors. the gathered literature was necessary in order to strengthen the data obtained from the exegeses of the related literature and to make the findings of the study contemporarily relevant. theoretical frame work theory of psychosocial development, erik erikson: erikson was a german-american psychologist who proposed a theory of psychosocial development. he believed that socialization involves the acquisition of a set of cultural and social values, beliefs, and norms that shape an individual's identity and personality. socialization theory: this theory emphasizes the importance of socialization in helping new employees adjust to the organizational culture, norms, and values. erikson (1968), socialization theory suggests that onboarding should focus on building positive relationships with coworkers, providing clear expectations and feedback, and creating opportunities for social interaction and engagement. erik erikson was a developmental psychologist who proposed a theory of psychosocial development that consists of eight stages spanning the entire human lifespan. according to erikson, each stage represents a unique developmental task that must be successfully resolved in order to proceed to the next stage. the eight stages of erikson's theory are: trust vs. mistrust (infancy): in this stage, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on whether their basic needs are consistently met. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlerhood): toddlers begin to assert their independence and autonomy, and need support to do so without feeling shame or doubt. initiative vs. guilt (preschool): children become more curious and begin to take initiative in their activities. if they are encouraged, they develop a sense of purpose, but if they are punished, they develop guilt. industry vs. inferiority (elementary school): children begin to learn skills and knowledge http://www/ 79 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us through formal education and social interactions, and must feel competent to avoid feelings of inferiority. identity vs. role confusion (adolescence): adolescents begin to form their own identities and sense of self, and must navigate social pressures to avoid confusion and uncertainty. intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood): young adults seek meaningful relationships and intimacy with others, but must first establish a sense of self and identity to avoid isolation. generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood): middle-aged adults seek to contribute to society through work, parenting, or other activities, and must avoid feelings of stagnation or unfulfillment. ego integrity vs. despair (late adulthood): older adults reflect on their lives and must come to a sense of acceptance and integrity in order to avoid feelings of despair or regret. erikson (1950), emphasizes the importance of social interactions and experiences in shaping human development, and suggests that successful resolution of each stage leads to a healthy sense of self and a positive outlook on life. meaning and concept of employee onboarding society for human resource management (shrm), according to shrm (2022), employee onboarding is a strategic process that aims to acclimate new hires to the organization's culture, values, and expectations. it involves activities such as completing necessary paperwork, introducing the employee to their role and responsibilities, providing job training, and facilitating connections with colleagues with good planning. an administrator is always engaged in planning within the work organization. planning in essence involves selecting objectives; the strategies, policies, progrmmes and procedure for achieving the goals of the organization (koontz etal, 1980:79). employee onboarding can be defined as a process that helps the newly recruited human resources to get acclimatized with organizational culture, work environment and goals. this helps in learning the attitudes, gaining knowledge and skills and also the behaviors required for the effective function of the work within the organization which encourages specialization. insisting on the above, the second principle of specialization according to nwizu (2010), suggests that all work based on a particular process should be grouped together. since it must share a special fund of knowledge and requires the use of similar skills or procedure. the time needed to onboard an employee depends on the organizational structure and unique aspects of each role. sneed (2022) maintained that forbes, highlights the importance of a well-structured onboarding program that focuses on fostering a positive employee experience. it emphasizes the need for clear communication, goal setting, mentorship, and continuous feedback during the onboarding process to ensure new employees feel supported and motivated. onboarding is the process of assimilating new employees into the workplace and providing the knowledge and tools for them to achieve success early on in their new jobs. it is the bridge between selection and productivity, encompassing activities from pre-arrival through the end of the first year. on average, 90-120 days is enough to integrate a new hire into the organization. deloitte (2022), suggests that successful onboarding extends beyond the initial orientation period. he advocates for an ongoing onboarding process that spans several months to help new hires develop the skills and knowledge needed for long-term success. this approach involves regular check-ins, providing growth opportunities, and integrating the employee into the broader organizational context. onboarding is a comprehensive process for integrating newly appointed employees in an organization and familiarizing them with the organizational culture and work environment. it is an integral part of human resources department (hrd). lack of appropriate onboarding mechanism can have negative impact on the overall productivity of the organization. onboarding, also known as organizational socialization, refers to the mechanism http://www/ 80 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us through which new employees acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors to become effective organizational members and insiders. in short, employee onboarding involves the processes, which helps to ensure that the new human resources get started on the right foot. how can a stranger know our home unless we politely let him in? when it comes to job satisfaction, financial rewards may be lower on the list than most people think. being happy with your job seems to depend more on the intangibles: feeling part of a team and being valued and appreciated consistently outrank money when employees are polled about job satisfaction. employee onboarding process is the first step towards development of such feelings and values. poor human capital development and very low health expenditure, according to a study by oyinlola et al. (2020), are the challenges of sub-saharan africa’s industrial development. thus, from the works above, evidence is clearly adduced to suggest that inadequate human capital supply to meet an economy’s industrial demand is sufficient to cause industrial failure. as proffered by shim et al. (2020), the ability of any country or region to progress its human capacity is of great help in promoting and maintaining industrial development. the discussion around the effectiveness of employee onboarding is often unbalanced, as organizations can either win or lose in their approach. a well-executed onboarding process can lead to increased employee engagement, retention, and productivity, which can ultimately contribute to organizational success. however, a poor onboarding experience can lead to disengagement, turnover, and negative impacts on team morale and productivity. thus, it is essential for organizations to invest in effective onboarding programs that not only introduce new employees to the company culture and values but also equip them with the necessary skills and resources to succeed in their roles. organizations that prioritize employee onboarding are more likely to see positive outcomes, such as increased employee engagement, higher job satisfaction, and improved performance, leading to overall organizational success. factors that may lead to employee onboarding difficulties there are several issues that may lead to employee onboarding difficulties, including: lack of preparation: if the company is not adequately prepared for the new employee, they may feel unwelcome or unsure of their role within the organization. this can lead to confusion and frustration, which may ultimately result in the new hire leaving the company. inadequate training: if the employee is not properly trained on their job responsibilities, they may not be able to perform their duties effectively, leading to mistakes and frustration. this can also negatively impact the employee's confidence and job satisfaction. poor communication: if the new employee is not given clear and concise communication about their role, expectations, and organization culture, they may feel isolated and disconnected from the rest of the team. this can lead to low morale and decreased motivation. inadequate resources: if the organization does not provide the new employee with the necessary resources and tools to perform their job, they may struggle to meet expectations and deadlines, leading to frustration and potential burnout. lack of follow-up: if the organization does not follow up with the new employee to ensure their success and provide support, they may feel abandoned or unsupported, which can lead to feelings of resentment and disengagement. cultural fit: if the new employee does not fit well within the company culture, they may struggle to form meaningful relationships with coworkers, leading to isolation and potentially even conflict. importance of onboarding complements new employee orientation http://www/ 81 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us integrates your new employee into the organizational culture a comprehensive onboarding process fosters positive working relationships that help new employees gain confidence and become productive quickly. it improves overall engagement, performance and retention through understanding of and connection to the job. onboarding is an opportunity as a supervisor to set goals and expectations, train and develop, and introduce the new employees to the people and resources that will play a role in performing their jobs effectively and advancing their careers. employee onboarding is essential to retain skilled and dedicated workforce. employee onboarding program helps in the orientation of the new employees. it shapes the relation between the new employee and the organization. by implementing a good employee onboarding program, will build a strong organization culture and secure the future with a qualified pool of human resources. maximization of onboarding effectiveness onboarding produces the greatest return on investment when it is intentional, collaborative and managed over the span of the first year as your new employee evolves in the job. there are many methods to bring employees on board. choose the techniques and tools best suited for the situation and create some of your own, they includes: • communicates the missions and visions of organization to the new employees. • facilitates understanding of job expectations and performance management. • helps new employees see how their roles fit into the larger organization and contribute to its success. • provide various opportunities for your new employee to identify and integrate with his/her peer group and instills pride. • ensures consistency in meeting legal requirements and compliance standards. • promotes awareness of tools and resources for career management and worklife effectiveness. • reduces employee turnover to encourage exploration of available resources and participation of employees in decision making, (https://hr.ucdavis.edu/departments/learning/toolkits/onboarding/intro). process of onboarding ideally, the employee onboarding process consists of five phases: 1. pre-onboarding 2. orientation 3. role-specific training 4. transitioning 5. 90-day review phase 1: pre-onboarding before a hire's first day at work, an human resource manager makes the necessary preparations, mainly they will: • share and finalize paperwork. • support relocation (if needed). • send over company overviews. • outline a first-day plan. • inform the new colleague’s team. http://www/ 82 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us announcing an employee hire is probably the most critical step in the pre-onboarding phase. colleagues might not know how the new role relates to theirs. it is your task to explain the hire’s position and how they will contribute to their team and the organization as a whole. phase 2: orientation the first day has come! now, what do you do next? your main task is to help your new hire acclimate to their new environment. they’re likely way more nervous than you are. orientation is a chance to build a connection and put your employee at ease. day one is rather busy. you and the hiring team will likely be: • greeting your new employee. • giving an office tour and settling them into their workplace (if in-person). • introducing them to co-workers. • assigning a buddy – a team member who’ll be mentoring the new hire. • giving access to necessary tools, including login information. • sharing company resources, such as policies and employee responsibilities. • running through a checklist of first-week tasks and answering questions. • staying accessible throughout the day to promptly address any requests. orientation doesn’t end on the first day. it takes a week to a month for an employee to adapt to your company culture and get to know their team. but you can’t be expected to guide them through every single step. neither you nor an onboarding buddy would be able to keep up while also managing your own work. here’s where an exhaustive company resource guide or wiki comes in. company culture, mission, values, organizational structure, role-specific step-by-step guides – every piece of information a new hire needs during their first days and months in your company should be documented in a comprehensive knowledge base. these tools strengthen your hire’s comfort level and encourage proactivity during onboarding. phase 3: role-specific training after orientation, your employee is ready to train. in fact, these two phases often go hand in hand. employee integration takes time, experience and some healthy trial and error. that’s why role-specific training can start before your hire completes their orientation. what does role-specific training involve? well, it depends on one’s role. an human resources manager will entrust this task to the new hire’s immediate supervisor. if that’s you, this is where you truly step into the game. say you have hired a content marketer. as that person’s manager, you want to guide them through specific job expectations while familiarizing them with team goals. this introduction might include walking through the peculiarities of the niche, introducing buyer personas, explaining the company’s approach to content marketing and letting them know what you expect from a recently hired specialist. apart from guiding hires through their day-to-day tasks, saas companies often include product training in their onboarding program. this step helps turn new hires into brand advocates. you can train for product knowledge by including related how-tos in your knowledge base or running workshops. the latter is a great option when you onboard multiple employees at once. phase 4: transitioning as employees complete training, they move closer and closer to total productivity. this is considered the transitioning phase. at this point, a new hire works toward becoming a full-fledged employee and begins reaching the goals set by their supervisor. set up a 30-60-90 day progress plan http://www/ 83 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us with milestones to reach. following the other onboarding phases, your employee now knows what they’re responsible for and what they can do to succeed. this transition is an opportunity to familiarize themselves with their tasks and take initiative. phase 5: 90-day review at this point, you and the employee should have a general understanding of: • how successful the onboarding process was • if there are areas where they need more support • whether or not they are a fit for the role after 90 days, human resources manager and the direct manager could collaborate on a performance review. the check-in should help you assess the employee’s efforts and progress thus far and, most importantly, provide constructive feedback. you can also collect feedback from colleagues. how does this new hire collaborate? is there room for improvement? this information might help you define what to discuss during the meeting. the 90-day review enables you and the employee to assess their experience and progress in the role. if they align well with the position, this could also serve as a springboard to set them up for further success with your company. challenges of effective and efficient employee onboarding. smith (2022) examines the challenges that organizations face in achieving effective and efficient employee onboarding. these challenges include: i. lack of structure and planning: smith argues that many organizations struggle with a lack of structured onboarding programs. without a clear plan in place, new employees may feel overwhelmed and disoriented, leading to lower productivity and engagement. the absence of a comprehensive onboarding strategy can hinder the effectiveness of the process. ii. inadequate communication: the author highlights the importance of effective communication during the onboarding process. insufficient or inconsistent communication between managers, human resource personnel, and new hires can lead to misunderstandings, confusion, and a sense of isolation for new employees. the problem of insufficient communication and information sharing, where new hires are not provided with essential details about their roles, responsibilities, organizational culture, and expectations. this lack of communication can impede the employee's ability to understand their role within the organization and hinder their integration into the team. this lack of communication can hinder the establishment of strong working relationships and impede the integration of new hires into the organization. iii. limited resources and support: smith emphasizes that organizations need to provide adequate resources and support for successful onboarding. insufficient training materials, technology, and personnel can hinder the ability to deliver comprehensive onboarding experiences. without the necessary resources, new employees may struggle to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform their roles effectively. iv. unrealistic expectations: the author notes that setting unrealistic expectations for new hires can be detrimental to the onboarding process. when employees are faced with overwhelming workloads or pressured to achieve immediate results, it can lead to stress and burnout. unrealistic expectations can hinder the development of a positive and supportive onboarding experience. v. lack of evaluation and feedback: smith highlights the importance of continuous evaluation and feedback in the onboarding process. without regular assessments and feedback mechanisms, organizations may fail to identify and address potential issues or areas for http://www/ 84 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improvement. without regular feedback, new hires may struggle to identify areas for improvement and align their performance with organizational expectations. the absence of constructive feedback mechanisms can impede their development and hinder their ability to contribute effectively to the organization. vi. lack of clear onboarding process: authors often highlight the absence of a welldefined and structured onboarding process as a major obstacle. without a clear plan in place, employees may feel confused, disoriented, and disconnected from the organization. this can lead to a longer time for new hires to reach productivity and integration with the team. vii. inadequate training and mentorship: authors may point out the importance of providing comprehensive training and mentorship programs during the onboarding process. if new employees do not receive proper training, they may struggle to perform their duties effectively, leading to decreased productivity and increased frustration. furthermore, the absence of mentors or experienced employees to guide and support new hires can hinder their ability to adapt to the organization's culture and values. viii. limited social integration: successful onboarding involves not only understanding the job requirements but also feeling a sense of belonging within the organization. authors may discuss the problem of limited social integration, where new employees face difficulties in establishing relationships with their colleagues. this can result in feelings of isolation, decreased motivation, and reduced job satisfaction, ultimately impacting their overall performance and retention. conclusion/ recommendations the inbuilt on the organizational development emphasizes that effective and efficient employee onboarding can indeed be hindered by several core problems. these include a lack of structure and planning, inadequate communication, limited resources and support, unrealistic expectations, and a lack of evaluation and feedback. addressing, it is crucial for organizations to ensure successful onboarding experiences that promote employee engagement, productivity, and long-term retention. it is also requires a holistic approach that involves clear goal setting, resource allocation, process evaluation and improvement, effective communication strategies, comprehensive training programs, cultural integration initiatives, and ongoing support systems. effective onboarding practices can help ensure a successful transition for new employees and contribute to their long-term success within the organization, efficient operations in business, effective leadership and continuous improvement. these practices can help ensure a successful transition for new employees and contribute to their long-term success within the organization. references allen, t. d., eby, l. t., poteet, m. l., lentz, e., & lima, l. (2004). career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: a meta-analysis. journal of applied psychology, 89(1), 127-136. klepper, s. (1997). industrial and corporate change, volume 6, issue 1, 1997, pages 145– 182, https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/6.1.145 helfat c. e. and lieberman m. b, (2002), “the birth of capabilities: market entry and the importance of prehistory,” industrial and corporate change, vol. 11, no. 4, 2002, p. 725. https://www.scirp.org/(s (lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55) deloitte (2022). the onboarding experience. retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/human-capital/topics/onboarding-experience.html, http://www/ 85 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20/6/2023 erikson, e. h. (1950). childhood and society. new york: norton. erikson, e. h. (1968). identity, youth and crisis. new york: norton. koontz etal (1980) management (seventh edition) tokyo: mcgraw-hill company. mcadams, d. p. (2001). the psychology of life stories. review of general psychology, 5(2), 100-122. nwizu g. (2010). eminent administrative thinkers; from taylor to the present day: okigwe: marco press. oyinlola, m. a., adedeji, a. a., & bolarinwa, m. o. (2020). exploring the nexus among natural resource rents, human capital and industrial development in the ssa region. economic change and restructuring,53, 87-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-018-09243-3 raheem, i. d., isah, k. o., & adedeji, a. a. (2018). inclusive growth, human capital development and natural resource rent in ssa. economic change and restructuring, 51, 29-48, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-016-9193-y schwartz, s. j., côté, j. e., & arnett, j. j. (eds.). (2015). identity and agency in emerging adulthood: two developmental routes in the individualization process. new york: springer. shim, j., park, y., chu, h. j., & choi, s. j. (2020). national human resource development in korea. in human resource development in south korea (pp. 13-34), palgrave macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54066-1_2. smith, j. (2022). "improving employee onboarding: overcoming core challenges." journal of human resources management, 15(2), 45-62. sneed, j. (2022). how to create a powerful employee onboarding experience. forbes. retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennifersneed/2022/03/01/how-to-create-a-powerfulemployee-onboarding-experience/?sh=45248776394d, 20/6/2023 society for human resource management. (2022). onboarding new employees. retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/trends-and-forecasting/special-reports-and-expertviews/pages/onboarding-new-employees.aspx, 20/6/2023 sosik, j. j., & godshalk, v. m. (2000). the role of gender in mentoring: implications for diversified and homogeneous mentoring relationships. journal of vocational behavior, 57(1), 102122. https://hr.ucdavis.edu/departments/learning/toolkits/onboarding/intro https://www.valamis.com/hub/employee-development-methods http://www/ 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 banditry, insurgents, kidnapping and educational management in nigeria ojelade, samuel oluwatobiloba, umoru abdulrasheed oseni, saleh k. m., okani doris ugo-onyeka department of educational management, faculty of education, university of abuja, nigeria smlojelade@gmail.com, akpakpalakpa@gmail.com, khalidmahmuh13@yahoo.com, okanidoris@gmail.com abstract: this paper discussed the impact on banditry, insurgents, kidnapping and terrorism on educational management in nigeria. the paper is a review paper that depend secondary data. the secondary data were collected from print and online publications. the paper concluded that the impact of banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities on educational management in nigeria includes; unstable academic programme, death of professional teachers, destruction of infrastructure facilities and displacement of students and teachers. based on this, the paper recommends that the federal and state government of nigeria should address the problem bleeding insecurities in nigeria such like unemployment and porous board by providing opportunities and development programmes to engage the youth and deploy technology to provide securities in the board. adequate funding should be provided for securities agencies for acquisition of modern weapons and for training. keywords: banditry, insurgents, kidnapping and terrorism educational management. 1.0 introduction education has been viewed from various perspectives among scholars, such as process of liberation of human from the cloche of illiteracy and poverty, process that unlock human civilization among others. egbe (2012) viewed education as the philosophy that empowers the individual with broad knowledge and transferable skills and strong sense of values, ethics and civic engagement. obasanjo (1999) defined education as the sum total of culture values and attitude which each generation systematically transmit to those who are desirable, adapt this continuously to meet the exigencies of changing times. in a related development, garba & uchenna, (2009) are of the opinion that education is a life-long process of learning which beings at birth and ends with death. it was based on this premise islam reiterated the significance of knowledge as revealed by numerous hadiths on the significance of learning. management is the process of organizing and directing human and physical resources within an organization so as to meet defined objectives. according to hartzell (2006), management is the process of organizing, using, and controlling human activities and other resources towards specific ends. management is the coordination of the resources of an organization through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling activities in an organization in order to attain organizational goals. it is the supervising, controlling of activities to achieve optimum results with organizational resources. adesina (1990), it is the organization and mobilization of all human and material resources in a particular system for the achievement of identified 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us objectives. this implies that management is the art of making the most effective use of available resources, whether in form of machine, money or people. according to obi (2004) management in education implies the management of human and material resources available in education and using them systematically for the achievement of educational objectives. from the above definitions, one can see that management in education culminates in attainment of goals through coordination of human and material resources. scientifically, management can be defined as the coordination of all the resources of an organization through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling activities in the organization in order to attain organizational goals. peretomode (1991) defines educational management as a social or interactional process involving a sequence of coordinated events such as planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling human and material resources in order to achieve desired outcomes in the fastest and most efficient ways. management of education consists of planning, organizing, coordinating, procuring and maintaining the available educational resources with the sole aim of achieving educational objectives. educational management is the various approaches used to provide educational resources, facilities and other related services in schools to make teaching and learning effective (agun 1988). ogunode (2023) viewed educational management as the process that involves practical coordination of human and material resources for effective implementation of schools programmes and for the realization of school’s objectives. it can also be said that educational management is a process of administrating and allocating school resources for the execution of school cardinal programme and attainment of school goals. educational management deals with practical management of resources for the execution of education programme and policies. the educational goals of any nation can be attained through congenial school management which includes proper planning, organizing, coordinating, staffing, budgeting, controlling, maintenance of sound school discipline among staff and students in the secondary schools, administrators are charged with the management of finance, time human and material resources in order to achieve the aims and objectives of their institutions (elujekwute, shehu, oigoche, & nnome, 2021). 2.0 review of literature 2.1 concept of banditry banditry according to uche and iwuamadi (2018); cinjel, joseph and ayeni (2020) is reflected in criminal escapades like cattle rustling, kidnapping, armed robbery, drug abuse, arson, rape and the brazen and gruesome massacre of people of agrarian communities with sophisticated weapons by suspected herdsmen and reprisal attacks from surviving victims, a development that has been brought to the front burner of national security. shalangwa (2013) defined banditry as the practice of raiding and attacking victims by members of an armed group, whether or not premeditated, using weapons of offence or defence, especially in semi-organised groups to overpower the victim and obtain loot or achieving some political goals. such bandits are usually perceived as outlaws, desperate and lawless marauders who do not have a definite residence or destination but roam around the forest and mountains to avoid being identified, detected and arrested. egwu (2016) viewed banditry as a practice of stealing cattle and animals from herders or raiding cattle from their ranches. from the above, banditry can be seen as the application of force to raid cattle from their ranches and intim-idating owners with weapons. banditry is organized criminal activities carried out by people with weapons that involve raping, cattle rustling, and killing, kidnapping and armed robbery in rural areas or cities. ban-ditry is also the use of force and weapons to abduct people, raid cattle, destroy farmlands, kill, rape and cart away foodstuffs in rural areas. banditry affects teachers, students and the entire education process in the rural communities. 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2.2 concept of kidnapping kidnapping is adjudged to be unlawful detention of persons through the instrument of force, threat, fraud or enticement for different political and socio-economic reasons. kidnapping involves the coercive movement of a victim from one place to another, and the detention or seizure of that person, be it a child or an adult (garpiya 2022). kidnapping has been defined by scholars to a varying degree. kidnapping is an action that involves unlawful detention or keeping persons away in a hidden environment and restricting the person's movement. kidnapping is the application of force to abduct persons and keep them away from their families for economic and social reasons that are not justified by laws (ogunode, 2023). ene, (2018), states that kidnapping is an act of capturing, taking away and keeping people in custody either through force or deceit. secondly, fage and alabi (2017) assert that kidnapping is forceful or fraudulent abduction of individual(s) for reasons ranging from economic, political, and religious to struggle for selfdetermination”. however, the authors later admitted that the forcefully or fraudulently abducted individuals are carried off as hostages for ransom purposes. this implies that while political and economic factors can instigate kidnapping, the economic reason is the most common predisposing factor of the phenomenon. that was why inyang and abraham (2013) added that it is legally regarded as a restriction of someone else’s liberty which violates the provision of freedom of movement as enshrined in the constitution of the federal republic of nigeria, where every other law takes its cue from. 2.3 concept of insurgency according to the u.s. government counter insurgency guide (2009), insurgency is defined as “the organized use of subversion and violence to seize, nullify or challenge political control of a region”. this implies that insurgents see to subvert or displace the government and completely or partially control the resource and population of a given territory. this is achievable through the use of force-including guerilla warfare, terrorism and coercion/intimidation, propaganda, subversion, and political mobilization. insurgents fight government forces, only to the extent needed to achieve their political aims, their main effort is not to kill counter insurgents, but rather to establish a competitive system of control over the population, making it impossible for the government to administer its territory and people. hence, insurgent activity is designed to weaken government control and legitimacy while increasing insurgent control and influence. the term insurgency refers to a violent upspring to overthrow a regime (adenusi, 2006). however, beyond this level, insurgency refers to a typically form of internal war, one that occurs primarily within a state, not between states and one that contains at least some elements of civil war (sloan, 2011). however, the definition above is descriptive in nature and narrow in scope to appropriately fit in the topic under consideration. in the opinion of ukpong-umo (2016), insurgency is a condition of revolt against a government that is less than an organized revolution and that is not recognized as belligerency. the term is used in describing a movement’s unlawfulness with capacity to pose a threat to a state or seen as such by another authority, especially when viewed from the backdrop of its not being authorized and therefore, executing a cause that is illegitimate (shafer, 1988). 2.4 concept of terrorism terrorism as “the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, often motivated by religious, political or other ideological beliefs, to instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are usually political. hence, instilling of fear in mind of populace by the terrorist group stands out in the definition. this is embraced to achieve their complex ambitions (united state department of defence (dod) 2004). thus, terrorism therefore refers to the use of violence to create fear in the minds of the populace in order to achieve political objectives (adebisi; 2006). however, these conceptions are narrow in scope to be adopted as frame of operationalization of the topic. globally, there is no widely accepted definition of terrorism even in international law. however, the united nations sponsored working definitions as drafted by alex p. schmid for the policy working group on the united and terrorism in 2002 outlined some 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us broad characteristics of the phenomenon as follow: that terrorism is a criminal act, meant to inflict dramatic and deadly injury on civilians and to create an atmosphere of fear, generally for a political or ideological whether secular or religious purpose. this implies that terrorism is a strategy or a tactics employed by a terrorist group to inflict fear in the mind of the populace in order to achieve their objectives. terrorism as the systematic use of violence and intimidation to coerce a government or community into according to specific political demands. according to article 2 of the draft comprehensive convention on international terrorism, defines the term thus: any person who commit an offence within the meaning of this convention if that person by any mean, unlawfully and intentionally causes; deaths or serious bodily injury to any person, or serious damage to public or private property, including a place of public or private property, including a place of public use, a state or government facility, a public transportation system, an infrastructure, facility or the environment, or damage to property place, facilities or system referred in paragraph (6) of convention on international terrorism act, resulting or likely to result in major economic loss, when the purpose of the conduct, by its nature or contest, is to intimidate a population or to compel a government or an international organization to do or obtain from doing any act (schmid & graaf, 1980; pearsall and trumble, 2006). 3.0 method this paper discussed the impact of banditry, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism on educational management in nigeria. the paper depends on secondary source of data which relied on secondary evidences inform of published books, journal articles, newspapers, government official documents, seminar papers, conference papers as well as related information from the internet. 4.0 result and discussion on impact on banditry, insurgents, kidnapping and terrorism on educational management in nigeria the impact of banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities on educational management in nigeria includes; unstable academic programme, death of professional teachers, destruction of infrastructure facilities, displacement of students and teachers and unstable academic programme banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities are a major factor that could affect effective curriculum delivery of educational institutional in nigeria. security of any learning environment is pivotal to sustainable learning and remains an inevitable variable in the education generally. nigeria has had various inter-tribal crises, communal conflicts, religious disturbances, and disputes in the past while some in ongoing. these have disrupted the curriculum delivery in schools. many school children were abducted by bandits in our schools. according to british broadcasting cooperation (bbc) reports (2, march 2021): since december, more than 600 students have been abducted from schools in north-west nigeria, highlighting a worrying development in the country's kidnap-for-ransom crisis. emmanuel (2021) noted that the bandit attacks on schools have significantly kept most of our children out of school, considering that most schools are now closed down and the desire for parents to equip their children with formal education will be on the low scale because the fears are still there, the kidnappers are on rampages. insecurity has always disrupted the academic programme of not only secondary schools but all institutions of academic learning. over time a lot of schools have shut down their academic programmes. this is seeking admission into academic institutions at all levels. for instance, kagara science college and all other boarding schools were shut down owing to the kidnapping of students. reports have indicated that many parents and students vowed never to send their children to boarding schools. ogunode and ahaota (2021) and akintunde, & selzlingmusa (2016) and aliyu (2022) submitted that the continuous closure of schools by the government, whenever there is any attack, is also responsible for the unstable academics of various institutions especially, the secondary schools which are most affected in the region. 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us schools operate on a planned academic calendar that specifies academic sessions, terms, and which that school is open for teachers, and the learning scheme of work & syllabus is to cover within the plan. elizabeth and joseph (2020) in a study on group communication as an effective tool in the management of farmers/herdsmen crises in southern kaduna – nigeria. the study stated that the high rate of killings experienced in some parts of southern kaduna of nigeria by armed bandits for over two years now has crippled the social, economic, agricultural, educational, religious and other activities in the region. southern kaduna as a geographical environment conducive for arable and livestock farming. death of professional teachers banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities in nigeria have led to the death of professional teachers. ogunode, (2021) reported that many teachers, students, and nonteaching staff have been killed and some have been missing by the menace of insecurity unesco global education monitoring report cited in ogunode (2021) said, 19,000 teachers have been displaced in the region, attacking access to education. it also observed that boko haram and bandit have killed 2,300 teachers in nigeria’s north-east since 2009 (osaat, 2022). insecurity has claimed the lives of many teachers; parents and guardians, who have been sponsoring and training their children in school. death of parents and guardians has threatened many children leading them to total withdrawal from school (osaat, 2021). the consequence of this is the quality of education is reduced since the educational sector will be made to face the challenges of inadequate and inefficient manpower (shuaibu, 2015; uzochukwu 2015; ogunode, umeora, & olatundeaiyedun, 2022). destruction of infrastructure facilities banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities have to the destruction infrastructure facilities in schools across the country. akor et al (2021) reported that many school facilities like classrooms, administration blocks, ict facilities, tables, chairs, and instructional materials have been destroyed by bandits in many of the affected areas. school sites had been damaged by the changing weather and climate as grasses have grown thick and students and facilities in educational institutions in northern states across the country (seji, et al, 2020; ogunode & chijindu, 2022). otu, (2019) concluded that insecurities problems in nigeria have led to destruction of school physical infrastructure and constant fear of violence keeps students and teachers out of classrooms. most attack on schools lead to vandalized facilities provided for teaching and learning which consequently hinder the curriculum delivery. insecurity has caused the destruction of school infrastructure. in a situation where the necessary facilities have been destroyed by banditries, insurgencies and terrorism activities. displacement of students and teachers banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities have led to displacement of students and teachers across the country. according to charles ogwo (2022) cited in research clue (2020) as nigeria’s security situation has taken a turn for the worse, a growing number of schools are being forced to shut down and many citizens are moving from one place to another and out of the country. forced by insecurity, schools, especially in parts of northern nigeria, have been shutting down in recent years, without requiring express directives from government as safety could not be guaranteed by school managements (kareem, 2021). the united nations children’s fund (unicef) had in april 2022 noted insecurity had caused the closure of 11,536 schools in nigeria since december 2020. according to unicef, the security challenges in nigeria have affected the education of 1.3 million children in less than two years. insecurity continues to threaten the educational sector in the country to the extent that students, teachers are displaced and the government are being frustrated, leading to educational decay, according to industry watchers (ogunode, & ukozor 2022). 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us findings the paper revealed that impact of banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities on educational management in nigeria includes; unstable academic programme, death of professional teachers, destruction of infrastructure facilities, displacement of students and teachers and conclusion and recommendations this paper discussed the impact on banditry, insurgents, kidnapping and terrorism on educational management in nigeria. the paper revealed that impact of banditries, insurgencies, kidnapping and terrorism activities on educational management in nigeria includes; unstable academic programme, death of professional teachers, destruction of infrastructure facilities and displacement of students and teachers. based on this findings, the paper recommends the following: 1. the federal and state government of nigeria should address the problem bleeding insecurities in nigeria such like unemployment and porous board by providing opportunities and development programmes to engage the youth and deploy technology to provide securities in the board. adequate funding should be provided for securities agencies for acquisition of modern weapons and for training. references 1. adesina, s. (1990). educational management. enugu: fourth dimension pub. co. 2. adebisi, a. (2006). a glossary of terms in government and politics, ibadan, university press. 3. akor, a.i.; musa, a.; ogounod, n.j. (2021). causes, forms and consequences of insecurity on nigeria educational system. implications for educational management. middle european scientific bulletin, vol.18, november, 2021 4. akintunde, o.,&selzling-musa, g. (2016). environmental insecurity and the nigerianchild’s learning: coping strategies. asia pacific journal of multidisciplinary research, 4(1), 13-17. 5. aliyu, a. (2022). basic education, good governance and challenges of insecurity in nigeria.multidiciplinaryjournal of research development, 31(1), 1-10. 6. ameh, j. (2015). borno: reps seek re-opening of schools. punch newspaper. retrieved from www.punch.com july 30 7. british broadcasting cooperation, (2021) nigeria's school abduction: why children are being targeted. www.bbc.com 8. charles ogwo (july 29, 2022) insecurity crippling education, fueling migration, business day. 9. elizabeth, t.a. & joseph, j.g. (2020) group communication as an effective tool in the management of farmers/herdsmen crises in southern-kaduna, nigeria, nigeria journal of religion and society vol. 10 pp 13 – 27 10. ewetan, o. & urhie, e. (2014) insecurity and socio-economic development in nigerian journal of sustainable development vol.5 no1 11. egwu, s. (2016). the political economy of rural banditry in contemporary nigeria. in kuna, m.j and ibra-him, j (eds.). rural banditry and conflicts in northern nigeria, abuja: centre for democracy and development. 12. ene, w. r. (2018). kidnapping and the nigerian society: a sociological insight. international journal of development and management review (injodemar), 13(1): 161172 http://www.bbc.com/ 96 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. emmanuel, h. (2021) large scale kidnapping in north threaten education. voice of america news (voa). www.voanews.com 14. elujekwute, e,. c. , shehu, h, oigoche, l. & nnome, c,. i. (2021). influence of information and communication technology (ict) facilities on the management of public secondary schools in benue state, nigeria. international journal of management, social sciences, peace and conflict studies (ijmsspcs), 4 (3), 333 360 . 15. egbe, c.a (2010).the role of education in national development: the fundamentals of universal basic education (ube). consultancy service centre, diploma and certificate programme unit university of maiduguri, borno state 16. fage, k. s. & alabi, d. o. (2017). nigerian government and politics. abuja:basfa global concept ltd. 17. garba, a. & uchenna, c.o (2009). democratic governance and the challenges of religious disturbances in nigeria: a study of boko haram sectarian crisis: international journal of social & policy issues; nigeria, vol. 6 18. hartzell, d. (2010). dictionary of management educational printing and publishing academics. new delhi; academic publishers. 19. inyang, d. j. & abraham, u. e. (2013). the social problem of kidnapping and its implications on the socio-economic development of nigeria: a study of uyo metropolis. mediterranean journal of social sciences, 4 (6). 531-544. doi:10.5901/mjss. 2013.v4n6p531 20. kareem, o.a. (2021).insecurity in teaching and learning in the school environment: curriculum implications. hallmark university journal of management and social sciences. 3(3), 142-148. 21. obi. e. (2004). issues in educational administration. empathy international, 5/21 enterprises (nig) 22. obasanjo, o. (1999). future direction of education in nigeria: an address presented at the oxford and cambridge club of nigeria spring lecture 23. ogunode, n,. j. akpakwu, f,. o & ochai, d,. p. (2025). cyber security and school management in nigeria. international journal of business, law and political science, 2(5),123-133. 24. ogunode, n.j.; ahoata, g.n., obi-ezenekwe, v.c., (2021). effect of insecurity on school administration in nigeria. doi: 10.47494/mesb.2021.13.628. htpps://www.changemagdiinsider.com/blog/effect-of-insecurity-on-education.amp. 25. ogunode, n. j, umeora, m & olatunde-aiyedun, t.g (2022) impact of insecurity on administration of post-basic education and career development (pbecd) in south-east geo-political zone of nigeria. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, (8), 56-62 26. ogunode, n, j. & chijindu, o. e (2022) implication of sit at home order (insecurity) on basic education in south-east geo-political zone of nigeria. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 03 (07), 21-29 27. ogunode, n. j & ukozor c. u (2022) implication of insecurity on higher education in south-east geo-political zone of nigeria and way forward. international journal on integrated education, 5(7), 77-85 28. otu, p. a. (2019), insecurity in nigeria: a factor impending sustainable tertiary education in northern nigeria. african education indices. 11(1), 1-11. 29. peretomode, v.e. (1991). education and the law. principles cases and materials in school, owerri international university press. 97 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 30. shuaibu f.b. (2015) psychological perspectives of insecurity in nigeria school environment. keynote address presented at nisep, www.apjmr.com 31. shalangwa, m. w. (2013). the nature and consequences of armed banditry in border communities of adamawa state, nigeria. m.sc. thesis submitted to the school of postgraduate studies, ahmadu bello university, zaria, nigeria. 32. uche, j. c. & iwuamadi, c. k. (2018). nigeria: rural banditry and community resilience in the nimbo community. conflict studies quarterly, (24), 71-82. 33. uzorma, p. n. & nwanegbo-ben, j. (2014). challenges of hostage-taking and kidnapping in the south eastern nigeria. international journal of research in humanities, art and literature 2(6) 131-142. 34. united states department of defense (2014) joint publication 3-26 counterterrorism, us government printing office pp 1-5 35. united states department of defense (2014) joint publication 3-26 counterterrorism, us government printing office pp 1-5 36. ukpong-umo, r. e. (2016). insurgency in nigeria and the challenges of nationhood. nigerian journal of rural sociology. vol. 16, no. 3 pp64-69. 37. uzochukwu m. (2015), corruption in nigeria; review, causes, effects and solutions. 38. publishers lagos, retrieved on 5/7/2022 from www.sciedu.com 39. unesco (2021). insecurity impacting negatively on nigeria’s education. as ncce train 300 educators on new curriculum. on htpps://tribuneonlineng.com/insecurity-impactingnegativelt-on-nigerias-education-%e2%80%95-unesco. 164 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 determining the debt capital cost: the using new method in uzbekistan khurshid khudoykulov dsc, professor, international school of finance technology and science abstract: in this article, the theoretical aspects of the methods and approaches for assessing the value of debt capital of joint-stock companies are described, and the main attention is focused on the use of debt ratios for the assessment of the value of debt capital used in developed countries. also, based on the data of jsc " kyzilkumtsement " , " kokon mechanical plant " jsc, " kvarts " jsc, " jizzakh plastic " jsc and " kuvasaytsement " jsc, which are joint-stock companies in our country, the value of debt capital of these companies was determined from 2015 to 2018. in particular, methods of evaluation through debt ratios in determining the value of debt capital are described. also, the problems in assessing the value of debt capital of joint-stock companies have been identified, and scientific proposals and practical recommendations aimed at their elimination have been developed. keywords: debt capital, private capital, assets, liabilities, cost of capital, capitalization ratio, cost of debt capital, profitability, net profit, financial leverage. introduction today, the approaches and methods of the valuation standard are widely used to determine the value of debt capital of enterprises in developed countries. also, the principles of assessment standards are implemented in calculating the value of debt capital and the value of property of enterprises with different forms of ownership . in particular, the valuation of capital of enterprises in developing countries is evaluated according to the international standard based on three different approaches: income, comparative and cost methods. however, unfortunately, in our country, evaluation activities have not yet been improved, evaluation approaches and methods are not consistent with the principles of the international evaluation standard, and the fact that a unified evaluation standard based on the most advanced foreign experience in determining the capital value of the enterprise has not been introduced is one of the urgent issues of today. also, the widespread use of only the cost approach in calculating the capital value of enterprises in our country, rather than the net assets and liquidity value method, indicates the existence of shortcomings in the evaluation process. therefore, the non-existence of a single national standard that corresponds to the international valuation standard in the assessment of the debt capital value of enterprises in our country, the capital is estimated at an unreasonably inflated price [1]. in addition, the lack of development of evaluation activities in our country and the lack of international standard approaches and methods of evaluation in the evaluation of the capital value of the enterprise, capitalization, discounted cash flows, capital market and the multiplier is an obstacle to using the method of coefficients. 165 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us therefore, in 2017-2021, about the implementation of the strategy of action on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in the "year of development of science, enlightenment and digital economy", it is stated that "the most advanced in determining the real market value of property in accordance with the principles of national evaluation standards and international evaluation standards" the task of introducing a single standard of evaluation based on foreign experience" was specified [2] . based on this, we have devoted this article to the use of the valuation standard of developed countries and approaches to determining the value of debt capital of enterprises in our country. literature review today, most of the world's economists, financial managers and analysts use different views on the methods of estimating the company's debt capital value. also, the ongoing coronavirus pandemic is increasing the debt burden of joint-stock companies, making it difficult to find the value of debt capital. this, in turn, requires the joint-stock company to use modern methods in determining the value of corporate bonds in the debt capital and their real value in the future. in recent years, most of the world's economists and practitioners have conducted research on evaluating the value of debt capital of companies. in particular, according to the research of foreign economist hayne leland, it is necessary to determine the capital structure of these companies when determining the value of debt capital of companies. therefore, the cost of debt capital affects the occurrence of default and bankruptcy symptoms of the company. also, the researcher analyzed the structural structure of capital with the value of corporate debts of companies. in his opinion, when determining the value of long-term corporate debt, it is necessary to take into account the optimal capital structure, the company's risk, taxes, bankruptcy costs, contracts concluded on bonds. also, the cost of debt capital and optimal leverage will depend on the company's risk, taxes, bankruptcy costs, interest rates, interest payments, and bond values. in particular, non-yielding bonds in a company's debt capital behave differently than yield bonds, and it has been argued that it sheds light on aspects of a company's asset swaps, debt repurchases, and debt restructurings [3] . foreign economists ji hye kim, san ho leeb, and yong gyn yua have shown in their scientific research that the real income of the company is considered the most important indicator in determining the value of debt capital. in particular, their research results showed that there is a correlation between the cost of debt capital and the real income of companies. also, lending investors have found that companies in countries with developed debt markets receive more premiums for the risk of debt capital. in addition, in their research, they investigated the effect of the real income of companies not only on the us debt market, but also on the international bond market and debt capital markets [4] . in our opinion, there is a correlation between the real income of companies and the cost of debt capital, but debt capital in developed countries depends not on the income of companies, but on the rating of their bonds and the sovereign rating of countries. also, the credit and bond ratings of companies are taken into account when evaluating the value of debt capital of companies. according to the research of antonio mello and john parsons, one of the foreign economists: "the capital structure and agency costs should be taken into account when evaluating the capital value of companies. therefore, as a result of evaluating the value of the company's debt capital and determining the financial leverage, it indicates a change in the company's operating policy. specifically, in the debt equity valuation model, agency costs determine the value of the company and its associated liabilities. agency debt costs arise from the different interests of shareholders and debtors. financial managements always protect and support shareholders. therefore, they provide the shareholders with support in various ways to increase their income, which, in turn, makes the company's debtors unprofitable. taking into account such a situation, the debtors take various preventive measures to avoid this by the executive directors of the company. therefore, debtors can do so in order to protect themselves from losses by demanding a higher interest rate on the loan. alternatively, the company's debtors impose restrictions on capital . " [5] 166 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the assessment of the capital value of the joint-stock company and the determination of the structure of the capital structure also includes the assessment through the debt ratio. this point has been echoed by several economists, notably todd mitton. he stated in his scientific research that the needs of companies for loans are different and always changing. also, as companies grow larger, their profitability decreases, and as a result, they use debt financing. in recent years, as many companies in developed countries have become larger, the use of debt capital has increased. at the same time, high debt rates in developing countries lead to an increase in the debt burden of companies. as companies grow, their optimal debt ratios also change. in addition, if the company does not have a supply of debt capital, it will cause the company's debt ratio and debt ratio to increase. this indicates that the company's financial leverage will increase and the country's sovereign rating will be affected. in companies, the dominant factors in the capital structure are production volume, profitability, assets and the company's growth potential, a system of indicators showing the optimal level of capital [6] . in addition, the practice of diversifying sources of debt in debt capital of joint-stock companies is widely used. however, almost no researchers have investigated the impact of debt diversification on equity capital. for this reason, one of the foreign economists, nemiradja djadiyappa and others, conducted scientific research on the influence of the company's debt capital on its value. according to them: "the practice of debt capital diversification of the company actually led to a decrease in the market value of the companies due to the fact that the loans received by the creditors were not used very efficiently" [7] . also, diversifying companies' debt does not reduce financial constraints, but rather leads to more debt. this affects the agency costs and accounting performance of companies. in our view, increasing debt capital has a negative impact on company value, especially in rapidly developing countries and institutional conditions where companies are increasingly indebted. abdulaziz y.kh. according to saif-alyusfi's research, the company's level of debt capital is the most important indicators in determining marginal cost, marginal revenue and debt leverage. also, the benefits of using debt leverage in raising debt capital for a company include deducting interest-related expenses from the taxable base and reducing the agency costs of capital resulting from lean funds. in particular, the increase in debt capital of companies leads to an increase in their cost of debt. this, in turn, indicates that the company will overextend its debt capital as a result of increased interest costs. changes in the company's debt capital affect the capital structure. as a result, the proportional balance between private capital and debt capital is disturbed. therefore, to implement an optimal capital structure, the tax benefits of marginal benefits are equal to the financial difficulties in marginal costs. the trade-off theory basically allows to determine the optimal level of debt capital of all companies. this theory does not take into account asymmetric information and agency costs, but determines the value of capital by taking into account the costs of debt capital with profit [8] . in addition, according to foreign economists james dow and natalie rossensky, companies increase the cost of capital by issuing bonds. as a result, the burden of debt capital increases in the distribution of capital. therefore, there is a possibility of default, and the interest rate paid on the debt is compounded by a default premium. also, it is necessary to determine the rate of attracting debt to the debt capital of companies and how much the cost of capital is. in addition, while determining the structure of the company's liabilities, it is necessary to address the risks associated with its assets. at the same time, researchers have shown that the expected return to debtors affects the capital cost of the campaign [9] . several methods are used to estimate the capital value of companies. also, most analysts are making extensive use of the debt ratio in estimating the cost of debt capital. studies have shown that 80% of large campaigns have demonstrated the implementation of a debt-to-value ratio [10]. in our opinion, it is appropriate to use coefficients that are widely used in the world, in particular, the cost of debt, the ratio of debt to private capital, leverage and debt ratios, when evaluating the value of debt capital of companies. the above coefficients reflect the value of debt capital and debt burden of companies. 167 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us according to donald depamfili, the cost of debt is the value of the debt incurred by the company. also, the cost of debt reflects the current level of interest rates and the level of default risk from the perspective of investors. the interest that companies pay on debt is taxable, and in bankruptcy, the funds are paid out to bondholders because they are secured by the company's assets. default risk is measured by the company's credit rating. in determining the value of debt capital, analysts use the debt-to-equity ratio and interest coverage ratios of each company to determine the pre-tax value of debt capital. meanwhile, other analysts estimate the cost of debt capital using interest costs that equal the total amount of debt. some analysts estimate the cost of debt capital by taking into account the average yield to maturity of the company's outstanding bonds [11] . according to research by jonathan burke and peter demarzo, the rate of return expected by a company's creditors is a key indicator of the cost of debt capital. due to the high share of bonds in the composition of debt capital, the cost of debt capital is calculated by determining the yield on bond redemption. however, the default risk associated with bond risk should be taken into account. devolt risk serves to determine the income of debt capital and the expected income from it [12] . also, high leverage ratios of companies cause their cost of capital to decrease. therefore, companies will reduce their research and development, maintenance and marketing expenses to pay. over-indebted companies lead to several financing difficulties, and tax breaks are not available because these companies are not profitable enough. in addition, high debt levels of companies lead to increased debt-related costs and limited investment opportunities. in practice, 10-15 percent of the debt capital cost is made up of tax credits. the default risk of companies is estimated at 5-15% of the value of debt capital [13] . many of the local scholars have also expressed their views on the assessment of the value of the debt capital of the joint-stock company. b. tashmurodova and s. elmirzaeva have emphasized in their scientific works that one of the most important features of joint stock companies in determining the value of debt capital is the deduction of interest payments on debt funds from the taxable base and inclusion in the cost of production. also, the factor that reduces the value of debt capital of joint-stock companies is called "tax protection". however, if the joint-stock company operates at a loss, the value of the debt capital does not change due to the fact that it is not possible to realistically assess the value of the debt capital without including financial costs [14] . according to the research of karlibaeva raya, it has been shown that as a result of effective attraction of debt capital in the capital structure of a joint-stock company, the current state of profitability of assets and the maximum level of profitability of private capital are ensured. only, the value of the debt capital of the joint-stock company should be constant. also, the weighted average value of capital shows the minimum level of debt capital of a joint-stock company and the maximum level of the value of private capital [15] . local scientists u.burkhanov and n.khamadamov focused on joint-stock company's debt capital and evaluation methods in their research work. according to them: "financial leverage is the most important indicator in evaluating the debt capital of a joint-stock company, and this indicator recommends the use of debt funds by the joint-stock company, which affects the change in the efficiency ratio of private capital." also, the indicator of financial leverage indicates the factors related to the emergence of debt funds that allow the joint-stock company to obtain additional profit for its private capital [16] . m. eshov also conducted a study on the management of the fundamental value of the joint-stock company. according to him, it is necessary to pay attention to the value of debt capital when determining the internal value of a joint-stock company. because debt capital directly affects intrinsic value. for this reason, he stated that the profitability indicators of joint-stock companies should be taken into account when evaluating the cost of debt capital [17]. based on the opinion of the above foreign and local scientists, in our opinion, it is necessary to use modern valuation methods in determining the capital value of a joint-stock company. in particular, it would be appropriate to determine the value of debt capital using approaches and methods widely used in the world. if joint-stock companies have not issued bonds, then debt capital through cost of debt, debt to equity ratio, debt ratio, debt to asset ratio and leverage ratios it is necessary to use the methods of determining the value. the reason is that almost most of the joint-stock companies in our country did not issue corporate bonds, and debt capital forms debt 168 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capital by attracting bank loans, which are an alternative to it. therefore, debt capital can be determined using debt-related ratios in determining its value. research methodology of debt capital, the analysis was carried out using cost of debt , debt to equity ratio , debt ratio , debt to asset ratio and leverage ratios. . in the scientific work, the following coefficients were analyzed when determining the debt capital of a joint-stock company: 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 total assets (1) the debt ratio (debt ratio) determines the financial health of a joint-stock company, as well as the adequacy of assets to pay off debt capital in the event of bankruptcy, and information about the level of risk for investors. the optimal standard of this coefficient should be in the range of 0.6-0.7. 𝐷 𝐸 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 total capital (2) bookto-equity ratio shows the share of debt capital in relation to equity capital of a joint-stock company. the optimal value of this coefficient should be equal to 1. then it balances debt capital with private capital. in addition, this ratio serves to determine the capital structure of the joint-stock company. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒) (3) cost of debt this is the minimum income level of the risk accepted by the debtor. it is also the interest rate paid on the current obligations of the joint-stock company to creditors and debtors. 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔−𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 (𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔−𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡+𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠′ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦) (4) capitalization ratio is also called the financial leverage ratio. this ratio determines the share of the joint-stock company's total debt in its total capital. the norm of this coefficient should be equal to 1. analysis and results large joint-stock companies operating in our country were selected and analyzed in the research work. in this scientific work, the debt capital assessment approach and methods of developed countries were used to assess the value of debt capital of joint-stock companies. in particular, it provides an opportunity to determine the debt capital of a joint-stock company using the debt ratio, debt to equity ratio , capitalization ratio and cost of debt indicators . the financial situation of jsc "kizilkumtsement" jsc, "koqon mechanics plant", jsc "kvarts", jsc "jizzakh plastik" jsc and "kuvasaitsement" jsc, which are the selected joint-stock companies, are stable, and the dynamics of income and profit show a growing trend. however, in the last year, we can see that the jsc "kokan mechanics plant" ended the year with a loss (table 1). table 1. analysis of financial indicators of "kokon mechanics plant" jsc1 no indicators 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 " kokan mechanical plant" jsc 1 product net income from sales ( in billion soums ) 47 52 59 84 80 31 2 net profit ( in billion soums ) 9 8.3 8.3 8.3 5.7 ( 7.5 ) 3 assets ( in billion soums ) 36 50 69 100 95 89 4 obligations ( in billion soums ) 3 11 27 55 52 57 5 capital ( in billion soums ) 34 39 42 45 43 31 according to the data in table 1, the net income of the joint-stock company "kokon mechanical plant" from the sale of products in 2014 was 47 billion. amounted to 51.1% by 2019. also, the 1https://kmz.uz/ site information was prepared by the author. https://kmz.uz/ 169 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us net profit of the company was 9 billion soms in 2014, and (7.5) billion soms in 2019. completed the financial statement with a loss of soum. the consumers of the products produced by jsc "kokon mechanical plant" are state organizations "uzbekneftegaz" jsc, jsc "uztransgaz", jsc "uzkimyosanoat", jsc "uzpakhtasanoat", jsc "uzdonmakhsulot", jsc "uzspirtsanoat" jsc, and "uzbekistan food industry". are food industries. for this reason, among the makur enterprises, a large amount of receivables arose in "ko'kan mechanics plant" jsc, which led to a decrease in income from product sales. as a result, the expenses of the joint-stock company increased, which led to the end of the financial year with a loss in 2019. in addition, in 2014, the assets of jsc "kokon mechanical plant" were 36 billion which was soums, shows that in 2019 the company's assets increased by 2.5 times. however, the obligations of the society in 2014 3 billion amounted to soums, and in 2019, the obligations of the society increased by 19 times. as a result of increasing the obligations of "kokon mechanical plant" jsc over the years, the company's capital in 2014 was 34 billion. 3 billion soums in 2019. shows that it has decreased to soum. the analysis of indicators showing the financial status of "kyzilkumtsement" jsc, "kvarts" jsc, "jizzakh plastic" jsc and "kuvasaitsement" jsc selected in the research is reflected in table 2. table 2. analysis of the financial status of joint-stock companies2 no indicators 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 " kyzilkumtsement " jsc 1 product net income from sales ( in billion soums ) 870 758 1013 1121 1660 1682 2 net profit ( in billion soums ) 17 10 65 49 338 274 3 assets ( in billion soums ) 1009.1 1068.1 1136.3 1209.8 1551.3 1736.8 4 obligations ( in billion soums ) 89.3 198.3 172.5 249.1 138.4 70.9 5 capital ( in billion soums ) 919.8 869.7 963.7 960.7 1412.9 1665.8 "quartz" jsc 1 product net income from sales ( in billion soums ) 139 161 229 299 229.6 246 2 net profit ( in billion soums ) 25 31 56 88 82 20 3 assets ( in billion soums ) 102.7 119.3 185.1 270.4 318.5 493.7 4 obligations ( in billion soums ) 9 14 22 42 12 123 5 capital ( in billion soums ) 103 112 162 228 302 337 " jizzakh plastic" jsc 1 product net income from sales ( in billion soums ) 8.7 12.5 21.8 36.3 38.6 29.8 2 net profit ( in billion soums ) 0.4 0.5 1.3 11.9 6.7 3.5 3 assets ( in billion soums ) 18.1 21.4 17.3 30.4 46.9 63.2 4 obligations ( in billion soums ) 16.3 19 13.7 12.6 11.5 23.0 5 capital ( in billion soums ) 1.7 2.3 3.5 17.7 35.3 40.2 " kuvasaitsement " jsc 1 product net income from sales ( in billion soums ) 268 238 296 305 424 454.0 2 net profit ( in billion soums ) 59 51 55 41 34 64.0 3 assets ( in billion soums ) 251 277 274 248 349 339.0 4 obligations ( in billion soums ) 29.2 62.7 60.3 55.7 59.2 18.5 5 capital ( in billion soums ) 222 214 214.4 196 292 320.0 the data in table 2 shows that the net revenue of kizilkumtsement jsc from product sales in 2014 was 870 billion. if it was soum, in 2019 it almost doubled. the net profit of the company increased 16 times in 2019 compared to 2014. this, in turn, will be a source of increasing dividend payments in relation to the net profit of the joint-stock company. regarding the obligations of "kyzilkumtsement" jsc, there is a tendency to decrease over the years. its assets show a growing trend from year to year. the company's capital in 2014 was 919.8 billion. in the value of soums, in 2019 1665.8 bln. soum. the analysis of the financial indicators of kizilkumtsement jsc shows that the state of the company is stable and the investment attractiveness is considered high. in 2019, all long-term debts of kizilkumtsement jsc amounted to 60 billion. paid more than soums, and also increased its capital by 15%. this, in turn, has a 2https://qizilqumsement.uz/ , https://kvarts.uz/ , https://jizplast.uz/ and http://kuvasaycement.uz site information is prepared by the author https://qizilqumsement.uz/ https://kvarts.uz/ https://jizplast.uz/ http://kuvasaycement.uz/ 170 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us positive effect on the growth of the future cash flows of the society. in addition, the tax payments of the society are also decreasing. the analysis of kvarts jsc shows that in 2014, the net income from product sales was 139 billion. amounted to 79.6% in 2019. the net profit in 2014 was 25 billion. 5 billion soums in 2019. decreased to soum. its assets are growing year by year. in 2014, the company's assets amounted to 102.7 billion. if it was soum, by 2019 it will be 493.7 billion. amounted to soum. the decrease in the net assets of "kvarts" jsc was caused by a sharp increase in the company's liabilities. obligations in 2014 amounted to 9 billion. amounted to soum, we can see that in 2019 it increased by almost 14 times. however, the number of joint-stock companies increased by 3 times in 2019 compared to 2014. when we analyzed the price of the products of "quartz" jsc, in 2019, the price of glass on the commodity exchange decreased significantly. as a result, the company decided not to sell the product at a reduced price. therefore, the company's assets increased by 55% in 2019 compared to 2018. however, unsold products caused production costs to decrease by 60% and net profit to decrease by 4 times in 2019 compared to 2018. it is worth noting that the drop in the price of glass on the raw material exchange affected the financial indicators of jsc "kvarts" and the income from the sale of products, causing a sharp decrease in the company's profit. according to the analysis of "jizzakh plastic" jsc, in 2014 the company's net income from product sales was 8.7 billion. amounted to 29.8 billion soums in 2019. amounted to soum. as for the net profit, in 2014 0.4 bln. amounted to soum, in 2019 it increased by 7 times. in 2019, the value of assets increased significantly, especially in 2014 by 18.1 billion. soums in value, in 2019 it was 63.2 billion. was soum. along with the increase in the value of assets , the company's capital also increased by almost 24 times during the analyzed period. the liabilities of "jizzakh plastic" jsc also show an increasing trend from year to year. 16.3 billion in 2014. amounted to 41.1% in 2018. most of the indicators of "jizzakh plastic" jsc in the last year show a downward trend. it can be concluded that the increase in the company's obligations leads to a decrease in net profit. if we pay attention to the net income of "kuwasitesement" jsc from product sales, in 2014 it was 268 bln. if it was soum, it can be seen that it increased by 69.4% in 2019. also, the net income increased by 8.4% in 2019 compared to 2014. if we look at the assets, in 2014, 251 billion. reached 88 billion soums in 2019. increased to soums. the capital of the society during the period under analysis is 222 billion. 320 billion soums. increased to soum. capital growth of jsc "kuwasitesement" is a factor that positively characterizes the dynamics of the financial situation. analyzing the indicators of kuvasitesement jsc, it can be concluded that the investment attractiveness of the society is very high. the reason is that the company's net income from product sales has increased by 20 percent in the last five years. operating profit increased by 88%, assets by 34.7% and capital by 9.5%. the above analysis of the financial indicators of joint-stock companies showed that the financial condition of all joint-stock companies was considered stable. taking this into account, we determine the value of debt capital of these joint-stock companies using modern methods and approaches. first of all, the analysis of the state of debt ratios of "kyzilkumtsement" jsc from the companies selected in the study is presented in figure 3. 171 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 3. analysis of debt ratios of "kyzilkumtsement" jsc3 analysis of figure 3 shows that the debt ratio of kizilkumtsement jsc was 0.9 in 2014, and 0.04 in 2019. this means that 9% of the total capital was formed by attracting debt capital. the rest is made up of own capital. in 2019, the share of debt capital decreased, in particular, 4 percent of the total capital is the share of debt capital. this indicator should be less than the acceptable standard value of 0.6-0.7. the ratio of loan portfolio assets of "kyzilkumtsement" jsc shows that it is almost zero. this, in turn, indicates that the joint-stock company is very careful to attract debt capital. the d/e (financial leverage) ratio was 0.10 in 2014 and decreased to 0.04 in 2019. this ratio shows the ratio of debt capital to private capital. in particular, this ratio makes it possible to determine the proportion of private capital with debt capital. the optimal standard of this coefficient should be in the range of 0.43-1. in particular, the maximum value of the coefficient is 1.5. the d/e ratio of the company we are analyzing in 2019 shows the optimal value. the capital of the joint-stock company consists of 4% debt capital and 96% private capital. it is recommended that the share of debt capital in the total capital of "kyzilkumtsement" jsc does not exceed 43 percent. the capitalization ratio was 0.01 in 2014 and 0.20 in 2019. 20 percent of long-term capital is being attracted in the formation of the society's capital. the analysis of debt ratios of "kokon mechanical plant" jsc is presented in table 3. table 3. analysis of debt ratios of "kokan mechanics plant" jsc4 no indicators 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 " kokan mechanical plant" jsc 1 debt coefficient 0.08 0.22 0.39 0.55 0.55 0.64 2 d/ e coefficient 0.09 0.28 0.64 1.22 1.21 1.84 3 capitalization ratio 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.10 from the data in table 3, it can be seen that in 2014, the debt ratio of jsc "koqon mechanics plant" was 0.08, but by 2019 it had reached 0.64. it can be seen that 64% of the company's assets were formed through debt in recent years. according to researchers and analysts, the maximum value of the debt ratio should be equal to 0.6. in our case, it exceeded the optimal standard. the d/e ratio was 0.09 in 2014 and 1.84 in 2019. this coefficient should be within the optimal standard value of 0.43-1. however, in our case it is above the optimal norm. this means that debt capital is 84 percent of total capital. the remaining 16 percent was formed from private capital. therefore, debt capital is the main part of the company's capital. this is a good situation for the society, because it indicates that the ability to pay the debt does not exist. the 3 https://qizilqumsement.uz/ site data base prepared by the author 4 the basis of https://kmz.uz/ site information was prepared by the author 0.09 0.19 0.15 0.21 0.09 0.04 0.10 0.23 0.18 0.26 0.10 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 2014 й 2015 й 2016 й 2017 й 2018 й 2019 й https://qizilqumsement.uz/ https://kmz.uz/ 172 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capitalization ratio was 0.01 in 2014 and zero in 2019. this shows that "kokon mechanical plant" jsc does not involve long-term debt in forming its capital. jsc, "jizzakh plastic" jsc and the analysis of debt ratios of "kuwasitesement" jsc is presented in table 4 table 4. analysis of debt ratios of joint-stock companies5 no indicators 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 "quartz" jsc 1 debt coefficient 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.04 0.25 2 d/ e coefficient 0.09 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.04 0.36 3 capitalization ratio 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.04 0.09 " jizzakh plastic" jsc 1 debt coefficient 0.90 0.89 0.79 0.41 0.25 0.36 2 d/ e coefficient 9.59 8.26 3.91 0.71 0.33 0.57 3 capitalization ratio 0.81 0.82 0.74 0.29 0.16 0.26 " kuvasaitsement " jsc 1 debt coefficient 0.12 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.17 0.05 2 d/ e coefficient 0.13 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.20 0.06 3 capitalization ratio 0.12 0.05 0.42 0.40 the analysis of the data in table 4 shows that the debt ratio of jsc "quartz" was 0.09 in 2014, and by 2019 it reached 0.25. in particular, "jizzakh plastic" jsc decreased in 2019 compared to 2014 and was 0.36. the debt ratio of kuvasitesement jsc has a decreasing trend. in 2014, it was 0.12, and in 2019 it reached 0.05. according to the analysis, 36% of the total assets of "jizzakh plastic" jsc were formed from debt capital, "kvarts" jsc 25% from debt capital, and only 5% of "kuvasaytsement" jsc was formed by attracting debt capital, in particular, loans. the d/e ratio of jsc "quartz" was 0.09 in 2014, and it was equal to 0.36 in 2019. in 2018, compared to 2014, jsc "jizzakh plastic" decreased by almost 17 times. in 2014, the d/e ratio of "kuwasitesement" jsc was equal to 0.13, and in 2018 it was 0.06. according to the analysis, 36% of the total capital of "kvartz" jsc is debt capital, and the remaining 64% is formed from private capital. 57 percent of the capital of "jizzakh plastic" jsc is debt capital, 43 percent is private capital. kuvasitesement jsc has 6% debt capital and 94% private capital. in practice, a maximum of 43 percent of total capital should be made up of debt capital. in our study, the debt capital of jsc "jizzakh plastic" is the highest private capital. the main part of its capital consists of debt capital. this, in turn, indicates that the state of the society is not good and its financial indicators are not stable. analysis of debt capital value of joint stock companies selected in our research is reflected in table 5. table 5. analysis of the state of debt capital value of joint-stock companies6 indicators 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 " kyzilkumtsement " jsc ( thousand in soums ) 569326 384 936 6565802 1662768 3093619 927130 " kokan mechanical plant" jsc ( thousand in soums ) 188059 9491 124585 24224 47.50 248990 "quartz" jsc ( thousand in soums ) 58266 902588 434410 361326 5 https://kvarts.uz/ , https://jizplast.uz/ and http://kuvasaycement.uz site data base prepared by the author 6 https://qizilqumsement.uz/ , https://kmz.uz/ , https://kvarts.uz/ , https://jizplast.uz/ and http://kuvasaycement.uz sites based on information prepared by the author https://kvarts.uz/ https://jizplast.uz/ http://kuvasaycement.uz/ https://qizilqumsement.uz/ https://kmz.uz/ https://kvarts.uz/ https://jizplast.uz/ http://kuvasaycement.uz/ http://kuvasaycement.uz/ 173 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us " jizzakh plastic" jsc ( thousand in soums ) 106103 225992 516682 404622 466783 1082632 " kuvasitesement " jsc ( thousand in soums ) 772210 447663 the data of table 5 shows that the value of debt capital of kizilkumtsement jsc was 569,326 thousand soums in 2014, and by 2018 it has increased by 62.8%. in 2014, the value of "koqon mechanics plant" jsc was 188,059 thousand soums, and in 2019 it was 248,990 thousand soums. in 2014, "kvarts" jsc had no credit at all, so its debt capital value was zero. in 2019, the value of debt capital was 316,326 thousand soums. in 2014, "jizzakh plastic" jsc had a debt capital of 106,103 thousand soums, and in 2019, it had a value of 1,082,632 thousand soums. in 2014, jsc "kuwasitesement" also has a debt capital value. however, in 2019, the value of debt capital is 447,663 thousand soums. it should be noted that "jizzakh plastics" jsc, which attracted the highest amount of debt in the analyzed joint-stock company, is jsc. due to the increase in the value of debt capital of joint-stock companies from year to year, all of them have formed loan portfolios. therefore, an increase in the value of debt capital indicates an increase in the value of credit. in conclusion, it can be emphasized that the joint stock companies selected in the research are all engaged in production activities. however, the value of the debt capital of "jizzakh plastics" jsc and "koqon mechanics plant" jsc has a tendency to grow from year to year. therefore, these joint-stock companies operate by attracting debt. in addition, it was found that debt capital is higher than private capital. also, high debt capital indicates that the state of the joint-stock company is unstable and its financial indicators are not stable. therefore, it is necessary to implement complex measures to reduce debt capital to joint-stock companies. conclusions and suggestions in conclusion, we emphasize that it is necessary to use the methods and approaches of developed countries in assessing the value of debt capital of joint stock companies in our country. unfortunately, valuation organizations and analysts in our country do not use the method of developed countries when determining the value of debt capital. the main reason for this is the lack of development of the debt market in our country. there are the following problems in using the method and approaches of developed countries in assessing the value of debt capital of jointstock companies: first, the debt market in our country has not yet developed. because many joint-stock companies prefer to raise debt through banks instead of raising debt through corporate bonds. since then, it has led to a number of difficulties in using the methods of developed countries in assessing the value of debt capital. secondly, the high share of debt capital and the low share of private capital in the capital of joint-stock companies in our country indicates the high level of risk of the joint-stock company. this, in turn, leads to a significant reduction in the movement of private capital to the joint-stock company. thirdly, risks should be taken into account when determining the value of debt capital of jointstock companies. it is also necessary to determine the optimal value of debt capital in the capital structure. the main reason for this is that debt securities are not available as a substitute for credit. therefore, it is appropriate to use financial instruments to attract debt to joint-stock companies. to eliminate the above problems, it is advisable to implement the following measures: first of all, it is necessary to develop complex measures for the development of the capital market and the debt market in our country. this, in turn, involves joint-stock companies in the formation of capital by issuing corporate bonds. also, debt capital provides an opportunity to use modern methods and approaches in valuation. 174 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us secondly , it is necessary to ensure the standard level of private capital in the capital of jointstock companies. the reason is that if the standard is not met, it can lead to bankruptcy of the joint-stock company. in addition, it is appropriate to compare the optimal ratio of debt capital to 40 percent of the capital of joint-stock companies. in particular, the risk of default in debt capital should be taken into account. the detection of default risk allows to identify the signs of bankruptcy of the joint-stock company. thirdly, it is necessary to revise the requirements for issuing corporate bonds issued by jointstock companies. despite the simplification of the requirements, the analyzed joint stock companies have not yet issued a single bond. also, in the assessment of debt capital, only the value of the loan was assessed, but debt ratios, which are widely used in developed countries, are not used. therefore, the use of debt ratios in determining the capital value of a joint-stock company in our country provides an opportunity to accurately assess the capital value. references 1. pq-4381 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further improve evaluation activities and simplify mechanisms for the sale of low-profit and non-operating enterprises with state participation", july 1, 2019. 2. pf-5953, march 2, 2020, regarding the implementation of the state program of the president of the republic of uzbekistan in the "year of science, enlightenment and digital economy development". 3. leland, h., 1994. corporate debt value, bond covenants, and optimal capital structure. journal of finance vol. 49, no. 4., pp. 1213–1252 4. ji hye kim, sang ho lee & yong keun yoo 2020. real earnings management and the cost of debt capital: international evidence, asia-pacific journal of accounting & economics, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 151-172 5. mello, antonio s., and john e. parsons, 1992. measuring the agency cost of debt, journal of finance vol 47, no.2, pp. 1887–1904. 6. todd m, 2008. "why have debt ratios increased for firms in emerging markets? european financial management, european financial management association, vol. 14 , no.1, pages 127-151 7. jadiyappa , n., hickman, le, jyothi , p., vunyale , n., and sireesha , b. 2020. does debt diversification impact firm value? evidence from india. international review of economics and finance, vol. 67 , no. 1, pages 362–377 8. saif-alyousfi , ayh, md-rus , r., taufil-mohd , kn, mohd taib , h. and shahar , hk (2020), "determinants of capital structure: evidence from malaysian firms", asia-pacific journal of business administration, vol. 12 no. 3/4, pp. 283-326. 9. dow, james and rossiensky , nathalie, the cost of debt for a financial firm (november 1998). available at ssrn: https://ssrn.com/abstract=142280 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.142280 10. graham, john r., and campbell r. harvey. 2001. "the theory and practice of corporate finance: evidence from the field." journal of financial economics 60:2-3, 187-243. 11. donald m. de pamphilis ph.d., in mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities (fifth edition), 2010 12. jonathan burke and peter demarzo 2017. corporate finance, 4th edition. published by pearson education . page 449 13. pascal quiry ., maurizio dallocchio , yann le fur and antonio salvi. 2005. corporate finance. theory and practice. published by john wiley & sons ltd. page 483 http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.142280 175 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 14. tashmurodova b.e., elmirzayev s.e. , tursunova n.r. " financial management ". textbook . – t .: tmi , 2017, 140 pages . 15. karlibaeva r.kh. shareholding in societies financial management system efficient organize reach ways ph.d il.dar get for summer.dis . abstract . -t., 2018. -17 pages. 16. a.u.burkhanov and o.n.khamadamov "financial management" textbook. -t.: "innovative development publishing house", 2020, pp. 240-241 17. m. eshov "management of the fundamental value of the enterprise: theory and practice" monograph.-t.: "manaviyat", 2020.-200 pages 18. https://qizilqumsement.uz/ 19. https://kmz.uz/ 20. https://kvarts.uz/ 21. https://jizplast.uz/ 22. http://kuvasaycement.uz https://qizilqumsement.uz/ https://kmz.uz/ https://kvarts.uz/ https://jizplast.uz/ 131-134 the importance of critical thinking in the process of personal development 131 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of critical thinking in the process of personal development nosirxodjaeva gulnora abdukakhhorovna tashkent state university of law, head of department, phd in philosophy, professor g.nosirxodjayeva@.gmail.com abstract: in modern socio-economic conditions, one of the priority areas of higher education is the training of highly qualified specialists who have the necessary professional knowledge, are able to make independent and responsible decisions, and are creative in non-standard conditions. for example, the professional activity of a future lawyer includes knowledge of laws, regulatory legal documents, the ability to interpret them and apply them in practice. the competence of a lawyer is based on the ability to freely adapt to various situations, the ability to creatively solve problems, and openness to innovation and independent learning. these qualities are extremely relevant for a legal profession that requires high intellectual potential, on the basis of which the skills of comprehensively understanding existing problems and creatively solving them are formed. a high level of critical thinking is of great importance for this professional competence. keywords: critical thinking, personal development, knowledge, learning, skills, creative, decision. introduction the term “critical thinking” has been around for a long time in educational circles, and is understood differently by different educators. for most educators, critical thinking refers to “higher-order” thinking—higher in the sense that it is at the top of benjamin bloom’s hierarchy of learning abilities. philosophers often refer to critical thinking as the skills of reasoning and reasoning that enable students to read carefully, engage in thoughtful discussion, and express their ideas clearly and thoughtfully in writing. for literary theorists and historians, “critical” is an approach to a text that helps them to dissect the components of a text, critically examine the ways in which it affects the reader, and identify the reasons the author used to create the work. in her book the psychology of critical thinking, diana halpern writes that critical thinking "means a form of thinking that is characterized by balance, logic, and purposefulness." [1] methodology the project “reading and writing for developing critical thinking” by janie steele, curt meredith, and charles temper states: “when a person thinks critically, he or she becomes familiar with ideas and considers the possible consequences of their implementation. [2] in this case, the person initially perceives these ideas with a certain degree of distrust and compares them with opposing points of view. to substantiate them, he or she uses a system of additional considerations and develops his or her own point of view on this basis.” critical thinking is a complex process of creatively combining ideas and possibilities, rethinking and reconstructing concepts and information. it is also a process that occurs simultaneously at several levels of 132 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us active and interactive cognition. the person who thinks critically is less affected by tricks, and since he or she has his or her own system of views, he or she is free from various dangers. [3] critical thinking is the process of examining ideas and their significance from a multiperspective perspective and comparing them with other ideas. this is the highest level of thinking, which is an intellectual activity that focuses on analysis, comparison, explanation, application, argumentation, novelty, problem-solving, or evaluation of the thought process. critical thinking also develops communication and teamwork skills. [4] nowadays, teaching students to read and think critically is an important task. when faced with new information, students need to be able to independently evaluate it, look at it from different perspectives, and draw conclusions about its potential for use in their own needs and goals. to become a true critical thinker, students need to think creatively, challenge themselves, and acquire the skills to do so. [5] critical thinking requires: ø developing a unique perspective in the student; ø the ability to justify the superiority of one opinion over another; ø the ability to solve complex problems; ø the ability to argue with evidence; ø the ability to work together to develop a common opinion; ø the ability to understand how life experiences influence views and perceptions. results and discussion developing critical thinking is not an easy task. it is not something that can be taught at a certain age and forgotten. there are no clear-cut paths to critical thinking. however, there is a certain set of teaching conditions that can be used to foster critical thinking. in particular, the following conditions are necessary: 1. provide time and opportunity for critical thinking to be practiced. 2. provide students with opportunities to think. 3. accept a variety of ideas and opinions. 4. allow students to actively participate in the learning process. 5. reassure students that no one will laugh at them. 6. reassure each student that he or she is capable of critical thinking. 7. value the emergence of critical thinking. at the same time, students should: 1. develop self-confidence and understand the value of their own ideas and opinions. 2. they should actively participate in the learning process. 3. they should listen to different opinions with respect. 4. they should be ready to form their own opinions or refrain from doing so. the elements of critical thinking are as follows: ø first, critical thinking is independent thinking. ø second, information is not the result of critical thinking, but its beginning. knowledge is a motivating factor for a person to think critically. sometimes it is also said that “thinking with an empty head is difficult.” to create a complex thought, it is necessary to process a lot of “raw material” evidence, ideas, texts, theories, data, concepts. [6] 133 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø third, critical thinking, questioning and solving according to the american philosopher and educator j. dewey, critical thinking appears in students only if they begin to deal with a certain problem. “the most important question that can be asked about a situation or event, which is the starting point of the learning process, is the question that tells us what kind of problem it poses.” ø fourth, critical thinking seeks reliable evidence. a critical thinker finds his own solution to a problem and backs up this decision with rational, well-founded evidence. he recognizes that there may be other solutions, but he tries to prove that the solution he chooses is the most logical and rational in comparison with others. ø fifth, critical thinking is also social (every person is a social organism). conclusion any thought is only sharpened when it is shared with others, or as the philosopher hannah arendt wrote: “being with someone makes me whole.” when we argue, read, participate in discussions, express objections, and exchange ideas with others, we clarify and deepen our point of view. critical thinking is most clearly manifested in writing. in writing, it is possible to observe the process of thinking, and this also creates convenience for the teacher. the student who writes is always active. he always thinks independently, and in this he uses all the knowledge available to him. he puts together enough reliable evidence to support his opinion. in addition, it is social in nature. because the writer writes for the reader. [7] critical thinking is a thought based on the ability to express one's own opinion on a specific issue or problem, critically re-perceive the opinions of others, thoroughly justify one's own opinion and maintain it. in general, thinking is a psychological category, it is a process that includes thoughts about a certain issue, situation, situation. [8] in critical thinking: ø an objective approach to the problem is taken; ø open thoughts are encouraged; ø thorough understanding, mutual sincerity and respect are given special attention; ø a wide opportunity is created for a person to think freely; ø if incorrect subjective thoughts are expressed, their error is justified; ø there is no barrier between the teacher and the student; ø the content of the problem is presented in a way that is consistent with the needs of students and is clear; ø educational materials are used effectively in solving the problem; ø pluralism of thoughts (various thoughts) and views are integrated; ø education is carried out through a sincere, open relationship between the teacher and the students; ø favorable conditions are created for students' independent learning, and interactive methods are selected for independent learning in accordance with the level of students' readiness, etc. the factors of critical thinking are the emergence of students' inner feelings, teaching them to think logically, intellectually, analytically, to compare ideas, to form a worldview. in this case, the talents of students are revealed, their skills are formed, their critical point of view is strengthened, and the student acquires new knowledge. [9] 134 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, critical thinking is associated with the activity of students. the method of critical thinking in the learning process is based on the active participation of students and convinces them of their responsibility for education, that is, critical thinking gives the expected effect in education: it teaches students to make the right decisions to effectively solve social, scientific and practical problems in life. [10] references: 1. diana halpern. psychology of critical thinking. series: masters of psychology. publisher: piter, 2000. 2. critical thinking: advanced methodology (teaching reading and writing within the framework of the project "reading and writing for critical thinking". pos. iv / comp. jenny steele, kurt meredith, charles temple., 1997. 3. richard paul, linda elder. critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. publisher: pearson, 2014. 4. john dewey. how we think. publisher: dover publications, 1997 (originally published in 1910). 5. robert ennis. critical thinking. publisher: prentice hall, 1996. 6. peter facione. critical thinking: what it is and why it counts. publisher: insight assessment, 2015. 7. edward glaser. an experiment in the development of critical thinking. publisher: teachers college, columbia university, 1941. 8. gerald nosich. learning to think things through: a guide to critical thinking across the curriculum. publisher: pearson, 2017. 9. stephen d. brookfield. teaching for critical thinking: tools and techniques to help students question their assumptions. publisher: jossey-bass, 2011. 10. vincent ruggiero. beyond feelings: a guide to critical thinking. publisher: mcgraw-hill education, 2014. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of deontology in teaching bioethics to students studying in the field of medicine salimova malika rashidbekovna senior lecturer in the department of forensic medicine and medical law at tashkent medical academy abstract: bioethics is a scientific discipline that investigates ethical and philosophical issues arising from the interdisciplinary advancement of biomedical sciences and the implementation of new technologies in healthcare practice. it addresses the resolution of numerous social and psychological challenges in modern medicine and the development of other sciences. this article demonstrates that teaching bioethics to students using interactive methods yields superior results. keywords: bioethics, teaching methods, education and upbringing. when teaching bioethics to students, as stated in the law of the republic of uzbekistan on the protection of citizens' health, it is explained that patients should be informed about all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and their illness, in a manner that does not contradict the patient's dignity and rights and does not cause iatrogenesis. treatment and examinations should be conducted with their consent. the doctor's art of communication is manifested in their interaction with the patient, determined by the degree to which the patient trusts them. only by gaining the patient's trust can a complete medical history be collected, and what is required of them during the treatment process can be explained. in bioethics, students are introduced to the issues of medical deontology and the rules of patient counseling. treatment, care, and counseling are complementary processes aimed at alleviating the patient's condition. one of the goals of bioethics is to familiarize students with the basics of medical deontology, counseling, and practical skills. the tasks include understanding the relationship between the patient and medical staff, the problems of iatrogenesis and euthanasia, models of interaction, and the specifics of communicating with dying patients, which are the main objects of study. currently, the relationship between doctors, nurses, and patients requires improvement. it is necessary to teach students that if a doctor cannot establish rapport with a patient, it will be difficult for the patient to recover, regardless of the prescription of strong and beneficial medicines. it should be noted that the introduction of paid services into medicine has made it possible to analyze some areas of deontology differently. during the soviet era, paid services were practically non-existent. now, with special permission from the state, doctors, polyclinics, and hospitals are also providing paid medical services. this, of course, does not mean that deontology is no longer needed or has lost its significance. the idea that "after paying, they will still take good care of you" is a misconception. a patient's recovery is determined not by the amount of money paid, but by the doctor's knowledge, experience, and conduct. in fact, deontology is not just about speaking kind words to the patient and looking at them with a smile. the main goal is trust. sometimes it may be necessary to "reprimand" a patient who constantly panics. only then does the patient trust the doctor, developing the notion that if their illness were 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us truly incurable, the doctor wouldn't have scolded them. in some cases, the treatment method may not satisfy the patient, or the procedures may not yield immediate results. in such cases, the doctor should explain the illness in a language understandable to the patient and, if necessary, consult with more experienced colleagues to calm the patient and make a more accurate diagnosis. most importantly, the doctor should not lose their composure in front of the patient, and it should be remembered that while the doctor examines the patient, the patient also observes the doctor. although bitter, it is worth emphasizing that if a patient doesn't recover from a doctor or doesn't fully recover from the hospital, they speak ill of that doctor and the hospital. if they don't recover from a traditional healer, they think, "well, then my illness must be incurable, since even the healer couldn't cure it." this is surprising, of course. hospitals and polyclinics maintain records of recovered, disabled, and deceased patients. for this purpose, a statistical department operates at the ministry of health. the obtained data are analyzed quarterly and annually. unfortunately, there is no accounting of those who have recovered or not recovered from traditional healers. moreover, they don't treat seriously ill patients and don't maintain statistics. indeed, in many cases, doctors don't listen to patients fully. they cite waiting patients and lack of time as reasons. however, it's important to remember that the current patient shouldn't be a victim of those waiting outside or the doctor's lack of time. don't forget that this patient came for you, and a doctor should not do anything that would damage their reputation. medical deontology encompasses the professional ethics of medical workers and behavioral procedures aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of medicines and treatment in general. the concept of deontology, which pertains to human behavior and manners, was introduced by an english philosopher in the early 16th century. information on medical deontology has a long history, and in fact, medical deontology has a broad philosophical content and consists of several directions. medical deontology should include issues of doctor-patient confidentiality, the responsibility of medical workers for patients' lives and health, and the interactions among medical professionals. according to medical deontology, it is crucial for medical workers to pay great attention to patients, use all their knowledge to restore patients' health or alleviate their suffering, provide patients with only beneficial information about their health, and establish a confidential relationship between patients and doctors. the proper implementation of medical deontology in medical practice is closely tied to the doctor's consciousness, level of education, culture, worldview, knowledge, and the society in which they live. throughout different periods of society, deontological relations have evolved, changing in accordance with the demands of the time. medical deontology requires medical workers to possess high human qualities, including sincerity, intelligence, humanity, and others. deontology is the science of a doctor's duty and ethics. medical deontology as a science encompasses a broad philosophical concept, which includes the following: relationships between doctors and patients, between doctors and patients' relatives, among doctors and colleagues, with mid-level and junior medical personnel, between mentors and apprentices, as well as issues such as doctors' rights during patient treatment, medical confidentiality, and medical errors. the correct implementation of medical deontology in practice is closely related to doctors' consciousness, level of education, worldview, knowledge criteria, their field and position of work, and the society in which they live. medical deontology as a science has broad branches and facets, and although at first glance it may seem closely related to general clinical science, each field of medicine has its own specific aspects of deontology. according to current requirements, general practice and family doctor deontology have gained prominence, and deontology should prepare doctors working in rural medical centers, family polyclinics, day hospitals, and home care settings to provide necessary medical care across all areas of medicine without limiting themselves to a narrow field. medical deontology is founded on the doctorpatient relationship. all of a doctor's knowledge, manners, and behavior should aim to instill trust in the patient. the patient should feel hopeful that the doctor can provide relief for their ailment. to achieve this, doctors must first master the art of communication with patients. we recognize that the art of conversing with patients requires a unique approach, taking into account 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the patient's full name, background, profession, and position. the core of the doctor-patient conversation lies in fostering hope for recovery, based on reliable, accurate, and objective information about the course and consequences of the disease, without disclosing this information to others. a family doctor who has mastered the art of communication should not approach conversations in the same way with patients suffering from myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke, cancer, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, schizophrenia, syphilis, aids, and their relatives. the proper implementation of deontological principles in medical practice is closely tied to the medical worker's consciousness, level of education, worldview, knowledge criteria, and the society in which they live. at various stages of development, the deontological relationships between doctors, nurses, and patients have differed, evolving according to contemporary requirements. medical deontology should encompass the nurse-patient relationship as well. a nurse's entire knowledge, duty, manners, and behavior should aim to instill trust in the patient, creating hope that only this particular doctor and nurse can provide relief for their ailment. to achieve this, the nurse must master the art of patient communication. beyond treating specific organ or system diseases, medical professionals must first see the person, their illness, and their health concerns. while implementing the doctor's prescribed treatment, the nurse assumes a significant role in patient care, employing psychotherapeutic techniques and adhering to the principles of medical bioethics and deontology. medical deontology demands that healthcare workers possess exemplary human qualities, including knowledge, humanity, courage, compassion, politeness, honesty, purity, conscientiousness, sincerity, intelligence, quick-wittedness, self-restraint, modesty, inquisitiveness, and prudence. in hospitals, patients often feel lonely and unhappy, struggling to adapt to new conditions due to separation from loved ones and friends. therefore, nurses should be attentive and caring towards patients. ward-related issues such as untimely treatments, cold hospital rooms, and delayed meals can lead to patient distress and complicate relationships. these factors negatively impact treatment outcomes, highlighting the crucial role of doctors and nurses in addressing these problems. in training modern young doctors and nurses in deontology at medical universities, we should effectively utilize the spiritual wealth of ancient and medieval healers, particularly representatives of eastern medicine. it is noteworthy that in the ancient east, the medical profession was considered the most respected and virtuous among the population. those who choose medicine and aspire to become nurses must be modest, faithful, refined, calm, and unwavering in their complex duties. they should prioritize the patient's interests above all else, applying their knowledge, intellect, and professional experience to restore the patient's health. they must always be ready to offer help, sacrifice their comfort, and demonstrate constant readiness to provide medical assistance. they should strive to win the affection of patients and their relatives through their actions and behavior. considering the above, one can conclude that doctors maintaining friendly communication with patients, providing constant care, and most importantly, fostering mutual trust, instills hope for recovery in patients. references 1. косарев и.и., лисицын ю.п. формирование врача. — м., 1975. 2. лисицын ю.п., изуткин а.м., матюшин и.ф. медицина и гуманизм. 3. деонтология в медицине / под ред. акад. петровского. — м., 1988. 4. проблемы медицинской деонтологии. лекции / под общ. ред. акад. а.ф. билибина. — м., 1976. 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. громов а.п. врачебная деонтология и ответственность медицинских работников. — м.: медицина, 1969. 6. кассирский и.а. о врачевании. — м., 1970. 7. кованов в.в. призвание. — м., 1973. 8. лазебник л.б. деонтология в гериартрии // мед. вестн. — 2004. — № 1 (272). — с. 8– 9. 9. лисицын ю.п.. общественное здоровье и здравоохранение. — м.: гэотар-медиа, 2007. 10. петровский б.в. человек, медицина, жизнь. — м., 1995. 11. петровский б.в. врачебная этика в прошлом, настоящем и будущем // анналы рнцх рамн. — 1998. — вып. 7. — с. 32–42. 12. прихода и.в. рыбальченко а.а основы медицинской этики и деонтологии// pedagogy of physical culture and sports.2009.с.130-132 3. 13. современные правила этики и деонтологии// http://medassociaciya.med.cap.ru. 14. шерова. з. н. развитие этики и деонтологии / з. н. шерова, д. м. маматова, а. с. каттабеков, г. х. ахатова. // молодой ученый. — 2015. — № 22 (102). — с. 312. http://medassociaciya.med.cap.ru/ 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 prospects for us digital diplomacy in central asia azimov khakimali imamovich candidate of historical sciences, professor, tashkent state university of law khakimaliazimov@gmail.com izzatullayev bobirjon izzatullaevich lecturer of tashkent state university of law izzatbobur@gmail.com abstract: given the current trends in the region, such as the rise of the internet and social media, the increasing influence of bloggers in decision-making, and the increasing activity of human rights activists, it is possible to highlight the prospects for us digital diplomacy to become more active in these areas in the near future. in particular, in recent years, the us government has paid increased attention to the human rights reports and country rankings of reputable international rating and index organizations and international non-governmental nonprofit organizations. keywords: us, central asia, impact, information, diplomacy, digital, technologies, politics. introduction the united states is actively using digital tools to strengthen its position in the world as a world leader in technology and diplomacy. in central asia, which is of strategic geopolitical importance, us digital diplomacy is becoming an important tool in achieving foreign policy goals. the prospects for us digital diplomacy in central asia depend on various factors related to the political, economic, technological, and social conditions in the region. in particular, central asia is heavily influenced by russia and china, which are actively investing in the region’s digital infrastructure and using their platforms (such as russia’s vk and china’s wechat) to strengthen their presence. the prospects for us digital diplomacy depend on the ability to compete with these powers by offering alternative solutions to local governments. in addition, each of the five central asian states has its own governance characteristics and different interests in engaging with the united states. in particular, the region varies in its level of openness and commitment to human rights, which affects the willingness of the united states to implement initiatives. in addition, many governments are seeking to restrict internet freedom in order to maintain control over the information space. [1] this limits the impact of us digital diplomacy. also, countries in the region may be wary of external interference and view digital diplomacy as a threat to their independence. methodology digital diplomacy initiatives cannot work effectively without the sustainable use of the internet and modern technologies. internet access in central asian countries varies significantly depending on the economic level, infrastructure, and political will of governments. [2] in particular, in kazakhstan, about 85-90 percent of the population has access to the internet, making it a leader in central asia in this area. kazakhstan is actively developing broadband 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us internet, including in rural areas, and is also introducing 5g technologies. digitalization programs such as “digital kazakhstan” are helping to expand internet access. there are 18.1 million internet users in kazakhstan, of which 14.1 million are social media users. [3] uzbekistan is actively working to modernize its telecommunications infrastructure, expand the 4g network, and introduce 5g. about 70-75 percent of the population has access to the internet. according to the statistics agency, as of january 1, 2024, the number of subscribers connected to the internet in uzbekistan was 30.1 million. in 2023, there were 27.2 million internet users. the use of mobile devices is especially popular in uzbekistan, with 33 million users. [4] in kyrgyzstan, about 50-60 percent of the population has access to the internet, and the main access is via mobile devices. internet coverage is concentrated in cities, while rural areas are not sufficiently connected. economic constraints hinder the development of internet infrastructure. the number of internet users in kyrgyzstan is 5.4 million (of which 2.95 million are social media users). in tajikistan, about 35-40% of the population has access to the internet, and access is often limited by high costs and slow connection speeds. [5] the development of internet infrastructure is slow, with the main focus on expanding mobile internet. economic difficulties and mountainous terrain make it difficult to build infrastructure. in tajikistan, there are 4.2 million internet users (of which 1.6 million are social media users). [6] less than 20% of the population has access to the internet. this is the lowest figure in the region. turkmenistan has 2.59 million internet users (of which 338 thousand are social media users). the general situation for the countries of the central asian region in terms of internet use is that the level of internet coverage in the country is growing, the share of its users is increasing year by year, and the level of use of mobile internet among the population is high. results and discussion social networks are especially popular in the region, especially facebook, instagram, linkedin, twitter (now x network). among russian social networks, vkontakte and odnoklassniki have many users. in addition, the number of mobile messaging (messenger) users is increasing every year. in 2020, telegram ranked 1st among the most downloaded mobile applications in uzbekistan and kazakhstan. in turkmenistan, it ranked 2nd, and in kyrgyzstan and tajikistan, it ranked 3rd. the whatsapp mobile application ranked 2nd in kazakhstan, 6th in kyrgyzstan and uzbekistan, and 4th-5th in tajikistan and turkmenistan. in 2023, the most downloaded applications in uzbekistan were instagram (2nd place), snapchat (3rd place), telegram (4th place), and whatsapp (8th place). in kazakhstan, the telegram application is also among the 10 most downloaded applications. [7] the growth of internet users among the population in the central asian region is associated with the following: 1) the penetration of internet infrastructure into all populated areas; 2) the improvement of internet quality; 3) the decrease in the cost of internet access; 4) the need for the population to receive daily information, watch various videos, and receive and send information about work via the internet. in addition, the development of the digital economy by states and the use of digital diplomacy in their foreign policy are also related to the internet. the most recent document describing the us foreign policy relations with the region in recent years is the us state department report. this report is the “us strategy for central asia 20192025: promoting sovereignty and economic development” by the us state department’s bureau of south and central asia in february 2019. based on the priority areas of cooperation set out in this strategy, we can see the prospects for us digital diplomacy in central asia in the coming years in the following areas: first, us digital diplomacy will be to promote and develop cooperation in various fields with the countries of central asia, both bilaterally and as a unified region. an example of this is the 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analysis of the mechanisms and tools of us digital diplomacy in the region, including the official website of the diplomatic institution, pages on social networks, and other internet sources. [8] in particular, over the past 1 year (from january 2024 to december 2024), the official us website in uzbekistan has provided more than 80 updates, mainly related to cooperation, projects, and assistance of the united states agency for international development (usaid) with uzbekistan. [9] for example, usaid's innovative initiative to strengthen uzbekistan's agricultural food security infrastructure and promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth, a new initiative to support uzbekistan's clean energy goals, usaid's five-year "every child succeeds" project, usaid's agribusiness development project, reports on uzbekistan from reputable rating and index organizations, support for civil society in uzbekistan, and more. [10] conclusion other countries in the region, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, and turkmenistan, have similar official websites and social media posts. in conclusion, one of the main goals of us digital diplomacy in the region is to improve its positive image, show the positive aspects of cooperation in various fields for the region, and present itself as a country that provides material assistance. these trends indicate that in the future, the prospects for us digital diplomacy will focus more on this area. the growth of us digital diplomacy in covering the above topics on official websites, social media, and other internet sources also indicates its prospects. the united states is also focused on strengthening major projects to strengthen ties with the region. in particular, one of these projects is the c5+1 project. in particular, on january 7, 2021, a joint statement on the central asia investment partnership was published on the official website of the us embassies in uzbekistan and kazakhstan. according to it, the governments of the united states, the republic of kazakhstan, and the republic of uzbekistan announced the establishment of the central asia investment partnership. in order to support the projects, they will make all available efforts to invest at least one billion dollars over five years. references: 1. motkin, a. (2024). "a blueprint for central asia’s growth through digital diplomacy." *diplomatic courier. 2. melissen, j. (2011). the new public diplomacy: soft power in international relations. palgrave macmillan. 3. morgenthau, hans j. politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. mcgrawhill, 1948. 4. nakamura k. n., epstein s. b. diplomacy for the 21st century: transformational diplomacy: crs report for congress. washington, d.c.: library of congress. congressional research service, 2007. 32 p. 5. philip seib. real-time diplomacy: politics and power in the social media era. new york: palgrave-macmillan, 2012. p. 86 6. potter, evan h., ed. cyber-diplomacy: managing foreign policy for the twenty-first century. montreal: mcgill-queens university press, 2002. 7. powers, s. (2017, november). valuing public diplomacy. usc center for public diplomacy blog. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/valuing-publicdiplomacy. 8. riordan, shaun. (2019). cyberdiplomacy: managing security and governance online. polity press 9. riordan s. cyber diplomacy vs. digital diplomacy: a terminological distinction // usc cpd blog. 2016. may 12. url: https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/cyber-diplomacy-vsdigital-diplomacyterminological-distinction 10. r.s. zaharna. battles to bridge us strategic communication after 9/11. us 2010 –p.2 https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/valuing-publicdiplomacy https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/cyber-diplomacy-vs-digital-diplomacyterminological-distinction https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/cyber-diplomacy-vs-digital-diplomacyterminological-distinction 60-66 the state of the prisoners ' hunting assessment determines their health as a factor 60 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the state of the prisoners ' hunting assessment determines their health as a factor turaev ilhomjon esanovich leading researcher of the research institute of criminology of the republic of uzbekistan, doctor of philosophy (phd) khudoiberganov anatoly sagatbaevich uzbekistan republic near the ssv medicine of employees professional development center professor abstract: the article examines the issues of assessing the nutritional status of prisoners and its significance from a scientific and analytical perspective. it proves that nutrition is one of the important factors determining the health of a person, including a person in a penal institution, and that proper nutrition in accordance with the procedure established by regulatory documents is one of the important measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases not only among prisoners, but also among the entire population. keywords: nutrition, penal institution, convicts, women's colony, animal protein, vegetable protein, vitamins, daily ration. nutrition is one of the most important factors determining the health of a person, including a person in a penal institution. reducing the incidence of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases among prisoners is aimed, first of all, at preventing the spread of infectious diseases among the entire population 1. uzbekistan republic ministers the court 's decision of march 16 , 2021 , in the case of " uzbekistan republic internal works of the ministry the punishment execution verb institutions , investigative prisons , etc storage rooms and in special pharmacies being preserved persons provision norms confirmation proper nutrition among convicts within the framework of the average daily nutrition norm established in accordance with resolution no. 143 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated november 10, 2020 , can be established only when the administration of correctional institutions and medical staff regularly assess the actual nutritional status 2. such measures are provided for in the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the good morning hunting season provision additional information measures on ” also corresponds to the decision of p q 4887 . proper nutrition is nutrition that ensures good human development and vital functions, helps strengthen health and reduce disease. 1 resolution no. 143 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 16, 2021 “on approval of the norms for ensuring the security of persons detained in penal institutions, pretrial detention centers, temporary detention centers and special reception centers of the ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan”. 2resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pp-4887 dated november 10, 2020 "on additional measures to ensure healthy nutrition of the population." 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the un/ who, an eating disorder is a pathological condition that results from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess of one or more essential nutrients. four main eating disorders are distinguished: 1) malnutrition is a condition caused by not eating enough food for a long time. the terms "lack of energy" and "wasting" serve as synonyms of the term "overeating". the term "starvation" refers to the state of almost complete lack of food. in this case, severe malnutrition, weakness and emaciation develop rapidly; 2) a specific (defined) form of deficiency is a pathological condition that occurs due to a relative or absolute deficiency of one or another type of nutrient; 3) binge eating – a pathological condition associated with consuming an excessive amount of food (calories) over a long period of time; 4) imbalance – a pathological condition caused by a complete lack of any of the necessary nutrients or, if they are not present, by an incorrect ratio of them in the diet. to study the state of nutrition, it is recommended to use various research methods, depending on the goal set. all of these methods differ in terms of representativeness, accuracy and reliability of the results obtained. these methods are united by a common goal to determine the average per capita consumption of food products by various population groups per unit of time (day, month, year). in statistical departments, planning bodies use balance and budget methods to study the socio-economic foundations of population nutrition. balance calculation method . the main purpose is to take into account the consumption of food products in the entire gem and to implement it in accordance with the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 16, 2021 “ uzbekistan republic internal works of the ministry the punishment execution verb institutions , investigative prisons , etc storage rooms and in special pharmacies being preserved persons provision norms confirmation to evaluate compliance with the daily average nutrition norm established in accordance with decision no. 143 . to achieve this goal, statistical reporting materials are used, taking into account the arrival and consumption of food products. the main data here are data on the purchase (production) and sale of food products in the food and beverage industry. based on the collected materials, the average consumption of products per capita in a certain period of time is determined. the positive side of the method is that it consists of a description of the general composition of the consumption of food products in a group assortment and the possibility of determining the norms of consumption in the future. the disadvantage of the method is the limitation of the ability to assess the chemical composition of the diet and the distance from the description given to physical development and health. polling method . its main purpose is to study the nutrition of certain categories of prisoners. the positive side of the method includes the speed of obtaining results, the large possibility of data analysis and comparison, and a sufficiently high level of accuracy in determining the chemical composition of the ration. however, this method is labor intensive. weighing method. designed to study the nutrition of certain groups (for example, those receiving complementary foods). the positive side of the method is that it provides the most accurate results and takes into account individual nutrition. the negative side of the method is that due to the small sample size, it is not sufficiently representative, it requires a lot of work, and the participation of outsiders (researchers) can affect the nature of nutrition. index method . expressed by mathematical formulas using the correlation of anthropometric indicators. these indicators are very convenient and acceptable for assessing the nutrition of prisoners during their stay in the correctional institution. currently, the only method used to assess the obesity status of adults in the international 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nutritional status comparison is the "bmi index" (who). it is expressed by the following formula: in this case, the assessment of hunting condition is carried out on the following scale : x< 18.5 – malnutrition ; x=18.5 – 24.9 – eating in moderation ; x=25 – 29 , 9 – complete ; x>30 – obesity . it is also recommended to use the quetelet index ( weight height index ) , which is obtained by dividing weight (in g ) by height ( in cm ) . this averages 325–375 g/cm for women . is equal . if it is lower than that, the level of nutrition is low, on the contrary, if it is higher, it means excess nutrition . brock-brugsh index ( the relationship between weight ( g ) and height ( cm -l ) : 155 – 165 cm when g=l-100 ; 166 – 175 cm when g=l-105; 176 cm and above g=l-110. questionnaire a survey method i . learn to eat real food this method, which is one of the hygienic methods , is more developed and widely used in who practice. compared to other methods , it stands out for its speed of obtaining results, its wide range of analysis and comparison capabilities, and its sufficiently high accuracy in determining the chemical composition of the diet , the energy value of food, and the eating pattern. relatively simple , moderate effort . it is intended to study the nutrition of separate groups of the population, as well as individual (individual) nutrition . as is known, collecting objective data requires certain organizational work . it is necessary to begin the work with a study of the categories being investigated. the head of the investigation must adhere to a program developed in advance and the details of which have been discussed with all participants. the success of the work largely depends on the ability to establish communication with people. before starting the investigation, it is necessary to conduct explanatory work on the possibilities of the event being held in the team. in order to increase the reliability of the data obtained, a certain selection system is used. it is advisable that the group being investigated be homogeneous in terms of age, gender, physical development, and health. the representativeness of the questionnaire method is ensured by determining the required sample size, together with the appropriate sampling system. the sample size depends on the number of required indicators, the average permissible errors, the average size, measurement errors, and the required level of reliability. the typical sampling method is used to select representatives from the sample. typical sampling is organized as follows: the group of individuals being studied is divided into groups of the same type. a certain number of individuals are selected from each of these groups. the composition of the selected individuals should correspond to the composition of all groups. the nutritional status of a given population group is examined in 2–3 groups that do not differ in their structure from each other and from the entire composition. the following formula is used to calculate the selection amount: t 2 δ 2 x n p = ---------------(1) δn + t 2 δ 2 !!"#$%& '("!)%%)! = 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us here, p is the required sample size (number of individuals being tested), t is the error rate, δ is the variance or standard deviation, δ is the measure of the errors that can occur in the sample, and n is the size of the main component (number of individuals in the tested group). the main characteristics characterizing the nutritional status of individual groups should be the amount of animal protein in the daily diet , as well as its caloric content. in this regard, it is these indicators that should be used when determining the sample size. experience in studying the actual nutrition of the population shows that the most acceptable 15 гvariation index ( δ ) for animal protein is ± , and for caloric content ± 500 kcal . in other cases, the value of the studied characteristic can be given as the expected accuracy. the average value does not differ from the main average value by more than ± 4, that is, δ = 4, and at t = 2 ± 2%, we assume that the average probability of error of representativeness is 0.954. expressing the obtained values in the following formulas, 2 2 x 15 2 x n p = ---------------------(2) 4 2 n +2 2 x 15 2 we will have the necessary amount of choice . calculation example : n it is necessary to check the nutritional status of 250 convicts in j i em. formula a (2) , we determine that there are 56 people . formula ( 3) should be used to determine the amount of selection, which is part of the required amount of the main content : t 2 x p(100-p) p = -----------------------(3) b 2 where r is portion size expressed in percent, v – margin of error in selection , t – the fold of the mean error. calculation example : if 9 if a prisoner is lagging behind in terms of weight, the following is necessary to check the actual nutrition : 2 2 9(100-9) p= ----------------= 819 individuals 4 the quality of nutrition is significantly affected by the seasons. in order to exclude the influence of seasonal factors, it is necessary to study nutrition in two periods: winter-spring and summerautumn, especially in the months that are most characteristic of these seasons. the duration of the study of the nutrition of the subjects under study should be at least 7 days in each period of the year. this period should also include weekends, since this period clearly reflects the pattern of the usual intake of food products. when describing nutrition in the winter-spring period, it is recommended to use a diet for one week in january-february and april-may, and when describing nutrition in the summer-autumn period, it is recommended to use a diet for one week in july-august and october-november. when studying the nutrition of prisoners in the correctional institution, it is recommended to select the entire menu of the study at once, as this allows for a discussion of the variety of food. the basis of this method is the collection of data on a specially designed questionnaire. in this case, their daily filling (in the morning for the previous day) and the introduction of necessary changes are strictly monitored. together with the questionnaire , each subject is given information about the amount of food products consumed in the most commonly consumed measuring volume and the amount of 1 food product. the active survey method, which replaced 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the passive questionnaire method, provides reliable materials for obtaining information about the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of real nutrition and is thus close to the surveyweighing method. the questionnaire consists of several sections: the passport part, food, information on daily energy consumption and a summary of the subject's nutritional status. the passport section contains the subject's last name, first name and patronymic; age; gender; nationality; profession; presence of harmful occupational factors; work experience. the "nutrition information" section provides information on the diet for 7 consecutive days, including weekends (frequency of meals; duration of the interval between them; specific features of the regimen, for example, eating during the night shift), as well as information on the consumption of individual foods and products, indicating the type and name of the product. after each day, an individual survey is conducted on the actual diet for the previous day and appropriate changes are made to the questionnaire. in order to increase the accuracy of the quantitative characteristics of nutrition, food products are measured using measuring elements. from volumetric measures, it is recommended to measure in parts or grams using a spoon (tablespoon, teaspoon), a plate (deep, small), a glass (200 grams, narrow, with rim). the most accurate results can be obtained only by adding weighing elements on a scale and laboratory control of the correspondence of the actual nutrition to the data obtained. laboratory studies are carried out by specialists, if necessary, to verify the data obtained during the questionnaire-survey method. due to the short duration of the study of the actual nutritional status (7 days for each season of the year), it is advisable to conduct the analysis of nutrition on any arbitrarily selected day of the month in which the study is conducted. in this case, it is necessary to observe a number of conditions: 1) the date of sampling for analysis should not be known in advance; 2) it is important to take the entire composition of the daily diet (breakfast, lunch, dinner) for analysis. to determine the average chemical composition of separately consumed foods, it is necessary to analyze the food ration samples separately ; 3) samples are taken when the food is served on trays. it is necessary to take two servings of each food and prepare an average sample for analysis . meat and fish bones, fruit pits are removed . the average sample is in the form of a cream it is thoroughly homogenized ( first with a meat grinder , then with a homogenizer ) until the consistency is smooth . the homogenate is dried at a temperature not higher than 100-105 0 c until it becomes dry. the total weight of dry matter in the diet is determined by multiplying the dry residue by the homogenate obtained . after that, the sample is ready for research . when reporting breastfeeding in a women's colony, it should be indicated whether it is ongoing or stopped at a certain age; whether it is complete or partial, for example, only at night or once a day . the amount of milk is determined by weighing the breast before and after breastfeeding and summing the amount of milk during the day . the correct introduction of complementary food is determined by comparing the obtained data with the comparisons given about the individual food products recommended for children and the estimated amount of complementary food . diet component biological value about protein utilization coefficient i (ofk) at some level it is possible to think. it is the amount of protein consumed in a certain period of time per body weight1 г represents an additional dimension. the of k is calculated by the following formula : g of body weight per day protein consumed per day g 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in natural feeding, the average afc size is: for children in the first quarter of life 2.8; for the second quarter 1.7. one the calculation of the chemical composition of the daily diet of children aged 18 years is carried out according to the generally accepted scheme, based on the average amount of food actually consumed by the child ( average daily data for 7 days of the month in completely healthy conditions ) per kg of body weight . it is important to determine the most necessary amino acids in the diet . as mandatory indicators characterizing the chemical composition of the diet , nutrients whose need is regulated by the physiological norm are : proteins and the total amount of animal protein , fats, the total amount of vegetable fat, unsaturated fatty acid , v 1 , v 2 , v 6 , v 12 , rr vitamins , folate , c, a, e and d; minerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron . of the unsaturated fatty acids , first of all, the fat content in the diet to assess biological maturity it is necessary to determine the composition of linoleic acid . the norm of need for linoleic acid is 4-6 times the total caloric value of fats for all population groups, including children, pregnant and lactating women. is % . based on the data obtained by the researchers, the average daily food intake for each subject is calculated, and based on them, the average daily food intake for the entire group of subjects is calculated. then the calculation of the chemical composition and caloric content of the consumed food products is carried out and the laboratory corrections will be made according to the information about the results of the analysis . it is recommended to use the table of data on the chemical composition of food products for calculation . in the table of information on the chemical composition of food products its edible portion is given, so the waste rate must be taken into account when calculating. when determining the energy value of food the following energy value coefficients of the main group of nutrients should be used : 4.0 kcal/g (16.7 kj ) for proteins and digestible carbohydrates , 9.0 kcal/g (37.7 kj ) for fats . based on the obtained data, the balance of nutrition is analyzed according to the following main indicators : the ratio between the total amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates , the ratio between the total amount of animal protein and plant proteins ; calci y and phosphorus , calcium and the ratio between the total amount of magni y . proteins, fats and carbohydrates 100 per day the energy value in percent of the calories consumed is determined as % , and the calorie content of a particular food item in percent of the daily intake is determined as % . are compared with the accepted norm of physiological needs of people for food products and energy . when determining the structure of the daily time budget, the exact measurement of the time spent on activities is carried out according to the scheme given in the questionnaire: one day for each subject and 2–3 days for the study of individual nutrition. the application and the corresponding application form will have the same number, in which the last name, first name, patronymic, and date of verification will be repeated. the daily time budget should be studied using the method of accurate measurement of the time spent on activities during the period of production activity. when studying the working time budget, it is possible to use the data of the labor norm determination department, taking into account the average standard of rest time for those engaged in production. it is convenient to use the “uniform tariff qualification directory of jobs and occupations of workers” to determine the type of labor operation performed and the work process. operations that are not reflected in the directory, but are performed by workers in the work process, are also studied. certain labor operations that take little time to perform and are fully or partially separated from other operations are also studied as a single operation. daily energy expenditure is calculated in 70 кгkilocalories and kilojoules (1 kcal = 4.184 kj ) and is calculated per body weight for men or women 60 кг. taking into account deviations from the average daily time budget, 5–10% is added to the calculated value for daily energy expenditure. daily energy expenditure is compared with the actual use of energy from food. 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us questionnaire a survey method innig social hygienic significance will increase with the availability of information on the health status of prisoners. the main task of studying the health status of prisoners related to their diet is to timely identify conditions that indicate diseases caused by malnutrition in order to prevent the occurrence and development of alimentary diseases. in conclusion, it should be noted that the methodology recommended by the who and adopted by the expert committee is a standard guide for the presentation and interpretation of results for the purpose of planning and conducting nutritional status surveys, as well as for the purpose of some level of integration and comparison of studies conducted at different times in different regions and institutions. this methodology is suitable for field tests and does not require special laboratory equipment, although some simple biochemical tests are provided for control measurements. 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 importance of capacity building programme for science academic in tertiary institutions in nigeria ajemba harold emeka department of science education, faculty of education, university of abuja, nigeria abstract: the paper examined the importance of providing effective capacity building programme for science academic in the tertiary institutions in nigeria. the study concluded these capacity building programs play a crucial role in enhancing the knowledge, skills, improvement in job performance, quality education delivery, collaboration, research and innovation development, attraction of top academic, innovation and innovative teaching methods and research development and ultimately contributing to the overall quality of education in the country. based on this finding, the paper recommends that tetfund an agency of federal government of nigeria in charging of facility development, research and staff training in tertiary institutions should increase the allocation for staff development in tertiary institutions especially for science academic. private institutions and international organizations should support the tertiary institutions in nigeria in the rea of provision of capacity building programme to enhance the job performance of the academic staff. keywords: science programme, science academic, tertiary education, teaching and learning. 1.0 introduction tertiary education is defined by national policy on education (2013) as the education given after post basic education in institutions such as universities and inter-university centres such as the nigeria french language village, nigeria arabic language village, national institute of nigerian languages, institutions such as innovation enterprise institutions (ieis), and colleges of education, monotechnics, polytechnics, and other specialized institutions such as colleges of agriculture, schools of health and technology and the national teachers' institutes (nti). tertiary education or higher education is a set that constitutes the university, which is a subset of higher education. however, in some contexts, higher education and university are used interchangeably (assié-lumumba, 2005). tertiary education or higher education covers a wider range of higher learning institutions including the university. these higher learning institutions could be organized in different ways, commonly within a university and in a separate institution as university and other tertiary learning institutions (alemu 2018). ogunode, edinoh & okolie (2023) defined tertiary education as a planned and organized educational system designed for the total development of man/woman and for the total transformation of the society through the utilization of teaching, research and provision of community service. tertiary education, any of various types of education given in postsecondary institutions of learning and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of higher studies. the goals of tertiary education shall be to: contribute to national development through high level manpower training; provide accessible and affordable quality learning opportunities in formal and informal education in response to the needs and interests of all nigerians; provide 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us high quality career counseling and lifelong learning programmes that prepare students with the knowledge and skills for self-reliance and the world of work; reduce skill shortages through the production of skilled manpower relevant to the needs of the labour market; promote and encourage scholarship, entrepreneurship and community service; forge and cement national unity; and promote national and international understanding and interaction (frn, 2013; ajemba, ahmed, ogunode & olatunde-aiyedun, 2021). the other goals or objectives of tertiary education includes; to aid production of manpower; to ensure national unity; to ensure technological development; to foster national unity and international peace; to increase production through research; to provide post-secondary school education; to prepare students with quality knowledge and reliable skills for independent living and the world of work (ogunode, et al 2023). tertiary institutions in nigeria offered science academic programme. these science programme are handled by science inclined lecturers, teachers or academic. science academics are those professional lecturers with specialization in the field of sciences. science academics are science teachers that specialized in programmes like biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, environmental science, biochemistry, biotechnology, zoology, botany, agricultural science, geology, physic, statistics, computer science and so on. a science academic is an individual that has been trained and certified by various tertiary institutions to practice in the field of sciences (somadina, ndayebom & ogunode, (2023). okwelogu, ogunode & abayomi (2021) and emmanuel & daniel (2017) noted that science lecturers are vital to the development of science education. science lecturers are implementers of science curricula in higher institutions. the place of science teachers in the development of science education cannot be underestimated. an effective science teacher should be a master of his subject, as well as grounded in methods of teaching and be able to relate the science concepts to real-life experience. science academic job performance is the degree of implementation of official functions within a timeframe. it is based on this that this paper discuss the importance of providing effective capacity building programme for science academic in the tertiary institutions in nigeria. 2.0 literature review 2.1 concept of capacity building programme capacity is the ability to understand or do something and building is an increase in the amount of something over a period of time. building capacity of teacher in education process therefore, is the conscious attempt at upgrading, renovating, and acquiring skills, abilities and strategies that must increase consistently over time and enable teachers react appropriately to academic dynamics including professional training, lesson delivery, effective use of instructional materials, teachers communication skills, provision of effective role model, effective discipline and students’ control, improved conditions of service and most importantly, quality of classroom assessment to determine the needs of his/her learners in the learning process (gimba, 2010). capacity building involves enhancing an individual’s, an organisation’s, or a system’s knowledge, skills, and capacities to carry out their tasks efficiently. in education, it transforms into a calculated strategy to augment the capacities of instructors, enabling them to adjust to shifts, introduce novel pedagogical approaches, and consistently elevate their professional proficiency (national accreditation board for education and training (nabet) 2024). capacity building is the process of enhancing an individual or organization's capacity to improve their performance. it basically involves providing the necessary resources and training to individuals or organizations so that they can increase their efficiency and effectiveness. capacity building is the process of enhancing an individual or organization's capacity to improve their performance to achieve a certain outcome. it basically involves providing the necessary resources and training to individuals or organizations so that they can increase their efficiency and effectiveness. the benefits of investing in basic education and capacity building includes; it helps to create a more educated and skilled workforce (ibrahim, et al 2023). 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capacity building programmes have been adjudged to be critical factors in educational institutions, culminating in their positions as major determinants of principals’ and teachers’ s’ professional advancement. apart from gaining pedagogical and content knowledge, principals’ participation in the programmes enhances capacity building effectiveness in the schools. capacity building. capacity building, according to united nations environment programme (2006), is building abilities, relationships and values that will enable organisations, groups and individuals to improve their performance and achieve their developmental objectives. it often refers to strengthening the skills, competences and abilities of people and communities in developing societies so they can overcome the causes of their exclusion and suffering. it includes human resource development which is the process of equipping individuals with the understanding, skills and access to information, knowledge and training that enables them to perform effectively (wikipedia, 2011). capacity building takes place on an individual level, institutional level and societal level. on an individual level, it requires the development of conditions that allow individual participants to build and enhance existing knowledge and skills. it also calls for the establishment of conditions that will allow individuals to engage in the process of learning and adapting to change. on an institutional level, it involves aiding pre-existing institutions and supporting them in forming sound policies, organisational structures and effective method of management (united nations committee of experts on public administration 2006). capacity building is a process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that individuals, organisations and communities need to survive, adapt and thrive in the fast changing world (philbin 1996). it focuses on understanding the obstacles that inhibit people, institutions, governments, international organisations and non-governmental organisations from realizing their developmental goals while enhancing the abilities that will allow them to achieve measurable and sustainable results. 3.0 method this paper examined the importance of proving capacity building programme for science academic in tertiary institutions in nigeria. data from different secondary sources were employed for the paper. the paper used content analysis to analyze all the literature collected. only those relevant to the topic were systematically selected. the exploratory method was adopted in the analysis. to ensure the reliability and validity of the study, multiple secondary sources were used to minimize the risk of error. the secondary data were collected directly from textbooks, journals, articles, newspapers and other local and international publications on sexual harassment in tertiary institutions (adapted from ogunode & ukozo, 2023). 4.0 result and discussion on importance of capacity building programme for science academic in tertiary institutions in nigeria the capacity building programme for science academic in tertiary institutions in nigeria offers numerous benefits for both students and institutions. some of these benefits includes; improvement in job performance the capacity building program aims to improve the knowledge and skills of the science academic staff in tertiary institutions in nigeria. balyer, özcan, and yildiz (2017) discloses that academic training programmes allow academics to reach their full potential, helps them discover their academic limitations, and address them through the impartation of knowledge gained from training developmental programmes offered by the institution. peretomode and peretomode (2001) and musa, (2022) have identified the benefits of training and development of lecturers to include increase in knowledge, skills and the development of positive attitude to work, increased personal and organizational productivity, and quality services. it can bring about improvement in morale, inculcate sense of belongingness, reduce absenteeism and turnover rate among lecturers, and importantly lead to better coordination of both human and material resources within institutions of higher learning. ogunode, ukozor, and agbo, (2024) it can lead to an increase in 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the overall academic standards of the institutions. as the academic staff become more knowledgeable and skilled, they can pass on this expertise to their students, resulting in a more educated and qualified workforce in the country. ensure quality education first and foremost, it aims to improve the quality of education in science-related fields by providing additional resources and training for academic staff. this not only enhances the learning experience for students, but also ensures that graduates are well-prepared for the workforce (yemi, 2020). additionally, not only do these programs benefit individual academics, but they also have a positive impact on the overall quality of education in nigeria. as academics continue to improve their knowledge and skills through capacity building programs, they can provide their students with a more comprehensive and up-to-date education, ultimately contributing to the country's development and progress (muhammed, 2023). capacity building programme according to yemi, (2020) helps to bridge the gap between theory and practical application by incorporating hands-on training and industry partnerships. this allows academic to gain valuable real-world experience and prepares them for the demands of the job market. support collaboration capacity building programs also promote collaboration and networking among academics. through these programs, academics from different institutions can come together and exchange ideas, leading to the creation of new knowledge and advancements in their respective fields (muhammed, 2023). resaerch.life (2023) maintains that training also creates opportunities for researchers to connect and collaborate with peers, experts, and mentors. through workshops, conferences, and online platforms, you get to exchange ideas, gain valuable insights, and forge connections with peers around the world. being seen as an expert, who focuses on learning in research, makes you more sought after for research collaborations than those who lag behind in their understanding of current developments. promotion of research and innovation the capacity building programme according to yemi, (2020) also promotes research and innovation in science fields, leading to the development of new technologies and solutions to local and global issues. this can have a significant impact on the economic and social development of the country. by participating in these programs, academics can enhance their teaching methods and keep up with advancements in their field. basil, felix. nwi-ue and eno etudor-eyo (2013) opined that capacity building allows for the continuous improvement of the quality of education being provided by these institutions via the lecturer output. this is achieved through the enhancement of the knowledge and skills of the academic staff, leading to a more effective teaching and learning process. attract top academic effective capacity building programme as noted by yemi, (2020) can also attract top faculty and students to tertiary institutions in nigeria, enhancing their reputation and ultimately leading to improved rankings and increased funding opportunities. overall, the impact of the capacity building programme for science academic in tertiary institutions in nigeria are vast and contribute to the overall growth and development of the education sector in the country. lead to innovation and innovative teaching methods capacity building programmes have a positive effect on the knowledge and skills of academics, leading to improved teaching and research outcomes. these programmes provide opportunities for academics to gain new insights, learn new techniques, and collaborate with other experts in the field (abubakar, 2022; salah, 2016). capacity building programmes and community service also contribute to the overall development of the institution. by participating in these activities, academic staff can bring new ideas and methods to the table, leading to innovation and 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improvement in teaching methods and research outcomes (ogunode, & jegede, 2020; elnaga and imran 2013). research development capacity building programmes often focus on specific areas of science, allowing academics to develop specialized knowledge and bring new ideas and approaches to their teaching and research. in nigeria, these programmes have been implemented in various universities and have shown positive results in terms of improving the quality of education and research in the science field. overall, the impact of capacity building programmes on science academics in tertiary institutions in nigeria is significant and should continue to be supported and implemented (abubakar, 2022). capacity building programs are crucial for science academics in tertiary institutions in nigeria. these programs aim to enhance the knowledge and skills of academics, allowing them to better educate their students. these programs not only focus on providing academic knowledge, but also on developing essential skills such as research skills, critical thinking, problem-solving, and research abilities (muhammed, 2023). capacity building programs play a vital role in promoting research and innovation in the academic community. by equipping academics with the necessary skills and resources, these programs encourage and enable them to conduct high-quality research that can contribute to the development of nigeria's science industry (muhammed, 2023; ogunode, kasimu, & sambo, 2023). 4.1 findings the study discovered that the impact of capacity building programme for science academic can lead to improvement in job performance, quality education delivery, collaboration, research and innovation development, attraction of top academic, innovation and innovative teaching methods and research development in the tertiary institutions in nigeria. 4.2 conclusion and recommendations in conclusion, the importance of capacity building programs for science academics in tertiary institutions in nigeria cannot be overstated. these programs play a crucial role in enhancing the knowledge, skills, improvement in job performance, quality education delivery, collaboration, research and innovation development, attraction of top academic, innovation and innovative teaching methods and research development and ultimately contributing to the overall quality of education in the country. it is essential for both academics and the academic community as a whole to actively participate in and support these programs to continue driving progress and development in the field of science in nigeria. based on this finding, the paper recommends that tetfund an agency of federal government of nigeria in charging of facility development, research and staff training in tertiary institutions should increase the allocation for staff development in tertiary institutions especially for science academic. private institutions and international organizations should support the tertiary institutions in nigeria in the rea of provision of capacity building programme to enhance the job performance of the academic staff. references 1. abubakar, r. m (2022). capacity building programme and science professionals in nigeria: challenges and forward. kano, nigeria https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20ac adem 2. alemu, s. k. (2018). meaning, idea and history of university/higher education in africa: a brief literature review. forum for international research in education, 4(3), 210-227. 3. ajemba h,. e, ahmed f, m, ogunode. n,.j, & olatunde-aiyedun, t.g. (2021). problems facing science teachers in public secondary schools in nigeria and way forward. international journal of discoveries and innovations in applied sciences. 1(5),p:118-129. https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academ https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academ 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. assie-lumumba, n. (2005). higher education in africa: crises, reforms and transformation. senegal: council for the development of social science research in africa (codseria). 5. balyer, a., k. özcan, and a. yildiz. (2017). “teacher empowerment: school administrators’ roles.” eurasian journal of educational research 70: 1‒18. 6. basil a. a, felix. nwi-ue & eno etudor-eyo (2013). lecturers’ participation in capacity building programmes in south-south nigeria: implications for sustainable development. makerere journal of higher education, 279 – 292 7. elnaga, a. & a. imran. (2013). “the effect of training on employee performance.” european journal of business management 5: 137. 8. federal republic of nigeria (2014). national policy on education. lagos federal government press. 9. gimba, m.b., 2010. building teacher capacity in classroom assessment to improve student learning in basic education level. proceedings of the 1st international technology, education and environment conference of african society for scientific research (assr) 10. ibrahim, h. m., junaidu, m. g., muhammad, m. a. and isah, r. (2023). basic education management and capacity building for sustainable national development in a depressed economy. kashere journal of education 2023, 5(1): 318-325 11. musa, t. (2022). training and tertiary institutions development. journal of management, 2(5), 23-30. 12. muhammed, k. (2023). benefits of capacity building programme. https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates% 20academ 13. nassazi, n. (2013). effects of training on employee performance: evidence from uganda (unpublished doctoral dissertation). university of applied sciences, vassa, finland. 14. ogunode, n. j., & jegede, d. o. (2020). administration of professional development programme in nigerian higher institutions: challenges and way forward. intercathedra 3(44), 147–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.intercathedra.2020.00102 15. ogunode, n. j., kasimu, s., & sambo, s. m. (2023). staff training in tertiary education in nigeria. modern journal of social sciences and humanities, (17), 181-194. 16. ogunode, n. j. & ukozo, c. u (2023). exploring alternative funding options for universities education in a depressed economy. fan, ta'lim, madaniyat va innovatsiya, 2(10), 64-76. https://mudarrisziyo.uz/index.php/innovatsiya/article/view/451 17. ogunode, n. j., edinoh, k. & okolie, r,. c. (2023). public private partnership model and implementation of tertiary education program in nigeria. american journal of science on integration and human development, 01(06), 1-12. 18. ogunode, n. j., kasimu, s., & sambo, s. m. (2023). staff training in tertiary education in nigeria. modern journal of social sciences and humanities, (17), 181-194. 19. research.life (2023). learning in research: importance of building research skills for students https://researcher.life/blog/article/importance-of-building-researchskills/#:~:text=benefits%20of%20lifelong%20learning%20in%20research,continuously%20honing%20research&text=professional%20growth%3a%20researchers% 20who%20fail,base%20and%20develop%20their%20expertise. 20. salah, m. r. a. (2016). “the impact of training and development on employees performance and productivity.” international journal of management sciences and business research 5(7): 36‒70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.intercathedra.2020.00102 https://researcher.life/blog/article/importance-of-building-research-skills/#:~:text=benefits%20of%20lifelong%20learning%20in%20research,-continuously%20honing%20research&text=professional%20growth%3a%20researchers%20who%20fail,base%20and%20develop%20their%20expertise https://researcher.life/blog/article/importance-of-building-research-skills/#:~:text=benefits%20of%20lifelong%20learning%20in%20research,-continuously%20honing%20research&text=professional%20growth%3a%20researchers%20who%20fail,base%20and%20develop%20their%20expertise https://researcher.life/blog/article/importance-of-building-research-skills/#:~:text=benefits%20of%20lifelong%20learning%20in%20research,-continuously%20honing%20research&text=professional%20growth%3a%20researchers%20who%20fail,base%20and%20develop%20their%20expertise https://researcher.life/blog/article/importance-of-building-research-skills/#:~:text=benefits%20of%20lifelong%20learning%20in%20research,-continuously%20honing%20research&text=professional%20growth%3a%20researchers%20who%20fail,base%20and%20develop%20their%20expertise 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 21. somadina, i,. s. ndayebom a,. j. & ogunode, n,. j. (2023). the plight of science academics in public universities in nigeria: implications for university administrators to make right decisions for university development and sustainability. horizon: journal of humanity and artificial intelligence 2(1), 1-9. 22. philbin, a. (1996). capacity building in social justice organization. new york: ford foundations. 23. united nations committee of experts on public administration (2006). united nations’ economic and social council: delimitation of basic concepts and terminologies in government and public administration. retrieved from http://unpanl.unorg/intradoc/groups/public/documents. 24. united nations environment programme (2006). ways to increase the effectiveness of capacity building for sustainable development. discussion paper presented at the concurrent session 18.1:the marrakesh action plan and follow up. 1a1a annual conference, stavanger, norway. 25. uko, e. s., umosen, a. o., & caleb, e. f. (2015). administrators’ resource management practices and teachers’ job performance in secondary schools in eket education zone of akwa ibom state, nigeria. international journal of innovative education research, 3(2), 1320. 26. wikipedia (2011). capacity building. retrieved from http://www.en.wikipedia.org. 27. yemi, t (2020). impact of capacity building programme on science teachers in nigerian schools. lagoshttps://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates %20academ 28. yusuf, s. j. (2016). motivation and science teachers job performance in public secondary school in kaduna state. journal of science education, 2(50, 23-30 http://www.en.wikipedia.org/ 191 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 distribution, botanical and biological characteristics of sesame j. b. khudaykulov professor (dsc). tashkent state agrarian university i. a. teshaboev project assistant, german sparkassenstiftung for international cooperation z. y. saparbaev assistent-researcher urgench state university abstract: sesame (sesamum indicum) is a plant in the genus sesamum, also called simsim, benne or gingelly. numerous wild relatives occur in africa and a smaller number in india. it is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. this article provides information on the distribution, botanical classification and biological description and varieties of sesame, which belongs to the oilseed group. keywords: oil crop, distribution, botanical classification, country, seed, producers, subspecies and varieties of sesame. distribution. sesame seeds are one of the most popular seeds in the world. the main reason for their popularity is the fact that they are loaded with health-promoting nutrients and elements. but besides the nutritional value, these seeds are also packed with flavor, crunchiness and a certain smokiness that helps them find use in many cuisines. the world produces about 3 million tons of sesame seeds every year on an average. sesame seeds are incredibly resilient and able to grow in places where many other crops cannot. these wonder seeds are a common ingredient in dishes across the globe such as bread meals, soups, crackers, and meat cuisines. about 60 to 65 countries produce these seeds out of which asian and african countries are the key sesame seeds producers. the following is a detailed description of the top 5 countries thriving as the leading sesame seeds producers in the world. 1. myanmar– myanmar is the leading sesame seeds producer in the world and produces 18.3% of the total sesame seeds produced on an annual basis. as far as the exact numbers are concerned, myanmar produces 890000 metric tons of these seeds every year. 2. india– on the number 2 spot comes india which is also one of the leading exporters of sesame seeds. the country’s tropical climate and large scaled crop area make it possible for it to produce 626000 metric tons of sesame seeds every year. this amount is about 13.1% of the total produce of these seeds on an annual basis. 3. china – close behind india is china in this list of the top 5 sesame seed producers in the world. the country produces 12.8% of the total sesame seed amount and this amounts to 623492 metric tons. 4. sudan– on the 4th spot of this list is sudan which too is among the top sesame seeds producers and exporters in the world. the country produces 562000 metric tons of sesame in the world which is about 11.5% of the world’s production. https://ilgm.com/collections/feminized-seeds https://hlagro.com/sesame-seeds/ https://hlagro.com/sesame-seeds/ 192 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. tanzania– the 5th largest producer of sesame seeds in the world is tanzania. this country produces close to 8.6% of the total sesame seeds produced by the world and this amount to about 420000 metric tons. the top five sesame seeds producers produce about 70%of the total amount. some of the other countries which too produce considerable amounts of sesame include uganda, nigeria, bangladesh, pakistan, mexico and thailand. the global sesame exports are estimated to be about 5 to 6 lakh tons wherein india, china and mexico are the leading sesame seeds producers & suppliers. sesame seeds are exported in many forms and some of them include roasted, natural, hulled and in its oil form. there are many good and reputed sesame seed manufacturing and sesame seed exporting companies in india and one of them is hl agro. this company produces close to 22000 metric tons every year! shares of top 10 producers these are shares of top 10 producers of sesame seed in 2022. https://hlagro.com/about-hl-agro/ 193 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us botanical classification. sesame cultivated indian – sesamum indicum l. is an annual plant of the sesame family (pedaliaceae). sesame has taproot, penetrating to a depth of 1 m, and its upper part is branched and rather thick. stem is erect (sometimes there are bushes of sprawling form), height is 50-150 cm, branched, haired with fine hairs. leaves are petiolate, alternate or opposite, haired. the shape of the leaf depends on its position on the stem. in some varieties, all the leaves are whole, the lower ones are large and wide, they decrease upwards, in others – the lower leaves are dissected, while the upper ones are whole, narrow, and lanceolate. flowers of the five types consist of a tubular bell-shaped corolla and a small five-part calyx. one, sometimes three flowers sit in the leaf bosom. the color of the corolla, depending on the ecotype, varies from white to intense violet. calyx and corolla are trimmed. sesame is selfpollinator, but cross-pollination by bees is also possible. the fruit is an elongated four or octahedral box with a round base and a conical tip, which consists of two or four carpels. in some forms, the edges of the carpels are wrapped inward and form false partitions; in others, these partitions do not exist. when ripe, the boxes open, breaking up into carpels. at the same time, seeds fall off, especially easy for forms without partitions. boxes are large (3-4 cm long) and small (up to 3 cm). there are 100-150 pieces on one plant. seeds are located in the nests of the box in the form of flat vertical columns – stacks in 4 or 8 rows. seeds are small, weight of 1000 pcs. is 2.5-5 g. the shape is similar to flaxseed, flat, but with a matte surface, sometimes rough. sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar. the most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured. other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black. the colour is the same for the hull and the fruit. sesame fruit is a capsule, normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with a short, triangular beak. the length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 8 centimetres (3⁄4 to 3+1⁄8 in), its width varies between 0.5 and 2.0 centimetres (13⁄64 and 25⁄32 in), and the number of loculi varies from four to 12. the fruit naturally splits open (dehisces) to release the seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on the varietal cultivar. the degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule. sesame seeds are small. their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick (15⁄128 to 5⁄32 × 5⁄64 × 5⁄128). the seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. the mass of 100 seeds is 0.203 g. the seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/capsule_(fruit) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dehiscence_(botany) 194 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us subspecies and varieties of sesame. sesame is distinguished by a significant variety of forms and its systematics has been developed by different authors several times. the most complete classification of it made by v. m. giltebrant, which took into account the morphological features, the distribution area and the biological characteristics of the plant. according to this classification, cultural sesame is divided into two subspecies: 1. sesamum indicum ssp. bicarpella-turn hilt. the box consists of two carpels, a convex rectangle in cross section. corolla is accrete from five petals. the cup is five-fold. the stigma of the pistil is two-bladed. 2. sesamum indicum ssp. quadricar-pellatum hilt. the box consists of two carpels, with a convex rectangle in the cross section. corolla is fused from five petals. the calyx is five-lobed. the stigma of the pistil is two-lobed. the most common is a subspecies with two carpels. within this subspecies there are groups of varieties: asiatic – proles asiaticum hilt, and abyssinian – proles abyssinicum hilt. plants are of asian group with medium power. the leaves at the bottom of the stem are whole or weakly dissected, medium in width, narrow at the top. the plants of the abyssinian group are powerful, the foliage is strong. leaf blades are wide. the varieties of this group are more moisture-loving, relatively late-maturing and do not have wide industrial significance, with the exception of the regions of transcaucasia. it is a thermophilic and light-loving short-day plant, requiring clean and fertile soils. at the same time, it is drought-resistant and heat resistant. seeds begin to germinate at a temperature not lower than 15-16°c. shoots die during frosts of -1°c. sesame stops growing at temperatures below 15°c. the optimum temperature is 22-25°c. the first 30-45 days of growing season it grows very slowly and weeds can cause damage during this period. the vegetation period, depending on the variety and crop conditions, ranges from 80 to 120 days. the best soils for sesame are black earth, light loam and sandy loam, sierozem. sesame is a annual plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (2 to 6 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad lanceolate, to 5 cm (2 in) broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just 1 cm (13⁄32 in) broad on the flowering stem. the flowers are tubular, 3 to 5 cm (1+1⁄8 to 2 in) long, with a four-lobed mouth. the flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple. four commonly used varieties of sesame seeds sesame seeds are believed to have originated in india and date back to 1600 bc. ever since they were first originated, they have proved to be excellent for human health. they are loaded with many useful nutrients and minerals which work for the body in many ways, preventing many health conditions and boosting the overall health. but since there are many different kinds of sesame seeds, the benefits too may vary from variety to variety. india ranks amongst the major sesame seeds exporter around the world. this is why; we have brought to you a list of the four commonly used varieties of sesame seeds. hulled sesame seeds this is one of the most common and healthiest varieties of sesame seeds. hulled sesame seeds are basically those kinds of sesame seeds from which the outer husk or hull has been removed. while this process of removing the husk is practiced by many sesame seeds manufacturers, the process, machinery and skill used to do so may vary greatly. hl agro is one of the best sesame seeds exporter and manufacturer of hulled sesame seeds, known for its highquality hulling process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lanceolate https://hlagro.com/hulled-sesame-seeds/ https://hlagro.com/hulled-sesame-seeds/ 195 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unhulled sesame seeds as the name suggests, unhulled sesame seeds are those kinds of sesame seeds whose hull or outer skin hasn’t been removed. these seeds go through a step lesser during the manufacturing process as compared to hulled and are known to have higher benefits too. the outer skin is considered to be nutritious and thus this variety is used for many purposes and in many recipes across the world. hulled vs. unhulled sesame seed various sesame seeds white/natural sesame seeds another variety of sesame seeds that you must know about is the white sesame seed variety. white/natural sesame seeds are considered to be those sesame seeds which are in their purest form. you must have seen these seeds sprinkled on top of burgers, donuts and other kinds of desserts and snacks. they have a very rich flavor and texture and are among the most commonly used sesame seeds in the world. within the variety of white sesame seeds, both hulled and unhulled varieties can be found. black sesame seeds black sesame seeds are also considered to be the most nutritional variety of sesame. black sesame seedsthe ancient chinese believed that the nutrients present in the black sesame seeds could cure many kinds of body infections which are caused due to aging, worrying, anxiety and others kinds of tolls in life. these seeds are loaded with zinc and calcium due to which they provide prevention of many health conditions that are caused due to aging. these seeds are mixed in yughurts and many kinds of dishes across the world. black sesame seeds are further divided into two types-hulled black sesame seeds and unhulled black sesame seeds. in the field of cultivation, sesame varieties are grown at different times, resistant to adverse weather conditions and diseases. the first variety, in which sesame seeds are not sprinkled, was created in 1955, 1958. currently, sesame breeding is mainly carried out by the ukrainian institute of oilseed crops. the institute has created late-ripening and intermediate varieties of sesame. these light-colored, high-fat varieties are used in oil mills to produce sesame oil and in the confectionery industry in the food industry. in the krasnodar region of the russian federation, in the rostov region and in the southern regions of ukraine, varieties vniimk-889, vniimk-81, kuban-55, odessky-539 are cultivated. in uzbekistan and turkmenistan, the varieties tashkent-122, qora shakhzoda, sarahs-470 and also the variety ashgabat-122 are widespread. according to breeder n.d. lunina, sesame varieties grown in central asian countries are distinguished by high yields and high yield of oil from the grain. the yield of these varieties averages from 1 hectare to 14-16 centners. weight of 1000 grains is 3.5-3.9 grams. the yield of adapted sesame varieties (vniimk-889, vniimk-81, kuban-55, odessky-539) in the regions of ukraine and the russian federation does not exceed 10-12 c/ha. weight of 1000 grains is 2.3-2.6 grams. https://hlagro.com/natural-white-sesame-seeds/ https://hlagro.com/black-sesame-seeds/ 196 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. khudaykulov j.b., atabaeva kh.n., nurbekov a.i., kassam a. plant science. "fan ziyosi" publishing house, isbn 978 9943 6594 9 0. tashkent-2021. textbook (in english). 25 b.t. 398 p. 2. gapurov a., novruzov g., mammetgulov k. posobie po vyrashivaniyu kunjuta. turkmenistan-2021. 3. jones, daniel (2011). roach, peter; setter, jane; esling, john (eds.). cambridge english pronouncing dictionary (18th ed.). cambridge university press. isbn978-0-521-15255-6. 4. wells, john c. (2008). longman pronunciation dictionary (3rd ed.). longman. isbn 978-14058-8118-0. 5. "definition of benne". merriam webster dictionary. retrieved 2023-02-08. 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sesame. 7. https://www.google.com/search?sca_sesame+varieties+in+india&udm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/daniel_jones_(phonetician) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peter_roach_(phonetician) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jane_setter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/john_esling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/english_pronouncing_dictionary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/english_pronouncing_dictionary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isbn_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isbn_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/john_c._wells https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isbn_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/special:booksources/978-1-4058-8118-0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/special:booksources/978-1-4058-8118-0 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benne https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sesame 369 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 cosmonims in the epic "layli and majnun" sayyora khanmuratova halmukhammet kizi a student of uzbek language and literature nukus dpi named after ajiniyaz abstract: in the article, the lexical features of cosmonomes in alisher navoi's epic "layli and majnun" are highlighted. the onomastic scope of the epic, i.e., the issues of using proper nouns, was analyzed. key words: uzbek language, onomastics, space names, names of works of art, "layli and majnun" epic. it is known that cosmonym (from greek khocmos cosmos, universe, universe + onoma proper noun) is a proper noun of celestial objects located in space, one of the types of onomastic scale [1]. cosmonoms are the names of the universe, space objects, the moon, the sun, and other spatial bodies, and their sum total is cosmonomy, and the name of the field of research is cosmonomy. for example: shield, ursa major, sun, sextant, southern fish, northern crown, white star, red star (mirrix) etc. celestial bodies have become an integral part of the life of the turkic people since the earliest times, and people, having a good knowledge of the characteristics of each cosmic object, determined the weather, the change of seasons, and the planets and stars also served as targets. in the process of people's communication with each other, the names of heavenly bodies were necessary, as well as the names of work tools and other objects. this, in turn, caused the emergence of cosmonomies. therefore, the majority of cosmonomies in the ancient times of the development of our language belong to their own class. words belonging to such lexical semantic group (lsg) in our language have been studied by scientists such as h. eshonkulov, a. primov, m. joraev, z. yunusova. for example, h. eshonkulov defended his candidacy thesis on the topic "celestial symbols in the poetry of alisher navoi", and later published a treatise on this topic [2;3]. z. yunusova studied the structure and development process of the lexical microsystem in the uzbek language on the example of the lexical group of heavenly luminaries such as saturn, ongai, mushtari, zuhra, cholpon, mirrikh, bahrom [4]. in fact, in the center of this lsg there are appellatives such as day, month, kavkab, kavokib, yezak, kulovuz, planet, and onomastic words such as sekantir, ongay, hulkar, karakush, yetikan, which are artistic it is used in texts in its own and figurative sense. we tried to study the cosmonomes in alisher navoi's epic "layli and majnun". venus is the second planet in the solar system called venus, named after the goddess of love and beauty in ancient roman mythology. 370 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us zuhra is the first infinitive of the arabic verb zahara, which means "bright light" and means "brightness", "brightness". although zuhra is used in arabic as zuhrat(un) or al zuhratun, in uzbek and persian languages, the noun consonant is dropped and it is used only to express the name of the planet. in addition to the name of this planet venus, there are also names of nahid belonging to the iranian layer. navozir is built on the way of venus, be like the mutribs. ** khunyogaru nagmasoz nohid, but the tambourine was happy in his hands. bahram is also called mirrikh. bahram in persians, mars in greeks. they considered him the sponsor of war. according to the ancient science of astrology, bahram is the fifth celestial planet, smaller than the earth, and it ranks fourth. in modern uzbek, it is called the planet mars. ... honorable sir, throw it away, kiss it and kiss it. in this verse, the poet describes that when the prophet muhammad ascended miraj, bahram, who saw him, dropped his sword and kissed the rump of his horse. the poet wants to say that the witnesses of this event were the planets. birjis is the persian name of the planet mushtari (jupiter). in astrology, this planet is also known as "sa'di akbar" and "judge of the astrology", and its place is said to be in the fifth planet. to get to the market, work is the pursuit of happiness. in this verse, the poet says that bahram kissed the bridle of prophet muhammad's horse, and then he went to birjis and was very happy. they both started laughing. no laugh waltz alarga chandon. make a madman a fairy, they gave the month to mushtarig. zuhal is the arabic name for saturn, also called kaywan. his place is in the sixth heaven. in this verse, the poet describes how the planet zuhal dreamed of becoming a horseman for the prophet muhammad. zuhal hit his fortune. gyrbol in hand with throttle. ** the letter of mukshi kurubon is literate. i sprinkled it on kayvan's face. ** there is no sign of damage in the course of the month, earth is the ruler of the sun. close your eyes like a firefly it was months "in yakodu" editing. venus is not an arrow, nor is it dust. the melody of the curtain. many candles go to the bottom of the earth, khilvat took out the candle last night. bahram is smoked and salted. 371 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us whoever looks at it will be blind. birjis kol achobun dua, two lovers wishing for an opportunity. nahsiyyatidin zuhal covered in dust, the color of your face used to be given to the night. atorud (mercury) used to write the verse "let's not touch" without closing his eyes until dawn. the star venus was not singing, not making dust, and was hiding in the veil. the candle of the sun sunk into the ground, and yesterday the sky had released its candle. the star of bahram (mirrix) was shining with anger and wanted to scare anyone who looked at it with an evil eye. and birjis (mushtari-jupiter) wished these two magicians a chance and prayed with open hands. and the star of saturn, being honored by raining down misfortune, would give it a black color from his face. savar is the second of the twelve constellations in the sky in ancient astrology. according to the solar year, it corresponds to april. savru hamal is a fool, souls to make the sacrifice... hamal is the first of the twelve signs, into which the sun enters in march. the name of the first month in the calculation of the solar year corresponds to march. javza's eyes are four, bakardin died. he found cancer and looked at it. and on the way to catch a lion, he is good and lies on the horse, john sanj is dead, tarozu, it's a good medicine. the bow held the corner of his brow, the ram died and died. kobka suyi obi zindagoni, he is pure like water. in conclusion, the comprehensive collection and research of onomastic units in works of art, including the works of alisher navoi, is of great scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical importance not only for the science of linguistics, but also for the history, ethnography, culture and spirituality of the people. books: 1. begmatov e., ulukov n. explanatory dictionary of uzbek onomastics terms. namangan, 2006. b. 41. 2. eshankulov h.p. celestial symbols in the poetry of alisher navoi (based on the divans "badayi' ulbidoya", "navodir un-nihoya"). nda. samarkand, 1999. 25 p. 3. eshankulov h. heaven is the place of love. tashkent: science, 2008. 116 p. 4. yunusova z.q. the composition and development of the lexical microsystem in the uzbek language (as an example of the lexical group of heavenly lights). nda. tashkent, 2005. 22 p. 5. www.ziyo.com library. navoi a. laily and majnun. b. 235. 6. khudayarova, m., & murodova, g. (2023). names of food used in navoi's works. principles of sustainable development and development, 1(1), 92-94. 7. khudayarova, m. (2020). characteristics of food names in uzbek dialects of karakalpakstan. tdpu scientific news. 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 9, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 project management in joint-stock companies: the case of the tourism industry rukhsora abdullayeva academy of banking and finance of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: in the era of globalization and rapid technological advancement, project management has become a key instrument for organizational success. for joint-stock companies (jscs), where transparency, shareholder value, and governance play an essential role, project management ensures that corporate objectives are achieved efficiently and sustainably. this paper explores the application of project management within joint-stock companies, focusing on the tourism industry as a practical example. it analyzes theoretical frameworks, discusses challenges and opportunities, and illustrates the role of structured project management through case studies. keywords: project management; joint-stock companies (jscs); tourism industry; corporate governance; risk management; transparency and accountability; strategic planning; sustainable tourism; digital transformation; innovation in tourism; agile project management; destination development; tourism project challenges. introduction joint-stock companies (jscs) are distinctive corporate entities where ownership is divided into shares held by individuals or institutions. this ownership structure places strong emphasis on accountability to shareholders, adherence to governance principles, and the delivery of measurable results. within such an environment, project management provides the methodology to translate strategic visions into operational success. tourism, one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors of the global economy, offers a valuable field for examining the role of project management in jscs. projects in tourism are diverse: construction of resorts, organization of international events, digital platform development, or sustainable destination management. each requires effective planning, resource allocation, and risk management, especially as the industry is highly vulnerable to external factors such as political instability, seasonality, or global crises. this paper investigates how project management operates within joint-stock companies, using the tourism sector as a primary case. literature review project management theory emphasizes the balance of the “triple constraint” — time, cost, and scope — alongside quality and stakeholder satisfaction (pmi, 2021). in jscs, this is complicated by the involvement of shareholders, who require transparency, financial accountability, and long-term sustainability (turner, 2019). in tourism, project management has been applied in various domains. getz (2017) highlighted its role in organizing large-scale events, where coordination and risk management are critical. hall 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (2020) noted that destination development projects rely on stakeholder collaboration and government partnerships. pechlaner & volgger (2019) emphasized innovation-driven projects such as digital tourism platforms and new service models. the literature underscores that tourism projects face higher uncertainty compared to other industries, requiring flexible methodologies such as agile or hybrid approaches. project management in joint-stock companies project management in jscs must reflect the organization’s governance structure. unlike small enterprises, jscs have boards of directors, investor groups, and regulatory oversight. key aspects include: governance and oversight projects must align with corporate mission and satisfy shareholder expectations. steering committees and project boards are often created to monitor progress. transparency and reporting regular reports on project milestones, budget usage, and risk assessments are required. this ensures accountability and builds investor confidence. risk management jscs must identify and mitigate risks proactively, as failures can affect shareholder value and company reputation. efficiency and innovation due to competitive pressures, projects must deliver innovative solutions within constraints of time and budget. case studies in the tourism industry case 1: hospitality development project a multinational hotel chain (organized as a jsc) initiated a project to build a luxury resort in southeast asia. project scope: construction, staff recruitment, and launch of promotional campaigns. challenges: seasonal demand, environmental permits, and supply chain delays. outcome: by applying pmi’s framework, the company completed the project on schedule and within budget, leading to increased shareholder returns and improved brand presence. case 2: digital transformation in tourism services a travel agency jsc developed a mobile booking platform to attract younger customers. methodology: agile was applied to allow flexibility in adapting to customer feedback. challenges: integration with existing systems, data security, and cross-cultural usability. outcome: the platform increased customer engagement by 40% and reduced operational costs by 25%. transparency in reporting project progress enhanced investor trust. case 3: destination marketing campaign a tourism board structured as a jsc launched an international promotional project to attract tourists after the covid-19 crisis. project focus: online campaigns, collaboration with airlines and hotels, and hosting international fairs. challenges: limited budget, global travel restrictions, and competition from other destinations. 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us outcome: despite challenges, the campaign boosted arrivals by 15% within the first year, showcasing the value of structured project management. challenges in tourism project management tourism-related jscs encounter several obstacles: external volatility: natural disasters, pandemics, and geopolitical instability. stakeholder conflicts: balancing short-term profitability for shareholders with long-term sustainable growth. cross-cultural coordination: managing diverse teams and projects across international markets. regulatory hurdles: compliance with government policies, environmental standards, and international regulations. opportunities for tourism jscs despite challenges, opportunities are expanding: digital innovation: ai-driven travel assistants, big data analytics, and vr-based destination previews. sustainability initiatives: eco-friendly resorts and responsible tourism projects aligned with esg (environmental, social, governance) standards. personalized services: growth of customized travel experiences, creating new project possibilities. global partnerships: collaborations with airlines, online platforms, and governments to expand reach. conclusion project management in joint-stock companies provides a vital framework for translating strategic visions into reality. in the tourism industry, where projects are diverse and external risks are high, structured project management ensures efficiency, innovation, and accountability. by adopting modern methodologies, maintaining transparency, and focusing on sustainable growth, jscs in tourism can achieve both shareholder satisfaction and competitive advantage. effective project management not only enhances organizational performance but also contributes to the long-term resilience of the global tourism sector. references  getz, d. (2017). event studies: theory, research and policy for planned events. routledge.  hall, c. m. (2020). tourism planning: policies, processes and relationships. pearson.  pechlaner, h., & volgger, m. (2019). innovation in tourism: the role of project management. journal of tourism management, 71, 1–11.  mukhitdinova, n. a. (2025). trends of digital technologies in the development of professional competence of civil servants. best journal of innovation in science, research and development, 4(2), 20-24.  project management institute (pmi). (2021). a guide to the project management body of knowledge (pmbok® guide) (7th ed.). pmi.  turner, j. r. (2019). the handbook of project management. routledge. 8-11 validity and regulatory and legal basis of selection in the training of football players 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 validity and regulatory and legal basis of selection in the training of football players igamberdiyev obidjon rubdulla ugli d.p.p.s (phd), uzbek state university of physical education and sports uzbekistan, c chirchik obidjoni117@gmail.com abstract: this study examines the validity of various selection methods used by coaches, scouts, and academies to identify talent, ensuring that these methods are not only effective but also scientifically supported. furthermore, it delves into the regulatory and legal aspects governing player selection, including policies established by football associations, labor laws, and ethical guidelines that protect players' rights, particularly minors, in the selection and training process. the research addresses the balance between achieving optimal player development and adhering to legal standards, ensuring fairness and non-discrimination in selection practices. through this analysis, the study aims to highlight the importance of transparency, fairness, and consistency in player selection, alongside the legal obligations to protect the welfare of young athletes in the global football ecosystem. keywords: mass sports, football decisions and decrees, professional football, selection, selection, selection, sports reserve. introduction football is one of the most popular and exciting sports. it is no exaggeration to say that training football players at a high level is a huge task for professionals, and it does not leave football fans indifferent. resolution no. pp-115 "on additional measures for the comprehensive development of popular and professional football" adopted on april 7, 2023, which set out the main directions for further increasing the popularity of football in our country, establishing a new system for selecting promising and talented football players and training them at a professional level, training and improving the skills of coaches and referees based on international requirements, increased interest among young people in football, further strengthened propaganda work in this regard, created sufficient conditions for them to play football, developed and implemented long-term promising plans and programs, created a highquality sports reserve for national teams and professional football clubs, introduced a digital system for identifying, selecting and selecting talented football players, developed educational and methodological manuals for training football players, established a system for selecting highly talented young football players, and early identified the ability to play football in children and adolescents. and they stipulate the need to carry out comprehensive work on developing a sustainable interest in football, selecting a team of qualified coaches to conduct football training, and establishing a training process for the training of sports reserves and highly skilled football players using the latest methods of organizing the educational system. ensuring the implementation of the tasks set out in this resolution, training football players at a high level and organizing their training are truly urgent and are among the problems facing specialists in the field and need to be overcome. 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us metod and metodology also, the adoption of the resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pp-355 “on measures to expand the network of football educational institutions and develop football infrastructure that meets international standards” on november 11, 2023, in order to bring the system of training professional football players in our country to a qualitatively new level, to increase the number of football educational institutions, to further develop football infrastructure that meets international standards, and to further improve the training of coaches, referees and other specialists who can compete with countries with developed football, demonstrates the importance of the work that needs to be done in this area. these resolutions stipulate that, while adopting advanced foreign experience and involving experienced international specialists, the training of coaches and players based on modern, innovative methodologies and a scientific and analytical approach should be carried out, organizing the training of players based on a unified approach in football educational institutions at all levels and providing them with scientific and methodological support, drastically reducing the intervention of the human factor in organizing transparent selection work by digitizing all stages of player training, professionally training candidates for national teams from the most talented and highly skilled players selected from local football academies and schools based on methods and philosophy appropriate to modern football, and organizing scientific and research work on football, and achieving the development of the field by involving advanced foreign sports technologies. they also set out relevant tasks for specialists in the field, and indicated relevant topics for future scientists conducting research in the field. research results as football competitions around the world move to a new level and increasingly high demands are placed on players, it is becoming increasingly important to improve and increase the efficiency of the selection of players during multi-year training stages. the selection of young players is one of the most important links in the preparation of highly qualified players and is becoming an important factor in the successful organization of player training. leading scientists in the field consider it important to develop comprehensively based methods and technologies for the selection of children with football talent. it is of great importance to conduct research on systems and models for the selection of players during multi-year training stages, to develop scientific and theoretical foundations for solving such problems and to implement them in practice. scientific research on selection is being conducted in a number of countries. researchers are mainly conducting scientific research to determine the relationship between genetic characteristics, physical fitness and playing role, anthropometric indicators and technical training in the selection of players. there is insufficient information on the scientific and theoretical foundations of selection and improvement of technologies and conceptual models for selecting players who are engaged in multi-year training stages. in this regard, there is a need to scientifically and theoretically substantiate the evaluation criteria of player selection systems and important aspects of selection. conclusion in our republic, large-scale work is being carried out to popularize the sport of football, radically reform the system of training football players, and train mass and professional football players. such tasks as radically improving the system of selecting and selecting highly talented football players, establishing a system of "exporting football players" to leading clubs in developing countries through their gradual professional training are aimed at further developing the football selection system. although our country's scientists have conducted research on improving the technical, tactical and physical training of football players, functional and psychological training, and increasing the effectiveness of competition activities, there have been no studies on selecting football players during long-term training stages, studying the main factors of selection, improving tests for assessing important indicators of football players during selection, and providing scientific and theoretical substantiation of the data obtained. based on this, it can be 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us said that it is urgent to conduct scientific research on the selection of worthy candidates for our national football teams of one age or another, improving selection systems, and providing scientific and theoretical justification. фойдаланилган адабиётлар 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2015-yil 4-sentyabrdagi “jismoniy tarbiya va sport to‘g‘risida” gi o‘rq-3994 sonli qonuni. 2. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh.m.mirziyoyevning 2017-yil 3-iyundagi “jismoniy tarbiya va ommaviy sportni rivojlantirish chora tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi pq-3031-sonli qarori. 3. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining 2018-yil 5-martda “jismoniy tarbiya va sport sohasida davlat boshqaruvi tizimini tubdan takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi pf-5368-sonli farmon. 4. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh.m.mirziyoyevning 2018-yil 16-martdagi “futbolni rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi pq-3610-sonli qarori. http://lex.uz 5. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh.m.mirziyoyevning 2019-yil 4-dekabrdagi “o‘zbekistonda futbolni rivojlantirishni mutlaqo yangi bosqichga olib chiqish choratadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi pf-5887-sonli farmoni. xalq so‘zi gazetasi. 6-dekabr 252-son. 6. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh.m.mirziyoyevning 2023-yil 7-apreldagi “ommaviy va professional futbolni har tomonlama rivojlantirishning qo‘shimcha chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” gi pq-115-sonli qarori. http://lex.uz. 7. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti sh.m.mirziyoyevning 2023-yilning 3-noyabridagi “futbol-ta’lim muassasalari tarmog‘ini kengaytirish hamda xalqaro standartlarga mos keladigan futbol infratuzilmasini rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi pq-355 sonli qarori. http://lex.uz. 8. o‘zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining 2020-yil 4-martdagi 122-son “sport turlari bo‘yicha terma jamoalar tarkibiga sportchilarni saralab olish tizimini yanada takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi qarori. 9. керимов ф.а. спортда илмий тадқиқотлар. //дарслик. // тошкент-2021. 380 б. 10. кўп йиллик тайёргарликнинг дастлабки босқичларида футболчиларни саралаб олишнинг илмий – назарий асослари. fan – sportga • № 8/2022. 11. кўп йиллик тайёргарликнинг юқори босқичларида футболчиларни саралаб олиш тизимлари. sportda ilmiy tadqiqotlar. – 2023/2. 12. кўп йиллик тайёргарлик тизимида футболчиларни саралаб олиш моделининг илмийназарий асослари. sportda ilmiy tadqiqotlar. – 2023/3. 13. ko‘p yillik tayyorgarlik bosqichlarida shug‘ullanuvchi futbolchilarning musobaqa faoliyati samaradorligini baholash. namdu ilmiy axborotnomasi 2024-9-son. 14. кўп йиллик тайёргарлик босқичларида футболчиларни саралаб олишнинг муҳим аспектларини аниқлаш. fan – sportga • №2/2024. 15. футболчилар тайёргарлиги муҳим мезонларини инобатга олган ҳолда уларни саралаб олиш технологиясини яратиш. sportda ilmiy tadqiqotlar • №3/2024. 16. ko‘p yillik tayyorgarlik bosqichlarida futbolchilarni tayyorlashda dominant omillarning ahamiyatini o‘rganish. o‘zmu xabarlari. № 1/10. 2024. 17. igamberdiyev o.r. ko‘p yillik tayyorgarlik bosqichlarida shug‘ullanuvchi 10-12 yoshli futbolchilarning umumiy jismoniy tayyorgarlik ko‘rsatkichlarini baholash. // til va adabiyot.uz. 2024-yil 18-son. b-113-116. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 18. igamberdiyev o.r. контрольные тестирование футболистов 11-13 лет на многолетних подготовительных этапах (на примере стартовой скорости). // tamaddun nuri. 2024-yil, 10-son (61). b-53-58. 19. igamberdiyev o.r. ko‘p yillik tayyorgarlik bosqichlarida shug‘ullanuvchi futbolchilarning yoshga oid xususiyatlari. // “zamonaviy futbolda innovatsion texnologiyalardan foydalanish istiqbollari” respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumani to‘plami. chirchiq 2023. 20. yosh futbolchilarni tanlab olish va seleksiyalashda yangi tadqiq qilish uslubiyatlari. usa international scietific online conference academic research in modern science. 2022. 21. the effectiveness of using tests for assessing their motor skills in the selection of young football players. international bulletin of applied science and technology. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 4. 22. проблема отбора в подготовка футболистов. “jismoniy tarbiya va sport sohasidagi muammolar, yechimlar va istiqbollar” mavzusidagi respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjuman to‘plami. узгуфкс; chirchiq-2023. 23. yosh futbolchilarni saralab olishda tibbiy nazorat. “jismoniy tarbiya va sport sohasidagi muammolar, yechimlar va istiqbollar” mavzusidagi respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjuman to‘plami. o‘zdjtsu; chirchiq-2023. 24. спортда танлаб олиш ва саралаш масалаларининг таҳлили (футбол спорт тури мисолида). “ommаviy sport tаdbirlаrini tаshkil etish: muаmmolаr, tendensiyalаr vа istiqbollаr” mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy onlayn anjuman to‘plami”. chirchiq-2023. 25. yosh futbolchilarni saralab olishda foydalaniladigan nazorat testlarini ishonchliligini o‘rganish. “jismoniy tarbiya va sport sohasida ta’lim, tarbiya, ilmiy tadqiqotlar hamda innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etish istiqbollari” mavzusidagi respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjuman toʻplami. chirchiq-2023. 26. ёш футболчиларни саралаб олиш ва йўналтириш муаммолари (муҳим омиллар). “sport o‘yinlarida ustuvor harakat qobiliyatlarini shakllantiruvchi innovatsion texnologiyalar” mavzusida respublika ilmiy-anjumani. chirchiq 2024. 27. futbolchilar harakatlarini kompleks nazorat qilish va tanlab olishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari. “mamlakatimizda jismoniy tarbiya va ommaviy sportni rivojlantirishning ilmiy-uslubiy asoslari” respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumani. chirchiq 2024. 28. futbolchilarni saralab olishda kompleks nazorat qilish muammolari. “zamonaviy futbolda innovatsion texnologiyalardan foydalanish istiqbollari” respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumani to‘plami. chirchiq 2023. 29. ko‘p yillik tayyorgarlik bosqichlarida shug‘ullanuvchi futbolchilarning yoshga oid xususiyatlari. “zamonaviy futbolda innovatsion texnologiyalardan foydalanish istiqbollari” respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumani to‘plami. chirchiq 2023. 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of innovation in adapting tourism services to market changes sharifova mokhinabonu erkinovna master student of silk road international university of tourism and cultural heritage abstract: in the context of rapid changes in the global tourism market, innovations are becoming a key factor in increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of enterprises in the industry. the article examines the role of innovative solutions in the process of adapting tourism services to changing consumer needs, the development of digital technologies and the transformation of the global economic environment. particular attention is paid to the introduction of digitalization, personalized services and sustainable practices that allow tourism companies to quickly respond to market challenges and form long-term advantages. the analysis shows that innovative activities not only help to meet the increased demands of customers, but also open up new opportunities for diversifying the tourism product, improving the quality of service and strengthening consumer confidence. keywords: tourism; innovation; adaptation; tourism services; digitalization; sustainable development; competitiveness; personalization; services market; transformation. the modern tourism market is one of the most dynamically developing areas of the global economy. tourism performs multifaceted functions: it stimulates the development of national economies, promotes employment growth, expands cultural exchange and strengthens international ties. however, the industry's high dependence on external factors such as globalization, technological progress, political instability or emergency situations (for example, the covid-19 pandemic) makes it particularly vulnerable to change. in these conditions, the sustainability and competitiveness of tourism enterprises directly depend on the ability to adapt, and innovations are becoming a key tool for such adaptation. they allow companies to promptly respond to the transformation of consumer preferences, introduce new forms of service, improve the quality of services and create unique competitive advantages. the tourism industry is currently experiencing a structural change: standardized tour packages typical of the second half of the 20th century are gradually losing popularity. consumers are increasingly focusing on personalized, unique and technologically advanced services. this creates a demand for new solutions based on digitalization, sustainable development and creativity. despite obvious achievements, certain problems are observed in global and national practice that hinder the full implementation of innovations in tourism: ✓ insufficient digital literacy of some tourism personnel and clients; ✓ high financial costs for the development and implementation of technologies; ✓ weak coordination between government agencies, private companies and scientific institutes; ✓ the risk of customer distrust of new forms of interaction (for example, online booking in the early stages of its distribution). 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thus, a research paradox arises: innovations are recognized as the most important factor in the survival and development of tourism services, but the process of their implementation faces numerous barriers. this contradiction determines the scientific and practical significance of the topic under consideration. despite the wide development of the topic, there is a shortage of comprehensive studies that would systematically consider the role of innovations as a factor in the adaptation of tourism services to market changes. publications mainly focus either on technological aspects (digitalization, vr/ar, big data) or on sustainable development, which requires the integration of approaches. innovations in the tourism industry are a systematic process of introducing new ideas, technologies, services and management solutions aimed at improving the quality of service and meeting the changing needs of consumers. unlike traditional approaches based on standardized services, innovative practices involve the dynamic development of the tourism product, its flexible adaptation to market transformations and global competition. the key factor here is the very nature of tourism: it is a highly sensitive industry to fluctuations in the external environment. the tourism market is significantly affected by economic crises, geopolitical instability, epidemiological threats, changes in legislation, climate disasters and technological progress. all this requires enterprises to constantly search for new solutions that would allow them to remain competitive and sustainable. in the scientific literature, innovations are classified into several areas: ➢ product innovations creation of new tourist routes, unique offers, implementation of the concept of sustainable tourism. ➢ process innovations new methods of organizing services, using digital tools and automation. ➢ marketing innovations – non-standard methods of promotion, use of big data and targeted advertising. ➢ organizational innovations – new models of tourism enterprise management, introduction of hybrid forms of cooperation. the modern tourism market is subject to rapid changes caused by globalization, technological development and transformation of consumer preferences. firstly, the growth of digital technologies and the internet has changed the very nature of interaction between a tourist and a company. if previously clients relied on travel agencies and printed catalogs, today the main tool for choosing and purchasing services is online platforms, mobile applications, social networks. secondly, the covid-19 pandemic has radically changed the tourism landscape. the forced closure of borders and restrictions on movement have shown the vulnerability of the industry and at the same time accelerated the introduction of innovations: the development of domestic tourism, hybrid tourism products (for example, virtual tours), the use of digital health certificates. thirdly, sustainable development is becoming a prerequisite for the tourism business. the demand for environmentally friendly routes, "green" hotels, and responsible tourism is growing. this forces companies to introduce innovations aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the environment. modern tourists increasingly value individuality and uniqueness of offers. mass, standardized tourism products are losing their appeal, giving way to personalized solutions. innovations allow for personalization at different levels: ➢ using crm systems to analyze customer preferences; ➢ implementation of dynamic pricing, when the cost of services is formed based on demand, season and customer behavior; ➢ creation of flexible tour packages that allow tourists to independently choose a set of services; ➢ development of niche areas (gastronomic tourism, medical tourism, ethnotourism). 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, the long-term prospects for innovation in tourism remain extremely positive. technological progress, increasing demands for sustainability and personalization, and the development of international cooperation will contribute to further strengthening the innovative dynamics of the industry. innovations play a crucial role in adapting tourism services to market changes. they ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of companies, allow them to meet new consumer demands, create personalized offers and implement sustainable practices. despite the existing barriers, the prospects for innovative development in tourism remain extremely favorable. effective use of innovations opens up opportunities for the industry to diversify, improve quality and strengthen customer trust. references: 1. hjalager, a.-m. (2010). a review of innovation research in tourism. tourism management, 31(1), 1–12. 2. buhalis, d., & law, r. (2008). progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet—the state of etourism research. tourism management, 29(4), 609–623. 3. poon, a. (1993). tourism, technology and competitive strategies. wallingford: cab international. 4. hall, c. m., & williams, a. m. (2008). tourism and innovation. london: routledge. 5. orfila-sintes, f., crespi-cladera, r., & martínez-ros, e. (2005). innovation activity in the hotel industry: evidence from the balearic islands. tourism management, 26(6), 851–865. 6. neuhofer, b., buhalis, d., & ladkin, a. (2014). a typology of technology-enhanced tourism experiences. international journal of tourism research, 16(4), 340–350. 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 importance of measures to prevent family violence rashidova barno psychologist of the human social service center abstract: in this article, one of the most urgent problems in our country is the causes of violence in families and the ways to prevent violence, methods used for couples, and family training. in addition, factors that cause divorce today are also studied.. keywords: agreement, conflict, conditional marriage, violence, protection, family, laws, training, style. if society is a set of social relations, then every family in it is formed as a result of social unity based on natural, economic, legal, and spiritual relations. family relations are determined by existing social, economic, ideological, and spiritual relations in the society. social and economic relations in society play a decisive role in the strength and stable development of the family. in the same way, peace and tranquility in the society, the stability of the spiritual atmosphere in it are directly dependent on mutual love, respect and harmony in every family relationship. article 63 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan states that "the family is the main link of society and has the right to be under the protection of society and the state." according to article 2 of the "family code" of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on the basis of this norm of the constitution, "men and women have equal rights in family relations, and the regulation of family relations is the union of a man and a woman voluntarily entered into marriage, the husband and equality of personal and property rights of the wife, resolution of internal family issues by mutual agreement, care for the upbringing of children in the family, their comfortable life and development, the rights and protection of interests is carried out on the basis of the principles of primacy" we did not mention the above laws, procedures and practices for nothing. because today the holy name of family is being played as a toy in the hands of young people. the main reason for this is that they are not yet ready to start a family, they do not fully understand their responsibilities, and above all, they do not know their value, laws, and rights. first of all, young people starting a family, that is, girls, were told to be quiet in the family, not to talk back, walk one step behind, not to raise the voice, to be obedient to the husband, to serve the mother-in-law and father-in-law, and even if the daughter-in-law is beaten when the time comes, the bride is said to be guilty. her parents would not take her daughter with her. as a result, gender equality did not play an important role. until now, concepts of gender equality have flourished and many concepts about the rights of men and women have appeared. in recent years, there have been many conflicts and wars between husband and wife in the family. many acts of oppression, threats, and violence against women are organized by men. the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on protection of women from harassment and violence" defines the main directions of the state policy in the field of protection of women from harassment and violence, which are: 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1) development and implementation of gender policy, state programs and strategies in the field of protection of women from oppression and violence; 2) creating an atmosphere of intolerance in the society regarding harassment and violence against women; 3) to ensure that women's rights, freedoms and legal interests are protected from oppression and violence; 4) raising legal consciousness and legal culture in society, strengthening legitimacy; 5) to create effective organizational and legal mechanisms to prevent harassment and violence against women, identify them, and put an end to them; 6) take measures to eliminate the causes and conditions that lead to harassment and violence against women; 7) to ensure the cooperation of state bodies, self-government bodies of citizens, nongovernmental non-profit organizations and other institutions of civil society in order to prevent oppression and violence. in many foreign countries, domestic violence is considered an aggravating circumstance. in uzbekistan, domestic violence is underestimated and ignored. in fact, everyone is equal before the law, regardless of family ties. insulting or injuring a stranger on the street is punishable, so is violence against a family member. now, let's examine the reasons for divorces, which is our main topic: the person who keeps unity in the family is the man. because it is a man's responsibility to satisfy both his mother and his wife, to maintain balance and, most importantly, to create peace. a woman should follow him. unfortunately, today there are very few situations and processes that maintain family unity. as a result of this, disputes between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, painful words between mother-in-law and sisters-in-law against daughter-in-law and brother are falling like stones. many studies have proven that the higher the level of material well-being, the higher the level of happiness. in this case, the same factor is reflected whether we compare countries with each other or draw differences between different regions of the same country. so, one of the reasons is lack of material side. what causes the above events to occur? 1. transition period of society. 2. the economic and financial situation of families is difficult. 3. specific characteristics of young people's vision of life, formed as individuals during the period of independence. 4. economic and financial values have devalued spiritual values. 5. the fact that the family hardly fulfills its traditional tasks, especially the function of education, confuses and replaces education with economic support. 6. lack of moral education and emphasis on intellectual education in the content of education. 7. family and educational institutions do not prepare young people for family life. 8. as a result of the fact that the leaders of different levels, who have always served as role models for the population, the people, and especially the youth, are not able to act as role models by saying something to the people, money dominates the society. the fact that corruption has become a "culture of dealings", that young people are growing up in this spirit, and that young people are repeating the actions of their parents, not their words. 9. predominance of nepotism, familiarity, localism, greed and bribery over intelligence, talent, knowledge and experience in society. we have identified the causes of family divorces. now let's talk about the methods used to reduce such decisions. one of the main tasks of the ministry of neighborhood and family support, which was established at the initiative of our country's president, is to uncover the historical roots of the family institution and develop family values. in this sense, during the past period, many practical works are being carried out by our state for the stability of families in our country, especially young families who are now stepping on the threshold of great life, and for their independent formation as a part of society. 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in particular: on strengthening the institution of the family, first of all, it was decided to carry out a unified state policy aimed at implementing the idea of "healthy family healthy society", and to organize targeted assistance to troubled and troubled families. ; "strengthening family values commission" was established in the neighborhoods to strengthen families, prepare young people for families, identify the problems of families on the verge of divorce and eliminate them through specific diagnoses; on june 10, 2020, the cabinet of ministers resolution no. 367 "on organizing the activities of the neighborhood and family research institute under the ministry of neighborhood and family support of the republic of uzbekistan" was adopted. based on the decision no. 820 of december 31, 2020 of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further develop the family institution and prepare young people for family life", district (city) neighborhood and family support centers for preparation of young people for family life, which are planned to be established under the leadership of the ministry of education, are more significant as they will bring this method of work to a new level in the field. these decisions are currently being confirmed. as an example, a society called "human" social services center was established. on the basis of this society, measures are taken to eliminate troubled families, families in need of help, and many similar problems. when we deal with families, first of all we need to study the family environment. after studying the factors that caused the divorce, we will make options for finding a solution to these reasons. in the case of material bias, we will try to find jobs that will be convenient for the couple in the family, if there are conflicts between the family members, psychological recommendations will be given to the family members, corrective work and training will be conducted. . if there are similar reasons for divorce in the family, dissatisfaction with each other or some kind of betrayal, then we will listen to both sides of the family and have conversations with them. we try to reduce separation as much as possible. a parent balances professional career and family responsibilities. as for the "innovative family model" (families of the post-soviet space), this type of family is in line with the prospects for the development of society and the requirements of the world economy. this is, on the one hand, the intergenerational circulation of basic cultural values and attitudes, and on the other hand, attention is paid to the manifestation of family problems in a global rather than individual way, as well as the formation of a well-rounded personality, capable of creating and implementing innovative ideas. implies the responsibility of increasing the number of young people. currently, scientists distinguish between traditional and modern family types. the form characteristic of our people is the traditional family, which is a multi-generational family built on the basis of mutual respect and solidarity, characterized by the high authority of the head of the family, valuing the elderly and caring for the children. according to the results of surveys conducted in families, it became known that there is a family model in uzbekistan characterized by a specific hierarchy among family members, that is, the distribution of functions and tasks of family members. that is, there is a leader in the family the head of the family, who is responsible for the order in the house and the responsibilities of the family members, who is considered to be the guarantee of resolving disputes and managing the family budget. in conclusion, it should be noted that young families have their own characteristics, and ensuring their positive balance and harmony serves the strength of the family. also, according to scientists, the time required for a young family to strengthen and stand on its feet, to independently solve various household problems, actually depends on the sincere relationship of two married people to each other, different values of the family and its surroundings. it directly depends on their relatively harmonious views, the ability to apply in their own family what they saw as an example in their parents' family. in general, in the current period of renewal in our country, special importance is attached to the formation of young people, who are the builders of society, into spiritually rich, morally mature, highly educated, physically strong, fully matured individuals. a well-rounded person with high 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us human qualities is formed first of all in the family, and there is no doubt that the family traditions he was brought up in are of great importance for him to gain a place in the society. list of used literature: 1. авершин в.и. пути повышения учительского мастерства в современных условиях. // педагогика. 1998 № 3. – с. 66-69. 2. каримова в. ижтимоий психологияда хотин-қизлар раhбарлиги муаммосининг ўрганилиши. // “psixologiya”, бухду: 2011, 2-сон. 13-б. 3. смолкин а.м. менеджмент: основы организaции // учебник / отв. редактор с.м.рыловский. – м.: инфра, 2004. – 235 c. 4. шакуров, р.х. психология руководства педагогическим коллективом. – м.: «издательство магистр», 1995. – 184 с. 5. шамиева о. раhбар аёллар шахсининг ижтимоий-психологик хусусиятлари. / психол. фан. ном. автореферат. – т., 2000. – 21-б. 6. “оила ва жамият: маънавий ва ахлоқий дунё”. жамоат фикри сўрови натижалари бўйича ахборот-таhлилий маъруза. – “ижтимоий фикр” маркази, 2018. 7. каримова в.м. оила психологияси: дарслик. педагогика олийгоhлари талбалар учун // муаллиф: в.м.каримова. – т.: “fan va texnologiya”, 2008. – 75-бет. factors for increasing efficiency in the fruit and vegetable system skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published february 7, 2025 | version v1 journal open factors for increasing efficiency in the fruit and vegetable system creators o.shermatov files 47-52+factors+for+increasing+efficiency+in+the+fruit+and+vegetable+system.pdf files (570.9 kb) name size 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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830018 resource type journal publisher zenodo rights license creative commons attribution 4.0 international the creative commons attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited. read more citation export technical metadata created february 7, 2025 modified february 7, 2025 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 135 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 analysis of national legislation on conflict of interest regulation aktamova zulfizar utkir kizi tashkent state university of law, first-year master’s candidate in “anti-corruption and compliance oversight” zulfizaraktamova@gmail.com abstract: this article provides a detailed analysis of the national legislation of the republic of uzbekistan regulating conflicts of interest and its effectiveness. the report examines the concept of conflict of interest, prevention mechanisms, duties of state bodies and officials, as well as existing control and accountability measures. the analysis results aim to identify legislative shortcomings and ways to improve them, which is crucial for effective anti-corruption efforts. keywords: conflict of interest, national legislation, prevention mechanisms, state bodies, accountability, anti-corruption, legal regulation. ensuring integrity, transparency, and trust in the system of public administration is one of the most pressing issues today. in particular, the ability to identify conflicts of interest in advance and regulate them through legal mechanisms significantly increases the potential to prevent corruption. a conflict of interest is a situation in which personal interests clash with official duties, potentially compromising the impartiality and fairness of decision-making. as a rule, legislation governing conflicts of interest is adopted primarily to address the lack of ethical culture 1 . however, practice shows that such legislation tends to function more effectively in environments characterized by a culture of mistrust. as mackenzie has noted, the field of ethics policy itself represents a ―culture of mistrust,‖ in which greater transparency and accountability are demanded from public officials and those in positions of power 2 . our subsequent analyses indicate a direct correlation between the degree of regulation of conflicts of interest and the level of trust in political institutions. specifically, in countries where public trust in political institutions is low, there is a stronger tendency to regulate conflicts of interest through more detailed and stringent rules. at the same time, an increase in the number of rules and standards often leads to a rise in their violations. consequently, the media and public may interpret this as a decline in ethical norms. in other words, behaviors previously deemed compliant with regulations may be newly classified as ethically improper, resulting in a surge of ethical breaches and public criticism. this can create a misleading impression that public officials are becoming morally deteriorated. 1 peters, a. & handschin l., (eds.), (2012), conflict of interest in global, public and private governance, cambridge, cambridge university press. 2 mackenzie, g.s., (2002), scandal proof, do ethics laws make government better?, brookings institution, washington d.c. 136 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nevertheless, maintaining high ethical standards ultimately serves to improve the overall ethical climate of the civil service in the long term 3 . for this reason, critics argue that an increase in the number of ethical rules and efforts to strengthen their enforcement do not always effectively enhance public trust in the government and political institutions; on the contrary, such an approach may lead to greater cynicism and distrust 4 . according to critics, discussions and new requirements regarding ethical rules and mechanisms regulating conflicts of interest have not made a significant contribution to increasing public trust in the government. on the contrary, this process has led to a rise in ethical investigations and intensified public debates. regardless of the effectiveness of new ethical legislation or rules, they have not contributed to a reduction in broad public scrutiny of the ethical conduct of public officials. 5 . the republic of uzbekistan is undertaking systematic reforms in the fight against corruption. in particular, a number of normative legal acts regulating conflicts of interest have been adopted. however, certain gaps and aspects requiring improvement still remain in the current legislation. the primary objective of this research is to analyze the normative-legal framework regulating conflicts of interest within the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan, identify practical challenges, and develop recommendations based on international experience. the legal foundations for regulating conflicts of interest in the republic of uzbekistan have been developed over recent years, undergoing certain evolutionary stages. first and foremost, the status of the anti-corruption agency was constitutionally established in the newly adopted constitution of the republic of uzbekistan dated april 30, 2023. the legal foundations of the conflict of interest institution were further reinforced in the law ―on combating corruption,‖ adopted on january 3, 2017. article 3, paragraph one, subparagraph three of this law provides a definition of the term ―conflict of interest.‖ additionally, the law outlines measures aimed at preventing and eliminating conflicts of interest. when focusing on the legal nature and analysis of the concept of ―conflict of interest,‖ it is important to emphasize that the inclusion of this term in the legislation of the republic of uzbekistan is linked to the country‘s commitments under international instruments. on july 7, 2008, the republic of uzbekistan acceded to the united nations convention against corruption. article 7 of this convention requires each participating state to strive to establish and strengthen systems that promote transparency and prevent conflicts of interest in accordance with the fundamental principles of its national legislation 6 . there is a specific law addressing conflicts of interest within the normative legal framework aimed at combating corruption. in addition, several other normative legal acts also exist, which are classified within the scope of general and special legislative instruments until a dedicated law is enacte. in this regard, it is appropriate to study the formation of the normative-legal framework for regulating conflicts of interest through the following stages: 1991–2008: period of normative legal acts adopted during the initial stage of independence; 2008–2017: period marked by accelerated legal reforms in the field of anti-corruption; 2017–2023: phase of implementing anti-corruption reforms based on institutional foundations. 3 behnke, n., (2005), "ethics as apple pie: the arms race of ethical standards in congressional and presidential campaigns", egpa-paper, "ethics and integrity of governance: a transatlantic dialogue", leuven , june 2005, 8. 4 nieuwenburg, p., (2007), the integrity paradox, in: public integrity, 2007, vol. 9, no.9, pp.213-224; also anechiarico & jacobs (1996), mackenzie (2002), stark (….), saint-martin & thompson (….), behnke (2005). 5 mackenzie, g.s., (2002), scandal proof, do ethics laws make government better?, brookings institution, washington d.c pp 112 6 united nations convention against corruption – new york, 31 october 2003. 137 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2023–present: era of adopting a systematic approach and principles of transparency in regulating conflicts of interest. the first period, namely from 1991 to 2008, encompasses the process of establishing the legal foundations following independence and continuing up to uzbekistan‘s accession to the united nations convention against corruption. during this stage, the regulation of conflicts of interest was not governed by specific provisions but was addressed within the broader framework of general state policy and anti-corruption measures. at the same time, certain laws related to state authority and governance included rudimentary rules aimed at preventing conflicts of interest. for instance, article 2 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan states that the state shall represent the will of the people and serve their interests. furthermore, other provisions specify that state bodies and officials are accountable to society and citizens, and that, apart from scientific and pedagogical activities, they are prohibited from engaging in other types of paid activities 7 . the establishment of clear criteria for the appointment and election of officials, along with the introduction of certain restrictions applicable to them, primarily reflects the existence of legal mechanisms aimed at preventing situations that may lead to conflicts of interest. in the legal acts regulating the activities of state authority and administration bodies of the republic of uzbekistan — in particular, the law ―on local governmen 8 as well as in the law ―on official statistics‖ and in specific normative legal acts governing the activities of each state body, although clear provisions on conflicts of interest are not explicitly established, rules aimed at preventing corruption and avoiding conflicts of interest have been prescribed. for example, members of the cabinet of ministers are prohibited from engaging in any remunerated activities other than scientific and pedagogical work. similar restrictions have been applied to officials of specialized public service bodies, including the prosecutor‘s office, customs authorities, and tax agencies. furthermore, conflicts of interest among individuals serving in the civil service often arise in connection with their entrepreneurial activities. therefore, since the early years of independence, by resolution no. 103 of the cabinet of ministers under the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 6, 1992, a list of officials prohibited from engaging in entrepreneurial activities was approved. in uzbekistan, the prevention of conflicts of interest is recognized as a key legal priority within the systems of public administration, civil service, and economic relations. the normative-legal framework in this area is reflected in legislative acts regulating the activities of state bodies, including the laws ―on the cabinet of ministers,‖ ―on local government,‖ as well as sectorspecific special normative-legal acts. specifically, members of the cabinet of ministers are prohibited from engaging in any remunerated activities other than scientific and pedagogical work. such restrictions also apply to employees of special state bodies, including the prosecutor‘s office, customs, and tax authorities. additionally, the labor code provides that individuals with kinship relations are not allowed to work together in positions of direct subordination. uzbekistan initiated significant reforms aimed at implementing international standards and recommendations into national legislation by acceding to the united nations convention against corruption in 2008 and joining the organization for economic cooperation and development‘s ―istanbul action plan‖ in 2010. on this basis, legal mechanisms were introduced to identify, 7 information bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan, 1994, no. 1, article 5 8 information bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan, 1993, no. 9, article 320. 138 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us assess, and eliminate conflicts of interest in areas such as joint-stock companies, privatization processes, investment contracts, public-private partnerships, and public procurement. in recent years, the institution of conflict of interest has been firmly established as a distinct legal concept through the adoption of laws such as the ―on combating corruption,‖, ―on public civil service,‖ and ―on public-private partnership,‖ as well as the model code of ethics for civil servants approved in 2022. according to these legal acts, civil servants are now legally required to inform their supervisors about any arising conflicts of interest, and appropriate measures must be taken to assess and resolve such situations. to further improve the legal mechanisms in this area, the draft law ―on conflict of interest‖ was developed, and on june 5, 2023, the law ―on conflict of interest‖ was adopted. one of the most important normative legal documents regulating conflict of interest in the republic of uzbekistan is the law ―on combating corruption,‖ adopted on january 3, 2017. for the first time, this law provides a separate definition of the term ―conflict of interest‖ and establishes the legal foundations for its essence, prevention, and management. according to the law, measures aimed at preventing conflicts of interest and other corrupt practices in state bodies and organizations must be implemented. this includes establishing special commissions, strengthening oversight of civil servants‘ activities, and ensuring compliance with professional ethics and service discipline as key tasks. within the framework of reforms carried out in recent years, a series of presidential decrees and resolutions regulating this sphere have been adopted, including: presidential decree no. pf–5843 dated october 3, 2019, ―on measures for radical improvement of the personnel policy and civil service system in the republic of uzbekistan,‖ which assigns the task of developing mechanisms to prevent conflicts of interest among civil servants; presidential decree no. pf–5729 dated may 27, 2019, ―on measures for further improvement of the anti-corruption system in the republic of uzbekistan,‖ which sets the task of improving the organizational and legal framework for resolving conflicts of interest; resolution no. pq–5177 dated july 6, 2021, ―on additional measures for the effective organization of anti-corruption activities,‖ which establishes the invalidity of contracts concluded in cases of conflict of interest and clearly defines the legal consequences of civil servants‘ participation in entrepreneurial activities; resolution no. pq–210 dated june 5, 2024, ―on measures for the effective implementation of the law ‗on conflict of interest,‘‖ which envisages strengthening mechanisms for the prevention and control of conflicts of interest, increasing responsibility in relevant state bodies and organizations, conducting professional development and awareness activities for employees and officials, and introducing information exchange and monitoring systems. it also emphasizes that the full and effective enforcement of the law will be ensured through improved control and accountability mechanisms. experience from foreign countries shows that the issue of conflict of interest is strictly regulated legally even in many developed states. the following countries have adopted specific laws on this matter: germany: in germany, conflict of interest (coi) issues are regulated by a number of federal rules. these rules cover criminal law, public procurement legislation, civil service law, and anticorruption legislation. additionally, the federal states (länder) and local municipalities have their own laws, regulations, codes, and procedures. 139 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nevertheless, germany‘s legal culture requires that approaches to managing conflicts of interest align with the national culture. as a result of this legal culture and attention to regulation, germany achieves effective outcomes in this area 9 . it should be especially emphasized that here only the presence or absence of relevant legislation or codes is generally noted. the principles of integrity—their content and essence, current status, or detailed descriptions of legal norms and rules operating at various territorial (subnational) levels of government—are not provided. for example, each of the 16 federal states (bundesländer) in germany has its own distinctive legislative framework regarding corruption, fraud, and conflicts of interest. according to the latest data available from 2008 for the countries of the european union, in most member states, the priority approach to preventing conflicts of interest is based on horizontal legislation that comprehensively covers the public administration sector. these countries have specific normative legal acts related to conflicts of interest, as well as codes of ethical conduct. furthermore, they apply a combined approach that harmonizes legislative foundations with behavioral norms to address conflict of interest issues. additionally, in countries with federal or decentralized governance systems, the applicable legislation on conflicts of interest, as well as relevant norms and standards, are also enforced at territorial (subnational) levels 10 . czech republic: the law on conflict of interest establishes procedures for identifying, preventing, and resolving conflicts of interest concerning state officials. it also outlines the responsibilities and activities of relevant authorities. the czech constitution, the law on conflict of interest, and the civil service act set forth a number of prohibitions and restrictions regarding the combination of functions. for example, a person cannot simultaneously be a member of both chambers of parliament, nor hold the positions of president and judge at the same time. deputies are prohibited from holding remunerated positions in public administration, the prosecutor‘s office, judiciary, police, supreme audit office, the president‘s office, or the offices of either chamber of parliament, as well as in state funds and the ombudsman‘s office. ministers are prohibited from being the speaker or deputy speaker of parliament, or members of parliamentary committees or commissions. public administration employees are barred from holding many other functions, including elected offices (except part-time members of regional or local assemblies), judicial positions, and leadership roles in regulatory agencies. additionally, heads or department chiefs (i.e., any officials who supervise employees in their department) are not permitted to hold any position in political parties or movements 11 . latvia: the law ―on the prevention of conflicts of interest in the activities of public officials‖ regulates measures such as prohibitions and reporting procedures. the competent authority in this field is the corruption prevention and combating bureau (knab). croatia: officials are required to obligatorily disclose conflicts of interest. additionally, a special commission is established, and disciplinary measures are prescribed. georgia: the law on conflict of interest and corruption in public service defines the obligation to report conflicts of interest, guarantees of immunity, and regulatory measures. south korea:the content of court cases turned conflict of interest regulation into a politically significant issue, as clientelism, gift-giving, and revolving-door practices seriously damaged the 9 federal ministry of the interior, rules on integrity, berlin, 2014. 10 the effectiveness of conflict of interest policies in the eu-member states manuscript completed in october2020 european union,2020 11 technical paper: the legal and institutional framework regulating conflict of interest in the czech republic: assessment and recommendations pp 13 https://rm.coe.int/16806d1214 140 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reputation of the south korean state. consequently, the improper solicitation and graft act, 12 which came into force in september 2016, was adopted following investigations into the sewol ferry disaster 13 . 2021, the act on prevention of conflict of interest related to duties of public officials 14 (later known as the conflict of interest prevention act) gained renewed enforcement after a land speculation scandal 15 . these two laws are complemented by the code of conduct for public officials 16 , approved in 2003 and significantly reformed in 2010, as well as the public service ethics act 17 originally adopted in 1981 and amended several times thereafter. the code of conduct defines the standards of behavior expected from public officials. the public service ethics act serves to strengthen the ethical principles of public officials by preventing conflicts between public and private interests through the registration and disclosure of assets. canada and ukraine: both countries have specific laws regulating conflicts of interest, which establish clear mechanisms for identifying, reporting, and sanctioning such cases. overall, effective management of conflicts of interest plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in the civil service, strengthening public trust, and enhancing institutional credibility. in canada, the law requires public servants to refrain from using information obtained during recruitment, decision-making, or while performing public service duties for personal gain. the law outlines measures to prevent conflicts of interest, defines the powers of the commission responsible for overseeing compliance with ethical standards and interests, and specifies accountability mechanisms for violations. additionally, in countries such as moldova, russia, ukraine, and kazakhstan, failure to comply with conflict of interest regulations results in administrative liability. in summary, issues related to preventing conflicts of interest are clearly and effectively regulated within national legal systems, and based on these normative documents, the activities of public services are systematically managed. references: 1. lee, d. s. (2016). south korean anti-graft law misses revolving door. nikkei asia. retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/politics/david-s.-lee-south-korean-anti-graft-law-misses-revolving-door 2. mackenzie, g. s. (2002). scandal proof: do ethics laws make government better? washington, d.c.: brookings institution. 12 see the text of the improper solicitation and graft act at: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=41954&lang=eng; 13 lee, d. s. (2016). south korean anti-graft law misses revolving door. nikkei asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/politics/david-s.-lee-south-korean-anti-graft-law-misses-revolving-door 14 see the text of the prevention of conflict of interest act at: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=57427&lang=eng; 15 this act had first been submitted by the anti-corruption and civil rights commission (acrc) in 2013 to the 19th national assembly. it was finally passed into law eight years later by the 21st national assembly, with a favourable vote of 248 out of 252 attending lawmakers see: wu-sam, s. (2021). national assembly passes conflict of interest bill, 8 years after its introduction. https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/993401.html; acrc (2021). the act on the prevention of conflict of interest in public office drafted by the acrc was passed. https://acrc.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20301000000&bid=62&tag=&act=view&list_no=13098&npage=9#:~:text=the% 20bill%20on%20the%20prevention,finally%20came%20to%20the%20fruition.; kim & chang. (2021). national assembly passes conflict of interest act. https://www.kimchang.com/en/insights/detail.kc?sch_section=4&idx=23374 16 see the text of the code of conduct for public officials at: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=49321&type=part&key=5; 17 see the text of the public service ethics act at: https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=45491&lang=eng https://asia.nikkei.com/politics/david-s.-lee-south-korean-anti-graft-law-misses-revolving-door https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=41954&lang=eng https://asia.nikkei.com/politics/david-s.-lee-south-korean-anti-graft-law-misses-revolving-door https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=57427&lang=eng https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/993401.html https://acrc.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20301000000&bid=62&tag=&act=view&list_no=13098&npage=9#:~:text=the%20bill%20on%20the%20prevention,finally%20came%20to%20the%20fruition https://acrc.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20301000000&bid=62&tag=&act=view&list_no=13098&npage=9#:~:text=the%20bill%20on%20the%20prevention,finally%20came%20to%20the%20fruition https://www.kimchang.com/en/insights/detail.kc?sch_section=4&idx=23374 https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=49321&type=part&key=5 https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=45491&lang=eng 141 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. peters, a., & handschin, l. (eds.). (2012). conflict of interest in global, public and private governance. cambridge: cambridge university press. 4. behnke, n. (2005). ethics as apple pie: the arms race of ethical standards in congressional and presidential campaigns. in ethics and integrity of governance: a transatlantic dialogue (egpa paper). leuven, june 2005, p. 8. 5. nieuwenburg, p. (2007). the integrity paradox. public integrity, 9(3), 213-224. 6. united nations. (2003). united nations convention against corruption. new york, 31 october 2003. 7. federal ministry of the interior. (2014). rules on integrity. berlin. 8. information bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan. (1993). no. 9, article 320. 9. information bulletin of the supreme council of the republic of uzbekistan. (1994). no. 1, article 5. 10. technical paper: the legal and institutional framework regulating conflict of interest in the czech republic: assessment and recommendations. (2020). european union. retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/16806d1214 11. kim & chang. (2021). national assembly passes conflict of interest act. retrieved from https://www.kimchang.com/en/insights/detail.kc?sch_section=4&idx=23374 12. wu-sam, s. (2021). national assembly passes conflict of interest bill, 8 years after its introduction. the hankyoreh. retrieved from https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/993401.html 13. anti-corruption and civil rights commission (acrc). (2021). the act on the prevention of conflict of interest in public office drafted by the acrc was passed. retrieved from https://acrc.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20301000000&bid=62&tag=&act=view&list_no=13098&npage =9#:~:text=the%20bill%20on%20the%20prevention,finally%20came%20to%20the%20fruition. 14. see the text of the improper solicitation and graft act. retrieved from https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=41954&lang=eng 15. see the text of the prevention of conflict of interest act. retrieved from https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=57427&lang=eng 16. see the text of the code of conduct for public officials. retrieved from https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=49321&type=part&key=5 17. see the text of the public service ethics act. retrieved from https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=45491&lang=eng https://rm.coe.int/16806d1214 https://www.kimchang.com/en/insights/detail.kc?sch_section=4&idx=23374 https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/993401.html https://acrc.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20301000000&bid=62&tag=&act=view&list_no=13098&npage=9#:~:text=the%20bill%20on%20the%20prevention,finally%20came%20to%20the%20fruition https://acrc.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20301000000&bid=62&tag=&act=view&list_no=13098&npage=9#:~:text=the%20bill%20on%20the%20prevention,finally%20came%20to%20the%20fruition https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=41954&lang=eng https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=57427&lang=eng https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=49321&type=part&key=5 https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawview.do?hseq=45491&lang=eng 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of legal education and legal clinics in preventing crimes in the field of information technology dilfuza djumaniyozova tashkent state university of law, associate professor dilfuzakamol74@gmail.com jonuzokova yulduz izzatulla kizi doctoral student of the university of world economy and diplomacy sulaymonovayulduz98@gmail.com izzatullayev bobirjon izzatullayevich tashkent state university of law, independent research of tashkent state university of oriental studies izzatbobur@gmail.com abstract: crime in the field of information technology (it) is rapidly developing the number of cyber-attacks, fraud, and theft of personal information is increasing. legal education and legal clinics are finding their place among the measures against such crimes. keywords: information technology, cybercrime, cyber-attacks, legal education, legal clinics. introduction. as the importance of information technologies in our lives increases, the types of crimes occurring in this area are also becoming more complex. cybercrimes not only cause economic damage, but also threaten personal freedom, the right to privacy, and national security. along with legal mechanisms, legal education and legal clinics are recognized as important social institutions in combating these crimes. by forming a legal culture, the root of crimes ignorance and apathy are eliminated. access to justice is a cornerstone of a just society, and it plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law, protecting human rights, and promoting social cohesion [1]. it encompasses individuals' ability to understand and defend their legal rights, challenge injustices, and receive equal protection under the law (united nations, 2019; oecd, 2020; charter of fundamental rights of the european union, 2009). however, despite significant developments in the legal and social domains, full and equal access to justice remains a challenge, particularly for vulnerable groups. [2] many individuals and communities still face obstacles such as lack of financial resources, legal knowledge, or effective legal assistance, leaving them outside the protection offered by legal systems. [3] in this context, clinical legal education has emerged as an innovative mechanism to address some of these challenges. legal clinics, operating within law faculties, are not merely learning spaces for students but also points of contact between universities and society (encle, 2018; council of europe recommendation r (93)1, 1993). these structures enable students to engage in the 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us practical handling of legal cases and provide legal services to those who cannot afford counseling or representation. by combining theory with practice, legal clinics help students develop practical skills and professional ethics while contributing to improving access to justice for broader communities. [4] methodology. this paper adopts a qualitative research approach to explore the role, challenges, and potential of legal clinics in improving access to justice. the methods employed aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the legal, institutional, and social dimensions associated with clinical legal education. specifically, the following methods were utilized: [5] 1. legal and policy analysis: a thorough review of the legal framework and institutional policies governing free legal aid was conducted, focusing on the role and functions of legal clinics. the analysis included legislation, policy documents, and relevant case law at both national and international levels. 2. case study analysis: selected university-based legal clinics were examined to identify their operational challenges, strengths, and areas for improvement. the selection criteria for case studies were based on type of legal aid provided, and the scale of the clinic’s operations. details about the specific cases and policies analyzed have been included to provide a comprehensive understanding of the findings. 3. review of international practices: an analysis of best practices in clinical legal education globally was conducted to identify adaptable solutions. these practices were selected based on their documented impact on improving the functionality and sustainability of legal clinics in comparable socio-economic and legal contexts. the study addresses the following research questions: ➢ what is the conceptual framework of clinical legal education in universities, and why is it significant? ➢ what challenges do legal clinics face in providing legal aid to vulnerable groups? ➢ how can legal clinics be better integrated into the broader framework of free legal aid to ensure equitable access to justice? ➢ what international practices in clinical legal education can be adapted to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of legal clinics? access to justice is a broad concept, and its definitions vary depending on the context in which it is applied. in general terms, access to justice encompasses legal protection, information, legal awareness, legal assistance and advice, litigation, enforcement, and oversight by civil society. the united nations identifies access to justice as a cornerstone for ensuring sustainable peace by providing populations with an alternative to violence for resolving personal and political disputes. without access to justice, individuals are unable to voice their concerns, exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or hold decision-makers accountable. [6] guaranteeing human rights for all remains a challenge for every country to varying degrees (united nations, 2020). from a social protection perspective, access to justice is defined as "the ability of disadvantaged groups to prevent and overcome human poverty by seeking and receiving services through formal and informal justice systems, adhering to the principles and standards of human rights". [7] legal education: concept and advantages. the concept of legal education is not limited to teaching legal norms. it is a comprehensive pedagogical process aimed at forming citizens' legal awareness, responsibility and culture of legal behavior. especially in the field of information technologies, citizens' awareness of their rights and obligations is a key tool in preventing cybercrime. [8] 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us through legal education. ✓ the younger generation becomes committed to information security rules; ✓ a culture of responsible use of technologies is formed; ✓ a strong social immunity is formed against harmful content and digital threats. the introduction of legal courses on cybersecurity in schools and higher educational institutions is a modern need. in particular, the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-246 dated october 14, 2022 clearly defines the task of increasing information culture among young people. results and discussion. legal clinics: practical orientation. legal clinics are institutions established under legal educational institutions, which provide students with practical training and provide free legal assistance to citizens. this model does not lose its relevance for the information technology sector. the experience of the "cybersecurity legal clinic" (university of texas) operating in the usa is a vivid example of this. in these clinics: ✓ students provide cybersecurity advice to small businesses and non-profit organizations; ✓ security policies are developed based on real situations; ✓ legal and technical risk analyses are conducted; ✓ preventive measures are taken on information security in society. the clinics provide services combining legal and technical knowledge. they protect the rights of citizens and form a high information culture in society. it is advisable to develop such clinics under the ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan in the digital sphere. legislation and international norms. the budapest convention is the first international legal instrument on cybercrime, adopted by the council of europe in 2001. this document strengthens interstate cooperation, ensures speedy investigation and prosecution. uzbekistan has expressed its intention to join this convention in 2022. national legislation defines crimes related to information security violations in article 278-1 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan. in addition, the digital rights of citizens are protected on the basis of the law “on information security”, adopted on september 9, 2020. today, interactive learning methods (simulation, gamification, analysis of real cases) using modern technologies are widely used in legal education. this, in turn, increases interest and participation in the subject among students and young people. [9] the effectiveness of clinics is measured by the number of students served, the number of issues considered, and the number of recommendations developed. according to the experience of the university of michigan in the usa, 187 small businesses were protected from cyberattacks in 2022 with the support of a legal clinic. conclusion. current problems and proposals. the field of information technologies is a new front in global security. not only technical, but also legal approaches are important for preventing crimes in this area. legal education and legal clinics raise citizens' awareness, strengthen practical protective measures, and teach the younger generation to approach cybersecurity responsibly. therefore, these two approaches should become an integral institutional part of the modern information society. 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us digital law is not sufficiently covered in law faculties; ✓ the financial and technical base for clinics is weak; ✓ cooperation between lawyers and it specialists is weak. ✓ opening special master's programs in digital law; ✓ grant support for clinics; ✓ creating joint projects between law and it faculties; ✓ disseminating legal education materials to the general public through social networks. rerefences 1. sautunnida l. va boshqalar. "digital legal education and cybersecurity awareness". mukaddimah, 8(2), 2024, bet 474–480. 2. "cybersecurity legal clinics", wired, 7-iyun 2023. 3. budapest convention on cybercrime, 2001, https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime 4. unodc, "the role of cybercrime law", 2023. 5. computer fraud and abuse act, aqsh, 1986. 6. metacompliance, "cyber security in the legal sector", 2024. 7. aksamovic, d., & genty, p. (2014). an examination of the challenges, successes and setbacks for clinical legal education in eastern europe. international journal of clinical legal education, 20, 430. available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2256 8. bartoli, c. (2016). legal clinics in europe: for a commitment of higher education in social justice. diritto & questioni pubbliche, special issue, may 2016 9. blengino, c., & gascón-cuenca, a. (eds.). (2019). epistemic communities at the boundaries of law: clinics as a paradigm in the revolution of legal education in the european mediterranean context. ledizioni. isbn 9788855260046 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 restoration of architectural heritage of central asia tolibjonova farzona farruxjonovna master student of museology department of “silk road” international university of tourism and cultural heritage abstract: this article explores the historical development and contemporary challenges of architectural restoration in central asia, emphasizing the region's longstanding cultural engagement with preserving built heritage. it traces the continuity of restoration practices from antiquity to the present, highlighting how restoration was historically understood and executed within local traditions before the influence of european architectural ideologies. the paper also examines the significant impact of environmental changes, particularly climate change and the aral sea ecological crisis – on the conservation of architectural monuments. through detailed case studies of key sites in uzbekistan, kazakhstan, turkmenistan, kyrgyzstan, and tajikistan, the article evaluates the evolution of restoration approaches, from soviet-era centralization to modern efforts that aim to reconcile authenticity, sustainability, and national identity. the study concludes that effective heritage conservation in central asia must be interdisciplinary, integrating traditional craftsmanship, scientific innovation, and environmental resilience. keywords: architectural heritage, restoration, “ta’mir”, globalization impact, climate change impact, cultural identity, traditional craftsmanship, conservation, environmental resilience, islamic and pre-islamic architecture, soviet and post-soviet era. introduction the way society treats its cultural heritage has always reflected people’s way of thinking in different times. the practice of architectural restoration in central asia dates back to ancient times, reflecting a long-standing cultural value placed on maintaining built heritage. evidence of this can be observed at toprak kala, an ancient city in khorezm (1st century bce – 6th century ce), where visible traces of repair work are found in the citadel’s structure. similarly, the jome mosque in afrasiab – the ancient core of samarkand – was originally constructed in the 9th century and underwent several renovations through the 12th century. the kalyan mosque in bukhara also exemplifies this tradition, having been built in the 9th century, renovated in the 12th century, and fully reconstructed in the early 16th century. these examples demonstrate that restoration was not an imported concept but an integral part of architectural culture in the region for centuries. in central asia, restoring historical and cultural monuments has changed a lot since the middle of the 20th century. what started as a practical skill has now become a complex field that includes not only technology and science but also legal, social, educational, and even spiritual issues. this shows that cultural heritage is more than just old buildings or artworks – it represents the identity and values of a nation. today, many people understand that every national culture is part of the world’s shared heritage. while globalization connects countries, it can also cause local traditions to fade. another factor that necessitates the restoration of architectural heritage of the world is the climate change. in recent years, climate change has emerged as a significant challenge for the 87 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us preservation of cultural heritage worldwide. increasingly, experts and international organizations are recognizing the urgent need to integrate environmental sustainability into conservation practices. unesco has emphasized that climate-related risks – such as rising temperatures, increased precipitation, desertification, and extreme weather events – pose serious threats to both tangible and intangible cultural heritage [25]. architectural heritage, especially in regions with fragile ecosystems or historic materials vulnerable to weathering, is particularly at risk. in central asia, the effects of climate change are already being observed. for instance, the region has experienced rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns that can accelerate the deterioration of ancient brickwork, plaster, and stone in historic buildings and monuments [4]. furthermore, increased desertification and soil erosion, especially in arid zones like turkmenistan and uzbekistan, threaten the structural integrity of historic sites built from earthen materials. traditional architectural forms, many of which rely on climate-sensitive techniques like mudbrick construction, are especially vulnerable without proper adaptation strategies. the need for climate-resilient and sustainable conservation practices is therefore growing. integrating traditional knowledge with modern environmental science offers a potential path forward. organizations such as icomos have called for heritage professionals to consider climate change adaptation in their conservation planning, and to reduce the carbon footprint of restoration activities through sustainable materials and energy-efficient techniques [7]. addressing climate change in heritage preservation is no longer optional – it is essential to ensure the survival of architectural heritage in central asia and beyond. conservation strategies must now account for not only historical accuracy and cultural values, but also long-term environmental resilience. that’s why restoration work now focuses not just on fixing monuments but also on protecting the deeper cultural meanings behind them. methodology this study employs a historical-comparative and interdisciplinary methodology, combining qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources with case study evaluation. historical texts such as jami at-tawarikh, zafarnama, and baburnama are examined to contextualize premodern understandings of restoration. soviet and post-soviet policy documents, conservation reports, and international charters (e.g., the granada convention, unesco guidelines) are analyzed to track the transformation of restoration practices. case studies of major architectural sites, including registan square, ichan-kala, the samanid mausoleum, old nisa, and the khoja ahmed yasawi complex, serve as empirical evidence of evolving restoration strategies. the paper also considers the environmental and socio-political factors influencing restoration, using data from environmental studies, unesco projects, and heritage preservation organizations such as icomos and the world monuments fund. a cross-disciplinary perspective bridges architectural theory, environmental science, and cultural policy analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of restoration in central asia. results and discussion architectural heritage, as defined by unesco, falls under the broader category of “cultural heritage” and encompasses monuments, groups of buildings, and sites that are of outstanding universal value (ouv). according to the world heritage convention, architectural heritage includes both individual monuments and groups of buildings that hold exceptional value from historical, artistic, or scientific perspectives. this concept emphasizes that such sites, whether architectural (e.g., historic cities, buildings, or monuments) or natural (e.g., landscapes), hold values that are important not only to the local or national context but to all of humanity [19]. the recognition of outstanding universal value (ouv) is central to the process of inscribing a site on the world heritage list, which seeks to preserve those cultural landmarks that represent significant achievements of human civilization. “monuments, groups of buildings, and sites of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art, or science.” [19] 88 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in this framework, architectural heritage is understood as the preservation of buildings and monuments that embody the historical, artistic, or scientific significance of human cultures, transcending their physical form to reflect deep cultural meanings and collective identities. the granada convention, which specifically addresses the architectural heritage of europe, further clarifies this concept. it defines architectural heritage as a collection of historically significant buildings, both individual monuments and ensembles (groups of buildings), along with any associated features. the convention places strong emphasis on the preservation of these sites, recognizing their ongoing cultural value for both present and future generations. “the architectural heritage comprises the collection of monuments and ensembles of buildings of historical or artistic interest, whether on an individual or collective basis.” [20] additionally, the operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention offer practical criteria for identifying and conserving architectural heritage. these guidelines stress the importance of maintaining the authenticity and integrity of sites, ensuring that the protection and conservation of architectural monuments and sites accurately represent their historical, cultural, and symbolic significance. this comprehensive approach ensures that architectural heritage is not merely preserved as a physical structure but as a living testimony to human achievements and cultural memory. thus, unesco’s various instruments highlight that architectural heritage is not only about preserving physical buildings but also about safeguarding their deeper cultural, historical, and symbolic meanings, which reflect the achievements and values of past civilizations. the essence of the uzbek words “ta’mirlash” or “ta’mirchilik” is formed by the arabic word “ta’mir”, and its lexical meaning is “restoration”. if we pay attention to the information provided in “jami at-tawarikh”, “zafarnama” (in the works of both ali yazdi and hafizi tanish), “baburnama” and other medieval manuscripts, we see that the word “repair” was equally used in both new construction and restoration works [3]. the international term “restoration”, which is an alternative to it, differs slightly from the uzbek word “ta’mir” and means “repairing” from latin “restauratio”. however, in modern uzbek, the phrase “ta’mir” means only the renewal, restoration, and repair of the old one, and unlike the middle ages, it does not mean the construction of a new building. this conceptual overlap persisted until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the influence of european restoration theories introduced a clearer distinction between restoration and new construction. two main factors contributed to this change: the arrival of european architectural methods following the russian empire’s conquest of central asia, and the ideological shift in architecture after the october revolution, which steered local architectural development in new directions. prior to these changes, artistic creativity from the 9th to 19th centuries showed remarkable continuity. for example, architects working on madrasas, mosques, minarets, and caravanserais at the beginning of the 20th century could restore monuments built by ulugh beg in the 15th century or earlier mosques with relative ease, given the shared stylistic and construction traditions. however, starting in the 1920s, a sharp rupture emerged in architectural expression. the new generation of architects, influenced by modernist trends, became increasingly distant from the artistic principles of traditional architecture, necessitating new approaches and expertise for restoration. throughout the 20th century, uzbek architecture gradually adopted european construction techniques and materials, resulting in significant technical and methodological transformations. features such as wide-paned windows, attic roofs, modern heating stoves, and the use of metal and concrete replaced many traditional building elements. this shift was accompanied by a prevailing ideology that regarded local architectural traditions as outdated, while european styles were promoted as progressive and modern. consequently, the demand for skilled artisans and folk architects – custodians of centuries-old construction knowledge –declined sharply. additionally, the soviet campaign against private craftsmanship further eroded traditional building skills. by the 1930s, much of the ancestral craft knowledge had been lost, creating a 89 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us generational gap in expertise. as a result, restoring 20th-century monuments has become a unique challenge requiring specialized study of architectural practices from this transitional period. this necessity led to the emergence of restoration as a distinct discipline within architecture, focused on bridging historical traditions with modern conservation needs. after gaining independence, central asian countries began to reconnect with their traditional cultures. people became more interested in the region’s past, including islamic and pre-islamic history. they also started to value the influence of european art and ideas that came in the 20th century. as a result, restoration efforts grew to include rebuilding historic sites, bringing back old crafts, and rethinking historical events and figures. in uzbekistan, this revival of cultural awareness is supported not only by public interest but also by a legal framework. according to article 61 of the constitution of uzbekistan, it is the duty of citizens to protect the historical, spiritual, cultural, scientific and natural heritage, and the state is responsible for ensuring its protection [32]. this constitutional commitment reflects the importance placed on heritage preservation at both the civic and institutional levels. during the 1990s, many museums in the region faced challenges because they lost connections with russian restoration centers [2]. at the same time, experts from central asia began working more with international partners and learning new methods. this helped the field grow. today, a restorer is not just someone who repairs old objects – they are seen as professionals who protect cultural treasures and help keep history alive for future generations [2]. building on this momentum, recent decades have seen a broader transformation in how central asia approaches cultural heritage preservation. what began as local efforts has increasingly aligned with international standards and values. this shift reflects a growing global understanding that cultural heritage is not merely a collection of artifacts but a living expression of national identity and memory. international organizations have played a pivotal role in this evolution. unesco’s initiatives, such as the “silk roads heritage corridors in central asia” project, have been instrumental in promoting the conservation and sustainable management of heritage sites along the ancient silk road. this project, funded by the european union, aimed to strengthen capacities for safeguarding tangible and intangible cultural heritage, raise awareness, and use heritage as a foundation for sustainable development, including through heritage-based tourism [26]. icomos has contributed through thematic studies like “rock art in central asia”, which emphasizes the importance of rock art in the region and provides guidelines for its protection and management [5]. meanwhile, the world monuments fund has supported multiple efforts in central asia, including the restoration of traditional houses in the old jewish mahallah of bukhara and the conservation of the abdulazizkhan medrese [30], [31]. these collaborations reflect a growing global commitment to preserving central asia’s diverse cultural legacy. islamic architecture began to emerge and flourish in central asia between the 6th and 9th centuries. this early development established a strong continuity in architectural styles that persisted well into the 19th century. consequently, for a 19th-century architect in central asia, restoring monuments from the 9th or 10th centuries was a familiar task, grounded in a shared artistic language. by contrast, european architecture experienced multiple stylistic transformations between the 9th and 19th centuries, including the rise and fall of gothic, renaissance, classicism, and modernism. each new architectural movement required practitioners to learn new design principles, making restoration of older styles more challenging. architects trained in modern styles often had to study previous historical methods carefully to restore earlier buildings authentically. this contrast highlights how central asian architects maintained a remarkable degree of stylistic continuity in their restoration practices, a tradition that was disrupted only in the early 20th century with the introduction of european architectural methods and ideologies. following the 1920s, uzbek architecture increasingly aligned itself with european modernist principles, moving away from traditional regional styles. this shift created a new challenge: architects trained exclusively in contemporary architectural methods lacked the specialized knowledge required for the authentic restoration of historical monuments. the earliest organized 90 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us restoration efforts during this period were led by figures such as m. saidjonov, b. zasipkin, a. jahongirov, v. a. shishkin, and others. their work laid the foundation for a local cadre of specialists, including abduqodir boqiyev, shirin murodov, abdulla boltayev, quli jalilov, and shamsiddin gafurov, who contributed to the formation of the architectural schools of samarkand, bukhara, and khiva [3]. key projects included renovations of the sherdor madrasah portal in samarkand, the samanid mausoleum in bukhara, and the trading domes and madrasahs across the region. notably, the northeastern minaret of the ulugh beg madrasa was straightened, and the gur-e-amir mausoleum was restored. despite these achievements, limited funding and centralized control during the soviet era constrained the scale of restoration efforts. as a result, several important monuments – such as the citadels of bukhara and khiva, the bibi-khanym mosque and ishratkhana mausoleum in samarkand, and the kyrkyz fortress in termez – fell into ruin or suffered damage. for example, the shirbudun palace in bukhara and the charmgarchorbog palace in karmana were destroyed during the 1970s. after uzbekistan’s independence, restoration efforts gained new momentum. today, practically no monuments remain neglected. projects across samarkand, bukhara, termez, khiva, tashkent, karshi, shakhrisabz, and andijan have demonstrated significant advances in restoration science and practice, securing the preservation of uzbekistan’s rich architectural heritage for future generations. the territory of modern central asia has historically been the geographical and political heart of the region known as maverannahr, turkestan, and earlier as turan and transoxiana during the middle ages. this centrality fostered a shared cultural and architectural heritage across central asia, reflected in the artistic features of monuments and the methods employed in their restoration. prior to the 9th century, most buildings in this area were constructed from adobe and adobe bricks. as a result, many early structures have survived only as ruins or archaeological sites. notable examples include fortresses such as sapallitepa and djarkutan in the surkhandarya region, which share cultural links with monuments like namazgohtepa and the marrud oasis in present-day turkmenistan. architectural monuments dating from the second half of the first millennium bce are found throughout ancient khorezm – now part of the republic of karakalpakstan and the khorezm region – including jonboz kala, tuprokkala, and ayaz kala. one of the oldest surviving architectural sites is the forty fortresses (9th–10th centuries ce) in termez, constructed from intact adobe bricks. although fired brick technology was known in central asia since ancient times, it became widespread only after the 9th century, notably following the construction of the samanid mausoleum in bukhara. other exemplary monuments from the 9th to 12th centuries – such as the mausoleum of mir said bahram, the deggaron mosque in karmana, and the minarets of bukhara, vabkent, and djarkurgan – demonstrate the region’s mastery of baked brick architecture. from the 11th century onward, frame structures, previously known but not extensively used, began to be adopted more widely in building construction. many of uzbekistan’s surviving architectural monuments date from the 9th to 13th centuries, but the most prominent and majestic structures were built during the reigns of amir timur, mirzo ulugbek, the late timurid dynasty, and the uzbek khanates. these periods represent high points in the region’s architectural development and left a profound legacy not only within central asia but also influenced the architectural landscapes of neighboring regions such as afghanistan, iran, the caucasus, and india. the political and cultural dynamics of the 16th to 18th centuries led to the emergence of distinct architectural schools in bukhara, khorezm, and kokand. while these schools contributed to a 91 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us unified material culture across uzbekistan, they also fostered remarkable examples of regional artistry, each shaped by local climate conditions and cultural traditions. recognizing and respecting these regional differences is essential for effective restoration practices, ensuring that preservation efforts honor the unique historical and environmental contexts of each monument. registan square remains one of the most emblematic architectural ensembles of central asia. soviet-era restoration focused heavily on aesthetic reconstruction, often prioritizing visual uniformity over material authenticity [15]. in the post-independence period, restoration methods have improved in cultural sensitivity and use of traditional techniques, although the site still faces issues related to over-restoration, insufficient maintenance planning, and inconsistent documentation [22], [9]. restoration in ichan-kala has been notable for incorporating local artisans and maintaining craft traditions. despite this, tourism-driven pressures have prompted reconstruction and functional repurposing that risk diluting the site’s historical authenticity. funding gaps and inadequate infrastructure in surrounding areas further complicate long-term conservation [1], [18]. restoration at old nisa (ashgabat, turkmenistan) is guided largely by international best practices for archaeological preservation, such as minimal intervention and reversibility (getty conservation institute, 2020). however, the use of vulnerable materials (mudbrick, clay) and limited local conservation capacity pose ongoing threats. the site’s restricted access and lack of public engagement also reduce its visibility and educational value [24], [10]. mausoleum of khoja ahmed yasawi (turkistan, kazakhstan), unesco-listed site is a timurid masterpiece built in the late 14th century. restoration began under soviet management and continued post-independence with significant state funding. techniques have included structural reinforcement, tilework conservation, and site digitization [23]. while the kazakh government has invested in infrastructure and tourism promotion, some scholars criticize the “monumentalization” of the site, which may risk altering its religious and cultural landscape [12]. the recent development of a surrounding museum complex and pilgrimage facilities illustrates tensions between preservation and national branding. the uzgen complex (osh region, kyrgyzstan) dates back to the 11th–12th centuries and features islamic funerary architecture with seljuk influences. restoration efforts led by kyrgyz authorities and supported by international organizations have focused on stabilizing the minaret and conserving decorative brickwork [21]. community participation remains limited, partly due to lack of funding and awareness. moreover, natural disasters – especially earthquakes – pose recurrent threats to the structural integrity of the complex [29]. a lack of technical conservation expertise in kyrgyzstan further limits sustainability. hissor fortress (tajikistan) is a reconstructed historical complex with origins in the pre-islamic period. restoration activities gained momentum after tajikistan's independence, with partial reconstructions undertaken using modern materials and techniques [13]. while the fortress has become a prominent cultural site and tourist attraction, its restoration has been criticized for prioritizing aesthetics over archaeological authenticity. the lack of comprehensive documentation and public transparency in restoration decisions has raised concerns among heritage professionals [8]. environmental impact: the aral sea crisis and architectural heritage. the desiccation of the aral sea has had significant environmental consequences for the surrounding regions, particularly in karakalpakstan and the southern parts of kazakhstan. as the sea receded, it left behind a vast, exposed salt plain that now contributes to frequent dust storms carrying salt, toxic residues, and sand. these airborne particles accelerate the weathering of historic structures, corroding masonry, ceramics, and wooden elements over time [14], [27]. notably, sites like the mizdakhan necropolis near nukus and other historic sufi shrines in western uzbekistan have suffered from erosion, salt crystallization, and loss of surface material 92 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us due to increased salinity and fluctuating humidity [6]. conservation work in these areas is complicated by the need for environmental mitigation strategies – such as protective shelters or specialized materials resistant to salt damage – which are costly and not widely available in the region. moreover, health and economic challenges stemming from the ecological disaster have deprioritized cultural heritage funding in affected areas. the ecological transformation caused by the drying of the aral sea serves as a stark example of how environmental disasters intersect with cultural heritage vulnerability. in addition to the physical deterioration of monuments from salt-laden winds, the disaster has contributed to socioeconomic decline, population displacement, and public health crises in regions like karakalpakstan. these conditions have indirectly undermined heritage restoration by limiting local government capacity, reducing available funding, and shifting political priorities away from cultural preservation [17], [28]. in some cases, international aid and environmental monitoring projects have created opportunities for integrated approaches, combining heritage conservation with ecological rehabilitation (e.g., afforestation of salt flats and sustainable tourism initiatives). however, such efforts remain fragmented and underfunded. long-term strategies for restoration in this region must account not only for material conservation but also for environmental resilience and community adaptation [24]. conclusion restoration in central asia is both a reflection of deep historical traditions and a response to modern challenges. the region’s architectural heritage has long been maintained through local knowledge systems and craftsmanship, which persisted with remarkable continuity until the early 20th century. however, the introduction of european architectural models during the soviet period caused a rupture in these traditions, necessitating new methodologies and expertise. today, restoration is no longer a merely technical process but a culturally and politically significant act that reinforces national identity, historical memory, and environmental stewardship. climate change, ecological degradation, and shifting socio-economic conditions have made the task of conservation more urgent and complex. sustainable and climate-resilient approaches, rooted in both local traditions and global best practices, are essential to safeguarding central asia’s built heritage. future restoration efforts must prioritize authenticity, inclusivity, and resilience, ensuring that the architectural legacy of the region remains a source of pride and continuity for generations to come. references: 1. aga khan trust for culture. (2018). heritage revitalization in khiva: project summaries and outcomes. aktc publications. (details artisan involvement and craft tradition in ichan-kala restoration.) 2. akilova k. restoration of historical heritage in socio-cultural context of modern central asia // sanat, №3 (4), 2005. https://sanat.orexca.com/2005/20053/restoration/#:~:text=tracing%20development%20of%20such%20specific,of%20any%20c ulture%20and%20nation. 3. arxitektura yodgorliklarini ta’mirlash. oliy oʻquv yurtlari talabalari uchun darslik / oʻzbekiston respublikasi oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi. toshkent aixitektura-qurilish instituti, mirzo ulugʻbek nomli samarqand davlat me’morchilik-qurilish instituti. mualliflar jamoasi x.sh. poʻlatov va boshq. — т.: “ta’lim nashriyoti”, “iqtisod-moliya”, 2009. -240 b. 4. asian development bank. (2017). climate change profile of central and west asia. manila: adb. https://www.adb.org/publications/climate-change-profile-central-and-west-asia 5. clottes, j., amanbaeva, b., suleymanova, a., zholdoshov, c., bobomulloev, b. s., muradova, e., khujanazarov, m., jacobson-tepfer, e., & miklashevich, e. (2011). rock art https://sanat.orexca.com/2005/2005-3/restoration/#:~:text=tracing%20development%20of%20such%20specific,of%20any%20culture%20and%20nation https://sanat.orexca.com/2005/2005-3/restoration/#:~:text=tracing%20development%20of%20such%20specific,of%20any%20culture%20and%20nation https://sanat.orexca.com/2005/2005-3/restoration/#:~:text=tracing%20development%20of%20such%20specific,of%20any%20culture%20and%20nation https://www.adb.org/publications/climate-change-profile-central-and-west-asia 93 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in central asia: a thematic study. icomos. retrieved from https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2647 6. crighton, d. (2015). preserving heritage in the dust: climate and culture in karakalpakstan. central asian review, 21(4), 135–147. 7. icomos. (2019). the future of our pasts: engaging cultural heritage in climate action. paris: international council on monuments and sites. https://www.icomos.org/en/focus/climate-change 8. icomos tajikistan. (2020). hissor fortress monitoring report. icomos tajikistan. (discusses documentation shortcomings and transparency concerns in restoration activities.) 9. icomos. (2021). advisory mission report: registan square, uzbekistan. international council on monuments and sites. 10. icomos. (2021). reactive monitoring report: parthian nisa. icomos. getty conservation institute. (2020). old nisa conservation and protection project. gci reports. 11. kudaibergenova, d. (2020). monumentalization and national identity in kazakh heritage sites. journal of central asian studies, 15(2), 45–67. 12. kurbanov, s. (2018). hissor fortress reconstruction: balancing authenticity and tourism. tajik heritage journal, 10(1), 30–52. 13. micklin, p. (2007). the aral sea disaster. annual review of earth and planetary sciences, 35, 47–72. 14. michell, g. (2008). architecture of the islamic world: its history and social meaning. thames & hudson. 15. rwanda: explainer unesco heritage sites and how they matter https://allafrica.com/stories/202309080167.html#:~:text=cultural%20heritage%20sites%20w hich%20encompass%20historical%20buildings%2c,significance%20and%20historical%20c ontext%20of%20these%20places. 16. spoor, m. (1998). the aral sea basin crisis: water politics and environmental degradation. development and change, 29(3), 409–435. 17. tengri news. (2023). heritage and infrastructure challenges in khiva. tengri news. 18. unesco (1972). convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. paris: united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. 19. unesco (1985). convention for the protection of the architectural heritage of europe (granada convention). paris: united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. 20. unesco. (2019). uzgen minaret and mausoleum site management plan. unesco world heritage centre. 21. unesco. (2020). registan ensemble conservation report. unesco world heritage centre. 22. unesco. (2020). mausoleum of khoja ahmed yasawi conservation update. unesco world heritage centre. 23. unesco. (2021). state of conservation report: parthian nisa (old nisa), turkmenistan. unesco world heritage centre. 24. unesco. (2021). world heritage and climate change. paris: united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization. https://whc.unesco.org/en/climatechange/ https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2647 https://allafrica.com/stories/202309080167.html#:~:text=cultural%20heritage%20sites%20which%20encompass%20historical%20buildings%2c,significance%20and%20historical%20context%20of%20these%20places https://allafrica.com/stories/202309080167.html#:~:text=cultural%20heritage%20sites%20which%20encompass%20historical%20buildings%2c,significance%20and%20historical%20context%20of%20these%20places https://allafrica.com/stories/202309080167.html#:~:text=cultural%20heritage%20sites%20which%20encompass%20historical%20buildings%2c,significance%20and%20historical%20context%20of%20these%20places https://whc.unesco.org/en/climatechange/ 94 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 25. unesco. (2024, march 25). silk roads heritage corridors in central asia. retrieved from https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/silk-roads-heritage-corridors-central-asia 26. unep. (2019). global environment outlook. united nations environment programme. 27. undp. (2023). sustainable development in aral sea region. retrieved from [undp official website]. 28. world bank. (2022). seismic risk assessment in kyrgyz cultural heritage sites. world bank technical report. 29. world monuments fund (wmf). (2021a). traditional houses in the old jewish mahallah of bukhara. https://www.wmf.org/project/traditional-houses-old-jewish-mahallah-bukhara 30. world monuments fund (wmf). (2021b). abdulazizkhan medrese. https://www.wmf.org/project/abdulazizkhan-medrese 31. oʻzbekiston respublikasi konstitutsiyasi (2023), 61-modda. https://lex.uz/docs/-6445145 https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/silk-roads-heritage-corridors-central-asia https://www.wmf.org/project/abdulazizkhan-medrese https://lex.uz/docs/-6445145 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 judicial and legal reforms from 2016 to the present related to improving the procedural status of witnesses in criminal proceedings and the increasing significance of these reforms a.s.pulatov higher school of judges, independent researcher, doctor of law, associate professor abstract: since 2016, uzbekistan has undergone substantial judicial and legal reforms aimed at enhancing the criminal justice system. a key focus of these reforms has been the procedural status and protection of witnesses in criminal proceedings, historically a weak point due to gaps in legislation and the lack of effective safety guarantees. prior to these reforms, the criminal procedure code lacked provisions ensuring the safety, social support, and legal aid for witnesses, leaving them vulnerable to threats and unwilling to cooperate with investigative authorities. this article aims to analyze the development of legal measures and institutional mechanisms that strengthen the procedural status of witnesses through legislative innovation and international best practice adaptation. the analysis indicates the implementation of significant legislation, notably the 2019 law “on the protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings,” along with revisions to the criminal procedure code that establish early testimony preservation and remote questioning procedures. further developments include the integration of witness rights into the new constitution and enhanced procedural guarantees for vulnerable groups, particularly minors. for the first time in uzbekistan’s legal history, comprehensive procedural and social safeguards for witnesses have been consolidated, drawing from both national reform priorities and comparative international standards. these reforms signify a transformative step toward building a more just, secure, and rights-oriented criminal justice system. continued research should assess the practical implementation and long-term impact of these legal changes on witness cooperation and crime investigation effectiveness. keywords: independence, reforms, changes, criminal case, criminal procedure, investigator, court, witness, justice, procedural status, information relevant to criminal cases, foreign experience, rights and freedoms. introduction the next period of judicial and legal reforms spans from 2016 to the present day. this period is associated with the ascension to power of sh.m. mirziyoyev, the second president of the republic of uzbekistan, and is connected with his new priority tasks in the economy, politics, and the rule of law [1]. at that time, in practice, cooperation between witnesses and law enforcement agencies was very problematic, as witnesses were afraid to testify due to fear of retaliation and punishment by the accused and their accomplices. furthermore, there were many gaps in the legislation related to witnesses [2]. specifically, the criminal procedure code did not address issues such as ensuring the safety of witnesses and their relatives (life, property), their social protection, securing testimony in advance due to long-distance residence, relocation or work abroad, as well as the right to free legal assistance [3]. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us commencing in 2016, the implementation of state protection measures has been governed by decrees and decisions issued by the president of the republic of uzbekistan, government decisions, and departmental regulations. several legislative measures have been enacted to enhance criminal procedure legislation in response to these difficulties [4]. the foremost and most crucial of these was the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, intended to ensure assurances for the robust protection of human and civil rights and legitimate interests. the fifth directive of the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, dated october 21, 2016, no. up-4850, "on measures for further reforming the judicial and legal system, strengthening guarantees of reliable protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens," delineated priority tasks for the formulation of a draft law "on the protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings," aimed at establishing state guarantees for the physical and social protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings. in this context, a distinct legislation governing the procedural standing of witnesses was enacted for the first time. [7]. the republic of uzbekistan's law "on the protection of victims, witnesses and other participants in criminal proceedings" (no. lru515) was passed on january 14, 2019. this law instituted a framework of regulations outlining the primary aims of the act, which comprise a system of measures to be implemented in response to threats against the life, health, or property of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings. these measures aim to aid in the prevention or detection of crimes and encompass security and social protection initiatives [9]. the incorporation of provisions for the procedural safeguarding of witnesses in the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan constitutes a notable accomplishment [10]. methodology the methodological basis of this study is grounded in a comprehensive legal analysis approach, combining doctrinal research with comparative legal methods to evaluate the evolution and effectiveness of judicial and legal reforms related to witness protection in uzbekistan from 2016 to the present. the research draws primarily from legislative texts, presidential decrees, government resolutions, and amendments to the criminal procedure code, focusing on their content, scope, and practical implications. by conducting a normative-legal analysis, the study examines how legal instruments such as the law “on the protection of victims, witnesses and other participants in criminal proceedings” and subsequent changes, including the introduction of articles 911–914 and chapter 121 in the criminal procedure code, structurally redefine the procedural rights and safety guarantees for witnesses. in addition, international practices and standards are used as benchmarks to assess alignment and divergence from global norms. the study also employs comparative analysis to juxtapose uzbekistan’s reforms with selected foreign systems to highlight areas of progress and remaining deficiencies. primary sources include official government databases, constitutional amendments, and supreme court resolutions, while secondary sources consist of scholarly commentary and previous legal interpretations. this methodological approach allows for a multi-layered understanding of the legal reforms, tracing both the historical context and the forward-looking implications of institutional developments. by using this methodology, the article identifies the practical gaps that remain despite formal legal advancements and evaluates the effectiveness of procedural innovations such as deposition and remote interrogation in enhancing witness protection and judicial fairness. results and discussion furthermore, specific subordinate normative legal instruments hold significant importance. the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan issued resolution no. 103, titled "on approving the regulation on the procedure for ensuring social protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings," on february 21, 2025. this must not be disregarded when assessing the procedural status of a witness [11]. it includes the rationale for implementing social protection measures for victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings, along with issues pertaining to social protection measures, the quantum of one-time benefits for these individuals, and the procedures for their distribution 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and disbursement. in the context of judicial and legal reforms, the president of the republic of uzbekistan issued decree no. pp-3723 on may 14, 2018, titled "on measures for the fundamental improvement of the system of criminal and criminal procedure legislation," which delineated priority tasks for the implementation of effective criminal procedural and organisational measures to safeguard witnesses [12]. this decree delineates that a primary purpose is to establish the institution of deposition, which entails the preemptive preservation of testimony for instances where witnesses must be interrogated subsequently owing to objective circumstances. the aforementioned issues are underlined in the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. up-6041, dated august 10, 2020, titled "on measures to further strengthen guarantees for the protection of individual rights and freedoms in judicial and investigative activities."the decree includes the task of analyzing international standards and advanced foreign practices regarding the institution of deposition.1 in this regard, a new chapter 121 was added to the criminal procedure code in 2021. this chapter addresses the issues of preliminary securing of testimony in investigative and judicial actions at the request of witnesses and other participants in the criminal process, or by decision of the investigator, prosecutor, and court. the provision states that witness evidence and that of other participants in criminal proceedings may be obtained in advance if there are reasonable grounds to believe that they cannot be interrogated later at pre-trial or court hearings owing to objective circumstances. reasons encompass departing the republic of uzbekistan (for residence, employment, or travel abroad), suffering from a severe and extended sickness that inhibits participation in criminal proceedings, or for the purpose of safeguarding their wellbeing.2 new articles 911-914 have been enacted, permitting the interrogation of witnesses via videoconference when their attendance at the investigation or court is unfeasible due to residing abroad (employment, distant living), circumstances preventing their appearance (illness, advanced age, minority), or situations necessitating their protection. these articles provide that investigation actions involving witnesses (interrogation, identification of individuals and things, confrontation) may be executed using videoconference utilising technical resources. in such instances, witnesses are summoned to the law enforcement agency or court in the region, district, or city of their current location or residence. the requirements stipulate that during the videoconference, participants in the investigation action may directly view the process and outcomes of the investigative action via live broadcasting.3 per section six of the law of the republic of uzbekistan, dated may 23, 2019, no. zru-542, "to safeguard the identifier's security, the identification of an individual may be conducted at the discretion of the investigator, inquiry officer, prosecutor, or court under conditions that prevent the identifier from being visible to the individual being identified." [13]. the witnesses will be present at the location of the identifier.4 to effectively safeguard the rights and legitimate interests of minor witnesses, regulations have been established concerning the involvement of a teacher, psychologist, or victim's advocate during the preliminary investigation and trial phases [14]. article 121 of the criminal procedure code now specifies that "the interrogation of a minor witness or victim in criminal cases, as well as in other situations, may occur in a designated room equipped with stenographic, video surveillance, and audio-visual recording systems, with the involvement of a legal representative, 1 ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг 2020 йилдаги 10 августдаги пф-6041-сонли “суд-тергов фаолиятида шахснинг ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларини ҳимоя қилиш кафолатларини янада кучайтириш чоратадбирлари тўғрисида”ги фармони. 2 ўзбекистон республикасининг 2021 йил 18 февралдаги ўрқ-675-сонли қонунига асосан киритилган — қонун ҳужжатлари маълумотлари миллий базаси, 18.02.2021 й., 03/21/675/0126-сон). 3 ўзбекистон республикасининг 2019 йил 23 майдаги ўрқ-542-сонли қонунига асосан киритилган — қонун ҳужжатлари маълумотлари миллий базаси, 24.05.2019 й., 03/19/542/3177-сон). 4 ўзбекистон республикасининг 2019 йил 23 майдаги ўрқ-542-сонли қонунига асосан олтинчи қисм билан тўлдирилган — қонун ҳужжатлари маълумотлари миллий базаси, 24.05.2019 й., 03/19/542/3177-сон). 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us educator, or psychologist, if deemed necessary for the interests of justice or the minor" [15]. additionally, rules were later incorporated permitting the participation of a teacher or psychologist at the option of child witnesses.5 in 2023, notable political events transpired, including the ratification of a revised edition of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan subsequent to the referendum conducted on april 23. the current edition of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan serves as a robust safeguard for the honour, dignity, rights, and legitimate interests of persons and citizens. the revised constitution includes a clause asserting that "no individual is compelled to testify against themselves or their immediate relatives." this criterion was subsequently integrated into the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan as a crucial safeguard for the privilege of testimony. the resolution of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan, dated july 23, 2023, no. 16, titled "on some issues of direct application of the norms of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan in the administration of justice," asserts that the infringement of personal rights and freedoms enshrined in the constitution, particularly the right against self-incrimination and the obligation to testify against close relatives, constitutes a significant breach of procedural law. furthermore, it emphasises the right of the suspect, accused, or defendant to be informed of the nature and basis of the charges, as well as the right to have individuals testifying against or in favour of them interrogated 6. relevant modifications and enhancements have been implemented in articles 66 and 2041-2042 of the criminal procedure code. specifically, it is established that witnesses possess the right to provide evidence, and both witnesses and other individuals are entitled to furnish electronic information by transferring a copy of this information from one electronic medium to another 7. conclusion consequently, the previously described reforms in the judicial and legal domain have led to substantial alterations in the legal regulation of a witness's procedural status. between 1991 and 1996, the escalation of organised crime resulted in several occurrences of illicit influence on witnesses, compelling them to either decline to testify or to testify in alignment with specific people' interests. in this context, the lawmaker acknowledged the imperative of safeguarding witnesses in criminal processes, prompting the initiation of procedures to build a legal framework for implementing protective security protocols. moreover, witnesses acquired constitutional rights that necessitated safeguarding in criminal procedures. the normative foundations of a witness's procedural status gradually emerged, incorporating the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, other laws, and subsidiary legislation. this was executed with the objective of combating, preventing, and revealing crime. a new stage of development in uzbekistan's judicial and legal system was associated with the newly elected president. these changes led to the adoption of numerous decrees and resolutions aimed at improving and strengthening the procedural status of witnesses. specifically, these measures addressed issues such as ensuring the safety of witnesses and their relatives, social protection, and the preliminary securing of testimony for objective reasons. these reasons 5 ўзбекистон республикасининг 2019 йил 23 майдаги ўрқ-542-сонли қонунига асосан учинчи — олтинчи қисмлар билан тўлдирилган — қонун ҳужжатлари маълумотлари миллий базаси, 24.05.2019 й., 03/19/542/3177-сон); ўзбекистон республикасининг 2021 йил 7 декабрдаги ўрқ-735-сонли қонунига асосан иккинчи, учинчи ва тўртинчи қисмлар билан тўлдирилган — қонунчилик маълумотлари миллий базаси, 07.12.2021 й., 03/21/735/1141-сон). 6 ўзбекистон республикаси олий суди пленумининг 2023 йилдаги 23 июлдаги 16-сонли “одил судловни амалга оширишда ўзбекистон республикаси конституцияси нормаларини тўғридан-тўғри қўллашнинг айрим масалалари тўғрисида”ги қарори. 7 (ўзбекистон республикасининг 2024 йил 21 ноябрдаги ўрқ-1003-сонли қонуни таҳририда — қонунчилик маълумотлари миллий базаси, 21.11.2024 й., 03/24/1003/0943-сон); (ўзбекистон республикасининг 2024 йил 21 ноябрдаги ўрқ-1003-сонли қонунига асосан киритилган — қонунчилик маълумотлари миллий базаси, 21.11.2024 й., 03/24/1003/0943-сон). 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us included departure from uzbekistan's territory, illness, old age, minority status, residence at a considerable distance, or ensuring their safety. references used: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-4850, “on measures for further reforming the judicial and legal system and strengthening guarantees for the reliable protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms,” oct. 21, 2016. 2. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. zru-515, “on the protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings,” jan. 14, 2019. 3. resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 103, “on approval of the regulation on the procedure for ensuring social protection of victims, witnesses, and other participants in criminal proceedings,” feb. 21, 2025. 4. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq-3723, “on measures for the fundamental improvement of the system of criminal and criminal procedure legislation,” may 14, 2018. 5. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-6041, “on measures to further strengthen guarantees for the protection of individual rights and freedoms in judicial and investigative activities,” aug. 10, 2020. 6. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. zru-675, based on the national legislative database, feb. 18, 2021, no. 03/21/675/0126. 7. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. zru-542, based on the national legislative database, may 24, 2019, no. 03/19/542/3177. 8. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. zru-542, amended with article six, based on the national legislative database, may 24, 2019, no. 03/19/542/3177. 9. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. zru-542, amended with articles three to six; and law no. zru-735, based on the national legislative database, dec. 7, 2021, no. 03/21/735/1141. 10. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. tashkent: uzbekistan publishing, 2023. 11. resolution of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan no. 16, “on certain issues of direct application of the norms of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan in the administration of justice,” jul. 23, 2023. 12. law of the republic of uzbekistan no. zru-1003, revised and adopted on nov. 21, 2024, based on the national legislative database, no. 03/24/1003/0943. 13. z. guo, “live witnesses in chinese criminal courts: obstacles and reforms,” *international journal of law, crime and justice*, vol. 62, p. 100409, 2020. 14. s. fairclough, “the consequences of unenthusiastic criminal justice reform: a special measures case study,” *criminology & criminal justice*, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 151–168, 2021. 15. d. bazarova, “challenges of enhancement of the procedural guarantees of the rights and interests of participants in criminal proceedings,” *ilkogretim online*, vol. 20, no. 3, 2021. 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 from annulment to recognition: state power, historical revisionism and the politics of memory in nigeria’s democracy day okechuku onuchuku vice chancellor, ignatius ajuru university of education rumuolumeni, pmb 5047 port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria chibuzor chile nwobueze, nyenwe emem okey onuchuku institute of peace and conflict studies, ignatius ajuru university of education, rumuolumeni, pmb 5047, port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria glory ogbonda emeh department of political science, ignatius ajuru university of education, rumuolumeni, pmb 5047, port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria patrick favour wubong department of foreign languages and international studies, ignatius ajuru university of education, rumuolumeni, pmb 5047, port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria abstract: nigeria’s democratic journey began in the 1960s after independence from britain but recorded setbacks arising from military coups that paved the way for transition to civil rule. this paper critically explores how june 12, which was once an annulment of elections day and national trauma in 1993, was declared as nigeria’s democracy day in 2018 by way of formal proclamation. it examines how nigerian governments, one after another, have engaged in historical revisionism to reshape people’s memory and political legitimacy through selective narratives of the past. drawing from secondary sources, media and policy reports, and academic critiques, the study problematizes the convergence of state power, national identity-making and memory politics. it dwells on how symbolic rehabilitation of june 12 and posthumous commemoration of chief m. k. o. abiola form a gesture of atonement and instrumental effort by the state to renegotiate its democratic heritage. the paper argues that, although the official holiday on 12th june is a significant step towards democracy in nigeria, it also reveals underlying tensions between popular historical consciousness and official memory. the study calls for a more inclusive and dialogical memorialization beyond political opportunism and actual national reconciliation. keywords: june 12, historical revisionism, politics of memory, democracy day, state power. introduction the june 12, 1993 presidential election in nigeria remains a milestone in the democratic evolution of the country. it was the freest and fairest election in nigeria’s history, and was widely believed to have been won by chief moshood kashimawo olawale (m. k. o.) abiola, a businessman and philanthropist. however, the election was annulled by the then military government headed by general ibrahim babangida, a move that ignited national and 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us international condemnation. the annulment not only derailed nigeria’s transition to democracy but also set in motion a series of political crises, civil resistance movements and repression that have shaped the trajectory of nigeria’s democratic struggles for decades (diamond, kirk-greene & oyediran, 1997; osaghae, 1998). june 12 became a rallying point of resistance and democratic expectation, especially among civil society groups and the yoruba ethnic nationality, from which abiola hailed, for years. it was unofficially celebrated in the south-west and remembered as a national betrayal elsewhere. the memory of june 12 lived on in street protests, songs, editorials and anniversary lectures, but was never commemorated by successive federal governments, both civilian and military. it was not until 2018, twenty-five years after the annulled election that the nigerian federal government under president muhammadu buhari officially made june 12 nigeria’s democracy day, replacing the formerly commemorated may 29, which marked the handover of power from the military to the civilians in 1999. the state also awarded abiola the grand commander of the federal republic (gcfr) title, nigeria's highest national honour typically bestowed on presidents. this sudden shift from erasure to recognition constitutes a critical moment in the politics of historical memory and state legitimacy. the paper interrogates the refashioning of june 12 from a day of electoral nullification and state repression into a national symbol of democracy and legitimacy. it argues that this is emblematic of how state power is exercised to redefine the past by playing politics of memory and acts of historical revisionism. the state here is not just a bystander but a hegemonic institution that constructs and reconstructs national memory in the interest of present politics (trouillot, 1995; olick & robbins, 1998). the decision to elevate june 12 to the national sphere was a strategic retooling of history in an attempt to consolidate political capital and deal with legitimacy deficits at a moment of democratic frailty, apart from being a moral or symbolic rectification. memory politics is the idea that history is not merely about the past, but about ongoing struggles over meaning, identity and power. governments also manipulate collective memory through the choice of what to remember, what to forget and how to interpret things in national narratives (nora, 1989; assmann, 2011). in nigeria, where ethnic, regional and historical fault lines continue to shape political contestation, the control of memory becomes even more contentious. the june 12 example shows how memory can be evoked by both state and non-state actors, and for various purposes, ranging from calls for justice to attempts at forging national unity or distracting from governance failures. the decision to declare june 12 as a special day came at a complicated political time. president buhari, who had been a military ruler and part of past authoritarian governments, was facing increasing criticism for leaning towards authoritarianism, showing ethnic bias and moving away from democracy. by linking himself to abiola’s legacy and the pro-democracy movement of the 1990s, buhari might have tried to reshape his image and win support from a wider democratic audience. this act of revising history and giving a late national tribute served two purposes: it acknowledged long-suppressed truths and also gave his government legitimacy by connecting it to a respected democratic figure. but recognizing june 12 also brought up important questions. whose memory was being honoured? which parts of the june 12 struggle were highlighted or left out in the official story? was this a genuine effort to reconcile with the past, or was it a political move to take over a previously rebellious memory? these questions reveal the deeper power struggles involved in shaping collective memory. as pierre nora (1989) points out, official celebrations often turn important memories into sanitized rituals that strip events of their original, radical meaning. moreover, the symbolic recognition of june 12 has not necessarily fruited in terms of substantive democratic reforms or increased government accountability. despite over two decades of civilian rule, nigeria continues to grapple with electoral violence, judicial manipulation, voter suppression and declining public faith in democratic institutions (omotola, 2010; ibeanu, 2019). 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this gap between symbolic action and substantive democratic consolidation raises concern about the instrumentalization of history for political ends. the essay proceeds in four parts. the first section provides a historical overview of the june 12 election, its annulment and its immediate aftermath, including the resistance movements that followed. the second section is an analysis of historical revisionism and the politics of memory, drawing on relevant theories. the third section is a critical analysis of the process and meaning of the federal government’s recognition of june 12 as democracy day. it examines media coverage, official statements and civil society responses to ascertain how this action reconfigured national memory. the conclusion reflects on the broader implications for democratic consolidation, national integration and collective memory politicization in nigeria. this study contributes to the growing body of work that views memory not just as a cultural product but also as a political tool. in the nigerian case, where selective amnesia and historical grievances routinely shape governance and identity, the politics of memory offers valuable insights into the contested nature of nationhood, reconciliation and democratic legitimacy. methodology the qualitative methodology based on the interpretivist paradigm was used in the research to appreciate the ways state power, historical revisionism and the politics of memory have shaped the development of june 12 from a representation of democratic annulment to its creation as nigeria’s democracy day. qualitative analysis offered the most appropriate paradigm for dismantling the symbolic and ideological shifts that form the base of the official redefinition of june 12 in the nigerian democratic history. the research was based solely on secondary sources, such as government reports, presidential addresses, archival records, newspaper reports, historical narratives, scholarly books, journal articles, and civil society reports and human rights reports. primary sources such as the formal proclamation by president muhammadu buhari in 2018, the national honours list posthumously honouring m. k. o. abiola, and past democracy day speeches from 1999were examined for content, wording and symbolic construction. the thematic content analysis method was adopted. this involved the identification of recurring themes, discursive patterns and narratives that highlight the dynamics of historical revisionism as well as the employment of political memory by the nigerian state. special emphasis was placed on the construction of june 12 in political discourse, the subjects included or excluded from official remembrance, and how the development of this day was directed towards serving other agendas of state legitimacy and national integration. the paper also did critical discourse analysis with the aim of challenging the ideological underpinnings of official and media accounts of june 12. using this approach, the paper examined how the politics of memory as an exercise in power makes national identity, collective consciousness and historical responsibility in postauthoritarian nigeria. lastly, this qualitative methodology provided a nuanced, context-rich analysis of the manner in which political forces within nigeria utilize historical memory to remember, as well as to construct and entrench power. objectives the objectives are to: i. examine the political and historical significance of the june 12, 1993 presidential election and its annulment in nigeria’s democratic trajectory; ii. analyze how successive nigerian governments have constructed, suppressed or reinterpreted the memory of june 12 in public discourse and national policy; iii. investigate the role of state power in shaping collective memory and historical narratives through the official recognition of june 12 as democracy day; iv. evaluate the implications of historical revisionism for democratic legitimacy, national integration and political inclusion in nigeria; and 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us v. explore how the memory politics surrounding june 12 reflects broader patterns of symbolic governance, identity construction and post-authoritarian nation-building in nigeria. conceptual framework the conceptual framework for this study is based on three interlocking ideas: state power, historical revisionism and memory politics. these ideas provide a lens through which the transformation of june 12 from a shelved democratic process to an officially commemorated democracy day can be critically examined. each idea makes it possible to understand how the nigerian state engages with history, constructs national identity and justifies political power through selective remembrance. power of the state the power of the state, in this study, is not merely the administrative and coercive might of the state but also its discursive and symbolic power, that is its ability to make meaning, construct narratives and dominate public memory. borrowing from michel foucault’s understanding of power as productive and relational and not just repressive, this research perceives the nigerian state as an agent engaged in the constitution of social reality (foucault, 1980). the state does not simply make laws and rule over spaces; it also generates prevailing accounts of the past by establishing public holidays, bestowing national honours, dictating school curricula and circulating media accounts. under the auspices of june 12, state power manifests itself through the official endorsement of the date, the conferment of national honours on m. k. o. abiola, and the presidential reinterpretation of the context of the election in 1993. these actions do not occur without bias; they demonstrate calculated reconstitution of state legitimacy. as gramsci (1971) postulates in his theory of hegemony, dominant classes exercise power not just through coercion but also through the achievement of the consent of the ruled through cultural and ideological leadership. the change of official discourse about june 12 therefore amounts to a strategy of hegemonic re-articulation. historical revisionism historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of the past, usually because of new evidence, shifting political circumstances or ideological impulses. while revisionism is an acceptable scholarly practice, it can also be employed as a political strategy by the state or the elite to serve the ends of redefining historical narratives to suit present exigencies (trouillot, 1995). in transitional or authoritarian regimes, historical revisionism may be practised through “symbolic politics”, a way of recontextualizing previously suppressed or inopportune histories in a bid to fit the agenda of the dominant parties (olick & robbins, 1998). in this paper, the june 12 declaration in 2018 is analyzed as state-sponsored historical revisionism. the act of converting june 12 from an infamous day (defined by annulment, repression and resistance) to a national celebration day signifies a shift in the remembrance, packaging and projection of the past. this is reconciliatory revisionism, not an analytically critical one. it is one that opens up selective orientations, alternative kinds of authenticity and the silencing of alternative voices, particularly those of civil society groups, pro-democracy forces and victims of military atrocities. the study critically examines how such reframing is employed to enhance the legitimacy of the buhari administration while simultaneously extinguishing the radical demands for which the original june 12 movement was famous. politics of memory politics of memory is a contested process whereby societies remember, commemorate and narrate their pasts. it involves the struggles over what events to celebrate, what to forget and how collective identities in terms of shared (or dispersed) memories are formed. memory, here, is not a passive repository but active and even politicized terrain (nora, 1989; assmann, 2011). in the nigerian context, memory politics is inextricably linked with the narrative of ethnicity, regionalism and postcolonial state-formation. june 12 is a rich case of memory politics, in that it 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conjures up pride, betrayal, resistance and reconciliation, depending on the position of one within the national space. the article examines how and why official explanations of june 12 have evolved over time and have been challenged or embraced by various actors, including the political elite, civil society groups, ethnic minorities and the media. the institution of june 12 as democracy day is a case in point of how memory becomes institutionalized through state rituals and symbolic acts, and how those acts can be resisted by counter-memories rooted in local, ethnic or ideological experience. politics of memory thus becomes a contested arena for legitimacy, where the past is not just remembered but also actually re-created in order to define present and future political alignments. theoretical framework two interrelated theoretical perspectives underpin this study: collective memory theory and gramscian theory of hegemony. these theoretical perspectives provide intellectual explanation for how state actors reconstruct national narratives, power is exercised over history, and memory is used as a tool of legitimacy in post-authoritarian settings like nigeria. collective memory theory the collective memory theory, in the formulation of scholars like maurice halbwachs (1992), paul connerton (1989) and jan assmann (2011), contends that memory is not an isolated psychological event, but a socially constructed one via institutions, political actors and cultural norms. collective memory becomes embodied in rituals, commemorations, monuments, official speeches, education systems and national holidays. it reflects how societies choose to remember and forget. june 12 constitutes, in this respect, a space of contested memory in the political history of nigeria. informally, it had been recalled for decades by activists and suppressed in official discourse. the state’s late recognition of june 12 as democracy day in 2018 ushered in a shift in the landscape of collective memory, reconstituting a day of civil resistance as a nationallysanctioned icon of democratic identity. nevertheless, the collective memory theory identifies that these transformations are not at all neutral; they involve political struggles over legitimacy, ownership, and meaning. this theory allows the paper to ask: ➢ how state-enforced memory is produced and disseminated; ➢ whose stories are privileged or excluded from national memory; and ➢ how reorientation of june 12 reflects tensions between official memory and mass memory deeper. gramscian theory of hegemony antonio gramsci’s (1971) concept of hegemony provides a powerful lens to analyze how the political elite sustain power not merely through coercion but also through consent and ideological leadership. hegemony operates by manufacturing cultural and historical consensus, often by co-opting previously oppositional symbols and rebranding them to fit dominant political narratives. in the nigerian situation, the state’s declaration of june 12 and the posthumous recognition of m. k. o. abiola can be seen as a hegemonic revisionist act. a symbol of civil resistance and disobedience against military dictatorship is today used to reinforce the legitimacy of the modern democratic state—specifically under the leadership of a former military dictator, president muhammadu buhari. the theory of gramsci explains: ➢ how the state makes strategic use of history to reinforce national unity and conceal complicity in past authoritarianism; 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ the co-optation of symbols of opposition (june 12 and abiola) into the mainstream as a neutralizing strategy against opposition; and ➢ symbolic politics as a soft power strategy for generating public consent. placing the recognition of june 12 within hegemonic processes, the study deconstructs the ways in which memory is being used not only towards reconciliation but also towards political containment and legitimacy engineering. synthesized application of the theories synthesized application of collective memory theory and gramscian hegemony enables a multi-faceted examination of the transition of june 12 from a cancelled election to a de jure national holiday. while the collective memory theory points out the symbolic and cultural composition of public memory, gramscian theory reveals power relations behind these compositions. combined, they help the study respond to its main inquiry: how and why did the nigerian state redefine june 12, and what does it reveal concerning the interrelation of memory, power and democracy? this is a theoretical framework that emphasizes the political nature of remembrance in postcolonial nigeria. striving to bring together memory studies and critical political theory, the paper demonstrates how the state’s intervention in the production of history narratives, such as the history of june 12, is not only commemorative but also highly strategic, ideological and determinative of democratic advancement. literature review the cancellation of the june 12, 1993 presidential election, widely regarded as nigeria’s freest and fairest, by the military regime of general ibrahim babangida has been the subject of continued academic scrutiny. the election, which chief moshood kashimawo olawale (m. k. o.) abiola won, became a turning point in nigeria’s pursuit of democracy and remains firmly rooted in the nation’s psyche. this review critically engages the literature on four thematic areas of scholarship: (1) june 12 as a democratic break, (2) state authority and democratic legitimation, (3) historical revisionism of postcolonial african states, and (4) symbolic representation and memory politics. there exists vast literature interpreting june 12 as a break in nigeria’s democratic journey. scholars, including diamond (1995) and ihonvbere (1996), contend that the annulment constituted a deliberate subversion of popular will by the entrenched military elite. the democratic hopes embodied in the outcome of the election and the popular uprising that ensued, are interpreted as manifestations of long-standing discontent with authoritarianism and ethnoregional marginalization. abiola’s movement and the june 12 mandate are also taken to have wrought a special moment of national consensus, transcending ethnic and religious divisions (osaghae, 1999; suberu, 2001). however, the broader literature suggests the paradox of that consensus: while june 12 for a time united nigerians, it only reaffirmed the deeper regional and class contradictions that have structured the postcolonial state. ayoade (2000) argues that the annulment helped deepen political cynicism, distrust of institutions and regional disaffection, particularly in the southwest. the protracted agitations of civil society actors and pro-democracy coalitions kept june 12 as a touchstone of morality alive as much as successive post-1999 democratic governments initially resisted officially marking it. state power and democratic legitimation numerous scholars have discussed how african postcolonial states wield power not only by coercion but also by symbolic acts that create legitimacy and build collective memory (bayart, 1993; chabal & daloz, 1999). in nigeria, the control of national celebrations, state funerals, history curriculum and commemorations are part of a broader discursive repertoire of nationbuilding through memory politics. the move by president muhammadu buhari in 2018 to declare june 12 as nigeria’s democracy day and to posthumously honour m. k. o. abiola is 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us interpreted by analysts as a tactful exercise of state power. it was aimed at pacifying longstanding southwest grievances, rebranding the administration’s democratic credentials, and reconciling historical memory with new political priorities (adebanwi, 2019). olaniyan (2021) observes that the law, though symbolic, was not followed by substantive institutional reforms, such that one is inclined to think that it was more a performative act of legitimacy than an actual expression of commitment to june 12 ideals. historical revisionism in the form of reinterpretation of the past to serve the purposes of today is a common feature of post-authoritarian and postcolonial governments. nigerian writers, such as falola (2009) and mamdani (1996), have noted how history comes to be rewritten from the podium of political expediency instead of scholarly objectivity. this is achieved through statedirected education, selective forgetting and erasure of troublesome narratives. the restoration of june 12 is thus interpreted in literature as a work of official historical revisionism. while it serves to correct past erasures, it also raises questions of the selectivity and instrumentality of state-making memories. oloruntoba (2020) opines that such revisionism becomes questionable when isolated from broader machinery of justice or when it serves to silence the radicalism of past struggles by scrubbing them into state-conformable narratives. politics of memory refers to the remembering, forgetting and narration of the past in society in the manner that reflects existing power structures. nora (1989) and assmann (2011) point out that memory is not static but consists of “sites of memory” (lieux de mémoire) including monuments, anniversaries and rituals. memory politics in nigeria has been shaped by governments, interregional tensions and civil society resistance. olick and robbins (1998) theorize that memory is not only about the past but also about present agendas and future hopes. to this end, the institutionalization of june 12 as democracy day is rewriting of the nigerian memoryscape. the literature cautions that these acts are typically topdown impositions of official memory that may come into conflict with more heterogeneous or organic forms of remembering. for instance, while abiola was acknowledged by the federal government, other key actors of pro-democracy movement, such as gani fawehinmi, kudirat abiola and or nadeco (national democratic coalition) activists have been relatively less acknowledged. as broad as research on june 12 has been, little attention has been given to a rigorous, theorybased analysis of how the nigerian state has used memory politics as a tool for historical revisionism and political legitimation. much of the written literature is concerned with the historical details regarding the annulment or abiola’s symbolic meaning. there is a lack of understanding of how the transition from annulment to recognition signifies a broader movement in state-sponsored historical engineering and how it ties up with nigeria’s contemporary democratic problems. the scholarship sets june 12 as an unmistakable symbol of nigeria’s democratization struggle and argues that its official remembrance is politically significant and theoretically revealing. there is a need, however, for critical examination of the dynamic relationship between memory, power and legitimacy. this study contributes to filling this gap by combining political theories, memory studies, and postcolonial historiography to investigate how the nigerian state deals with its controversial past in advancing interests today. political and historical significance of the june 12, 1993 presidential election and its annulment in nigeria’s democratic experience the june 12, 1993 election is widely regarded as a turning point in nigerian politics, a moment that symbolized nigeria’s democratic consolidation and integration promise. its significance lies not only in the election but also in the cancellation of the election by the military regime that provided impetus to nigeria’s post-democratic development. 1. an episode of national unity and democratic legitimacy the june 12 election took place amidst the transitional programme of general ibrahim babangida’s military regime. despite the constraint of having an election process funded and 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us managed by the state and imposing only two political parties, social democratic party (sdp) and national republican convention (nrc), on the people, the election itself was generally considered free, fair and credible to both domestic and international observers (diamond, 1995; kurfi, 2005). it united a wide array of nigerians, cutting across ethnic, religious and regional fault lines; the presumed winner, chief m. k. o. abiola, won a national mandate that cut across the customary cleavages that tend to polarize nigerian politics. this historical demonstration of national cohesion demonstrated that it was possible to overcome disintegration along ethnic lines and that it was possible for nigerians to forgo primordial loyalties in favour of issue-based politics and uninhibited electoral processes. the outcome was that june 12 became a symbol of a national yearning for democratic governance and participatory leadership. 2. the annulment and betrayal of the popular will on 23rd june 1993, about a week following the election, the military regime annulled the election results based on uncertain and unconvincing reasons, such as electoral irregularities and security threats to the nation. this was done as negation of the nigerian people’s will and the glaring manipulation of democratic achievements by the military class whose interests had been jeopardized by abiola’s victory (ihonvbere, 1996). the annulment not only plunged the country into a prolonged period of political repression and instability but also highlighted the fragility of nigeria’s democratic institutions. it evoked mass protests, civil disobedience campaigns and formation of pro-democracy groups, such as campaign for democracy (cd) and national democratic coalition (nadeco). these organizations were instrumental in mobilizing opposition to the military dictatorship and, in the process, june 12 became ingrained in the democratic memory of nigeria as a symbol of resistance and sacrifice. 3. a catalyst for democratic consciousness and civil society engagement although the annulment was a loss, it also served as a catalyst for democratic consciousness and civil society action in nigeria. the following events radicalized public sentiment, especially in the southwest, and continued to put pressure on the government of babangida, ernest shonekan and sani abacha. the continuous demand for the actualization of abiola’s mandate and return to civilian rule further deepened the pro-democracy cause and paved the way for nigeria’s eventual transition to the fourth republic in 1999. the june 12 struggle also redefined the roles of diaspora, civil society groups, media and labour unions in holding the government to account and upholding democratic values. they emerged as the essential actors of the reconfiguration of nigeria’s politics and demanding electoral reform, good governance and human rights. 4. symbolism and politics of memory the eventual recognition of june 12 in 2018 by president muhammadu buhari, 25 years after the election, marked a dramatic shift in state acknowledgment of historical injustice. by declaring it nigeria’s official democracy day and posthumously honouring m. k. o. abiola with the title of grand commander of the federal republic (gcfr), the nigerian state formally revised its historical narrative, shifting symbolic legitimacy from may 29 (previously recognized as democracy day) to a date that represented grassroots democratic struggle. this recognition, as much as it is being celebrated by the majority, has also been condemned as an exercise in political appeasement through historical revisionism, this time of the southwest quadrant, and not so much of making peace with the past. it does, however, shows the lasting political importance of june 12 and its positioning at the core of the birth of nigeria’s democratic identity. 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. impact on democratic trajectory and contemporary politics june 12 is a turning point in nigeria’s broader democratic history. it is both the height of popular democratic engagement and a cautionary lesson against the dangers of authoritarianism. it has conditioned debate about electoral credibility, institutional change, alternation of power, national unity and exclusionary politics. besides, june 12 lessons continue to define democratic struggles across nigeria, from demands for electoral justice to demands for decentralization and restructuring. it is a touchstone from the past for challenging current democratic practice and avoiding the repetition of errors made previously. it is remarkable that the june 12, 1993 election and its annulment are at the core of nigeria’s democratization. they symbolize the struggle between popular sovereignty and authoritarianism and a people’s determination to reassert their entitlement to self-government. from the ashes of that invalidation arose a new affirmation of democratic ideals, flawed as they were, that continue to shape the nation’s politics. at once a memory and a mirror, june 12 makes nigeria confront honestly the past and demand a fairer, more democratic future. how subsequent nigerian governments have constructed, repressed or redefined the memory of june 12 in public debate and national policy the memory of the june 12, 1993 election has been subjected to various degrees of suppression, contestation and reinterpretation by successive administrations in nigeria. this shift is a reaction to the struggle over national identity, historical narrative and political use of memory. the military denial of democratic appropriation, the state’s management of june 12, serves as a blueprint for the way governments use history to build legitimacy, establish power and manage dissent. 1. suppression and erasure by the military (1993-1998) the post-annulment era, after general ibrahim babangida and subsequently general sani abacha, was characterized by deliberate repression of the june 12 narrative. the cancellation of m. k. o. abiola’s presumed victory was predicated on national security grounds, and the military administration sought to destroy the symbolic and electoral legitimacy of the event. popular debate was suppressed by censorship, intimidation of activists and silencing of media reports. abiola’s 1994 detention, following his unilateral declaration of presidential mandate, symbolized the state’s oppressive response to the june 12 heritage. the regime severed him from his mandate and ultimately was accountable for the ambiguous circumstances of his death in detention in 1998. the attempts by civil society organisations to commemorate june 12 during this period were met with repression, raids and branding of pro-democracy activists as foes of the state. 2. civilian rule and strategic silence (1999-2007) the return to democratic rule in 1999 that ushered in president olusegun obasanjo, a fellow yoruba statesman, was a hope that june 12 would be given formal recognition. but rather, the obasanjo administration went on to institutionalize may 29 as nigeria’s official democracy day—the day that obasanjo was inaugurated as civilian president. this move was viewed by the majority to be political in intent to de-emphasize the significance of june 12, maybe due to obasanjo’s contentious association with abiola and the struggle that gave rise to the fourth republic. although the administration invoked the entire pro-democracy struggle, it fell short of elevating june 12 or abiola to official status, thereby muzzling its unquestioned centrality in nigeria’s democratic process. the government fostered a “national reconciliation” rhetoric that discredited the radical democratic aspirations of the june 12 movement and skirted the atrocities of the annulment or nurturing victimized by state repression. 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. regional recognition and grassroots memorialization (2007-2015) under president umaru musa yar'adua and president goodluck jonathan, there was no significant change in federal policy towards june 12. state-level officials, however, mainly in the southwest (lagos and ogun states), declared june 12 a public holiday, upholding the memory from below. this phase saw june 12 becoming more and more a site of sub-national memory and opposition because civil society groups, activists and state governments used commemoration to highlight chronic democratic deficits and honour the heroism of m. k. o. abiola. national debate remained muted, as the federal government continued to hold on to may 29 as democracy day, thereby sending a signal of reluctance to confront the contested past. 4. official recognition and historical reframing (2015-2023) a major shift happened under president muhammadu buhari, who in june 2018 proclaimed june 12 as nigeria’s new official democracy day. the move involved posthumous national awards to m. k. o. abiola, his vice presidential candidate, babagana kingibe, and leading pro-democracy activist lawyer gani fawehinmi. the government of buhari positioned the action as one of restorative justice and national healing. the recognition was deliberate re-writing of nigerian democratic history. by situating june 12 at the centre of collective memory, the state legitimized the people’s choice of 1993 and authenticates the pro-democracy movement that followed. some people thought it was a political manoeuvre, one geared towards consolidating support from the southwest and deflecting attention from recent issues of governance, such as democratic backsliding and dissent quelling. buhari’s june 12 celebration had the tendency to depoliticize the broader civic resistance and popular mobilization and framed the transition as a state-directed evolution instead. this selective memory wiped away the agonies and sacrifices of the civil society, thus embedding june 12 into official nationalist discourse. 5. contemporary ambiguity and memory contestation (2023-present) with president bola ahmed tinubu, a veteran of the june 12 struggle and nadeco strongman, expectations were high that there would be deeper institutionalization of june 12 values. but like the situation with his predecessors, tension remains between symbolic recognition and real democratic transformation. as the public speeches and media framing of june 12 celebrate the triumph of democracy, enduring concerns such as voter suppression, electoral manipulation and restricted civic space cast doubts on the sincerity of the state’s commitment to the ideology of june 12. consequently, although the memory of june 12 has been socially reinterpreted as a symbol of national democracy, there are other discourses which still exist, especially among historians and activists, emphasizing the unfinished injustices, selective memory and paradoxes of nigeria’s democratic experience. the construction of june 12 in nigerian political imagination demonstrates that memory is not fixed or neutral. it is invented, repressed and reinterpreted according to powerful political interests and administrations. from outright erasure under the military regime to symbolic takeover by the civilian administrations, the state has sought to orchestrate the meaning of june 12 in order to legitimize itself and construct national identity. lastly, the june 12 politics reveals underlying questions about who controls memory, who is included or excluded from national history, and how the past struggles are being utilised in the present time. to sustain the spirit of june 12, nigeria must move beyond symbolic recognition to the values that it represents –justice, accountability, inclusivity and popular sovereignty. 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us agency of state power in collective memory and historical narrative-making through the official commemoration of june 12 as democracy day the official pronouncement of june 12 as nigeria’s democracy day by the buhari administration in 2018 was a landmark moment in the country’s reconciliation with its democratic process. this act not only honoured the memory of the annulled 1993 presidential election and chief m. k. o. abiola but also demonstrated how state power actively constructs and manages collective memory. by celebrating june 12, the nigerian state reasserted its agency in the construction of the nation’s historical narrative, often enough through selective remembering, symbolic atonement and politically-motivated re-interpretation of the past. 1. state power and the construction of national memory state power is also central to the shaping of collective memory, the public recollection of past events that make up national identity. governments decide what will be remembered, how it will be remembered and whose voices are heard or suppressed. through commemoration policies, state holidays, monuments and public speeches, the state stamps certain stories on public consciousness and omits others (olick & robbins, 1998). in the nigerian context, the recognition of june 12 is a reconfiguration of state-sponsored memory, moving the emphasis from may 29 (the anniversary of the end of military rule in 1999) to a site of democratic yearning that had been marginal for so long in national discourse. the move was not just a rectification of historical injustice; it was a reconfiguration of the symbolic foundation of nigeria’s democracy. 2. june 12 as a means of legitimation by declaring june 12 as democracy day, president muhammadu buhari leveraged state power to create legitimacy, both retrospective and contemporary. retrospectively, the move attempted to acknowledge the significance of abiola’s presumed victory and the sacrifices made by prodemocracy activists. in the contemporary political landscape, it served to position buhari’s government as a corrective force, capable of addressing long-standing grievances and repositioning the historical narrative in favour of justice and inclusion. nonetheless, this action was not ideologically neutral. it was consistent with political calculations, namely the necessity to solidify alliances in the southwest, abiola’s native region and a zone of passionate historic commitment to june 12. this instrumentalization of memory demonstrates how governments often use symbolic recognition to support political capital and pre-empt criticism of present democratic shortcomings. 3. selective inclusion and historical revisionism the state’s recognition of june 12 also illustrates selective revisionism of history. in commemorating abiola and conferring national honours on key players, such as gani fawehinmi and babagana kingibe, it excluded other key players in the june 12 struggle, particularly grassroots activists, journalists, the labour movement and civil society organizations that fought the military dictatorship and paid high prices. furthermore, the official rhetoric has the tendency to decontextualize or sanitize the nature of the 1993 annulment and the repression that followed, including the premature and mysterious deaths of abiola and his wife kudirat. in focusing on the symbolic plane (naming public institutions and public holiday), the state sidesteps the deeper structural and institutional reforms necessary for meaningfully honouring the democratic hopes of june 12. this sort of state-controlled recollection is exemplary of what scholars have called “memory politics”, the employment of selective accounts of the past by those in power for the purpose of shaping collective identity, legitimizing authority and suppressing dissidence (trouillot, 1995; assmann, 2011). 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. memory as a form of symbolic governance the rebranding of democracy day on may 29 as june 12 also falls into a broader pattern of symbolic governance, whereby the state uses ceremonies, commemorations and awards to cast a narrative of progress and reconciliation. while such symbolism can bring citizens together and advance national healing, it can also mask the absence of concrete democratic reforms, such as electoral credibility, institutional accountability and human rights enforcement. critics argue that, for all the recognition of june 12, many of the same authoritarian tendencies that ruled prior to 1999 remain firmly entrenched, including repression of protesters, manipulation of the electoral process and executive excesses. the question is whether the state’s june 12 is one of true restitution or a purely political spectacle that co-opts the rhetoric of democracy without its substance. 5. state narratives vs. popular memory there is an inherent conflict between official memory (that which the state promotes) and popular memory (that which people remember and celebrate spontaneously). june 12 was preserved in the collective memory of the civil society, and particularly the southwest, for decades against federal suppression. television commercials, newspaper editorials, protest marches and regional holidays ensured that the significance of the 1993 election was not lost to history. the state’s late recognition of june 12 can be seen as an appropriation of this bottom-up memory, an attempt to domesticate what had for so long been a source of critique of the nigerian state. in so doing, the state reasserts its control over the interpretation of the past and entrenches a version of history that is within the bounds of official legitimacy. 6. implications for democratic consolidation the official declaration of june 12 by the state is symbolic of how state management of memory can both enable and constrict democracy. on the one hand, it is a step towards acknowledgment of past injustices and promotion of inclusive memories. on the other, it testifies to the risk of the use of symbolic gestures to obscure ongoing failures, such as compromised electoral institutions, insecurity, and social injustice. to render democratic consolidation meaningful, structural change must follow memory politics. the recognition of june 12 should not only memorialize a point in the past but also inspire deliberation on current democratic deficits and drive institutional reforms that will actualize democracy for every nigerian. the designation of june 12 as democracy day reveals the authoritative power of the state to shape historical narratives and collective memory. through strategic actions of recall, nigerian administrations have used june 12 to construct legitimacy, channel dissent and redefine the symbolic foundations of the nation’s democracy. yet the selectivity of such recognition, and its frequent detachment from substantive reform, underscores the political complexities of memory. in order for june 12 not to lose its promise, its commemoration must transcend state-sponsored rituals to embrace a broader, more inclusive reckoning with nigeria’s democratic past and future. consequences of historical revisionism on democratic legitimacy, national consolidation, and political inclusion in nigeria historical revisionism, the reinterpretation of the past to suit contemporary narratives, political agendas or ideological purposes, is a two-edged sword for post-authoritarian and transition societies like nigeria. as it can be utilized in a manner that produces reparation through reengaging the repressed realities and embracing past injustice, it can also engender manipulating national memory, institutionalizing exclusion and undermining democratic development. in nigeria, the state’s approach in remaking history around events such as the annulled june 12, 1993 election is a classic case in point. below is a critical analysis of the effects of historical revisionism on democratic legitimacy, national unity and political inclusion in nigeria. 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. effects on democratic legitimacy a. rehabilitation of democratic narratives through the declaration of june 12 as the official democracy day, the nigerian state appeared to reverse decades of historical repression and marginalization. the declaration takes the country’s democratic persona closer to popular sovereignty and civic resistance, in view of military retreat (as exemplified by the former may 29 democracy day). such a revision can reaffirm democratic legitimacy, especially where it is grounded in people’s volition and boosts electoral justice (osaghae, 2011). b. threat of symbolic appropriation but historical revisionism can also be employed by the governing elite to manufacture semblance of democratic legitimacy. unless reinforced by structural reforms, such as genuine elections, the protection of civic rights or accountability such initiatives may be received as political propaganda, and therefore undermine the legitimacy that they seek to recover (adebanwi, 2014). c. legitimization of previous democratic attempts selective representation of historical heroes (e.g. m. k. o. abiola and babagana kingibe) but not the broader mass alliances (e.g. nadeco, civil society groups and labour unions) that led the june 12 struggle distorts the democratic narrative. the selective memory disempowers the full depth of democratic struggle and demobilizes non-elite political action in nigeria’s development. 2. implications for national integration a. inclusive recognition has the capability to foster unity. historical revisionism can, when properly managed, be an instrument of national integration through recognition and validation of the history of previously suppressed or marginalized groups and political forces. june 12 as a national holiday can then be interpreted as an act of healing ethno-regional wounds, especially for the yoruba in the southwest who were betrayed by the cancellation of the 1993 elections and the attendant experiences. b. regional resentment and exclusionary narratives when historical revisionism appears to be regionally or politically interested, it may even increase ethno-regional tensions. thus, the state’s highlighting of june 12 and yoruba struggle may be interpreted by other groups (e.g. niger delta or southeast) as an act of selective justice reflecting negatively on their own historical plaints, such as the biafran war or environmental injustices. c. fragmented collective memory the failure to create a common and inclusive national memory, a memory that acknowledges several struggles and histories, results in broken national awareness. competing regional memories resist the creation of a single national identity and complicate efforts at substantial integration (falola & heaton, 2008). 3. implications for political inclusion a. recognition as a pathway to inclusion historical revisionism, if it is open and democratic, can widen political participation by validating repressed voices. official acknowledgment of repressed democratic events means the state will embrace pluralism and address the past wrongs, which could be reflected in greater civic engagement and trust. b. co-optation and elite capture of memory historical revisionism aimed at advancing elite rulers over the socio-political movements they were leading could reduce political inclusion to mere representation. this elite-oriented approach 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us excludes mass movements, youth and minority groups from the current political process, which hardens disparities in political representation and power (ihonvbere, 1996). c. degeneration of accountability from history sanitizing or erasing state violence, corruption or authoritarianism from historical revisionism not only whitewashes the past but also gives a dangerous message. it can erode historical accountability, excuse perpetrators of injustice and solidify impunity, thereby deterring honest engagement from communities victimized by state repression. the nigerian democratic experience has a complicated phenomenon known as historical revisionism that holds transformative and corrosive potential. if inscribed in truth-telling, justice and inclusivity, it may transform and unite the country further, and incorporate more citizens in politics. used selectively or manipulatively, it may distort history, deepen regional and class fault lines, and subvert the democracy it is celebrated to be serving. for nigeria to enjoy a sustainable democracy, revisionism must evolve from elite symbolism to historical justice founded on openness, public discourse, inclusive narratives and institutional transformation. then, and then only, can the memory politics of nigeria serve as a bridge towards authentic national reconciliation and democratic consolidation. memory politics and june 12: symbolic governance, identity and nation-building in nigeria the politics surrounding june 12, which refers to the memory of the annulled 1993 presidential election, offers a valuable way to understand larger issues of symbolic governance, identity and nation-building in nigeria after authoritarian rule. as nigeria continues its journey with civilian government, the debate over what june 12 means shows how memory serves both as a space for reflecting on history and as a battleground where the country’s legitimacy, identity and democratic values are constantly shaped and challenged. 1. memory politics as a tool of symbolic governance symbolic rule accounts for the use of rituals, symbols, remembrance and other representations by the state to legitimise leadership and make public awareness (edelman, 1964; alexander, 2006). for june 12, the buhari administration’s 2018 designation of the day as democracy day represented a calculated move at establishing the state as both moral authority and disbursing justice. this re-framing of memory was a multi-symbolic action: ➢ adjusting a historical wrong (the cancellation of the 1993 election) ➢ appropriating a people’s struggle for democratic rights ➢ re-writing the founding myth of nigeria’s democracy –military withdrawal (may 29) to popular sovereignty (june 12). but this symbolic gesture was not accompanied by structural reforms, such as stronger electoral institutions or protection of civil liberties, which made many people view it as a politically expedient act of memory annexation, designed to shore up administration legitimacy at the cost of not confronting authoritarian vestiges that remained in nigerian politics. 2. june 12 and democratic identity building june 12 has changed from being seen as a tragic election day to an important part of nigeria’s democratic history. for many years, civil society groups, especially in the southwest, marked june 12 as an unofficial “people’s democracy day” to remember m. k. o. abiola and the prodemocracy movement. the official recognition of this date shifted the national story away from elite-driven democracy towards one that honours popular electoral power and sacrifice. however, focusing only on certain figures in this story leaves out the many groups –students, workers, the media, and activists –that also faced harsh state repression. reducing democracy to 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us just a few individuals or events limits the chance to build a more inclusive and diverse national identity. in addition, by placing june 12 within the framework of ethnic or regional politics (i.e. as a “yoruba grievance” now “resolved”), the state risks discrediting national unity and fuelling inter-group suspicion, especially among groups whose unresolved historical wounds are not recognized (e.g. biafra, the niger delta and the middle belt). 3. post-authoritarian nation-building and management of collective memory in post-authoritarian regimes, nations struggle with how to manage painful pasts as they build democratic futures. politics of memory is crucial in this endeavour, particularly through official commemoration, national symbols and state-sponsored narratives (hobsbawm & ranger, 1983; assmann, 2011). the rebranding june 12 to democracy day is an attempt at nation-building through memory management the invention of a democratic origin from resistance, sacrifice and final redemption. this follows the trend among other post-authoritarian nations, where states seek to legitimize new administrations by deciding to recall some occurrences rather than others. in nigeria, however, the process remains contentious and incomplete owing to the following: ➢ there is no collective national understanding of what june 12 means and is worth. ➢ the legitimacy of the state’s moral foundations is eroded when democratic practice conflicts with june 12 values (i.e. election rigging, crushing demonstrations and not delivering justice to historical abuses). ➢ other communities and regions find that their historical injustices are excluded from national debates, thus perpetuating alienation and disintegration. therefore, while the memory of june 12 is institutionally legitimized today, it is still a slender pillar of post-authoritarian nation-building, more symbolic than substantive, and more a result of political expediency than reconciliation. 4. memory, power, and selective remembrance june 12 demonstrates how state power acts upon memory. the long silence of successive governments on june 12, from abacha to obasanjo and to jonathan, demonstrates how the political elite naturally suppress painful memories that challenge their legitimacy or violate dominant national narratives. the ultimate mobilization of this memory by the buhari administration demonstrates the plasticity of national history and how memory is used instrumentally for political purposes. but this strategic deployment is seldom accompanied by accountability. principal agents and institutions that participated in the annulment and repression have yet to face justice or public scrutiny. this absence of transitional justice processes taints the legitimacy of memory politics and limits the capacity of the nation to reconcile with its authoritarian history. 5. towards an inclusive memory culture the june 12 politics of memory holds within it the contradictions and challenges of postauthoritarian politics in nigeria. it illustrates how symbolic actions, such as renaming a national holiday, can simultaneously celebrate democratic values and cover up system failures. june 12 offers the potential for a shared democratic self, but the state’s selective deployment of history unearths other fault lines in nigeria’s nation-building project. to realize the potential of june 12 as a platform for democratic progress, nigeria must move away from symbolic leadership to embracing: ➢ national memory that includes all regions, struggles and identities; 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ historical responsibility that addresses past state abuses and acknowledges grassroots actions; and ➢ democratic consolidation in authentic institutions that reflect the values of june 12 transparency, participation, justice and electoral integrity. then, and then only, can the memory of june 12 become a shared national legacy. concluding remarks the change of june 12 from a day marked by democratic betrayal to the official democracy day shows the complicated mix of state power, revisionism and memory politics in nigeria. as this paper has shown, the 2018 recognition of june 12 was not just about national healing or justice; it was a way to reshape political memory to support the state and rewrite nigeria’s past. using ideas about collective memory and gramsci’s concept of hegemony, this work shows how political leaders use the past to serve current goals. by taking on the symbols of june 12 and the legacy of m. k. o. abiola, the nigerian government turned a history of protest into a story of national unity. this story hides ongoing problems, sidelines other voices in the democratic struggle, and turns a painful event into a celebration of democratic progress. this kind of rewriting history, while giving some recognition to previously ignored stories, has problems like selective remembering, political manipulation and questions about true national healing. it shows that, when the state controls memory, it can be both a way to bring people together and a tool for power and control. the path from annulment to recognition reveals nigeria’s mixed feelings about democracy, a government still grappling with its authoritarian past, disputed memories, and the politics of forgetting. real democratic progress requires more than symbolic acts; it needs an open, inclusive look at the past that empowers people, gives all voices a chance, and supports justice and accountability. finally, this essay calls for a more active and critical way of remembering june 12, one that goes beyond official stories to include the full range of nigeria’s democratic experience. only then can democracy day truly reflect the hopes, struggles and sacrifices that keep shaping the nation’s fight for a fair and equal future. references 1. adebanwi, w. (2019). the end of june 12 as radical memory? in democracy in nigeria: reflections and critique. 2. assmann, a. (2011). cultural memory and western civilization: functions, media, archives. cambridge university press. 3. ayoade, j. a. a. (2000). the federal character principle and the search for national integration. in amuwo et al. (eds.), federalism and political restructuring in nigeria. 4. bayart, j.-f. (1993). the state in africa: the politics of the belly. longman. 5. chabal, p. & daloz, j.-p. (1999). africa works: disorder as political instrument. james currey. 6. connerton, p. (1989). how societies remember. cambridge university press. 7. diamond, l. (1995). nigeria: the uncivic society and descent into praetorianism. 8. diamond, l., kirk-greene, a., & oyediran, o. (1997). transition without end: nigerian politics and civil society under babangida. lynne rienner publishers. 9. falola, t. (2009). colonialism and violence in nigeria. indiana university press. 10. foucault, m. (1980). power/knowledge: selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. pantheon books. 11. gramsci, a. (1971). selections from the prison notebooks. international publishers. 12. halbwachs, m. (1992). on collective memory. university of chicago press. 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 13. ibeanu, o. (2019). electoral integrity and democratic consolidation in nigeria. journal of african elections, 18(1), 25-47. 14. ihonvbere, j. o. (1996). the transition to democratic governance in africa: the role of the military. 15. mamdani, m. (1996). citizen and subject: contemporary africa and the legacy of late colonialism. 16. nora, p. (1989). between memory and history: les lieux de mémoire. representations, 26, 7-24. 17. olaniyan, r. (2021). june 12 and the re-imagination of nigerian democracy. 18. olick, j. k., & robbins, j. (1998). social memory studies: from ‘collective memory’ to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices. annual review of sociology, 24, 105-140. 19. oloruntoba, s. (2020). reclaiming the future: memory, nationalism and the politics of history in africa. 20. omotola, j. s. (2010). elections and democratic transition in nigeria under the fourth republic. african affairs, 109(437), 535-553. 21. osaghae, e. e. (1998). crippled giant: nigeria since independence. hurst & company. 22. trouillot, m.-r. (1995). silencing the past: power and the production of history. beacon press. 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 10, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 models of modernization in social development or the path of uzbekistan’s progress kayumova lobar zayniddin kizi o‘zmu student abstract: this article analyzes the models of modernization of social development, their theoretical foundations, and their interrelation with uzbekistan’s path of progress. the advantages and disadvantages of modernization, its contemporary relevance, practical challenges, and recommendations for overcoming them are discussed. the article highlights uzbekistan’s modernization path, which is based on the harmony of national values and advanced experiences. keywords: modernization, development, reform, social progress, innovation, uzbekistan model. in the 21st century, during the era of globalization, digital technologies, and the knowledge economy, every nation is choosing its own unique path of socio-economic development. in this process, modernization theories and models have gained particular scientific and practical significance. modernization is the process of transitioning a society’s political, economic, cultural, and spiritual spheres to modern and advanced systems. uzbekistan, while preserving its national values, has also chosen a path of modern modernization. this path is based on the idea put forward by president shavkat mirziyoyev — “new uzbekistan – a country of progress and reforms” [1. mirziyoyev sh. m. the strategy of new uzbekistan. – tashkent: uzbekistan, 2023]. at this point, the question arises: what is modernization? modernization is the process of renewing and updating all spheres of social life — that is, developing the economy, politics, culture, science, education, and technologies in accordance with the requirements of the time. the word modernization originates from the latin word modernus, which means “modern” or “adaptation to the present era modernization is the process of a society’s transition from old, traditional systems to new, advanced, and modern ones. it is not only a technical or economic transformation, but also a renewal of human thinking, openness in governance, the advancement of science and technology, the formation of civil society, and the harmonization of national values with modern life [2. parsons t. theories of modernization and social change. – new york, 1966]. main types of modernization: 1. economic modernization – modernization of production, technologies, and market infrastructure. 2. political modernization – development of democratic institutions and establishment of a ruleof-law state. 3. cultural modernization – preservation of national values while integrating them with modern culture. 4. social modernization – renewal of education, healthcare, labor, and social justice systems. 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the main goal of modernization is to develop society in a stable, efficient, and human-oriented manner. its ultimate result is the formation of an advanced, competitive, and innovative society. a vivid example of this process can be observed in uzbekistan, where modernization is being actively implemented through the concept “new uzbekistan – a country of progress and reforms.” this includes initiatives in the fields of the digital economy, education reforms, environmental safety, social justice, and youth policy. modernization theories developed widely in sociology and political science during the 20th century. their main purpose was to explain the process by which societies move from backward systems to advanced, industrial, and innovative stages. the main models include: 1. western model (classical model) – based on the experience of the united states and europe. it emphasizes a free market, individual initiative, technological progress, and the development of democratic institutions. 2. eastern model (neo-traditional model) – based on the experience of japan, south korea, and china. this model prioritizes national values, discipline, and state-led modernization. 3. mixed model – a path specific to uzbekistan, which harmonizes national values with global experience [3. huntington s. political order in changing societies. – yale university press, 1968]. advantages of modernization. ensures economic growth and competitiveness. strengthens innovation in education, science, and technology. promotes civil society and democratic values. enhances human capital and social justice. increases the country’s prestige in the international arena. disadvantages and challenges of modernization. the risk of diminishing national values. blind imitation of western models may cause social imbalance. requires significant financial and human resources to adapt to innovative changes. the digital divide problem — certain segments of society may be left behind in the use of technologies. uzbekistan’s path of development is based on the harmony of national values, historical experience, and modern reforms. as president shavkat mirziyoyev has emphasized: “our main goal is to build a new uzbekistan and elevate human interests to the highest value.” [4. republic of uzbekistan, “uzbekistan – 2030” strategy, 2023]. -on this path, the “uzbekistan – 2030” strategy serves as the main roadmap. it outlines the following key directions: economic diversification, digital transformation, ensuring social justice and equality, improving youth policy, and strengthening environmental safety. however, there is another side to the coin. in the pursuit of progress, uzbekistan faces a number of challenges. for instance, during the modernization process, social inequality may increase; the qualifications of personnel may not meet modern requirements; and the level of innovation in science and education remains relatively low. as solutions to these issues, it is important to reorganize the education system based on an innovative development strategy, to teach young people digital literacy and creative thinking, and to ensure justice and equal opportunities in social policy. moreover, as both a demand and a recommendation, it is essential to create a modernization model harmonized with national values, strengthen science, technology, and the economy, and enhance openness and transparency in public administration. in conclusion, modernization is not merely renewal—it is a systemic process that elevates society to a qualitatively new stage of development. uzbekistan’s path of modernization is unique, grounded in the harmony of national values, human interests, and modern reforms. therefore, the reforms being implemented in the country represent not only economic transformation but also an important stage of social and spiritual renewal. references. 1. mirziyoyev, sh. m. the strategy of new uzbekistan. – tashkent: uzbekistan, 2023. 2. parsons, t. theories of modernization and social change. – new york, 1966. 3. huntington, s. political order in changing societies. – yale university press, 1968. 4. republic of uzbekistan. “uzbekistan – 2030” strategy, 2023. 269 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 06, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 trends in the development of education in the digital economy nematova mavsuma ulugbek kizi tashkent state university of economics nurillayev mukhammakhon isroilkhon ugli tashkent state university of economics abstract: this article focuses on the situation of the digital economy, which has become an integral part of the modern lifestyle, related to educational processes, and the author formulates a narrow and broad interpretation of the digital economy in the article, and comments on the differences between them. it is brought as a result of connection to the field of education and training. the main directions of introducing information technologies into the educational system are indicated separately, the pedagogical goals of using information and computer technologies in the educational process are considered. keywords : digital economy, education, upbringing, economic growth, educational development, information technology, computer, educational process. introduction one of the conditions for the formation of a well-rounded person in modern society is the active use of information and communication technologies in the pedagogical process. they have a role in creating more favorable conditions for teacher activity. it is known that the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by the rapid development of digital technologies and the revolution in the information space, as well as the acceleration of globalization in the economy. the increasing complexity of social structures and relations based on modern digital technologies, which causes the exponential growth of information flows, emphasizes the need to form a new type of economy, the main weapon of which is digital (information) technologies. this type of economy is called "digital economy" in modern literature. this "digital economy", which is found in modern literature and is used in almost all spheres of social life in modern society, is not alien to the field of education at the same time. literature review science in our country in the era of developing globalization further development, in-depth knowledge, high spirituality of our youth and of course, it is not a secret to anyone that great work is being done in the field of educating the owner of culture and forming a competitive economy. it is not a secret to all of us that the declaration of 2022 as the "year of honoring human value and active neighborhood" in order to raise it to a new, modern level is a practical expression of attention to the human factor. "specialized higher educational institutions and digital technologies that attention is being paid to the issues of training and improving the skills of state bodies and organizations, local executive 270 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us authorities on the basis of training centers" is a confirmation of our above opinions [1] uzbekistan is also rapidly moving to the digital economy. recently, the concept of "digital economy" has been used a lot. in fact, digital in many developed countries economy, significant impact on their development factors it's not a secret to all of us. the results of studying the works of contemporary scientists show that the most important direction of network interaction in the field of education in the current conditions is joint activities within the framework of electronic education and distance education. the organization of network interaction through the use of distance education technologies predetermines the wide use of resources of various educational organizations that provide students and learners with the opportunity to learn educational programs of different levels and directions. research methodology it is worth noting that the "covid-2019" pandemic is all influenced the education system, including kindergarten, all schools and higher education institutions went on early vacation en masse. according to unesco, 1.7 billion students around the world were deprived of traditional education due to the suspension of classes. the closure of universities in more than a hundred countries forced 90 percent of the world's students to stay at home. as of march 3, unesco reported that 290.5 million pupils and students were out of school due to the temporary closure of educational institutions in 13 countries and urged them to immediately switch to distance learning. according to data, only 60% of countries that have closed educational institutions due to the pandemic have switched to full digital education. some international experts emphasize that it is impossible to completely switch to online education, that this process should be considered as a way out of a problematic situation, otherwise the quality of education will decrease, while others recognize that a new era has begun for modern education. internet sources report that today 95% of students in about ten countries have a computer. in indonesia, 34 percent of young people have enough access to the internet. in other countries, this indicator is much lower. at the same time, this indicator is not at a high level in the republic of uzbekistan. the reason for this is that the internet infrastructure in remote areas is not well developed. and this may cause the quality of education to drop, as some experts estimate [2]. "digital adoption of the decree no. pf-6079 "on the approval of the uzbekistan 2030 strategy and measures for its effective implementation" is also the active development of the digital economy in our country, in all sectors and fields, first of all, public administration, education. , it can be considered as the result of practical work focusing on the implementation of complex measures for the wide introduction of modern information and communication technologies in health care and agriculture. "it is planned to turn the digital economy into the main "driver" sector and carry out work aimed at increasing its volume by at least 2.5 times. by further developing the digital infrastructure, covering all residential areas and social objects and highways with broadband networks. increasing the level of digitization of production and operational processes in the real sector of the economy, as well as in the financial and banking sectors, up to 70% by the end of 2026. special attention is being paid to the issues of increasing the volume of the software industry by 5 times, and increasing their export by 10 times to 500 million us dollars" [1]. according to experts' predictions, by 2021-2023, 25 percent of the world economy will be transferred to the introduction of digitized technologies. and this process makes it possible for the state, business, education and society in general to function effectively. 271 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results of research digital economy is economic, social and cultural connections is an implementation system based on the use of digital technologies. in 2016, the world bank announced the state of the digital economy in the world for the first time. currently, among the countries with a developed digital economy: the united states, china, norway, sweden, switzerland, south korea, great britain, the countries of singapore are included. in uzbekistan as well as in other countries of the world the digital economy is developing. however, as two of the strongest and most developed economies in the world, the usa and china are leading the way. for example, if we analyze the stage of development of the usa up to the present time, it becomes clear that the process of organizing the digital economy can be divided into five main parts:[3] ü creation of all necessary conditions for the development of the digital economy; ü the mutual competition of digital economy platforms and their implementation of gradual integration; ü an economy that is ready to transform into a digital economy the emergence of digital economy platforms in the entities and their global launch; ü all the most current and creative solutions in the field of digital economy introducing into the economy; ü information security to ensure data security provision and implementation of their effective use. according to the above opinions, even the developed countries of the world have achieved great results by taking step by step steps in development. if innovative technologies are appropriately and successfully used in the field of business, science and education, if the developing young generation grows up on the basis of this world experience, learns and matures from the centers of science, the future prospects of our country, there is no doubt that his future will be great. one of the most effective ways to meet the needs of employers is to organize the educational process in combination with direct practice in the preparation of personnel suitable for the requirements of the labor market. in this regard, the german model of dual education is currently being researched in many countries of the world. in particular, the "dual education" model has been introduced in germany. according to it, the student signs a contract with the employer before starting the study. according to the contract, the student studies at an educational institution 2 days a week and works at an enterprise 3 days a week. he will be paid for the time he worked. after graduation, the student can continue working in this company. as for the global education space, the educational system of the republic of korea is one of the best in the world, and according to the results of the pisa study, korean students are among the top three. korea is one of the leading high-tech countries in the use of broadband internet and voice communication. in order to improve digital skills in the field of education in our republic we consider it appropriate to implement the following measures: 1. a single distance learning platform for all future education creation and implementation for the purpose of implementation in directions; 2. to organize studies in the field of technological professions and innovative activities introduction of highly effective international practice into the educational system; 3. development of research and development in the field of digital technologies and encouragement, improvement of their organizational mechanisms; 4. a republic that promotes the creation of ideas and new technologies contests and events 272 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (hackathons, contests, olympiads, etc.) transfer [4] thus, all means of digitization of the educational process in general plays an important role for education. it can be noted that the listed trends and teaching tools in the digital economy originate from the characteristics of the modern generation. in the era of mobile technologies, the role of digitization of the educational process is becoming increasingly important for formal and informal education. references 1. (shavkat mirziyoyev. “raqamli o‘zbekiston — 2030» strategiyasini tasdiqlash va uni samarali amalga oshirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” gi 2020 yil 5 oktyabrdagi pf-6079-sonli farmoni. https://lex.uz/) 2. (https://www.pv.uz/uz/news/raqamli-talimga-otishni pandemiyajadallashtirdimi) 3. yangi o’zbekiston gazetasi/xalqaro hamkorlik/22.12.2022 2021. – т. 2. – №. 09. – с. 110-115. 4. (oʻzbekiston respublikasi prezidentining farmoni, 05.10.2020 yildagi pf-6079-son) 5. musakhanova g. design and research method as an innovative approach aimed at the development of organizational abilities of students in the process of independent work //current research journal of pedagogics. 6. xolmanova, z. (2023). sun’iy intellekt: boris. computer linguistics: problems, solutions, prospects, 1(1). 7. nurillaev, j. y. (2024). theoretical and methodological foundations of financing karakul farming in a market economy. 197 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 foreign portfolio investment-economic growth nexus in nigeria: co integration and granger causality analyses akinbobola t. o department of economics, obafemi awolowo university, ile-ife oyo state nigeria ibrahim t. razaq department of economics, obafemi awolowo university, ile-ife oyo state nigeria ibrahim odusanya department of economics, obafemi awolowo university, ile-ife oyo state nigeria abstract: the study employed wald causality methodology to uncover the direction of causal relationship between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth in nigeria between 1986 and 2013. the empirical results suggest that foreign portfolio investment and economic growths are positively cointegrated indicating a stable long run equilibrium relationship. further, the findings revealed bidirectional causality between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth and the complementary role of domestic savings and interest rate in growth. keywords : causality, foreign portfolio investment, economic growth introduction nigerian economy like any other african country is attractive to foreign investment because of relatively high marginal productivity of capital. this is as a result of the relatively low capital development in the country, which enhances the profitability of investment in the economy. this is so because many opportunities for profitable investment are not being explored in contrary to the developed economies with relatively high income and sophisticated market with high capital labour ratio. in these developed markets, the marginal productivity of capital is relatively low, this discourage further investment into the economy because of little amount of profitable investment opportunities. with globalization, the abundant resources in these developed economies are mobilized to developing economies where these resources have potential of profitable opportunities. more so, to sustain the growth of nigeria economy, policy makers are looking forward to attracting these foreign resources into the economy. for this effort to be meaningful, then the attracted foreign portfolio investment should lead to economic growth. empirical studies by kim and singal (2000) established that increase in the inflow of foreign portfolio investment enhances economic growth. in this case, mobilizing foreign portfolio investment will be an effective instrument at achieving greater economic growth. on the other hand, studies have shown that investors will be interested in the viability of the economy before investing in such economy, in which case, one of the essential factors to attract foreign investor is the growth of the economy among many other factors (ekeocha, 2008; http://www/ 198 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us duasa and kassim, 2009 and narayan, 2013). therefore, it could then be asserted that the growth of the economy lead to the inflow of foreign portfolio investment. once there is positive relationship between them, engineering growth to attract foreign investors will have multiplier effect on economic growth of the nation. however, the direction of causality between foreign portfolio investment and growth is still far from being cleared from empirical perspectives, even though the answer to this question is of critical importance for development policy. apart from recent efforts, empirical work on the issue of causality between the foreign portfolio investment and growth remain very sparse especially in nigeria. few studies available in this direction came out with different conclusion as regard the direction of causality between growth and foreign portfolio investment. therefore, the controversy surrounding the direction of causality between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth motivated this study. this study is germane for several reasons, among which is importance of discovering the appropriate direction of causation on policy implications for development strategies in developing countries and nigeria in particular. the examination of the causal relationship between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth is very important because it provides useful information on which economic variable(s) that the government and relevant authorities need to control in order to attained the desired level of the targeted variable or variables (sajid and sarfraz, 2008). for example, if the results of causality test indicate that foreign portfolio investment precedes and causes economic growth, then, government and policy makers can design or employ policies that would promote the mobilization of foreign portfolio investment in order to achieve higher economic growth. on the other hand, if investigation reveals the reverse, then, efforts would be made to remove the obstacles to and accelerate economic growth in order to raise the level of foreign portfolio investment. also studies on foreign portfolio investment are recent phenomenon in nigeria. this is because of unavailability of data on foreign portfolio investment (inflow or outflow) in nigeria balance of payments account until 1986. foreign portfolio inflow was n151.6 million in 1986, the effect of the investment policy and the advent of democracy is expected to attract more inflow of portfolio investment. this did not immediately happened, and as at the end of 2013, nigeria has been a destination of foreign investment, the inflow has improved consistently to about n3.2 trillion in 2013 (cbn, 2014) moreover, these increases in foreign portfolio investment have stimulated intense debates about its impact on nigeria economic growth. while proponents emphasize its positive impacts on growth and financial sector development, critics express concern about its volatile nature whose instability could be unsustainable and adversely affect the financial sector of the economy. in economic theory, portfolio investment either in the form of equity or bond has a direct bearing on economic output through the injection of capital which increases available capital in the domestic economy (bordo and meissner, 2007). this will consequently lead to greater investment and reduced financial-sector vulnerability thereby leading to economic growth. following this introduction, the next section reviews the empirical studies on the relationship between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth. section three considers issues on data and methodology, while section four consists of the empirical findings and discussions. last section contains conclusion and policy recommendations. 2 literatures review the zeal to understand the systematic relationship between foreign private investments in general http://www/ 199 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and foreign portfolio investment in particular with economic growth had resulted in series of empirical studies with different approaches. however, studies on causality still remain very sparse probably as a result of non availability of data as earlier mentioned; the few available studies came out with different and contradictory conclusions. ekeocha (2008) tried to model the long-run determinants of fpi in nigeria over the period of 1986 2006 converted into quarterly series. it found out that there is a unidirectional causality between net foreign portfolio investment and real gross domestic product, with the causality link flowing from real gross domestic product to net foreign portfolio investment. duasa and kassim (2009) examined the relationship between foreign portfolio investment (fpi) and malaysia’s economic performance. in particular, the study analyses the relationship between fpi and real gross domestic product (gdp) using the widely adopted granger causality test and the more recent toda and yamamoto’s (1995) non-causality test to establish the direction of causation between the two variables. similar method is also applied on the relationship between volatility of fpi and real gdp. additionally, the study uses an innovation accounting by simulating variance decompositions and impulse response functions for further inferences. using quarterly data covering the period from 1991 to 2006, the study finds evidence that economic growth causes changes in the fpi and its volatility and not vice versa. the findings suggest that economic performance is the major pull factor in attracting fpi into the country. nuri and huseyin (2012) examines interactions and feedbacks between categories of capital flows and economic growth in turkey for the 1992:01-2009:08 period based on a new version of the causality test of the frequency domain proposed by jörg breitung and bertrand candelon (2006). the nature of the interaction/feedback between growth and capital flows varies significantly over frequency bands and subcategories of flows. over business cycle frequencies, two out of four subcategories of inflows, short-term external borrowings and portfolio investments on government bonds, drive growth whereas the other two components, long-term borrowings and portfolio investments on shares, are driven by growth. furthermore, for the post-2001 financial crisis period it found significant bidirectional causality between long-term external borrowings and growth whereas portfolio investments, bond flows and short-term external borrowings do not affect growth in the long run. narayan (2013) using the pair-wise granger causality test examined the impact of private foreign capital inflows on economic growth in india on monthly data for the period from 1995:04 to 2011:07 using pair wise granger causality test. the causality test suggested a short and long run equilibrium relationship between the variables like economic growth and foreign direct investment and economic growth and foreign portfolio investment and vice-versa. the most important observation is that economic growth granger causes fdi and fpi. guluzar and bener (2013) analyzed the relationship between foreign portfolio investments and macroeconomic factors in turkey for the period between 2006-2012 using var, granger causality tests, impulse responses and variance decomposition. the study found no causal links between foreign portfolio investment and industrial production index and no relationship between them in the shortrun. onuorah and akujuobi (2013) applied ordinary least square method combined with pair wise granger causality test to examine the impact of macroeconomic variables on the performance of fpi in nigeria, it found that gdp and money supply had inverse relationship with foreign portfolio investment while interest rate, exchange rate and inflation rate were directly related to foreign portfolio investment. granger causality results based on f-statistic computed value revealed that there was no causality among all these macroeconomic variables and foreign portfolio investment. finally, the study found out that http://www/ 200 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us there was no longrun relationship existing between gdp, inflation rate, exchange rate, money supply, interest rate and foreign portfolio investment 3 data and methodological issues 3.1 stationarity test the non-stationary nature of most series data and the need for avoiding the problem of spurious or nonsense regression calls for the examination of their stationary property. in first stage, stationary of series on each variable is examined using both augmented dickey-fuller test and phillips-perron (pp) tests. the dickey-fuller test involves estimating regression equation and carrying out the hypothesis test. to show the dickey-fuller (df) test, the ar (1) process is shown. yt = α+ ρ.yt-1+εt 1 where α and ρ are parameters and εt is a white noise. y is stationary, if -1<ρ<1; if ρ= 1, y is non stationary and if the absolute value of ρ is greater than one (ρ > 1), the series is explosive. therefore, the hypothesis of a stationary series involves in whether the absolute value of ρ is strictly less than one (ρ < 1). the test is carried out by estimating an equation with yt-1 subtracted from both sides of equations. ∆yt = α + γ yt-1 + εt 2 where, γ = ρ – 1 and the null and alternative hypothesis are h0: γ = 0 h1: γ >1 the t-statistics under the null hypothesis of a unit root does not have the conventional tdistribution. dickeyfuller (1979) shows that the distribution is non-standard, and simulated critical values for the selected sample. later, mackinnon (1991) generalizes the critical values for any sample size by implementing a much larger set of simulations. a stochastic process is said to be stationary if its mean, variance and covariance remain constant over time. the value of the covariance between two time periods depends only on the distance or lag between the two time periods and not on the actual time at which the covariance is computed. these conditions can be summarized as follows: i) e (yt) = constant ii) var (yt) = constant iii) e (yt, yt+k) = constant for all t and all k ≠ 0. one advantage of adf is that it corrects for higher order serial correlation by adding lagged difference term on the right hand side. the simple unit root test is valid only if the series is an ar(1) process. one of the important assumptions of df test is that error terms are uncorrelated, homoscedastic as well as identically and independently distributed. ∆y t = α +γyt-1+δ1∆y t-1+ δ2 ∆y t-2 +…..+ δp ∆y t-p+ εt 3 this augmented specification is then tested for h0: γ = 0 h1: γ >1 another unit root testing procedure that is commonly used is phillips-perron test (ppt) which was developed in 1988. philip-perron test supports the dickey-fuller tests in that, it assumes that the errors are statistically independent and have a constant covariance. they, however, used a generalization of the dickey-fuller procedure that allows for fairly mild assumptions concerning the distribution of the errors. the procedures are modifications of the dickey-fuller t-statistics that take into consideration less restrictive nature of the error process. to illustrate philip – perron (pp) approach, consider equation: http://www/ 201 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ∆yt = α0 + σyt-1 + εt 4 in the case of adf test, it corrects for higher order serial correlation by adding lagged differenced terms on the right-hand side of the equation. the pp test, on the other hand, makes a correction of the coefficients in the equation 3.6 in order to account for the correlation. the asymptotic distribution of the pp “t” statistics is the same as that of the adf “t” statistics, and thus the mackinnon (1991) critical values are also applicable which is calculated by e-views software. also, in the same way as with adf tests, the pp test can be performed by including a constant, constant and trend or neither of the two in the regression. by testing both the unit root hypothesis and the stationarity hypothesis, we can distinguish between series that appear to be stationary, series that appear to have unit root, and series for which the data (or the tests) are not sufficiently informative to be sure whether they are stationary or integrated.” joint testing of both nulls can strengthen inferences made about the stationarity or non-stationarity of a time series especially when the outcomes of the two nulls corroborate each other. this joint testing has been known as “confirmatory analysis.” 2.1 the causality analysis the most common way to test the causal relationship between two variables is the granger causality proposed by granger (1969). the test involves estimating the following simple vector autoregressions (var): then the null hypothesis that xt does not granger cause yt when b1= b2 = …. =bz = 0. this can also be tested that yt does not granger cause xt. when c1 = c2 = . = cz = 0. in other words, we can jointly test if the estimated lagged coefficient σai and σbj are different from zero with fstatistics. when the jointly test reject the two null hypotheses that σai and σbj both are not different from zero, causal relationships between x and y are confirmed. however, traditional granger-causality has been criticized based on its following limitations. first, a two-variable granger-causality test without considering the effect of other variables is subject to possible specification bias. as pointed out by gujarati (2007), a causality test is sensitive to model specification and the number of lags. it would reveal different results if it was relevant and was not included in the model. therefore, the empirical evidence of a two-variable granger-causality is fragile because of this problem. second, time series data are often non-stationary (maddala, 2001). this situation could exemplify the problem of spurious regression. gujarati (2007) had also said that when the variables are integrated, the f-test procedure is not valid, as the test statistics do not have a standard distribution. although researchers can still test the significance of individual coefficients with tstatistic, one may not be able to use f-statistic to jointly test the granger-causality. toda and yamamoto (1995) propose an interesting yet simple procedure requiring the estimation of an augmented var which guarantees the asymptotic distribution of the wald statistic (an asymptotic χ2distribution), since the testing procedure is robust to the integration and cointegration properties of the process. we use a bivariate var (m + dmax) comprised of gross domestic product and foreign portfolio http://www/ 202 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us investment, following yamada (1998); where x= gross domestic product and y= foreign portfolio investment, and ω, θ’s, δ’s, ψ, φ’s and β’s are parameters of the model. dmax is the maximum order of integration suspected to occur in the system; ν1t ~n(0, σv1 ) and ν2t ~n(0, σv2 ) are the residuals of the model and σv1 and σv2 the covariance matrices of ν1t and ν2t , respectively. the null of non-causality from gross domestic product to foreign portfolio investment can be expressed as h0: δi= 0, ∀ i=1, 2, ..., m. two steps are involved with implementing the procedure. the first step includes the determination of the lag length (m) and the second one is the selection of the maximum order of integration (dmax ) for the variables in the system. we use the augmented dickey-fuller (adf) test as well as phillip perron (pp) test for which the null hypothesis is stationarity to determine the maximum order of integration. 3.2 sources of data secondary annual data are used for this study. data on foreign portfolio investment and maximum lending rate are obtained from statistical bulletin published by the central bank of nigeria (cbn), while data on variables such as gdp growth rate and gross domestic savings from 1986 to 2013 are obtained from world development indicators (wdi) data base published by the world bank. 3.3 definition and measurement of variables gdp is measured as the growth rate of gross domestic product fpi is measured as percentage of the ratio of foreign portfolio investment to gross domestic product ds is measured as percentage of the ratio of domestic savings to gross domestic product int is measured as the maximum lending rate in the economy 4 empirical findings and discussions 4.1 univariate properties of the variables the table 1 presents the results of the augmented dickey fuller (adf) and phillip perron test at level. it is evident from the results of augmented dickey fuller (adf) that all the variables were stationary at levels, that is, they were integration of order zero i(0). to choose the appropriate lag length we generate statistics based on the schwarz information criteria (sic) automatically computerized from the system. the result based on pp test also indicate that all the variables are integrated of the order zero, i.e. i(0). ar spectral gls detrended estimation methods were used, the test result were also based on schwarz information criteria (sic) table 1 unit root test augmented dickey fuller test phillip perron test variables lag level statistics probability level statistics probability lag gdp 0 -3.26** 0.027 -3.28** 0.029 0 fpi 0 -4.94* 0.0005 -4.94* 0.0005 0 ds 0 -3.74* 0.009 -3.75* 0.009 0 int 0 -4.22* 0.0029 -4.28* 0.0025 0 1% critical value (-3.70)* 5% critical value (-2.98) ** sources: e views 8 computation 2.1 multivariate analysis http://www/ 203 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the result of the cointegration test statistics for the four-variables, gdp, fpi, int, and ds is reported in table 2 indicates that four cointegrating vector exist. the null hypothesis that there is no cointegrating vector in the systems (r≤ 0), (r≤ 1), (r ≤ 2) and (r ≤ 3) were all rejected. the implication of this is that r = 4, which implies that there exist full rank and the system will be estimated by applying ols to the unrestricted var in levels. table 2 unrestricted cointegration rank test (trace) h0:r≤ k eigenvalue trace statistic 0.05 critical value prob. 0 0.546486 51.94263 47.85613 0.0197 1 0.401267 31.38369 29.79707 0.0326 2 0.352704 18.04724 15.49471 0.0202 3 0.228310 6.738491 3.841466 0.0094 sources: e views 8 computation 2.1 mwald causality test result the empirical results of granger causality test based on toda and yamamoto (1995) methodology is estimated through mwald test and reported in table 3. the estimates of mwald test result follow the chi-square distribution with 4 degrees of freedom in accordance with the appropriate lag length (as shown in appendix a) along with their associated probability. the null hypothesis is that there is no causality between the variables. table 3: wald causality test results sources: e views 8 computations table3 mwald granger causality test result null hypothesis chi-sq prob. granger causality gdp→ fpi 36.97168 0.0000 causality fpi → gdp 10.70261 0.0301 causality fpi→ int 10.84961 0.0283 causality int → fpi 22.13309 0.0002 causality gdp →int 6.485591 0.1657 no causality int → gdp 9.533347 0.0491 causality ds → gdp 4.439280 0.3498 no causality gdp → ds 8.495214 0.0750 no causality fpi → ds 5.875352 0.2087 no causality ds → fpi 21.56882 0.0002 causality int → ds 7.365840 0.1178 no causality ds → int 2.536422 0.6381 no causality fpi, ds, int→gdp 22.46254 0.0327 causality gdp, ds, int → fpi 131.6351 0.0000 causality table 3 reports the χ2-test statistic obtained, together with the estimate p-values and the results for the multivariate and bivariate causality tests. our results confirm that the probability that the growth rate of gdp does not granger cause foreign portfolio investment in the economy is about 0.03 while the probability that foreign portfolio investment does not granger cause the growth rate of gdp is about 0.00. we therefore reject the null hypothesis that fpi does not granger cause gdp and also reject the hypothesis that gdp does not granger cause fpi. we therefore conclude that there is bidirectional causality between foreign http://www/ 204 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us portfolio investment and economic growth in nigeria economy. it further reveals that interest rate and domestic savings granger cause fpi with the same probability of 0.0002 of null hypothesis of no causality. interest rate also granger causes gdp with probability of 0.05 while domestic savings does not granger cause gdp with probability of 0.35. the multivariate causality shows that fpi, ds, and int jointly granger cause gdp with probability of 0.03 and also that gdp, ds and int jointly granger cause fpi with probability of 0.00. this empirical result however provides evidence supporting the conventional view that higher foreign portfolio investment leads to higher investment and higher economic growth. it however, supports the finding of duasa and kassim (2009) and narayan (2013) which also find causality from gdp to fpi. 5 conclusion and policy implications the paper presented careful tests of causality between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth in both bivariate and multivariate systems using the toda and yamamoto methodology. the empirical results suggest that foreign portfolio investment and economic growths are positively cointegrated indicating a stable long run equilibrium relationship. further, the findings revealed bidirectional causality between foreign portfolio investment and economic growth. it also established the complementary role of domestic savings and interest rate to the growth of the economy. the nigerian government therefore, needs to formulate policies that; would enhance saving, stabilize interest rate to improve the confidence of the foreign investors in the economy, as this might lead to sustainable economic growth in nigeria. government should ensure that more foreign investment flows into the economy. this will entail creating appropriate enabling environment to attract more fpi. there is a need for major institutionallegal changes such as the relaxation or elimination of restrictions on profit and capital remittances. in addition, government must open up the formerly classified “priority sectors” to foreign investors. on the other way round, government should employ all necessary fiscal and monetary policy to ensure stable economic growth and provide enabling environment for the growth of the economy through the provision of social amenities and infrastructural facilities. references 1. dolado, j. and lutkepohl, h (1996) making wald tests work for cointegrated var systems. econometric review, 15, 369-386. 2. ekeocha, p .c (2008 ) ‘modelling the long run determinants of foreign portfolio investment in an emerging market: evidence from nigeria’, international conference on applied economics 3. granger, c. w. j. (1969) investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross spectral methods, econometrica, 37, 42438 4. guluzar kurt gumus,and bener gungor (2013) the relationship between foreign portfolio investment and macroeconomic variables, european scientific journal vol.9, no.34 5. jarita duasa and salina h. kassim (2009) foreign portfolio investment and economic growth in malaysia, the pakistan development review, 48: 2 pp. 109–123 6. kim, j., and singal, v (2000), “stock market openings: experience of emerging economies”, journal of business, 73, 25-66. 7. maddala, g.s (2001) introduction to econometrics, 3rd edition, wiley and sons, inc 8. narayan (2013) ‘causal relationship between foreign capital inflows and economic growth: empirical evidence from india’ international journal of economics, finance and management, volume 2 no 1 9. nuri yildirim and huseyin tastan (2012) capital flows and economic growth across spectral http://www/ 205 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us frequencies: evidence from turkey panoeconomicus, vol4, pp. 441-462 10. obadan m.i. (2004): foreign capital flow and external debt perspectives on nigeria and the ldcs groups, ibadan university prints, nigeria. 11. onuorah, anastasia chi-chi and akujuobi, linus eze (2013) impact of macroeconomic indicators on the performance of foreign portfolio investment in nigeria european journal of business and management vol.5, no.2, 12. sajid, g. m. and m. sarfraz (2008) “savings and economic growth in pakistan: an issue of causality,” pakistan economic and social review vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 17-36. 13. toda, h.y. and yamamoto (1995) statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. journal of econometrics, 66, 225-250. appendix a var lag order selection criteria endogenous variables: gdp fpi ds int exogenous variables: c sample: 1986 2013 included observations: 24 lag logl lr fpe aic sc hq 0 -245.7674 na 12869.70 20.81395 21.01029 20.86604 1 -230.8875 23.55981 14480.26 20.90729 21.88900 21.16774 2 -219.8202 13.83405 24851.50 21.31835 23.08543 21.78716 3 -188.7150 28.51309 10166.32 20.05959 22.61204 20.73675 4 -137.1030 30.10701* 1266.980* 17.09192* 20.42974* 17.97744* * indicates lag order selected by the criterion lr: sequential modified lr test statistic (each test at 5% level) fpe: final prediction error aic: akaike information criterion sc: schwarz information criterion hq: hannan-quinn information criterion http://www/ 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 innovations in agrotechnology and food security in uzbekistan rafiyeva zarina assistant of the department of investments and innovations of the samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: this paper examines the current innovative approaches in uzbekistan's agricultural sector aimed at ensuring food security. special attention is given to the implementation of digital technologies, biotechnology, and precision agriculture methods. achievements, challenges, and future prospects for agrotechnology in the face of climate and economic challenges are analyzed. the study concludes that comprehensive support for innovation at both the state and private levels is essential. keywords: agrotechnology, food security, innovations, uzbekistan, digitalization, precision agriculture, biotechnology, sustainable development. introduction food security is one of the most important priorities of uzbekistan's state policy. given global climate change, water scarcity, and population growth, ensuring sustainable agricultural production requires the implementation of advanced agrotechnologies. the agricultural sector of uzbekistan, which accounts for about 30% of employment and a significant share of gdp, is undergoing active transformation. the purpose of this paper is to analyze the innovative solutions applied in uzbekistan's agriculture and assess their impact on the country's food security. methodology the research is based on the analysis of secondary data, including statistics, reports from government agencies, scientific publications, and case studies of real projects. methods of system analysis and a comparative approach were used to identify key innovation areas and assess their effectiveness. examples of agri-startups and technological initiatives implemented in the country were also reviewed. key indicators of uzbekistan’s agricultural sector for 2019–2023, reflecting the implementation of innovations and the state of food security (according to open sources: ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan, fao, world bank, uzstat): indicator 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 agricultural production volume (trillion sums) 206.1 219.5 236.8 258.4 276.2 food security level (%) 88 89.3 91.5 93.7 95.2 area covered by drip irrigation (thousand hectares) 105.0 135.4 172.6 203.1 235.8 number of agri-startups receiving government support 14 23 41 65 88 number of farms using digital technologies (%) 4.2 6.7 11.3 17.8 24.5 wheat yield (centners per hectare) 51.6 53.2 56.7 58.4 60.1 agricultural exports (billion usd) 1.16 1.21 1.46 1.75 2.08 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results from 2019 to 2023, the agricultural production volume increased from 206.1 to 276.2 trillion sums (a growth of ~34%). this indicates a positive trend in the development of the agricultural sector and reflects an increase in productivity. this growth is largely due to the implementation of modern technologies, infrastructure improvements, and systematic state support. the food security level increased from 88% in 2019 to 95.2% in 2023. this indicates the strengthening of food security and a reduction in reliance on imports. a significant role here belongs to measures to diversify production and improve logistics chains. the area covered by drip irrigation more than doubled, from 105 thousand hectares to 235.8 thousand hectares. this is one of the brightest examples of the implementation of agroinnovations. given the acute water shortage in the region, the development of such systems is critically important for sustainable agriculture. the number of startups receiving government support increased more than sixfold over five years. this indicates the development of entrepreneurial activity in the agricultural sector and growing interest in technological solutions in agriculture, including it, biotechnology, and automation. the share of farms using digital technologies increased almost sixfold (from 4.2% to 24.5%). this indicates a gradual transformation of traditional agriculture into high-tech production. however, the level of implementation is still limited, which highlights the need to expand digital literacy and infrastructure in rural areas. wheat yield increased from 51.6 to 60.1 centners per hectare, reflecting the effectiveness of agro-technical innovations, improved seed stock, and the implementation of precision agriculture. this is particularly important as wheat is a strategic crop for the country's food security. agricultural exports increased from $1.16 billion to $2.08 billion — almost doubling. this demonstrates the strengthening of export potential and the competitiveness of uzbek agricultural products in international markets. discussion a review of the literature shows that agroinnovations are key to ensuring food security. according to fao (2022) and world bank (2021) studies, digitalization and the implementation of smart resource management systems are effective ways to enhance the resilience of agricultural production, especially in regions vulnerable to climate risks and water scarcity. in uzbekistan, successful initiatives have been implemented, such as the introduction of smart farming platforms, the use of drones for monitoring, automated irrigation systems, and mobile applications for agronomists and direct trade platforms. these solutions significantly increase the efficiency of agriculture and reduce the environmental impact. however, despite the achievements, barriers remain. small farms often lack access to modern technologies and infrastructure, and they may not always have the necessary knowledge in digitalization and biotechnology. conclusion innovations in agrotechnology play a decisive role in ensuring uzbekistan's food security. the development of digital solutions, precision agriculture, and sustainable production methods create a foundation for increasing yields, optimizing resources, and reducing dependence on external factors. a systemic approach, including education, investment, and support for the agroinnovation ecosystem, is necessary for maximum effect. 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan. official reports and statistics, 2022– 2024. 2. state committee on statistics of the republic of uzbekistan. https://stat.uz 3. fao. "uzbekistan: country programming framework (cpf) 2021–2025." 4. world bank. "digital agriculture in central asia: opportunities and challenges", 2023. 5. karimov a.sh., yunusov b.n. innovative approaches in uzbekistan's agro-industrial complex. — tashkent: uzagro publishing, 2022. 6. jalilov, m. et al. (2023). “precision agriculture and food security in uzbekistan.” central asian journal of agriculture and environment. 7. international food policy research institute (ifpri). "agriculture and food security in central asia," 2021. 8. united nations development programme (undp). "sustainable agriculture practices in uzbekistan: a path toward food security," 2020. 9. asian development bank (adb). "smart farming and water management in central asia," 2020. 10. ismailov, sh., karimov, b. (2021). "digital transformation in uzbek agricultural sector: gis systems and satellite monitoring," tashkent journal of agriculture and economy. 11. fao. "the state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022," food and agriculture organization of the united nations. 12. fao and world bank. "agriculture and digital transformation: new pathways for growth in central asia," 2022. 13. rakhimov, j., and muminov, i. (2021). "biotechnological solutions for enhancing crop yields in uzbekistan," central asian journal of agricultural science and technology. 14. kamilov, m., & bekchanov, m. (2022). "water resource management and innovations in irrigation in uzbekistan," asian journal of water resources management. 15. ziyatdinov, m. (2023). "the role of agri-tech startups in promoting sustainable agriculture in uzbekistan," agrotech innovation review. https://stat.uz/ 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 some considerations about kesh, the political and cultural center of sugd in the early middle ages erkinova nilufar mirshod kizi student of the faculty of history and law, bukhara state university abstract: this article analyzes the position of the city of kesh as the political and cultural center of sugd in the early middle ages, the historical geographical classification of the state and region of kesh in chinese historical sources, the fact that the territories from the chu river to shakhrisabz were called the land of the sulik, the fact that the city of kesh was one of the political, cultural and economic centers of sugd in antiquity and the early middle ages, and the fact that the city of kesh was one of the developed centers of sugd in cultural and international relations based on historical sources, including chinese sources. keywords: shi state, duma river, li, tukhulo state, mi, sulik country, kesh king, ruler shishpir, “kitob-al buldon”, han shu, suse, hun yan, chitragandha, xuysha introduction. there is evidence in historical sources and literature that the city of kesh was the central city of southern sughd. this article aims to analyze the information on the position of the city of kesh in the region of southern sughd, turkestan, as well as in international relations, in sources and historical literature on the history of the east, in particular china, in the ancient and early medieval periods. an attempt was also made to show the role of kesh as an economic, political and cultural center. chinese historical sources provide a historical geographical classification of the kesh state and region, which cites information that “the capital of the kesh (shi) state also bears the same name, the capital is located 10 li (1 li-479 m) south of duma (tankasdarya), these lands are the lands of the ancient kang'yu state, the ruler is called zhao-u, the ruler's residence is surrounded by a defensive wall 2 li away, the number of permanent troops is 1000 people, the lands around kan (samarkand) state 240 li in the north, tukhulo (tokhoristan) state 500 li in the south, nashebolo (nasaf) 200 li in the west, and mi (maymurg') 200 li in the northeast are under the jurisdiction of this state” [1:274]. main part. there is sufficient evidence to say that kesh was one of the important cultural centers in the turkestan region even in the early middle ages, when the sogdians, in the developed middle ages, the transoxiana and khorezmians, and in the late middle ages, the bukharas and khivas played a significant role in international relations and became the main mediators in connecting different countries [2:360]. the fact that kesh was one of the cultural and political centers in the region is also confirmed by the information of xuan jiang. in his information, it can be seen that the territories from the chu river to shakhrisabz were called the country of sulik. he also wrote that this region was inhabited by peoples with a single language and culture. academician v.v. bartold cites sulik as a modified form of the word sugd in buddhist-manichean pronunciation. in addition, we can see that the lands from the northwestern regions of fergana to shahrisabz were part of the qing state in the 2nd century bc, and that chinese sources also mention opinions related to the fact that this was considered a single cultural region. [3:179] also, in the memoirs of xuan jiang; “the lands from susheshui (chu river) to szeshuanna (shakhrisabz) were called suli in ancient times, there were about 30 scripts 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us used in the country, they wrote and read the scripts from top to bottom, their clothes were made of leather and wool, and partly of cloth, their clothes had short hems, women had long hair, men had short hair or shaved it completely, and they wore a soft ribbon with patterns on their foreheads” [4:40], providing valuable information about the customs and lifestyle of the population. relying on written sources, in particular on information from the early middle ages, v.v. bartold puts forward the idea that the city of kesh was the first political leader not only in southern sughd, but also in the entire sughd region. in particular, to substantiate his opinion, the scientist considers it appropriate to cite the information in the work of the arab historian yaqubiy “kitab al-buldan” about the fact that shahrisabz-sughd was the ancient capital [5:188]. archaeological sources also contain evidence that the city of kesh was one of the cultural and political centers in the sughd region at the beginning of our era. as a result of archaeological research conducted in the kashkadarya oasis in the 60s of the 20th century, some scholars read the sogdian inscriptions on coins dating back to the 3rd-4th centuries ad in the style of king kanishka. however, later, the famous sogdian scholar, o.i. smirnova analyzed the inscriptions on these coins and interpreted them as "kesh shahi (ruler)"[6:273]. it is clear from the above considerations that the city of kesh was considered one of the central cities not only of southern sughd, but also of the entire sughdiana at the beginning of the 2nd century ad, and was a cultural, economic and political center. because the issuance of coins and the depiction of the ruler on them, along with factors indicating the status of the city and the power of the state, also indicate that the city pursued an independent policy. the first ikhshid of sughd, shishpir (who ruled in the 40s-60s of the 7th century), is considered one of the rulers who first established local coinage. the fact that the largest of the coins he minted was 25-26 mm in diameter, weighing 5 grams, and the smaller coins were 19-22 mm in diameter, weighing 2.4 grams, and most importantly, the information that he was the ruler of kesh indicates that the city of kesh was one of the political, cultural, and economic centers of sogd in antiquity and the early middle ages [7:168]. we can see that in some historical literature, opinions are cited that the origin of the word sogd is also derived from the ancient name of the city of kesh. in the 96th chapter of the han dynasty chronicle, “han shu” (“history of the han dynasty”), in the “about the qing state” section, one can find information that suse was the first of the five small principalities (xiao wan) in the state, that the princely capital and the country were also called suse, and that the distance from the princely residence to the chinese border post in dunhuang was 8025 li [8:273]. from this, one can conclude that the sogdian region was named the same as kesh and that its central city was also kesh. the information provided by v.v. bartold also serves to confirm the above opinions. in his work on the historical geography of the turkestan region, the scholar says that kesh was considered the ancient capital of sughd, and that the term sughd later originated from the chinese name of the city of kesh, suse [9:488]. however, it should be noted that the researcher did not provide any basis for analyzing the changes in these terms over time. the above-mentioned numismatic evidence also indicates the position of kesh as the region's primary political, cultural and economic center. there is abundant historical literature proving that kesh's political position was a leading position not only in southern sughd, but also in the turkestan region during the arab conquest. even after the arab caliphate conquered transoxiana, local dynasties managed to retain control for a certain historical period. the rulers of the city of kesh also managed to retain their local dynastic power. kesh also continued to play an important role in political and cultural relations in the sughd region. for example, in 738, the troops of the kesh state also participated in the political struggles in the turkic (turkish) state. we can learn from the evidence cited by the russian traveler g.ye. grum-grzhimailo that the ruler of the kesh state formed an alliance with the ruler of chach in this year and participated in political struggles [10:329]. although the leadership in sughd passed to the city of samarkand in the early middle ages, kesh remained the center of southern sughd, and there is a lot of information in historical literature about its active participation in international economic and cultural relations. it is worth mentioning a lot of information about trade and embassy relations with the city of kesh in chinese historical chronicles as an example. according to the analysis of information provided in historical literature, during the sui dynasty (586-618 ad), kesh 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us maintained cultural and economic relations with china through ambassadors and caravans from 604 to 618 ad. during the above-mentioned years, sui ambassadors who came to western countries took various rare items and products from various rulers to the imperial palace. when the ambassadors were in the city of kesh, they were given 10 dancing girls, lion fur, and a rare product called “xoshu” by the chinese, which in translation means “fire mouse fur” (?), as a souvenir, according to historical literature [11:66]. among the rare products taken to china, there is a lot of information about the export of medicines known as “black salt” (“xey yan”), “red salt” (“xun yan”), and “chitragandha” (miracle medicine). historical literature mentions that black salt is used for stomach aches, red salt for eye diseases, and the medicine "chitragandha" for various injuries. the composition of the medicine "chitragandha" is mentioned in historical literature as being made from tamarind (minna), shirinmia and "rahnannia", as well as substances known as "boiling blood". due to the complex composition and high cost of this medicine, its production and sale in counterfeit form also brought great profits. therefore, there is information about testing this medicine when buying it, that is, cutting a place, moistening the medicine with the mouth, applying it to the wound, and if the effect is felt quickly, it is confirmed that it is of good quality [12:247]. information in the literature on the history of china indicates that in the first half of the 8th century ad, musicians and dancers from various countries in our country, in particular from kesh, were taken to china several times to entertain the chinese nobility. western music and dances in the chinese palace and noble palaces became especially popular during the tang empire. in the chronicles of the tang dynasty, there is information about the shi (kesh) dancers, their dances, and their festive red color, their clothes made of sable cloth, their shoes made of red suede (precious leather), and the dancers performed the dance by jumping back and forth on the ball on a platform designed for dancing on the ball, entertaining the audience [13:85]. we can see that the cultural and economic relations between the kesh state and the chinese tang dynasty intensified with the development of trade and economic relations on the great silk road. in the history of the tang dynasty (“xin tan shu”), the city of kesh was called shi. in the history of the tang dynasty, kesh was also named xuysha and szeshuanna. the information about the kesh state indicates that there were 500 cities on its territory, which is another indication that the city was the leader in all of sughd. because for the 7th century ad, such a large population could only have been in the entire sughd region. regarding the establishment of contacts between kesh and the chinese state, it is said that it began during the da-ye era (605-617), when prince dizhe tried to develop good relations with china. in the sixteenth year of the reign of cheng-guan (642-643), prince shasebi (sughd shishpir) sent local products to the tang palace as a gift, as recorded in historical literature [14:85]. in conclusion, it can be noted that since the end of the early middle ages, the increasing influence of the arab caliphate in the country, the weakening of the tang dynasty, along with a certain decrease in these cultural and economic relations, and the gradual decrease in information about the city of kesh in chinese historical chronicles. however, from the end of the 2nd century bc to the 8th century ad, chinese historical chronicles cite information about the city of kesh as the first important economic, cultural and political center in the south of sogd, which also indicates that in the early middle ages, the city of kesh was one of the developed centers of sogd in cultural and international relations. references: 1. бичурин н.й. (иакинф) собрание сведений о народах, обитавших в средней азии в древние времена. м-л.: издателство академии наук, 1950. 332 п. 2. mavlanov o'.m. ancient roads of central asia: stages of formation and development. monograph-t.: academy, 2008, p. 432. 3. бартҳолд в.в. обшие работи по истории средней азии. тҳе ҳисторй оф тҳе cауcасус анд эастерн эуропе. сочинениа. т. ии. част.1. м.: издателство восточнои литератури, 1963. п.1020. 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. хуан-сзан записки о западниҳ странах [эпохи] великой тан (да тан си юй сзи) / хуан сзан; введ., пер. и cоммент. н.а. алехандрова; ин-т востоковедения ран. м.: вост. лит., 2012. -463 п. 5. бартҳолд в.в. сочинениа. туркестан ин тҳе монгол эра. т.и. м.: издателство восточнои литератури, 1963. п. 763. 6. international conference on archeology and culture of central asia and the kushan era. monday, september 27-october 6, 1968 // central asia and kushanskuyu era. t. ii. m.: nauka, 1975. p.428. 7. смирнова о.и. очерки истории согда м.: "наука" 1970. с-287. 8. малявкин а.г. танские чрониc о государствах cэнтрал асиа: техт анд ресеарч. новосибирск: наука, сиб. отд-ние, 1989. п. 432. 9. бартҳолд в.в. сочинениа. релатионшип wитҳ ҳисториcал геограпҳй. т. иии. м.: наука, 1965. п.711. 10. грум-грзҳимаило г.е. wэстерн монголиа анд урянкҳаи регион. ҳисториcал эссай этих стран в связи с истории средней асиаи. т. ии. ленинград, 1926. п. 896. 11. малявкин а.г. танские чрониc о государствах cэнтрал асиа: техт анд ресеарч. новосибирск: "наука". сиб. отд-ние, 1989. с-328. 12. шефер э. голден пеач ин самарканд. книга о чужеземникҳ диковина в империи тан. м.: "наука" главная редакция восточной литератури издателство, 1981. п. 287. 13. yunusugli, e. j. (2020). development of transportation types and their usage on caravan roads in middle ages. international journal on integrated education journal, 3, 19-23. 14. ugli latipov, j. l., ugli ergashev, j. y., & raximov, m. m. (2021). the influence of turkic khaghanate rule on the political life of the khitan tribes. central asian journal of social sciences and history, 2(3), 81-90. 15. ergashev, j. (2025). турк хоқонлигида ҳарбий маъмуриятнинг шаклланиши. "педагогическая акмеология" международный научнометодический журнал, 4(21). 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 cross-border green contracts: promoting sustainability through challenges, and governance recommendations davlatova guliza shavkat kizi phd student of tashkent state university of law gprimova97@gmail.com abstract: the article examines cross-border green contracts as an effective mechanism for global environmental governance and sustainable development. these contracts are legally binding agreements between entities from different states, aimed at jointly achieving environmental goals such as emission reduction, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable resource use. the focus is on analyzing their structure, key characteristics, implementation challenges, and successful cases from various world regions, including the european union, amazon, and east africa. the study highlights the roles of stakeholders, including states, ngos, the private sector, and local communities. recommendations are made to strengthen legal, institutional, and financial support mechanisms. thus, cross-border green contracts are recognized as an important tool in promoting fair and effective international environmental policy. keywords: cross-border green contracts, sustainable development, environmental management, stakeholders, international private law, international law. 1. introduction modern challenges posed by climate change, depletion of natural resources, and environmental degradation require the development of new mechanisms for global environmental cooperation. one such tool has become cross-border green contracts — legally binding agreements between entities from different states aimed at promoting sustainable environmental practices. cross-border green contracts represent a crucial mechanism at the intersection of international law and environmental governance, meeting the urgent need for cooperative frameworks that promote sustainability on a global scale. defined in general, cross-border green contracts are legally binding agreements between entities of different nations aimed at promoting environmental sustainability, often through collaborative efforts in areas such as renewable energy, resource conservation, and carbon emission reduction. these agreements are particularly important in a time marked by climate change and its generalized socio-economic ramifications, requiring cooperative strategies that transcend national borders (benzie and persson, 2019). cross-border green contracts are important for sustainability not just because they create binding rules, but because they reflect the ideas of international environmental law that promote cooperation among countries and other groups to protect shared global resources. this interest alignment is especially relevant in cases where an action's environmental impact in one jurisdiction can affect another, like cross-border pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. these agreements facilitate shared responsibility and promote innovation through technology transfer, investment in green industries, and the creation of sustainable supply chains. 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the field of environmental governance, cross-border green contracts highlight the need for innovative solutions to meet complex durability challenges. traditional regulatory executives often find it difficult to solve environmental problems of an intrinsically global nature. consequently, multiple stakeholders, including governments, private companies, and civil society, increasingly recognize that effective governance requires coordinated efforts. in this day, green contracts are invaluable because they provide a structured avenue for the negotiation of common objectives and the pooling of resources to obtain sustainable results (benzie & persson, 2019). however, the implementation of cross-border green contracts is responsible for challenges that can hinder their effectiveness. variations in national legal frameworks, regulatory capacities, and levels of engagement in environmental objectives can lead to differences that complicate the application of these agreements. in addition, disparities in economic development and access to technology can create inequalities that undermine collaboration efforts, especially in developing countries where the need for sustainable investments is essential but often not satisfied. thus, addressing these implementation challenges is essential for exploiting the full potential of crossborder green contracts to advance global sustainability programs. the problem statement of this article is how cross-border green contracts facilitate sustainable development, and what legal and institutional recommendations should governments adopt to improve their efficacy in light of new challenges? this study aims to examine the function of cross-border green contracts in advancing sustainable development by identifying the legal, environmental, and institutional obstacles they encounter and offering governance frameworks and policy recommendations for their proper execution. the objectives of the study are to define and conceptualize what constitutes a "green contract" in the context of cross-border agreements, to explore the legal frameworks and international standards governing cross-border environmental agreements and green investments, to identify key challenges (legal, regulatory, technical, financial, and political) in drafting, implementing, and enforcing cross-border green contracts, and to evaluate case studies of successful and failed cross-border green projects to draw practical lessons. the research question is how cross-border green contracts contribute to sustainable development, and what legal and institutional recommendations can governments implement to enhance their effectiveness amid emerging challenges? the article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of these agreements, defines their role in the international legal framework, and highlights the key challenges and opportunities they face. 2. methodology this study examines the role and effectiveness of cross-border green contracts in sustainable development, stakeholder engagement, and regional innovation systems (ris). the methodology includes a review of international legal instruments, regional agreements, and national frameworks regulating transboundary environmental cooperation. a comparative approach to case studies from various border regions was used to identify patterns, best practices, and systemic weaknesses. 3. results while the concept of cross-border green contracts is gaining ground, it is essential to explore recommendations to improve their efficiency in world environmental governance. this includes the development of standardized protocols that harmonize regulatory approaches and facilitate capacity-building initiatives that empower stakeholders in developing regions. by promoting a cooperative spirit and establishing robust mechanisms for responsibility, the global community can better take advantage of these contracts to create ways towards sustainable development that are both fair and effective. 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us cross-border green contracts act as legal tools that facilitate cooperation between jurisdictions in the search for environmental sustainability. defined as agreements between parts of different countries that are specifically made to promote ecological practices and the sustainable use of resources, these contracts reflect an evolving understanding of the environmental government that transcends national borders. they embody the principles of cooperation, consistency, and collective responsibility, which are essential to deal with global environmental challenges, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, and the exhaustion of resources (meng et al., 2025). results show that stakeholder engagement remains asymmetrical, with national agencies and international donors dominating negotiations, while local actors and civil society play a marginal role. regional innovation systems enhance innovation but require strong governance links, and evaluation practices are inconsistent and fragmented. digital tools show promise but face adoption barriers, and regulatory flexibility supports resilience. public trust and communication are critical. successful cbgcs are most successful when embedded within resilient innovation ecosystems and supported by transparent, participatory, and adaptive governance mechanisms. successful case studies from various regions illustrate how cross-border green contracts can serve as effective tools to solve specific environmental problems. for instance, partnerships formed under the european union emission trading system show how working together on rules can significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions and encourage investments in low-carbon technologies. on the other hand, initiatives in the amazon basin illustrate how aboriginal communities have taken advantage of cross-border agreements with international ngos to protect biodiversity and improve sustainable land use practices. 4. discussion different key features define cross-border green contracts and their impact on sustainable practices. firstly, adaptability is a fundamental characteristic that allows these contracts to be adapted to specific legal contexts, cultural nuances, and ecological conditions of the jurisdictions involved. this adaptability is crucial because environmental issues often vary significantly from one region to another due to differences in ecological conditions, cultural practices, and economic realities. by enabling localized solutions within a broader framework, cross-border green contracts promote innovative sustainability practices that respect and integrate local knowledge and input from interested parties. in addition, the involvement of the interested parties is a significant aspect of cross-border green contracts, which often require the active participation of various stakeholders, including governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and local communities. this large commitment is essential to ensure the contract’s terms are fair and reflect the interests and rights of all parties. often in success, the interested parties have contributed their skills, abilities, resources, and local insights, leading to more effective and sustainable results. the collaborative nature of these agreements improves the legitimacy of environmental governance and strengthens the commitment of the signed parties to adhere to their sustainable objectives. the conformity mechanisms represent another critical characteristic of cross-border green contracts. these mechanisms vary widely, ranging from binding legal obligations to softer commitments such as best practices or guidelines. independent evaluations, monitoring and reporting requirements, and collaborative platforms can strengthen conformity by facilitating information sharing between the parties. the successful implementation of the mechanisms of conformity is fundamental in ensuring that the parties support their commitments to sustainability and environmental protection. in addition, the establishment of clear dispute termination processes can improve trust between the parties, encouraging continuous commitment and adherence to the terms of contracts, even in the face of challenges. cross-border green contracts also face several implementation challenges. these challenges include discrepancies in legal frameworks, regulatory environments, and application skills across 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us different jurisdictions, which can complicate the interpretation and execution of contractual obligations. furthermore, the parties' ability to fulfill their commitments may be hindered by varying levels of resources and technological skills, which could lead to contract performance imbalances. therefore, these agreements need to incorporate provisions that deal with capacity construction initiatives, allowing all parties involved to strengthen their skills in sustainable practices. the establishment of the united nations conference on the human environment in 1972 marked a crucial moment in the institutionalization of cooperation for environmental governance, establishing the bases for subsequent treaties, such as the united nations convention on climate change (unfccc) and the biological diversity convention (cbd). korhonen et al. (2021) illuminate how these initial structures required multilateral commitments, reflecting the understanding that environmental degradation and resource depletion do not adhere to geopolitical borders. the failure of unilateral actions by individual countries highlights the need for cooperative mechanisms where nations share responsibilities and benefits equitably to achieve significant environmental progress. however, the implementation of cross-border green contracts is full of challenges. the disparities in legal structures, economic abilities, and political will among participating countries often make it difficult for effective cooperation. as korhonen et al. (2021) argue, there is a compelling need to harmonize environmental regulations at the borders to facilitate smoother implementation and compliance with green contracts. in addition, confidence and mutual responsibility between the contracting parties are crucial, as divergent historical complaints and national interests can create barriers to cooperation. successful case studies serve to highlight how effective cross-border contracts can promote collaboration and resilience in environmental governance. cooperation in the montreal protocol between countries across the atlantic shows how a strong legal agreement can encourage worldwide efforts to tackle an important environmental problem. by setting clear goals and promoting a network of stakeholders, countries were able to achieve significant reductions in harmful substances, demonstrating the potential of transmitting agreements to produce tangible environmental benefits. furthermore, suggestions for improving cross-border green contracts in global environmental governance stress the need for flexible and adaptable systems that can change as scientific knowledge and social conditions change. involving local communities and indigenous groups in designing these contracts can also make them more accepted and effective. including ways for local communities and indigenous groups to get involved in creating cross-border contracts can make these agreements more accepted and effective. in addition, the establishment of financing mechanisms or incentive structures for countries participating in green contracts can relieve financial barriers and promote broader participation in sustainability initiatives. the role of cross-border cooperation in environmental governance is fundamental to addressing the multifaceted challenges presented by climate change and ecological degradation. through the establishment of cross-border green contracts, nations can promote collaborative relationships that allow them to pursue objectives of collectively sustainable development. the historical context and the evolution scenario of environmental agreements highlight the need for continuous investment in transnational cooperation to build resilient and sustainable global communities. the establishment of cross-border green contracts, while it is essential to advance global sustainability agendas, is not exempt from significant implementation challenges. these challenges arise from a convergence of legal ambiguities, interests of divergent stakeholders, and disparity in environmental standards between jurisdictions. legal ambiguity remains a significant barrier since different interpretations of what constitutes ecological practices can lead to disputes that undermine the performance of environmental contracts. for example, countries may have varied legal definitions of terms such as "renewable energy" or "sustainable practices," 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us complicating negotiations and leading to inconsistencies in the application of contracts (li and lu, 2022). the interests of the interested parties also play a crucial role in the configuration of the operation of cross-border green contracts. several actors, including governments, corporations, nongovernmental organizations (ngos), and local communities, often have contradictory priorities and motivations. for example, industrial stakeholders can prioritize short-term economic profits over environmental sustainability, leading to resistance to comprehensive green practices that could incur additional costs (li and lu, 2022). in addition, although governments can be encouraged to promote sustainable practices to comply with international commitments, national political pressures can lead to policies that favor local industries over international agreements. consequently, aligning these variable interests is essential for the successful implementation of cross-border agreements. an equally significant challenge arises from the variation in environmental standards in different jurisdictions. countries can adopt different regulatory frameworks, establishing different requirements for pollution controls, resource management, and sustainability reports. this heterogeneity complicates the negotiation and application of cross-border green contracts since the parties can be browsing a complex landscape of regulations. in addition, the absence of universal standards often leads to "greenwashing," so entities falsely claim compliance with environmental standards, thus undermining the integrity of the agreements and leading to inequitable competitive advantages (li and lu, 2022). in addition to these problems, application and compliance pose formidable challenges in crossborder contexts. the lack of a unified application mechanism makes the responsibility difficult since disputes between the contracting parties are often within the scope of individual national legal systems that may not effectively address environmental concerns (hečková et al., 2019). for instance, even if contracts have clauses about resolving and applying disputes, their effectiveness may be limited by jurisdictional authority and the states' willingness to process infractions. consequently, the effectiveness of cross-border green contracts often depends on the existence of strong institutional frameworks and effective cross-border cooperation. the complexities of monitoring compliance present an additional obstacle. the requirement for strict monitoring systems to ensure environmental standards is often a strain on resources, especially for developing countries that may struggle to carry out thorough monitoring. these countries frequently face the dual pressures of economic development and environmental responsibility, which complicates their ability to enforce green contracts effectively (hečková et al., 2019). in this situation, supporting programs that build up the legal, institutional, and technical systems in different areas will be essential for tackling the difficulties of applying and following the rules. cross-border green contracts have considerable potential to promote sustainable environmental practices, but navigating the various legal frameworks, the differing interests of the parties involved, and the application challenges is essential to develop effective global environmental governance mechanisms. addressing these implementation challenges requires an effort to collaborate between jurisdictions to develop frameworks that facilitate the creation, negotiation, and application of sustainable contracts. the examination of successful case studies of transformist green contracts reveals innovative structures that contributed significantly to the results of sustainability. a prominent example can be observed in the collaboration between sweden and norway through the “joint declaration on climate change” to facilitate a joint approach to environmental issues, particularly those related to forest management and biodiversity protection. this agreement shows the effectiveness of cooperative agreements, where both countries are committed to shared environmental goals, using transformative green contracts as tools to harmonize regulatory measures and facilitate sustainable land use practices. such structures allow policy alignment between jurisdictional boundaries, thus increasing the 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us resilience of ecosystems that are essential for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. in latin america, the “organization of the amazon cooperation treaty” (act) illustrates the potential for regional cooperation through cross-border green contracts. the treaty, involving eight countries, focuses on sustainable development in the amazon basin to mitigate deforestation and promote biodiversity conservation. the implementation of transnational contracts within the scope of the act has facilitated collaborative monitoring and data-sharing systems, essential for dealing with transnational environmental challenges. by promoting collaboration between various stakeholders—indigenous communities, government agencies, and international organizations—agreements serve as projects to integrate scientific research with local knowledge, thus increasing decision-making processes on sustainable resource management. in addition, the “deal green” of the european union presents a comprehensive policy structure that promotes cross-border cooperation in sustainable practices in the member states. as part of its regulatory structure's green contracts, the eu aims to increase investments in renewable energy, circular economy practices, and biodiversity protection. the operationalization of these agreements transcends economic transactions, incorporating environmental criteria into trade relations and investment flows. this not only illustrates the transformative potential of crossborder green contracts but also emphasizes the critical role of aligned regulatory structures and the mutual recognition of patterns in increasing sustainability within the region. these case studies collectively highlight the importance of innovative structures and cooperative agreements to achieve sustainable results through cross-border green contracts. the successful inclusion of environmental factors in economic and political systems is clear, but it indicates that we must keep checking for challenges in putting these ideas into practice and adjusting them to fit different situations. each example shows that while innovative green contracts can be very beneficial, their success largely relies on the participation of all parties involved, clear governance, and the necessary infrastructure to maintain a lasting effect. recently, the intersection of technology and sustainability has become a significant place of exploration within environmental governance. the use of blockchain technology to facilitate cross-border green contracts is a key innovation that could enhance the reliability and efficiency of these agreements. the decentralized blockchain accounting system allows greater transparency, immutability, and traceability, so it is a valuable tool for addressing inherent challenges associated with cross-border environmental agreements. at the center of the effectiveness of cross-border green contracts is the articulation of common sustainability standards that transcend national borders. these standards allow companies engaged in international trade to align their operational practices with both local environmental regulations and the reference parameters recognized globally, thus improving their competitive advantage in increasingly ecological markets (su et al., 2019). for example, the green agreement of the european union establishes ambitious sustainability objectives, creating a regulatory impulse for suppliers in non-eu countries to adopt more green practices to maintain access to european markets (european commission, 2020). by incorporating sustainability clauses in contracts, companies can encourage compliance, simultaneously managing the risks associated with environmental liabilities. in addition, the implementation of cross-border green contracts faces several challenges. regulatory painting variation across jurisdictions is a major barrier, causing application and compliance issues. the heterogeneity of environmental policies complicates negotiations and places risks on the reliability of the terms of the green contract. as highlighted by he et al. (2024), this complexity often translates into a lack of clarity regarding contractual obligations, ultimately hindering an effective implementation. to address these issues and facilitate the use of the most flexible contract, transnational regulatory bodies or agreements that standardize the rules may be needed. 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technological progress also plays a fundamental role in improving the effectiveness of crossborder green contracts within electronic commerce and supply chains. the use of blockchain technology for transparency in green contracts has emerged as an innovative solution. by allowing real-time tracking of resources and eco-friendly practices, blockchain can assure everyone involved that they are sticking to their sustainability promises (su et al., 2019). this technology also improves the credibility of the environmental statements made by the parties involved in cross-border transactions, promoting greater consumer trust and facilitating access to the market. successful case studies exemplify how cross-border green contracts have led to tangible sustainability results. the partnership between multinational companies and local producers in the renewable energy sector, such as those observed in various wind energy projects in latin america and north america, demonstrates the profitability of the embrace of green contractual agreements. these projects often include clauses that impose the use of local and sustainable materials and practices, contributing to both environmental conservation and local economic development (he et al., 2024). several recommendations emerge to further optimize the role of cross-border green contracts in promoting sustainability during the e-commerce boom. firstly, promoting collaborative platforms that bring together companies, governments, and civil society can facilitate the exchange of knowledge and the development of best sustainability practices. secondly, investing in capacity construction initiatives is crucial, in particular in the development regions, to ensure that all parties can visit effectively and support the complexities of green contracts. finally, the strengthening of the legal framework governing these contracts through international agreements can improve application mechanisms and encourage adherence to the principles of sustainability. through these avenues, cross-border green contracts can not only improve global environmental governance but also contribute to a more sustainable and economically vibrant future, thus playing a fundamental role in the alignment of international trade with ecological management. the commitment of the interested parties is a fundamental component in the development and implementation of cross-border green contracts, significantly influencing their results of effectiveness and sustainability. various parties concerned, including governments, nongovernmental organizations (ngos), and local communities, carry out distinct and interconnected roles that shape the processes and results of these agreements (papapostolou et al., 2020). governments act as primary facilitators in cross-border green contracts, establishing the legal frameworks and regulatory environments necessary for their implementation. through political training and international negotiations, government bodies can align national interests with global environmental objectives, thus improving the legitimacy and authority of green contracts (papapostolou et al., 2020). however, the effectiveness of government commitment often depends on the clarity and cohesion of regulations, which may vary significantly between jurisdictions. for example, inconsistent environmental standards or conflicting regulatory policies can lead to ambiguity in the application of the contract and in compliance, undermining the objectives of sustainability of cross-border collaborations (mercado et al., 2019). on the contrary, ngos often work as vital intermediaries that facilitate communication between local government entities and communities. resources can mobilize, provide technical skills, and support the inclusion of marginalized voices in environmental governance. by including local communities, ngos can make sure that cross-border environmental agreements address the unique ecological and social situations, which helps gain local support and boosts the chances of success (papapostolou et al., 2020). for example, the ngos have been decisive in adapting the terms of the contract to host local customs and practices, ensuring that environmental initiatives are culturally sensitive and sustainable. in addition, the local communities themselves are indispensable stakeholders whose commitment is fundamental for the adoption and resilience of cross-border green contracts. the participation 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of local populations helps identify unique environmental concerns and socio-economic conditions relevant to the regions involved in these agreements (papapostolou et al., 2020). when local voices are systematically integrated into decision-making processes, it is possible to consider issues such as soil rights, resource management, and conservation priorities. also, the success of these contracts often depends on the promotion of trust and the construction of partnerships at the community level, which improves mutual responsibility between the interested parties. despite the recognized importance of the involvement of stakeholders, several challenges can prevent effective collaboration. power imbalances between government agencies, ngos, and local communities can lead to insufficient representation of marginalized groups, limiting the wealth of the put during the formulation phase of the contract (papapostolou et al., 2020). in addition, varying levels of skills and resources can limit the capacity of local communities to commit themselves significantly in negotiations or monitoring contractual obligations. complete assessments of the interested parties and tailor-made initiatives for the construction of capacity can help relieve these disparities, giving power to local actors to participate more fully in environmental governance. in light of these dynamics, the recommendations to improve the commitment of the parties concerned in cross-border green contracts must be designed to promote inclusiveness and equity. multi-stakeholder forums can facilitate dialogue and encourage trust, encouraging the participation of all interested parties. furthermore, incorporating participatory approaches throughout the contract's life cycle, from drafting to implementation, guarantees the continuous integration of stakeholders' voices. by recognizing and facing the unique roles of various stakeholders, cross-border green contracts can improve their potential to promote sustainability and effective environmental governance on a global scale (papapostolou et al., 2020). the evaluation of cross-border green contracts must incorporate systematic structures that evaluate their effectiveness in achieving sustainability goals. this section analyzes various evaluation methods and their implications for environmental policy, based on research such as granguer and morini (2019). a complementary evaluation method involves quantifiable metrics, such as emission reductions or improvements in biodiversity. the establishment of indicators—usually aligned with international structures, such as the sustainable development goals (sdgs)—helps stakeholders evaluate progress toward sustainability commitments. the quantifiable nature of these metrics provides clear benchmarks for success and helps facilitate transparency and responsibility in implementing green contracts. however, this approach faces challenges in standardization; metrics can differ significantly by region and context, impacting comparability and cooperation between nations. however, the implementation of cross-border green contracts through regional innovation systems is not without challenges. divergent regulatory executives and policies governing environmental standards and commercial practices can hinder the effectiveness of collaboration efforts. this inconsistency highlights the importance of the alignment of regulatory policies and environments across borders to ensure that green contracts can be performed effectively and give the desired results. ris can function as a platform to defend the harmonization of standards, providing stakeholders with clearer methods for the achievement of sustainability objectives. in addition, the complexity of the socio-political context in border regions can influence the success of cross-border initiatives. cultural differences, different levels of stakeholder engagement, and various political priorities can hinder cooperation. ris can mitigate these obstacles by encouraging a multipartite dialogue, by which local communities, governments, and business leaders can collectively collect objectives, share concerns, and coordinate actions. this participatory approach can lead to innovative governance models that are more reactive and adaptable to local needs, ultimately promoting the effectiveness of green contracts and achieving sustainability. 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us successful case studies illustrate the potential of ris in improving cross-border green contracts. for example, eu initiatives such as interreg programs show how regional innovation networks can facilitate cross-border cooperation in sustainable practices, promotion of renewable energy investments, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. these programs embody the principles of ris by promoting collaboration between regions and various stakeholders while aligning the objectives with global sustainability. regional innovation systems serve as a pivotal framework to support cross-border green contracts and promote innovation, collaboration, and sustainable practices in border regions. by taking advantage of local forces, facilitating stakeholder networks, and taking up implementation challenges, ris can improve the efficiency of cross-border green contracts and contribute to more efficient global environmental governance. looking into these systems provides a look at possible ways to enhance sustainability efforts in border areas, highlighting the importance of aligning political efforts and strong dedication from all involved parties. successful implementation of green transfer contracts requires comprehensive strategies to overcome existing barriers, which usually prevent effective collaboration and governance in sustainability initiatives. as articulated by stroink et al. (2022), improving governance structures, promoting stakeholder collaboration, and facilitating knowledge sharing can significantly improve the effectiveness of these contracts. central to the governance of cross-border green contracts is the establishment of robust legal and regulatory structures that transcend national borders. countries should be involved in harmonizing environmental laws and standards to allow smoother compliance and application of green contracts. this involves the integration of international environmental treaties with national legislation, thus ensuring that the contracting parties are operating under a cohesive set of guidelines. in addition, the creation of specialized transnational regulatory agencies can provide supervision and mediate disputes that arise from the interpretation and execution of transnational agreements, increasing confidence between stakeholders. the collaboration of the stakeholders represents a central component in the effective execution of cross-border green contracts. involving a diversified range of stakeholders—including governments, private sector actors, civil society organizations, and local communities— strengthens an inclusive approach to sustainability. a platform with multiple stakeholders can facilitate dialogue and consensus construction in shared environmental objectives, ensuring that the interests of all parties are recognized and addressed. in practice, such an effort may involve establishing partnerships that leverage experience and resources from varied stakeholders, thus increasing the ability to implement innovative solutions within the structure of green contracts. knowledge sharing is another critical strategy to overcome barriers related to cross-border green contracts. effective mechanisms to disseminate best practices, research results, and innovative approaches are vital to cultivating an informed stakeholder base. initiatives such as international workshops, roundtable discussions, and online forums can serve to connect experts and professionals, allowing knowledge transfer in different regions. the creation of a centralized database that catalogs case studies and successful methodologies can provide a valuable resource for stakeholders to learn from each other's experiences. a successful way to tackle the challenges of implementing cross-border green contracts is to use a combined strategy that includes better governance, stronger teamwork among all parties, and good information sharing. the success of these contracts in promoting sustainability will depend on how well these strategies are adapted to local situations and the commitment of all parties to work together creatively to manage the environment. the development of cross-border environmental agreements, especially in green contracts, shows how ecological needs and global politics influence each other. as countries deal with the widespread impacts of climate change, the need for innovative structures that facilitate cooperation between borders becomes increasingly urgent (brunner & norouzi, 2021). several important trends mark this evolution, shaping the development and implementation of future green contracts. 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regulatory alignment between jurisdictions is a continuous challenge that can complicate the execution of cross-border green contracts. different environmental standards, legal structures, and application mechanisms can create barriers to effective collaboration. to address these complexities, there is a growing recognition of the need to harmonize policies and regulations at the regional and international levels. consensus construction on common environmental standards can significantly increase the effectiveness of green contracts and facilitate smoother implementation processes. consequently, these evolutionary tendencies and challenges will shape the future trajectory of cross-border environmental agreements. by focusing on being adaptable, using new technologies, involving various groups, and fixing differences in regulations, the chances of successful green contracts helping global sustainability will greatly improve. research and continuous involvement in this area are essential to adapt to the complexities of the changing global scenario and to promote collective efforts in environmental governance. improving the role of cross-border green contracts requires a multifaceted approach that deals with both systemic barriers and specific challenges facing practitioners. conclusion cross-border green contracts represent a promising tool for environmental management; however, their success depends on clear legal regulation, equitable participation of stakeholders, and the application of modern technological solutions. harmonization of international and national legal norms, development of institutional capacity, and implementation of systemic support through training, financing, and cooperation platforms are necessary. only under these conditions can cross-border green contracts effectively contribute to global sustainability. several recommendations for decision-makers and practitioners can facilitate the effectiveness of these agreements in conducting sustainability on a global scale: first, it is imperative to establish a coherent legal framework that supports cross-border green contracts. decision-makers must work for the harmonization of environmental regulations through the courts to minimize the differences that can hinder the application of contracts (cappellano and kurowska-pysz, 2020). this harmonization can be continued through international treaties or agreements that establish basic environmental standards while allowing the flexibility of countries to adopt the regulations according to their specific contexts. such a framework would provide clarity and certainty to all parties involved, thus encouraging more entities to engage in cross-border green contracts. second, the improvement of transparency and responsibility mechanisms is essential. the development of robust surveillance and reporting systems for green contracts can guarantee compliance and facilitate the sharing of best practices between signatories. using digital platforms and technologies like blockchain can make it easier to track and confirm sustainability claims made in these contracts. in addition, the establishment of independent audit organizations to supervise the application of green standards can further strengthen confidence among stakeholders, mitigate concerns about "greenwashing," and promote a culture of integrity in environmental governance. in addition, workshops and training programs for practitioners are essential for knowledge transfer and capacity building. political decision-makers and relevant institutions should invest in educational initiatives that equip stakeholders, such as businesses, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations, with the skills necessary to negotiate, implement, and effectively manage cross-border green contracts. the contribution of the socio-economic advantages of sustainable practices can improve the support of stakeholders and encourage the adoption of greener methods in commercial operations. the creation of financial incentives can considerably strengthen participation in cross-border green contracts. decision-makers must explore options to subsidize green technologies and provide tax reductions to companies that engage in sustainable practices through international 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us agreements (cappellano and kurowska-pysz, 2020). in addition, the development of mechanisms such as green obligations or climate funds can offer financial resources to support projects aligned with cross-border green contracts. such incentives can reduce obstacles to entry for organizations that envisage participation, which makes sustainability more attractive economically. finally, the promotion of multi-party partnerships is essential for the successful implementation of cross-border green contracts. the commitment of various agents, including government organizations, businesses, civil society organizations, and the university world, can create a more inclusive approach to environmental governance. the decision-makers must promote dialogue and collaboration platforms, allowing various interests at stake to merge with the sustainable objectives shared (cappellano and kurowska-pysz, 2020). encouraging stakeholder cooperation can enhance the effectiveness of cross-border agreements, resulting in more innovative solutions and robust sustainability outcomes. together, these recommendations can catalyze a transition to more effective cross-border green contracts, ultimately nourishing a more resilient and more durable global environment. addressing the challenges by putting in place stronger laws, increasing transparency, building skills, offering financial rewards, and encouraging teamwork among different groups will enhance the ability of cross-border green contracts to tackle the urgent environmental issues we face today. transfrontier green contracts emerge as a fundamental mechanism in the broader context of sustainability, which serves not only to facilitate environmental protection beyond national borders but also to encourage international cooperation in environmental governance. the research conducted in this document clarified the critical characteristics that characterize these contracts, establishing that they often include a wide range of stipulations relating to environmental standards, technology transfer, and shared conformity mechanisms, which all serve to align the interests of the parties involved in common sustainability objectives. additionally, using cross-border green contracts in global governance can create benefits that go beyond borders. however, the implementation of these contracts is not without challenges. the research highlights various significant barriers, such as complex discrepancies in legal frameworks, varying levels of political will, and disparate economic capabilities among nations. these challenges can hinder effective negotiation and application, thus damaging the general effectiveness of the cross-border agreements in facing urgent environmental issues. successful examples, like the amazon cooperation treaty (acto) and the joint declaration of belize-guatemala's protected areas, demonstrate a practical way to manage cross-border green agreements effectively. these examples show how important it is to create specific plans that take into account local situations, include various stakeholders like indigenous communities, and have strong monitoring systems to ensure rules are followed and responsibilities are met. these successful models provide valuable lessons for future initiatives, underlining the need to integrate the prospects of the local parties in the contractual design to improve legitimacy and public support. despite the obvious successes, the research aims to provide recommendations for improving global environmental governance through cross-border green contracts. to mitigate the identified challenges, the international bodies must work to harmonize the legal and regulatory frameworks along the borders. additionally, initiatives for capacity building aim to equip nations, particularly developing nations, with the necessary knowledge and resources for the negotiation and application of effective contracts. the collaborative platforms can significantly facilitate dialogue between nations, the public and private sectors, promoting the exchange of best practices and fostering a culture of cooperation and shared responsibility in environmental governance. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bibliography: 1. atstaja, d., livina, a., tambovceva, 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(2021). navigating cross-border institutional complexity: a review and assessment of multinational nonmarket strategy research. journal of international business studies, 52(9), 1818. 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 a comparative analysis of franchising as an internationalization strategy: european and american corporate paradigms nosirkhojayeva diyorakhon khojiakbar qizi ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, university of world economy and diplomacy abstract: this article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of franchising models as a strategic framework for international expansion, focusing on the distinct approaches of european and american corporations. the analysis reveals a fundamental dichotomy: american franchising prioritizes rapid scalability, brand standardization, and a regulatory framework centered on pre-contractual transparency (ftc rule). in contrast, the european model emphasizes cultural adaptation, long-term sustainability, regulatory diversity, and often a more collaborative franchisor-franchisee relationship, guided by a voluntary european code of ethics. the article identifies key success factors, including the balance between standardization and localization, the critical role of franchisor support, and the impact of digital transformation. keywords: franchising, international markets, business expansion, european companies, american companies, comparative analysis, franchise regulation, standardization, adaptation, globalization introduction the contemporary global economy is characterized by interconnected markets and the relentless pursuit of growth opportunities beyond domestic borders. in this context, franchising has emerged as a predominant and resilient strategy for international expansion, allowing firms to leverage local market knowledge and capital while maintaining brand integrity and mitigating financial risk. as noted by president of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev, creating opportunities for entrepreneurs and integrating new ideas into the economy is a paramount goal, making the study of proven models like franchising highly relevant for developing nations1. the strategic importance of franchising is underscored by its substantial economic impact. according to statista (2023), the franchising industry in the united states generated over $860 billion and employed more than 8.4 million people. in europe, franchise networks experience an annual growth rate of 6% to 8% in key markets like the uk, france, and germany2. despite its global application, the implementation of franchising is not monolithic. significant divergences exist between the models employed by american and european corporations, shaped by distinct legal traditions, cultural contexts, and economic philosophies. theoretical foundations of international franchising franchising is a contractual relationship between two legally independent firms: the franchisor and the franchisee. the franchisor grants the franchisee the right to operate a business under its 1 mirziyoyev, sh. m. it is our highest duty to work for the benefit of the people. – ташкент: uzbekistan, 2023. 2 statista. franchising industry – united states [электронный ресурс]. – 2023. – режим доступа: https://www.statista.com (дата обращения: 24.08.2025). 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us trademark, utilizing its proven business model, operational know-how, and marketing support. in return, the franchisee pays initial fees and ongoing royalties, agreeing to adhere strictly to the franchisor's operational guidelines3. the essence of franchising is a synergistic exchange. the franchisor gains rapid market penetration and growth with reduced capital expenditure, while the franchisee acquires a lowerrisk business opportunity with an established brand and continuous support. this model is particularly effective for international expansion, as it mitigates the "liability of foreignness" by partnering with local entities possessing invaluable market-specific knowledge. franchising manifests in various forms, which can be classified on several criteria, as synthesized in table 1 below. table 1: classification of franchising types classification criteria type of franchising key characteristics business activity production franchising franchisee manufactures goods using franchisor's technology and brand. distribution franchising franchisee sells goods produced by the franchisor (e.g., automotive dealerships). business format franchising franchisee adopts the entire business system, brand, and operational model (e.g., mcdonald's). expansion strategy direct franchising direct contractual relationship between franchisor and franchisee. master franchising master franchisee acquires rights to develop a territory and sub-franchise within it. number of units single-unit franchising franchisee operates one franchise outlet. multi-unit franchising franchisee operates multiple outlets within a defined territory. area development franchisee agrees to open a specific number of units in a territory within a set timeframe. the economic rationale for franchising is explained by several theories. agency theory suggests it aligns the interests of the franchisor (principal) and the franchisee (agent), as the latter has a direct financial stake in the unit's success4. transaction cost theory posits that franchising is an efficient governance structure that minimizes the costs of monitoring and controlling geographically dispersed units5. 3 blair r. d., lafontaine f. the economics of franchising. – cambridge: cambridge university press, 2005. 4 combs j. g., ketchen d. j. toward a theory of franchise system governance // academy of management journal. – 2003. 5 dant r. p., grünhagen m., windsperger j. franchising research frontiers for the twenty-first century. – london: palgrave macmillan, 2011. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the efficacy of this model is demonstrated by superior survival rates. while approximately 90% of all new startups fail globally within three years, the failure rate for franchised businesses is less than 10%6. this stark difference is visualized in figure 1. figure 1. comparative business survival rates: franchised vs. traditional startups comparative analysis: european vs. american franchising strategies this analysis employs a qualitative comparative research design. the primary method is a crosscase synthesis of leading european and american franchisors across sectors such as fast-food, retail, and telecommunications. the analytical framework is based on the following criteria: 1. regulatory environment: analysis of legal requirements (disclosure, relationship laws). 2. market entry strategy: preference for direct, master, or joint venture franchising. 3. standardization vs. adaptation: degree of localization in products, services, and marketing. 4. franchisor-franchisee relationship: nature of support, control, and communication. 5. performance metrics: growth rate, international presence, and brand consistency. data is drawn from secondary sources: company annual reports, franchise disclosure documents, industry analyses (ifa, eff), and scholarly publications. the regulatory landscape is a primary differentiator between the two models. aspect american model (usa) european model (eu) governing principle mandatory pre-contractual disclosure diversity: mix of precontractual disclosure laws and general civil codes. primary regulation ftc franchise rule (16 cfr part 436) no single eu law; varies by member state (e.g., france's loi doubin, italy's law no. 129/2004). 6 alon i. global franchising operations management. – london: palgrave macmillan, 2006. 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us core focus transparency for potential franchisees (fdd). varies; often combines transparency with good faith obligations during the relationship. enforcement federal (ftc) and state level. national courts within each member state. guiding soft law ifa code of ethics (voluntary). european code of ethics for franchising (voluntary). table 2. comparative analysis of franchise regulations the american system is unified around the franchise disclosure document (fdd), ensuring a high level of informational symmetry pre-contract. the european approach is fragmented, creating a more complex environment for cross-border expansion within the eu itself, necessitating careful legal navigation by franchisors. standardization and adaptation in international franchising the choice between global standardization and local adaptation constitutes one of the central strategic dilemmas in the management of franchising systems. the american model is largely oriented toward standardization. the so-called “mcdonald’s model” emphasizes replicability, operational efficiency, and the preservation of a consistent global brand identity. adaptation, when it occurs, is typically limited to adjustments in the product offering: for instance, mcarabia was introduced in the middle east, while vegetarian options were developed for the indian market. at the same time, core processes, store layout, and the service model remain uniform across locations 7. the european approach, by contrast, tends to prioritize deeper cultural integration and sensitivity to local contexts. franchisors in european markets often emphasize alignment with cultural expectations and consumer values. mcdonald’s in france, for example, has incorporated espresso coffee and pastries into its menu in order to resonate with the french café tradition. similarly, brands such as the body shop and l’occitane leverage their european heritage, highlighting ethical sourcing and the use of natural ingredients, thereby appealing to values that strongly resonate with consumers across the continent. this divergence can be summarized on a strategic spectrum, as shown in figure 2. figure 2. strategic spectrum of franchise adaptation 7 european franchise federation. european code of ethics for franchising. – brussels, 2023. 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us evaluation of effectiveness and recommendations the effectiveness of international franchising is generally assessed through several key indicators, including revenue growth and return on investment for franchisees, the strength of brand equity, the speed of network expansion, and the level of franchisee satisfaction. nevertheless, the process of international expansion is accompanied by persistent challenges. cultural misalignment often becomes a decisive barrier: standardized models that disregard local specificities tend to face rejection, as evidenced by the early failures of american retailers in europe. legal complexity represents another critical obstacle, since the fragmented regulatory environment across european countries makes compliance both costly and time-consuming. ensuring consistent quality across geographically distant and culturally diverse franchises also remains an ongoing difficulty. in addition, poor partner selection at the master franchisee level can undermine the success of expansion strategies for entire regions8. for companies from emerging economies, such as uzbekistan, entering the global market requires a carefully balanced and adaptive strategy. a phased approach is advisable, whereby expansion begins through master franchising in culturally and linguistically proximate markets, allowing firms to accumulate experience and reduce risk before pursuing more distant opportunities. central to success is the principle of “glocalization,” which combines the american emphasis on strict standardization and operational efficiency with the european sensitivity to cultural adaptation. the brand identity should remain consistent and nonnegotiable, while product offerings, marketing approaches, and store atmospheres may be adjusted to local preferences. the future of global franchising lies in synthesizing the strengths of both. successful international franchisors will be those that can build a strong, consistent global brand while simultaneously empowering local operators to adapt to their specific markets. they will leverage digital tools to manage complexity and foster a culture of mutual learning and respect between franchisor and franchisee. for emerging market corporations, this balanced, hybrid approach provides a robust roadmap for turning franchising into a successful vehicle for global expansion, driving economic growth and international integration as envisioned by national development strategies. conclusion this comparative analysis elucidates that there is no single optimal model for international franchising success. the american paradigm offers a powerful framework for rapid, scalable expansion built on standardization and a clear regulatory foundation. the european model provides a nuanced, resilient approach prioritizing long-term sustainability through cultural adaptation, ethical branding, and collaborative partnerships. the future of global franchising lies in synthesizing the strengths of both. successful international franchisors will be those that can build a strong, consistent global brand while simultaneously empowering local operators to adapt to their specific markets. they will leverage digital tools to manage complexity and foster a culture of mutual learning and respect between franchisor and franchisee. for emerging market corporations, this balanced, hybrid approach provides a robust roadmap for turning franchising into a successful vehicle for global expansion, driving economic growth and international integration as envisioned by national development strategies. references 1. alon i. global franchising operations management. – london: palgrave macmillan, 2006. 2. blair r. d., lafontaine f. the economics of franchising. – cambridge: cambridge university press, 2005. 8 campbell n. c. g., craig c. s. international franchising: a comparative study of the u.s. and europe // journal of international business studies. – 2013. 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. campbell n. c. g., craig c. s. international franchising: a comparative study of the u.s. and europe // journal of international business studies. – 2013. 4. combs j. g., ketchen d. j. toward a theory of franchise system governance // academy of management journal. – 2003. 5. dant r. p., grünhagen m., windsperger j. franchising research frontiers for the twentyfirst century. – london: palgrave macmillan, 2011. 6. european franchise federation. european code of ethics for franchising. – brussels, 2023. 7. mirziyoyev, sh. m. it is our highest duty to work for the benefit of the people. – ташкент: uzbekistan, 2023. 8. statista. franchising industry – united states [электронный ресурс]. – 2023. – режим доступа: https://www.statista.com (дата обращения: 24.08.2025). 82-86 local customs and law conflicts between legislation and traditional practices 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 local customs and law: conflicts between legislation and traditional practices turdiyev abdulfayz sherali o’g’li qarshi international university, faculty of social and humanitarian sciences 3rd-year student of the program “national ideology, fundamentals of spirituality, and law” abdulfayz2022@gmail.com abstract: this article analyzes the contradictions between local customs and current legislation in uzbekistan. traditional social practices in particular, on issues such as the age of marriage, dowry, marriage between relatives, inheritance distribution, and the role of women in society sometimes create situations that contradict formal legal norms. therefore, there is a need to raise legal awareness and culture in society, and to harmonize traditional values with legal reforms. the article puts forward an analytical approach to the social roots of these conflicts, their legal consequences, and possible solutions. keywords: customs, legal system, traditional practice, family law, inheritance issues, women's rights, legal awareness, mentality and legislation, social values. especially the lowering of the marriage age deprives women of physical and economic independence, which restricts their rights and prevents them from developing into confident, successful individuals. other social consequences of the conflict between local customs and modern legislation include: 1. limitation of women and children's rights. based on traditional values, cases of domestic violence or the concealment of violence against children may be viewed as an "internal family matter." this, in turn, leaves women and children socially and legally unprotected. 2. diminishing the role of parents and the state. sometimes, parents continue to raise their children based on traditional beliefs, which conflicts with the legal and educational policies set by the state. although the constitution of uzbekistan guarantees the right to education, in some areas, girls may be deprived of the opportunity to receive an education. 3. social inequality. local customs often serve to maintain social inequality in society. women's and children's rights are considered inferior to those of men, which violates legal equality. solutions: 1. improving legislation: uzbekistan’s modern legal system should be aligned with the world’s most advanced laws. specifically, updating and strengthening laws regarding marriage age and women's rights is necessary. 2. social awareness: it is essential to increase social awareness while respecting traditional values and promoting gender equality and human rights principles in society. legal education and updating values within society play an important role in this. 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. public legal monitoring: a system for independent legal monitoring should be created to track, analyze, and propose solutions to conflicts between legislation and customs. this system would enable quick discussion and resolution of social issues. conflict between religious freedom and dress code in schools: in uzbekistan’s social and political system, there is a conflict between religious freedom and dress code rules in education. although wearing a hijab is not mandatory, it is prohibited in some schools, particularly for teachers and students. this impacts muslim girls' religious beliefs and freedom to choose their clothing. in situations where conflicts arise between religious values and legal norms, some parents and students advocate for the right to wear a hijab in schools. according to the constitution of uzbekistan, every individual has the right to religious freedom, but the dress code in schools sometimes obstructs this right. there are strict dress code rules in uzbekistan’s educational system, which may not align with religious beliefs. in schools where wearing a hijab is banned, students and parents often fight for their religious freedom and cultural values. however, this situation can lead to social difficulties and unrest as it creates a conflict between unchanged traditional values and modern laws. conflict between religious freedom and educational rules: 1. religious freedom: according to uzbekistan’s constitution, the religious freedom of every individual is guaranteed, meaning every citizen has the right to practice their religious beliefs. however, banning the hijab in some schools can be seen as a violation of this right. 2. school dress code: uzbekistan’s education system has clear rules about school uniforms. these rules aim to maintain unity and order in the educational process but sometimes conflict with religious beliefs. the need to adhere to these dress codes creates obstacles for individuals wishing to practice their religious beliefs. 3. social impact: some people are demanding permission to wear the hijab in schools, advocating for the respect of their religious values. others stress the importance of maintaining a neutral and secular environment in educational settings, particularly for young children and students. solutions: 1. revising dress code rules: when determining dress codes in schools, religious freedom must be taken into account. while dress codes should remain firm, they should not hinder religious beliefs. normative documents could be developed to allow wearing the hijab in schools while respecting religious beliefs. 2. ensuring unity in education while maintaining religious freedom: it is important to respect religious beliefs while ensuring unity and order in the educational system. to achieve this, specific guidelines and recommendations regarding the wearing of religious symbols should be developed in the education system. 3. promoting culture and freedom in education: it is crucial to promote respect for religious and cultural values in schools, as well as recognizing the rights of all individuals in society. this will help ensure mutual respect, freedom, and peace in the educational process and society. 4. establishing dialogue and discussion: to resolve the conflicts between the education system and respect for religious freedom, effective communication and consultations between parents, teachers, religious organizations, and government bodies are necessary. this can help eliminate social conflicts and find fair solutions. family violence: the conflict between traditional values and modern legislation family violence is a widespread and serious issue in uzbekistan. traditional values sometimes lead to the concealment of domestic violence or viewing it as a "family matter." although there are strict laws against family violence in uzbekistan's legal system, local customs and culture may encourage hiding violence, avoiding it, or viewing opposition to it as socially "incorrect." this situation makes it difficult for victims of domestic violence, especially women and children, to 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us protect their rights. at times, traditional values downplay the seriousness of domestic violence, regarding it merely as a "family issue." additionally, in some families, when women face violence, it may be kept secret or be accompanied by social stigma. this situation reduces the state's ability and opportunities to protect women's rights. consequences: 1. traditional values obstructing the fight against violence: in some regions, traditional values support protecting family violence or consider opposing it socially "inappropriate." exposing domestic violence usually leads to negative views, complicating the protection of victims’ rights. 2. economic and social vulnerability of women: women who suffer violence are often economically and socially vulnerable. they face difficulties in defending their rights because in many societies, women’s passive role in the family and the belief that “family conflicts” should remain private are seen as "wrong" to expose. 3. challenges in ensuring legal compliance: while uzbekistan’s legislation includes strict measures against family violence, in some regions, laws against family violence are either not implemented or insufficiently enforced. traditional values continue to influence social groups, obstructing effective measures to prevent violence. solutions: 1. social awareness and education: it is essential to strengthen social awareness to change the social image of family violence and highlight its seriousness. in this regard, joint campaigns between public organizations and the state should be organized to raise awareness against family violence. 2. strengthening legislation: legal penalties for family violence should be strengthened, and their effective implementation is necessary. strict enforcement of laws against perpetrators is vital to ensuring the protection of victims’ rights. 3. creating a support system: protection networks and assistance centers should be established for victims of violence, including providing psychological, legal, and social support, especially for women facing domestic violence. equality in marriage: the conflict between local customs and modern law. the issue of equality in marriage remains a significant concern in uzbekistan. local customs often support male dominance in marriage and result in the deprivation of women’s rights. based on traditional values, in many families, women are placed in a subordinate economic and social position compared to men. this situation limits women’s rights in marriage and reduces their opportunities for education, professional development, and participation in social life. according to modern legal systems, especially uzbekistan's constitution and other laws, men and women should have equal rights in marriage. however, traditional values and some societal views hinder the practical implementation of these laws. denying women equality in marriage harms gender equality in society and prevents women from fully realizing their rights. consequences: 1. limitation of women's rights: traditional values often economically and socially weaken women. in marriage, men are considered to have the right to dominate, obstructing the full realization of women's rights. 2. social and economic inequality: the inequality between men and women in marriage leads to broader social inequality. depriving women of their rights reduces their ability to engage in independent economic activities, positioning them lower in society. 3. property and inheritance rights: based on traditional values, in some families, women receive a lower share of inheritance compared to male children. this situation obstructs women’s economic independence. 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us solutions: 1. strengthening equality: legal practices should be strengthened to ensure equality between men and women in marriage. the rights and obligations of both parties should be clearly defined, ensuring practical equality in marriage. 2. gender equality education: to improve gender equality in uzbek society, it is crucial to promote equality and legal awareness in the educational system. this will help women better understand their rights and help prevent social crises. 3. reviewing property and inheritance laws: laws governing property and inheritance distribution should be improved to ensure equal rights for women and ensure the necessary changes to guarantee them. marriage age: the conflict between traditional values and modern legal approaches. the issue of marriage age is an important matter in uzbekistan’s social and legal system. while uzbekistan’s constitution guarantees the rights and freedoms of individuals, the establishment of the marriage age and traditional views sometimes leads to serious conflicts. in uzbekistan, the legal marriage age is set at 18, but traditional values and family norms sometimes contradict this legal requirement. in some traditional societies, young girls are allowed to marry starting from the age of 15 or 16, which negatively impacts their ability to pursue education, personal development, and independent life. early marriage limits the health, educational opportunities, and economic independence of young girls. while modern legislation in uzbekistan aims to protect the rights of young people regarding the marriage age, traditional customs and social challenges often create obstacles to these laws. furthermore, issues like family violence, early marriage, and social inequality are interconnected, increasing the necessity to change the legal marriage age. early marriage and women's rights in uzbekistan 1. early marriage and women's rights: in many rural areas of uzbekistan, traditional values lead to the practice of marrying off girls aged 15-16. these early marriages significantly limit girls' opportunities for education, professional development, and the full realization of their rights. the pressure to marry at such a young age prevents girls from achieving independence, pursuing careers, and fully engaging in their community. 2. health and development concerns: early marriages have a negative impact on the health of women and girls. marrying young girls exposes them to physical and mental health risks because their bodies are not fully developed and they are not prepared for pregnancy and childbirth. this can lead to serious complications, including maternal and infant health risks, as well as psychological trauma. 3. social and economic vulnerability: early marriages place women in a socially and economically vulnerable position. because they are often unable to become financially independent, their social status remains low. they have limited opportunities to defend their rights due to the lack of strong social protection systems for young people. this economic and social dependence on their husbands increases their vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. proposed solutions: 1. raising the legal age of marriage: uzbekistan's legal system should consider raising the minimum marriage age. this is particularly important for allowing women the opportunity to complete their education and improve their prospects. the legal marriage age should not be lower than 18 to ensure that women can fully develop before entering marriage. 2. strengthening education and awareness: it is essential to introduce special courses and training programs in the education system that focus on young people's rights, family and social issues, especially the topic of early marriage. this would help raise awareness about the social, health, and psychological consequences of early marriage and the importance of preparing for marriage responsibly. 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. modernizing local customs: there needs to be a harmonization of traditional values with modern social and legal systems. local social organizations and religious leaders must promote concepts of marriage based on freedom and equality, ensuring that local customs align with modern values. promoting gender equality and women's rights within these traditional frameworks will help reduce the conflict between customary practices and legal requirements. references 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi konstitutsiyasi https://www.lex.uz/uz/docs/25113 2. oila kodeksi https://www.lex.uz/uz/docs/3489219 3. bmt ayollar huquqlari to‘g‘risidagi deklaratsiyasi https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm 4. toshkentdagi xalqaro konferensiyalar https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/tashkentconference 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 small businesses and entrepreneurship in uzbekistan’s economic landscape: a macroeconomic perspective (2019–2024) d.n. niyozov teacher, department of accounting, isft international school of finance and technology, tashkent, uzbekistan. e-mail: niyozovdilshodjon0207@gmail.com orcid: 0009-0004-2819-7156 abstract: small businesses and entrepreneurship are central to uzbekistan‘s economic transformation, significantly contributing to gdp, employment, and international trade. this study analyzes their role from 2019 to 2024, using national-level data on their shares in gdp (42.7–57.5%), employment (73.9–76.2%), exports (20.0–33.3%), and imports (44.5–51.7%), alongside macroeconomic indicators such as gdp growth (5.5–6.5%), inflation (8.0–13.0%), and trade balances. economic reforms since 2016, including currency liberalization and privatization, have bolstered small business growth, though challenges like high inflation, trade deficits, and reliance on commodity exports persist. the study highlights the resilience of small businesses, particularly in 2024, and recommends policies to enhance export competitiveness and regulatory simplification to sustain their economic contributions. keywords: small business, entrepreneurship, gdp, employment, exports, imports, macroeconomic indicators, reforms, inflation, trade deficit. introduction: uzbekistan, central asia‘s most populous nation with 36 million people, has undergone a profound economic shift since 2016 under president shavkat mirziyoyev‘s reforms, transitioning from a soviet-style command economy to a market-oriented system. these reforms, including currency liberalization in 2017, tax simplification in 2019, and privatization of state owned enterprises (soes), have fostered a favorable environment for small businesses and entrepreneurship. small businesses, defined as enterprises with fewer than 100 employees, are critical to uzbekistan‘s economy, driving gdp, employment, and trade. this study examines their contributions from 2019 to 2024, focusing on their shares in gdp, employment, exports, and imports, contextualized within macroeconomic indicators such as gdp growth, inflation, and trade balances. the research addresses three questions: 1. what is the extent of small businesses‘ contributions to uzbekistan‘s economy? 2. how do macroeconomic reforms and indicators influence their performance? 3. what trends, challenges, and policy implications emerge from the data? using data from the statistics agency under the president of uzbekistan and insights from international organizations (e.g., world bank, imf), this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders interested in uzbekistan‘s economic development. literature review uzbekistan‘s economic reforms since 2016 have been extensively studied as a model of market oriented transformation in a post-soviet context. the world bank (2022) notes that reforms such http://www/ 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as the 2017 currency liberalization, which devalued the som by nearly 50%, and the 2019 tax http://www/ 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reforms, which simplified tax codes and reduced vat from 15% to 12%, have significantly boosted private sector growth, particularly for small and medium enterprises (smes). the oecd (2019) highlights smes‘ global role in employment and innovation, a trend mirrored in uzbekistan, where small businesses historically contribute over 50% of gdp and 70% of employment (asian development bank, 2020). recent studies emphasize uzbekistan‘s resilience amid global challenges. the imf (2021) reports that uzbekistan maintained gdp growth of 8.1% during the 2009 financial crisis and 1.6% in 2020, driven by small businesses and agricultural exports. reforms like the 2019 law on investments and investment activities and $1 billion in startup funding in 2023 have spurred entrepreneurship, though primarily for local businesses (european bank for reconstruction and development, 2023). the world bank (2024) notes that foreign direct investment (fdi) reached $7.2 billion in 2023, nearly double 2022 levels, supporting small business expansion in textiles, agriculture, and services. uzbekistan‘s economic reforms since 2016 have been extensively studied as a model of market oriented transformation in a post-soviet context. the world bank (2022) notes that reforms such as the 2017 currency liberalization, which devalued the som by nearly 50%, and the 2019 tax reforms, which simplified tax codes and reduced vat from 15% to 12%, have significantly boosted private sector growth, particularly for small and medium enterprises (smes). the oecd (2019) highlights smes‘ global role in employment and innovation, a trend mirrored in uzbekistan, where small businesses historically contribute over 50% of gdp and 70% of employment (asian development bank,2020). recent studies emphasize uzbekistan‘s resilience amid global challenges. the imf (2021) reports that uzbekistan maintained gdp growth of 8.1% during the 2009 financial crisis and 1.6% in 2020, driven by small businesses and agricultural exports. reforms like the 2019 law on investments and investment activities and $1 billion in startup funding in 2023 have spurred entrepreneurship, though primarily for local businesses (european bank for reconstruction and development, 2023). the world bank (2024) notes that foreign direct investment (fdi) reached $7.2 billion in 2023, nearly double 2022 levels, supporting small business expansion in textiles, agriculture, and services. however, challenges remain. corruption, complex regulations, and reliance on commodity exports (e.g., gold, cotton) hinder small business growth (transparency international, 2023). the imf (2024) highlights persistent inflation (8.0–13.0% from 2019–2024) and a widening trade deficit (8.6% of gdp in 2023) as risks to small businesses, particularly import-dependent enterprises. the literature also notes the informal sector‘s dominance, with over 50% of employment informal, limiting tax revenue and regulatory oversight (coface, 2023). recent studies underscore the need for deeper privatization and wto accession to enhance export competitiveness, areas underexplored in relation to small businesses post-2019 (world bank, 2024). this study fills this gap by analysing specific trade and macroeconomic data, offering a comprehensive view of small businesses‗role.\ methodology this study employs a quantitative approach, analyzing secondary data from the statistics agency under the president of uzbekistan, sourced from the document ―ilovepdf_merged (3).pdf.‖ the dataset includes national-level indicators for small businesses‘ shares in: ➢ gdp (%): calculated as the gross added value of small businesses divided by total gdp, multiplied by 100. ➢ employment (%): derived by dividing the number of employees in small businesses by the total employed population, multiplied by 100. ➢ exports (%): obtained by dividing the volume of exports by small businesses by total export volume, multiplied by 100. ➢ imports (%): calculated similarly, using import volumes. http://www/ 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us share in gdp (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 the data spans 2019–2023 annually, with quarterly data for 2024 (q1–q4 for exports, q1–q3 for gdp and imports). macroeconomic indicators (gdp growth, inflation, trade balances, fdi) were sourced from reputable organizations, including the world bank, imf, and asian development bank, supplemented by recent web-based reports. data were organized into tables and visualized through line graphs (described in the results section) to identify trends. the analysis focuses on national-level data, excluding regional variations, to provide a holistic overview. limitations include missing 2024 employment and q4 import data, which may affect trend projections, and reliance on secondary sources, which may introduce inconsistencies. the study mitigates these by cross-referencing multiple sources and focusing on verified national statistics. this study employs a quantitative approach, analyzing secondary data from the statistics agency under the president of uzbekistan, sourced from the document ―ilovepdf_merged (3).pdf.‖ the dataset includes national-level indicators for small businesses‘ shares in: ➢ gdp (%): calculated as the gross added value of small businesses divided by total gdp, multiplied by 100. ➢ employment (%): derived by dividing the number of employees in small businesses by the total employed population, multiplied by 100. ➢ exports (%): obtained by dividing the volume of exports by small businesses by total export volume, multiplied by 100. ➢ imports (%): calculated similarly, using import volumes. the data spans 2019–2023 annually, with quarterly data for 2024 (q1–q4 for exports, q1–q3 for gdp and imports). macroeconomic indicators (gdp growth, inflation, trade balances, fdi) were sourced from reputable organizations, including the world bank, imf, and asian development bank, supplemented by recent web-based reports. data were organized into tables and visualized through line graphs (described in the results section) to identify trends. the analysis focuses on national-level data, excluding regional variations, to provide a holistic overview. limitations include missing 2024 employment and q4 import data, which may affect trend projections, and reliance on secondary sources, which may introduce inconsistencies. the study mitigates these by cross-referencing multiple sources and focusing on verified national statistics. results the results are presented through tables summarizing small business contributions from 2019– 2024 and detailed descriptions of line graphs for visualization. additional macroeconomic data are included to contextualize findings. fig. 1: share of small businesses in gdp (%) http://www/ 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us share in employment (%) 76.5 76 75.5 75 74.5 74 73.5 73 72.5 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 share in employment (%) share in exports (%) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 q12024 q22024 q32024 q4 graph description: a line graph visualizes the share of small businesses in uzbekistan‘s gdp from 2019 to 2024 q3, using a blue line with circular markers at each data point to emphasize annual and quarterly values. the x-axis lists years and quarters (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 q1, 2024 q2, 2024 q3), with labels rotated 45 degrees for readability. the y-axis ranges from 40% to 60%, with 5% increments, and includes a grid for precise tracking. the graph highlights a peak at 57.5% in 2019, a sharp decline to 42.7% in 2023-likely due to increased contributions from state-owned enterprises or data inconsistencies and a recovery to 54.3% by q3 2024, reflecting reform-driven resilience. a title, ―share of small businesses in uzbekistan‘s gdp (2019–2024),‖ and a legend identifying the line enhance clarity. annotations at key points (e.g., 2023 low, 2024 q3 recovery) can highlight significant shifts for readers. fig. 2: share of small businesses in total employment (%) graph description: a line graph depicts the share of small businesses in total employment from 2019 to 2023, using a green line with square markers to denote annual values. the x-axis lists years (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023), and the y-axis ranges from 70% to 80%, with 2% increments, incorporating a light grid for readability. the graph shows relative stability, with a high of 76.2% in 2019, a slight dip to 73.9% in 2022-possibly due to pandemic-related disruptions-and a recovery to 74.0% in 2023. the title, ―share of small businesses in total employment in uzbekistan (2019–2023),‖ is cantered, with a legend identifying the line. shading the area under the line can emphasize consistency, and an annotation at the 2022 low can draw attention to the minor fluctuation. this visualization underscores small businesses‘ role as a stable employment source. fig. 3: share of small businesses in total exports (%) http://www/ 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us share in imports (%) 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 q1 2024 q2 2024 q3 graph description: a line graph illustrates the share of small businesses in total exports from 2019 to 2024 q4, using a red line with diamond markers to highlight data points. the x-axis lists years and quarters (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 q1, 2024 q2, 2024 q3, 2024 q4), with rotated labels to accommodate the quarterly breakdown. the y-axis ranges from 15% to 35%, with 5% increments, and includes a grid for precision. the graph reveals volatility, with a low of 20.0% in 2021 due to global trade disruptions, a peak at 31.2% in 2022 following export liberalization, and a steady rise to 33.3% in q4 2024, driven by textile and agricultural exports. the title, ―share of small businesses in uzbekistan‘s total exports (2019–2024),‖ and a legend ensure clarity. annotations at the 2021 low and 2024 q4 peak can highlight the impact of external shocks and recovery, while a dashed trendline can project future growth. fig. 4: share of small businesses in total imports (%) graph description: a line graph shows the share of small businesses in total imports from 2019 to 2024 q3, using a purple line with triangular markers for each data point. the x-axis lists years and quarters (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 q1, 2024 q2, 2024 q3), with 45-degree label rotation. the y-axis ranges from 40% to 55%, with 5% increments, and includes a grid. the graph shows a high of 51.7% in 2019, a low of 44.5% in q1 2024, and a recovery to 48.6% by q3 2024, reflecting fluctuating import demand for machinery and energy. the title, ―share of small businesses in uzbekistan‘s total imports (2019–2024),‖ is paired with a legend. annotations at the 2019 peak and 2024 q1 low can highlight trade dynamics, and a subtle background color (e.g., light gray) can distinguish the plot area. this visualization emphasizes imports‘ consistently higher share compared to exports. combined graph description a multi-line graph compares the four indicators (gdp, employment, exports, imports) for 2019– 2023, using distinct colors: blue for gdp, green for employment, red for exports, and purple for imports, each with unique markers (e.g., circles, squares, diamonds, triangles). the x-axis lists years (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023), and the y-axis ranges from 15% to 80%, with 10% increments, incorporating a grid for clarity. the graph shows employment as the most stable (73.9–76.2%), gdp declining sharply to 42.7% in 2023 règlements, exports as the most volatile (20.0–31.2%), and imports consistently higher than exports (45.2–51.7%). the title, ―small business indicators in uzbekistan (2019–2023),‖ is centered, with a legend placed outside the plot to avoid clutter. annotations at key turning points (e.g., 2023 gdp low, 2022 export peak) and a semi-transparent fill under each line can enhance interpretability. this visualization effectively contrasts the stability of employment with the volatility of trade and gdp contributions, providing a holistic view of small businesses‘ economic role. http://www/ 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us macroeconomic context ➢ gdp growth: uzbekistan‘s gdp grew from $80.4 billion in 2022 to $115 billion in 2024, with annual growth rates of 5.7% (2022), 6.3% (2023), and 6.5% (2024), driven by investment (36.6% growth in h1 2024) and consumption (6.8%). ➢ inflation: inflation averaged 11.6% from 2019–2024, peaking at 12.3% in 2022 and falling to 8.0% by march 2024, though energy tariff hikes raised it to 10.5% by august 2024. the central bank‘s policy rate was 13.5% in 2024. ➢ trade: total trade turnover reached $62.6 billion in 2023, with exports at $27 billion and imports at $35 billion in 2024, widening the trade deficit to 8.6% of gdp in 2023. small businesses drove textile and agricultural exports. ➢ employment: the unemployment rate fell from 8.9% in 2022 to 6.8% in 2023, with small businesses employing 73.9–76.2% of the workforce (13.97 million in 2023). ➢ fdi and debt: fdi doubled to $7.2 billion in 2023, with $34.9 billion cumulative fdi by 2024. public debt was 36.3% of gdp in 2023, with external debt at 34.3%. discussion small businesses are a cornerstone of uzbekistan‘s economy, contributing 42.7–57.5% of gdp and 73.9–76.2% of employment from 2019–2023. the 2023 gdp share decline (42.7%) may reflect increased contributions from soes or underreporting, but the 2024 recovery (54.3% by q3) aligns with reforms like the 2019 tax simplification and 2023 vat reduction, which reduced barriers for small businesses. the stable employment share underscores their role in absorbing a large labor force, critical in a country with 13.97 million workers, though the informal sector‘s dominance (over 50%) limits formalization efforts. the export share (20.0–33.3%) reflects growing global integration, particularly in textiles and agriculture, with the 2024 peak (33.3% in q4) driven by lifted cotton bans and wto accession efforts. however, the higher import share (44.5–51.7%) contributes to the trade deficit (8.6% of gdp in 2023), fueled by machinery and energy imports for industrialization. this imbalance highlights the need for export diversification beyond gold (20.3% of exports) and cotton (8.0%). macroeconomic conditions are supportive but challenging. gdp growth (6.5% in 2024) and fdi ($7.2 billion in 2023) provide resources for small businesses, but inflation (10.5% in 2024) erodes purchasing power, particularly for import-dependent enterprises. the central bank‘s 13.5% policy rate aims to curb inflation, but limited financialization weakens monetary policy transmission. reforms like privatization (targeting 85% private sector gdp share by 2030) and energy tariff liberalization (2023–2024) enhance efficiency but raise costs for small businesses. compared to the literature, these findings confirm the world bank‘s (2022) view of private sector growth but highlight trade imbalances and informal employment as critical challenges. the data also align with the imf‘s (2024) emphasis on reform momentum, though corruption and regulatory ambiguity persist. limitations include missing 2024 employment and q4 import data and the lack of regional breakdowns, which could reveal spatial disparities. future studies should address these gaps and assess specific reform impacts on small business sectors. conclusion small businesses and entrepreneurship are indispensable to uzbekistan‘s economic transformation, serving as engines of growth, employment, and global integration from 2019 to 2024. their contributions—over 50% of gdp, three-quarters of employment, and up to one-third of exports—demonstrate their pivotal role in achieving uzbekistan‘s vision of becoming an industrialized, upper-middle-income country by 2030. the resilience shown in the 2024 recovery, with gdp share rebounding to 54.3% and exports reaching 33.3%, reflects the success of reforms like the 2017 currency liberalization, 2019 tax simplification, and 2023 privatization initiatives, which have reduced barriers and attracted $7.2 billion in fdi in 2023. stable http://www/ 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us employment (73.9–76.2%) underscores small businesses‘ capacity to absorb uzbekistan‘s 13.97 million-strong labor force, mitigating unemployment (6.8% in 2023) and supporting social stability. however, challenges threaten sustainability. persistent inflation (10.5% in 2024) and a trade deficit (8.6% of gdp in 2023) strain small businesses, particularly those reliant on imported inputs, while the informal sector‘s dominance (over 50% of employment) limits tax revenue and regulatory oversight. reliance on commodity exports like gold (20.3%) and cotton (8.0%) exposes the economy to global price volatility, necessitating diversification into high-value sectors like technology and manufacturing. the central bank‘s 13.5% policy rate, while aimed at controlling inflation, increases borrowing costs, potentially constraining small business expansion. policymakers should prioritize the following: 1. export diversification: invest in value-added industries (e.g., processed textiles, renewable energy) and leverage wto accession to access new markets. 2. regulatory simplification: streamline licensing and compliance processes to reduce informal employment and boost formalization. 3. financial inclusion: expand access to affordable credit through microfinance and digital banking, addressing the low financialization noted by the imf (2024). 4. sectoral support: target support for women-led and rural enterprises to address regional disparities and promote inclusive growth. uzbekistan‘s robust gdp growth (6.5% in 2024), rising fdi ($34.9 billion cumulative), and reform momentum provide a strong foundation for these policies. future research should explore regional variations in small business performance, particularly in rural areas like fergana and samarkand, and assess the impact of specific reforms (e.g., 2023 vat reduction) on sectoral growth. longitudinal studies could also examine the sustainability of the 2024 recovery amid global uncertainties. by addressing these challenges and building on its reform-driven progress, uzbekistan can ensure that small businesses remain a cornerstone of its economic future, driving prosperity and resilience through 2030 and beyond. references 1. statistics agency under the president of uzbekistan. (2024). small business indicators 2019–2024. tashkent: statistics agency. 2. tashkent state university of economics. (2021). entrepreneurship and economic growth in uzbekistan: trends and challenges. tashkent: tsue press. 3. national committee of the republic of uzbekistan on statistics 4. world bank. (2024). uzbekistan overview: development news, research, data. retrieved from www.worldbank.org 5. asian development bank. (2020). uzbekistan: country economic review. manila: adb 6. ministry of economy and finance of the republic of uzbekistan. (2023). economic development report: supporting small businesses and entrepreneurship. tashkent: ministry of economy and finance. http://www/ https://stat.uz/en/ http://www.worldbank.org/ 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of entrepreneurship in the development of small business in construction enterprises muxammadiyev u. a. “business management” department docent, t.f.n. egamov r. m. “business management” head of department, i.f.f.d. phd atamuratov z. r. “business management” master student of 201-gropup economics abstract: in this article, the problem and its solutions in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in the construction enterprises implemented in our country, as well as suggestions and recommendations about what can be achieved by developing entrepreneurship in the construction process and how to increase efficiency. keywords: small business, construction, entrepreneurship, competition, construction enterprises, construction products, strategy, innovation, risk. introduction: the importance of economic reforms in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in our country is very great now. one of the ways to overcome the difficulties in the national economy in the conditions of the market economy is to develop entrepreneurial activities in the field of construction, also small business. it is especially important to establish and develop small business enterprises. small business can make up a large part of the economy of our country. as a result of the establishment and development of enterprises engaged in entrepreneurship in the development of small business activities, their contribution to the gross domestic product produced in the territory of our republic will increase, and the amount of employment of the population will increase significantly. the establishment of small business enterprises, especially in the field of construction, is important for employment of the population in rural areas. the development of the country's economy depends more on small business and private entrepreneurship. because those engaged in business activities are flexible to market requirements, it provides various consumer goods of the people and employment of the population, increases the export potential of the state and increases our currency reserves. for this reason, today, many opportunities are being created for the development of small business activities in construction enterprises. our honorable head of state sh. mirziyoyev in an open dialogue with entrepreneurs on august 22, 2022" we are entering a very important and decisive stage on the way to building a new uzbekistan. your selfless work, innovative thinking and approach are more important today than ever, and i believe that you will be an example to all representatives of the industry in this regard, he said [1]. based on the above considerations, according to the results of 2022, the volume of construction works in our republic has increased by 6.6% compared to last year. in particular, the growth rate 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us was 104.2% in the construction of buildings and structures, 102.9% in the construction of civil facilities, and 137.8% in specialized construction works. in the process of implementation of these works, the share of small business and private entrepreneurship in the construction sector will be -84.5 (%) percent in 2021, 79.1 (%) percent in 2022, and 82.6 (%) percent in 2023. in order to ensure the employment of the population, measures to attract entrepreneurship were implemented, and in 2022, 3,405, and in 2023, 3,665 new small business entities were established. in our opinion, small business and private entrepreneurship is understood as the effective use of human resources and labor, consisting of the ability to use all factors of production.. analysis of literature on the topic: a number of foreign and national economists have conducted theoretical studies in the areas of economic nature and characteristics of small business and entrepreneurship. i. salamov, t. kudratov, i. kudratova say that "economic research of entrepreneurship and business has a long history. in particular, according to the recognition of scientists, in the 18th and 19th centuries, german scientists i. tunen and g. mangolf, american economist f. knight, as well as great scientists such as r. cantelon, f. keene, a. smith, j. say, y. schumpeter studied the economic and social nature and characteristics of entrepreneurship. american economists campbell r. mcconnell, stanley l. brew and m. flain say that the modern market economy is mainly based on private ownership, entrepreneurship and freedom of choice, and the priority of personal interests of entrepreneurs. according to v. yu. burov, "the experience of developed european countries shows that small business and entrepreneurship are of great importance for economic development. in germany, italy, denmark and other developed countries of the european union, the share of small business in the gross national product is 65-70 percent and even higher. as a result, small entrepreneurship in these countries not only solves the problem of employment and increases the income of the population, but also emerges as one of the important factors of ensuring macroeconomic balance1. from the given definitions, it is known that entrepreneurial activity in the development of small business is one of the main elements of the modern market economy, the main driving force for it. research methodology: relevant laws of the republic of uzbekistan, decrees and decisions of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, decisions of the cabinet of ministers, fundamental works on the development and improvement of small business and private entrepreneurship in the coverage of the scientific article, small business and private entrepreneurship in the construction of our country and foreign scientists-economists works and researches devoted to issues of further development. analysis and results: if we talk about entrepreneurial activity in the development of small business in construction enterprises, it can be considered that the consistent development of small business is the most important factor for successfully solving the following problems:  formation of activities of small businesses and private enterprises that produce competitive products that help to better meet the needs of the population for goods and services in the field of construction;  small business and private entrepreneurship activities provide mobility, flexibility and maneuverability to the economy;  partners in small enterprises invest their capital in business with more interest than in large enterprises;  reduction of the unemployment rate as a result of the creation of additional jobs; 1decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pd-60 dated 28.01.2022. 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  the abundance of opportunities to use people's creative abilities and bring out their talents in entrepreneurship. all these and other economic and social functions of entrepreneurship in small business activity make its development one of the most important state tasks, making it an integral part of regional economy reform in general, and regions in particular. in recent years, the number of small businesses in samarkand region has been constantly growing. in statistical data, the share of small business and private entrepreneurship in the construction sector in 2020-2023 is presented in diagram2. in 2020, small enterprises and firms had a 72.5% share of the total construction work, and by 2023, it had reached 74.2%. in 2023, the volume of construction works performed by small enterprises and micro-firms is changing in the regions. in 2023, compared to 2021, their share was 72.5% (percent) of the total construction works, which is 1.7% (percent) more than in 2021. thus, the total amount of construction works performed by them amounted to 1218.5 billion soms, and the growth rate compared to the same period of 2022 was 87.9%. this growth is due to the fact that it is difficult in the current economic conditions. individual entrepreneurs enter into competition, so some of them merge, on the basis of which small or medium enterprises are created. 2authors' work 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the total volume of construction works performed by small enterprises and micro-firms and the demand for growth (billion soums) one of the most serious problems that hinders the development of the small sector of the economy in samarkand region is the incompatibility of a comprehensive legal system that takes into account the interests of business entities in small business activities to the current conditions. the development of cooperative relations in small construction enterprises allows to achieve a certain stability in development despite the uncertainty of the construction market. it ensures flexibility of construction enterprises to market changes as a form of production and economic relations in market conditions, which leads to the economic stability of small enterprises, including the development of financial, organizational, and market components of production activities. the production activity of small enterprises in the construction industry on the basis of subcontracting allows to achieve stability, which reduces the risks associated with production activity. [9]. in the context of the formation of the construction network market, the implementation of joint activities of small enterprises with large enterprises allows to achieve diversification of business risks, create reliable production and economic relations in the development prospects, distribute the level of responsibility, and implement flexibility. in the development of small business in the construction industry, the general mistrust of market consumers towards small business plays an important role. therefore, it is necessary to gain the trust of consumers by providing a wide range of high-quality construction services within the terms specified in the contracts. conclusions and suggestions: based on the research, it should be noted that the importance of small business and private entrepreneurship in the conditions of the formation of the construction network market in the region is very great, which allows us to draw the following conclusions in the scientific research:  the market and gain a share in the market;  an active position is necessary for the creation and development of cooperative production relations, which create a reserve for long-term business prospects that guarantee the stability of the development of small businesses in the construction sector;  the use of innovative technologies and developments in the fields of the construction industry helps to develop cooperative relations and the participation of small business and private business entities in the projects of large enterprises in the construction market;  it is necessary to carry out a state policy to support the development of small businesses in the construction. one of the main goals of establishing a socially oriented market economy in uzbekistan is the priority development of small business and private entrepreneurship forms in the region. these include the organization of business activity and legal and regulatory documents guaranteeing it, non-governmental organizations and enterprises assisting entrepreneurs. therefore, we believe that it is necessary to develop entrepreneurship in construction activities in order to increase the efficiency of the economy, which is very important for every region. list of references: 1. the speech of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh. mirziyoyev on august 22, 2022 at an open dialogue with entrepreneurs. “people's word” newspaper. august 23, 2022. 2. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pd-60 dated 28.01.2022. 3. асаул а. н. организация предпринимательской деятельности. спб., 2009. 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. бабко а.т. генезис организационной сущности предпринимательской структуры//вестн. инжэкона. сер.: экономика. 2006. вып. 2(11). 5. семенов в.п. предпринимательство основной субъект инновационноинвестиционного прогресса//вестн. инжэкона. сер.: экономика. 2004. вып .4 (5). 6. муминов н.г., хамидова н.м. xуацяо как специфическая форма развития предпринимательства в восточной азии // вопросы экономики и управления. международный научный журнал (россия). № 3 (14) / 2018. с.4-6. 7. шеменева о.в., харитонова т.в. организация предпринимательской деятельности: учебное пособие. – итк дашков и к, 2014. – 294 с. 8. попкова е.г. факторы, влияющие на устойчивое развитие предпринимательских структур / е.г. попкова, ю.м. бешанова //современная экономика: проблемы и решения. — 2015. — № 10. — c. 51–62. 9. abdusamatov, b. k. (2023). role of cluster in innovative management of the construction network. finland international scientific journal of education, social science & humanities, 11(1), 667-672. 10. abdusamatov, b. k., egamov, r. m., abdusamatov, sh. b. (2022). level of competitiveness of building products to increase innovative success. academicia globe: inderscience research, 3(6), 1-5. 11. эгамов, р. м., абдусаматов, б. к. (2021). қурилиш тармоғини ривожлантиришда инновацион фаолият иқтисодий категория сифатида. development issues of innovative economy in the agricultural sector, 161. 12. abdusamatov, b. k., egamov, r. m., abdusamatov, sh. b. some of the improvements in entrepreneurship in the construction industry. journalnx, 189-193. 98-100 arbitration over litigation in uzbekistan advantages 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 arbitration over litigation in uzbekistan: advantages nurmatov bunyod tashkent state university of law nurmatovbunyod560@gmail.com abstract: arbitration has steadily gained prominence in uzbekistan as a reliable method of alternative dispute resolution (adr). reflecting international practices, arbitration offers numerous advantages, such as flexibility and autonomy, confidentiality, expertise of arbitrators, enforceability of awards, and cost and time efficiency.1 in essence, arbitration is straightforward. parties select a person or persons—the arbitrator(s)— whose expertise or judgment they trust to resolve their differences in a private forum. after presenting their arguments and evidence, the arbitrator renders a binding decision. parties in uzbekistan can use arbitration for various disputes, except for administrative, labor, and family issues.2. keywords: arbitration, adr, autonomy, labor. flexibility and autonomy arbitration offers significant flexibility, as parties maintain control over many aspects of the process. according to article 15 of law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, parties can choose arbitrators from the list of a permanent arbitration institution or agree on any arbitrator they prefer in temporary arbitration. additionally, article 25 allows parties to determine the procedural rules for the arbitration, provided they align with uzbekistan’s laws. even the venue can be mutually decided, as stipulated by article 26, unlike litigation, which typically takes place in the respondent’s jurisdiction under article 33 of the civil procedure code. furthermore, article 27 ensures parties can agree on the language of the procedure, an option not commonly available in traditional courts. confidentiality confidentiality is a cornerstone of arbitration. article 28 of law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts prohibits arbitrators from disclosing information obtained during the proceedings without the parties’ consent. moreover, arbitrators cannot be summoned as witnesses regarding this information. the private nature of arbitration means disputes remain out of the public eye. unlike court proceedings, which are generally public, arbitration allows parties to resolve sensitive matters discreetly. this ensures their disputes stay hidden from public scrutiny and competitors, preserving reputations and business interests. additionally, the absence of external interferences often facilitates a faster and more amicable resolution. 1 international chamber of commerce (icc), ‘why choose arbitration?’ https://iccwbo.org accessed 2 may 2025. 2 law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts 2007, s2 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us expertise of arbitrators one of arbitration’s unique advantages is the ability to select arbitrators with specific expertise. this is especially beneficial in technical or specialized disputes where judicial knowledge may be insufficient. for example, in construction disputes, arbitrators with engineering or architectural expertise can provide better insights. countries like new zealand have embraced arbitration in the construction sector, where contracts such as nzs 3910 include clauses requiring disputes to be resolved through arbitration.3 similarly, uzbekistan can benefit from industry-specific arbitration, making it an ideal choice for sectors like construction, technology, and energy. enforceability of awards the enforceability of arbitral awards adds significant value to arbitration. domestically, article 50 of law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts ensures awards are enforceable, either voluntarily or compulsorily under the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on the execution of judicial acts and acts of other bodies” (article 5). internationally, uzbekistan’s accession to the new york convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards (1996) is a game-changer. awards rendered in uzbekistan are enforceable in over 160 member countries, and uzbekistan reciprocates by enforcing foreign arbitral awards. this is particularly advantageous for businesses engaged in international transactions. for instance, a company operating in uzbekistan can trust that an arbitral award will be enforceable in major economic hubs like germany, china, or the united states. such global enforceability enhances uzbekistan’s attractiveness as a destination for international arbitration. cost and time efficiency cost and time efficiency are key factors driving businesses toward arbitration. arbitration proceedings are often quicker than litigation because parties can control the schedule and avoid the rigid timelines of overcrowded court systems. for example, arbitration avoids the procedural formalities of pre-trial motions and appeals, resulting in faster resolutions—often within months rather than years. from a cost perspective, while arbitration may involve upfront expenses for arbitrators, it can ultimately be more economical. specialized arbitrators require less time to understand complex technical issues, saving costs that would otherwise arise from educating a judge or jury. moreover, the streamlined procedures in arbitration reduce administrative and legal fees, making it an efficient choice for businesses. conclusion with uzbekistan’s evolving arbitration framework, parties have a viable alternative to traditional litigation. arbitration’s flexibility, confidentiality, expertise, enforceability of awards, and cost and time efficiency make it an excellent choice for resolving disputes. although arbitration has its own limitations, such as the potential for high initial costs or limited appeal options, its advantages often outweigh these concerns for many businesses. as arbitration continues to develop, it holds the potential to become the preferred dispute resolution method in uzbekistan and beyond. bibliography legislation: 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan on arbitration courts, 2006 2. civil procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, 1998 3 standards new zealand, nzs 3910:2013 conditions of contract for building and civil engineering construction. 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. united nations convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards (new york, 1958). 4. uncitral model law on international commercial arbitration, 1985 (amended in 2006). other sources: 5. standards new zealand, nzs 3910:2013 conditions of contract for building and civil engineering construction. 6. international bar association (iba), ‘advantages and disadvantages of arbitration’ https://www.ibanet.org accessed 1 may 2025. 7. international chamber of commerce (icc), ‘why choose arbitration?’ https://iccwbo.org accessed 2 may 2025. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 didactic opportunities for the application of steam technologies in primary education sabirov azizbek azadovich lecturer at the department of primary education methodology, urgench state pedagogical institute abstract: this article examines the didactic possibilities of steam technologies in primary school classes. it analyzes the works of researchers in the field of steam technologies. the role of the teacher in applying steam technologies in the educational process is highlighted, some examples of developing intrinsic motivation among primary school students are provided, and methods of integrating mathematics with other sciences are demonstrated. factors enhancing the intrinsic motivation of younger students are also listed. keywords: steam technologies, primary school, intrinsic motivation, interdisciplinary integration, mathematical example, task. introduction. the reforms being implemented in the education sector of uzbekistan are aimed at improving its quality. according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on education”, the key factors include: enhancing teachers’ qualifications, introducing modern methodologies, and integrating innovative technologies into the learning process for children. this contributes to the development of students’ intellect as well as the preparation of competitive specialists. [1] today, it is important not only to develop primary education, which serves as the foundation for further learning, but also to provide support to students at subsequent stages of their educational journey. the younger school age is characterized by the acquisition of basic knowledge, and the quality of knowledge transfer depends on the teacher’s ability to apply modern technologies and methods during classroom activities. the primary task of educators is to awaken students’ interest in science and to develop their ability to critically perceive and effectively use information. the introduction of educational steam technologies in schools helps children quickly navigate large volumes of information, apply acquired knowledge in practice, and also reveals their creative potential. steam technology represents a combination of engineering-technical and artistic-aesthetic directions of education with mathematics, aimed at developing the intellectual and personal abilities of children. the use of steam in the educational process implies the gradual introduction of access to technologies through which the educational process can be organized, taking into account the needs of modern children. a distinctive feature of steam education is that all lessons within this methodology involve the application of theoretical knowledge in practice, which allows students to consolidate the material and understand the essence of the subject studied. [15] literature review. scientific and pedagogical research in the field of steam education has been conducted by scholars such as t.anisimova, t.volosovets, a.dorofeeva, n.sologub, 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a.avazboev, m.jamaldinova, m.baidjanov, kh.karimov, r.bekbaev and r.davidova. for instance, researcher t.anisimova focused on the innovative aspects of steam education in industry [2]; t.volosovets studied the application of this approach in preschool and primary education [3]; a.dorofeeva analyzed the state of steam education abroad [4]; n.sologub investigated the features of implementing the steam approach in teaching natural sciences [5]; a.avazboev and m.jamaldinova revealed the essence of steam education technologies. in turn, m.baidjanov, kh.karimov, r.bekbaev, and r.davidova considered steam education in the context of its integrative nature, paying attention to the theoretical and methodological foundations of this field [7]. focusing on the principles of steam learning, one can highlight the aspect that this type of education enables students to solve practical problems on a broad scale, not relying solely on one discipline. the fundamental principle of steam technologies is interdisciplinary integration. by introducing and applying this principle in schools, students gain the opportunity to solve reallife practical problems. for example, textbooks in mathematics, natural sciences, and technology for primary school directly include tasks that cover possible real-life situations encountered by students in their daily activities. the ability to apply steam technologies in the educational process depends on the teacher. the goal of using this approach is to develop students’ skills in solving practical problems. it is in the primary grades that the abilities and skills are formed which serve as the foundational components for learning in the upper grades. by solving practical problems, students develop an interest in engineering, construction, art, and technology. the potential of applying steam technologies lies in the fact that a primary school teacher can become a coordinator for their students, guiding and motivating them to choose a profession based on their interests. the preparation of qualified teachers in steam subjects is of great importance; such teachers should be capable of regularly and effectively increasing the interest and knowledge level of both boys and girls through modern innovative teaching methods. in primary grades, the teacher can reveal the students’ sense of intrinsic motivation. the term “intrinsic motivation” refers to a person’s desire to engage in an activity for the sake of the activity itself and the internal satisfaction it brings, rather than for external rewards or incentives. when a person is intrinsically motivated, they experience joy, interest, and personal fulfillment from completing a task, studying, or working, which contributes to deeper and more conscious assimilation of knowledge and skill development. intrinsic motivation is a self-driven desire to achieve something: success in studies or in the future, self-improvement, and building relationships with others. when a person or child possesses intrinsic motivation, they move toward their goal independently. key features of intrinsic motivation include: ø focusing on the process of the activity itself rather than external outcomes. ø a desire to learn and develop out of curiosity and interest. ø increased resilience to difficulties and obstacles. ø independence and responsibility for one’s actions. motivation is a key element of the structure of educational activity, and for a primary school student’s personality, intrinsic motivation serves as a fundamental indicator of their development. it manifests in the student’s enjoyment of the learning process itself and the personal significance they attach to their achievements. in the mathematics textbooks by i.v.repyova for primary school, the content of problems in each topic is connected by an overarching theme. the content of these cross-cutting themes is intertwined with natural science, and the problems are linked to nature and the surrounding world, thereby helping the student appreciate the importance of the subject studied. for example, 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in part iv of the mathematics textbook for the second grade, there is a cross-cutting theme titled “mountain tourism in uzbekistan.” there is an oral task: what do the expressions next to the pictures mean? [14, p. 10] when solving such examples, the teacher has the opportunity to broaden students’ horizons while simultaneously reviewing multiplication tables and explaining the illustration — what is depicted on it. in this case, there is an integration of mathematics with the surrounding world, where the teacher also informs students about the hills, tents, and mountains shown in the picture. a problematic issue is that not every primary school teacher applies steam technologies in the learning process. many educators consider teaching from only one perspective, focusing mainly on the core part of the topic. this is explained by the fact that schools do not yet have a developed system for steam-based education. however, lessons offer opportunities for the gradual introduction of tasks that allow the integration of several subjects within one problem, thereby expanding students’ thinking. example 1: mathematics + art (geometry) task: draw a picture using different shapes: circles, squares, and triangles. count how many of each shape you have. for example, 3 circles, 5 squares, and 2 triangles. which shape do you have the most of? while solving this task, students find drawing more interesting than writing. they will try to draw the shapes neatly if the teacher encourages them for good design. talented students should be identified and praised, informing them about professions related to art. a student motivated intrinsically can develop an interest in this field. example 2: mathematics + engineering task: build a tower out of blocks. if you have 4 blocks and stack them on top of each other, how many blocks will be in the tower? if you add 3 more blocks, how many will there be in total? example 3: mathematics + science task: measure the length of the table in centimeters. if the length of the table is 120 cm and the width is 60 cm, calculate the surface area of the table (length × width). how many square centimeters does the table occupy? example 4: mathematics + ecology 𝟒 ⋅ 𝟐 𝟒 ⋅ 𝟏 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us task: there are 10 apple trees and 15 pear trees in the garden. how many trees are there in total? if 5 more apple trees are planted, how many apple trees will there be? example 5: mathematics + art (patterns) task: create a pattern using colored circles: red, blue, green, red, blue, green... what color will the 10th circle be in the sequence? these tasks help children see the practical application of mathematics in real life and develop critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills. intrinsic motivation in students when using steam technologies in education is formed and strengthened by several key factors. let’s consider how this happens: 1. interest and engagement through practical activities steam education focuses on project-based and research work where students independently create, experiment, and solve real-world problems. this naturally sparks interest, as children see the meaning and results of their activities rather than just performing abstract exercises. 2. freedom of choice and creativity steam projects often provide opportunities to choose topics, materials, or methods to solve a problem. this autonomy fosters a sense of responsibility and an internal desire to succeed in areas that interest the student. 3. interdisciplinary approach and holistic understanding combining science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics helps students see the connections between subjects, making learning more meaningful and motivating. students understand how knowledge is applied in life and technology. 4. development of a sense of competence by solving real and creative problems, children gain experiences of success, which strengthens their self-confidence. this positively influences intrinsic motivation—the desire to learn for the sake of the process and achieving results. 5. collaboration and social interaction working in teams helps students exchange ideas and learn from peers, creating a supportive atmosphere and additional incentive for learning. 6. feedback and recognition steam projects often include opportunities to showcase work (exhibitions, presentations), receive praise, and constructive criticism, which supports the internal drive for development. conclusion. thus, intrinsic motivation in the use of steam technologies develops through active participation, creative approaches, awareness of the significance of one’s actions, and support from teachers and peers. the steam approach provides children with the opportunity to systematically explore the surrounding world, gain a deeper understanding of the logic behind phenomena, identify their interconnections, and discover new, unusual, and exciting things. the anticipation of encountering something new stimulates curiosity and active learning; the need to independently choose an interesting problem, develop methods, and create an algorithm for its solution, as well as critically evaluate the results, fosters engineering thinking. collaborative group work promotes the development of teamwork skills. all this provides the child with a qualitatively new level of development and expands their future opportunities. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of references 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan “on education” dated september 23, 2020, no. zru-637 (accessed august 15, 2024) – electronic resource https://lex.uz/docs/5013009 2. анисимова т.и. steam-образование как инновационная технология для индустрии 4.0 // научный диалог. – 2018. – №11. – с.322–332. 3. волосовец т.в. steam-образование детей дошкольного и младшего школьного возраста. – москва: бином. лаборатория знаний, 2019. 4. дорофеева а.с. анализ развития steam образования в россии и за рубежом // известия балтийской гос-ой академии рыбопромыслового флота: психологопедагогические науки. – 2020. – №4 (54). – с.236-242. 5. сологуб н.с. особенности построения учебной дисциплины «steam-подход в естественнонаучном образовании» в контексте подготовки будущих учителей естественнонаучных учебных предметов // выcшая школа. – 2021. – № 3. – с.47-52. 6. авазбоев а., жамалдинова м. сущность и преимущества технологии обучения, основанной на подходе «steam-образование» // междисциплинарный электронный научный журнал «общество и инновации». – 2021. – том 2. – №5. – c.109-115. 7. байджанов м., каримов х., бекбаев р., давидова р. steam-образование в школе: учебник. – ташкент, 2024. 8. юзликаева э., мадьярова с., янбарисова э., морхова и. теория и практика общей педагогики. учебник. – tашкент: тгпу, 2014. 9. сластенин в.а., исаев и.ф., шиянов е.н. общая педагогика. – москва: владос, 2003. 10. подласый и.п. педагогика. новый курс: учебник для студ. пед. вузов: в 2 кн. – москва: гуманит. изд. центр владос, 2006. 11. конюшенко с. м. steam vs steam образование: изменение понимания того, как учить / с. м. конюшенко, м. с. жукова, е. а. мошева // известия балтийской государственной академии рыбопромыслового флота: психолого-педагогические науки. – 2018. – №2(44). – с.99-103. 12. фролов а. в. роль steam-образования в «новой экономике» сша // вопросы новой экономики. – 2010. – №4(16). – с.80-90. 13. chanthala ch. instructional designing the steam education model for fostering creative thinking abilities in physics laboratory environment classes // aip conference proceedings. – 2018. – volume 1923. – issue 1. 14. репьёва и.в. математика, 2 класс, часть vi. учебник для средних общеобразовательных школ с русским языком обучения / и.в. репьёва. -ташкент: «novda edutainment», 2023. – 85 с. 15. stem-образование в начальных классах// https://prometheanworld.com.ua/ru/stemobrazovanye-v-nachalnyh-klassah/ 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 11, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 pedagogical and social factors influencing the development of students’ legal culture z. mamazova senior lecturer, department of social sciences and law, international islamic academy of uzbekistan abstract: the article explores the pedagogical and social factors influencing the formation and development of students’ legal culture in the context of building a law-governed state and a civil society. it highlights that legal culture is a complex social phenomenon that encompasses legal knowledge, legal awareness, and legal activity, which together determine an individual’s attitude toward law and justice. the author emphasizes the decisive role of family, educational institutions, state organizations, and the media in shaping the legal consciousness of young people. the paper also examines ongoing reforms and educational initiatives in uzbekistan, such as the “youth – our future” program, “street law,” “advocacy train,” and “legal clinic” projects, aimed at increasing legal literacy and awareness among the population. the study concludes that the enhancement of youth legal culture is a key prerequisite for the establishment of a democratic, law-based, and just society. keywords: legal culture; legal awareness; legal knowledge; youth education; civil society; rule of law; pedagogical factors; social responsibility; legal reforms; uzbekistan. in the process of building a law-governed state and a civil society, one of the most important tasks is to enhance the legal consciousness and legal culture of the younger generation. this is because young people with a high level of legal culture are the ones who bring the principles of rule of law, justice, and equality into real life. therefore, the issue of shaping legal culture has been recognized as one of the priority directions of state policy. legal culture is a complex and multifaceted concept that is closely connected with the formation of legal awareness in society, as well as with the promotion of respect for the law and the culture of compliance. it manifests itself through every citizen’s knowledge of the law, awareness of their rights and duties, and their readiness to combat violations of the law. in a society with a high level of legal culture, the supremacy of law is ensured, corruption is reduced, crime rates decline, and justice prevails in social relations. in the new uzbekistan, special attention is being paid to further elevating the level of legal culture. state and public organizations are conducting wide-ranging legal awareness campaigns, law-related subjects are being taught in schools and higher educational institutions, and a variety of reforms aimed at improving the population’s legal literacy are being implemented. these efforts collectively serve to strengthen the foundation of a law-based democratic society, where citizens understand their rights and responsibilities, respect the law, and actively contribute to the development of justice and equality. legal culture is a social phenomenon that reflects society’s level of legal awareness, legal knowledge, and attitude toward the law. it is necessary not only for lawyers or public servants, 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us but also for every citizen. this is because ensuring the implementation of laws and directing legal relations properly is not solely the responsibility of state institutions, but of society as a whole. the main structural components of legal culture are as follows: legal knowledge – the understanding that citizens have of laws, legal norms, and the system of state governance. a person who is unaware of his or her rights and obligations cannot exercise them and may unintentionally commit legal violations. for example, if a citizen does not know his labor rights, an employer may infringe upon those rights. legal awareness – a person’s attitude toward the law, the degree to which he or she accepts and internalizes it, and the inclination to comply with legal norms. an individual with a high level of legal awareness respects the law and adheres to it. for instance, observing traffic rules, paying taxes on time, and defending one’s rights in a lawful manner are manifestations of legal awareness. legal activity – the participation of citizens in legal relations, their efforts to protect their rights, and their contribution to ensuring the rule of law in society. for example, if a citizen appeals to the court or files a complaint with state authorities when his or her rights are violated, this constitutes an expression of legal activity. legal culture is manifested in a person’s knowledge of rights and duties, the ability to apply them correctly in daily life, a respectful attitude toward the law, and intolerance toward violations. the formation of this culture is ensured through the harmony of legal knowledge, legal awareness, and legal activity. the foundation of legal culture is laid in the family — when parents demonstrate respect for the law and instill in their children the values of justice, fairness, and responsibility. in schools, colleges, and higher educational institutions, the teaching of law-related subjects, legal education classes, and discussion sessions strengthen young people’s legal knowledge and skills. television, radio, print media, and social networks also play a crucial role in increasing young people’s understanding of legislation through educational programs and publications. legal campaigns, preventive measures, and educational projects organized by the youth union, non-governmental organizations, and law enforcement bodies contribute to the enhancement of young people’s legal culture. in an environment where the rule of law is guaranteed and intolerance toward violations is strong, young people naturally learn to follow legal norms. young people can further enrich their knowledge by independently studying laws, using legal literature, and participating in legal quizzes and training sessions. the formation of youth legal culture is a multifaceted process that requires the harmonious cooperation of the family, educational institutions, the state, and society. young people with a high level of legal culture are the guarantors of a law-governed state, a strong civil society, and sustainable development. today, within the international community, the establishment of a law-based state and a civil society has become one of the most important and priority directions. this is because in a society where the rule of law and human rights and freedoms are guaranteed, stability and justice prevail. in uzbekistan, particular attention is being paid to raising the legal culture of the younger generation within the framework of building a law-governed state. this is because youth with a high level of legal culture are the guarantee of tomorrow’s law-based state. legal culture reflects an individual’s knowledge of rights and duties, respect for the law, adherence to legal norms, and intolerance toward violations. this culture manifests itself through the unity of a person’s legal knowledge, legal awareness, and legal activity. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in recent years, significant reforms have been implemented in uzbekistan to enhance the legal culture of young people. the “youth – our future” state program, as well as various projects, online platforms, and educational courses aimed at improving legal knowledge, play an important role in developing the legal consciousness and culture of the youth. conclusion young people with a high level of legal culture form the foundation of a law-governed state. a generation that respects the law, understands its rights and duties, and remains intolerant toward legal violations serves as a guarantee of stability, justice, and progress. therefore, enhancing the legal culture of youth is a task of shared responsibility among the family, educational institutions, the state, and society as a whole, and it holds great contemporary significance. moreover, the ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan, in cooperation with the tashkent state university of law, is implementing a number of initiatives aimed at increasing legal culture within society and providing free legal assistance to the population. among these initiatives, the activities of the “advocacy train”, “street law”, and “legal clinic” projects hold particular importance. the legal clinic, operating under the slogan “enhancing legal awareness and legal culture in society — a priority task,” organizes outreach campaigns and mobile receptions jointly with students and faculty members. in addition, within the framework of the “street law” and “advocacy train” projects, events are being held among the population to improve legal literacy and promote legal knowledge. the main goal of these initiatives is to raise the population’s level of legal knowledge and to foster a stronger legal culture in uzbekistan, thereby contributing to the development of an informed, law-abiding, and socially responsible society. references 1. narzullayev, o. x. (2022). international environmental and legal education. tashkent: tdyuu publishing house. 2. khodjaeva, m. a. (2020). legal culture and legal consciousness in youth development. tashkent: yangi asr avlodi. 3. ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. (2023). programs for enhancing legal culture and legal awareness in society. tashkent. 4. dupuy, p.-m., & viñuales, j. e. (2018). international environmental law. cambridge: cambridge university press. 5. fisher, e., lange, b., & scotford, e. (2013). environmental law: text, cases, and materials. oxford: oup. 6. mamazova, z. (2025). pedagogical and social factors influencing the development of students’ legal culture. international islamic academy of uzbekistan. 7. united nations development programme (undp). (2022). rule of law and access to justice in central asia: annual report. new york. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 11, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption khayitmetov farkhod shukhratovich head of the chinaz district department of justice, tashkent regional department of justice abstract: this article is devoted to the study and analysis of the legal mechanisms for combating corruption in the republic of uzbekistan and the ways to improve them in accordance with international standards and national development priorities. corruption remains one of the most complex socio-legal problems that negatively affects the efficiency of public administration, economic stability, and the trust of citizens in state institutions. in recent years, uzbekistan has made significant progress in forming a comprehensive anti-corruption policy framework, introducing institutional reforms, and aligning national legislation with global best practices. the article examines the essence of corruption as a legal and moral phenomenon, its causes and consequences, as well as the role of legal mechanisms in its prevention and suppression. special attention is given to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on combating corruption,” the functions of the anti-corruption agency, and the implementation of the “national anticorruption strategy for 2021–2025.” the research emphasizes that effective anti-corruption measures require not only the existence of laws but also their consistent enforcement, transparency in public administration, and civic participation in monitoring government activities. furthermore, the paper analyzes international experiences—particularly the practices of countries such as singapore, south korea, and georgia—in creating institutional frameworks for corruption prevention, enhancing public service ethics, and ensuring accountability. the study suggests that integrating these best practices into uzbekistan’s legal system could contribute to strengthening the rule of law and promoting integrity in both public and private sectors. in conclusion, the article argues that combating corruption should be approached comprehensively—combining legal, institutional, and educational tools to create an environment of zero tolerance toward corrupt behavior. continuous improvement of legal mechanisms, digitalization of public services, effective financial monitoring, and raising citizens’ legal awareness are identified as key directions for the future. the research findings can serve as a theoretical and practical basis for developing further reforms in the field of anti-corruption law and policy in uzbekistan. keywords: corruption, legal mechanisms, anti-corruption policy, transparency, rule of law, public administration, uzbekistan, international experience, integrity, governance reform. introduction. in the modern era of globalization, corruption remains one of the most pressing challenges undermining the rule of law, economic development, and social justice in nearly every country. it distorts fair competition, weakens public institutions, erodes citizens’ trust in government, and diverts resources that could otherwise be used for the public good. therefore, improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption has become a top priority for both national 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us governments and international organizations. the republic of uzbekistan, as part of its comprehensive reform strategy, has been taking consistent measures to strengthen the legal and institutional framework aimed at preventing, detecting, and prosecuting corruption-related offenses. in recent years, uzbekistan has undergone a transformative phase in its governance system, emphasizing transparency, accountability, and the rule of law as key pillars of sustainable development. the adoption of the law “on combating corruption” (2017), the establishment of the anti-corruption agency, and the introduction of digital governance tools have laid the foundation for a more open and responsible administrative system. these efforts align with the objectives set out in the “uzbekistan – 2030” development strategy, which highlights the fight against corruption as a critical factor in building a just, inclusive, and prosperous society. however, despite notable progress, challenges remain in ensuring effective law enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and public awareness in the fight against corruption. legal mechanisms are central to anti-corruption efforts, as they define preventive measures, enforcement tools, and institutional responsibilities. these include criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions, as well as mechanisms for financial transparency, conflict-of-interest regulation, and whistleblower protection. in addition, international legal instruments such as the united nations convention against corruption (uncac) and cooperation with organizations like the oecd and transparency international have provided uzbekistan with valuable frameworks for aligning its national legislation with global standards. the implementation of these frameworks requires not only strong legal norms but also an effective institutional culture that prioritizes integrity and accountability at all levels of governance. moreover, the success of anti-corruption reforms largely depends on digitalization and public participation. the introduction of e-government platforms, open data initiatives, and digital procurement systems has significantly reduced opportunities for bureaucratic manipulation and increased transparency in decision-making. at the same time, civil society organizations, the media, and citizens play a vital role in monitoring government performance and promoting a culture of intolerance toward corruption. strengthening cooperation between the state and society is therefore essential for achieving long-term progress in this area. in conclusion, the need to improve the legal mechanisms for combating corruption in uzbekistan arises from the growing complexity of economic and administrative relations in a rapidly modernizing society. the effectiveness of these mechanisms will determine not only the country’s success in ensuring justice and fairness but also its global reputation and attractiveness for foreign investment. hence, this study focuses on analyzing the current legal framework, identifying existing gaps, and proposing evidence-based solutions to enhance the efficiency of anti-corruption legislation and its practical implementation in uzbekistan. methodology. the methodology of this research on “improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption” is based on a comprehensive and systematic approach that combines theoretical, legal, and empirical analyses to identify the existing gaps in the current anti-corruption framework and propose effective mechanisms for its enhancement. the study applies both qualitative and comparative legal research methods, ensuring a holistic understanding of how anti-corruption legislation functions within uzbekistan and in other jurisdictions with advanced legal systems. the foundation of this research lies in the examination of the legal nature of corruption, its manifestations, and its regulatory mechanisms under national and international law. the study systematically reviews the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the law “on combating corruption”, relevant decrees and resolutions of the president and the cabinet of ministers, as well as international conventions, such as the united nations convention against corruption (uncac) and the oecd anti-bribery convention. this theoretical grounding helps to clarify 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the conceptual boundaries of corruption-related offenses, institutional responsibilities, and preventive legal measures. a comparative legal method is applied to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-corruption laws in uzbekistan against global best practices, focusing on countries like singapore, south korea, georgia, and the united kingdom. through this method, the study identifies key institutional and procedural reforms that can be adapted to the national context, such as independent anticorruption agencies, transparent procurement systems, asset declaration requirements, and digital monitoring of public officials’ activities. empirical data were collected from national reports, official statistics, and the outcomes of investigations conducted by the anti-corruption agency of uzbekistan, the prosecutor general’s office, and the ministry of justice. several case studies were analyzed to explore real-world applications of anti-corruption policies and their limitations. these include instances of public procurement irregularities, misuse of budgetary funds, and conflict of interest violations in public service. this empirical approach allowed the study to identify systemic weaknesses and propose actionable recommendations. the methodology includes a detailed institutional analysis of the organizational structure and powers of agencies responsible for combating corruption. the study evaluates the coordination, accountability, and transparency mechanisms between state bodies, law enforcement agencies, and civil society organizations. a functional analysis helps to understand how effectively current institutions perform their duties, what overlaps or gaps exist in their mandates, and how institutional reform could increase overall effectiveness. quantitative and analytical methods were used to interpret official statistics on corruption-related crimes, judicial outcomes, and enforcement trends. data visualization and trend analysis provided insights into the dynamics of corruption levels over time and across sectors. statistical indicators were used to assess the correlation between the introduction of legal reforms and changes in corruption perceptions and reporting rates. this approach involved the interpretation and evaluation of current anti-corruption laws, bylaws, and judicial decisions. the doctrinal analysis helped to determine the consistency of national legislation with international legal norms and principles, as well as the adequacy of sanctions, preventive mechanisms, and enforcement procedures. to ensure the practical relevance of the research findings, interviews were conducted with legal scholars, judges, prosecutors, and representatives of non-governmental organizations involved in anti-corruption initiatives. these interviews provided expert opinions on existing challenges, enforcement gaps, and potential areas for reform. the study also considers digitalization as a methodological lens, exploring how digital governance tools—such as e-procurement, e-justice systems, and online complaint mechanisms—can strengthen transparency and reduce human discretion in administrative processes. in summary, the methodological framework of this study integrates doctrinal, empirical, and comparative approaches, supported by analytical, statistical, and sociological tools. such an interdisciplinary approach enables a comprehensive understanding of corruption as a multifaceted legal and social issue and supports the development of effective, evidence-based proposals for improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption in uzbekistan. results and discussion. the results of the research on “improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption” show that ensuring transparency, accountability, and legality in the activities of state institutions remains one of the main conditions for building a democratic and law-governed state. in uzbekistan, the process of reforming the legal and institutional frameworks to fight corruption has accelerated in recent years, and several important laws, decrees, and strategies have been 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us implemented. these include the law “on combating corruption” (2017), the national anticorruption strategy for 2021–2025, and the establishment of the anti-corruption agency of the republic of uzbekistan. these measures have significantly strengthened the institutional foundation for preventing, detecting, and investigating corruption-related offenses. the study reveals that corruption is not only a legal or administrative problem but also a social and economic phenomenon that undermines citizens’ trust in government, distorts fair competition, and hinders sustainable development. therefore, the fight against corruption requires an integrated approach that combines legal reforms, institutional improvements, public awareness, and digital governance. it was found that one of the most effective ways to reduce corruption risks is to ensure openness and transparency in public procurement, budget spending, and decision-making processes through digital platforms. in this context, the implementation of the “e-anti-corruption” system and the introduction of open data portals have created conditions for real-time monitoring of government activities. another important result of the research is the identification of the main weaknesses in the current legal mechanisms. despite the existence of a solid legislative base, there are still problems related to law enforcement practices, coordination among institutions, and citizen participation in anti-corruption initiatives. the study indicates that excessive bureaucratic procedures, insufficient interdepartmental information exchange, and limited use of modern technologies make it difficult to detect and prevent corrupt practices at an early stage. in addition, the lack of an effective whistleblower protection mechanism discourages citizens and public officials from reporting corruption cases. the discussion of international experience, particularly from countries such as singapore, georgia, and estonia, shows that the success of anti-corruption policies largely depends on the political will of leadership, independent judicial systems, and continuous public monitoring. in these countries, clear accountability mechanisms, digitalization of administrative processes, and strong civil society engagement have played a decisive role in reducing corruption levels. for uzbekistan, adopting and adapting these best practices—especially in the areas of digital governance and financial transparency—can significantly improve the effectiveness of national anti-corruption policies. furthermore, the research highlights the necessity of strengthening legal education and ethical training among public servants. it is essential to form an anti-corruption culture through systematic education, public awareness campaigns, and the promotion of integrity and honesty as social values. the creation of a transparent and merit-based civil service system is another key factor in preventing corruption, as it minimizes the influence of personal interests in official decision-making. in summary, the discussion emphasizes that combating corruption requires a holistic and longterm strategy that integrates legal reforms, technological innovation, and public participation. to ensure the sustainability of these efforts, it is crucial to improve the coordination of state bodies, introduce modern monitoring and evaluation tools, and strengthen the independence of anticorruption institutions. only through such comprehensive and systematic approaches can uzbekistan achieve significant progress in building a corruption-free society and ensuring the rule of law. conclusion. in conclusion, improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption is one of the key priorities in ensuring the rule of law, transparency, and social justice within the state governance system. corruption poses a serious threat to democratic institutions, economic development, and public trust in the government. therefore, establishing an effective legal framework and institutional mechanisms is essential for the prevention, detection, and prosecution of corruptionrelated offenses. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in recent years, uzbekistan has made significant progress in building an effective anti-corruption system through comprehensive reforms and the implementation of international standards. the adoption of the law “on combating corruption,” the establishment of the anti-corruption agency, and the integration of digital technologies in public administration have laid the foundation for strengthening accountability and transparency. these reforms are aimed at reducing bureaucratic barriers, ensuring open access to public information, and increasing citizens’ participation in governance. however, to ensure sustainable results, it is necessary to continuously improve legislative measures and strengthen institutional capacity at all levels. improving legal mechanisms also involves harmonizing national legislation with international conventions, particularly the united nations convention against corruption (uncac). effective implementation of this convention requires the modernization of procedural norms, introduction of preventive legal measures, and establishment of strict liability for corruption-related acts. it is equally important to develop judicial independence, provide adequate protection for whistleblowers, and enhance inter-agency coordination among law enforcement bodies, the judiciary, and civil society institutions. furthermore, the use of digital technologies plays an increasingly vital role in modern anticorruption strategies. the introduction of electronic public procurement systems, digital government services, and transparent data platforms helps to minimize human factors and discretionary power, which are often the root causes of corruption. strengthening digital governance, coupled with regular monitoring and auditing mechanisms, enhances efficiency and accountability across the public sector. ultimately, combating corruption is not only a legal issue but also a social and ethical one. therefore, raising legal awareness, fostering a culture of integrity, and promoting zero tolerance for corruption among citizens and officials are crucial for long-term success. education, public dialogue, and civil engagement should be integral parts of the national anti-corruption strategy. in summary, the effective improvement of legal mechanisms for combating corruption requires a comprehensive approach that combines legislative reform, institutional strengthening, digital transformation, and civic participation. only through such a multidimensional strategy can uzbekistan achieve a transparent, accountable, and corruption-free society that supports sustainable economic growth, democratic governance, and social justice. references: 1. agency for information and mass communications. (2023). national anti-corruption strategy of the republic of uzbekistan 2021–2025. tashkent: aimc. 2. anti-corruption agency of the republic of uzbekistan. (2024). annual report on anticorruption activities in uzbekistan. tashkent. 3. karimov, i. (2022). legal reforms and transparency in the public administration system of uzbekistan. tashkent: yuridik adabiyot. 4. ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. (2023). improving the legal framework for combating corruption in uzbekistan. tashkent. 5. united nations office on drugs and crime (unodc). (2022). implementation of the united nations convention against corruption (uncac) in central asia. vienna: un publications. 6. oecd. (2023). anti-corruption reforms in eastern europe and central asia: progress and challenges. paris: oecd publishing. 7. world bank. (2024). strengthening governance and reducing corruption in transition economies: the case of uzbekistan. washington, d.c.: world bank. 8. transparency international. (2024). corruption perceptions index 2024: global and regional trends. berlin: transparency international. 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. european bank for reconstruction and development (ebrd). (2023). integrity and compliance in public institutions: uzbekistan country report. london: ebrd. 10. united nations development programme (undp). (2023). good governance and anticorruption initiatives in uzbekistan. tashkent: undp uzbekistan. 11. tashkent state university of law. (2023). legal mechanisms for ensuring accountability and transparency in the public sector. tashkent: tsul press. 12. saidov, a. k. (2021). modern legal instruments for combating corruption: international and national perspectives. journal of law and governance, 4(2), 45–59. 13. bekmurodov, s. (2022). judicial independence and anti-corruption policy in uzbekistan. central asian legal review, 5(1), 63–78. 14. council of europe. (2022). anti-corruption and money laundering control mechanisms in member states: lessons for uzbekistan. strasbourg: council of europe publishing. 15. united nations economic and social commission for asia and the pacific (unescap). (2023). building transparent and accountable institutions in central asia. bangkok: unescap. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 09, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 accounting the main costs of production in farming and legal justification for their compliance with international standards mamajonov akramzhon turgunovich head of the department of “accounting and audit” of the andijan institute of agriculture and agricultural technologies, associate professor, phd. abstract: in this article, the author commented on the calculation of basic production costs on farms and the legal basis for their compliance with international standards. keywords: economy, production, costs, accounting, national accounting standards, international financial reporting standards. introduction. currently, international financial reporting standards are increasingly used by business entities in the preparation of accounting information aimed at meeting the needs of external users. although the requirements of the national accounting standards of the republic of uzbekistan (nas) are very close to the requirements of national accounting standards, differences in other and sometimes fundamental positions still remain. the most important thing is that in most existing business entities there are still differences in approaches to accounting for such objects as fixed assets, reserves and intangible assets. in turn, most practicing accountants have to recalculate these assets when carrying out transformation procedures. in the context of the modernization of the economy of uzbekistan and the integration of the country’s economy into the world community, the development of the quality of information support for financial reports is of particular importance. decision d p-4611 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on joint measures for the transition to international financial reporting standards” dated february 24, 2020 opened a new page in the accounting policy of our country. in accordance with the decision, from january 1, 2021, accounting will be maintained on the basis of mhhs: joint-stock companies; commercial banks; block of shares; insurance; legal entities included in the category of large taxpayers. moreover, during this period, the transition to international standards will affect not only the above-mentioned individual companies, but also the entire internal accounting system. because the harmonization of systems was carried out by introducing new accounting provisions and changing existing rules, which ultimately allowed a number of mhxs provisions to be fully applied without significant disruption to the internal accounting system for uzbek enterprises and companies. literary analysis and methodology. before thinking about the current state of the traditional national accounting system, it is worth noting that in uzbekistan, as in other countries, certain accounting procedures have been formed in business entities. if this process is regulated by the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on accounting” dated april 13, 2016, then our national accounting was somewhat improved due to other documents adopted later. but despite these changes, the management of business entities, on the one hand, is explained by the fact that their functional capabilities in solving the accumulated problems of development and financing of their activities could not go beyond their shell, on the other hand, the cost structure of production 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and sales was determined at significant costs and financial results. the database with the results did not meet the requirements of external stakeholders in both form and content. this was a major factor in their neglect.however, any business narrows smoothly where accuracy and transparency are ensured. the resolution of the president initiated a new stage of implementation of international financial reporting standards in uzbekistan, as well as reforms in the field of accounting. from this, let us dwell on some aspects of the level of inconsistency with international norms in the accounting statements used and maintained by business entities. first there was no interest in determining the real, potential value of a business, either in the owner or in the state. international standards allow officially published reports to objectively and realistically reflect the outcome of business, management and activities, to clearly see important trends in the duration of business, development and economy. this creates the basis for increasing the volume of foreign investments involved, strengthening international relations, the formation of a group of potential entrepreneurs, and increasing prestige in the international sphere as a whole. so far, the international standards of financial reporting have been translated into the official four french, german, russian and polish. the transition to international standards of financial reporting, the economic, property and financial status of enterprises and organizations, a comparative study of their financial results in the past period and a narrow search for an objective, makes it possible to attract capital from international financial institutions. result. the transition to the international accounting system requires a more active use of professional decision by local specialists to reflect the facts of economic life in the accounting system. in addition, there are significant difficulties in applying assessment methods, which are widely used in the international accounting system. most reporting articles in the international system require the mandatory application of assessment indicators to provide interested users with more adequate information. it should be noted that the report on international rules on the plan should include information about the future. working with future information in the mhxs system, the accountant must choose one of the most suitable analytical tools of assessment methods in order to provide users with a fair amount. uzbek specialists in this field do not yet have enough experience. in turn, in some cases, the current regulatory documents are not obliged to regularly regulate the assessment in relation to the objects of calculation. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan “on the new uzbekistan development strategy for 2022-2026”states that by intensive development of agriculture on a scientific basis, increase the income of farmers and farmers by at least 2 times, increase the annual growth of agriculture by at least 5 percent.specialization of districts in the cultivation of a specific type of product. expansion of the scope of state support in agriculture and implementation of new mechanisms of insurance.development of 464 thousand hectares of new and decommissioned land and allocation to clusters on the basis of open competition. reduction of 200,000 hectares of rack and grain areas and long-term rental to the population on an open competitive basis.the development of export products and fruit and vegetable production, expanding the area of intensive gardens by 3 times and greenhouses by 2 times, increasing the capacity of the export by another us $ 1 billion.increase and protect the productivity of the species.improving the system of rendering agro-services based on science and innovation. providing agro-industrial enterprises with raw materials and increasing the volume of production by 1.5 times. development of agrologistics centers and visualization of the number of modern laboratories. implementation of the national program for breeding and seedling production. establishment of an international agricultural university together with prestigious international scientific centers and institutions of higher education. deepening the integration of science and practice in the agrarian sphere. urgent tasks such as creating conditions for the effective use of tomatoes by the population are prescribed. these tasks create the need for the production, storage, processing of products by the main agricultural farms in our country, as well as the implementation of the export activities, bringing together several network farmers and the need for the further development of large-scale farms. therefore, it is advisable to further expand the scope of scientific research in the field of accounting for expenses not foreseen in large-scale farms, 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us calculations with debtors and creditors and documentation on production reserves, improving the accounting of expenses taking into account the nature of the network. discussion. in the context of the modernization of the economy, farms are one of the main tasks for the development of the scale of production, depending on the satisfaction of consumer requirements and demand, the purpose of which is envisaged from the production of food in the main production activities. in particular, the abundance of factors affecting the costs of farming and livestock production and the emergence of some of them independent of farm activities limits the conditions of agricultural production. increasing the scale of production in this matter depends on the internal capabilities of the farms. in such conditions, it is important that the farm is able to correctly determine the volume of production of products based on its internal capabilities. in the years of independence, a centralized accounting system was formed in which the requirements of the economy meet the requirements of the market economy from an accounting system adapted to work, and this system is being built on the basis of international requirements. the main purpose of accounting is to determine the competitive tolerance of economic entities in the conditions of a market economy, to calculate their costs and to focus on the financial results of their activities.for the cultivation of products, raw materials, materials, fodder, labor, etc.are spent. hence, the expression of the cost of production spent on the cultivation of the product in the form of money is called the cost of the product. tannarch is considered one of the main indicators of economic activity.product cost is the most important consequential indicator. with its help, the influence of factors such as improving economic accounting, rational organization of production, etc.is manifested. costs occupy a special place in improving production efficiency.costs are the monetary expression of the costs associated with the production of products, the sale of goods, the performance of work and the provision of services. the occurrence of types and substances of cost in enterprises depends on their main financial and investment activities. production the costs of the enterprise will consist mainly of the costs of payment of raw materials, materials, fuel and labor. in our republic, the cost articles are based on the regulation “on the composition of the costs of production and sale of products (work, services)and the procedure for the formation of financial results”approved by the decree of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 54 of february 5, 1999. based on this statute, all cost articles can be expressed as follows. 1. costs included in the cost of production of products: direct and indirect material costs; direct and indirect labor costs; other direct and indirect costs, including premium costs in the direction of production; 2. period costs: sales costs; administrative costs; other orerational costs. 3. costs by financial activity: costs by interest negative exchange rate differences arising from foreign currency orerations; reassessment of funds invested in securities; costs by financial activity. 4. emergency damage. the costs added to the cost of production of products represent the cost of natural and labor resources, raw materials and materials, fuel and energy, fixed assets and other costs associated with production or processing a product (work, service). these costs are grouped according to their economic content in the following order: material costs of production; costs of remuneration for labor of a productive nature; social insurance deductions that apply to production; depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets of production importance; other costs that are absorbed by the importance of production. the costs that are included and not included in the cost of production of products, based on the above-mentioned regulation, are broadly categorized as follows: 1.labor costs (with deductions), the composition of which includes the following substances: 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us  payment of the received cocktail according to the system and forms of tariff rates and position salaries, calculated in practice for the work performed or for the time spent on the cocktail khaki;  masters added to tariff rates and salaries for professional skills and complexity;  includes various homogeneous masters, surcharges, corrections, etc., installed according to the mode and conditions of operation. 2. material costs. costs of cocktail rredmets: seeds and seedlings produced and purchased in the farm, fodder produced and purchased in the farm for feeding goods and paranda, waste products of agriculture-novoz, etc.; mineral fertilizers, bacterial and other prerarates; electroenergy from petroleum products, fuel, foreign and own power plants; other material costs, including materials and spare parts for repair; means of crop production, medikaments and prerarats, special work clothes; wear of low-value, fast-flowing objects; raw materials and materials of auxiliary industrial production or services of a productive nature, which are most common to foreign enterprises and organizations, as well as the costs of head auxiliary industrial enterprises and repair workshops that stand on the economic balance sheet. 3. depreciation of fixed assets . based on the initial value of the main tools, the costs calculated in the norms, this also includes deductions on the facilities assigned to catering enterprises, medical outpatient clinics and other institutions for the use of berul. 4. insurance payments, including crops, goods and other properties include sugurta contributions, as well as employee insurance. 5. other expenses include a single land tax, employee business trip fees, inventive spending, offer incentive costs, fire and guard service maintenance; student styrendia sent to institutions and colleges, deductions to higher organizations, and other expenses. conclusion. in general conclusion, at the moment, the main hujat, which takes into account their activities in all farm oxen of our republic – “the composition of the composition and financial results of expenses that are added to the cost of a product (work, service), related to its production and sale, are determined for the following purposes:  net and accurate data on the costs incurred during the production and sale of products directly in accounting documents and schemes;  calculation of the profitability of the activities of farm oxen; determination of competitiveness;  correct determination of the basis of taxation; production costs are divided into elements and calculus substances, depending on their function. grouping by elements to determine the cost of production according to their economic content and draw up appropriate estimates for it serves. and grouping by calculus substances is needed to calculate the cost of a product. in enterprises, costs are divided into production and nonproduction costs. production costs include costs directly related to the preparation and processing of products, and non-production costs include the costs of cultural and domestic facilities.the above points out that accounting in the structure indicates that costs are grouped for purposes in different directions. the widespread introduction of this in practice allows managers to make their decisions based on production management. list of literature used. 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on accounting". t.: 2016. 2. regulation of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan "on the composition of the costs of production and sale of products (works and services)and the structure of the formation of financial results". resolution 54. t.: 1999. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. zhuraev n., bobojonov o., abduvahidov f., sotvoldieva d. financial and management accounting. textbook. t.: 2007. 4. zhuraev n., kholbekov r., abduvahidov f., ilkhomov i. accounting, economic analysis and audit. textbook. t.:2007 y. 5. mamazhonov akramjon turgunovich. organizational basis of information sources of analiysis of basic production costs in farming. middle european scientific bulletin. 2021/10 6. turgunovich, m. a. (2023). korxonalarda mahsulot ishlab chiqarish va sotish jarayoni hisobining nazariy asoslari. ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 3(6), 142-144. 7. мамажонов, а. т. (2023). теоретические основы проведения маржинального анализа в хозяйствующих субъектах. gospodarka i innowacje., 35, 538-542. 8. мамажонов, а. т. (2022). организационно-методические аспекты учета и анализа финансовых результатов. қазақстан республикасының ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі қазақ ұлттық аграрлық зерттеу университеті министерство науки и высшего образования республики казахстан, 395. 9. turgunovich, m. a., khozhiboev, m., tursunbekovich, i. s., & khasanovich, k. h. (2022). the procedure for auditing financial results based on international financial reporting standards. neuroquantology, 20(11), 2073. 10. мамажонов, а. т. (2022). молиявий ҳисоботларни тузиш ва тақдим этишнинг концептуал асосларини назарий жиҳатлари. архив научных исследований, 4(1). 11. turgunovich, m. a., shodimukhamedovich, x. m., & khasanaovich, k. k. (2022). improving the organization of management analysis in agriculture. international journal of early childhood special education, 14(3). 12. мамажонов, а. т., & қодиров, ш. к. (2022). фермер хўжаликларида маҳсулот таннархи таҳлили ва уни такомиллаштириш. science and education, 3(7), 350-358. 13. turgunovich, m. a. (2021). accounting of income and expenses for regular activities. european journal of agricultural and rural education, 2(9), 20-22. 14. мамажонов, а. т., & хожибоев, м. ш. (2021). особенности организации учета в коммерческих банках. techика, (3-4 (7-8)), 3-6. 15. мамажонов, а. т. (2021). экономические критерии классификации валютных операций. techика, (3-4 (7-8)), 7-11. http://cejsr.academicjournal.io/index.php/journal/article/view/804 http://cejsr.academicjournal.io/index.php/journal/article/view/804 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 addressing nigeria national security issues through advance technology dr. offor, anthony onwuzor department of history and diplomatic studies, ignatius ajuru university of education, rumuolumeni, p.m.b. 5047, port harcourt abstract: this paper addresses the need for the adaption of advance technologies in the nigeria national security. it considers current realities of the nigerian national security system and practices, in contrast to what it can become and should be, if the proper advance technological tools and knowledge are so adapted. the work also queries the current paradigm of nigerian internal and external security practices and processes, with its continuous default in yielding the needed result. these current practices of national security in nigeria has proven to be less effective than required, this is because nigerian national security system cannot continue in the same pattern and expect a different result. for the most part, the nigerian external and internal security forces adopt an analogue system of practice and processes, which jeopardizes its chances of winning the war against national security threats and puts very serious strain on servicemen. the nigerian security processes must now begin to wheel in the direction of the implementation of advance technologies in its fight against national security threats to at least 60% to 75% ratio. this will increases the nations chances of reigning over national security threats both internally and externally for the survival of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the nigerian state, while ensuring the security of lives, properties and peaceful coexistence within its borders. keywords: nigeria, national security, advance technology and security threat. introduction globally, security is the primary concern of both the government, and citizens of any country. in the case of nigeria, issues of security have been a major area of discussion hence the threats to national security despite the efforts of security agencies in checking the prevalence of insecurity in nigeria territorial environment. nigeria, a major country in the continent of africa which consists of several ethnic groups blessed with mineral resources hitherto concentrated on the development of their resources, rather than being recognized as deport or an armed region capable of destroying the nation with her militia groups. this assertion is predicated on the activities of boko haram, ipob, herdsmen, bandits and kidnappers which executes various forms of crime against the security stability of nigeria. in view of this scenario, which affects the country's economic, political, social stability and as well the national integrity, there is a need for a scholarly contribution on measures to strengthen our national security to guarantee peace and safe environment for all persons in nigeria. it is worthy to state that in nigeria and the world at large, national security is an integral area of concern to both government and individuals alike, hence issues of national security not only affect citizens of a nation, but also persons who are neither citizens, migrants nor visitors touring 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to observe a nation. national security further affects nearly if not all sectors of a nation's sectors and determines the failure and survival thereof. although the concept of security may seem to be an independent issue of a nation, it is worthy to stress that security runs even deeper than it is said to, and should therefore be a subject of continuous improvement and adaptation. conceptualizing security and national security as crucial to the existence of man and national development, many scholars have succinctly define security in relation to a country's development. fischer (1998), in agwanwo (2015. p.124) assert that security means a stable, relatively and predictable environment where an individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of disturbance or injury. similarly, kalu (2020, p.170) in addition to the perception that security is a precondition for development, explains that security is the relative freedom from harmful threats. in this regard, security in a real sense measures the absence of threat to acquired value in a subjective sense, the absence of fear, that such will be attacked. it is on this premise that a nation is said to be secured only when it is not in danger to sacrifice core values if such a country wishes to avoid war and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by victory in such a war. again, osinoivo (2020, p.132) in agreement with kalu explicitly asserts that “the underlying truth is that security is the state of being free from danger or threat”. it is also the degree of protection to safeguard a nation against danger, damage, crime and loss, and includes the safety of a state from criminal activities. from the scholarly views on the concept of security, it is concluded that security is associated with the safety and survival of the state and its citizens from any form of destruction or dangerous threat. as regards to national security, it has been defined as the totality or aggregate of the security interest of all individuals, communities, ethnic groups, political entities and institutions within the territory of nigeria (denbazau, 2007). he further asserts that national security from any perspective is about safeguarding the interest of the citizenry and providing the type of atmosphere that is free of threats that could inhibit the pursuit of all citizens. it is about the processes and measures required to preserve law and order. somiani (2020) in his view opines that national security is the requirement to maintain the security of a nation. such requirements include measures put in place by the government to guard against political, economic, energy, food, environmental, health, communication, transportation and loss of territorial integrity. nevertheless, in nigeria, the fastest growing and most dangerous threat to national security in contemporary times are digital, cyber and internet based crimes which to an extent has become very sophisticated and capable of attacking computers even in well secured environments. advance technology according to the cornell university legal information institute defines the term thus; advance-technology “includes advance technical activities such as the modernization, miniaturization, integration, and computerization of electronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, laser, nuclear, chemical, telecommunication, fiber optic, robotic, and other technological applications to enhance productivity improvements in manufacturing, communication, transportation, commercial, and similar economic and national security activities”, aimed at achieving a safe environment free from any form of security threats. issues of insecurity in nigeria nigeria has struggled for several years to take control of the wheels of its national security, as it has continuously battled with national insecurities, with success in some and struggling with some to date. the era of using the traditional weaponry and the application of conventional warfare tools, weapons and strategies in the nigerian army must be abandoned (abba, 2020). cross-border security issues cross-border crimes represent a number of illegal and notorious activities carried out by individuals and groups across national and international borders, either for financial or economic 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us benefits, and as well socio-political cum religious considerations. these are criminal activities whose perpetration extends beyond borders, and threatens the territorial integrity of a nation (joseph & bassey, 2019). examples of such border crimes which threatens national security are car theft, human and child trafficking, drug peddling and cattle rustling paradigm of state response to national security issues the current state of insecurity in nigeria is arguably a result of the paradigm of national security that the nigerian state has adopted. the paradigm of national security refers to the pattern adopted or followed in the provision of security and the continuous processes and practices thereof. the paradigm of national security adopted in nigeria, is arguably one of the cardinal reasons for the low success rates in its fight against internal and external security threats. a security paradigm, in which very little of advance technology is deployed is likely to bring close to no success and remains riddled by the level of sophistication in the nature of crimes committed in today's world. as security remains a priority, in the last forty years of nigeria's national history, defense and security sector has gotten a larger percentage of our nation budget (wahab et al., 2020). however, the fruitfulness of these efforts in funding the nigeria security appears to be yielding poorly because for the purpose of achieving the desired and necessary security successes, changes must begin with the entire architecture of the nigerian security system. proliferation of small arms and light weapons in the contemporary nation state of nigeria, there has been a significant rise in the proliferation of small arms and ammunition, an action that is highly prohibited by law and which encourages the commission of violent crimes in nigeria. the widespread availability of light weapons in the niger delta of nigeria is a particular challenge that threatens national stability. the criminalization and political economy of conflicts in the region are establishing a basis for escalated, protracted and entrenched violence. factors that contribute to the destabilization of the region include illegal oil bunkering, ready availability of weapons, endemic corruption, high youth unemployment and social disintegration, these factors contribute to the availability of resources, weapons and foot soldiers for continued conflict (olayiwola, 2017). the story isn't any different in the north, with the incidences of insurgent attacks, causing several death, fear and increase in poverty among the northern masses. the boko haram group takes a queue from others in nigeria as mend, mossob, and opc even snip killings were being carried out. for instance, on january 28, 2008, fannami gubio, goni sheriff, others were killed by boko haram members just three months after the party chairman, awana of anpp was killed. its focus in the most recent time appears confusing as it kills innocent nigerians instead of attacking the corrupt officials in government, which allegedly was its purpose of attack (olayiwola, 2017). one major catalyst for the rise in proliferation of light weapons in nigeria is political domination. in 2003 it became evident that the perpetration of political violence were shifting from traditional instruments, matchetes, clubs and knives to small arms, such as locally fabricated and imported pistols and a range of assault rifles. among gangs composed of unemployed youth are used by politicians for offensive and defensive purposes during elections. poor ethics within security corps/forces olonisakin (2008) states that, the security forces and the police have been used to repress the very people they are meant to protect. the core duty of every security force/corp is protection of lives and properties, however several security forces in nigeria, especially the nigeria police have not lived up to expectation, and has not shown that it is capable of fully fulfilling this obligations. there appears to be more failures than successes in the nigerian police force, with several allegations, while some with evidence of extra-judicial killings by the police and various incidences of police brutality, which resulted in the 2020 “#endsars #endpolicebrutality” protest, one of the greatest protests in nigeria, nearly five years later, the story appear to remain the same, as these gross acts of misconducts by the nigeria police doesn't seem to have any end in sight. there have also been alleged incidences of civilian brutalization by men of the nigerian 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us army, over various minor offences or even perceived “disrespect” on several occasions, it has been alleged that military men meddle into matters of internal security, and some between individuals. various other corps have been variously accused of several acts of extortion and human rights abuses. surveillance surveillance is an essential part of internal and external security practices, as it allows security forces to properly monitor and gather data for the purpose of providing security. in nigeria, the surveillance systems provided are not enough to serve the entire nation. this lack of adequate data gathering has led to the accusation and detention of several innocent persons, and leaves the police with close to no facts but mostly speculations to work with, leaving the courts riddled and less likely to make the most informed decisions on criminal matters. surveillance and crime are intimately connected, therefore the proper knowledge of a crime is impossible without surveillance (zems, 2013). forensic/investigation limited forensic infrastructure, coupled with the need for standardized protocols, presents hurdles that impede the effectiveness of forensic investigations in nigeria (cifcfin, 2024). the expertise of forensic scientists is instrumental in providing critical evidence that often determines the course of justice. from unraveling complex crime scenes to offering expert testimony in courtrooms, their role is pivotal, yet often met with a myriad of challenges in the nigerian context. criminal investigation brings about very significant responsibilities, hence the emphasis that ethics must first upheld in every criminal investigation (weston & lushbaugh, 2003). investigators must resist the urge to use dubious means to attain and end investigation regardless of how good it may be (zems, 2013). there have been several allegations of suspects being tortured to make confessions, these purported confessions are recorded and in some cases published to the public and these suspects somehow disappear and never make it to the court room. most of these information would have be gotten and easily so, through thorough investigation, without the need to torture accused persons, sometimes even to death, as such accused persons may in such cases make false confessions in other to put themselves out of such torture. the use of advance technology in national security in nigeria the recent development of complex and better functional technical tools has caused a remarkable advancement in technology driven security. these advance technologies have over the years been utilized in addressing various issues both at a collective and individual levels. these advance technological tools and practices have been deployed in various states of the nation to manage crime and promote national security. advance technologies like artificial intelligence (ai), the internet of things (iot), and information technology (it) are transforming national security. guilmartin and faylor asserted that the technologies used for military operations, intelligence gathering, and in addressing security issues include; precision weapons: long-range, all-weather weapons with unprecedented mobility, when applied will be used on various platforms to address security challenges. the combination of precision weapons and effective sensors, command-and-control systems, surveillance, intelligence, target tracking, and target acquisition systems will change the nature of military operations and tactics (national research council, 1999). unmanned vehicles: space-based platforms and drones that enhance information systems and communications, which include unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs), unmanned ground vehicles (ugvs), and unmanned helicopters are vital tools in crime control. these machines are guided autonomously by remote control, or by both means. they are usually used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, reconnaissance and carries aircraft ordnance such as missiles and anti-tank guided missiles (atgms) (guilmartin & taylor, 2024). through the use of technology tools such as drones in addressing security challenges, security personnel could picture a target 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us area before actually making an attack based of proper information, to avoiding issues like bombing wrong locations, thereby occasioning unprecedented civilian casualties. command-and-control systems: this improves the gathering, processing, and sharing of information. a typical command and control system includes combat management systems (cms), radar and electro-optical sensors, data fusion solutions, and communication systems. cms integrates data from various sensors and provides a unified operational picture for naval commanders. intrusion detection systems: ai-powered intrusion detection systems can monitor network traffic for suspicious activities, unauthorised access attempts, and other indicators of potential security breaches (ademola, 2024). units armed with lighter and more lethal equipment will be able to deploy faster than today's units and will require a smaller logistics footprint in the theater of operations. highly mobile combat units will be dispersed over the battlefield, increasing both their survivability and their reliance on precision fire to engage the enemy at long ranges (national research council, 1999). chemical and biological sensors: used for early warning and preventive action. sensors for measuring and detecting chemical and biological substances are pervasively employed yet are, for the most part, unobtrusive. frader (2016) explain that chemical and biological sensors are useful to run cars more efficiently as well as to track down criminals and help in the early detection and deployment of proactive interventions to bio or chemical attacks. automated threat detection: advance technologies, especially those which utilize the ai algorithms can be used to automatically detect and respond to security threats in real time, reducing response time and increasing the effectiveness of threat mitigation efforts (ademola, 2024). the deployment of these kind of technologies in the nigerian security system would help in the improvement of preventive security practices in nigeria, as early detection of threats is essential in the protection of lives and properties of any nation, as it helps in the mitigation of attacks to a very large extent before damages are done or to reduce same. predictive analytics: advance technology tools can be used for predictive modelling to anticipate and prevent security threats based on historical data and patterns (ademola, 2024). these technologies are used for gathering, analysing and providing information to allow security personnel and systems to form opinions and take steps towards obstructing any security threats or attacks which are carried out in a particular manner such as to have formed a pattern. a typical example is the incidences of pipeline bombing which had occurred in the niger delta of nigeria, using a system such as this will help security personnel arrive at conclusions on the presence of a criminal pattern and to take step in avoiding or managing a reoccurrence. encryption technologies: these technologies are used in securing sensitive information and communications. advanced encryption technologies can help secure sensitive information and communications, thereby making it more difficult for malicious actors to access or intercept critical data, especially where the owners of such data or information keep a continuous and multiple firewalls to prevent hacks. collaborative platforms: these kinds of technologies allow various government and security agencies to share information between and among themselves. a collaborative effort and success is essential if any nation seeks to succeed in the fight against crime within its territory. challenges to the use of advance technology in nigeria national security cyber-attacks, infrastructure issues, lack of cyber-security protocols. corruption and political factors are typical examples of the factors that threaten the successful integration of advanced technology in the nigeria security system and processes. illiteracy digital literacy should be a component of literacy in nigeria. however, this aspect of literacy has not received much attention. for the country to catch up with the rest of the world, there must be 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a serious effort by the federal and state governments, and as well other stakeholders in the educational sector to address it adequately (ogu, 2019). however, in nigeria, the application of the computer and other allied technological devices in teaching and learning is very far behind. technological literacy should be made mandatory in the training curriculum for all security personnel in nigeria. the technical training referred to isn't just the knowledge of how to type, print and operate handheld transceivers, but should be a holistic and continuous education on the use of more complex technologies such as cyber-attack management, digital precision, database management. at present, the training curriculum of security personnel in nigeria appears to be largely focused on physical training with only little to no technology based training. socio-economic factors in nigeria, a lack of robust and reliable infrastructure, particularly in areas like electricity and internet connectivity, significantly hinders the adoption of advanced technologies in the security sector, thereby limiting the effectiveness of security measures. similarly, the area of technological advancements in various sectors, especially in the security sector in nigeria has suffered from inadequate technological infrastructures. it has been variously argued that hence the nigerian economy cannot cater for the procurement and maintenance of these advance technology security tools, it must be stated that this has left nigeria in a “no growth” state in terms of its integration of advanced technologies in its security protocols. lack of cyber-security protocols the nigerian system does not provide adequate frameworks to regulate the adoption and deployment of these advanced technologies, to adequately spell out the rights, liabilities, privileges and obligations of individuals in the course of the use of these technologies. in nigeria there have been several incidents of alleged wrongful strikes by men of the nigerian army, wherein some locations were wrongly believed to be terrorist bases, thereby leading to several civilian casualties. the lack of sufficient laws for the regulations of the use of these complex and in some cases deadly technologies by security personnel. recommendations the use of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (ai), cybersecurity, and other information technology tools has become increasingly crucial for enhancing intelligence gathering and deployment in national security frameworks. there is therefore the need for the education of all security personnel in the use of advanced technologies in security practices. the procurement of advanced technologies for use in addressing national security in nigeria should be guided by laws to cater for issues that may arise in use of these complex technologies. finally, the nigerian government should collaborate with tele-communication companies, such as mtn, globalcom etc and security agencies to install circuit camera televisions (cctv) conclusion from the foregoing, it is glaring that the adoption of advanced technology holds immense promise for comprehensively addressing nigeria’s security challenges. without doubt, embracing innovation and leveraging technological advancements, alongside consistent capacity building for security personnel, and a commitment to upholding civil liberties, will strengthen the nation’s security infrastructure. references 1. anthony e.o. (2016). critical and digital literacy for national development and security. international journal of english language teaching, 7(3), 52-66. 2. chartered institute of forensic and certified fraud investigators of nigeria ‘role of forensic experts in nigeria's legal system: impact and challenges’. <https://cifcfin.org/post>. 3. fraden, j. (2016). chemical and biological sensors. in: handbook of modern sensors. springer international publishing. 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. guilmartin, j.f. & taylor, j.w. (2024). military aircraft. encyclopedia britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/military-aircraft 5. joseph k. u. & bassey e. a. (2019). cross-border crimes and security challenges in nigeria. international journal of scientific research in humanities, legal studies & international relations, 4. 6. legal information institute <https://www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/uscode> 7. national research council (1999). technology-based pilot programs: improving future u.s. military reserve forces. the national academies press. 8. oladipupo d. (2024). harnessing advanced technology to combat nigeria’s security challenges. business day. 9. olayemi d. a., etaoghenevwegba, g. & erunke c. e. (2023). understanding issues and challenges of national security in nigeria. journal of political discourse, 1, 1 & 2. 10. oxford dictionary of english (thesaurus), oxford university press london. 11. soetan s.o. (2017). proliferation of arms and security challenges in nigeria. international journal of history and cultural studies (ijhcs), 3. 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 intercultural pragmatics of english phraseological units: idioms in cross-cultural communication and translation muyinjonova sabinabonu student of english faculty, samarkand state institute of foreign languages muyinjonovasabina04@gmail.com abstract: the study explores the intercultural pragmatics of english phraseological units, with particular attention to idioms and their functions in cross-cultural communication and translation. idioms, as culturally embedded expressions, present significant challenges in interpretation and transfer, often leading to semantic shifts and pragmatic mismatches when translated into other languages. this research combines comparative analysis of english idioms with their russian and uzbek equivalents, corpus-based investigation of idiomatic use in discourse, and pragmatic evaluation of their communicative functions. findings indicate that literal translations frequently result in semantic distortion, while functional equivalents preserve both meaning and pragmatic value more effectively. moreover, descriptive paraphrasing, though semantically accurate, tends to reduce idiomaticity and cultural resonance. the study highlights the necessity of pragmatic awareness in both language learning and translation practices, underscoring that phraseological competence is an essential component of intercultural communication. by examining idioms as discourse units rather than isolated lexical items, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how cultural values are embedded in language and how phraseological adaptation shapes modern communicative practices. the results have pedagogical implications for english as a foreign language instruction in uzbekistan and beyond, as well as practical applications in translation studies, where preserving pragmatic equivalence remains a central challenge. keywords: english phraseology; idioms; intercultural pragmatics; phraseological units; translation studies; russian; uzbek; functional equivalence; discourse analysis; cross-cultural communication. introduction phraseological units, and idioms in particular, constitute one of the most culturally loaded aspects of language. their figurative meanings are often inseparable from the historical, social, and cultural contexts in which they arise. consequently, idioms pose considerable challenges in cross-cultural communication and translation, where the interplay between linguistic form and cultural meaning can result in misinterpretation, loss of nuance, or communicative breakdown. in an era of globalisation and increased intercultural contact, the pragmatic functions of idioms deserve special attention, since they are not only stylistic embellishments but also tools for humour, persuasion, solidarity, and identity construction. the relevance of this research is highlighted by the fact that english, as a global lingua franca, is increasingly used in intercultural contexts where speakers from different cultural backgrounds negotiate meaning. when idioms are used in english discourse, their interpretation depends heavily on the cultural competence of interlocutors. a phrase such as spill the beans or kick the 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bucket may be transparent to native speakers but opaque or misleading to learners and translators from other linguistic traditions. this pragmatic gap underscores the importance of exploring idioms not merely as lexical units but as culturally situated phenomena that reflect shared values, metaphors, and collective memory. the actuality of the topic is also tied to translation studies. translators frequently face the dilemma of whether to preserve the original idiom, substitute it with an equivalent from the target language, or rephrase it descriptively. each strategy carries pragmatic consequences for how meaning is conveyed and how cultural resonance is maintained. for instance, rendering the english idiom the last straw into another language may involve finding a culturally parallel metaphor or risking loss of idiomatic force. the translator’s decisions directly influence the reception of a text and its ability to achieve communicative goals in the target culture. in this respect, the study is both theoretical and applied. theoretically, it draws on intercultural pragmatics, phraseological theory, and cognitive linguistics to examine how idioms function as semiotic carriers of cultural meaning. practically, it investigates real cases of idioms in communication and translation to identify recurrent challenges and effective strategies. the subject of the research is english idioms as phraseological units, while the object is their pragmatic role in cross-cultural communication and translation processes. the novelty of the study lies in its attempt to combine corpus-based analysis with intercultural pragmatic evaluation, thereby linking the frequency and context of idiom use to the strategies employed in translating or adapting them across languages. this approach allows us to see not only how idioms function within english discourse but also how they travel across cultural boundaries. the aim of the article is to analyse the intercultural pragmatic functions of english idioms and to identify effective strategies for their transmission in cross-cultural communication and translation. the tasks of the research include: (1) reviewing theoretical foundations of phraseology and intercultural pragmatics; (2) classifying english idioms according to their pragmatic functions; (3) examining cases of idioms in cross-cultural discourse and translation; and (4) evaluating translation strategies in terms of pragmatic adequacy. by addressing these issues, the study contributes to both phraseological research and practical translation studies, offering insights into how culturally bound expressions continue to shape and sometimes complicate intercultural communication in english. methods this study employed a qualitative descriptive methodology with elements of contrastive and pragmatic analysis in order to investigate the role of english idioms in intercultural communication and translation. the research design combined corpus data, authentic translated materials, and discourse samples to ensure a balanced representation of idioms in both native and intercultural contexts. data were drawn from three main sources: (1) the british national corpus (bnc) and the corpus of contemporary american english (coca), which provided examples of idiomatic usage in natural english discourse; (2) a selection of literary texts and journalistic articles originally written in english and their published translations into uzbek and russian, chosen because they contain a high density of idiomatic expressions; and (3) classroom and conversational data collected from advanced uzbek learners of english, where idioms frequently arose in intercultural communicative situations. altogether, approximately 500 idiomatic expressions were collected and examined, of which 200 were directly analysed in terms of translation and intercultural use. the idioms were selected according to two main criteria: first, their figurative meaning had to be at least partly opaque to non-native speakers; and second, they needed to demonstrate cultural specificity, whether through imagery, historical allusion, or metaphorical extension. well-known expressions such as kick the bucket, spill the beans, and the last straw were included alongside less transparent idioms such as throw in the towel or cross the rubicon. for each idiom, 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us instances were retrieved from corpora to establish contextual usage in english, after which their translations into uzbek and russian were compared. the translations were analysed according to three strategies: literal rendering, functional equivalence, and descriptive paraphrase. the analytical procedure followed three stages. first, idioms were categorised according to their pragmatic functions, including humour, irony, emphasis, mitigation, and solidarity. second, intercultural communication data were examined to determine whether these functions were preserved, altered, or lost when idioms were used by non-native speakers or translated into another language. finally, the adequacy of different translation strategies was assessed, with particular attention to whether pragmatic meaning was maintained across cultural boundaries. for example, the idiom the ball is in your court was evaluated not only in terms of its semantic transfer but also its pragmatic impact, such as how it structures politeness or agency in communication. to ensure reliability, the classification of idioms and translation strategies was independently verified by two linguists specialising in phraseology, resulting in a ninety per cent inter-rater agreement. lexicographic sources such as the oxford english dictionary and the cambridge idioms dictionary were consulted to confirm idiomatic meanings and etymologies, while russian and uzbek idiom dictionaries were used to identify potential equivalents. although the study provides a broad overview, it is limited by the selection of languages, as only russian and uzbek translations were analysed; future research could extend this investigation to other cultural contexts where english idioms circulate. discussion the findings of this study demonstrate that english idioms, while deeply embedded in cultural and historical contexts, remain highly dynamic elements of communication that both facilitate and complicate intercultural discourse. one of the most striking observations is that idioms serve not merely as decorative linguistic devices but as pragmatic tools that signal group identity, shared knowledge, and communicative intent. when transferred across cultural boundaries, however, these same idioms become sites of tension, where meaning can be partially lost, altered, or negotiated anew. a comparison of idiom usage across corpora, translations, and learner interactions reveals that pragmatic functions such as humour, irony, and emphasis are particularly vulnerable to distortion in intercultural contexts. for instance, while english idioms such as kick the bucket or spill the beans carry light humorous undertones in native discourse, their literal translation into uzbek or russian often strips away this pragmatic nuance, resulting either in a neutral or overly literal interpretation. this suggests that pragmatic equivalence, rather than semantic equivalence, should be prioritised when dealing with idiomatic translation. the analysis also indicates that translators and language learners adopt different strategies in resolving the challenge of idiom transfer. translators often prefer functional equivalents where possible, as in rendering the last straw into russian as последняя капля or into uzbek as oxirgi tomchi, which successfully preserve both semantic and pragmatic force. however, when no equivalent exists, descriptive paraphrase is used, which tends to preserve meaning but dilute idiomaticity. learners, on the other hand, frequently resort to literal translations, which, while creative, sometimes result in pragmatic misfires. for example, an uzbek learner’s literal rendering of the ball is in your court as to‘p sizning maydoningizda was comprehensible but pragmatically awkward, lacking the idiomatic resonance of responsibility transfer that native speakers associate with the phrase. these findings align with previous research in phraseology and intercultural pragmatics, which emphasises that idioms cannot be fully understood without reference to the cultural and historical frameworks from which they emerge [3, 6]. the results also highlight that intercultural communication involving idioms requires not only linguistic competence but also pragmatic and cultural competence. this supports the view that phraseology should be central to advanced 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us foreign language teaching, where idioms are not treated as lexical ornaments but as core units of discourse. at the theoretical level, the study contributes to understanding idioms as sites of linguistic negotiation in intercultural pragmatics. the shift in function observed – where idioms lose humour or emphasis and gain a neutral explanatory tone in translation – demonstrates how phraseology evolves in cross-cultural settings. in this respect, idioms serve as a window into the broader process of linguistic adaptation and cultural exchange, reflecting how languages interact and influence each other through discourse. nevertheless, the study’s scope is limited to english idioms translated into russian and uzbek. given the global circulation of english, further research across additional languages and cultural contexts would enrich our understanding of how idiomatic meaning is transformed worldwide. moreover, quantitative corpus-based studies of idiom frequency and collocation patterns could complement this qualitative approach, offering a more systematic view of idiomatic adaptation across cultures. overall, the discussion underscores the importance of approaching idioms not simply as fixed linguistic fossils but as living, adaptable units of discourse that require careful cultural and pragmatic mediation in intercultural communication. conclusion this study has demonstrated that english idioms function not merely as fixed lexical items but as culturally loaded and pragmatically rich discourse units whose meanings shift significantly when transferred across languages. the analysis revealed that idioms often lose or transform their pragmatic functions – such as humour, irony, or emphasis – when rendered into russian and uzbek, with literal translations frequently causing semantic distortion or pragmatic mismatch. functional equivalents, where they exist, provided the most successful means of preserving both semantic accuracy and pragmatic resonance, while descriptive paraphrasing tended to safeguard meaning but at the expense of idiomaticity. these findings confirm that idiomatic expressions are inseparable from the cultural frameworks in which they originate, and therefore their use in intercultural communication demands not only advanced linguistic competence but also heightened cultural and pragmatic awareness. for language learners, the study highlights the necessity of integrating phraseological competence into curricula, ensuring that idioms are not taught as isolated lexical ornaments but as integral components of discourse carrying cultural and pragmatic significance. for translators, the results underscore the importance of pragmatic equivalence over literal accuracy, particularly in contexts where idioms perform vital interpersonal or rhetorical functions. at a broader level, the study illustrates how phraseological units embody the dynamics of intercultural pragmatics: they reveal how languages negotiate meaning, adapt cultural knowledge, and reshape discourse when in contact. in this sense, idioms act as both barriers and bridges in communication, capable of causing misunderstanding but equally capable of enriching dialogue across cultures when interpreted and adapted thoughtfully. future research should extend beyond russian and uzbek contexts to explore idiomatic translation and use across a wider range of languages and cultural settings. additionally, combining corpus-based frequency analysis with pragmatic discourse studies could yield a more systematic understanding of idiomatic adaptation and fossilisation processes. in conclusion, idioms should be regarded not as peripheral linguistic features but as central to the negotiation of meaning in global communication. their intercultural study not only enhances our knowledge of phraseology and translation but also contributes to the development of more effective pedagogical approaches and deeper intercultural understanding in an increasingly interconnected world. 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. cowie, a. p. (1998). phraseology: theory, analysis, and applications. oxford university press. 2. dobrovol’skij, d. o., & piirainen, e. (2005). figurative language: cross-cultural and cross-linguistic perspectives. elsevier. 3. koonin, a. v. (1986). фразеология английского языка [phraseology of the english language]. moscow: vysshaya shkola. 4. moon, r. (1998). fixed expressions and idioms in english: a corpus-based approach. oxford university press. 5. karimov, a. (2020). ingliz tilidagi idiomatik birliklarning tarjima muammolari [translation problems of idiomatic units in english]. tilshunoslik va tarjima tadqiqotlari jurnali, 2(4), 55–62. 6. wray, a. (2002). formulaic language and the lexicon. cambridge university press. 7. zykova, i. v. (2010). phraseological meaning in intercultural communication. вестник мгу. серия 9: филология, 5, 87–94. 8. sharipova, m. (2019). the role of english idioms in intercultural pragmatics: challenges for uzbek learners. philology matters, 28(3), 103–112. 9. baker, m. (2018). in other words: a coursebook on translation (3rd ed.). routledge. 10. amanturdiev, o. (2021). o‘zbek va ingliz tillaridagi frazeologik birliklarning pragmatik funksiyalari [pragmatic functions of phraseological units in uzbek and english]. o‘zbek tili va adabiyoti, 5, 112–120. 11. naciscione, a. (2010). stylistic use of phraseological units in discourse. john benjamins. 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 12, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 state policy on digitalization of the economy j. kh. hayitov samies, phd associate professor of “digital economy” deoartment m. usmonov samies, assistant of “digital economy” department u. v. nabiyeva samies, student abstract: this article scientifically analyzes the role of state policy in the process of digitalization of the economy and its impact on economic development. the main goal of the research is to assess the effectiveness of political, institutional, and organizational measures implemented by the state in the context of the digital economy and to determine their impact on economic growth, competitiveness, and social well-being. the research methodology used methods of system analysis, comparative-statistical methods, study of regulatory legal acts, and comparison of foreign experience. the article highlights the mechanisms for increasing economic efficiency through the development of digital infrastructure, the introduction of an egovernment system, and the support of digital finance and e-commerce. the research results show that the consistent and comprehensive implementation of state policy is an important factor in ensuring the sustainable development of the digital economy. keywords: digital economy, public policy, digitalization, e-government, innovations, information and communication technologies, economic growth, digital infrastructure, competitiveness, institutional reforms. introduction. in recent years, the rapid development of digital technologies in the world economy has led to fundamental changes in the system of economic relations. as a result of the widespread introduction of information and communication technologies, production processes, the service sector, financial relations, and forms of public administration are being significantly transformed. as a result of these processes, the concept of "digital economy" has become one of the important factors of modern economic development. the digital economy allows not only to increase production efficiency, but also to rationally use resources, reduce transaction costs, and simplify interaction between economic entities. in the process of digitalization of the economy, state policy acquires special significance, since digital transformation is carried out effectively not by itself, but in the presence of a certain institutional environment, a legal basis, and a strategic approach. digital development strategies, regulatory legal acts, state programs, and investment support mechanisms developed by the state are a decisive factor in the formation and development of the digital economy. in particular, the implementation of the e-government system, the development of digital infrastructure, and the expansion of the digital services market are becoming priority areas of state policy. the effectiveness of state policy in the context of the digital economy is directly related to increasing the country's competitiveness in the global economic system. in particular, the 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us modernization of production processes based on digital technologies, the improvement of the business environment, and the stimulation of innovation will accelerate economic growth rates. at the same time, the digitalization process, along with new economic opportunities, also creates such problems as information security, digital inequality, and structural changes in the labor market. in addressing these problems, it is important that state policy be balanced and scientifically based. in the conditions of uzbekistan, the digitalization of the economy is defined as one of the strategic directions of state development, and a number of reforms are being carried out in this area. programs aimed at developing the digital economy and e-government serve to increase the efficiency of public administration, ensure the transparency of economic processes, and create convenient services for the population. at the same time, one of the urgent scientific tasks is the scientific assessment of the economic efficiency of digital transformation, a deep analysis of the mechanisms of influence of state policy. the purpose of this article is to scientifically analyze the content and directions of state policy on the digitalization of the economy, assess its impact on economic development, and develop practical proposals and recommendations for the development of the digital economy. the research results serve to improve the processes of digital transformation, increase the effectiveness of state policy, and enrich the scientific and theoretical foundations in this area. analysis of the literature on the topic. state policy on the digitalization of the economy is considered in modern economic research as one of the main factors ensuring sustainable economic growth, innovative development, and competitiveness. research conducted worldwide shows that the process of introducing digital technologies is not limited to the self-development of market mechanisms, but requires an active institutional and regulatory policy of the state. from this point of view, in many scientific works, it is emphasized that the formation of the digital economy is closely related to the strategies developed by the state, the regulatory framework, and infrastructure investments. research conducted by brynjolfsson and mcafee, analyzing the impact of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and automation, on economic efficiency, shows that public policy is an important tool for maximizing the positive impact of these technologies. the authors note that digitalization, while increasing labor productivity, also causes certain imbalances in the labor market and income distribution. therefore, state policy is based on the need to harmonize digital transformation with the policy of social protection, education, and personnel training1. mazzucato also highlights the role of the state as an "active investor" in the development of the digital economy, emphasizing that the state participates in the development of innovative technologies not only as a regulator, but also as a strategic guiding and financing entity. in his opinion, support for digital infrastructure, research, and startup ecosystems should be one of the priorities of state policy2. this approach serves to ensure long-term stability in the process of digitalization of the economy. in studies published by the oecd and the world bank, an in-depth analysis of the institutional aspects of digital government policy was conducted, and it was noted that e-government systems, digital services, and open data platforms are important tools for increasing economic efficiency and transparency. these organizations have scientifically substantiated the possibility of 1 brynjolfsson, e., & mcafee, a. (2014). the second machine age: work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. new york, ny: w. w. norton & company. 2 mazzucato, m. (2018). the value of everything: making and taking in the global economy. london, uk: allen lane. 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us reducing transaction costs, combating corruption, and improving the business environment through the introduction of digital technologies in public administration3. research conducted using the example of developing countries shows that the success of digitalization policy directly depends on the level of digital infrastructure, digital literacy of the population, and institutional capacity. dahlman, mealy, and wermelinger emphasize that for the development of the digital economy, public policy should be carried out in harmony with mechanisms that stimulate education, innovation, and entrepreneurship4. otherwise, digitalization can exacerbate economic inequalities. in general, the existing scientific literature interprets the state policy on the digitalization of the economy as a multifaceted and complex process. studies show that the strategic approach of the state, institutional reforms, and mechanisms for supporting innovative activity are crucial for the sustainable development of the digital economy. at the same time, the need to harmonize the digitalization policy with the structural features of the national economy and social factors is scientifically substantiated. research methodology. this study is aimed at a scientific analysis of the content, directions, and economic effectiveness of state policy on the digitalization of the economy, using a comprehensive and multi-stage methodological approach. in the research process, theoretical and empirical methods were combined, and the influence of the digital economy on macroeconomic development was systematically studied. the main goal of the methodology is to determine the role of state policy in the digitalization process, assess its effectiveness, and draw practical conclusions. classical and modern economic theories about the digital economy, innovative development, and the regulatory role of the state were chosen as the theoretical basis of the research. in particular, within the framework of the institutional economy, the theory of endogenous economic growth, and innovative development models, the role of state policy in digital transformation was analyzed. these theoretical approaches made it possible to assess the digitalization process not only as a technological change, but also as an economic, social, and institutional transformation. in the process of empirical analysis, comparative-statistical and dynamic analysis methods were used. within the framework of the study, the level of digital development, indicators of digital infrastructure, e-government indices, and macroeconomic indicators of different countries were compared. this approach made it possible to determine the relationship between state policy and economic results. statistical data were obtained from international organizations, including the world bank, oecd, un, and other reliable sources, ensuring their reliability and relevance. also, the method of normative-legal analysis was widely used in the study. in this process, state strategies, laws, presidential decrees, and government resolutions aimed at digitalizing the economy were studied. the content, goals, and implementation mechanisms of regulatory legal acts were analyzed, and their impact on economic efficiency was assessed. this approach played an important role in determining the institutional foundations of state policy. the method of comparative analysis was chosen as an important component of the research methodology. it compares the digitalization policies of developed and developing countries and identifies their similarities and differences. in particular, the experience of singapore, south korea, and the european union in digital development was analyzed, and their successful practices were summarized. based on these experiments, practical conclusions have been developed that can be applied in the context of the national economy. in addition, the study used methods of system analysis and logical generalization, and a comprehensive assessment of the impact of digitalization policy on economic growth, labor productivity, and competitiveness was 3 oecd. (2020). digital government index: 2019 results. paris: oecd publishing. 4 dahlman, c., mealy, s., & wermelinger, m. (2016). harnessing the digital economy for developing countries. oecd development centre working papers, no. 334. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us carried out. the systematic approach made it possible to identify the interrelationship between various elements of state policy infrastructure, education, innovation, and institutional reforms. in general, the methodology used in this study serves a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of state policy on the digitalization of the economy. the combination of theoretical and empirical methods increases the scientific validity of the research results and ensures the practical significance of the conclusions and recommendations. analysis and results. the research results confirm that the state policy on the digitalization of the economy has a significant positive impact on macroeconomic development, labor productivity, and the effectiveness of public administration. in countries with a high level of implementation of digital technologies, gdp growth rates, the share of the service sector, and innovation activity are relatively stable and high. in this section, the main economic results of the digitalization policy are highlighted based on statistical analysis. according to international organizations, in countries with a developed digital economy, the share of the digital sector in gdp averages 8-15 percent. for example, in singapore, the share of the digital economy reached about 17% of gdp in 2023, which is explained by the consistent digitalization policy pursued by the state. the research results show that an increase in government investments in digital infrastructure has a positive impact on economic growth rates in the medium term. the following table shows the relationship between digitalization indicators and macroeconomic results in some countries: digitalization level and key macroeconomic indicators (2022-2023)5 country digital economy share, % (gdp) internet coverage, % gdp growth, % singapore 17,0 92 3,6 south korea 14,2 96 2,6 germany 11,8 90 1,8 uzbekistan 6,5 78 5,7 the table data show that in countries with a high level of digitalization, economic growth is relatively stable, and the main driver is the service and innovation sectors. in the case of uzbekistan, the relatively low share of the digital economy indicates that, despite high economic growth, the potential of digitalization is not being fully utilized. the growth dynamics of the egovernment development index for singapore and uzbekistan in 2018-2023 shows that in singapore the index increased from 0.88 to 0.94, while in uzbekistan this indicator increased from 0.62 to 0.74. this means that state policy is yielding positive results in the field of digital governance. the implementation of e-government systems is an important tool for increasing the efficiency of public administration. the research results show that as a result of the digitalization of public services, transaction costs decreased by an average of 20-30 percent. according to the world bank, in countries where electronic government services are widely implemented, the time spent on bureaucratic processes has been significantly reduced. the results of the analysis show that labor productivity in countries that have actively implemented digital technologies has increased by an average of 10-15 percent. in particular, there is an increase in employment in the areas of digital services, financial technologies (fintech), and e-commerce. the state's policy aimed at developing digital skills contributes to the 5 world bank. (2021). world development report 2021: data for better lives. washington, dc: world bank. 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us emergence of new professions in the labor market and an increase in the quality of human capital. in general, the results of the analysis confirm that the state policy on digitalization of the economy has a significant positive impact on economic growth, the effectiveness of public administration, and innovative development. at the same time, the need for further expansion of investments in digital infrastructure and human capital will be determined. conclusions and proposals. this study is aimed at a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the content, directions, and impact of state policy on the digitalization of the economy on macroeconomic development. the research results show that digital transformation is an important driver of modern economic development, the success of which directly depends on the consistent, long-term, and scientifically based policy pursued by the state. as a result of the widespread introduction of digital technologies into various sectors of the economy, production efficiency is increasing, transaction costs are decreasing, and transparency and accountability in the public administration system are strengthening. according to the analysis results, the growth of the share of the digital economy in gdp plays an important role in ensuring economic stability and competitiveness. the development of egovernment and digital government services serves to simplify bureaucratic processes and improve the business environment. at the same time, the digitalization process is causing structural changes in the labor market, increasing the demand for highly qualified personnel and digital skills. the study shows that state investments in digital infrastructure and human capital are crucial in ensuring long-term stability of economic growth. at the same time, the research results revealed a number of problems in the digitalization process. in particular, the uneven development of digital infrastructure by region, differences in the level of digital literacy of the population, cybersecurity risks, and digital inequality require special attention in state policy. if these problems are not solved on the basis of a systematic approach, digital transformation can exacerbate social imbalances instead of increasing economic efficiency. based on the above conclusions, the following practical proposals have been developed for the further improvement of state policy on the digitalization of the economy. firstly, it is necessary to prioritize investments in the development of digital infrastructure, especially increasing the coverage of broadband internet and mobile communications in remote areas. this will ensure equal access to the opportunities of the digital economy for all regions. secondly, it is advisable to pay special attention to the formation of digital skills in the education system and introduce the disciplines of programming, data analysis, and digital literacy at all stages. thirdly, it is necessary to improve the quality and coverage of e-government services by expanding the use of digital platforms and artificial intelligence technologies in public administration. this will not only increase the effectiveness of public services, but also serve to prevent corruption. fourthly, in order to stimulate innovative activity in the digital economy, it is necessary to strengthen the mechanisms of financial and institutional support for startups, technology parks, and research centers. fifthly, the improvement of the regulatory framework for cybersecurity and the protection of personal data in the digitalization process is of great importance. ensuring information security increases confidence in the digital economy and expands the scope of digital services. finally, taking into account international experience and best practices in the development of state policy, adapting them to the characteristics of the national economy will further increase the effectiveness of digital transformation. in conclusion, the state policy on the digitalization of the economy is an integral part of the country's long-term economic development strategy, the consistent and comprehensive implementation of which serves to ensure economic growth, competitiveness, and social wellbeing. the results of this study will serve as a theoretical and practical basis for future scientific research and practical political decisions in the field of the digital economy. 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us list of used literature 1. brynjolfsson, e., & mcafee, a. (2014). the second machine age: work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. new york, ny: w. w. norton & company. 2. dahlman, c., mealy, s., & wermelinger, m. (2016). harnessing the digital economy for developing countries. oecd development centre working papers, no. 334. paris: oecd publishing. 3. mazzucato, m. (2018). the value of everything: making and taking in the global economy. london, united kingdom: allen lane. 4. oecd. (2019). digital government index: 2019 results. paris: oecd publishing. 5. oecd. (2020). measuring the digital transformation: a roadmap for the future. paris: oecd publishing. 6. united nations. (2022). e-government survey 2022: the future of digital government. new york, ny: united nations. 7. world bank. (2021). world development report 2021: data for better lives. washington, dc: world bank. 8. schwab, k. (2016). the fourth industrial revolution. geneva, switzerland: world economic forum. 9. european commission. (2020). shaping europe’s digital future. brussels: european commission. 10. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti. (2020). “raqamli o‘zbekiston – 2030” strategiyasini tasdiqlash to‘g‘risidagi farmon. toshkent. 11. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti. (2022). yangi o‘zbekistonning taraqqiyot strategiyasi. toshkent: o‘zbekiston. 12. o‘zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasi. (2021). davlat boshqaruvi va iqtisodiyot tarmoqlarini raqamlashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risidagi qaror. toshkent. 13. o‘zbekiston respublikasi iqtisodiyot va moliya vazirligi. (2022). raqamli iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirish bo‘yicha yillik hisobot. toshkent. 14. axmedov, b. a. (2021). raqamli iqtisodiyot va uning o‘zbekiston iqtisodiy rivojlanishidagi o‘rni. iqtisodiyot va innovatsion texnologiyalar, 4, 15–24. 15. tursunov, b. o. (2020). raqamli transformatsiya sharoitida davlat boshqaruvi samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari. iqtisodiy taraqqiyot va tahlil, 2, 45–53. 16. xudoyberdiyev, d. r. (2019). o‘zbekistonda elektron hukumat tizimini rivojlantirish istiqbollari. davlat boshqaruvi jurnali, 3, 60–68. 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 turkish expansionism in africa: from ambition to retreat amid an unstable geopolitical landscape noufou ouedraogo, phd istanbul, turkey, marmara university, communication faculty abstract: this study questions turkey's expansionist ambition in africa, with a particular focus on the rise and decline of turkish influence in sub-saharan africa. by questioning the efficiency of ankara’s foreign policy in africa, the study investigates how turkey’s diplomatic tools shape opinions, influence political decisions, and foster empathy throughout the african continent. in terms of methodology, an ethnographic study design and a narrative research approach have been used, incorporating primary data from participant observation, ground research and indepth interviews, and secondary data obtained from documentary analysis. in doing so, the current research scrutinizes the emergence and setback of turkish foreign policy within the broader context of global politics to give a comprehensive picture of the shifting dynamics between turkey and its african partners. from the critical thinking standpoint, the paper assesses the inadequacies of turkey’s anti-western narrative employed in africa, before discussing the failures of its ‘apparent soft power’ attempts. keywords: african affairs, foreign policy, power, turkey, sub-saharan africa. introduction in terms of appeal, the african continent continuously engages in more active participation in the international system and assumes a larger position on the global arena, which aids in attracting new foreign powers. the fast developing continent has attracted a lot of new nations in recent years because of its economic and commercial potential as well as its geopolitical significance. in the early 2000s, turkey manifested a noticeable enthusiasm for african affairs. hence, the country has expanded its bilateral engagement with 44 african nations during the past two decades. president erdogan’s recent commitment to be a mediator in the pacification of the crisis between somalia and ethiopia, and the diplomatic tensions between sudan and the united arab emirates, as well as the conflict between congo and rwanda, testifies of the importance of the continent for turkey. in contrast to the former western colonial powers like france, belgium, england, and others, as well as some more recent rivals like china and russia, turkey, with a more modest profile, speaks to african nations in an appealing way that seems to prioritize a sort of “win-win partnership” with its african counterparts. therefore, by asserting that turkey has “no stain of imperialism” or colonialism, the turkish president supposedly declares an “anti-imperialist” stance in africa (deik, 2024). accordingly, recep tayyip erdogan is presented in africa as a new, strong leader who has no colonial history and is a genuine threat to western imperialist adversaries. because turkey has no colonial past in africa, ankara is seen by some african politics as an ideal partner. as a result, turkey enjoyed a favorable reputation across the continent, which made it easier to conquer the hearts and minds of number of african decision-makers. in 1998, 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turkey decided to start “a policy of openness to africa,” which was then materialized in the 2000s. despite having a strong military posture, turkey developed a new anti-western discourse combined with a diplomatic approach to promote its soft power in africa. today, ankara is still committed to strengthening and expanding its political, economic, commercial, and cultural ties with african countries in order to successfully implement its enthusiastic openness strategy. yet, as i will discuss later, there are several internal and external factors that do not work in favor of turkey’s expansionist ambitions. in order to combat the western information war, turkish news agency, known as anadolu agency, established its first african representative office in ethiopia in 2014. a group of turkish businessmen later created natural tv in 2017 with the goal of reaching over five million viewers in 22 african nations by airing in both french and english. similarly, in 2017, hausa, an african language spoken by 45 million people in west and central africa, was used by turkish public global broadcasting radio and television corporation (trt). three years later, in 2020, trt began using the 145 million-speaker swahili language in its broadcasts. additionally, trt established “trt français”, a french-language news platform, in april 2022. the platform's target audience is specifically french-speaking african nations (author, 2024). the “trt afrika” platform was also launched the following year, in march 2023 (ibid, 2024). these two sites’ editorial policies are designed to provide their african audience with a different story to convey turkish narrative across the continent. the primary goal is to purposefully compete with western international broadcasting channels that operate in africa. non-western players’ involvement on the african continent has actually increased dramatically in recent years, leading observers to question whether this renewed interest from outside forces represents a “new scramble for africa” and, if so, what that would entail for african nations (davutoglu, 2018). in order to ascertain africa's position in world politics, it is imperative to assess the dynamics of the bilateral ties that african governments forge with newly emerging nations. this academic study looks at turkey's attempts to strengthen ties with african nations, but encounters certain challenges because of its unusual model and the quickly changing geopolitical environment. as a matter of fact, the study explores the emergence and setback of turkey's interactions with african nations. this aids in evaluating how turkish soft power affects diplomatic, economic, educational, and cultural ties as well as the other public diplomacy activities that ankara carries out in africa. the critical analysis concludes by questioning the efficiency of turkey's expansionist commitment in completion with western countries on the african continent. the following lines focus on the research background which gives a holistic comprehension of the study’s contours. research background turkey’s expansionist ambition in africa is fueled by the apparent triumph of its soft power. joseph s. nye, one of the most eminent professors of international relations, introduced the concept of “soft power” in his book “bound to lead: the changing nature of american power”, published in 1990. he defined soft power as “the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without resorting to force or coercion” (nye, 1990). indeed, nye created the concept of soft power in response to the argument that american influence had already begun to decline since the 1970s. the scholar argues that the soft power of the united states is the main source of its hegemonic force. subsequently, a nation’s soft power, reinforced by public diplomacy, is essential in bilateral cooperation today. seen under the prism of soft power, turkey successfully conveys its anti-western narrative across the african continent. in 2018, anadolu agency published a book titled “africa rising,” which offers an in-depth analysis of turkey’s new relations with sub-saharan african countries. the publication of such a book is strategic, as the book seeks to explain why, despite the presence of abundant natural resources such as uranium, oil, diamonds, and gold, african countries have failed to prosper. the 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us authors conclude that “colonial legacies, including political unrest due to western influence, civil wars, distant governance, corruption, and lack of democracy” are the ills that are holding back africa’s development (anadolu agency et al., 2018). this “anti-colonial” or “antiwestern” narrative is purposefully made to oust western partners from africa. to push this type of narrative, turkey recently launched three transnational channels – namely natural tv, trt français, and trt afrika, respectively in 2017, 2022 and 2023 – to compete with western media on the continent (author, 2024). thereto, turkey has been enhancing its position and visibility on the international stage, notably in africa, by using its apparent soft power launched in 1998. in fact, turkey’s involvement with african countries can be linked to its efforts to broaden its international links and look for new business prospects to compete with western powers. in recent years, turkish companies have been actively engaged in infrastructure projects, construction, and industrialization across the continent as the turkish government has focused on boosting trade and investment with african countries (le cam, 2021). one of the most important aspects of the justice and development party’s (akp) regime is the diversification of turkish foreign policy (sıradağ, 2022). in this context, turkey has elevated its strategic connections at the highest level with the middle east, latin america, africa, russia, iran, and china (kalın, 2011). to regain turkey's soft power in the international arena, the akpled government has reinforced the country's long-standing foreign policy institutions and created new ones. turkey has now 239 diplomatic posts worldwide, up from only 163 in 2002 (sıradağ, 2022). one of the primary organizations bolstering turkey's soft power since its establishment under the office of prime minister in 2010 was the office of public diplomacy. in 2018, this office was renamed as the directorate of communications and established under the republic of turkey's presidency. coordinating links between public agencies, strengthening ties between state agencies and non-governmental organizations, and elucidating turkey's evolving global position were the primary goals of the department of culture which is a section of the office of public diplomacy (kalın, 2011). the department of culture has arranged a variety of events, including conferences, public policy panels, workshops on foreign policy, youth programs, national gatherings, international business summits, programs for journalist delegations, cultural and promotional events, etc. (sıradağ, 2022). the “turkey-africa media summit” was arranged by the directorate of communications and took place in istanbul on may 25-26, 2022. this event was attended by media professionals and decision-makers from 45 african nations. the organization committee welcomed several african academics, non-governmental organization officials, ambassadors, and 80 journalists from both private and public media organizations. the summit's objectives were to enhance media collaboration between turkish and african media professionals and improve turkey's standing on the continent's media landscape. through its soft power strategy in africa, turkey hopes to further solidify its geostrategic presence on the continent. in fact, africa's strategic importance to global and regional actors in the twenty-first century is largely attributed to its advantageous geopolitical position, youthful and active population, and the abundance of both surface and subsurface natural resources. this is what makes the continent attractive to foreign powers like turkey, china, and russia that are tirelessly implementing various initiatives in order to subjugate african nations. thus, after the demise of most of western allies in africa, these non-western actors are making their move to attract african policymakers. when the akp took office in 2002, turkish foreign policy underwent a dramatic transformation in order to fit african ideals. since then, turkey's foreign policy has given special consideration to the african continent. as a result, at the 2008 african union summit, turkey was acknowledged as the continent's strategic partner. 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us therefore, conducting a scientific research on the emergence and setback of turkey’s expansionist ambition in africa is more than an academic necessity. thus, the research methodology in the following paragraphs will help demystifying the hidden enigma. research methodology this study's geographic focus is turkey and sub-saharan africa. as such, it is an exploratory study that blends narrative and ethnographic research methodologies. in other words, this investigative study is basically a case study that involves a thorough examination of the rise and decline of turkey’s foreign policy in africa. therefore, the qualitative research approach was employed to conduct the study. in fact, by gathering expert opinions and analysis on the research questions, the collected qualitative data enabled an exhaustive explanation of the occurrences. according to creswell (2009), phenomenology, ethnography, case studies, and narrative research all employ this kind of method. as a result, the qualitative research approach offers thorough and accurate data on how people feel about a problem or how a phenomenon operates. it aims to provide answers to the questions of how and why a phenomenon operates in a particular way or why individuals act in a particular way. hence, in the current study it was important to move on with participant observation-based opinions, interviews, documentary analysis, and personal experiences as part of the data collection methods. as a matter of fact, the interviews were done with key political actors involved in turkey-africa bilateral cooperation process, including resource persons, political leaders, and geopolitical experts, as well as members of the target audience (turkish and african businesspeople, decision makers and diplomats from both parties), political analysts, activists, and international relations critics. therefore, gathering critical information from participant observation and qualitative data from field research with the target public allowed conducting the analyses and interpretations of the findings in an objective manner. the research purposes elaborated below provide further information about this factual scenario. thus, the current study which follows several objectives aims, among others, to: ➢ (i) show the pros and cons of turkey’s foreign policy and expansionist agenda in africa; ➢ (ii) shed light on how turkish narrative affects views, influences policy choices, and promotes a favorable perception of turkey on the african continent; ➢ (iii) reveal the hidden agenda of turkey’s public diplomacy initiatives in africa. this will be accomplished by closely examining the numerous public diplomacy and soft power measures that turkey has used in africa, as well as the historical development of turkish political engagement with african nations. the sub-purposes then include evaluating the influence of turkish soft power on the fronts of diplomacy, the economy, and culture. in the end, the turkish model's advantages and disadvantages will be carefully evaluated within a larger global framework. as a reminder, this scholarly study adheres to a strict ethnographic and narrative research technique. therefore, the qualitative research design has been applied to this work. since the research encompasses participant observation data, max weber (1949) serves as a reminder of the importance of implementing “axiological neutrality” in scientific investigations. this suggests that in order to minimize biases, researchers should distance themselves from their own value judgments when conducting epistemological studies. the only way to achieve the “valuerelevance” of scientific information, which is primarily dependent on “value-neutrality,” is to address the problem through “axiological neutrality” principle (weber, 1949). in fact, according to weberian social action theory, all human actions are subjective to the extent that they are based on human behavior. formal and substantial rationality are the two categories of axiological rationalities that weber identified. when interpreting data, this qualitative research employed substantial rationality, which takes social, religious, traditional, and cultural values into account. actually, this 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us investigation adheres to the fundamentals of substantial rationality which greatly raised the research's level of scientific interest. before delving deeply into details of the research problematic, the notions of ideology and hegemonic domination must be critically examined in order to understand the ideological approach that the justice and development party’s (akp) administration created within turkish foreign policy to deal with african issues. ideology and hegemonic domination as john fiske claimed in 1990, “communication is a social process and must therefore be ideological” (fiske, 1990: p.176). for marxist theorists, ideology is a straightforward concept. this supposes that the ideas of the dominant societies are considered by the inferior societies (the lower class) as normal and natural. regarding its new foreign policy, turkey is engaged in vertical, not horizontal, bilateral relations with african countries. thus, the subordinated societies cannot but accept the vertical domination as something normal and natural with a sort of “false consciousness” (marx & engels, 1848). indeed, according to carl marx and friedrich engels (1848), the ideology of the bourgeoisie (the ruling class) operated to keep the proletariat (the working class) in a state of “passive obedience, a false consciousness” (ibid, 1848). the notion of ‘false consciousness’ was so crucial for understanding marxist theory because it appeared to clarify why most people in capitalist societies put up with a social structure that was detrimental to them. arguing on the notion of hegemony elaborated by antonio gramsci in 1947, john fiske (1990) claimed that ideology always works to maintain exploitation and class domination. in more elaborated terms, he put it as it follows: hegemony is necessary, and has to work so hard, because the social experience of subordinated groups (whether by class, gender, race, age, or other factor) constantly contradicts the picture that the dominant ideology paints for them of themselves and their social relations. in other words, the dominant ideology constantly meets resistances that it has to overcome in order to win people’s consent to the social order that it is promoting. these resistances may be overcome, but they are never eliminated. so any hegemonic victory, any consent that it wins, is necessarily unstable; it can never be taken for granted, so it has to be constantly rewon and struggled over (fiske, 1990: p.176). antonio gramsci, one of the key authors of the notion of ideology, considered hegemony as a struggle and defined it as “the winning and (re)winning of the consent of the majority to a system that subordinates them” (gramsci, 1947). this, argued gramsci, entails “resistance and instability” in the class struggle (ibid, 1947). according to john fiske, however, one of the vital strategies of hegemony is “the construction of common sense”, which consists in cultivating “false consciousness” (fiske, 1990). in consequence, the fundamental element of hegemonic strategy becomes the construction of what marx and engels termed “the manufacture of the common sense” (marx & engels, 1848). this consists in making the dominated majority – the less-developed african nations in the context of the current study – cultivate the “common sense” (ibid, 1848). furthermore, ideological theories emphasize that all forms of communication and their meanings are sociopolitical in nature and cannot be comprehended in isolation from this social framework. as a matter of fact, in the discussions about commodification in capitalist societies, marxist theories put focus not only on mass production and distribution of goods and services, but also on the creation and dissemination of ideas and meanings. in this logic, karl marx and friedrich engels – in the manifesto of the communist party (1848) – argued that ideology works in such a way that its makes it possible to maintain the class domination by creating the “false consciousness” and ultimately reaching what antonio gramsci called the “hegemonic victory” (marx & engels, 1848; gramsci, 1947). 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as the hollywood star denzel washington put it in the great debaters (2007), this consists in “keeping the slaves physically strong, but mentally weak, dependent on the slave master; keeping the body but taking the mind”1. as a result, argued herbert marcuse, capitalism [i.e. human exploitation] will survive in almost all the world and we will witness a “one dimensional society” (marcuse, 1969). the idea of false consciousness, vertical domination and hegemony worked so perfectly in most african colonized countries which still function under the roots of both post-colonial legacy and neocolonial principles. before discussing turkey’s expansionist agenda in africa, the following lines will elucidate the theoretical framework that served as the cornerstone of the current study. theoretical framework the emergence and decline of turkish expansionism in africa can be thoroughly examined using a variety of social theories. thus, among other theories, the critical thinking theory has been applied to the current research. the critical thinking theory was developed by some scholars – such as max horkheimer, theodore adorno, walter benjamin, herbert marcuse, jürgen habermas, etc. – of frankfurt school in the 20th century. these researchers focused especially on the criticism of the modern capitalist society, the definition of social emancipation and the critique of perceived social pathologies. in this regards, marxist central notions such as commodification, reification, fetishism, and mass culture have been thoroughly discussed. thus, the ability to question, acknowledge, and test preconceived notions, recognize ambiguity, examine, interpret, evaluate, reason, and reflect, make informed decisions, and articulate, justify, and clarify positions are all considered aspects of critical thinking process (horkheimer & adorno, 1947; gramsci, 1947; marcuse, 1969; honneth, 1987). the process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information obtained from, or generated by, participant observation, personal experience, critical reflection and reasoning, etc. is precisely what is meant to be understood as critical thinking. according to adorno and horkheimer (1947), critical thinking can be grounded in universally intellectual ideals that cut beyond subject matter boundaries. these values include clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, tangible evidence, good arguments, depth, breadth, and fairness. examining the implicit mental structures or components that underlie all reasoning is necessary. these include the purpose, problem or question at hand, assumptions, concepts, and empirical foundation; reasoning that leads to conclusions, implications, and consequences; objections from opposing viewpoints; and frame of reference. a family of interconnected modes of thinking, including scientific, historical, anthropological, economic, moral, and philosophical thinking, comprises the theory of critical thinking because it is flexible in its approach to various subjects, problems, and goals. contextually speaking, the critical thinking theory helped to shed light on the hidden agenda and the hegemonic ambition of turkey’s foreign policy in africa. this stratagem is made up of francophobe rhetoric, anti-colonial discourse, and anti-western narrative, as well as the use of historical and religious identity, and a battery of public diplomacy to nurture superficial soft power mechanisms. yet, in this process it is worth taking into account the existence of other external factors. the following lines will give more clarifications on turkey’s expansionist agenda in africa amid tumultuous relations between france and african countries. 1 denzel washington (2007). the great debaters: podcast & transcript available online at: https://www.npr.org/transcripts/17640535. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us turkish expansionism amid tumultuous france-africa relations most of west african francophone countries got their independence from france in the 1960s. as the perception of france among her former colonies in africa is further damaged, numerous of french former colonies are attempting to broaden their alliances with other international players, including china, russia, and turkey. yet, france does not seem to be jubilant about this new openness policy. president emmanuel macron has become irritated with the anti-french sentiment that is spreading throughout africa. hence, during the annual conference of french ambassadors held in early september 2022, he called on the french transnational media to be “more active” in combating hate speech against france in africa. the french head of state portrays france in his address as the primary cause of the unrest that permeates several african nations. as of 2020, among youth from various african nations, 58% of togolese, 60% of malians, 68% of senegalese, and 71% of gabonese had a negative opinion of france, according to a survey conducted by the ichikowitz family foundation, a south africa-based charity institution. this attitude of insubordination vis-à-vis france frequently takes the form of hate speech, parodies, and disparaging pictures that harshly condemn and denigrate the french presence on the continent. as an illustration, during the protests held in a number of african countries, including the central african republic in 2013, senegal in 2015, mali in 2020, burkina faso in 2021, and most recently niger in 2023, demonstrators chanted phrases like “down with france!”, “france, get out!”, “we need russia,” and so on. these degenerate “anti-imperialist” protests in certain african nations have been known to cause great financial losses for french corporations, such as auchan, areva, total, bolloré, and many others, which are frequently charged as being neocolonialist enterprises. according to these youthful demonstrators, france is the primary target to be blamed for their difficult circumstances, which are marked by chronic unemployment and unbearable underdevelopment. nonetheless, france’s long-standing political, economic, and military dominance is surely to blame for this anti-french sentiment. in fact, france is occasionally charged with building french military bases in sovereign states, frequently in an oppressive manner, and with aiding and abetting african dictators. for instance, in november 2022, demonstrators in kaya, northern burkina faso, blocked a french military convoy that was traveling to niger. they demanded to know what was inside the vehicle, claiming it included food and weapons that would be used to supply the terrorists in sahel region. similar to this, french diplomatic and cultural representations were targeted during the protests that followed burkina faso's second putsch on september 30, 2022, both in bobo-dioulasso, the country's second-biggest city, and ouagadougou, its capital. numerous demonstrators set fire to the diplomatic enclave building and vandalized the two french cultural centers. even more recently, demonstrators defaced the french embassy after the nigerien army's coup in july 2023. the latter demanded that french forces withdraw from the sahel immediately and that military cooperation with russia and turkey be strengthened by waving turkish and russian flags. in such a context, it is necessary to reform france’s foreign policy in africa. the necessity of reframing france's relationship with african countries the conditions of france’s involvement in africa need to be reviewed by french authorities. in the last three years, france’s bilateral relations with her former colonies in sub-saharan africa appear to be faltering. following the change in their cooperation policy, seven sub-saharan african countries including mali, burkina faso, gabon, niger, chad, senegal, and cote d’ivoire recently demanded the withdrawal of french troops from their territories. when confronted by african youth, president emmanuelle macron had previously declared his intention to form an equal partnership with african states. he claimed that he does not “belong to the generation of colonizers, and believes that the french are the ones who are having the 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hardest time moving on” (le monde, 2023). for president macron, french people and africans “have to start building a shared future” altogether (ibid, 2023). as other former colonizing nations like belgium, england, italy or portugal do, france might profit from being far more discrete on the african continent rather than always moaning about the anti-french narrative created and nurtured by foreign competitors like turkey and russia. it is quite unlikely that a nation like france, which was engaged in slavery, colonization, and a protracted process of decolonization, will receive special “adulation and praises” from the colonized peoples. up to the tragic genocide in rwanda, france used cooperation agreements or more or less constrained defense agreements to militarily interfere in numerous wars during the post-colonial era and the long-drawn-out cold war. influencers and critics from all over the african continent, including kemi seba, prof. franklin nyamsi, and nathalie yamb, etc. just to name a very few, are becoming more and more prevalent and critic about the relations between france and francophone african countries. they express themselves through social media in particular, rebuking french foreign policy in africa. this ideology is reminiscent of ankara’s attempts to promote its geopolitical trajectories through africa. in this logic, turkey recently engaged in developing public diplomacy mechanisms on the continent. the impact of public diplomacy in turkey-africa relations the key element of the idea of soft power is public diplomacy. the definition of public diplomacy is a strategy for building enduring and trustful connections with foreign nations. through public diplomacy, international actors seek to establish a favourable framework for implementing their foreign policy goals with other strategically significant nations (nye, 2004). thus, establishing international seminars, forums, and conferences, offering scholarships to students from other nations, and coordinating academic exchange programs are all essential to building a nation's soft power. turkey went through all this process to conquer africans’ minds and hearts (siradag, 2022). apart of its military actions in libya, turkey does not employ coercion to fortify its strategic alliances with african nations; but it uses its cultural, economic, and political might to influence african businesspeople and decision-makers. in the current information society, the hegemonic battle in international relations affects the media landscape. to further disseminate their foreign policy goals and ideals, turkey has also developed a media strategy after building its own news agencies, tv channels, cultural and educational institutions in a dozen of african countries. the fact that trt afrika, trt francais, natural tv, and anadolu agency, have made african news and developments more widely featured in turkish media, together with other factors, has played a major role in changing turkish perceptions of africa. this is not to mention the influence of turkish soap opera which are being watched in more than 20 african countries. in addition, collaborating with businesses and non-governmental organizations is essential to enhancing a nation's soft power (nye, 2004). through tika and yunus emre cultural centers, turkey played a significant role in promoting its culture in africa (author, 2024). turkey's emergence as a prominent soft power player in africa can be attributed to its similar cultural and religious values with number of african nations, as well as its absence of historical occupation (i.e. colonization) on the continent, as mentioned earlier. turkey's cultural depths, both geographically and historically, shape the country's new foreign policy identity. eight of the 58 nations where yunus emre institute (yei) has established its cultural centers are in africa. in the near future, yei intends to open new cultural centers in five more sub-saharan african countries including mozambique, ethiopia, kenya, tanzania, and nigeria (siradag, 2022). since 2018, three ethiopian universities have offered turkish language instruction as an elective course. additionally, yei has been offering turkish courses at senegal's cheikh anta diop university since 2016. also, yei and the department of chief of 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us staff inked a protocol in 2018 for the establishment of a turkish language teaching center within the senegalese army (ibid, 2022). moreover, in the sector of transportation, turkish airlines (thy) is a highly esteemed organization that enhances turkey's global reputation. the majority of countries in the world are served by thy. africa has become a key destination for thy, which flies to most cities on the continent, since the ruling justice and development party (akp) materialized the establishment of the africa action plan in 2005. prior to 2005, turkish investors and businesspeople had trouble finding direct flights from turkey to sub-saharan africa. today, thy operates flights to 58 locations across 37 african countries. the new thy initiative in africa made things easier by allowing turkish businessmen to connect with their african counterparts directly and conveniently; enabling them to take on additional contracting projects in the region. as a result, the entire value of commercial exchange between turkey and africa has climbed significantly from 4.3 billion us dollars in 2002 to 41 billion us dollars in 2024 (deik, 2024). but what do stakeholders think about the recent development of the bilateral relations between turkey and sub-saharan african countries? the following chapter of this investigative study is devoted to the critical analysis of the research data. critical analysis of research data during the investigations, qualitative interviews have been realized between january 2024 and january 2025 with both african and turkish businessmen and investors involved in the turkeyafrica bilateral cooperation. beside, data was also collected from participant observation, as i worked from june 2022 to december 2024 as a communication coordinator and international relations specialist at african investors council (aic), an organization based in ankara and registered under turkish legislation. the vast majority of interviewed stakeholders operate in five key sectors: manufacture, agriculture, mining, commercial trade, and construction. they all appreciate the recent significant development of the turkey-africa bilateral relations but they also made some criticisms by mentioning the major obstacles that thwart these partnerships. eventually, some suggestions have been made in order to overcome the obstacles. the main assets in the turkey-africa cooperation according the interviewees, the principal assets of the turkey-africa partnership include a shared commitment to economic growth, a focus on sustainable development, and complementary expertise in various sectors. turkey's advanced agricultural technologies, combined with africa's vast arable land and growing demand for food security solutions, create a solid foundation for collaborative projects. additionally, turkey's experience in infrastructure development greatly benefits africa's agricultural sector. in terms of appreciation, it is worth mentioning that turkish investors bring a wealth of expertise in technology and infrastructure, which are critical components for the successful implementation of vertical farming systems; said one of the interviewees involved in the business of vertical farming in eastern, central and west african countries. for them, “turkey's advancements in agricultural technology, coupled with its strategic location bridging europe and asia, provide a unique advantage for fostering innovation and facilitating the exchange of best practices” (comments made by an interviewee in june 2024). additionally, turkish investors have shown a keen interest in sustainable projects and have a strong track record in supporting international collaborations. their investment can help accelerate the deployment of vertical farming projects in africa by providing the necessary capital, technical know-how, and market access; thus creating a mutually beneficial partnership that drives growth and sustainability. furthermore, the stakeholders (especially african businesspeople) recognized that turkey has developed considerable expertise in agriculture and agri-food technologies. therefore, partnerships can benefit from the transfer of these advanced technologies to africa, thereby improving the productivity and efficiency of local agricultural practices. also, trade relations 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us between turkey and africa are booming, with numerous bilateral agreements promoting economic exchanges and investments. these strengthened relationships provide a solid foundation for mutually beneficial partnerships. in terms of investments and financing, turkish investors are showing increasing interest in opportunities in sub-saharan africa. their investments bring not only capital but also experiences and effective management practices, thereby stimulating the development of african agricultural sector. finally, cultural and historical proximity seems to be advantageous since turkey and africa share a long history of cultural and diplomatic relations. this proximity facilitates mutual understanding and cooperation. however, there are also several obstacles to consider. the main obstacles in the turkey-africa cooperation the main obstacles in the turkey-africa bilateral relations include traditional and linguistic differences, regulatory challenges, and lack of infrastructure and technological readiness across african countries. navigating these complexities requires a deep understanding of local contexts and a flexible approach to partnership building. in terms of regulatory and legal differences, some interviewees noted that disparities in regulatory and legal frameworks complicate bilateral partnerships between turkey and subsaharan african countries. as a matter of fact, companies have to navigate diverse and sometimes complex legal environments, which slow down the implementation of their projects. additionally, in some regions of africa, transport, energy and communications infrastructure is still insufficient. hence, some people think that this poses logistical challenges and increases costs for turkish companies operating on the continent. there are also some political and economic risks linked to turkey-africa bilateral relations, as the vast majority of african countries follow, or depend on, western standards regarding some political and economic matters. in fact, political instability and economic fluctuations in parts of africa deter investors. therefore, managing these risks is essential to ensure lasting partnerships between the two regions. another obstacle is related to traditional and linguistic differences. despite cultural proximity, differences remain in terms of business and linguistic practices. these differences may require additional effort to ensure effective communication and smooth collaboration. criticisms about the turkey-africa relations while the relations between africa and turkey have seen many positive development, there are some crucial concerns and criticisms (raised by the surveyed stakeholders) that could be considered in order to improve the bilateral cooperation. these concerns are somehow related to the fear of economic exploitation, lack of transparency, unclear political agenda, human rights concerns and geopolitical competitions with other powers. to begin with the economic exploitation, some critics argued that turkey’s increased engagement with sub-saharan africa is driven primarily by its economic interests (looking for market of distribution of their immense industrial products), leading to central concerns about the exploitation of african resources and labor. in fact, there have been reports of turkish companies’ involvement in controversial projects, such as large scale land acquisition in somalia, sudan, and congo, and mining operation in niger, mali, and burkina faso, which have raised questions about their social and environmental impacts. the second major criticism made by the interviewees is the lack of transparency in some turkish investment and development projects in africa. this opacity, according to some african stakeholders, can lead to suspicions about the motives behind certain initiatives and raises concerns about accountability and governance. to illustrate this, it is appropriate to remind that the burkinabe government made the decision in march 2024 to revoke the industrial operation licenses for the tambao manganese mine previously held by the turkish company afro turc 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tambao sa2 and the large inata gold mine controlled by afro turc inata sa. by direct agreement, the government sold the tambao manganese mine and the inata gold mine for us$50 million at the end of april 2023. despite being summoned and granted 90 days, the turkish mining corporation is accused by the burkinabe authorities of “failing to pay any of the amounts it owes” to the nation (ministerial decree, 2024). ouagadougou claimed that these businesses have not performed up to par. as a matter of fact, the turkish mining corporation was urged to create bases for defense and security forces as part of the deal when it was signed, in an effort to help fight terrorism. the burkinabe government claimed that these mines were integrated initiatives and development vectors for the sahel. moreover, some observers suggested that turkey’s growing presence in africa is motivated by its desire to gain political influence on the continent as well as globally. as a reminder, 53 african states voted in favor of turkey's non-permanent membership at the un security council for the 2009-2010 term, demonstrating urgent and strong african support for turkey's efforts. in fact, turkey was given additional chances in the international arena and the un by virtue of its non-permanent membership in the un security council which is still the most important multilateral platform for guaranteeing and maintaining international peace and security. critics also argued that turkey may use its economic investment and development assistance as leverage to advance its geopolitical interests in africa, potentially undermining local sovereignty and autonomy. in addition, turkish domestic human rights record has raised concerned among some african observers, and there are fears that turkey’s influence in africa, especially in sub-saharan african region, could contribute to the spread of authoritarian practices or the suppression of dissent in some countries where turkish interests are considerable. evidently, some racist and discriminatory attitudes will certainly develop an anti-turkish sentiment in the near future. also, turkey’s increasing involvement in africa has raised concerns amongst traditional powers and regional actors, leading to potential competition and geopolitical tensions. this competition could exacerbate existing conflicts or rivalries in some african countries where western powers are very well appreciated. most importantly, stereotypes and misconceptions about black african people living in turkey, perpetuated through social media platforms and other discussion forums, should be avoided. these stereotypes can contribute to negative, condescending, attitudes and discrimination. the intoxication campaign about a so-called “karabük scandal”3, which happened at the university of karabük in march 2024, can illustrate this state of fact. with some 12,000 international students, the most of whom are from sub-saharan african nations, the university's large international student body has previously drawn criticism, particularly in the wake of the march 25, 2023, discovery of a 17-year-old gabonese student's body (hurriyet, 2023). the gabonese girl's death was allegedly the result of a prostitution network, although the matter was never resolved. actually xenophobia, combined with ultra-nationalism and white supremacy can fuel discrimination against foreigners or more specifically black communities who might be 2 afro turk sa is a government-affiliated business. since 1938, it has been involved in the mining industry, operating mostly in sub-saharan african countries. 3 following their purported sexual encounters with african students at karabük university, certain posts on an instagram “confession pages” went viral on social media, asserting that turkish students had stis as a result of their interactions with them. in response to the critics, several others called them racists. there have been past reports of scabies, malaria, and tuberculosis outbreaks linked to the university. messages talked of students who suspected they had hiv or hpv and went to the hospital. social media posts claimed that although african students at karabük university may be carriers of these diseases, they may not show any symptoms. more details on hurriyet daily news: https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/health-bureau-denies-std-allegations-amid-debates-on-northernuniversity-191896. 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us perceived as outsiders. it requires efforts in promoting awareness, education, and cultural exchange initiatives to overcome this. as a matter of fact, some interviewed people suggested encouraging empathy, mutual understanding and respect for diversity in order to challenge stereotypes and foster inclusivity within turkish society. also, turkish decision-makers should implement policies that protect the rights of all individuals, regardless of race or ethnicity. this is crucial in combatting all forms of racism. talking about discrimination in the context of turkey-africa relations, one of the interviewees put it in the following terms: in terms of development, africans have played a lot in the world; so from the economical point of view, they should not be restricted when it comes to value exchanges. starting from the immigration, africans should not be getting the “daily bullying” or “daily segregation”. this can be considered as a “colonial master syndrome”. turkey is doing well but we need more (…) we need freedom to exercise our rights. the two parties (turkey and africa) should find a way to perfect their bilateral relations. we need to remove all kind of segregations and formulas that are condescending and dehumanizing; so that the other community will not feel devalued (commented a sub-saharan african decision-maker during the interview in april 2024). finally, considering the ongoing economic crisis and inflation, some people might view black african expats and immigrants as a threat not only to their cultural identity but also to the economic stability; fueling, de facto and de jure, hatred and resentment within the turkish society. consequently, african counterparts are likely to develop a sort of anti-turkish sentiment; things that do not work in favor of friendly bilateralism between turkey and subsaharan african countries. these hatred speeches inundate digital media platforms, leading to potential diplomatic tensions. the new challenges of digital diplomacy and public opinion in africa the rise of the so-called “anti-french sentiment” via social media platforms in francophone african countries has shown us that the subject of critical public opinions was rarely present in the analysis of french media outlets. this creates a sort of “hostile media effect” (vallone et al., 1985) among the audiences. with the advent of social networks which appeared and took tremendous proportions almost twenty years ago, these public opinions now carry real weight, including in matters of international relations and diplomacy. the challenge for public diplomacy today – as well as for both bilateral and multilateral diplomacy – consists of building a media communication strategy and developing digital tools to address and dialogue with the diverse, and sometimes contrasting, public opinions; since it is all about building a “trustful and reliable relationship” over time and not simply being in a defensive reaction to these contradicting public opinions (author, 2020). in this age of social networks which give considerable power to public opinions, it would be wiser to take them into account in the strategy for disseminating public information. in this social media era, information consumers want to be active. the challenge for historic international media like rfi, france 24, tv5 monde, bbc, voa, cnn, etc. is to significantly develop interactions with their fragmented audiences. this consists in developing strategies to embark the audiences on their various social media platforms. the principle of western global media, broadcasting information from london, paris, berlin or washington, no longer really works. it is also their close proximity to the african region that allows global media today to achieve good audience scores in african countries. because what interests a young dakar resident, a young bamako resident, or a young abidjan resident today is to debate, to dialogue, to interact, to give their opinion on matters related to their social, economic and political realities and on subjects that concern their daily lives. 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to be effective, a soft power policy must be based on a real media strategy focused on digital diplomacy. also, in terms of traditional media strategy, it is important to adapt it to the realities prevailing in the countries or zones of dissemination. for instance, it is not recommendable to talk about islam in the same way when one addresses the population of east africa, which has a muslim majority, as those of south, central and west africa, which is more secular. the credibility, honesty, impartiality and reliability of information disseminated by both traditional and social media must be impeccable to win the battle of social interaction and public opinion. the key to the success of soft power, or ‘diplomacy of attraction’, lies in credibility, honesty and trustworthiness. in this digital information era, when everyone is overwhelmed with social mediated information, the scarce resource is attention, and this is a function of credibility. the major asset of quality that western media pose today in sub-saharan africa is their credibility. consequently, other countries trying to join the competition must establish their credibility. but many aspirants – like turkey, russia, and china – want to use their state-backed media for propaganda purposes, thereby undermining their credibility. this often results in further fragmenting the audiences’ perceptions regarding some critical issues. when it comes to credibility, what we call the mainstream media – media like the bbc, rfi, france 24, cnn, voa, etc. – still play a crucial role as validation bodies. but, in terms of propagators and amplifiers, social networks have become royal channels today. thus, a savvy implementation of digital media diplomacy highly contributes in the image building and the promotion of a country’s perception at the global stage. given the inadequacies of turkish model in several vital areas of application, one is wondering whether or not the whirlwind turkey-africa cooperation is doomed to fail. emergence and setback of turkish expansionism: is the turkey-africa cooperation doomed to fail? turkey’s geopolitical strategy for the enlargement of bilateral relations with africa was initiated in 19794, concretized and reinforced in 1998, and started being concretely implemented since 2005. one of the main driving forces for the turkey’s 1998 africa action plan was the desire for worldwide influence. since taking office, the leader of the ruling justice and development party (akp), president recep tayyip erdogan, has travelled to africa on more than 40 occasions; surpassing any other western leader (deik, 2024). in this logic, the number of turkish embassies on the african continent increased from 12 in 2008 to 44 embassies today and, in the meantime, the number of african embassies in ankara moved from 10 to 39 today. with the growth of its diplomatic missions, turkey started to take center stage on the african continent, making it simpler for her to form multilateral relations with the african union and other regional bodies like the ecowas in order to promote its business diplomacy. according to the african investing barometer, the volume of commercial trade between turkey and african countries increased from 5.3 billion dollars in 2008 to 41 billion usd in 2024. however, if the turkish strategy towards sub-saharan african partners has met with real success, it is not without weaknesses. the first gap appears to be financial. for several years, turkey has been facing an accentuated economic crisis. worse still, in the light of the last presidential elections’ results, the justice and development party (akp) started losing its popularity. this might undermine their new foreign policy measures. just as the increase in social inequalities fuels tensions internally. 4 turkey began to take a number of significant actions to diversify its foreign policy and build strategic relationships with non-western entities following the 1974 cyprus intervention in an effort to lessen its reliance on the west. the african continent has emerged as one of turkey’s primary strategic areas of focus in this regard. in this regard, the first africa action plan (aap) was started under the direction of the then-foreign affairs minister ahmet gündüz ökçün, and in february 1979, a delegation of turkish businesspeople and officials was sent to africa with the goal of developing multifarious relations with the african continent. 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us it will therefore be difficult for the akp administration to justify spending abroad, namely in africa, in the face of such internal pressures. the most important thing is not to increase the number of embassies on the african continent; it will still be necessary to provide them with equipment, financial means, and adequate personnel to conduct their public diplomacy mission in the short, medium, and long term. from a geopolitical point of view, the expansion of a sphere of interest has a significant cost and above all limits. in this context it is worth wondering whether ankara will have the material means to achieve its new foreign policy’s ambitions. turkey, which gives priority to the sub-saharan african market in order to sell its immense production, concentrates its diplomatic efforts on economic and commercial issues. we have been able to witness on various occasions the insufficiency of critically intellectual, artistic, cultural, social and academic works in line with ankara's ambitions to cooperate bilaterally with african countries. ankara must accept criticisms of all types for sincere relationships. turkey and africa can, in fact, design a new type of profitable partnership, mutually advantageous, and not dependent on the after-effects of colonial history or religious identity. the turkish authorities stand out from competitors by projecting in africa an image of simplicity, propinquity, and proximity, with an attractive and subjugating discourse. this closeness was evidenced during the turkish president’s visit to gabon in march 2011; wearing “shirt sleeves, rolled-up pants, barefoot in the sand and leaning on a canoe, he improvised a discussion with a gabonese fisherman” (mbabia, 2011: p.107-119). but discourse is far different from practice. successful soft power requires enough financial means. the 1998 africa action plan was temporarily suspended because of economic and political crisis in turkey between the end of the 20th century and the early 21st century. as an illustration, turkish embassies in ghana, somalia and tanzania had to temporarily close their doors due to economic difficulties (tr ministry of foreign affairs, 2024). another factor likely to negatively affect turkey's commitment in africa is a propensity to act in the direction of religious solidarity, in the sense of a moral obligation and above all a community of mutual interests. as i have elaborated earlier, beyond the official discourse, ankara has for a long time mobilized the religious dimension as an instrument of its new foreign policy. however, besides their traditional animist beliefs, most sub-saharan african countries have a christian tradition. therefore, focusing too much on religious identity would, in the vast majority of sub-saharan african countries, give the impression of partial treatment or a double standard. as for the limits of the humanitarian activities of the turkish cooperation and development agency tika in sub-saharan africa, there is the difficulty linked to competition and the height of the budgets of western heavy donor countries5, the increase in demands by other countries in the middle east like syria, yemen, and palestine, as well as political, economic and social instabilities in some countries receiving humanitarian aid and the tremendous changes in the exchange rate due to the ongoing inflation. all things considered, through its expansionist ambition in africa, ankara wishes to shine at little cost. however, turkey is playing a dangerous game. by being present on too many subjects and in too many geographical areas, it risks no longer being effective or audible anywhere. this is possibly the reason why ankara’s role in handling the crisis in gaza was compromised. turkey’s international policy seems to gradually give in to the temptation of becoming a nuisance power. without excluding the risk of a particularly condescending attitude towards subsaharan africans due to their responsibilities not assumed in relation to the treatment of africans living in turkey. if the sub-saharan african countries need to renew or expand their alliances for the benefit of their sovereignty, they cannot do so with partners whose fragilities would be added to their own. 5 in terms of humanitarian services in sub-saharan africa, countries like sweden, norway, denmark and other united nations’ institutions are considered to be heavy donors. 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the deterioration of the social and security situation in sub-saharan africa can attest to this. the recurrence of the military coups in sub-saharan africa (i.e. guinea, gabon, niger, mali, and burkina faso) is partially due to the lack of solid collaboration with western powers, accused of nurturing terrorism in the sahel region. hence, these military regimes decided to cooperate with russia which provides them with military equipment and training. in these countries, development aid has been replaced by wagner, the russian paramilitary groups. on a different spectrum, turkey’s presence on the continent benefits the country’s commercial trade balance and the influence of its apparent soft power on the international scene, but not the african countries and the effects of the “win-win policy” praised by president erdogan are long overdue. furthermore, the misunderstanding between african immigrants and turkish police officers can also create fear and hatred between the two societies. in february 2024 for example, several africans, deported from turkey, were blocked in addis-ababa, the capital city of ethiopia. they were more than hundred sub-saharan african immigrants who were deemed illegal to live in turkey, and therefore, deported to their home lands. however, according to a video released by some of the deported migrants, they have got their passports blocked once arrived in addisababa, which, for them, is a stratagem set by turkish authorities to abandon them out there and leave. “each one of us want to go back home, but we are all blocked here by turkish officials”, claimed one of the immigrants, recording the scene with his smartphone. another demonstrator furiously commented in a voice message as it follows: there are several nationalities amongst the immigrants – such as cameroonian, nigerian, nigerien, senegalese, central african, ivorian, ugandan, and congolese – both men and women, who departed from istanbul, turkey, at 8:13 am and arrived in addis-ababa around 14:00, [he said furiously]. turkish people want to abandon us now. everyone is blocked here, [he added in a protest tone] (cf. interview data collected in march 2024). turkish security officers who accompanied the deported immigrants got some troubles to maintain security amid the growing anger of the folk. “turkish policemen are running away. they are treating us like animals and running away”, said some demonstrators in a videotape which shows the police officers jumping over the passageway fences. the video tapes became viral on social media in early february 2024. demonstrating against what is according to them an unfair decision on the behalf of turkish authorities, the crowds of immigrants were chanting “africa! africa! africa!” waving their hands with rage, some protesters were filming and walking behind the police officers. the following day, the general manager of the addis-ababa airport had to undertake a lobbying with the ambassador of turkey to ethiopia in order to solve the issue. in the meantime, the cohort of immigrants had to “pass the night at the airport without food or anything else”, commented one of the repatriated immigrants who requested to be anonymous. this anonymous interviewee strongly believes that this kind of attitudes will “impact the relations between turkish society and african communities in the long-run”. for him, there is “a manner to repatriate [humanly] without humiliating” the immigrants; because they were “treated like animals, or prisoners, without respect or consideration”. actually, immigration is an extremely delicate topic because if handled improperly, it can have immediate negative impacts and damage a nation's reputation, weakening efforts to deploy its soft power adequately. dehumanizing sentiments about sub-saharan african immigrants living in turkey and ill-timed remarks, frequently made by left-wing political personalities for internal political agenda purposes, might harm turkey's reputation across the entire african continent. in this regard, it seems necessary to have a close look at the turkey-africa bilateral cooperation from a critical viewpoint. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion: bilateralism seen from the critical thinking standpoint as for this current research related to turkish expansionism in africa, a wise way to apply critical thinking approach is to question the implication of ideology in the social exchange process. as mentioned earlier in the theoretical framework, this implies the introduction of the notion of ideology which, for marxist thinkers, is a straightforward concept. contextually arguing, it is crucial for africa’s new partners to avoid the errors previously committed by former colonizers and adopt a sincere and franc posture without any hidden agenda because other partners like saudi arabia, india, iran, qatar, etc. are still impatient in the waiting room. apart from turkey, china and russia have already occupied a comfortable seat at the dining table with their african counterparts. therefore, in order to continue to gain the confidence of the african communities, turkey should “not act like those who have been vomited by african people”, suggested a participant during the turkey-africa media summit held in istanbul in may 2022. as a matter of fact, turkey must pay attention not to create a sort of turkophobia6 or an “anti-turkism sentiment” – similar to what is perceived nowadays as “anti-french sentiment” in african francophone countries. obviously, there are actions that create more hatred sentiments than solutions when it comes to discussing turkish expansionism from the critical thinking standpoint. the sensible questions like immigration, racism, and different forms of negrophobia constitute the ‘segregationist volcano’ around which political actors should not play. to illustrate it, after the reelection of the justice and development party in may 2023, turkey proceeds, for the first time in the history of the country, to the mass arrests, detentions, and repatriation of thousands of african immigrants. the vast majority amongst them are obviously sub-saharan african immigrants who were doing commercial businesses between their countries and turkey. this will certainly undermine turkish soft power initiatives and tarnish the image of the country in the near future. based on the interview data and participant observation notes, some sub-saharan african people vehemently rebuke turkish supremacy and xenophobic attitude; especially after the buzz following the assassination of the gabonese student in karabük (as mentioned earlier) and the repatriation of african immigrants who were blocked at addis-ababa airport, ethiopia, in february 2023, for lack of appropriate coordination. investigating alongside, the secretariat of the world organization against torture (omct)7 has denounced in a report the forcible repatriation and collective arbitrary detention of over 205 africans in istanbul, turkey. throughout their incarceration and deportation, the immigrants were denied access to food, drink, and medical care (omct, 2024)8. thus, in the absence of legitimate legal charges, the omct orders the immediate release of those who are still in detention, or in the event that legal charges are present, it brings them before an unbiased and competent tribunal and ensures their physical and psychological integrity at all times. the omct's 2022 report states that there has been a consistent, widespread rise in the use of disproportionate force by police globally in recent years; and in turkey, it has noted an increase 6 hostility, intolerance, or racism directed towards turkish or turkic people, turkish culture, turkic countries, or turkey itself is known as turkophobia, also referred to as anti-turkism or anti-turkish sentiment. the word is used to describe intolerance directed not just against turks in all areas but also against groups whose development was somewhat influenced by turkish customs and culture. racism towards turkish individuals residing outside of turkey as a result of the turkish diaspora can also be considered as a sort of “turkophobia”. 7 the largest international non-governmental organization (ngo) actively against torture and defending human rights advocates across the globe is the world organization against torture (omct). there are more than 200 members throughout 90 nations. geneva, switzerland, serves as the home location for its global secretariat. 8 omct (2024). turkey: arbitrary detention and forced deportation of more than 205 africans. available online at the following link: https://www.omct.org/en/resources/urgent-interventions/turkey-arbitrary-detention-and-forceddeportation-of-more-than-205-africans. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the use of excessive force by the police during peaceful demonstrations, with the obvious goal of preventing or lowering participation in social protests9. according to omct’s annual report (2022), turkish police have been known to target a variety of groups, including journalists, attorneys, politicians, lgbtiq+ individuals, students, kurdish activists, protestors against the emergency decrees, and environmentalists. in addition to being hindered from pursuing justice, victims of this violence must contend with countercharges that further criminalize their peaceful social protest (see omct's recent study on this matter)10. fundamental human rights, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of association, and freedom of expression are crucial in preventing violence. nonetheless, according to the omct’s annual report, turkey is employing harsh tactics to discourage people from demonstrating, such as the excessive use of force during crowd gatherings and protests. all in all, these actions contribute to the deterioration of turkey’s image worldwide and its good reputation in africa specifically. thus, this is opposed to the ideals of soft power and will, if nothing is done, undermine ankara’s effort of openness and attractiveness in the eyes of its african partners. palliative solutions to cleanse the counteractions the african continent is negatively affected by the restrictions on visas, the hostile opposition to legal migration for business purposes, the hate speech against immigrants uttered by populist leaders, etc. turkey's reputation in africa, particularly in sub-saharan africa, may suffer as a result of dehumanizing sentiments toward sub-saharan african migrants and foreigners residing in turkey as well as ill-timed remarks frequently made for domestic political purposes. the majority of african nations are unwilling to work with a nation that has condescending views because they have dreadfully encountered such arrogant behaviors from former colonizers. the majority of foreign students in turkey, who numbered 60 thousand in 2024, experience xenophobia on multiple occasions (kavak, 2024). turkish scholar gokhan kavak claims that african students studying in turkey share this xenophobic mentality. accordingly, in an article published in may 2024, the researcher described it as follows: this situation poses a risk of rapidly losing the gains achieved over many years in relations with african countries (…). when the political and economic turmoil in turkey turns into xenophobia, it leads to the emergence of negative views among african students against turkey, jeopardizing turkey’s africa policy (kavak, 2024)11. in summary, xenophobia toward international students in turkey is a relatively new issue. the conclusions of the survey conducted by kavak (2024) emphasize that xenophobic incidents affect foreign students, refugees, businesses, merchants, visitors, and even ambassadors12. consequently, any country that desires to establish cordial, long-lasting bilateral ties with african nations must refrain from condoning xenophobic sentiments. these are non-negotiable issues in the minds of the african youth. 9omct (2024). turkey: stifling civic space through the excessive use of force. https://www.omct.org/en/resources/reports/turkey-excessive-use-of-force-of-law-enforcement-against-peacefulassemblies-and-demonstrations-is-stifling-the-civic-space. 10 omct (2022). annual report. https://www.omct.org/en/annual-report-2022/police-violence. 11 gökhan kavak’s (2024) research article is entitled “reflection of xenophobia in turkey towards african students: an analysis of social media posts”; presented at the international africa symposium, at inonu university, malatya, turkey. 12 investigating alongside, faruk tasci (2023) wrote an article entitled “international students’ pillar against xenophobia”; published by seta – education and social policies; september 09, 2023. for more information, refer to the following link: https://www.setav.org/egitim-ve-sosyal-politikalar/yabanci-dusmanliginda-uluslararasiogrenciler-ayagi. 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us indeed, a number of youth movements in sub-saharan africa, including the “yen a marre” and “frapp france dégage” movements in senegal, the “balai citoyen” movement in burkina faso, the “filimbi movement” in congo, the “lyna movement” in chad, and many others, have stated that they are fighting against all forms of domination and negrophobia. hence, they regularly denounce what they perceive to be mental corruption and human rights violations, but most importantly, they are opposing the idea of neocolonialism in sub-saharan africa. therefore, if these african youth movements discover that the new partners are actually new settlers in disguise, they will not hesitate to condemn their behavior. the african elites were compelled to reevaluate their ‘unfair connections’ with france as a result of the struggle of these young revolutionary activists. the fact that thousands of individuals from various african nations who share similar pan-africanist views are behind this struggle is commendable. panafrican activists “simply want things to change for the benefit of african communities; they are not hotheads or individuals who want to ruin everything. they are mindful” (commented a panafrican activist in september 2024). in the light of all what has been elaborated above, it is necessary for western countries to take into account certain suggestions in order perfect and consolidate their historic relations with african countries. limitations of western approach to combat the influence of china, russia, and turkey on the african continent, western countries present themselves as defenders of democracy and human rights movements. additionally, they keep stepping up the work of their cultural organizations, such as the goetheinstitute, institut français, and the british council, to name a few. by supporting democratic institutions in the region and upholding its long-standing relationship, the west may be able to successfully counter turkey's anti-colonial rhetoric and anti-western narrative. this appears to be an important step in disproving the ankara narrative throughout africa. the west's role on the continent requires it to remain fair, open and honest about the horrors that are still occurring in africa, which may lead some countries to seek cooperation from other parties. several african governments have recently emphasized this on several occasions. for instance, apollinaire joachim kyélem de tambèla, former prime minister of burkina faso, described it as follows: we expect each of our partners to be loyal to us. we, therefore, hope for sincere and frank cooperation. we believe, perhaps wrongly, that certain partners have not always been loyal (…) where do they [the terrorists] find the weapons, the ammunition, the fuel, the money that they have in abundance? how can countries that have the control of space, with modern means of detection, not, if they are our true friends, give us the necessary information on the actions and movements of these terrorists? (rtb, 2022). the prime minister of burkina faso came to the conclusion that they would make every effort to broaden their bilateral collaborations until they discover the best formula for burkina faso's objectives. he maintained that there would be no consideration of allowing oneself to be controlled by a partner, regardless of who that ally could be. interestingly, this political stance is shared by many sub-saharan african nations, in quest of genuine independence. thus, it makes sense to balance the forces. for example, adding the african union to the g20 – currently exclusively represented by south africa – will provide additional african voices a role in global affairs. one method to balance the forces would be to expand the g5 and grant at least two african nations with the veto right. in addition to that, the bilateral relations between western countries and their african peers should be based on a “win-win partnership” mindset, prioritizing equity, equal respect, and transparency. that being said, it is ultimately the duty of african governments, media professionals, civil society, and corporate actors to defend african interests against new external exploiters in disguise. 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion the african continent is becoming more and more significant in today's world politics as foreign players see it as a vital arena of competition. turkey's new geopolitical perspective merits closer investigation because it is an emerging player in the formation of a new global order, aggressively operating in africa alongside new competitors such as china and russia. the africa action plan initiated in 1998 and the subsequent “year of africa” in 2005 marked the beginning of turkey's “opening to africa”, which aimed to increase political and economic engagement with the continent (sıradağ, 2022). this marked the early 2000 as the period when a coherent foreign policy agenda for africa was explicitly formulated by turkey. in short, turkey's rekindled interest in africa can be interpreted as a manifestation of its aspirations to become a major player in the world stage and should be examined in the larger framework of the country's post-cold war foreign policy agenda recalibration. however, some counteractions might jeopardize turkey’s reputation in africa and even worldwide, taking into consideration the extremely aggressive declarations of turkish leaders towards countries which are supposedly partners or nato allies. as witnessed recently, the war in gaza pushed turkey to quarrel with almost all the muslim world, as it failed to play efficiently the role of mediator. worst still, the new whirlwind political unrest in syria will certainly complicate things for ankara in the near future, as serious security matters are looming on the horizon. in this context, in view of the threats (both security and economic) weighing on the country, turkey will have to continue to consume a significant part of its resources on safekeeping issues; and this will limit the means allocated to its new foreign policy. as a reminder, since 1979, just after the country’s military intervention in cyprus, turkey has a track record of making strategic mistakes and failing in its attempts to implement the africa action plan. examples include the military takeover in 1980, intermittent political and economic crises, withdrawal of important key figures following political reforms (i.e. former minister of foreign affairs ahmet davutoğlu), and disputes over identity between secularism and islam, just to mention a few. the development of turkey's soft power was hampered by these mistakes. in order to deploy its soft power adequately, turkey must envisage implementing some palliative solutions, because ankara's capacity to use its soft power will depend on how it makes use of its internal dynamics. after all, a nation’s capacity to develop a successful soft power mechanism and attract attention to itself depends on its political system's adherence to fundamental human rights, diversity, equity, and freedom of opinion. subsequently, the values of justice, equality, transparency, trustworthiness, and democratic principles must prevail in the current globalized world for long-lasting bilateral cooperation. data availability statement the article and its supplemental materials contain the data that support the study's conclusions. various platforms, such as rtb (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tri49sbsnsk), the african investing for impact barometer (http://doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.14100.17282), the international journal of political studies (https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/icps/issue/72403/1117810), foreign affairs (https://www.guillaumenicaise.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/huntington_clash-ofcivlizations.pdf), etc. provide access to some raw data. upon reasonable request, the data can also be obtained from the corresponding authors listed in the reference list below. sensitive participant data is not publicly available due to privacy concerns, though it may be shared under the right circumstances. references 1. adorno, t. & horkheimer, m. 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https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/icps/issue/72403/1117810 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/icps/issue/72403/1117810 https://www.setav.org/egitim-ve-sosyal-politikalar/yabanci-dusmanliginda-uluslararasi-ogrenciler-ayagi https://www.setav.org/egitim-ve-sosyal-politikalar/yabanci-dusmanliginda-uluslararasi-ogrenciler-ayagi https://www.npr.org/transcripts/17640535 https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkiye-and-burkina-faso.en.mfa https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkiye-and-burkina-faso.en.mfa https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkiye-and-burkina-faso.en.mfa https://users.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/965/hwang.pdf concept of advertising activity and its legal essence skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 13, 2024 | version v1 journal article open concept of advertising activity and its legal essence 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docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 enhancing business competitiveness in running business process through using of internal capacities of the textile and textile knitting industry saidova markhabo xabibullo kizi phd, associate professor, dsc candidate, statistics and econometrics department, statistics agency under the president of the republic of uzbekistan, institute of personnel training and statistical research, 100170, independence avenue, 42b, tashkent,uzbekistan abstract: this article addresses the issues of improving ways to effectively use the domestic potential of the textile and clothing industry. it also covers the development of the textile and clothing industry and the effective use of domestic resources. in addition, indicators have been proposed to identify the internal potential of the textile and clothing industry, and research has been conducted on their evaluation practices. the main indicators of the structure of production capacity and the level of utilization of internal capacity of industrial enterprises have been developed. in addition, the export potential of the industrial sector of the republic of uzbekistan was analyzed and the export potential of samarkand region was assessed. conclusions and recommendations have been developed to improve the effective use of the domestic potential of the textile and clothing industry. keywords: textile and garment industry, domestic potential of the industry, textile, industrial sector, domestic potential, export potential, corporate efficiency, innovation potential, production potential, cotton yarn. introduction in the context of globalization of world economic relations, uzbekistan's entry into the global economic environment requires, first of all, the internationalization of the national economy, the deepening of the international division of labor and adaptation to transcontinental competition in the market of raw materials and finished products. "the textile industry accounts for 5.2% of world trade and 6.1% of industrial exports" [1]. today, there are a number of problems at the macro and microeconomic levels in the export activities of the textile and clothing industry. solving these problems requires integration into the world community, in particular, the formation of the concept of economic development of modern textile and garment production in the country and the development of a set of theoretical and methodological recommendations and practical proposals for building a marketing strategy for export opportunities. “by 2025, the total volume of cotton yarn produced in the country will increase by 7 billion soums due to the processing of textiles. therefore, it is very important to scientifically study the factors that actively affect the efficiency of export activities of textile and clothing enterprises of the republic in international markets [2]. in the first years of independence, uzbekistan, unlike many other countries in the commonwealth of independent states, has chosen a specific path of transition to a market 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economy and has consistently implemented it. in order to continue the positive changes in the economy, further improve the welfare and quality of life of the population, the president of the republic of uzbekistan approved the "action strategy for the five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021." the third direction of the action strategy is aimed at developing and liberalizing the economy, and the following tasks should be addressed [3]:  further strengthening macroeconomic stability and maintaining high economic growth rates;  deepening structural changes, increasing its competitiveness by modernizing and diversifying the leading sectors of the national economy;  modernization and accelerated development of agriculture;  continuation of institutional and structural reforms aimed at reducing state participation in the economy, protecting the rights of private property and further strengthening its priority position, stimulating the development of small business and private entrepreneurship;  comprehensive and balanced socio-economic development of regions, districts and cities, effective and optimal use of their existing potential. in the medium term, it is planned to implement a program of measures aimed at strengthening the revenue side of local budgets. the program of measures envisages increasing the revenues of local budgets by expanding the production capacity of the regions. referring to the results achieved in 2017 on the basis of the action strategy for 2017-2021, president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m.mirziyoev said: “in 2017, we have taken the first steps towards modern, meaningful and effective reforms in the economy. a number of laws, decrees and resolutions, well-thought-out programs have been adopted and are being consistently implemented to organize and further liberalize our economy on a completely new basis, improve its legal framework, modernize and diversify production. in a short period of time, 161 large industrial facilities have been commissioned in the country. for us, this will have an impact on the future development of the textile and clothing industry. analysis of the relevant literature the issues of development of industrial sectors and effective use of domestic potential in them were discussed by foreign scientists a. lavopa, k. ding, h. chang, dj. gibson, t. berry, v. dissolved in the scientific work of lapidus et al. i. from scientists of the cis countries. radionova, v. vidyapina, g.latfullin, v.gruzinov, l. in the works and scientific works of basovsky and others, issues related to this area of research have been studied in detail [5]. problems of development of industrial sectors and effective use of domestic potential in them were discussed by one of the leading economists of the country s. g'ulomov, i. iskanderov, q. abduraxmonov, б. xodiev, a. ortiqov, e. maxmudov, a. yusupov, a. qodirov, n. it has been studied in the scientific works of mahmudov and others [6]. the research and works of the above scientists, their conceptual views are an important scientific and methodological source. as in other countries, the issues of modeling of socio-economic processes are the subject of scientific interest of economists of the republic in this area. in particular, well-known economists of our country v.q. qobulov, s.s. gulyamov, n.k. aimbetov, t.sh. shodiev, o.m. abdullaev, r.x. alimov, b.yu. xodiev, n.m. maxmudov, b.t. salimov, sh.r. kholmominov, s.k. salaev, b.a. begalov, r.t. dalimov, x.s [7]. muxitdinov, i.s. abdullaev, a.t. kenjabaev, s.a. in-depth study of modeling and forecasting of production in umarov's scientific works, modeling of socio-economic processes in complex environmental conditions, forecasting of small business development trends, factors and econometric models of sustainable socio-economic growth, modeling of formation and development of agriculture and rural labor market [8].however, in the above research, the issue of modeling the development trends of the industry of the republic has not been studied as a separate object of scientific research. on the other hand, the current research features and processes of industrial development of the republic are taken into account in the research work, which provides ample 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us opportunities to determine the relevance, purpose and scope of the chosen research topic. at present, taking into account the situation in the country, the existing potential and the peculiarities of development, the problem of effective use of domestic potential in the development of the industrial sector has not yet been fully explored. internal capacity is a source of industrial development, which, according to the author, determines the future development potential of industrial sectors, the effective use of existing internal opportunities ensures the development of the industry [9]. at the current stage of development of the market economy, in the process of diversification of the economy, with the introduction of family business and home-based work in industry, their labor activity and living standards of workers are closely linked. research methodology our research was conducted in order to improve the textile and clothing industry and effectively use the production potential, and identified tasks to increase the export potential of the country. the methods of comparison, grouping, economic statistics were widely used in the research process. the results of the study proposed a methodological approach to the implementation of a form of management that allows textile enterprises to use their production capacity in accordance with market demand. analysis and results in monitoring the interaction of counterparties, it is necessary to answer the question "is the activity of all enterprises included in the innovation group as a single unit more effective than the results of individual activities of each enterprise, and if so, to what extent?" to do this, it is an indicator of the effectiveness of cooperation. it was determined by the ratio of the efficiency of the innovation group to the average efficiency of the enterprises within the innovation group [10]: ox= 𝑍 e (1) herez – integrated efficiency of the innovation group, e – average efficiency of enterprises within the innovation group. the regional society "janubipaksanoat" is engaged in collecting innovations of innovative projects of silk enterprises in bukhara region, conducting research in various fields, receiving orders from enterprises and firms and selecting executors, organizing innovative activities of enterprises in the regional branch of the association, selecting investors. the activities of the innovation group are supervised by the department for work with scientific institutions of the uzbekpaksanoat association. the activities of each enterprise within the innovation group should be constantly monitored. to ensure this, a corporate performance indicator was identified for each enterprise. the corporate efficiency of each enterprise is calculated according to the following algorithm [11]:zig 1. the contribution of each enterprise cost (dzi) to the cost of the entire innovation group was determined. it is found by the following formula: dzi= zki zig (2) in this casezki – i – costs of the enterprise;pig zig is an innovative group cost. 2. the contribution of each enterprise to the benefit of the entire innovation group (dp): dp= pki pig (3) 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in this case,pki – iis the net profit of the enterprise; pig the net benefit of the innovation group. 3. the corporate efficiency coefficient (kki) is calculated separately for each enterprise as follows: dpig kki= dpki dpig (4) in order to better understand the production capacity, it is expedient to determine what are its constituent elements, which determines the complexity of this concept, and the structure of production capacity is expressed below (figure 1) [12]. figure 1. the structure of production capacity in addition to the identified comparative advantages, there are opportunities to expand the export potential of the region (table 1). today, the region has rich industrial sources of raw materials such as oil, petroleum and natural gas, natural gas, potassium salt, table salt, expanded clay raw materials, limestone, marble, sand and gravel, cement raw materials. scattered [13]. table 1. promising areas for the development of export potential of samarkand region regions c o tt o n f ib er p ro ce ss in g o f ag ri cu lt u ra l p ro d u ct s b u il d in g m at er ia ls i n d u st ry m in er al s (l im es to n e, d ec o ra ti v e st o n es , ex p an d ed cl ay a n d b ri ck r aw m at er ia ls ) e x p o rt o f si lk c ar p et s, s u za n a an d s at in e x p o rt s o f h y d ro ca rb o n re so u rc es ( o il , co al a n d l ig n it e) e x p o rt o f si lk r aw m at er ia ls kattakurgan ● ◙ ◙ aqdaryo ◙ ● ● bulungur ● ● ● ● ishtixon ● ● jomboy ● ● ◙ 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us qo`shrabot ◙ ● ● ● narpay ● ● payarik ◙ ● pastdargom ● ● ● paxtachi ● ● ● ◙ samarkand ● nurobod ● ● ◙ urgut ● ◙ symbols: ● high potential,◙ medium potential the analysis shows that the reserves and use of natural and mineral raw materials in kashkadarya region are characterized by the following features [14]:  natural and mineral resources are accumulated in large deposits, which have the potential for complex processing at the site of extraction;  many types of minerals contain not only high levels of useful components, but also a large number of satellite elements;  most deposits can be mined opencast, and ore beneficiation technology is relatively simple. this technology allows to produce a large number of useful components and get a product that is in demand in the world market. it represents growth, cost-effectiveness, and maximum performance. table 2. the main indicators of the level of utilization of internal capacity of industrial enterprises value the main symptoms of the condition 0,75-1,0 high level of internal capacity utilization in the enterprise; stability of economic and social situation in the enterprise; minimal additional production costs; minimal losses until final product production is a high level of profit. 0,5-0,75 the presence of additional costs and losses in production; average level of internal capacity utilization; competitiveness of the enterprise; average level of stability in ensuring product quality; the average level of stability of the economic and social situation. 0,25-0,5 increased production costs and losses; low level of internal capacity utilization in the enterprise; low level of competitiveness of the enterprise; low level of product quality indicators; low level of economic and social stability. upered≥ 0,5 in this case, enterprises will be able to invest in the effective use of their internal resources, improve technology, control product quality, increase product profitability and reduce costs. as productivity increases in industrial enterprises, wages and gross incomes increase, which means that on the one hand, the increase in wages has a direct impact on the growth of total incomes, on the other hand, the increase in state budget revenues increases the amount of social transfers paid to the population. indirectly affects income growth. we express this process by the function (y4) [15]: 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us y4=к*(k2⚠q+k3⚠w)+к3⚠т (5) in this case, y4 is a function of income growth; к4 – income dependence ratio of enterprises; к3 – the coefficient of dependence of income on transfer payments; ⚠т increased amount of transfer fees. к4 the coefficient is calculated as follows: k4= w di (6) in this case, di is the total income of the population. к5 – the coefficient is calculated as follows: k5= 𝑇 di (7) thus, based on the effective use of the internal potential of industrial enterprises, the general function of raising the living standards of workers can be seen in the following form: y=y1+y2+y3+y4= 𝛥𝑄 𝛥𝐿 +k1𝛥w+(k2𝛥q+k3𝛥w )+(k4.( k2𝛥q+k3𝛥w)+k5. 𝛥𝑇 )(8) as a result of the increase in the monetary income of the population (workers), their consumption changes. this affects the living standards of the workers. with additional funds remaining, the population can again use these funds as capital investments for the development of industrial enterprises. this process is constantly reaching a circular view. it is known that the above directions are inextricably linked and can be expressed in the form of a multivariate function: y=f (x1,x2, x3, x4…… ) (9) given the participation of many variables in this process and their implementation in the above directions, in general, this function is expressed as the sum of 4 functions: the share of textile, clothing and leather production is growing year by year, from 16% in 2018 to 11.9% by 2023. the most important factor in the decline in textile production in recent years is covid-19 (table 3). table 3. production of industrial products by type of economic activity (in percent) types of activities 2018 y. 2019 y. 2020 y. 2021 y. 2022 y. 2023 y. total: 100 100 100 100 100 100 including mining and open pit mining 9,7 8,1 10,3 12,3 13,5 9,0 processing industry 80,4 81,8 81,1 80,6 79,1 83,0 of which: manufacture of textiles, clothing and leather products 16,0 16,7 16,3 14,5 11,8 11,9 electricity, gas, steam supply and air conditioning 9,2 9,4 7,8 6,2 6,8 7,4 water supply, sewerage system, waste collection and disposal 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,7 0,6 source: based on data from the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. in addition, the dynamics of textile exports is growing from year to year. in particular, in 2021, silk and silk products amounted to 30.9 mln. us $ 74.7 million by 2023. we can see that it has reached usd. in addition, ready-made garments and garments amounted to 268.7 mln. 506.5 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us million us dollars. we can see that it has reached usd. one of the main reasons for this is the modernization of technology and the state's attention to this area (table 4). table 4. dynamics of textile exports (million us dollars) brand name 2020 y. 2021 y. 2022 y. 2023 y. 1 133,6 1 300,3 1 626,9 1 922,2 cotton yarn 631,3 726,6 926,1 940,7 ready-made clothes and sewing clothes 268,7 289,6 354,8 506,5 knitted fabrics 50,4 65,5 84,8 144,5 silk and silk products 30,9 49,9 71,8 74,9 cotton fabrics 53,8 65,7 69,2 96,8 other textile products 31,7 36,1 51,9 88,8 carpets 34,4 31,0 32,0 29,2 cotton products 24,7 26,8 27,4 30,9 others 7,7 9,0 8,8 9,7 source: based on data from the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. in terms of countries, we can see the growth dynamics of textile exports, first of all, the qualification of the russian federation in 2021 alone amounted to 542.8 million. us $ 655.5 million by 2023. reached the u.s. dollar (table 5). table 5. dynamics of textile exports by countries (million us dollars) states 2021 y. 2022 y. 2023 y. russian federation 542,8 592,3 655,5 people's republic of china 326,7 437,6 438,2 kyrgyz republic 70,2 96,6 283,9 turkey 119,8 196,7 206,1 poland 22,3 25,3 43,4 kazakhstan 39,2 39,7 42,3 tajikistan 8,7 13,7 34,7 ukraine 18,8 29,5 33,1 eron 25,3 55,2 26,4 egypt 3,2 12,1 18,2 republic of belarus 23,3 24,1 17,2 pakistan 5,5 10,4 16,5 azerbaijan 5,9 10,9 12,5 bangladesh 19,2 12,3 10,7 other countries 69,2 70,5 83,5 source: based on data from the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. conclusion the study concluded the following: 1. the development of industries is directly related to the effective use of internal capacity of enterprises, the effectiveness of internal capacity is assessed by the level of physical and mental capacity of workers, the use of raw materials, financial resources and production technology. 2. in the context of structural changes in the economy, there are many opportunities for the effective use of internal factors in the development of industries. the development of family 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us business and home-based work in the silk industry, along with increased efficiency in the industry, will improve the labor relations in it and ensure the effective use of domestic opportunities of workers in the household. 3. the “circular motion model” of efficient use of internal capacity and increase of workers' interest in light industry enterprises shows that there are many internal opportunities that are not used by workers, the effective use of which ensures the rapid development of light industry. references 1. wto. international statistics. 2024. ulr: http://www.wto.org 2. stepicheva o.l. formation of a strategy for managing the economic security of an enterprise in the context of russia's entry into the bio / o.l. sgepicheva, v.d. mamontov // bulletin of tam bovskoy university. series: humanitarian packs. 201 i. 1. 10-1. no. 12-2. s. 415-449. 3. dinora alisherovna baratova, khayrullo nasrullayevich khasanov, ikromjon sobirkhon ogli musakhonzoda, maftuna yuldashboy qizi tukhtarova, khusniddin fakhriddinovich uktamov. econometric assessment of factors affecting the development oflife insurance in uzbekistan. revista geintec-gestao inovacao e tecnologias (management, innovation and technologies) journal.vol. 11 no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1741 4. uktamov kh. f. and act. improving the use of islamic banking services in financing investment projects in uzbekistan. revista geintec-gestao inovacao e tecnologias (management, innovation and technologies) journal.vol. 11 no. 2 (2021).http://www.revistageintec.net/index.php/revista/article/view/1869 5. akbarovich yadgarov, a., khotamov, i., fakhriddinovich uktamov, k., fazliddinovich mahmudov, m., turgunovich yuldashev, g. and ravshanbek dushamboevich, n. (2021). prospects for the development of agricultural insurance system. alinteri journal of agriculture sciences, 36(1): 602-608. doi: 10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21085.http://alinteridergisi.com/article/prospects-for-thedevelopment-of-agricultural-insurance-system/ 6. dinorabaratova, khayrullokhasanov, ikromjonmusakhonzoda, shokhruhabdumuratov and khusniddinuktamov.the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the insurance market of uzbekistan and ways to develop funded life insurance.e3s web of conferences 296, 06028 (2021).https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/72/e3sconf_esmgt2021_06 028/e3sconf_esmgt2021_06028.html 7. alikul nomozovich rakhmonov, jamshid sharafetdinovich tukhtabaev, alisher xudayberdievich eshbaev, khusniddin fakhriddinovich uktamov, barno ramizitdinovna tillaeva, dilafruz baymamatovna taylakova, bekzod abduraxmanovich shukurov, magomed abduaxat og’li saidov.economic and legal system of elections and characteristics of electoral legislation in germany. international journal of aquatic science issn: 2008-8019 vol 12, issue 02, 2021. http://www.journalaquaticscience.com/article_134719.html 8. resolution of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pq4186 of 2019 "on measures to further deepen the reform of the textile and clothing industry and expand its export potential." //www.lex.uz 9. management of the economic potential of the organization: textbook / a.p. romanov, g.g. serebrennikov, v.m. bezutlaya, o.v. kirillina, m.k. charykova. tambov: publishing house of fgbou vpo "tstu", 2012. 27 p. 10. data of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. 11. makhmudov e.x. (2007) enterprise economics. textbook. –t.; tsue. http://www.wto.org/ http://www.revistageintec.net/index.php/revista/issue/view/48 https://doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1741 http://www.revistageintec.net/index.php/revista/article/view/1869 http://alinteridergisi.com/article/prospects-for-the-development-of-agricultural-insurance-system/ http://alinteridergisi.com/article/prospects-for-the-development-of-agricultural-insurance-system/ https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/72/e3sconf_esmgt2021_06028/e3sconf_esmgt2021_06028.html https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/72/e3sconf_esmgt2021_06028/e3sconf_esmgt2021_06028.html http://www.journal-aquaticscience.com/article_134719.html http://www.journal-aquaticscience.com/article_134719.html http://www.lex.uz/ 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 12. eport of uztextile industry association for 2018. 13. decree, (2017) “on action strategy foe five priority directions of development of the republic of uzbekistan for 2017-2021”www.lex.uz. 14. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pd5285 “on measures to accelerate the development of the textile and clothing industry”;www.lex.uz http://www.lex.uz/ http://www.lex.uz/ 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 10, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 revolutionizing credit card fraud detection: harnessing machine learning and data science for enhanced security r. regin assistant professor, department of computer science and engineering, srm institute of science and technology, ramapuram, india s. suman rajest professor, dhaanish ahmed college of engineering, chennai, tamil nadu, india abstract: credit cards allow you to make purchases, debt transfers, and cash advances but require you to repay the loan. credit cards have been important over the last few decades because they allow us to collect incentives without changing our spending habits. it also simplifies spending tracking. credit cards protect against fraud better than debit and are safer than cash. responsible credit card use is a fast and easy approach to improve credit. diners club was the first contemporary credit card, founded in 1950. cheap products and services can be purchased using a credit card. however, credit card fraud is common due to lost or stolen credit cards, skimming your credit card at a gas station pump, hacking your computer, calling about fake prizes or wire transfers, phishing attempts, looking over your shoulder at checkout and stealing your mail, etc. with unsupervised machine learning methods, we will use unlabeled data in this project to find patterns and dependencies in the credit card fraud detection dataset, allowing us to group data samples by similarities without manual labelling and detect frauds. keywords: detect and prevent these frauds; unsupervised machine learning; hacking your computer; detection dataset; location scanning; stealing your mail. introduction over the last few decades, credit cards have become an integral part of financial transactions, providing a convenient and secure alternative to cash. with features such as fraud protection and ease of use, responsible credit card usage serves as one of the quickest methods to build credit. however, alongside these benefits lies the ever-growing threat of credit card fraud, a serious issue that impacts millions of consumers and businesses each year [6-11]. credit card fraud occurs when an unauthorized individual gains access to a person's credit card information to make fraudulent purchases [12-19]. this can happen through various means, such as lost or stolen cards, skimming devices at gas stations or atms, hacking into computers, phishing scams via fake emails, and even simple acts like shoulder surfing at checkout lines. additionally, physical theft of mail containing credit card information remains a significant risk [20-26]. the financial ramifications of credit card fraud are substantial, with billions of dollars lost annually. according to various studies, the cost of fraud extends beyond immediate monetary losses, affecting the trust between consumers and financial institutions, and leading to increased security measures that can burden both parties. as a result, efficient fraud detection systems are vital to safeguarding consumers and preventing further financial exploitation [2731]. 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in recent years, advancements in machine learning (ml) and data science have transformed the landscape of fraud detection. traditional methods of fraud detection often relied on manual rules and historical data analysis, which can be inadequate given the rapidly evolving nature of fraudulent activities [32-39]. machine learning enables the automatic identification of patterns and anomalies within vast datasets, allowing for quicker and more accurate fraud detection. unsupervised machine learning methods are particularly beneficial in credit card fraud detection. these techniques allow the identification of patterns and groupings in data without requiring prior labeling. for instance, clustering algorithms can categorize transaction data based on similarities, making it easier to spot unusual behaviors indicative of fraud [40-45]. by analyzing large volumes of transaction data, unsupervised learning can reveal hidden structures and trends, providing insights that may not be visible through traditional analysis. fraud detection involves analyzing various features related to user behavior, transaction history, and geographic location. user spending patterns can provide insights into what constitutes "normal" behavior for an individual, while deviations from these patterns may signal potential fraud. similarly, geographic analysis can reveal inconsistencies, such as a transaction occurring in a location far from the user's usual spending area [46-52]. machine learning models can be trained to recognize these behavioral patterns by processing historical transaction data. for instance, a model might learn that a user typically makes purchases in their home city and rarely spends over a certain threshold. if a transaction appears in a foreign country or exceeds their typical spending limit, the model may flag it for further investigation [53-61]. when developing a fraud detection system, selecting the right machine learning algorithm is crucial. various classifiers have been proposed for this purpose, including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and neural networks. each algorithm has its strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of classifier can significantly impact the system's performance [6269]. the effectiveness of a machine learning model is often measured through metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and the f1 score. in the context of credit card fraud detection, high precision is particularly important, as it minimizes false positives—situations where legitimate transactions are incorrectly flagged as fraudulent. meanwhile, high recall ensures that most fraudulent transactions are identified. using techniques like cross-validation and grid search, practitioners can fine-tune their models and select the optimal parameters for better performance. additionally, ensemble methods, which combine multiple algorithms, can further enhance accuracy and reliability [70-78]. the success of any machine learning initiative heavily depends on the quality and quantity of the data used for training. in the case of credit card fraud detection, a diverse and comprehensive dataset is crucial. this dataset should include a wide range of transaction types, user demographics, and historical fraud cases [79-85]. by incorporating a rich set of features, the machine learning model can develop a more nuanced understanding of what constitutes fraudulent behavior. data preprocessing is another essential step in the machine learning pipeline. this involves cleaning the dataset by handling missing values, normalizing data, and encoding categorical variables. ensuring data quality can greatly improve the model's ability to generalize and detect fraud accurately [86-92]. one of the compelling benefits of applying machine learning to credit card fraud detection is the ability to visualize fraud patterns. data visualization techniques, such as 3d modeling, can be employed to represent complex relationships within the data [93-101]. this visual representation can help analysts identify clusters of fraudulent activity and understand how different features interact to influence fraud risk. for instance, visualizing transaction data by geographical location can reveal hotspots of fraudulent activity. by mapping these areas, financial institutions can allocate resources more effectively to monitor and respond to potential threats [102-109]. as technology continues to evolve, so too will the methods used for fraud detection. emerging techniques such as deep learning offer exciting possibilities for further improving detection systems. neural networks, particularly convolutional neural networks (cnns), have shown 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us promise in identifying intricate patterns in large datasets [110-116]. moreover, integrating realtime data processing and predictive analytics can enhance the speed and accuracy of fraud detection systems. by analyzing transaction data in real-time, financial institutions can respond to suspicious activities more swiftly, potentially preventing fraud before it occurs [117-121]. credit card fraud detection is an essential area of focus for financial institutions aiming to protect consumers and mitigate financial losses. by leveraging the power of machine learning and data science, organizations can develop sophisticated models that analyze user behavior, identify fraudulent patterns, and improve overall security [122-129]. the application of unsupervised learning techniques, the careful selection of classifiers, and a commitment to data quality are critical components of successful fraud detection initiatives. as the landscape of fraud continues to evolve, ongoing research and development in machine learning will be pivotal in staying one step ahead of fraudulent activities, ultimately fostering a safer financial environment for consumers everywhere [130]. methodology a credit card fraud detection project utilizing machine learning and data science begins with clearly defining the problem statement and setting specific objectives. this foundational step guides the entire project. the next phase involves collecting transactional data from multiple sources, including banks, credit card companies, and merchants, to ensure a comprehensive dataset. once the data is collected, it undergoes pre-processing, which includes cleaning to remove any inaccuracies, transforming the data into a suitable format, and normalizing values to maintain consistency. following this, feature selection is performed to identify the most relevant variables that will aid in training the machine learning models effectively. after selecting the appropriate features, the project moves on to training various machine learning models using the pre-processed data. algorithms such as decision trees, random forests, and neural networks can be employed to assess their performance in detecting fraudulent transactions [131-135]. once the models are trained, they are evaluated using key metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score. this evaluation process helps identify the bestperforming model for the task. the final step is deploying the optimized model into a production environment, where it can detect and prevent fraudulent transactions in real-time. continuous monitoring and maintenance of the deployed model are crucial to ensure its effectiveness. as new data becomes available, the model should be updated and retrained to adapt to evolving fraud patterns, thereby enhancing its performance over time. this iterative process ensures that the system remains robust against emerging threats, ultimately protecting consumers and financial institutions from fraud. 2. literature review the paper authored by [1] explores the application of supervised classification techniques for credit card fraud detection using bayesian network classifiers. specifically, it examines classifiers such as k2, tree augmented naive bayes (tan), naive bayes, logistic regression, and j48 decision trees. the focus on these classifiers allows for a comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness in identifying fraudulent transactions. one of the key advantages highlighted in the study is the significant improvement in accuracy achieved after pre-processing the dataset. by employing techniques like normalization and principal component analysis, all classifiers reached over 95% accuracy. this demonstrates the critical role that data preparation plays in enhancing model performance, underscoring the importance of effective preprocessing steps in machine learning workflows. however, the study also points out certain limitations and areas for future exploration. the authors express an intention to investigate credit card fraud detection using real-time data, which could provide a more dynamic understanding of fraudulent behaviors. additionally, since the bayesian network classifiers yielded superior results, future research may benefit from comparing them with other types of classifiers, such as hyperplane4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us based classifiers. this comparison could further enrich the body of knowledge in the field and potentially lead to the development of even more effective fraud detection methodologies. the paper authored by [2] offers a thorough review of various machine learning techniques employed in credit card fraud detection. it discusses methods such as decision trees, support vector machines, and neural networks, highlighting their applications and effectiveness in identifying fraudulent transactions. this comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for both researchers and practitioners in the field, enabling them to understand the landscape of current techniques and their respective functionalities. however, the paper does have limitations. notably, it lacks a comparative analysis of the discussed techniques, which makes it challenging for readers to determine which method may be the most effective for specific contexts or datasets. without such a comparison, stakeholders may struggle to make informed decisions regarding the selection of appropriate algorithms for their fraud detection systems. future research could enhance the discourse by including direct performance evaluations, thus providing clearer insights into the advantages and drawbacks of each machine learning approach. this would ultimately contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how to combat credit card fraud effectively. the paper by [3] presents an extensive survey of various machine learning algorithms used for credit card fraud detection. the authors delve into a range of techniques, including random forest, support vector machines, artificial neural networks, naive bayes, logistic regression, and decision trees. this comprehensive overview not only highlights the capabilities of each algorithm but also addresses the challenges and limitations associated with these methods. by discussing these aspects, the authors provide valuable insights that can guide future research in the field of fraud detection. however, a notable limitation of the paper is the absence of a comparative analysis among the algorithms. without such a comparison, it becomes challenging for readers to ascertain which algorithm might be the most effective for credit card fraud detection in various scenarios. the lack of direct performance evaluations means that stakeholders may find it difficult to make informed decisions when selecting an appropriate method for their specific needs. future studies could enhance the understanding of these algorithms by including comparative metrics, thereby aiding practitioners in choosing the bestsuited approach for their fraud detection systems. the paper authored by [4] focuses on a hybrid machine learning approach to credit card fraud detection. it employs a combination of classifiers, specifically artificial neural networks, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbors, to enhance detection accuracy. the authors demonstrate that their proposed hybrid algorithm significantly outperforms traditional machine learning methods, particularly in the context of imbalanced datasets, which are prevalent in fraud detection scenarios. this advancement is noteworthy as it addresses a common challenge in the field, improving the reliability of fraud detection systems. however, the study has certain limitations. one notable drawback is the exclusion of deep learning algorithms, which have shown promising results in various recent studies. deep learning techniques, known for their ability to handle complex patterns and large datasets, could potentially offer further improvements in fraud detection accuracy. by not considering these advanced methods, the paper may overlook opportunities to enhance its proposed algorithm. future research could explore the integration of deep learning approaches with the hybrid model, potentially leading to even more robust solutions for credit card fraud detection. in their paper [5] present a novel approach to credit card fraud detection using convolutional neural network autoencoders. this deep-learning framework leverages advanced neural network architectures to enhance the detection process, significantly outperforming traditional machine learning algorithms. the authors demonstrate that their method achieves high accuracy rates while maintaining low false positive rates, making it a promising solution for identifying fraudulent transactions. however, a notable limitation of the study is its reliance on synthetic datasets for evaluation. the absence of real-world data makes it challenging to assess the practicality and robustness of the proposed approach in actual financial environments. this gap 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us highlights the need for further research that tests the model under more realistic conditions to validate its effectiveness in combating credit card fraud. project description by addressing the shortcomings of earlier systems, the suggested system improves the security of the user's private data. businesses would be safeguarded from heavy losses under the proposed approach, which relies on automated machine learning systems to make smart decisions. there is much less danger while doing business online thanks to these precautions. machine learning algorithms, similar to people, can learn from transaction data in the past and apply that knowledge to future transactions. the benefit of using machines comes in the speed of data processing and computing, even though they may not be as intelligent as humans and may require additional supervision. in addition, when faced with massive amounts of data, machines are better able to spot patterns and retain them than people are. these algorithms are often referred to as anomaly detectors. what follows is an in-depth discussion of the topic. module description figure 1. credit card fraud detection architecture diagram figure 1 represents the credit card fraud detection architecture diagram of the project. the input data is first given to the credit card, which, on authorization transcends to the process of any transaction needing to take place. after the transaction request is authorised, it further goes through a process of terminal check regarding the pin, asking for it. on the pin being correct or wrong, access to money in the account is accepted or rejected respectively. if the terminal check allows further access, then a trf is passed, where the trf images are converted for fraud detection. if the dl is a proposed cnn or the ml is a classical ml method, then based on the transaction feedback from the data collected gives us a result of whether the transaction process was an attempt at fraud or not. the customer first sends a login request to the machine, and whether the login details of the account are valid is provided with access or not. the user information entered is cross-checked with the available customer database, and the account details are verified to grant access. if the information entered is not valid, then a fraud alert database is activated, checked, and then reported to the agent, saying it is a "fraud alert message." if it is a valid user, they are asked to verify card details monitored by an agent and then given access to their account. 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us module description one possible placement for the pre-processing segment is just before the data coaching and testing phases. one of the most popular fraud detection tools in the technical industry is avs. the input data is subjected to a variety of procedures throughout the test data pre-processing step in order to detect a multitude of fraud tendencies. due to the presence of undesired information and sounds, the raw card transactions obtained from the bank and other sources are not suitable for direct processing. consequently, pre-processing the input data is necessary prior to analysis. all digital applications require input dataset pre-processing before processing operations such as pattern classification and segmentation can begin (figure 2). figure 2: pre-processing of data by identifying areas that share characteristics like colour, texture, contrast, and grey level, segmentation can divide an image into more manageable pieces. objects in an image can be divided up using segmentation. the goal of fraud pattern segmentation is to find hotspots— places with a high fraud rate or areas where frauds happen frequently—by studying the systematic structure of fraud patterns. so far, we have categorised segmentation methods according to grey-level-based and textural feature-based approaches, both of which are applicable to the processing of fraud patterns. the data is then divided into two sets, training data and testing data, with the former making up 70% and the latter 30% respectively after the preprocessing phase. a area of interest (roi) can be extracted for the purpose of transaction analysis through feature extraction. transforming the dataset from one level of transactions to another is part of it. it is possible to glean valuable insights from these more complex interactions. the primary objective of this study is to identify the most effective feature extraction approach for the purpose of valid transaction classification. in this study, the most popular approaches for extracting features from medical pictures are support vector machines (svms), clustering techniques, k-nearest neighbour algorithms, neural networks, naive bayes classifiers, and adaboost and majority voting (amv). testing the model involves a series of processes to ensure it can make accurate predictions. using the testing set to make predictions is the initial stage. training and testing are the two main components of classification, a supervised learning process. a training set is used to teach the classifier new skills during the training phase. when a classifier is in testing, it is put to the test on samples it is unfamiliar with. to back up smart decisions, knowledge-based systems use ai technologies that operate in a confined domain. acquiring and representing knowledge makes use of a wide range of knowledge representation strategies, frameworks, scripts, and rules. information documentation, intelligent decision assistance, self-learning, reasoning, and explanation are the fundamental benefits of this kind of technology. 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us finding patterns of credit card fraud is possible with the help of a number of instruments. recently, there has been an uptick in credit card fraud. the majority of fraud incidents take place over the internet. if you have your credit card information on file, a fraudster may attempt to break into your system and use it. similar to the similarity tree, this decision tree uses the same rationale. attributes and factors are contained inside its leaves and nodes. in order to meet certain requirements, this method is useful for defining ratios in relation to transactions. in order to detect behavioural fraud, tools including clustering techniques, predictive analytics, and algorithms are utilised. credit card fraud detection using peer group analysis is a well-liked clustering technique. it finds instances where a credit card account is acting suspiciously in relation to other accounts. in order to train and accomplish particular patterns, fraud detection methods such as k-nearest neighbour algorithms, neural networks, and supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning, and other machine learning algorithms are applied to an input dataset. figure 3: input graph of the trained dataset figure 3 displays the results, which demonstrate trends in the creation and use of a machine learning model for the detection of credit card fraud. the training process for the machine learning algorithm involves analysing a dataset with a collection of transactions. the goal is to determine which data properties, when applied, will lead to the trained output graph accurately classifying the transactions as fraudulent or not, according to the model in the trained dataset. results and discussions here, we present a credit card fraud detection system that, with the aid of a collection of input datasets and machine learning algorithms, can determine which characteristics of a fraud pattern, when applied, will lead to the accurate categorization of a fraud event. the optimal combination to detect and prevent these scams is then determined by the machine learning algorithm system. there are a variety of approaches, and they all have their advantages and disadvantages. the majority of these machine learning techniques have open-source counterparts, which makes them accessible for experimentation with datasets. when it comes to detecting fraud patterns, machine learning algorithms work wonders. supervised and unsupervised ml segmentation and classification approaches were defined in this research. in order to train their mathematical models, supervised learning algorithms first need a collection of labelled data, in this case transactions. the following methods are examples of supervised machine learning: k-nearest neighbours (k-nn), support vector machines (svm), decision trees (dt), linear regression, logistic regression, random forest (rf), artificial neural networks (ann), gradient boosting, and naïve bayes models. in unsupervised learning, the 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us output labels are not necessary for the mathematical models that are created. algorithms sort data according to patterns they find. principal component analysis (pca), fuzzy c-means, apriori algorithm, k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and other similar unsupervised machine learning techniques (fcm). among the many components of the current system are algorithms designed to detect fraudulent behaviour; for example, credit card companies employ complex algorithms to examine patterns of transactions in order to spot suspicious behaviour. if a customer's spending habits suddenly changed or showed other signs of suspect activity, these algorithms would alert the system. additional approaches include things like better authentication, customer notifications, human review, chargeback monitoring, and so on. these strategies were effective up to a point, but modern card frauds use sophisticated patterns that our current systems are ill-equipped to detect. the suggested solution also use machine learning algorithms to spot fraudulent or otherwise suspicious credit card purchases. anomaly detection, continuous learning, real-time decisionmaking, predictive modelling, and other machine learning algorithmic approaches are utilised. conclusion due to the simplification of authentication procedures brought about by advances in electronic financial transaction technology and the rise of simple payment, the possibility of fraudulent payment and fraudulent payment has increased. there are several forms of credit card fraud, including but not limited to: theft and loss, identity theft, card forgery, new card not received, and card information theft. phishing, pharming, and the accidental disclosure or theft of credit card information are among the most common forms of online fraud. in an effort to combat this growing problem, the government launched the "e-financial fraud prevention service." simply configuring the current keyboard security, public certificate, and extra password is not enough to deal with financial fraud. financial institutions and users are kept informed by the anomalous transaction detection system, which analyses user and payment data in real-time. if the data is different from the usual pattern, the system arbitrarily stops the transaction and notifies both parties. hence, for quick and reliable identification, an anomalous transaction detection system is crucial, and further study is required to refine the algorithm. this research looked into the possibility of identifying suspicious transactions by analysing electronic payment logs and applying a machine learning algorithm. efficient classification is carried out, and results demonstrate the relevance of techniques applied to the dataset. using someone else's credit card without their permission is definitely dishonest. in this project, we compiled a list of the most popular fraud detection technologies and analysed the most current research in this area. the project has provided a thorough explanation of how machine learning can be used to improve fraud detection. it has included the method, pseudocode, implementation details, and experimental data. when only a tenth of the dataset is considered, the algorithm's accuracy drops to 28 percent, even though it reaches over 99.6 percent. on the other hand, when the algorithm is fed the heathenise dataset, the accuracy increases to 33%. given the large discrepancy between the amount of legitimate and authentic transactions, it is not surprising that this % of accuracy is so high. future enhancements despite the impressive results achieved by hybrid approaches to fraud pattern identification utilising machine learning, there are still certain limits to consider. machine learning used to be more dependent on structured input, and many methods might fail to train with even a single missing data point. there has been a renaissance in machine learning thanks to the new algorithms and the dramatic improvements in computing power and data availability. the series of actions taken to develop the model that will be used to predict classes from the features of the training samples most accurately. the "real-world" testing sometimes makes use of a third group of examples. in its iterative pursuit of optimal performance on the validation set, the algorithm system might pick up on specific traits from the training set. if the algorithm does well on a "unseen" test set, it raises the likelihood that it will produce accurate results when applied in the 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us actual world. credit card 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multilingual sentiment analysis,” philological investigations, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 233–247, 2024. 25. g. wali and c. bulla, “suspicious activity detection model in bank transactions using deep learning with fog computing infrastructure,” in advances in computer science research, 2024, pp. 292–302. 26. g. wali, p. sivathapandi, c. bulla, and p. b. m. ramakrishna, “fog computing: basics, key technologies, open issues, and future research directions,” african journal of biomedical research, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 748–770, 2024. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 27. b. kumar, i. albusaidi, and m. halloush, "healthcare information exchange using blockchain and machine learning," in 1st international conference on innovation in information technology and business (iciitb 2022), pp. 55-69, 2023. 28. b. al barwani, e. al maani, and b. kumar, "iot-enabled smart cities: a review of security frameworks privacy risks and key technologies," in 1st international conference on innovation in information technology and business (iciitb 2022), pp. 8395, 2023. 29. a. hamza and b. kumar, "a review paper on des aes rsa encryption standards," in 2020 9th international conference system modeling and advancement in research trends (smart), pp. 333-338, 2020. 30. s. al busafi and b. kumar, "review and analysis of cryptography techniques," in 2020 9th international conference system modeling and advancement in research trends (smart), pp. 323-327, 2020. 31. m. al saadi and b. kumar, "a review on elliptic curve cryptography," int. j. future gener. commun. netw., vol. 13, pp. 1597-1601, 2020. 32. tp. krishna kumar, m. ramachandran, kurinjimalar ramu and ashwini murugan. “analysis of reverse logistics system using copras mcdm method”, rest journal on banking, accounting and business, vol.1, no.4, pp.31, 2022. 33. tp. krishna kumar, m.ramachandran, chinnasami sivaji and chandrasakar raja. “financing practices of micro and small entrepreneurs using wsm mcdm method” , rest journal on data analytics and artificial intelligence, vol.1,no.4, pp.18, 2022 34. tp. krishna kumar tp, m. ramachandran,vidhya prasanth, chandrasekar raja. “developing business services using ibm spss statistics”, rest journal on banking, accounting and business, vol.2, no.1, pp. 40, 2023. 35. tp. krishna kumar, m. ramachandran, kurinjimalar ramu, ashwini murugan. “using this dematel corporate social responsibility csr”, rest journal on banking, accounting and business, vol.2,no.1, pp.51. 2023. 36. muhamed rafi, jabir moosa, tp.krishna kumar, k.deepak. “crude oil price influence on the performance of selected stocks from different sectors – an empirical analysis”, journal of survey in fisheries science, vol.10, no.special 3, pp. 1893, 2023. 37. sk.saravanan, r. krishnamoorthy, tp. krishna kumar, r. narayana rao, d. udaya suriya rajkumar, r. thiagarajan, (2023). “iot alert reflexion of forbidden deforestation regions with drone observation”, the ieee xplore, vol.18,no.5, pp.201. 2023 38. tp. krishna kumar, purnendu bikash acharjee, pravin dnyaneshwar sawant, poonam dabaria, a. sulthan mohideen, “the impact of using facebook on consumer buying behaviour in online”, journal of chemical health risks, vol.12, no.s. 4, pp.744, 2023. 39. tp. krishna kumar, priyanka malhotra, b. madhukumar, m.maria antony raj, r.augustian isaac, d. balasubramanian, “exploring the factors influencing the effectiveness of digital marketing in changing environment; a theoretical and empirical investigation”, journal of educational administration: theory and practice, vol.30, no.4, pp.7488, 2024. 40. tp.krishna kumar, r. suriakala, n. shankar, m. deepak, “global to local perspectives in succession planning of family business in unorganized sector”, journal of educational administration: theory and practice, vol.30, no.5, pp.3056. 2024. 41. ramírez, n. j. g., polo, o. c. c., gaviria, d. a. g., ochoa, j. a. v., arango, d. a. g., & vásquez, j. a. u. (2024). el perfil del contador público, ¿una respuesta a las necesidades 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizacionales de las entidades sin fines de lucro en la cuarta revolución industrial?. revista de gestão social e ambiental, 18(6), e05752-e05752. 42. ramírez, nini johanna guisao, et al. "el perfil del contador público, ¿una respuesta a las necesidades organizacionales de las entidades sin fines de lucro en la cuarta revolución industrial?". revista de gestão social e ambiental 18.6 (2024): e05752-e05752. 43. polo, o. c. c., gaviria, d. a. g., ochoa, j. a. v., acosta, j. c. c., & ruiz, j. a. m. (2024). medellín district of science, technology and innovation: an opportunity to reinforce the curriculum of the public accounting program with artificial intelligence?. kurdish studies, 12(2), 2791-2801. 44. polo, orlando carmelo castellanos, et al. "medellín district of science, technology and innovation: an opportunity to reinforce the curriculum of the public accounting program with artificial intelligence?." kurdish studies 12.2 (2024): 2791-2801. 45. salazar, m. j. n., henao, j. o. a., uribe, h. a. n., ochoa, j. a. v., polo, o. c. c., & ruiz, j. a. m. (2023). el impacto del impuesto sobre la renta en las finanzas personales en colombia y perú, 2019. revista de gestão e secretariado, 14(11), 19533–19553. 46. m. j. n. salazar, j. o. a. henao, h. a. n. uribe, j. a. v. ochoa, o. c. c. polo, e j. a. m. ruiz, “el impacto del impuesto sobre la renta en las finanzas personales en colombia y perú, 2019”, r. g. secr., vol. 14, nº 11, p. 19533–19553, nov. 2023. 47. orlando carmelo castellanos polo, josé alexander velásquez ochoa, paola andrea díaz garcés, & eudis eugenia lópez gómez. (2023). the organizational climate: how do public accounting students face the business dinosaur?. res militaris, 13(3), 894–903. 48. orlando carmelo castellanos polo, josé alexander velásquez ochoa, paola andrea díaz garcés, and eudis eugenia lópez gómez, “the organizational climate: how do public accounting students face the business dinosaur?”, res mil, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 894–903, mar. 2023. 49. orlando carmelo castellanos polo, sandra yaneth cañas vallejo, jose alexander velasquez ochoa, & yesid gonzález-marín. (2023). the fiscal competition of the states from an international context. res militaris, 13(2), 3504–3509. 50. orlando carmelo castellanos polo, sandra yaneth cañas vallejo, jose alexander velasquez ochoa, and yesid gonzález-marín, “the fiscal competition of the states from an international context”, res mil, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 3504–3509, feb. 2023 51. polo, o. c. c., ochoa, j. a. v., & acosta, j. c. c. (2023). financial statements in accordance with ifrs 16 for leases in the context of covid 19. international journal, 10(1), 910-917. 52. polo, orlando carmelo castellanos; ochoa, jose alexander velasquez; acosta, juan carlos cardona. financial statements in accordance with ifrs 16 for leases in the context of covid 19. international journal, 2023, vol. 10, no 1, p. 910-917. 53. polo, o. c. c., ochoa, j. a. v., zapata, j. a. s., & arango, d. a. g. (2023). estado de la cuestión sobre tributación internacional. revisión sistemática desde las directrices de prisma. administración & desarrollo, 53(1), 1-16. 54. polo, orlando carmelo castellanos, et al. "estado de la cuestión sobre tributación internacional. revisión sistemática desde las directrices de prisma." administración & desarrollo 53.1 (2023): 1-16. 55. ochoa, j. a. v., polo, o. c. c., acosta, j. c. c., & arboleda, w. a. r. (2023). cryptocurrencies: legal treatment in various jurisdictions. russian law journal, 11(2), 54-58. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 56. ochoa, jose alexander velasquez, et al. "cryptocurrencies: legal treatment in various jurisdictions." russian law journal 11.2 (2023): 54-58. 57. polo, o. c. c., ochoa, j. a. v., sanmartin, a. f. s., & arango, d. a. g. (2023). tax evasion, corruption and tax administrative management. russian law journal, 11(2), 44-53. 58. polo, orlando carmelo castellanos, et al. "tax evasion, corruption and tax administrative management." russian law journal 11.2 (2023): 44-53. 59. polo, o. c. c., ochoa, j. a. v., posada, g. i. a., & arcila, j. o. s. (2022). la auditoría forense¿ un instrumento esencial de control interno en las entidades públicas?. administración & desarrollo, 52(1), 95-112. 60. polo, orlando carmelo castellanos, et al. "la auditoría forense¿ un instrumento esencial de control interno en las entidades públicas?." administración & desarrollo 52.1 (2022): 95-112. 61. polo, o. c. c., ochoa, j. a. v., & posada, g. i. a. (2021). la doble tributación internacional sobre la inversión directa extranjera en américa latina y el caribe. administración & desarrollo, 51(1), 165-183. 62. polo, orlando carmelo castellanos, josé alexander velásquez ochoa, and gladys irene arboleda posada. "la doble tributación internacional sobre la inversión directa extranjera en américa latina y el caribe." administración & desarrollo 51.1 (2021): 165-183. 63. kumar, j., & rani, v., “investigating the dynamics of fintech adoption: an empirical study from the perspective of mobile banking”, journal of economic and administrative sciences, april 2024. 64. kumar, j., rani, g., rani, m., & rani, v, “do green banking practices improve the sustainability performance of banking institutions? the mediating role of green finance”, social responsibility journal, july 2024. 65. kumar, j., rani, m., rani, g., & rani, v, “human-machine dialogues unveiled: an indepth exploration of individual attitudes and adoption patterns toward ai-powered chatgpt systems”, digital policy, regulation and governance, 26(4), 435-449, april 2024. 66. kumar, j., rani, v., rani, g., & rani, m. (2024). understanding purchase behaviour towards green housing among millennials: the mediating role of purchase intention. international journal of housing markets and analysis, april 2024. 67. kumar, j., & rani, v. (2024). financial innovation and gender dynamics: a comparative study of male and female fintech adoption in emerging economies. international journal of accounting & information management, august 2024. 68. kumar, j., rani, g., rani, m. and rani, v. (2024). blockchain technology adoption and its impact on sme performance: insights for entrepreneurs and policymakers. journal of enterprising communities: people and places in the global economy, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print, august 2024. 69. kumar, j., & rani, v., “what do we know about cryptocurrency investment? an empirical study of its adoption among indian retail investors,” the bottom line, february 2024, vol. 37 no. 1, pp. 27-44. 70. rani, v., & kumar, j., “gender differences in fintech adoption: what do we know, and what do we need to know?”, journal of modelling in management. 71. kumar, j., rani, v., rani, g., & rani, m., “does individuals' age matter? a comparative study of generation x and generation y on green housing purchase intention,” property management. 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 72. kumar, j., rani, m., rani, g., & rani, v., “what do individuals know, feel and do from a financial perspective? an empirical study on financial satisfaction”. international journal of social economics. november 2023. 73. m. m. islam and l. liu, “deep learning accelerated topology optimization with inherent control of image quality,” structural and multidisciplinary optimization, vol. 65, no. 11, nov. 2022. 74. s. park et al., “universal carbonizable filaments for 3d printing,” advanced functional materials, jun. 2024. 75. m. m. islam and l. liu, “topology optimization of fiber-reinforced structures with discrete fiber orientations for additive manufacturing,” computers & structures, vol. 301, pp. 107468–107468, sep. 2024. 76. j. cao, g. bhuvaneswari, t. arumugam, and a. b. r, "the digital edge: examining the relationship between digital competency and language learning outcomes," frontiers in psychology, vol. 14, jun. 2023. 77. j. rehman, m. kashif, and t. arumugam, "from the land of gama: event attachment scale (eas) development exploring fans’ attachment and their intentions to spectate at traditional gaming events," international journal of event and festival management, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 363–379, jun. 2023. 78. k. u. kiran and t. arumugam, "role of programmatic advertising on effective digital promotion strategy: a conceptual framework," journal of physics: conference series, vol. 1716, p. 012032, dec. 2020. 79. m. a. sanjeev, a. thangaraja, and p. k. s. kumar, "multidimensional scale of perceived social support: validity and reliability in the indian context," international journal of management practice, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 472, 2021. 80. m. a. sanjeev, s. khademizadeh, t. arumugam, and d. k. tripathi, "generation z and intention to use the digital library: does personality matter?," the electronic library, vol. 40, no. 1/2, pp. 18–37, dec. 2021. 81. s. gupta, n. pande, t. arumugam, and m. a. sanjeev, "reputational impact of covid‐19 pandemic management on world health organization among indian public health professionals," journal of public affairs, oct. 2022. 82. s. hameed, s. madhavan, and t. arumugam, "is consumer behaviour varying towards low and high involvement products even sports celebrity endorsed?," international journal of scientific & technology research, vol. 9, no. 3, mar. 2020. [online]. available: https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/mar2020/is-consumer-behaviour-varying-towards-lowand-high-involvement-products-even-sports-celebrity-endorsed.pdf 83. s. verma, n. garg, and t. arumugam, "being ethically resilient during covid-19: a cross-sectional study of indian supply chain companies," the international journal of logistics management, aug. 2022. 84. t. arumugam, b. l. lavanya, v. karthik, k. velusamy, u. k. kommuri, and d. panneerselvam, "portraying women in advertisements: an analogy between past and present," the american journal of economics and sociology, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 207–223, jan. 2022. 85. t. arumugam, b. subramaniam, b. jayakrishnan, v. asi, m. reddy, and ranganathan, "financial reengineering perspectives of government of india with respect to time series effect and performance of sovereign gold bond," accessed: aug. 06, 2024. [online]. available:https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/mar2020/financial-reengineering-perspectivesof-government-of-india-with-respect-to-time-series-effect-and-performance-ofsovereign-gold-bond.pdf 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 86. t. arumugam, k. m. ashifa, v. vinayagalakshmi, u. kiran, and s. ramya, "big data in driving greener social welfare and sustainable environmental management," advances in business information systems and analytics book series, pp. 328–343, dec. 2023. 87. t. arumugam, m. a. sanjeev, r. k. mathai, s. r. boselin prabhu, r. balamourougane, and t. jarin, "an empirical verification of the proposed distributor marketing intelligence system model," international journal of business information systems, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 454–473, jan. 2024. 88. t. arumugam, r. arun, r. anitha, p. l. swerna, r. aruna, and v. kadiresan, "advancing and methodizing artificial intelligence (ai) and socially responsible efforts in real estate marketing," advances in business information systems and analytics book series, pp. 48–59, dec. 2023. 89. t. arumugam, r. arun, s. natarajan, k. k. thoti, p. shanthi, and u. k. kommuri, "unlocking the power of artificial intelligence and machine learning in transforming marketing as we know it," advances in business information systems and analytics book series, pp. 60–74, dec. 2023. 90. t. arumugam, r. mathai, k. balasubramanian, renuga k., m. rafiq, and v. kalyani, "the mediating effect of customer intimacy on electronic word of mouth (ewom) in social networking sites on buying intention," zenodo (cern european organization for nuclear research), sep. 2021. 91. t. arumugam, s. sethu, v. kalyani, s. s. hameed, and p. divakar, "representing women entrepreneurs in tamil movies," the american journal of economics and sociology, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 115–125, jan. 2022. 92. t. arumugam, s. shahul hameed, and m. a. sanjeev, "buyer behaviour modelling of rural online purchase intention using logistic regression," international journal of management and enterprise development, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 139–139, jan 93. thangaraja, "an evolution of distributors’ marketing intelligence system (dmis) among fmcg distributors: a conceptual frame work," international journal of multidisciplinary education and research, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 11–13, jul. 2016. 94. u. k. kommuri and t. arumugam, "greenwashing unveiled: how it impacts stakeholder perception as well as sustainability realities," shanlax international journal of arts science and humanities, vol. 11, no. s3-feb, pp. 96–101, feb. 2024. 95. v. kadiresan, t. arumugam, m. selamat, and b. parasuraman, "pull factors, career anchor and turnover of academicians in malaysian higher education," journal of international business and economics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 59–80, oct. 2016. 96. v. kadiresan, t. arumugam, n. jayabalan, a. r. h. binti, and c. ramendran spr, "hr practices and employee retention. leader-member exchange (lmx) as a mediator," international journal of engineering and advanced technology, vol. 8, no. 6s3, pp. 618– 622, nov. 2019. 97. a. kure, s. g. konda, s. s. chobe, g. g. mandawadand b. s. hote, “four component one pot synthesis of benzyl pyrazolyl coumarin derivatives catalyzed by metal-free, heterogeneous chitosan supported ionic liquid carbon nanotubes”, jan. 2023. 98. b. s. dawane, b. m. shaikh, n. t. khandare, v. t. kamble, s. s. chobeand s. g. konda, “eco-friendly polyethylene glycol-400: a rapid and efficient recyclable reaction medium for the synthesis of thiazole derivatives”, vol. 3, no. 3, oct. 2010. 99. m. haroun, “1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives: green synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluation as anticancer agents”, vol. 27, no. 12, jun. 2022. 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 100. s. d. beedkar, c. n. khobragade, s. s. chobe, b. s. dawaneand o. s. yemul, “novel thiazolo-pyrazolyl derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors and free radical scavengers.”, vol. 50, no. 4, may 2012. 101. s. g. konda, s. s. chobe, a. gosar, b. s. hoteand g. g. mandawad, “polyethylene glycol-400 prompted an efficient synthesis of thienyl pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidines as microbial inhibitors”, vol. 19, no. 6, mar. 2022. 102. s. s. chobe, “green approach towards synthesis of substituted pyrazole-1,4-dihydro,9oxa,1,2,6,8-tetrazacyclopentano[b]naphthalene-5-one derivatives as antimycobacterial agents”, vol. 22, no. 11, feb. 2013. 103. s. s. chobe, b. s. dawane, k. m. tumbi, p. p. nandekarand a. t. sangamwar, “an ecofriendly synthesis and dna binding interaction study of some pyrazolo [1,5a]pyrimidines derivatives”, vol. 22, no. 24. 104. b. verma, a. srivastava, r. mehta, meenakshi and j. chandel, "fdi-linked spillovers and the indian economic growth: the role of country's absorptive capacity," 2022 ieee delhi section conference (delcon), new delhi, india, 2022, pp. 1-6. 105. verma, b., & srivastava, a. (2022). dimensions of globalisation and economic growth of india: exploring causal linkages. international journal of economic policy in emerging economies, 15(2-4), 197-213. 106. verma, b., & srivastava, d. a. (2020). a comparative analysis of effect of different measures of globalization on economic development. international journal of development and conflict, 10, 246-264. 107. v. p. k. kaluvakuri, “revolutionizing fleet accident response with ai: minimizing downtime, enhancing compliance, and transforming safety,” ssrn electronic journal, feb. 2023. 108. v. p. k. kaluvakuri, “ai-powered continuous deployment: achieving zero downtime and faster releases,” ssrn electronic journal, sep. 2023. 109. v. p. k. kaluvakuri, “ai-driven fleet financing: transparent, flexible, and upfront pricing for smarter decisions,” ssrn electronic journal, dec. 2022. 110. v. p. k. kaluvakuri, v. p. peta, and s. k. r. khambam, “serverless java: a performance analysis for full-stack ai-enabled cloud applications,” ssrn electronic journal, may. 2021. 111. v. p. k. kaluvakuri, s. k. r. khambam, and v. p. peta, “ai-powered predictive thread deadlock resolution: an intelligent system for early detection and prevention of thread deadlocks in cloud applications,” ssrn electronic journal, sep. 2021. 112. s. banala, identity and access management in the cloud, international journal of innovations in applied sciences & engineering, vol. 10, no. 1s, pp. 60–69, 2024. 113. s. banala, "the finops framework: integrating finance and operations in the cloud," international journal of advances in engineering research, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 11–23, 2024. 114. s. banala, "artificial creativity and pioneering intelligence: harnessing generative ai to transform cloud operations and environments," international journal of innovations in applied sciences and engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 34–40, 2023. 115. s. banala, cloud sentry: innovations in advanced threat detection for comprehensive cloud security management, international journal of innovations in scientific engineering, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 24–35, 2023. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 116. s. banala, exploring the cloudscape a comprehensive roadmap for transforming it infrastructure from on-premises to cloud-based solutions, international journal of universal science and engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35–44, 2022. 117. j. kaur, p. mishra, p. singh, “hand and mobile gesture-controlled robot,” grenze international journal of engineering & technology (gijet), vol. 10, 2024. 118. j. kaur, a. gupta, a. tripathi, a. k. gupta, a. srivastava, “raktflow: blood bank management and donation system,” in 2022 opju international technology conference on emerging technologies for sustainable development (otcon), 2023, pp. 1-6. 119. j. chawla, a. k. ahlawat, “analysis and performance of jade on interoperability issues between two platform languages,” presented at the 2nd congress on intelligent systems (cis 2021), organized by soft computing research society, crist, bengaluru, 2021. 120. j. chawla, a. k. ahlawat, g. goswami, “integrated architecture of web services using multiagent system for minimizing interoperability,” presented at the 6th international conference on computing for sustainable global development, 13th-15th march 2019, bharati vidyapeeth's institute of computer applications and management (bvicam), new delhi, india. 121. p. p. anand, u. k. kanike, p. paramasivan, s. s. rajest, r. regin, and s. s. priscila, “embracing industry 5.0: pioneering next-generation technology for a flourishing human experience and societal advancement,” fmdb transactions on sustainable social sciences letters, vol.1, no. 1, pp. 43–55, 2023. 122. g. gnanaguru, s. s. priscila, m. sakthivanitha, s. radhakrishnan, s. s. rajest, and s. singh, “thorough analysis of deep learning methods for diagnosis of covid-19 ct images,” in advances in medical technologies and clinical practice, igi global, pp. 46– 65, 2024. 123. g. gowthami and s. s. priscila, “tuna swarm optimisation-based feature selection and deep multimodal-sequential-hierarchical progressive network for network intrusion detection approach,” int. j. crit. comput.-based syst., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 355–374, 2023. 124. a. j. obaid, s. suman rajest, s. silvia priscila, t. shynu, and s. a. ettyem, “dense convolution neural network for lung cancer classification and staging of the diseases using nsclc images,” in proceedings of data analytics and management, singapore; singapore: springer nature, pp. 361–372, 2023. 125. s. s. priscila and a. jayanthiladevi, “a study on different hybrid deep learning approaches to forecast air pollution concentration of particulate matter,” in 2023 9th international conference on advanced computing and communication systems (icaccs), coimbatore, india, 2023. 126. s. s. priscila, s. s. rajest, r. regin, and t. shynu, “classification of satellite photographs utilizing the k-nearest neighbor algorithm,” central asian journal of mathematical theory and computer sciences, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 53–71, 2023. 127. s. s. priscila and s. s. rajest, “an improvised virtual queue algorithm to manipulate the congestion in high-speed network”,” central asian journal of medical and natural science, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 343–360, 2022. 128. s. s. priscila, s. s. rajest, s. n. tadiboina, r. regin, and s. andrás, “analysis of machine learning and deep learning methods for superstore sales prediction,” fmdb transactions on sustainable computer letters, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2023. 129. r. regin, shynu, s. r. george, m. bhattacharya, d. datta, and s. s. priscila, “development of predictive model of diabetic using supervised machine learning classification algorithm of ensemble voting,” int. j. bioinform. res. appl., vol. 19, no. 3, 2023. 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 130. s. silvia priscila, s. rajest, r. regin, t. shynu, and r. steffi, “classification of satellite photographs utilizing the k-nearest neighbor algorithm,” central asian journal of mathematical theory and computer sciences, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 53–71, 2023. 131. s. s. rajest, s. silvia priscila, r. regin, t. shynu, and r. steffi, “application of machine learning to the process of crop selection based on land dataset,” international journal on orange technologies, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 91–112, 2023. 132. t. shynu, a. j. singh, b. rajest, s. s. regin, and r. priscila, “sustainable intelligent outbreak with self-directed learning system and feature extraction approach in technology,” international journal of intelligent engineering informatics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp.484-503, 2022. 133. s. s. priscila, d. celin pappa, m. s. banu, e. s. soji, a. t. a. christus, and v. s. kumar, “technological frontier on hybrid deep learning paradigm for global air quality intelligence,” in cross-industry ai applications, igi global, pp. 144–162, 2024. 134. s. s. priscila, e. s. soji, n. hossó, p. paramasivan, and s. suman rajest, “digital realms and mental health: examining the influence of online learning systems on students,” fmdb transactions on sustainable techno learning, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 156–164, 2023. 135. s. r. s. steffi, r. rajest, t. shynu, and s. s. priscila, “analysis of an interview based on emotion detection using convolutional neural networks,” central asian journal of theoretical and applied science, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 78–102, 2023. 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 investment risks and methods of reducing them ashurova oltin yuldashevna samarkand institute of economics and service, senior lecturer, department of “investment and innovations” soyibnazarova odiliya student of samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: this article analyzes the main types of risks that arise in the process of investment activities, their economic essence and impact on the activities of the enterprise. mechanisms for identifying, assessing and effectively managing investment risks are considered. also, methods of reducing risks used in various fields, including diversification, insurance, hedging and the use of modern financial instruments, are analyzed based on experience. the article substantiates the relevance of taking risks into account when making investment decisions and gives recommendations for minimizing risks. keywords: investment risk, diversification, risk management, insurance, hedging, investment decision, risk analysis, financial instruments. introduction the deepening of market relations and the expansion of economic freedom have significantly increased the role of investment activity. investments serve not only as a key tool for the creation of new production capacities, but also as a key tool for achieving many strategic goals, such as the introduction of innovations, increasing competitiveness, expanding export potential, and creating new jobs. therefore, the stability and security of the investment environment in any country is of paramount importance. however, investment activity is characterized by its own level of risk. investment risk is the probability of a decrease or complete loss of the expected return on investment. these risks arise from various sources: macroeconomic changes, changes in tax policy, exchange rate instability, disruption of political stability, restrictions on the activities of financial institutions, technological changes, and even climatic factors can negatively affect the security of investments. investment risks are equally important for private investors, large companies, banks, international financial institutions, and government agencies. especially in the current conditions of close interconnection of global markets, an economic or political crisis in one country can affect investment projects in other countries. in this regard, identifying, assessing and effectively managing investment risks is one of the main issues in modern financial management and strategic planning. traditional and modern methods of risk reduction diversification, insurance, hedging, portfolio analysis, the use of modern financial instruments are widely used. this article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of investment risks, their classification, assessment methods, and best practices in risk reduction. special attention is also paid to the 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us political and institutional reforms being carried out in the economic environment of uzbekistan to reduce investment risks. literature review the issue of investment risks is one of the most relevant topics for entities operating in various sectors of the economy today, and a number of scientific studies have been conducted in this direction. extensive scientific theories have been developed by world and domestic scientists on the nature, classification, assessment and management of investment risks. in particular, foreign scientists f. modigliani and m. miller in their theoretical works on capital structure and risks have deeply analyzed the factors influencing investment decisions. g. markowitz's portfolio theory is based on the concept of reducing investment risks through diversification, and is widely used as one of the main principles of modern investment management. a methodology for assessing investment portfolios in terms of risk and return using the sharpe, treynor and jensen indices has been proposed. domestic scientists g. t. toshmatov, a. q. qodirov, r. g. economists such as kholboev in their research have proposed scientific approaches to the investment climate in uzbekistan, risk reduction strategies and their impact on the national economy. in particular, a. kadyrov emphasizes the need to reduce investment risks through insurance and improving the legal environment. also, annual reports and analytical reviews of such authoritative international financial organizations as the world bank, the international monetary fund, unctad, oecd are an important source for assessing the investment climate and risk factors. based on statistical data from the ministry of investments, industry and trade of the republic of uzbekistan and the central bank, the level of investment risks in the republic and policies to reduce them are being analyzed. the reviewed literature shows that, along with theoretical knowledge, the use of modern financial instruments, institutional reforms and state support are important for effective management of investment risks. this article, along with analyzing existing theories, focuses on linking them to national practice. methodology in this study, a comprehensive approach was used to reveal the economic content of investment risks, identify methods for their classification, assessment and reduction. the following main methods were used in the course of scientific research: ➢ the method of analysis and synthesis was used to study the theoretical foundations of investment risks, their formation factors and impact on the economic system. the approaches of different scientists were compared, their common and different aspects were analyzed. ➢ the method of induction and deduction was used to draw specific conclusions from general theoretical views and, conversely, to generalize theoretical foundations from practical cases. ➢ the method of statistical analysis was used to assess the level and dynamics of investment risks based on official statistical data on the investment environment of the republic of uzbekistan and foreign countries. ➢ graphic and tabular methods were used to visually reflect statistical data, compare and analyze them. ➢ expert assessment method – based on the opinions of experts in the process of making investment decisions, proposals were developed to assess risks and reduce them. 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ empirical approach – using the example of uzbekistan, the current situation in investment risks and their reduction was analyzed, and conclusions were drawn using real-world examples. the study also analyzed international experience and paid attention to assessing the investment risk management strategies used in advanced countries and their suitability for the conditions of uzbekistan. analysis and results investment activity, while being one of the most important factors in economic development, is also characterized by a high level of risk. analysis shows that, despite the implementation of a number of reforms to improve the investment climate in uzbekistan today, the risks faced by investors remain. investment risks can manifest themselves in various forms: economic instability, disruptions in the financial system, political uncertainty, insufficiently stable legal environment, as well as technological and operational problems all of which negatively affect the success of investment projects. the most common investment risks in the uzbek market include insufficient macroeconomic stability, exchange rate volatility, limited sources of financing, uncertainties in the taxation system, and frequent changes in the regulatory framework. also important risk factors are improper project planning, lack of qualified labor, and insufficient introduction of modern technologies. analysis conducted during 2020–2024 shows that the bulk of foreign investment is directed to large infrastructure projects guaranteed by the state. this indicates that the level of risk for the private sector remains relatively high. in response, a number of measures are being taken to reduce risks. in particular, diversification of investment risks, that is, the distribution of investments across different sectors and regions, is recognized as one of the most effective approaches. at the same time, modern financial instruments such as insurance and hedging (covering risks through financial instruments) are also being used. banks are expanding the practice of insuring risks on investment loans, and large industrial enterprises have begun to use forward and futures contracts to reduce currency risks. in turn, the state is introducing simplified permit procedures to create favorable conditions for investors, providing investment guarantees for strategic projects. this makes it possible to share risks between the state and the private sector. based on the above, it is clear that investment risks are an integral part of economic development, and they can be effectively managed, assessed and minimized, rather than completely eliminated. for this, cooperation between state policy, financial institutions, business entities and scientific analytical centers is of great importance. by using international experience and modern approaches to risk management, it is possible to increase investment activity and ensure economic growth. conclusion investment activity is of crucial importance in the growth of any economy, but the risks associated with it have a serious impact on the effectiveness of this process. the economic reforms being implemented in uzbekistan and measures aimed at improving the investment climate show that reducing investment risks is one of the priority areas for the national economy. analyses show that investment risks are associated with several factors macroeconomic, political, legal, financial and technological instability. to reduce them, it is important to develop effective management strategies, provide state support, and use modern financial instruments. in particular, diversification of investments, development of insurance mechanisms, use of hedging methods, and implementation of projects based on public-private partnerships are recognized as the most effective methods. 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us also, a reliable environment for investors can be created by adapting foreign experience and advanced approaches to investment risk management to national conditions. this will not only increase domestic investment, but also stimulate the inflow of foreign capital. in general, through systematic approaches and comprehensive measures to minimize investment risks, it is possible to ensure economic stability, create new jobs, and increase the country's competitiveness. references 1. ministry of investments, industry and trade of the republic of uzbekistan. (2023). statistical bulletin of investment activity indicators for 2022–2023. tashkent: rivoj press. 2. soliyev, b. & karimov, f. (2023). investment security and methods of their management. tashkent: economics publishing house. 3. normatov, a. (2022). "modern approaches to assessing investment risks." problems of economic development, 4(56), 102–109. 4. world bank. (2023). uzbekistan country economic update, spring 2023. washington d.c.: the world bank. 5. imf. (2023). republic of uzbekistan: staff report for the 2023 article iv consultation. international monetary fund. 6. abdurahmonova, m. (2022). "risk management issues in attracting foreign investment." journal of scientific and applied economics, 1(2), 77–83. 7. karimova, d. (2022). financial risks in entrepreneurship and ways to reduce them. tashkent: innovation center publishing house. 8. unctad. (2023). world investment report 2023: investing in sustainable energy for all. geneva: united nations. 9. center for economic research and reforms. (2023). review of the investment environment and risks. tashkent: itim newsletter. 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ways to improve marketing research at the fosfor home enterprise musayeva shoira azimovna professor of samarkand institute of economic and service, samarkand, uzbekistan kurbonboyeva sevinch asliddinovna student of samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: in this article, the study of demand for products and services, consumer segment analysis, market segmentation and product positioning in the market, as well as product, price, sales and communication policies, research and forecasting of demand satisfaction are discussed. 'attention is given. keywords: enterprise, product, market, customer, demand, price, segmentation, sales activities. introduction. the formation of a market economy in our country causes the emergence of new problems related to consumer demand. methodology defines a scientifically based procedure for collecting, developing, analyzing and predicting information in marketing. market segmentation is important in the marketing system. consumer analysis is divided into three parts: market segmentation, studying the reasons for consumer demand, identifying unmet needs. in this place, on localization of production in the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, approved by the decree of the head of our state on february 7, 2017, "... continuing the policy of promoting the localization of production and, first of all, replacing the import of consumer goods and components, expanding inter-sectoral industrial cooperation"1 is a priority in the production of consumer goods and services in enterprises. is important. now introducing innovations into the activities of enterprises, through them the markets of the people the role of marketing research in filling with consumer goods and fully meeting the needs of the population is great. the main condition for winning in the current competition is to conduct marketing research in the activities of these entities, because the consumers in the market are from different regions and their demands are also different. analysis of literature on the topic.marketing research methodology plays an important role in market research and understanding of consumer behavior. this methodology includes various methods and approaches, which makes the research process more efficient and accurate.many economists have been involved in the development of marketing principles and their practical application. among them, we can include famous scientists such as f. kotler, david aeker, clayton christensen, seth godin, kevin keller, byron sharp, jay bayer. it is necessary to acknowledge the scientists who made a great contribution to the development of the theory of marketing, while the researches conducted in the field of marketing in our country for many years are based on national characteristics. r. ibragimov to them. y. 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us abdullaev, a. saliev, m. sharifkhojaev, d. rakhimova, sh. ergashkhodjaeva, sh. musayeva and others can be included research methodology.systematic approach, abstract thinking, grouping, comparison, factor analysis, selective observation methods were used in the research process. analysis and results. "phosphorus home" enterprise was founded in 2024 and today it meets the needs of customers throughout samarkand. it offers various types (porcelain, plastic, glass, ceramics) of tableware and household items. this company is renewing its assortment in accordance with market trends and consumer demands. "fosfor home" aims to achieve the following goals by comprehensively studying the needs and requirements of buyers, analyzing the dynamics of goods sales, and segmenting the market: ø taking into account the wishes and demands of consumers as much as possible; ø ensuring the competitive advantage of the product; ø optimization of the company's expenses; ø to improve the effectiveness of the company's marketing strategy. market segmentation is a basic method of market research. with its help, the market is divided into segments. table 1. indicators of consumer segments of the company's products indicators (by total consumers) 1. female consumers 2. male consumers 3. elderly consumers 4. young children 1 2 3 4 5 according to numerical indicators 70% 20% 5% 5% according to the purchase process 60% 25% 10% 5% according to purchase motives 65% 20% 12% 3% on product satisfaction 40% 50% 5% 5% below is the consumer segmentation of "fosfor home" yatt. this is calculated as a percentage of the total. in addition to the analysis, planning the segmentation in the selection of the market segment is intended. quantitative and qualitative indicators can be used to analyze the market, as well as a description of the competitive situation, network structure and distribution structure indicators. the segmentation planning process includes the following steps takes: 1. determination of customer requirements and specifications 2. analysis of consumer diversity and similarity 3. development of the field of consumer groups 4. choosing a consumer segment 5. determining the position of the company in the competitive environment 6. development of a plan of all marketing-mix complex measures. when organizing the planning process of market segmentation, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements: ø segments must be different from each other; 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø it is necessary to include in each segment only the one that corresponds to the consumer's demand; ø customer characteristics can be measured by the firm must be; ø each segment should be by size, that is, sales volume and should measure cost recovery ø to influence consumers of each segment with information and advertising it is necessary to be easy and understandable to transfer the company. table 2. analysis of indicators of sales of enterprise products no product (service) name unity (soum) july august september october november number of products sold 1 no kettle (floral) 295 thousand 4 12 15 20 2 no kettle (gilded) 495 thousand 10 15 12 3 a teapot with a saucer 505 thousand 17 20 19 4 glass cup (six people) 95 thousand 15 27 35 9 5 98 thousand 10 38 40 45 43 6 75 thousand 30 55 26 7 85 thousand 12 27 34 30 38 8 porcelain teapots 110 thousand 15 28 42 9 105 thousand 14 18 21 29 31 10 98 thousand 30 25 21 10 11 a glass 11 thousand 60 75 62 80 78 12 18 thousand 50 45 58 62 75 13 25 thousand 10 35 42 57 of them 68 14 48 thousand 28 43 30 55 70 15 set of dishes for 6 people 1120 thousand 15 17 20 22 33 16 1050 thousand 25 25 34 27 20 17 1780 thousand 8 15 21 32 of them 35 18 2100 thousand 10 17 22 29 33 based on this table, when we analyze the company's product sales figures, several important conclusions can be drawn: 1. number of products sold ø the sales of each product varies from month to month. for example, teapot nabor (flower) product sold 20 units in october, but only 4 units sold in july. this means that there is a seasonal change in demand among consumers. 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø we can see that products such as mugs and glasses have consistently had high sales figures, which is due to their low prices. 2. the link between price and sales ø there is a direct relationship between the price of the product and its sales volume. for example: ø despite the higher price (495,000 soums) of the teapot, 10 were sold in july and 15 in august. ø on the other hand, porcelain teapots (price 110,000 soums) have no sales in august. 3. seasonal demand ø seasonal demand for some products is clearly visible. for example: ø the teapot and saucer show a huge increase from august to september (from 17 to 20). ø it is also seen that the sales of the set of dishes are increasing every month. 4. variability ø the sales figures of the products show big differences from month to month. it is necessary to determine the factors that lead to a significant increase or decrease in some products. ø for example: there is an increase in sales of porcelain teapots from october to november. in general, when developing a sales strategy for the company's products: ø it is necessary to pay attention to seasonal dynamics and consumer demands. ø it may be necessary to revise the price policy. ø it is recommended to develop successful marketing strategies by further analyzing the variability. in this way, the enterprise will be able to organize its work more efficiently. in conclusion, some key indicators that can be used to analyze financial performance and assess the success and risks of a business: revenue is the total amount of money received by a business from the sale of its products and services over a period of time, cost reduction. the geographical principle takes into account the location of the market, the number and density of the population, the structure of commercial activity, the dynamics of the area's development, the level of inflation, and legal restrictions. the main consumers of "fosfor home" yatt are the city of samarkand. references: 1. mirziyoev sh.m. critical analysis, strict discipline and personal responsibility should be the daily rule of every leader's activity. t.: uzbekistan, 2017.104 p. 2. mirziyoev sh.m. the rule of law and protection of human interests are the guarantee of the country's development and people's well-being. t.: uzbekistan, 2017.48 p. 3. mirziyoev sh.m. we will build a great future with our brave and noble people. t.: uzbekistan, 2017.488 p. 4. address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis. january 24, 2020. people's speech, january 26, 2020. 5. decree no. pf-4947 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan of february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan". 6. asian development bank. (2021). sustainable transport initiative: achieving low-carbon and inclusive growth in asia. retrieved from www.adb.org. 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. international monetary fund. (2022). world economic outlook: recovery amid uncertainty. washington, dc: imf. 8. litman, t. (2020). evaluating public transit benefits and costs: best practices guidebook. victoria transport policy institute. retrieved from www.vtpi.org. 9. ministry of housing and urban affairs, government of india. (2023). annual report on metro rail development. new delhi: government of india. 10. oecd. (2022). the economic benefits of public transport investments. paris: oecd publishing. 11. smith, a., & krogstad, e. (2021). urban mobility and sustainable growth in developing countries. journal of urban studies, 58(3), 456–478. 12. un-habitat. (2020). enhancing urban mobility: sustainable transport solutions for cities. nairobi: united nations human settlements programme. 13. world bank. (2021). transforming cities with mass transit: lessons from global metro systems. washington, dc: the world bank group. 14. musaeva sh. a. marketing research. textbook "star-sel" llc publishing and creative department. samarkand-2023 15. musaeva sh. a. integrated marketing communication study guide "mahorat" publishing house, samarkand 2022. 16. musaeva sh. a., usmonova di innovative marketing "turon edition" study guide for 2021. 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 modern methods of combating crime in the republic of uzbekistan qo‘ldoshev sherzod shukurullo o‘g‘li teacher at tashkent state university law abstract: this article presents the opinions of domestic and foreign scholars on the legal foundations of combating crime in the republic of uzbekistan. the republic of uzbekistan has established a comprehensive legal framework aimed at combating crime, ensuring public order, and protecting citizens' rights and freedoms. this framework encompasses constitutional provisions, criminal legislation, procedural laws, and specialized laws addressing specific types of crimes. keywords: the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, the code of administrative offenses of the republic of uzbekistan, laws on specific crimes, the ministry of internal affairs (mia), the state security service (snb), the prosecutor's office. intrоductiоn. in its battle against crime, uzbekistan is implementing a number of contemporary strategies, however their efficacy and degree of execution vary. these techniques fall into the following categories: 1. developments in technology: cctv monitoring: by giving video evidence, closed-circuit television (cctv) cameras are becoming more and more common in public areas, especially in urban areas. this helps with crime prevention and investigation. facial recognition technology is being progressively incorporated into law enforcement to help identify and apprehend individuals. nonetheless, privacy issues and possible abuse must be addressed.1 biometric data collection: as identification precision and efficiency increase, fingerprints, dna, and other biometric data are increasingly being used in criminal investigations. database systems: information sharing and investigative skills are being enhanced by the creation and use of integrated databases to store and exchange data amongst various law enforcement organisations.2 cybercrime investigation methods: to investigate cybercrimes, specialised units are being trained to use forensic tools and methods to track down the offenders and collect evidence from networks and digital devices. 1 constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on december 8, 1992. 2 criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. strategic methods: community policing: initiatives are being made to improve community involvement in crime prevention, which will strengthen ties between the public and law enforcement. this strategy depends on police and community collaboration and information exchange. crime prevention through environmental design (cpted): this method uses techniques like better lighting, landscaping, and security measures to create physical spaces that discourage crime.3 data-driven policing: more efficient resource allocation and focused interventions are made possible by analysing crime data to find patterns, hotspots, and trends. strong data collection and analysis skills are needed for this. intelligence-led policing: this strategy proactively targets criminal activities and dismantles criminal networks by using intelligence collection and analysis. it calls for cooperation between various intelligence and law enforcement organisations. focus on organised crime: a crucial element of the contemporary strategy is the heightened focus on investigating, seizing assets, and prosecuting organised crime organisations in order to disrupt and dismantle them.4 materials. 3. institutional and legal reforms: fortifying the criminal justice system effectively combatting crime requires constant efforts to enhance the legal system's effectiveness, equity, and transparency. this include increased access to justice, better training for legal practitioners, and judicial changes. international collaboration: fighting transnational crimes like terrorism and drug trafficking requires cooperation with foreign law enforcement and international organisations. counter-corruption initiatives: to ensure their efficacy and preserve public confidence, the legal and law enforcement institutions must be free from corruption.5 obstacles and restrictions: even with the use of contemporary techniques, there are still issues: gaps in implementation: some contemporary technologies and tactics are still not being applied uniformly across agencies and geographical areas. resource constraints: the complete implementation and efficient use of cutting-edge technology and methodologies may be impeded by a lack of resources. data privacy issues: the usage of cutting-edge technology such as biometric and face recognition data presents serious privacy issues that require the implementation of suitable legislative frameworks and protections. building capacity: for law enforcement officers to effectively use contemporary techniques, they must receive sufficient training and professional development. cultural barriers: it can be difficult to alter deeply rooted cultural beliefs and practices about reporting crimes and collaborating with law police. research and methods. uzbekistan has been using a range of contemporary techniques and plans to fight crime and enhance public safety in recent years. the need for efficient methods of law enforcement and 3 code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 4 law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating corruption, adopted on january 3, 2017. 5 law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating trafficking in persons, adopted on april 17, 2008. 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us crime prevention has been acknowledged by the government.6 here are a few of the techniques being used: 1. digital technology and data analysis: big data analytics and artificial intelligence are two examples of the cutting-edge technologies that are increasingly being used in crime prevention and investigation. these technologies are being used by law enforcement organisations to better allocate resources, forecast possible criminal behaviour, and analyse crime trends.7 2. community policing: this strategy focusses on building solid linkages between local communities and law enforcement. law enforcement may improve confidence, work together on crime prevention tactics, and obtain important insights into local concerns by interacting with the public.8 3. better law enforcement training: uzbekistan has been emphasising the provision of continuous training for law enforcement officers and other staff members. building a more professional and responsive police force requires training in human rights, community involvement, and contemporary investigation tactics. 4. legal reforms: to enhance the criminal justice system, the uzbek government has implemented legal reforms. this includes legal modifications that support more efficient law enforcement, improve the effectiveness of the legal system, and safeguard the rights of citizens. 5. international cooperation: in an effort to fight transnational crime, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, and human trafficking, uzbekistan has been working more closely with foreign law enforcement agencies and international organisations. this covers exchanging intelligence, working together on operations, and taking part in educational initiatives.9 results. 6. youth and social programs: the government is funding youth involvement and preventive initiatives in recognition that social issues play a role in crime. some of the underlying causes of crime are intended to be addressed by programs that promote social inclusion, education, and employment possibilities. 7. improved surveillance and monitoring: by offering vital evidence, contemporary surveillance technologies like cctv cameras and other monitoring systems aid in crime prevention and investigation ease. 8. public knowledge campaigns: the government is working to raise public knowledge of crime prevention. the goal of campaigns educating the public on their rights, how to report crimes, and personal safety is to enable communities to actively participate in preventing crime.10 9. specialised units: establishing specialised task forces to deal with particular categories of criminal activity, like organised crime, drug offences, and cybercrime. because these units are manned by individuals with the necessary training, enforcement actions can be more precisely targeted. 10. initiatives for restorative justice: the use of restorative justice techniques, which emphasise rehabilitation and mediation over punitive actions, has grown in popularity. this strategy aims to hold offenders accountable while attending to the needs of the community and victims.11 6 law on prevention of delinquency, adopted on august 29, 2014. 7 commentary on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, edited by legal experts of tashkent state university of law. 8 united nations convention against transnational organized crime, 2000. 9 united nations convention against corruption, 2003. 10 11 international treaties of uzbekistan on crime prevention, ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us discussion. a number of factors, such as the legislative framework, law enforcement procedures, judicial procedures, and the larger socioeconomic background, can be used to evaluate how well the republic of uzbekistan's legal system fights crime. here are some important things to think about: 1. the law in order to combat a variety of criminal activities, such as organised crime, corruption, and human trafficking, uzbekistan has put laws and regulations into place. in order to update its legal codes and bring them closer to international norms, the nation has also enacted reforms. the goal of these amendments is to make the laws controlling criminal behaviour more consistent and clear.12 2. law enforcement there has been criticism about uzbekistan's law enforcement institutions' efficacy. concerns over things like corruption, a lack of training, and insufficient funding have existed in the past. law enforcement organisations frequently struggle with accountability and openness. there have been attempts to professionalise and reform police forces, but it is still unclear how much of an influence these changes have had on crime rates. 3. the court system reforms have been made to the uzbek judiciary with the goal of enhancing its independence and equity. nonetheless, questions about the judiciary's impartiality and defendants' treatment have persisted. political factors and a lack of legal representation for many defendants, especially in politically sensitive matters, might impair the judicial system's ability to administer justice.13 4. aspects of socioeconomics socioeconomic circumstances frequently have an impact on crime rates. crime in uzbekistan can be exacerbated by problems like unemployment, poverty, and unequal access to education. long-term crime reduction depends on addressing these underlying societal challenges through education and economic development. 5. government programs in order to combat crime, the uzbek government has started a number of activities, such as outreach programs, community policing initiatives, and public awareness campaigns. these programs have the potential to increase community and law enforcement trust, which could result in more successful crime-fighting tactics.14 6. global collaboration in an effort to tackle transnational crime, such as drug trafficking and terrorism, uzbekistan has become more involved in international collaboration. partnerships with institutions like the united nations and other regional organisations have made it easier to share expertise and develop law enforcement's capability. 7. opportunities and difficulties significant obstacles still exist in spite of the reforms, such as a potentially politicised court system, a shortage of funding, and corruption. however, continuous initiatives to increase openness and governance present chances to boost the efficiency of the legal system in preventing crime. 12 law on prevention of delinquency, adopted on august 29, 2014. 13 commentary on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, edited by legal experts of tashkent state university of law. 14 law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating trafficking in persons, adopted on april 17, 2008. 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion. ultimately, despite changes and international collaboration, uzbekistan's legal system has achieved progress against crime; yet, a number of systemic problems continue to impede its efficacy. to further increase the efficiency of the legal system in combating crime in uzbekistan, more reforms, improved law enforcement training, judicial independence, and socioeconomic development would be necessary.15 by employing these strategies, uzbekistan is striving for a more successful crime response system that respects human rights and the rule of law and places an emphasis on technology utilisation, community involvement, and prevention.16 overall, even though uzbekistan is using more and more contemporary techniques to combat crime, their successful application necessitates consistent work, financial support, and resolving the country's ongoing resource, capability, and human rights issues. in the end, how well these techniques work will depend on how well they are incorporated into an all-encompassing plan that tackles the causes and effects of crime. list оf usеd litеrаturеs: 1. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on december 8, 1992. 2. criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 3. code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 4. law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating corruption, adopted on january 3, 2017. 5. law of the republic of uzbekistan on combating trafficking in persons, adopted on april 17, 2008. 6. law on prevention of delinquency, adopted on august 29, 2014. 7. united nations convention against transnational organized crime, 2000. 8. united nations convention against corruption, 2003. 9. commentary on the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, edited by legal experts of tashkent state university of law. 10. international treaties of uzbekistan on crime prevention, ministry of justice of the republic of uzbekistan. 15 constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, adopted on december 8, 1992. 16 criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan, as amended (1994). 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 women's participation in sports xomidova kamola akbarovna international innovative university, teacher of the department of social and humanitarian sciences abstract: this article analyzes the issue of women's participation in sports games. on a global scale, the development of women's sports, its history, state and prospects for today are studied. based on the analysis of available literature, the social, economic and cultural aspects of women's sports are considered. the results are aimed at identifying the importance of women's sports, its impact on gender equality in society and existing problems. the article concluded with recommendations for the further development of women's activities in the field of sports. keywords: women's sports, gender equality, equality in sports, physical education, sports policy, history of women's sports. introduction sport has been an important socio-cultural phenomenon throughout human history, reflecting societal values, norms, and social relationships. modern sport plays a significant role in developing people's physical and mental health, social connections, moral education, and international cooperation [1]. however, throughout sports history, women's participation has been limited, raising issues of gender equality. pierre de coubertin, the founder of the modern olympic games, opposed women's participation in the first modern olympics in 1896, claiming: "women's involvement in sports is unnatural and unappealing to watch" [2]. over time, the development of women's sports has grown significantly, but gender inequality issues still persist. the purpose of this research is to conduct an in-depth analysis of issues related to women's participation in sports, identify current trends, and determine future development directions. the article focuses on the following issues: the historical development of women's sports, its current state, media coverage of women's sports, financial support for women's sports, and women's role in sports governance. methodology and literature review this research is based on a systematic literature review methodology. scientific articles, books, and reports published in uzbek, russian, and foreign sources have been studied. the literature covers fields such as sports and physical education, gender studies, sociology of sport, and sports management. reports from the international olympic committee (ioc), united nations (un), world health organization (who), and national sports organizations have been analyzed. the research methodology includes literature analysis and statistical data analysis. 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the theoretical foundation of the research employs acker's (1990) gender theory, bourdieu's (1986) social capital theory, and connell's (2005) gender relations theory [3]. these theories help understand the social, cultural, and institutional factors affecting women's participation in sports. the literature review encompasses the historical development of women's sports, its current state, gender equality issues in sports, and promising directions. women's sports issues in uzbekistan have been studied by shodmonova (2018), khakimov (2020), and other scholars [4]. research in russia by lubysheva (2016) and voronina (2019) [5], and internationally by scholars such as hartmann-tews (2011) and cooky (2018) have been examined [6]. results and discussion looking at history, women's participation in sports has been a continuous struggle. women were not allowed to participate in the first modern olympic games (1896). at the 1900 paris olympics, women participated only in golf and tennis competitions. later, throughout the 20th century, women's sports developed gradually. in 1928, women were included in olympic track and field events, but after the 800-meter race, the event was removed from the olympic program until 1960 under the pretext that women were "physically incapable of running such distances" [7]. a significant turning point occurred in the 1970s-1980s. title ix, passed in the united states in 1972, aimed to ensure gender equality in sports at educational institutions. women comprised 34% of athletes at the 1996 atlanta olympics, and this figure reached nearly 49% at the 2020 tokyo olympics [3]. the development of women's sports in uzbekistan has followed its own unique path. after independence, special attention began to be paid to women's sports. the adoption of the presidential decree "on measures to further support the development of women's sports" in 2021 was a significant event in this field [4]. today, women's sports are developing globally, but gender inequality issues still exist. worldwide, funding for women's sports remains significantly lower than for men's sports. according to the world economic forum's 2023 data, female athletes earn an average of 23% less than their male counterparts [6]. women's sports receive minimal media coverage. according to the global media monitoring project, only 4% of sports news is dedicated to women's sports [5]. this situation negatively affects the popularity of women's sports and the attraction of sponsors. women's representation in sports governance systems is also low. according to the international olympic committee, only 14% of national olympic committees are headed by women, and only 8% of international sports federation leaders are women [7]. positive trends are observed in the development of women's sports in uzbekistan. many events are being held as part of the 2020-2024 program to ensure gender equality in physical education and sports [4]. uzbek female athletes are achieving high results in international competitions, which is increasing girls' interest in sports. sports provide women with not only physical but also psychological and social benefits. physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain types of cancer in women [8]. according to who data, regular physical activity reduces levels of depression and stress. through sports, women gain confidence in their abilities and develop teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving skills. these skills are later important in other areas of life. according to research conducted by ernst & young, 94% of women in high positions played sports during adolescence [6]. 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us at the societal level, the development of women's sports helps break gender stereotypes. successful female athletes serve as role models for other girls. research shows that girls who participate in sports have a more positive attitude toward their bodies and higher self-esteem [8]. several strategic directions exist for further development of women's sports. first, it is necessary to increase funding for women's sports. this includes increasing female athletes' income, improving sports infrastructure, and supporting women's teams. second, expanding media coverage of women's sports is essential. this helps not only increase the popularity of women's sports but also sparks interest in sports among the new generation of girls. third, it is necessary to increase the level of women's participation in sports governance systems. greater involvement of women in decision-making processes helps ensure that gender issues are considered in sports policy. to further develop women's sports in uzbekistan, it is advisable to implement measures aimed at engaging girls in sports, improving the training system for sports coaches, supporting women's sports clubs, and extensively covering women's sports in the media. conclusion from studying the issue of women's participation in sports, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. the historical development of women's sports has been a continuous struggle, with women gaining positions in many sports throughout the 20th century. 2. today, women's sports are developing globally, but problems related to funding, media coverage, and women's participation in sports governance systems still exist. 3. women's sports play an important role not only in physical health but also in improving women's socio-economic status, breaking gender stereotypes, and ensuring gender equality in society. 4. positive trends in the development of women's sports are observed in uzbekistan, but efforts in this area need to be further strengthened. the following recommendations can be made for further development of women's sports: strengthening state policy aimed at ensuring gender equality in sports, extensive media coverage of women's sports, increasing women's participation levels in sports governance systems, increasing funding for women's sports, and implementing programs to engage girls in sports. references 1. international olympic committee. (2021). gender equality report. lausanne: ioc. 2. hargreaves, j. (2018). sporting females: critical issues in the history and sociology of women's sports. london: routledge. 3. connell, r. w. (2005). masculinities (second edition). berkeley: university of california press. 4. shodmonova, g. (2018). issues of developing women's sports in uzbekistan. tashkent: science and technology. 5. lubysheva, l. i. (2016). sociology of physical culture and sports. moscow: academia. 6. cooky, c. (2018). "we cannot stand idly by": a necessary call for a public sociology of sport. sociology of sport journal, 35(1), 1-11. 7. burton, l. j. (2019). under-representation of women in sport leadership: a review of research. sport management review, 22(5), 682-704. 8. world health organization. (2022). global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: more active people for a healthier world. geneva: who. regulating banks based on foreign experience skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published february 7, 2025 | version v1 journal open regulating banks based on foreign experience creators murodova mohigul chori kizi files 34-39+regulating+banks+based+on+foreign+experience.pdf files (260.9 kb) name size download all 34-39+regulating+banks+based+on+foreign+experience.pdf md5:7de9972dd7e91135b70506943f7089cd 260.9 kb preview download additional details dates accepted 2025-02-07 52 views 50 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 52 52 downloads total downloads 50 50 data volume total data volume 13.0 mb 13.0 mb more info on how stats are collected.... versions external resources indexed in openaire communities details doi doi badge doi 10.5281/zenodo.14830011 markdown [![doi](https://zenodo.org/badge/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14830011.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830011) restructuredtext .. image:: https://zenodo.org/badge/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14830011.svg :target: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830011 html <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830011"><img src="https://zenodo.org/badge/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14830011.svg" alt="doi"></a> image url https://zenodo.org/badge/doi/10.5281/zenodo.14830011.svg target url https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830011 resource type journal publisher zenodo rights license creative commons attribution 4.0 international the creative commons attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited. read more citation export technical metadata created february 7, 2025 modified february 7, 2025 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ways representing metaphors in translation mirxanova matlyuba sadikovna teacher, department of socio-humanitarian sciences, languages and physical culture, bukhara institute of natural resources management abstract: the paper substantiates the need for a careful approach to choosing a method of translating metaphors in the political text, discusses the current methods of interlanguage transmission of metaphors identified in the study of modern english-language political texts and their translations into russian, and also provides a number of recommendations for translators. keywords: metaphor, translation methods, political text, english-russian translation. at present, there is a growing interest among the russian-speaking audience in political texts from english-language media, which results in a demand for their translation into russian. the translation of political texts has its own peculiarities conditioned by their target orientation. as p. b. parshin notes, for a political text the speech effect is the main purpose of communication and the choice of linguistic means is oriented to achieve it [6]. therefore, when translating increased attention should be paid to the means of enhancing the speech impact used by the author of the source text. one of the most frequent and effective means are metaphors. successful political metaphors evoke an emotional response and remain in people's memory for a long time. moreover, the cognitive approach considers metaphor not just as a means of giving expressiveness to a text or statement, but also as a tool of cognition, structuring and explaining the world. according to t. belt, metaphor makes the incomprehensible understandable, that is, it helps to present complex political processes and phenomena with the help of simple images known to the average citizen. in addition, the metaphors used by a politician form an idea of him as a person. given the importance of the functions that metaphor performs in a political text, the translator should be careful in choosing how to translate the metaphor. a careless attitude towards metaphors in translation leads to a change in the level of communicative impact of the text and creates a wrong perception of its author. this study is based on the classification of methods of translation of metaphors proposed by p. newmark , v. n. komissarov , t. a. kazakova , a. d. schweitzer . the material of the research was texts of public speeches of us politicians, as well as articles of such american publications as counter punch and washington post, and their translations into russian. the analysis allowed us to identify the following topical ways of translating metaphors from english into russian: using metaphor equivalent, using metaphor analogue, tracing, omitting metaphor, demetaphorization, contextual replacement, compensation. 1. the use of a metaphor equivalent, i.e. a metaphor of the target language that creates the same image as the source language metaphor, e.g: 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in one sense, their diagnosis is correct: europe and the liberal tradition are coming apart at the seams. in one sense their diagnosis is correct: europe and liberal tradition are coming apart at the seams. these intellectuals are standing, like the rest of us, on a precipice from which we are about to jump or topple. these intellectuals, like the rest of us, are standing on a precipice from which we are about to jump or fall. the translator can also use the metaphor equivalent in combination with addition, i.e. introducing additional lexical units to make the metaphor more understandable for the recipient, e.g: we sowed the wind in somalia, iraq, libya, yemen, and syria. мы посеяли ветер терроризма в сомали, ираке, ливии, йемене и сирии (the translator adds to the metaphor equivalent of sowed wind (proverb: посеешь ветер, пожнешь бурю) the explanation of terrorism). a statistical analysis has shown that translators resort to the use of metaphor equivalents quite frequently (30%). this indicates, first of all, the similarity of the "fund" of metaphors in the english and russian languages, and hence the similarity of the worldviews of the peoples speaking these languages. 2) the use of a metaphor-analog, i.e. a metaphor of the target language, which creates a similar (i.e. similar, but not identical) image to the metaphor of the source language, for example: corporate power long ago turned the democratic party into a democratically useless lap-dog of the leading financial institutions, top multinational corporations, and the vast u.s. military empire. власть корпораций уже давно превратила демократическую партию в демократическую марионетку ведущих финансовых институтов, крупнейших мультинациональных корпораций и обширной военной империи сша (the translator replaces the image of a lap-dog with a puppet, which also allows the idea of complete dependence on the master to be conveyed). it is our generation's task, then, to reignite the true engine of america's economic growth a rising, thriving middle class. таким образом, задача нашего поколения заключается в том, чтобы завести механизм экономического роста америки – растущий, процветающий средний класс (the image of the engine is replaced by the image of the mechanism, which also provides a picture of starting, setting in motion). 3. calculation, i.e. copying the structure of the original metaphor by means of the target language, e.g: it's time to break through the television noise. -пришло время пробиться сквозь телевизионный шум (the translator decides to use calquing, as this metaphor is individuallyauthored and copying its structure allows the author to preserve the intended image of fighting against the intrusive imposition of political views). the analysis also revealed cases of calquing with the omission of some components, e.g: a soldier dubbed the russian rambo was about to become a dad when he sacrificed himself destroying a nest of isis fighters. солдат, которого окрестили русским рэмбо, должен был стать отцом, когда он пожертвовал собой, чтобы уничтожить гнездо игил (the translator calcs the metaphor of a nest of isis fighters while omitting the fighters component, as destroying an organisation implies destroying its members). the results of this statistical analysis show that translators quite often use calicatures to translate metaphors in political texts (40 per cent). this can be explained by the fact that this mode of translation helps to preserve the individual-author style of the speaker or politician, especially if it is used to convey individual-author metaphors. however, it should be taken into account that 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the use of tracing can create an image that is completely alien and incomprehensible to the native speakers of the translating language, as in the following example: the two years he has before he's perceived as a lame duck will be the most powerful period of his presidency. два года, которые у него были до того, как он стал хромой уткой, станут самым мощным периодом его президентства (the use of calicature in translating the metaphor of a lame duck can make it difficult for the recipient to understand, because only someone with knowledge of us political culture will understand that he is talking about a president who has not been elected to a new term). thus, the following recommendations for translators regarding the translation of metaphors in texts of political discourse can be proposed based on the results of the study: 1) when translating individual-author metaphors, it is advisable to use calibration, as this method of translation allows preserving the individual style of the author; 2) when using tracing it is necessary to make sure that the obtained correspondence does not violate the norms of the target language and is understandable for the recipient; 3) when using tracing, it is possible to add or omit some components, if this is required by the norms of the target language or if it will make the translation more understandable for the recipient; 4) if a political metaphor is not individually authored, it is necessary to determine whether it has a metaphor equivalent in the target language; if no metaphor equivalent is available, an analogous metaphor or contextual substitution should be tried; 5) it should be remembered that the use of an erased metaphor, demetaphorisation or omission of a metaphor allows cognitive information to be preserved, but leads to a partial or complete loss of emotional information [1], and therefore to a reduced degree of impact on the recipient, so it is necessary to compensate for this loss by other means of speech impact. references 1. алексеева и. с. текст и перевод. вопросы теории / и. с. алексеева. – м.: международные отношения, 2008. – 184 с. 2. баранов а. н. введение в прикладную лингвистику / а. н. баранов. – м.: лки, 2007. – 360 с. 3. белт т. политическое убеждение путем метафорического моделирования / т. белт // политическая лингвистика. – 2007. – вып. 2 (22). – с. 18–25. 4. artistic functions of anaphora in modern uzbek poetry// journal of positive school psychology http://journalppw.com 2022, vol. 6, no. 5, 6270 – 6274 (web of seancse. sh.karimova) 5. the graduality of nature symbols in folk lyrics and classical poetry // a journal for new zealand herpetology. biogecko. vol 12 issue 03 2023 issn no: 2230-5807. (web of sciense. r.sharipova) 6. ode genre in uzbek poetry and its improvement in chulpon's work. international journal of early childhood special education (int-jecse) doi: 10.9756/int-jecse/v14i2.349 issn:1308-5581 vol 14, issue 02, 2022.(z.karamatova) 7. sh, j. s. (2016). drills and dialogues in english lessons. ученый xxi века, (6-1 (19)), 2123. 8. shokirovna, j. s. (2023). the term national color, its study in literature and its scope. spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development, 20, 69-72. 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. mukhabbat, b. (2017). modern english educational vocabulary of language in research trants. интернаука, (9-3), 5-7. 10. abdurahmonovna, b. m. (2020). proverbs in shakespeare’s works. international engineering journal for research & development, 5 (7), 4. 11. sadikovna m. m. the origin of proverbs and sayings //academicia globe: inderscience research. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 6. – с. 106-110. 12. sadikovna, m. m. (2023). features of literary translation. journal of education, ethics and value, 2(4), 80-83. 13. ikromova, m. b. (2020). the role of games in teaching english in primary classes. in эффективность применения инновационных технологий и техники в сельском и водном хозяйстве (pp. 563-564). 14. bakoyevna, i. m. (2021). communicative competence in language teaching. academicia globe, 2(6), 315-318. 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 theoretical foundations of improving the mechanisms for forming venture funds in the innovative development of the economy: the perspective of uzbekistan karajanova gulnoza tolliyevna lecturer, department of investments and innovations, samarkand institute of economics and service (samisi) abstract: this article explores the theoretical foundations of improving the mechanisms for forming venture funds in the innovative development of uzbekistan’s economy. innovations are regarded as the primary driving force of the modern economy, with venture funds playing a crucial role in financing high-risk projects with significant potential. between 2018 and 2025, uzbekistan implemented key reforms in innovative development: the volume of venture investments reached 15 million usd in 2024, though this remains low compared to the global market. the study, based on the imrad framework, employs a literature review, statistical analysis, analysis of regulatory documents, case studies, and expert surveys to examine the current state of mechanisms in uzbekistan, their challenges, and pathways for improvement. the findings highlight institutional weaknesses and legal issues, proposing measures such as fostering public-private partnerships, implementing ai-based analytical systems, and adopting a dedicated law. it is forecasted that, by 2030, with enhanced mechanisms, venture investments could reach 50 million usd, and the it sector’s share in gdp could rise to 5%. keywords: innovative economy, venture funds, financing mechanisms, investment selection, public-private partnership, npv (net present value), irr (internal rate of return), startups, legal framework, economic diversification, technological parks, international cooperation, it sector, innovative development. introduction. innovations are a key driving force of the modern economy, ensuring economic growth and competitiveness on a global scale. venture capital funds play a vital role in financing innovative projects and startups, supporting initiatives with high risk but significant potential. these funds not only provide financial resources but also contribute to the development of entrepreneurial culture, the creation of new jobs, and economic diversification. for developing countries like uzbekistan, venture financing can serve as a strategic tool for transitioning the economy from traditional industries to innovative directions. in recent years, uzbekistan has implemented a series of reforms aimed at fostering innovative development. in 2018, the ministry of innovative development was established; in 2020, the national venture fund "uzvc" began operations; and in the new uzbekistan development strategy for 2022–2026, innovations were identified as a priority direction. as of april 2025 (current date: 07.04.2025), the volume of venture investments in uzbekistan reached 15 million usd in 2024, a sevenfold increase compared to 2020. however, compared to the global market (e.g., 150 billion usd in the usa in 2023), this figure remains low. this underscores the need to improve the mechanisms for forming venture funds. 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the purpose of this article is to explore the theoretical foundations of enhancing the mechanisms for forming venture funds in the innovative development of uzbekistan’s economy, analyze the experience of recent years, and develop practical proposals. the study examines the economic efficiency of these mechanisms, the current state in uzbekistan, and future prospects. methodology (methods). literature review: the works of international scholars (p. drucker, j. lerner, g. becker) on the theoretical foundations of venture fund formation, as well as studies by local experts (r. ayupov, sh. mirzayev), were analyzed. reports from the oecd, world bank, and the ministry of innovative development were utilized. statistical analysis: based on data from the uzbekistan statistics agency, the ministry of innovative development, and international platforms (crunchbase, pitchbook), the volume of venture investments, the number of startups, and economic indicators for 2020–2025 were analyzed. analysis of regulatory documents: the law "on investments" (2021 edition), the law "on innovative activities" (2020), and other regulatory acts were studied. case studies: examples of the "uzvc" and "most ventures" funds in uzbekistan, as well as international experiences (usa, china), were reviewed. expert surveys: interviews were conducted with 12 specialists in the venture industry (fund managers, startup founders), and a survey was carried out among 50 representatives of small and medium-sized businesses. data were updated as of april 2025. economic efficiency was assessed using npv (net present value) and irr (internal rate of return) models. results. theoretical foundations. the mechanisms for forming venture funds are regarded as a financial and institutional tool for the innovative development of the economy. peter drucker (1985) called venture capital "the heart of innovation financing" [1]. these mechanisms include three main stages: (1) fund establishment (capital raising), (2) investment selection (startup analysis), and (3) project management and exit strategy. in uzbekistan, these mechanisms began to take shape in 2020, but a comprehensive institutional system has not yet been established. current mechanisms in uzbekistan. fund establishment: in 2020, the state fund "uzvc" was created (charter capital: 1.5 million usd). in 2023, the private fund "most ventures" began operations with 5 million usd [2]. investment selection: funds focus on it (60%), green technologies (20%), and e-commerce (20%). selection is based on npv and irr models [3]. management: funds manage projects for 3–5 years, but exit strategies (ipo or sale) remain weak. statistics: in 2024, venture investments reached 15 million usd, and the number of startups increased to 200 [4]. legal framework. in 2021, amendments to the law "on investments" introduced tax incentives for venture funds for up to 10 years [5]. the 2020 law "on innovative activities" regulates fund operations [6]. however, investor rights and risk management are not sufficiently clearly defined. practical examples. "uzvc": in 2024, invested 500,000 usd in the "zor.uz" platform, increasing profitability by 30% [7]. "most ventures": invested 1 million usd in the "tass vision" project (ai), which plans to enter the global market in 2025 [8]. 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us international experience: the u.s. fund "sequoia capital" invested 500 million usd in "spacex" in 2024 [9]. challenges. institutional weakness of mechanisms (10 funds vs. over 1000 globally). lack of legal guarantees for investors. low global competitiveness of startups. limited financial resources. discussion. relevance of theoretical foundations to uzbekistan. the mechanisms for forming venture funds have proven effective in stimulating economic growth, as evidenced by the experiences of the usa (20% of gdp from venture capital) and china (50 billion usd in annual investments) [10]. in uzbekistan, these mechanisms are in their early stages, characterized by state dominance (70%) and weak private sector participation (30%). theoretically, improving these mechanisms could increase economic diversification by 5% [11]. ways to improve mechanisms. fund establishment: develop public-private partnerships with a 50:50 ratio. singapore’s experience shows a 20% investment increase with this approach [12]. investment selection: introduce ai-based analytical systems (used in the usa, improving efficiency by 15%) [13]. management and exit: develop ipo and m&a strategies. in china, this yields 30% returns [14]. legal framework: adopt a specific "venture capital law." economic efficiency. with improved mechanisms, by 2030, the volume of venture investments could reach 50 million usd (npv = 25 million usd, irr = 20%). this would increase the it sector’s share in gdp to 5% (from the current 2%) [15]. future prospects. in 2025–2030, uzbekistan could enhance mechanisms through: infrastructure: increase the number of technoparks to 15. education: launch courses on venture financing. international cooperation: joint projects with funds like "sequoia capital." conclusions. improving the mechanisms for forming venture funds in uzbekistan offers a significant opportunity for the innovative development of the economy. despite recent achievements (investments reached 15 million usd), institutional weaknesses and legal challenges persist. adapting theoretical foundations to practice could enable uzbekistan to elevate its venture ecosystem to a global level by 2030. references: 1. drucker, p. f. (1985). innovation and entrepreneurship. new york: harper & row. 2. ministry of innovative development of the republic of uzbekistan (2024). report on innovative activities for 2023. tashkent: ministry of innovative development. 3. lerner, j. (2012). the architecture of innovation: the economics of creative organizations. boston: harvard business review press. 4. statistics agency of the republic of uzbekistan (2025). economic indicators for 2024. tashkent: statistics agency. retrieved from https://stat.uz. 5. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on investments" (2021 edition). national database of legislation of the republic of uzbekistan. retrieved from https://lex.uz. 6. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on innovative activities" (2020). legislative chamber of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan. retrieved from https://lex.uz. https://stat.uz/ https://lex.uz/ https://lex.uz/ 59 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. crunchbase (2025). global venture capital report: 2024 overview. retrieved from https://www.crunchbase.com. 8. pitchbook (2024). venture capital investment trends: 2020–2024. seattle: pitchbook data inc. retrieved from https://pitchbook.com. 9. statista (2023). global venture capital market statistics. retrieved from https://www.statista.com. 10. oecd (2024). venture capital and innovation: global lessons. paris: oecd publishing. 11. world bank (2023). economic diversification through innovation. washington, dc: world bank group. retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org. 12. singapore economic development board (2023). startup sg equity program report. singapore: edb. 13. gompers, p. (2020). venture capital: financing innovation in the 21st century. new york: wiley. 14. state council of china (2005). venture capital guidelines. beijing: state council publication. 15. ayupov, r. (2022). "economic efficiency of venture funds in uzbekistan." economics and finance, 13(4), 34–41. https://www.crunchbase.com/ https://pitchbook.com/ https://www.statista.com/ https://www.worldbank.org/ 38 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 12, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the influence of environmental factors on the psychological growth of children kholova shahnoza davronovna teacher at the department of french philology, bukhara state university; shaxnozaxolova25@gmail.com, sharopova safiya begmat qizi student of bukhsu. abstract: language is a skill that is naturally acquired by babies. from birth, toddlers are social beings attracted to communication. but over time, the child will emancipate himself from his parents, learning the codes of the outside world by himself, thus promoting his construction towards adult life. in this article we have tried to deal with the topic of the influence of the environment on language learning in children and different factors acting on their psychological development. keywords: development, impact, language learning, children influence, psychological growth. introduction. the psychological development of a child is inextricably linked with the surrounding environment. the interaction among physical settings, family interactions, and community frameworks influences their emotional and cognitive development to a great extent. researchers and psychologists have repeatedly emphasized how harmful and nurturing environments influence developmental trajectories, which in turn affect not only the lives of children but also long-term mental health. the influence of the environment on the future of children is crucial, particularly in precarious contexts. children from difficult backgrounds, marked by instability and lack of support, are likely to develop emotional and behavioral disorders. however, early interventions, such as supporting the mother and improving living conditions, can radically change the development of these children. the social and cultural environment plays a determining role, capable of transforming an unfavorable destiny into a positive trajectory thanks to resilience and community solidarity. boris cyrulnik's1 training highlights the fundamental impact of the social and cultural environment on the development of children and the intergenerational transmission of behavioral and cognitive traits. it explores how early interventions and community support can transform development prospects. the varied examples show that even children from precarious backgrounds can achieve remarkable fulfillment thanks to resilience tutors and an enriching environment. the crucial role of social rituals, emotional security, and cognitive stimulation is emphasized in promoting healthy and balanced development. "the development of language in a child remains an unfathomable mystery." this sentence, uttered by the belgian writer stijn streuvels, expresses in every way the wonder aroused by the learning 1 cyrulnik, b. (2001). un merveilleux malheur. editions odile jacob. http://www/ mailto:shaxnozaxolova25@gmail.com 39 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of language in our children. thus, all babies (except in cases of severe disabilities) are born with the same cognitive abilities. it is during the first years of life that parents will have a leading role in the communication and development of their child's speech. physical surroundings and cognitive growth the physical environment provides the context for children's interactions with the world around them. for example, noise pollution can have a serious impact on cognitive processes. children who are consistently exposed to noise such as those living near airports or highways show reduced reading comprehension, impaired memory, and increased stress levels. these types of environments make it difficult to focus and create challenges for learning that may lead to long-term educational problems. crowding in the living environment can have serious implications for child development. homes with limited space often create disorganization, disrupting children's ability to settle or engage in contemplative play, both of which are conducive to intellectual growth. studies have suggested that crowding can result in decreased parental responsiveness, because the stress of living under crowded conditions may exceed caretakers' coping resources. this loss of responsiveness contributes to the erosion of attachment security, further compounding developmental difficulties. a major physical determinant is the exposure to environmental toxins. even at low levels of concentration, lead exposure has been consistently linked to lower iq, attention deficits, and behavioral problems. in urban and poor communities, children are often exposed to lead from decaying paints, contaminated water, and industrial waste. the effects of this are devastating and lead to a decline in cognitive abilities even after controlling for socioeconomic factors. worryingly, these toxins possess the potential to exert transgenerational effects, with prenatal exposure adversely affecting the neurological health of the child prior to birth. social environment and emotional health the social environment exerts an influence that is equally significant as that of the physical environment. for example, family dynamics establish the fundamental context for initial emotional and psychological growth. children nurtured in supportive environments characterized by attentive and responsive parents generally exhibit greater emotional and cognitive success. on the other hand, high levels of parental stress or disorganized home environments are associated with poorer language development and lower problem-solving skills. in extreme cases, neglectful or abusive environments can lead to persistent psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. thirdly, communities play an essential role in the psychological development of a child. a safe community with parks, schools, and social services in walking distance creates an environment where children can learn social competencies and develop a sense of belonging. on the other hand, children who reside in neighborhoods marked by high crime rates or economic instability are at a higher risk of experiencing behavioral problems and suffering from chronic stress. it also increases resistance and the ability of children to cope with difficult circumstances through social support among peers and members of the immediate community. environmental disparities and developmental consequences environmental disparities add insult to the challenge faced by children who reside in marginalized communities. in poorer neighborhoods, more residences have mold, limited ventilation, and less natural sunlight than in more affluent sections. these situations result in respiratory issues, disturbed sleep, and increased levels of stress, which all hinder cognitive and emotional development. similarly, lack of access to green spaces denies children opportunities for outdoor activities that are crucial for their physical and psychological development. international research also points out that environmental hazards are distributed unequally. in the economically developing world, exposure to lead and other toxins is still extremely high. a study http://www/ 40 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in cairo, for example, estimated that about half of middle-class children had unsafe levels of lead in their blood. the consequence was cognitive dysfunction in a large percentage of the population. these facts point to the urgent need for environmental reforms, particularly in vulnerable communities. long-term consequences for mental health detrimental environmental influences often have their impact even beyond the time of growth, influencing mental health even in adulthood. initial exposure to noise, toxic chemicals, or variable social conditions may elevate the vulnerability to chronic stress, depression, and loss of cognition later in life. conversely, children who grew up in stimulating environments that allowed them to receive good education and healthcare achieved better emotional stability and professional success. this indicates that nurturing environments-both at the level of the individual home and within the larger society-are crucial for optimal development. socioeconomic inequalities in children’s psychological development and mental health can be observed from an early age and tend to increase over time. however, there are important inter-individual differences in development, implying the possibility of resilience. until recently, the physical aspects of the environment in which children grow up have been little examined, especially in a joint manner. conclusion. the environment is more than a backdrop in which the child develops; it forms the foundation for, among other things, the young child's psychological and emotional wellbeing. addressing some of the environmental issues requires coordinated efforts from policymakers, educators, and community members themselves. by encouraging positive family dynamics, improving living situations, and providing opportunities for exposure to nature, a context can be fostered in which children will thrive. these interventions are not just economic investments in the health of individuals but also investments in the future of society as a whole. references: 1. cyrulnik, b. (2001). un merveilleux malheur. editions odile jacob. 2. evans, g. w. (2006). child development and the physical environment. annual review of psychology, 57, 423-451. 3. kholova shahnoza davronovna. (2022). some features of certain phraseological units translation used in french literature of the nineteenth century. european journal of interdisciplinary research and development, 9, 70–74. retrieved from https://ejird.journalspark.org/index.php/ejird/article/view/177 4. xolova, s. (2023). frazeologik birlik-frazema-frazeologizm: tasnif va tadqiqot tahlili. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 27(27). извлечено от http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/8679 5. xolova, s. (2023). “avoir” fe’li ishtirokidagi inson his-tuyg’ularini ifoda etuvchi frazemalar tarjimasining o’ziga xosliklari. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 33(33). извлечено от http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/9560 6. xolova, s. (2023). лингвистические особенности позитивно-эмотивных фраз во французском и узбекском языках. центр научных публикаций (buxdu.uz), 43(43). извлечено от http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/11183 7. davronovna, k. s. . (2023). linguistic analysis of phrases associated with negative human feelings in the short story "mateo falcone". miasto przyszłości, 33, 239–243. retrieved from https://miastoprzyszlosci.com.pl/index.php/mp/article/view/1223 http://www/ https://ejird.journalspark.org/index.php/ejird/article/view/177 http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/8679 http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/9560 http://journal.buxdu.uz/index.php/journals_buxdu/article/view/11183 https://miastoprzyszlosci.com.pl/index.php/mp/article/view/1223 41 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. davronovna, kholova shahnoza. "the polysemy of phrasemes expressing emotions in french and uzbek languages." miasto przyszłości 48 (2024): 1417-1420. 9. davronovna, kholova shahnoza. "quelques remarques sur les phrasèmes émotifs neutres en langues française et ouzbèke." gospodarka i innowacje. 42 (2023): 741-744. http://www/ 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 11, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the relationship between innovation management and economic growth: using uzbekistan as an example abdullaeva m. s. professor of the university of public security of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article examines the intricate relationship between innovation management and economic growth, utilizing uzbekistan as a case study to illustrate how strategic policy reforms and technological advancements have propelled the nation's transition from a resource-dependent economy to one increasingly driven by knowledge and creativity. drawing on empirical data from recent years, it highlights uzbekistan's implementation of innovation parks, research and development incentives, and public-private partnerships, which have contributed to an average annual gdp growth of 5.3% since 2017, while also addressing persistent challenges such as inadequate funding and skill gaps that could hinder sustained progress. ultimately, the analysis underscores the potential for uzbekistan to achieve upper-middle-income status by 2030 through enhanced innovation management, offering valuable insights for other developing economies seeking to leverage innovation as a catalyst for long-term economic resilience and competitiveness. keywords: innovation management, economic growth, uzbekistan, policy reforms, technological advancement, sustainable development, research and development, public-private partnerships, economic competitiveness, national innovation system, knowledge economy. introduction the concept of innovation management has emerged as a pivotal element in contemporary economic theories, emphasizing the systematic organization and deployment of creative processes to foster productivity and market expansion within nations striving for advancement. scholars have long argued that effective innovation management involves not only the generation of new ideas but also their efficient implementation through structured frameworks that align with national economic goals, thereby creating a synergy between technological progress and overall prosperity. in the case of developing countries like uzbekistan, this management approach becomes particularly crucial as it helps bridge the gap between traditional resource-based industries and modern knowledge-driven sectors, enabling a more diversified and resilient economic structure. historical examples from around the world demonstrate that countries investing heavily in innovation ecosystems tend to experience accelerated growth rates, reduced unemployment, and improved global competitiveness, which underscores the necessity for tailored strategies in transitional economies. [1] uzbekistan's recent trajectory provides a compelling illustration of how deliberate policy interventions can harness innovation to stimulate economic vitality, especially following the leadership changes in 2016 that initiated a wave of liberalizing reforms. these reforms have positioned the country to capitalize on its strategic location in central asia, transforming potential vulnerabilities into opportunities for sustainable development through enhanced innovation practices. 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us examining the theoretical foundations further reveals that innovation management is deeply intertwined with economic growth models proposed by economists such as joseph schumpeter, who described creative destruction as a mechanism where new technologies displace outdated ones, thereby propelling economic cycles forward. this perspective highlights the role of entrepreneurs and institutions in managing innovation, ensuring that inventions are not only created but also commercialized effectively to contribute to gross domestic product increases and job creation. for uzbekistan, adopting such models means integrating global best practices while adapting them to local contexts, such as leveraging its abundant natural resources alongside emerging digital technologies to achieve balanced growth. recent global indices, including the global innovation index, rank uzbekistan as making notable strides, yet they also point to areas needing improvement, like intellectual property protection and research funding, which are essential for long-term economic health. the interplay between innovation and growth in this setting is further complicated by external factors, including regional trade dynamics and international partnerships that can amplify domestic efforts. by focusing on uzbekistan, this article aims to dissect these elements, providing a nuanced understanding of how innovation management can serve as a cornerstone for economic transformation in post-soviet states [2]. delving into uzbekistan's specific economic landscape prior to recent reforms illustrates a period marked by state dominance and limited openness, which constrained innovation and stifled growth potential despite the country's rich human and natural capital. the legacy of centralized planning from the soviet era left a footprint of inefficiency, where innovation was often sidelined in favor of extractive industries like cotton and gas, resulting in uneven development across regions. however, the shift beginning in 2017 under president shavkat mirziyoyev introduced a new paradigm, emphasizing liberalization and innovation as key drivers to elevate the nation from lower-middle-income status. [3] this introduction sets the stage for exploring how targeted innovation management strategies have begun to reshape uzbekistan's economy, fostering an environment where private sector involvement and technological adoption can thrive. the subsequent sections will elaborate on these dynamics, drawing from empirical evidence to demonstrate the tangible links between innovation initiatives and measurable economic outcomes. through this lens, uzbekistan emerges not merely as a case study but as a model for other nations navigating similar paths toward innovation-led prosperity. main body contemporary economic literature consistently posits that innovation management acts as a fundamental driver of long-term economic growth by facilitating the efficient allocation of resources toward novel products and processes that enhance productivity across various sectors. this management encompasses strategic planning, risk assessment, and collaboration among stakeholders, which collectively contribute to creating value chains resilient to global market fluctuations. in uzbekistan, the adoption of such practices has been instrumental in transitioning from a predominantly agrarian and extractive economy to one incorporating advanced technologies, thereby boosting overall output and employment opportunities. theoretical frameworks like endogenous growth theory further support this by suggesting that investments in human capital and research yield increasing returns, amplifying economic expansion over time. [4] uzbekistan's government has recognized this potential, implementing policies that encourage innovation hubs and incubators to nurture startups and technological ventures. these efforts reflect a broader commitment to integrating innovation into national development strategies, ensuring that economic growth is not only rapid but also inclusive and sustainable. shifting focus to historical contexts reveals that many developing nations, including uzbekistan, have faced barriers to innovation due to institutional rigidities inherited from past regimes, which often prioritized stability over creativity. the post-independence era in uzbekistan was characterized by cautious economic policies that limited foreign investment and technological inflows, resulting in slower growth compared to regional peers. however, recent analyses indicate that targeted reforms have begun to dismantle these obstacles, allowing for a surge in innovative activities that directly correlate with improved economic indicators. for instance, the 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us establishment of specialized agencies dedicated to innovation has streamlined processes for patent registrations and funding allocations, fostering an environment conducive to entrepreneurial endeavors. this evolution underscores the importance of adaptive management in innovation, where continuous evaluation and adjustment ensure alignment with economic objectives. uzbekistan's experience thus serves as evidence that overcoming historical constraints through proactive innovation strategies can lead to substantial growth dividends [5]. exploring the role of public policy in innovation management highlights how governments can shape economic trajectories by providing incentives and infrastructure that stimulate creative output. in uzbekistan, the introduction of the ministry of innovative development in 2017 marked a significant policy shift, aiming to coordinate research efforts and promote technology transfer from academia to industry. such initiatives have led to increased research and development expenditures, which, although still modest as a percentage of gdp, have shown promising correlations with productivity gains in key sectors. policy instruments like tax breaks for innovative enterprises and grants for startups have further encouraged private sector participation, creating a multiplier effect on economic growth. this approach aligns with international best practices observed in countries like south korea, where state-led innovation policies propelled rapid industrialization and sustained high growth rates. uzbekistan's ongoing policy refinements demonstrate a commitment to building a robust innovation ecosystem that supports economic diversification and resilience. analyzing sector-specific applications of innovation management in uzbekistan uncovers notable advancements in agriculture, where precision farming technologies have revolutionized traditional practices and enhanced output efficiency. the integration of drip irrigation systems and biotechnology has not only increased crop yields but also reduced water consumption in this arid region, contributing to environmental sustainability alongside economic benefits. [6] government-supported programs have facilitated the adoption of these innovations through training and subsidies, ensuring that smallholder farmers can participate in the growth process. this sectoral focus illustrates how targeted innovation management can address specific economic challenges, such as resource scarcity, while driving overall gdp contributions from agriculture. comparative studies with neighboring countries reveal that uzbekistan's proactive stance has positioned it favorably in regional food security efforts. ultimately, these developments emphasize the interconnectedness of innovation management with sectoral growth, providing a blueprint for holistic economic advancement. turning attention to the energy sector demonstrates how innovation management has enabled uzbekistan to diversify its energy mix, reducing dependency on fossil fuels and fostering sustainable growth pathways. investments in renewable sources, including solar and wind projects in regions like bukhara and nukus, have been managed through public-private partnerships that leverage international expertise and local resources. these initiatives have not only expanded energy capacity but also created jobs in emerging green technologies, directly impacting economic indicators such as employment rates and export revenues. policy frameworks supporting nuclear energy development, in collaboration with organizations like the iaea, further exemplify strategic innovation management aimed at long-term energy security. [7] the resulting economic growth from these efforts is evident in improved infrastructure and reduced import costs, highlighting the sector's role in national prosperity. uzbekistan's energy innovations thus offer insights into how management practices can align with global sustainability goals while boosting domestic economies. investigating the information technology sector in uzbekistan reveals a burgeoning digital economy driven by innovation management that emphasizes skill development and startup incubation. the virtual it park has become a hub for fintech and software companies, attracting foreign investment and fostering a culture of entrepreneurship among the youth. management strategies involving mentorship programs and access to venture capital have accelerated the growth of digital payments and e-learning platforms, contributing to a 119% annual increase in digital transactions from 2020 to 2022. this sector's expansion has ripple effects on economic 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us growth, enhancing service exports and integrating uzbekistan into global value chains. challenges such as skill gaps are being addressed through educational reforms, ensuring sustained innovation momentum. overall, the it sector's success underscores the potential of innovation management to transform service-based economies in developing contexts [9]. considering manufacturing innovations in uzbekistan points to the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies, such as automation and robotics, which have improved production efficiency and product quality in key industries. companies like nuwa robotics have established operations that not only boost output but also transfer knowledge to local workers, fostering a skilled workforce essential for economic growth. management approaches focusing on supply chain optimization and quality control have reduced costs and increased competitiveness in international markets. these advancements have led to a rise in manufacturing contributions to gdp, demonstrating the direct link between innovation and economic expansion. regional collaborations have further amplified these benefits, allowing uzbekistan to export higher-value goods. this sector's progress illustrates how effective innovation management can revitalize traditional industries for modern economic demands [10]. reviewing the evolution of innovation activities from 2013 to 2023 in uzbekistan shows a dramatic increase in the number of organizations engaged in innovative practices, rising from 761 to 5,026, which has paralleled economic growth trends. this surge reflects policy reforms that incentivized research and development, leading to higher innovation outputs and returns on investment. management of these activities through dedicated agencies has ensured efficient resource allocation, contributing to gdp growth and job creation. statistical data indicate that innovation expenditures grew 2.3 times over the decade, with outputs expanding 12.1 times, highlighting improved efficiency. these developments have positioned uzbekistan as a regional leader in innovation-driven growth. the trajectory suggests that continued management focus will sustain this positive momentum. assessing the impact of foreign direct investment on technological innovation in uzbekistan reveals a positive nexus, where inflows have facilitated knowledge transfer and enhanced local capabilities. management strategies that attract fdi through incentives and regulatory reforms have led to advancements in sectors like manufacturing and energy, driving economic competitiveness. empirical studies using autoregressive distributed lag models confirm that fdi contributes to patent filings and productivity gains. this relationship has been crucial in uzbekistan's post-2017 reforms, enabling the country to climb global innovation rankings. however, challenges in absorptive capacity necessitate stronger management frameworks. overall, fdi's role underscores its importance in linking innovation to economic growth [12]. evaluating the national innovation system in uzbekistan emphasizes its function as a driver for sustainable economic development, integrating academia, industry, and government in a cohesive framework. management of this system through policies like the strategy for innovative development 2022-2026 has promoted knowledge flows and commercialization. this approach has led to increased r&d volumes and researcher numbers, contributing to economic diversification. challenges such as funding volatility require enhanced management to maintain progress. comparative analyses with central asian peers highlight uzbekistan's strengths in policy implementation. the system's evolution supports broader economic goals, ensuring innovation contributes to growth. probing deeper into challenges facing innovation management in uzbekistan identifies inadequate r&d funding as a primary barrier, with expenditures fluctuating around 0.13-0.16% of gdp, limiting potential growth impacts. management efforts to address this include seeking international partnerships and diversifying funding sources. institutional barriers, such as weak university-industry links, further complicate innovation processes, affecting economic outcomes. policy recommendations focus on strengthening these linkages through joint ventures and training programs. despite these hurdles, uzbekistan's reforms have mitigated some issues, 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us leading to gradual economic improvements. overcoming these challenges is essential for realizing full growth potential. reflecting on the role of science, technology, and innovation parks in uzbekistan illustrates their potential to bridge research and business, enhancing economic growth through commercialization. management of these parks involves providing incubation services and incentives, which have attracted tenants and fostered startups. assessments show mixed performance, with strengths in business support but gaps in technological depth. policy issues include regulatory gaps and funding shortages, impacting overall effectiveness. recommendations for improvement emphasize capacity building and collaboration platforms. these parks represent a key component of uzbekistan's innovation-led growth strategy. scrutinizing governance reforms since 2016 in uzbekistan reveals how liberalization has created an enabling environment for innovation management, contributing to economic modernization. changes in exchange rates and trade policies have increased openness, attracting investments that fuel innovative activities. management of these reforms through national strategies has prioritized private sector growth and efficiency. this has resulted in improved business rankings and export growth, directly linking governance to economic vitality. regional integration efforts further amplify these benefits, positioning uzbekistan as a transit hub. the reforms' success highlights governance's role in innovation-driven economies. investigating agricultural case studies in uzbekistan demonstrates how innovation management has implemented precision farming, covering 450,000 hectares with drip irrigation by 2022, boosting yields and economic contributions. management strategies involving subsidies and training have ensured widespread adoption, leading to resource efficiency and growth. these innovations have reduced environmental impacts while enhancing farmer incomes, supporting rural economic development. partnerships with international organizations have provided technical expertise, accelerating progress. the sector's transformation exemplifies how targeted management can drive economic growth in traditional areas. uzbekistan's agricultural innovations offer lessons for other arid economies. examining energy diversification efforts in uzbekistan shows innovation management facilitating renewable projects, such as wind farms in nukus, which reduce fossil fuel reliance and promote sustainable growth. management through public-private partnerships has secured funding and expertise, leading to expanded capacity and job creation. [11] these initiatives have lowered energy costs and improved security, positively impacting economic indicators. nuclear energy developments, managed with iaea collaboration, further diversify the mix. the sector's advancements contribute to uzbekistan's goal of upper-middle-income status. this case highlights energy innovation's role in economic resilience. looking at the fintech boom in uzbekistan reveals how innovation management has supported startups with investments totaling $7.1 million in 2022-2023, driving digital economy growth. management via it parks provides tax incentives and mentorship, fostering rapid sector expansion. this has increased service exports and integrated uzbekistan into global digital markets, enhancing economic competitiveness. [8] challenges like skill shortages are addressed through educational programs. the fintech sector's growth demonstrates innovation's potential in services. uzbekistan's experience illustrates digital management's impact on economic transformation. considering manufacturing upgrades in uzbekistan points to robotics and automation adoption, managed through corporate venturing, which has improved efficiency and output quality. these innovations have increased exports and created skilled jobs, contributing to economic growth. management strategies focus on technology transfer and workforce training, ensuring sustainable benefits. partnerships with foreign firms have accelerated this process. the sector's progress supports diversification away from commodities. this development underscores manufacturing innovation's economic importance. 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analyzing patent trends in uzbekistan from 2013 to 2023 shows a 35.1% increase in applications, reflecting improved innovation management and its link to growth. management of intellectual property rights has encouraged domestic filings, boosting economic value from ideas. [13] this trend correlates with r&d growth and productivity gains. policies strengthening protection have attracted more investment. challenges in enforcement require further management enhancements. patent growth signifies uzbekistan's maturing innovation ecosystem. exploring human capital development in uzbekistan highlights innovation management's role in education reforms, increasing researchers per million and supporting economic growth. management through scholarships and training programs builds skills for innovative sectors. this investment has led to higher productivity and competitiveness. international collaborations enhance knowledge transfer. skill gaps remain a challenge, necessitating ongoing efforts. human capital's focus is crucial for sustained growth. forecasting future prospects for uzbekistan's innovation-driven economy suggests that continued management improvements could accelerate growth toward 2030 goals. integrating ai and blockchain in policies will enhance efficiency. management strategies emphasizing inclusivity will ensure broad-based benefits. regional cooperation will amplify impacts. potential challenges like funding volatility require proactive measures. uzbekistan's trajectory promises significant economic advancements. advancing the discussion on ecosystem building in central asia, including uzbekistan, reveals how innovation management fosters deep tech and entrepreneurship, contributing to regional growth. comparative analyses show uzbekistan's strengths in policy support but needs for better funding. management through hubs and networks enhances collaboration. this ecosystem development drives economic diversification. lessons from peers like kazakhstan inform strategies. uzbekistan's role in regional innovation supports collective growth. unpacking the middle-income trap challenges for uzbekistan illustrates how innovation management can provide escape routes through enterprise, talent, and energy reforms. management focuses on enhancing productivity and skills. these strategies aim to sustain high growth rates. policy recommendations emphasize targeted investments. overcoming the trap requires integrated management. uzbekistan's efforts position it for success. conclusions deriving insights from the extensive analysis presented, it becomes evident that effective innovation management has significantly propelled uzbekistan's economic growth by facilitating technological adoption and sectoral diversification, leading to an average annual gdp increase of 5.3% since the initiation of major reforms in 2017. this relationship is further strengthened through strategic policies that have expanded research and development activities, resulting in higher productivity and job creation across key industries such as agriculture and energy. the establishment of innovation parks and public-private partnerships has played a crucial role in bridging gaps between academia and business, ensuring that innovative ideas translate into tangible economic benefits. moreover, the surge in patent applications and foreign direct investments underscores the positive impact of these management practices on national competitiveness. challenges like funding constraints have been mitigated to some extent, allowing for sustained progress toward upper-middle-income status. overall, these elements confirm that innovation management serves as a cornerstone for uzbekistan's economic resilience and future prosperity. building upon the main body's findings, another key conclusion is that uzbekistan's national innovation system, when properly managed, acts as a catalyst for sustainable development by integrating global best practices with local needs, thereby reducing reliance on traditional resources and fostering a knowledge-based economy. this system has enabled the country to climb global innovation rankings, with notable achievements in digital and renewable sectors 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that contribute to environmental sustainability alongside growth. policy reforms since 2016 have enhanced governance, creating an enabling environment for innovation that directly correlates with improved export performance and regional integration. additionally, the focus on human capital development through education and training has ensured that the workforce is equipped to handle emerging technologies, driving long-term economic expansion. these conclusions highlight the multifaceted benefits of innovation management, from immediate productivity gains to broader societal advancements. uzbekistan's case thus provides a model for how transitional economies can leverage innovation for comprehensive growth. recommendations to capitalize on the conclusion that innovation management drives sectoral diversification and gdp growth, uzbekistan should establish a dedicated national fund for ai and blockchain research, allocating at least 0.5% of gdp annually to support startups in these areas through competitive grants and international expert mentorship programs tailored to local industries like agriculture and manufacturing. based on the insight that public-private partnerships enhance knowledge transfer and competitiveness, the government ought to mandate joint innovation labs between universities and foreign tech firms, focusing on renewable energy projects in underserved regions, with performance metrics tied to job creation targets of 50,000 new positions over five years. drawing from the finding that human capital development is essential for sustained innovationled growth, uzbekistan must implement a nationwide upskilling initiative partnering with global platforms like coursera, offering subsidized certifications in digital skills to 1 million young adults by 2030, integrated with employment guarantees in high-tech sectors. in light of the conclusion regarding the national innovation system's role in reducing resource dependency, policymakers should launch a cross-ministerial task force to develop intellectual property courts specialized in tech disputes, aiming to triple resident patent filings by enforcing streamlined registration processes and providing legal aid to smes. references 1. abdurakhmanova, g., & shayusupova, n. the impact of innovation on the growth of economic competitiveness in uzbekistan. american journal of economics and business innovation, 3(4), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v3i4.3501 2. boboev, a., & ochilova, b.. uzbekistan's path to knowledge-driven economic growth. in proceedings of the 10th international conference on management of e-commerce and egovernment (pp. 123–130). scitepress. https://doi.org/10.5220/0012919200000000 3. institute for strategic and regional studies. (n.d.). the economic modernization of uzbekistan: a new governance model. institute for strategic and regional studies under the president of the republic of uzbekistan. https://www.isdp.eu/publication/economicmodernization-uzbekistan/ 4. kim, y., & lee, k. foreign direct investment and technological innovation nexus: evidence from uzbekistan. technology analysis & strategic management. advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2025.2550011 5. massachusetts institute of technology. (n.d.). ecosystem for innovation-driven entrepreneurship in central asia: comparative analysis of kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan, and uzbekistan. mit sloan school of management. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/centersinitiatives/ksc/ecosystem-innovation-driven-entrepreneurship-central-asia-comparativeanalysis-kyrgyzstan-kazakhstan-and-uzbekistan 6. outpost eurasia. 2025, january 14. the evolution of innovation in uzbekistan, 2013-2023. outpost eurasia. https://outposteurasia.com/insights/tpost/sp1clf2cj1-the-evolution-ofinnovation-in-uzbekista https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v3i4.3501 https://doi.org/10.5220/0012919200000000 https://www.isdp.eu/publication/economic-modernization-uzbekistan/ https://www.isdp.eu/publication/economic-modernization-uzbekistan/ https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2025.2550011 https://mitsloan.mit.edu/centers-initiatives/ksc/ecosystem-innovation-driven-entrepreneurship-central-asia-comparative-analysis-kyrgyzstan-kazakhstan-and-uzbekistan https://mitsloan.mit.edu/centers-initiatives/ksc/ecosystem-innovation-driven-entrepreneurship-central-asia-comparative-analysis-kyrgyzstan-kazakhstan-and-uzbekistan https://mitsloan.mit.edu/centers-initiatives/ksc/ecosystem-innovation-driven-entrepreneurship-central-asia-comparative-analysis-kyrgyzstan-kazakhstan-and-uzbekistan https://outposteurasia.com/insights/tpost/sp1clf2cj1-the-evolution-of-innovation-in-uzbekista https://outposteurasia.com/insights/tpost/sp1clf2cj1-the-evolution-of-innovation-in-uzbekista 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. rakhmonov, d. national innovation system as a key factor in the sustainable development of the economy of uzbekistan. e3s web of conferences, 244, article 05026. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124405026 8. tursunov, b. opportunities to increase the efficiency of innovation management in uzbekistan. international journal of accounting, auditing and finance management research, 2(7), 45–52. http://ijeais.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/7/ijaafmr200705.pdf 9. united nations conference on trade and development. science, technology and innovation parks in uzbekistan: assessment and policy issues. unctad. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tcsdtlinf2024d7_en.pdf 10. united nations economic commission for europe. innovation for sustainable development review of uzbekistan. unece. https://unece.org/info/economic-cooperation-andintegration/pub/366072 11. world bank. (2025). uzbekistan overview. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/uzbekistan/overview 12. world bank. (2025, october 16). world bank supports uzbekistan in implementing policy reforms to advance global integration and market transition [press release]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/10/16/first-advancing-globalintegration-and-market-transition-uzbekistan-programmatic-development-policy-operation 13. yale journal of international affairs. (2025, may 17). how uzbekistan can escape the middle-income trap. yale journal of international affairs. https://www.yalejournal.org/publications/how-uzbekistan-can-escape-the-middle-incometrap https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124405026 http://ijeais.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/7/ijaafmr200705.pdf https://unece.org/info/economic-cooperation-and-integration/pub/366072 https://unece.org/info/economic-cooperation-and-integration/pub/366072 https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/uzbekistan/overview https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/10/16/first-advancing-global-integration-and-market-transition-uzbekistan-programmatic-development-policy-operation https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/10/16/first-advancing-global-integration-and-market-transition-uzbekistan-programmatic-development-policy-operation https://www.yalejournal.org/publications/how-uzbekistan-can-escape-the-middle-income-trap https://www.yalejournal.org/publications/how-uzbekistan-can-escape-the-middle-income-trap 137 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 participation of people's diplomacy in the development of uzbekistan's international relations djuraeva mokhigul teacher, international university of tourism and cultural heritage “ipak yuli” abstract: this article discusses the important role of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy in developing international relations, strengthening cultural exchanges, and expanding cooperation with foreign countries. it highlights how initiatives such as international forums, cultural festivals, and educational partnerships contribute to enhancing uzbekistan’s global reputation and fostering mutual understanding. additionally, economic agreements with the european union, china, and russia are presented as key factors that further support diplomatic efforts. public diplomacy not only promotes cultural and economic development but also plays a crucial role in ensuring international security and stability by reinforcing cooperation between nations. keywords: international relations, cultural exchange, economic cooperation, international festivals, global image, education diplomacy, mutual understanding, trade agreements, foreign partnerships, security, stability. introduction uzbekistan's public diplomacy plays an important role in strengthening the country's position on the international stage and developing international relations. in this process, initiatives aimed at shaping uzbekistan's positive image are implemented through the participation of citizens and the public, cultural exchanges, and educational collaborations.[1] public diplomacy is an activity aimed at enhancing dialogue and mutual understanding between countries and developing cultural exchanges. it serves as an important tool in shaping a country's international image and strengthening international relations. a practical example of this is uzbekistan's efforts in public diplomacy, such as organizing various international forums and conferences. for instance, the "uzbekistan – asia" forums held in bukhara have contributed to showcasing the country's cultural and economic potential. to promote uzbekistan’s culture and traditions to other nations, international cultural festivals and art exhibitions are organized. the international cultural festival held in bukhara in 2019 is a vivid example of this process.[2] through public diplomacy, uzbekistan participates in international educational programs. the organization of the "education diplomacy" congress in 2021 contributed to strengthening cooperation in the field of education. uzbekistan’s efforts to develop its economic relations are also seen as part of public diplomacy. for example, signing economic agreements with china and russia in 2019 was an initiative aimed at strengthening economic cooperation through public diplomacy.[3] public diplomacy is a diplomatic activity carried out by citizens and the public. this process aims to enhance dialogue and mutual understanding between nations while fostering cultural exchanges. as part of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy, international cultural festivals are 138 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organized. for example, the international cultural festival held in bukhara in 2019 brought together artists from various countries, strengthening cultural exchange.[4] uzbekistan also promotes public diplomacy through art exhibitions, which introduce the country's rich cultural heritage, art, and traditions to other nations. additionally, international events such as conferences and seminars play a key role in developing dialogue and cooperation between countries. these examples demonstrate how uzbekistan implements public diplomacy and highlight its significance in cultural exchanges. uzbekistan’s public diplomacy pursues the following key objectives: 1. developing international relations, 2. strengthening cultural exchanges, 3. expanding international cooperation through public diplomacy. these efforts contribute to the country’s economic and cultural development. one example is uzbekistan’s efforts to strengthen ties with the european union. through these relations, trade, economic cooperation, and cultural exchanges take place. for instance, uzbekistan organizes various events to enhance trade with the eu and attract investments.[5] additionally, uzbekistan actively participates in international cultural festivals. for example, the international cultural festival held in bukhara aimed to showcase uzbekistan’s culture to the world and promote global cultural exchange. the country also strengthens cooperation with other nations in the fields of art and culture. these goals define the main directions of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy and help solidify its position in international relations. furthermore, public diplomacy plays a role in ensuring international security and stability, as stronger cultural and economic ties foster mutual understanding and cooperation between nations. stages of development of uzbekistan's public diplomacy during the period of independence after uzbekistan gained independence, public diplomacy began to develop. during this period, uzbekistan implemented numerous initiatives aimed at establishing and strengthening international relations. the process of developing uzbekistan’s public diplomacy as an independent state started in 1991. gaining independence marked the beginning of uzbekistan's position on the international stage. the government decided to actively participate in establishing and strengthening international relations. in 1992, uzbekistan became a member of the united nations (un), an important milestone for the country’s recognition in the international community. joining the un provided uzbekistan with an opportunity to enhance its participation in international politics and develop diplomatic relations. within the un framework, uzbekistan was able to express its position on economic, social, and cultural matters.[6] during the period of independence, uzbekistan established diplomatic relations with many countries. the country aimed to foster cooperation on regional security, economic development, and cultural exchanges. uzbekistan paid particular attention to strengthening relations with its neighboring countries, such as kazakhstan, tajikistan, and kyrgyzstan. one of the key aspects of public diplomacy was cultural exchanges. various cultural festivals, art exhibitions, and other events were held as part of uzbekistan's public diplomacy. these events served to promote uzbekistan's culture internationally. for instance, artists and cultural figures who participated in the "uzbekistan culture" festival held in uzbekistan showcased the country’s rich cultural heritage on the international stage. during the development of uzbekistan's public diplomacy, the country went through the process of joining numerous international organizations. organizations established for cooperation on economic and security issues played an important role in this process. in 2001, uzbekistan became one of the founding members of the shanghai cooperation organization (sco) and actively participated in programs aimed at ensuring regional security. 139 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us during the period of independence, the development of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy included numerous initiatives aimed at establishing and strengthening international relations. the events held during this period served to solidify uzbekistan's position on the international stage and contributed to the advancement of its public diplomacy. after gaining independence, uzbekistan’s public diplomacy was ready to enter a new phase, opening opportunities for even stronger international relations in the future. period of integration and cooperation (2000-2010) during this period, uzbekistan implemented strategies aimed at developing international relations through public diplomacy. uzbekistan’s public diplomacy played a significant role in addressing regional and global issues, as well as strengthening economic and cultural ties. in 2001, uzbekistan became a member of the shanghai cooperation organization (sco), marking an important part of its strategy to enhance regional security and economic cooperation.[7] within the sco framework, uzbekistan sought to develop cooperation with neighboring countries on issues of security, counterterrorism, economic integration, and cultural exchanges. as a member of the sco, uzbekistan worked to strengthen regional cooperation in combating terrorism, extremism, and other threats. the events and seminars held under this organization provided an opportunity for uzbekistan to share its experiences in the field of security. uzbekistan’s public diplomacy also focused on developing economic relations. during this period, uzbekistan aimed to strengthen its cooperation with various international and regional economic organizations. international economic forums and exhibitions were organized to promote uzbekistan’s economic potential and attract investments. in 2022, the "tashkent international investment forum" was held with the aim of showcasing uzbekistan's economic opportunities and investment climate. such events contributed to strengthening uzbekistan's economic relations. cultural exchanges also played an important role during this period. through uzbekistan's public diplomacy, various international cultural festivals and art exhibitions were held. these events served to promote uzbekistan's culture internationally and strengthen cultural relations. by participating in cultural festivals such as the "sharq taronalari (oriental songs)" festival, uzbek artists and creators showcased their cultural heritage. this festival helped promote the richness of uzbekistan's culture on a global scale. the years 2000-2010 were a significant period in the development of uzbekistan's public diplomacy. during this time, uzbekistan implemented strategies aimed at developing and strengthening international relations. through regional security, economic cooperation, and cultural exchanges, uzbekistan’s public diplomacy solidified its position on the global stage. this phase laid a strong foundation for future development.[8] development of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy through new political directions (20102020) uzbekistan's public diplomacy was enriched with new political directions during this period. the leadership of the country paid special attention to the development of public diplomacy. during this time, the country developed new strategies to strengthen its position in the international arena and address regional and global issues. in 2018, uzbekistan became a member of more than 20 international organizations. this marked a significant step in advancing uzbekistan's public diplomacy to a new level. membership in international organizations allowed uzbekistan to strengthen its global connections and enhance economic and cultural cooperation. the country expanded its cooperation with international organizations such as the european union, the united nations, the shanghai cooperation organization (sco), and the organization of islamic cooperation (oic). the events and conferences held within the framework of these organizations helped consolidate uzbekistan's position on the global stage. 140 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan's new foreign policy strategies were focused on developing public diplomacy. the country's leadership aimed to apply the principles of openness and transparency in conducting public diplomacy. this, in turn, helped to shape a positive image of uzbekistan within the international community. since 2017, uzbekistan’s foreign policy has been based on the "open doors" principle, which aimed at expanding international relations and establishing new partnerships. within these new political directions, cultural diplomacy also played an important role. the leadership of uzbekistan paid special attention to promoting the country's culture internationally and developing cultural exchanges. as part of uzbekistan's "intercultural dialogue" program, various international cultural events, exhibitions, and art festivals were held. these events helped introduce uzbekistan’s cultural heritage to the world and contributed to shaping a positive image of the country on the international stage. the development of uzbekistan's public diplomacy continued through the organization of new international forums and summits. these events served as platforms for discussing global issues and creating opportunities for new collaborations. for instance, the "uzbekistan – asia" forum, held in bukhara in 2019, focused on discussing regional cooperation and development. during this forum, uzbekistan's proposals regarding regional security, economic integration, and cultural exchanges were agreed upon. the period from 2010 to 2020 was a significant phase in the development of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy, marked by new political directions. during this time, important steps were taken to advance public diplomacy through membership in international organizations, new foreign policy strategies, cultural diplomacy, and international forums. these processes helped strengthen uzbekistan's international relations, shape a positive image of the country, and contribute to addressing global challenges. uzbekistan is working to develop education and scientific cooperation through public diplomacy. education diplomacy serves to strengthen the country’s position in the global arena, promote scientific research, and enhance international relations. through education diplomacy, uzbekistan is fostering collaboration in the fields of education and science with other countries. this process helps introduce uzbekistan’s scientific research and innovative projects on the international stage. it provides opportunities for international students to study in uzbekistan and encourages uzbek students to pursue education abroad. it also strengthens collaboration in scientific research and projects between uzbekistan’s educational institutions and foreign universities. in 2021, uzbekistan hosted the "education diplomacy" congress. the congress was organized to strengthen international cooperation in the field of education. experts, academics, and diplomats from various countries participated in the event. discussions were held on innovations in educational systems, international education standards, and joint scientific research. at the end of the congress, recommendations were developed to enhance cooperation in the field of education. there are several challenges in the development of uzbekistan’s public diplomacy. these challenges can create difficulties in shaping and advancing the country’s international relations. one of the main issues is the uncertainty in foreign policy, which can significantly hinder the effectiveness of public diplomacy. this uncertainty is related to factors such as the lack of clear strategies and planning in foreign policy, which causes difficulties in establishing efficient international relations. as a result, it hampers attracting investments and strengthening international cooperation. global and regional problems, including security concerns, economic crises, and climate change, further complicate uzbekistan's foreign policy. these issues need to be addressed through public diplomacy, but their solutions are often unclear and challenging. competition with other countries in the region and relationships with neighboring states also impact uzbekistan's foreign policy. competition-related issues can present difficulties in advancing public diplomacy. moreover, the development of uzbekistan's public diplomacy faces several challenges, including the lack of necessary resources such as financial and human resources. this shortage makes it harder to strengthen international relations and continue the progress of public diplomacy. for the effective functioning of diplomatic missions in the country, necessary conditions must be created. cultural and linguistic barriers in the international 141 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us arena pose significant challenges in developing uzbekistan’s public diplomacy. in any international relations, cultural differences and language issues must be taken into account. the role of mass media in disseminating information about uzbekistan’s public diplomacy and shaping a positive image at the international level is crucial. however, there may sometimes be shortcomings in this process. uzbekistan's public diplomacy aims to promote new initiatives and strengthen international relations. this process includes the following key areas: uzbekistan is working to develop diplomatic relations with other countries, strengthening international relations through the signing of new agreements and treaties. this, in turn, facilitates economic and cultural cooperation. the implementation of the principles of openness and transparency in uzbekistan’s public diplomacy serves to enhance communication with the international community. in these processes, close cooperation with international organizations and forums is established. the development of new innovative programs in the fields of education, culture, and science helps strengthen uzbekistan’s position in the international community. conclusion uzbekistan is actively working to strengthen its position on the international stage by further developing its public diplomacy. this process is carried out through the following directions: 1. continued cooperation with international organizations: uzbekistan aims to maintain active partnerships with international organizations such as the united nations (un), shanghai cooperation organization (sco), and the organization of islamic cooperation (oic). within these organizations, projects and programs aligned with uzbekistan's interests are implemented. 2. collaboration with regional organizations: uzbekistan continues to work with regional organizations to ensure regional security and strengthen economic cooperation. in this process, initiatives aimed at addressing regional issues and ensuring sustainable development play a crucial role. 3. active participation in global issues: uzbekistan seeks to engage actively in global challenges such as climate change, terrorism, and economic crises. by addressing these issues, uzbekistan works to reinforce its international image and be recognized as a reliable partner within the global community. these efforts will contribute to uzbekistan’s growing influence, enhance its diplomatic presence, and strengthen its international relations across various sectors. references: 1. d. v. akayev, “internet design in the field of civil society activities,” newsl. saratov state law acad., no. 6 (101), pp. 54–59, 2014. 2. b. kh. bakhriev, “public diplomacy in modern research discourse,” newsl. tajik state univ. law bus. polit. soc. sci. ser., no. 1 (70), pp. 131–147, 2017. 3. b. k. kholmatov, “development trends of ‘people’s diplomacy’ in central asia,” orient. renaiss. innov. educ. nat. soc. sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 865–874, 2023. 4. s. norqulova, “participation of people’s diplomacy in the development of international relations of uzbekistan,” acad. res. mod. sci., vol. 3, no. 49, pp. 128–135, 2024. 5. y. v. parshina, “the role of public diplomacy in the formation of the state image (political analysis based on the experience of the usa and the ussr / russian federation),” phd thesis, moscow, 2006. 6. e. v. sharafutdinova, “the role of the information factor in the formation of the state image in the international arena,” bull. st petersburg univ. ser. 6 philos. cult. stud. polit. sci. int. relat., no. 1, pp. 46–51, 2011. 142 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. m. o. ulitina, “formation of the international image of russia in the context of information globalization,” phd thesis, moscow, 2015. 8. “independence period (1991-2000): after independence, uzbekistan began to develop public diplomacy, becoming a member of the un in 1992, and establishing relations with the european union since 1994.” 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 8, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 taxation and human capital development in nigeria: a dynamic analysis using the error correction model oyegun gbenga wellspring university benin city, edo state abstract: this study empirically examined the impact taxation on the human development index (hdi) in nigeria, for the period 1990 2024. the error correction model was used to evaluate both short-run and long-run impact of the independent variables on the dependent variable. the results showed that company income tax (cit) and petroleum profit tax (ppt) had a negative and significant impact on hdi in the short run, while value added tax (vat) demonstrated a positive and significant relationship. customs and excise duties (ced) were found to negatively affect hdi, though insignificantly in the short run. in the long run, cit continued to have a negative but insignificant impact, while ppt and ced maintained a negative and significant effect. vat remained the only tax component with a consistently positive and significant influence on human development. despite a confirmed long-run relationship between tax revenue and hdi, the study highlights that increasing tax revenue in nigeria has not translated into significant human development gains, likely due to poor fiscal discipline, tax evasion, weak policy implementation, and lack of transparency. the findings recommended the need for tax policy reform, improved revenue utilization, and stricter enforcement to enhance the developmental impact of tax revenue in nigeria. keywords: taxation, human capital development, error correction model. 1.1 background to the study taxation plays a fundamental role in any economy, especially in the context of a developing nation like nigeria, where government revenue primarily relies on tax collection. taxes are essential to fund public goods and services, which in turn can impact the country’s human capital development. human capital development, which refers to the process of improving the economic value of individuals through education, health, skills development, and productivity, is vital for economic growth and development. in nigeria, taxation and human capital development are intricately linked, as the efficient collection and allocation of tax revenue can either propel or hinder progress in education, healthcare, and other vital sectors of human development. this study seeks to explore the relationship between taxation and human capital development in nigeria, examining how effective taxation policies can be a catalyst for the improvement of human capital in the country. in particular, it focuses on understanding the role of tax revenues in financing key areas such as education, healthcare, skills development, and poverty alleviation programs. despite the potential of taxation to contribute to human capital development, the efficiency of tax collection, the equitable distribution of tax revenue, and the effective utilization of tax proceeds are often subjects of debate in nigeria. taxation plays a crucial role in government revenue generation and can significantly support human capital development in nigeria through strategic investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. according to ojo (2017), taxation is a powerful tool for economic 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us development, enabling governments to mobilize resources for essential services. however, nigeria's tax system suffers from low compliance, a narrow base, and inefficient collection methods (ajakaiye, 2018). the overreliance on oil revenue (ogunleye, 2016) has made government funding vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations, jeopardizing consistent support for human capital programs. one of the most direct pathways through which taxation fosters human capital development is education, but nigeria’s educational system remains underfunded and constrained by infrastructural and quality issues (ogunyemi, 2017). despite unesco’s (2020) recommendation that 15–20% of total government spending go to education, nigeria falls short, resulting in high out-of-school rates and skill mismatches. a robust tax regime, effectively allocated, can help close these gaps and enhance national development outcomes (ademola & osabuohien, 2019). healthcare is another vital sector in human capital development. a well-funded healthcare system can significantly boost productivity and economic growth by ensuring a healthy workforce. yet, nigeria's healthcare sector is plagued by poor infrastructure, limited access, and inadequate funding (ogunyemi, 2018). although efforts like the national health insurance scheme have been introduced, their impact is minimal due to mismanagement and limited resources (uzochukwu et al., 2019). with nigeria spending less than 5% of its gdp on healthcare—well below the global average (world health organization [who], 2020)—a reformed tax system could provide the financial backing needed for improved health outcomes. however, the effectiveness of taxation in this regard is undermined by tax evasion, poor governance, and a largely untaxed informal sector (ojo, 2017; nigerian bureau of statistics [nbs], 2020). additionally, corruption and misallocation of collected revenues (ajakaiye, 2018) erode the developmental potential of taxation, making reforms in tax administration and transparency critical for sustainable human capital growth 1.2 statement of the problem taxation is a fundamental mechanism for financing public services that are critical to human capital development, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. in nigeria, however, the effectiveness of taxation in supporting these sectors is undermined by a narrow and oildependent tax base, low compliance, and widespread evasion—especially in the informal sector (ogunleye, 2016; ajakaiye, 2018). these limitations have led to chronic underinvestment in education and healthcare, with nigeria spending significantly less than global benchmarks, resulting in poor service quality and a workforce ill-prepared for economic challenges (unesco, 2020; who, 2020; ogunyemi, 2017). compounding this issue are governance failures and corruption, which distort revenue allocation and diminish the developmental impact of taxes (ajakaiye, 2018). although tax reforms aimed at broadening the base and improving compliance have been initiated, they remain largely ineffective due to entrenched structural problems (ogunleye, 2016). this study, therefore, addresses the inefficiency of nigeria's tax system in financing human capital development and aims to identify both the barriers to and opportunities for reform to better support education, healthcare, and long-term national development. 2.0 literature review 2.1 conceptual literature 2.1.1 human development index (hdi) and its components the human development index (hdi) is a composite index used to measure and rank countries based on human development, which is a broader concept than simply economic growth. it was introduced by the united nations development programme (undp) in 1990 as a tool to emphasize that development should be measured not only by economic factors such as gdp, but also by the quality of life and human well-being. the hdi focuses on three core dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. these components collectively aim to 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us capture the essential factors that contribute to human flourishing and socio-economic development. a) health: life expectancy at birth the health dimension of hdi is measured using life expectancy at birth. life expectancy is often used as an indicator of the general health of a population and its access to basic healthcare, nutrition, and other social services. a higher life expectancy typically indicates better healthcare systems, higher standards of living, and healthier living conditions. the health aspect of human development is crucial because it represents the capacity of individuals to live long and healthy lives, which is fundamental for development. in fact, amartya sen (1999) emphasized the importance of health as a critical capability that enables individuals to function effectively in society and contribute to economic development. therefore, life expectancy is a direct measure of the success of a nation in providing healthcare and living conditions that allow citizens to live longer, healthier lives. b) education: mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling the education component of hdi includes two indicators: mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 and older, and expected years of schooling for children of school-entry age. these measures assess the educational attainment of the population and the potential for future generations to receive an education. education plays a critical role in human development as it enhances people's knowledge, skills, and capabilities, thereby improving their quality of life and contributing to economic and social growth. a more educated population tends to have better job prospects, higher incomes, and greater participation in social and political activities (becker, 1993). the mean years of schooling measures the past educational experience of the adult population, while the expected years of schooling reflect the future opportunities for children to receive education. education is also seen as a human capability—a means by which individuals can increase their freedom to live the lives they value (sen, 1999). it is often linked to improvements in health, income, and social cohesion. as such, education is essential for fostering human development and reducing inequality within countries. world bank (2018) highlights that education is a long-term driver of development, improving not only the quality of life but also economic productivity and social stability. c) standard of living: gross national income (gni) per capita the standard of living dimension of hdi is measured by gross national income (gni) per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity (ppp). gni per capita reflects the average income of citizens and is an important indicator of economic well-being and living standards. however, it is not a comprehensive measure of development on its own because it does not capture inequalities in income distribution, environmental sustainability, or other non-economic aspects of human well-being. nevertheless, it is an essential component of hdi as it provides a basic measure of the wealth available to individuals in a given country (todaro & smith, 2015). economic development, as reflected in higher gni per capita, is closely tied to improvements in health and education, as greater wealth allows for better healthcare, better access to education, and overall higher standards of living. however, the relationship between economic wealth and human development is complex, as income inequality and poverty can diminish the benefits of increased national wealth (piketty, 2014). consequently, while gni per capita is an important factor in hdi, it must be understood in conjunction with health and education outcomes to provide a more holistic view of human development. 2.1.2 taxation and economic development taxation plays a pivotal role in the economic development of countries, particularly in developing economies where the need for public revenue to finance infrastructure, education, healthcare, and other developmental projects is critical. the relationship between taxation and 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic development is multifaceted, involving not only revenue generation but also the design and efficiency of tax systems, tax compliance, and the ability of the tax system to support sustainable economic growth and social equity. taxation is one of the primary means by which governments generate the revenue necessary to fund public goods and services that support economic development. taxes finance investments in infrastructure (such as roads, electricity, and telecommunications), education, healthcare, and social protection programs, all of which contribute to a country’s overall development. bird and zolt (2005) argue that an efficient and equitable tax system is essential for the development of both the public and private sectors, as it enables governments to finance long-term investments in human and physical capital. in the context of developing countries, tax revenue provides governments with the financial means to address poverty, reduce inequality, and achieve sustainable development. however, the capacity of a nation to effectively raise revenue through taxes is influenced by its tax base, economic structure, and administrative capacity (tanzi, 2002). for example, countries with a large informal economy or significant levels of tax evasion may struggle to generate sufficient tax revenue, which can hinder development efforts (oats, 2001). the tax-to-gdp ratio is often used as an indicator of a country's tax effort and capacity. a higher ratio typically indicates a more developed, diversified economy with the ability to generate tax revenue from various sectors. in contrast, lower tax-to-gdp ratios in many developing countries often reflect weak tax administration, limited economic diversification, and high levels of informality in the economy (imf, 2011). in many developing countries, including nigeria, taxation is one of the main sources of public revenue. however, there is often a significant reliance on non-tax revenue sources, such as oil exports. this reliance on a volatile commodity has made nigeria’s economy highly vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices, often leading to underfunding of essential services and sectors, including those that contribute to human capital development (ogunleye, 2016). as a result, the tax system in nigeria needs to be reformed and expanded to create a more diversified and sustainable revenue base that can better support the development of human capital. 2.3 empirical literature oloyede & adeyemi, (2025), carried out a study titled, the effect of taxation on human capital development in nigeria: an empirical investigation. the objective was to assess the relationship between tax revenue and human capital development, focusing on education and healthcare. their study spanned from 2000–2023. the following variables of interest were used for the study: tax revenue, education expenditure, healthcare expenditure, literacy rates, life expectancy. method of analysis was autoregressive distributed lag (ardl) model. the study found that tax revenue has a positive impact on both education and healthcare outcomes, with a notable improvement in literacy rates and life expectancy as government spending in these sectors increased. however, challenges in efficient tax collection and corruption were cited as significant barriers. from the findings, the study recommended strengthening the tax administration system and improving transparency in government spending to ensure that tax revenues are efficiently allocated to human capital development. however, the limitation of the study was its reliance on national-level data, which might not capture local variations in human capital outcomes. a more regional approach could have provided deeper insights into the disparities across different states. olatunji, (2024), titled his work taxation, governance, and human capital development: a case study of nigeria. the broad objective was to investigate the role of governance in the effectiveness of taxation on human capital development. the time scope from 2000–2023 for variables such as; tax revenue, governance indicators (corruption, transparency), education expenditure, healthcare expenditure, human capital indicators (life expectancy, literacy rates) were used. method of analysis was generalized method of moments (gmm). the study found 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that governance quality was a critical factor in determining the effectiveness of tax revenue in promoting human capital development. countries with better governance systems saw more significant improvements in education and healthcare outcomes from tax revenues. recommendations includes improving institutional capacity, reducing corruption, and strengthening governance to ensure that tax revenues are effectively used for human capital development. however, the study focuses predominantly on governance and does not adequately address other socio-economic factors that could influence the use of tax revenue in human capital development. oyegun & ugochukwu (2023), carried out to investigate the impact of taxation on economic growth in nigeria. four hypotheses were stated and tested. the study used mostly secondary data from the central bank of nigeria bulletin (cbn) and reports from federal inland revenue for the period of 29 years (1994 – 2022). the study used regression analysis by applying an error correction model (ecm) and granger causality approach based on the outcome of the unit root test and to discover both long and short run effect. the study revealed that custom and excise duty has a negative and insignificant impact on nigeria gross domestic product in the short run. petroleum profit tax (ppt) has a negative impact on the nigeria gross domestic product in the short run. however, value added tax (vat) and company income tax both have positive and significant impact on nigeria gross domestic product in the short run. the study recommended that efforts should be intensified by the government towards increased collection of tax revenue this is due to the low contribution of tax revenue to gdp over the period of study. this can be done through blocking all loopholes in our tax laws as well as bringing more prospective tax payers into the tax net (especially the informal sector). also there should be stringent penalty imposed on any individual or corporate body who indulge in any form of tax malpractices, if the positive correlation between taxation and economic growth should be maintained. adebayo, & olayanju. (2023), in tax revenue and healthcare development in nigeria: implications for human capital growth. the authors evaluate the influence of tax revenue on healthcare spending and its impact on human capital development in nigeria. their study scoped from 2005–2021. tax revenue, healthcare spending, healthcare outcomes (life expectancy, infant mortality rate), human capital index were among variables used for the study. fixed effects model (fem) was used to analyze the collected time series data. the study revealed that tax revenue had a significant impact on healthcare outcomes such as life expectancy and infant mortality rates. however, it pointed out that while tax revenue increased over time, the growth in healthcare infrastructure and services was not commensurate with the increase in revenue, primarily due to mismanagement and corruption. recommendations such as improving healthcare governance, ensuring that tax revenue is effectively allocated to infrastructure and personnel development in the healthcare sector. a limitation of the study was its reliance on aggregate healthcare data, which may obscure regional differences in healthcare delivery and human capital outcomes. eze, & okafor. (2022), wrote on the effect of taxation on human capital development in nigeria: a study on education and healthcare financing. the objective was to examine the effect of tax revenues on financing education and healthcare, and its impact on human capital development in nigeria. from 2010–2021, using tax revenue, education and healthcare expenditure, literacy rates, life expectancy, government spending on human capital sectors as variables of interest and running a fixed effects model (fem) method of data analysis, the study showed that tax revenue played a vital role in financing both education and healthcare, contributing to improvements in literacy rates and life expectancy. however, inefficiencies in resource allocation and inadequate policy implementation limited the impact of tax revenues on human capital development. in their recommendations, the study suggested that nigeria should adopt more effective tax administration policies and enhance government capacity to manage funds allocated to human capital development sectors. limitedly, the study did not consider the 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us role of external debt or international organizations' aid in financing education and healthcare, which may also influence the outcomes of tax-financed spending. akinyemi & ajiboye. (2019), assess the role of tax revenue in financing education and its impact on human capital development in nigeria. using vector autoregressive (var) model. annual data from 2000 – 2018 were collected on variables such as tax revenue, education expenditure, literacy rates, school enrollment, government education expenditure. the study found that tax revenue significantly influences education financing in nigeria, leading to improvements in literacy rates and school enrollment. however, the study noted inefficiencies in tax collection and allocation of funds. it does recommended improving tax administration to ensure more efficient collection and allocation of resources to education, particularly in rural areas. as laudable as the finding were, it did not fully account for the role of private sector investment in education and how that may supplement or counterbalance public funding from tax revenues. adebayo & eze. (2018), to investigate how taxation is used to finance education and its contribution to human capital development in nigeria. from a time scope of 1999–2017, variables used includes; tax revenue, education expenditure, literacy rates, school enrollment rates, government spending on education. method of analysis was an error correction model (ecm). the study found a strong positive relationship between tax revenue and education financing, which led to improvements in literacy rates and enrollment. however, the study noted that despite the availability of tax revenue, educational outcomes were often constrained by inefficiencies in government policy and management. in line, the study recommended enhancing the governance of educational financing, improving tax compliance, and ensuring more targeted funding for education in rural areas. sadly, it did not fully address the issue of the quality of education, focusing primarily on funding and enrollment. daramola & olufemi. (2017), the objective to assess the role of taxation in financing education and healthcare, and its subsequent impact on human capital development. the authors used granger causality test on variables data such as; tax revenue, education and health expenditure, literacy rates, life expectancy, government social expenditure for the period from 2000 – 2015. the study found that tax revenue is a significant determinant of government spending on education and healthcare, leading to improvements in human capital. however, it also pointed out that the impact of tax revenue on human capital was limited by inefficiencies in public service delivery. it was thereby recommended improving public service delivery, reducing corruption, and ensuring a more equitable distribution of tax revenue across regions. meanwhile, the study’s use of granger causality does not fully capture the complex relationships between tax revenue and human capital development over time. 3.0 methodology 3.1 the research design the longitudinal and ex-post facto research method was adopted in this study because the study involved the collection of past data for 26 years starting from 1994 to 2024. the period was representative and long enough to capture the responsiveness of the chosen independent variables on hdi in the country. the proxies for tax revenue, economic growth and development were observed and recorded annually over the period of time. this research design approach makes it easier to collect the data from the various sources in examining the impact of tax revenue on economic growth and development of nigeria. 3.2 sources of data collection secondary data were employed in the study which consisted of human development index, company income tax, petroleum profit tax, value added tax, and custom and excise duties revenue in nigeria ranging from 1994 to 2024. the data was obtained from the central bank of nigeria (cbn) statistical bulletin and annual report, federal inland revenue service 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (firs) quarterly reports, national bureau of statistics (nbs), world bank country specific report and united nations human development report. 3.3.1 model specification based on the functional relationship between the theory of optimal commodity taxation and economic growth, a link was drawn from the two variables. the model for the study states that economic development proxy by human development index (hdi) depends on tax revenue. the model is in line with the work of ofoegbu et al (2016) in the empirical analysis of the effect of tax revenue on economic development of nigeria. the models state that a linear relationship existed between tax revenue, economic growth and development in nigeria. this model was modified in this study. thus, the functional relationship and the resultant models are as specified below: hdi = f (tax revenue) ……………………………………………………………... (3.1) hdi = f (cit, ppt, vat, ced) …………………………………………… (3.2) from the above functional relationship, the stochastic model is specified thus: hdi = β0 + β1citt + β2pptt + β3 vatt + β4ced + μt ……………….(3.3) where hdi = human development index cit = company income tax revenue ppt = petroleum profit tax revenue vat = value added tax revenue ced = custom and excise duties revenue β0 = constant parameter β1, β2, β3, β4, = coefficients of the explanatory variables μt = stochastic disturbance term t =time subscript the apriori expectation is that the coefficients of, cit, ppt, vat and ced are positively related to hdi, i.e., β1, β2, β3, β4, > 0 in equation 3.3 above respectively. 3.4 method of data analysis the method of data analysis in the study was the multiple ordinary least square (ols) session analysis. this method is a good estimating technique for time series data because it has characteristics of best linear unbiased estimator (blue) that possesses the properties of unbiasedness, efficiency and consistency. this technique established a stronger causal relationship between the chosen variables in achieving the research objectives. the data obtained were electronically analyzed with the aid of econometric view (e-view) 10. operationalization of variables s/n variables proxy definition sources apriori sign 1 development hdi it is a composite index of education, life expectancy and standard of living use in measuring development. haller, (2012); and ofoegbu et al (2016). nil 2 company income tax revenue cit revenue realized from the imposition of cit on companies. adegbie&fakile (2011); and ogwuche et al (2019). positive 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3 petroleum profit tax revenue ppt revenue realized from the imposition of ppt on oil companies. anyaduba&aronmwan (2015); and saheed et al, (2014). positive 4 value added tax revenue vat tax revenue realized from the imposition of vat on goods and services. okoror& onatuyeh (2018); and yusuf et al (2018) positive 5 custom and excise duties revenue ced revenue realized from the collection of ced on imports and exports. ibadin&oladipupo (2015); and asaolu et al., (2018). positive sources: researcher's compilation from various sources (2025) 4.0 data presentation and analysis 4.1 data presentation descriptive statistics the result of the descriptive statistics is shown on the table below: table 4.1: descriptive statistics hdi cit ppt vat ced mean 0.4794 451.543 1335.12 441.248 282.674 median 0.474 244.9 1183.5 221.6 232.8 maximum 0.534 1421.79 3201.31 1409.21 705.5 minimum 0.393 12.275 42.803 7.2608 18.295 std. dev 0.0347 464.810 1026.35 448.183 204.635 skewness -0.1191 0.6832 0.339 0.7714 0.5257 kurtosis 2.8478 1.9914 1.8464 2.1833 2.0797 jarque-bera 0.0832 3.0047 1.8652 3.1745 2.0338 probability 0.9592 0.2226 0.3935 0.2045 0.3617 sum 11.984 11288.5 33378.1 11031.2 7066.85 sum sq. dev. 0.029 5185181 25281620 4820833 1005015 source: researcher's compilation (2025) the descriptive statistic of the variables used in the analysis presented in table 4.1 above explains the range, minimum, maximum, mean values, spread and normality of the variables. the descriptive statistics result of the jarque-bera test revealed that all the variableshuman development index, company income tax, petroleum profit tax, value added tax and customs and excise duties were all normally distributed 4.2 data analysis diagnostics tests this section deals with the serial correlation and heteroscedasticity test result among the human development index, company income tax, petroleum profit tax, value added tax, and custom and excise duty. table 4.2: breusch-godfrey serial correlation lm test for hdi model source: results extract from eview 10 sv table 4.3: breusch-pagan-godfrey heteroskedasticity test for hdi model f-statistic 1.247868 prob. f(5,1 9) 0.326 obs*r-squared 6.180172 prob. chi-square(5) 0.2891 scaled explained ss 4.006704 prob. chi-square(5) 0.5485 source: results extract from eview 10 sv f-statistic 2.360669 prob. f (2, 17) 0.1245 obs*r-squared 5.433987 prob. chi-square (2) 0.0661 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the result from the breusch-godfrey serial correlation test in table 4.2 revealed that we cannot reject the null hypothesis because the p-value of 12.45 percent is greater than the 5% significance level. thus, we accept the null hypothesis that there is no serial correlation among the residuals in the human development index model. similarly, the breusch-pagangodfrey heteroskedasticity test as shown in table 4.3 indicated that we cannot reject the null hypothesis because the p-value of 32.63 percent is greater than the 5 percent significance level. thus, we accept the null hypothesis that the residuals were homoskedastics in the human development model. table 4.4: ramsey reset test for hd i model value df probability t-statistic 0.612734 18 0.547700 f-statistic 0.375444 (1,18) 0.5477 likelihood ratio 0.516086 1 0.4725 source: results extract from eview 10 sv the result from the ramsey reset test for model misspecification in table 4.4 displayed above revealed that we cannot reject the null hypothesis because the f-statistic of 0.3754 with p-value of 0.5477 is greater than the 5% significance level. thus, we accept the null hypothesis that the model is correctly specified in a linear form. the diagnosis tests of heteroscedasticity and serial correlation using breausch-pagan godfrey and breauschgodfrey tests revealed that all the residual in the the human development index model is homoskedastics and with the absence of serial correlation at the 5 percent level of significance respectively. likewise, the ramsey reset test for model misspecification confirmed that the models was not mis-specified. 4.2.1 unit root test the results of the unit root test using augmented dickey fuller (adf) test was reported below on table 4.5: note: the null hypothesis was that there is a unit root in the variables. the "d" denoted first difference of the variable. the different values of the lag length was as a result of automatic lag selection based on schwarz information criterion (sic). the maximum lag length automatically selected for the sample size was 5. this was to enable same lag length for all the chosen variables in order to allow for sound judgment and decision making. from the unit root test results conducted, the variables at level as displayed in table 4.5 above revealed that the adf test statistic (-2.035846) of the real gross domestic product (rgdp) was less than the critical value (-2.9981) in absolute terms. hence, we failed to reject the null hypothesis of a unit root at the 5 percent significance level. thus, real gross domestic product was found to be non-stationary at level. similarly, the other variables were likewise found to be non-stationary at first differencing because their adf test statistics were less than the critical value at the 5 percent significance level. hence, the ad unit root test confirmed that all the variables were not stationary at their levels. thus, the variables were tested for stationarity in their first differences. table 4.5: augmented dickey-fuller unit root test at first difference (augmented dickey-fuller regressions include an intercept but not a linear trend) variable lag length adf statistic 5% critical value remarks d(hdi) 4 -4.045046 -3.029970 stationary d(cit) 1 -3.507185 -3.004861 stationary d(ppt) 0 -5.707569 -2.998064 stationary d(vat) 1 -4.051839 -3.004861 stationary d(ced) 1 -4.949337 -3.004861 stationary source: results extract from eview 10 sv 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the adf unit root test results in table 4.5 above revealed that all the variables were stationary after first differencing at the 5 percent significance level because all the individual adf test statistics were all greater than their respective critical values in their absolute terms. hence, we failed to accept the null hypotheses of a unit root at the 5 percent significance level. thus, we conclude that all the variables were stationary after second differencing at the 5% significance level. the results of the augmented dickey-fuller unit root tests indicated that all the variables were stationary at first differences, that is, they were integrated of order one. it means that all variables in the models became stationary after first difference. 4.2.2 co-integration test having established the time series properties of the data, the study proceeded to conduct the johansen multivariate co-integration test for hdi model. the results of the hid test for cointegration based on the trace and maximum eigen value statistics were reported in tables 4.6 and 4.7 below: 4.2.3 human development index and tax revenue this section dealt with the presentation and analysis of co-integration test results among human development index and value added tax, company income tax, petroleum profit tax, education tax and customs and excise duty. table 4.6: unrestricted co-integration. rank test (trace) for hdi model source: results extract from eview 10 sv trace test indicates 3 co-integrating eqn(s) at the 0.05 level ➢ denotes rejection of the hypothesis at the 0.05 level *mackinnon-haug-michelis (1999) p-values table 4.7: unrestricted co-integration rank test (maximum eigenvalue) for hdi model hypothesized no. of ce(s) eigenvalue max-eigen statistic 0.05 value critical prob.** none * 0.990504 107.1073 40.07757. 0.000 at most 1 * 0.807097 37.84801 33.87687 0.0159 at most 2 * 0.726352 29.80596 27.58434 0.0255 at most 3 0.410102 12.13954 21.13162 0.5339 at most 4 0.244338 6.44370 14.26460 0.5569 at most 5 0.034466 0.806696 3.841466 0.3691 source: results extract from eview 10 sv max-eigenvalue test indicates 3 co-integrating eqn(s) at the 0.05 level ➢ denotes rejection of the hypothesis at the 0.05 level ➢ *mackinnon-haug-michelis (1999) p-values the co-integration test based on the trace test statistics in table 4.6 above indicated that there were three co-integrating equations at the 5 percent significance level. similarly, the maximum eigenvalue test statistics in table 4.7 above also revealed 3 co-integrating equations at the 5 hypothesized no. of coe(s) eigen value trace statistic 0.05 value critical prob. ** none * 0.990504 194.1512 95.75366 0.0000 at most 1 * 0.807097 87.04390 69.81889 0.0012 at most 2 * 0.726352 49.19589 47.85613 0.0372 at most 3 0.410102 19.38993 29.79707 0.4651 at most 4 0.244338 7.250391 15.49471. 0.5487 at most 5 0.034466 0.806696 3.841466 0.3691 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us percent level of significance. the result of the human development index model based on the trace and maximum eigenvalue test statistics therefore revealed that a long-run relationship existed among human development index and the tax revenue variables in the model as reported in table 4.6 and 4.7 above. the johansen co-integration tests which examined the long-run relationship among the variables revealed that long-run relationships existed among the variables in the model. this means that a long-run relationship existed between hdi and the set of tax revenue variables cit, ppt, vat, and ced. since long run co-integration relationships were established in the human development index model, the error correction model was estimated using the ols regression method. thus, the result of the short-run error correction model for human development index was presented in table 4.8 below. table 4.8: estimated coefficients of the hdi error correction model dependent variable: d(loghdi) regressor coefficient standard error t-ratio probability dlog(cit) -0.599077 0.330781 -1.811095 0.0878 dlog(ppt) -0.224402 0.052243 -4.295381 0.0005 dlog(vat) 0.870600 0.411500 2.115675 0.0494 dlog(ced) -0.572188 0.350035 -1.63466 0.1205 ecm(-1) -0.476765 0.254962 -1.869943 0.0788 0.007196 0.058414 0.123196 0.9034 r-squared dw-statistic 0.5655 r-bar-squared 0.4122 1.7931 f-statistic 3.6890 [0.0156] source: results extract from eview 10 sv from table 4.8 the coefficients of determination of the short-run human development index (hdi), r-squared (r}) is approximately 0.57 and the adjusted r-squared (r}) bar was 0.41. it showed that about 57 percent of the systematic variations in human development index (hdi) in nigeria were explained by the regressors in the equation. the adjusted rbar squared (r2 bar) indicated that about 41 percent of the changes in human development index (hdi) were attributable to the explanatory variables after adjusting for degree of freedom. the f-statistic of 3.69 with p-value of 0.01 revealed that the overall model was significant as the p-value is less than the 5 percent significance level. consequently, the hypothesis of a log linear relationship between the human development index and the regressors in the equation could not be rejected at the 5 percent level of significance. from table 4.8 above, the estimated coefficient of cit has an estimated negative coefficient of 0.60, t-statistics of 1.81 with p-value of 0.09. this implies that cit has a negative impact on hdi at the 10 percent level of significance. the estimated coefficient of ppt is negative with a coefficient of -0.22 and t-statistics of -4.30 with p-value of 0.000. this means that ppt has a significant short-run negative impact on hdi in the country as its p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 at the 5 percent significance level. vat is positive. it has an estimated coefficient of 0.87 and t-statistics of 2.12 with p-value of 0.049. this means that value added tax has a positive significant short-run impact on human development index in nigeria as its p-value of 0.049 is less than 0.05 at the 5 percent significance level. the estimated coefficient of ced is negative with a coefficient of -0.57 and absolute t-statistics of 1.63 with p-value of 0.12. this means that custom and excise duties have insignificant negative short-run impact on human development index in the country as its p-value of 012 is greater than 0.05 at the 5 percent significance level. the coefficient of the error correction mechanism (ecm) is negative and significant at the 5 percent level. thus, it acted rightly to correct any deviation of the human development index model from its long-run equilibrium value. the coefficient of the constant also known as the intercept is positive but not significant at the 5 percent level. this means that there will be a form 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of human development though it may not be visible even though if tax revenue were not collected. the durbin watson statistic of approximately 1.79 indicated the absence of autocorrelation in the human development index model in the short-run as its value is greater than the coefficient of determination rsquared (r}) with a value of approximately 0.57. front the analysis of the data, it was revealed that company income tax has a negative significance short-run relationship with human development index at the 10 percent significance level.; petroleum profit tax has a negative significance short-run relationship with human development index at the 5% significance level; value added tax has a positive significant shortrun relationship with human development index in nigeria; and finally, customs and excise duties have an insignificance negative short-run relationship with human development index in nigeria. thus, value added tax has a positive sign with human development index which was in conformity with our appriori expectation. surprisingly, company income tax, petroleum profit tax and custom and excises duties have a negative sign with human development index. table 4.9: estimated coefficients of the long-run hdi model dependent variable: loghd regressor coefficient standard error t-ratio probability log(vat) 0.799198 0.459725 1.738428 0.0983 log(cit) -0.417347 0.300201 -1.390224 0.1805 log(ppt) -0.253768 0.058221 -4.358704 0.0003 log(tet) 0.195407 0.142721 1.36915 0.18(59 log(ced) -0.668058 0.343201 -1.946547 0.0665 c 1.844647 0.594810 3.101240 0.0059 r-squared 0.7027 r-barsquared 0.6245 dw-statistic 1.1205 f-statistic 8.9835 [0.0002] source: results extract from eview 10 sv from table 4.9 displayed above, the coefficients of determination of the long-run hdi, r square (r2) is approximately 0.70 and the adjusted r-square (r-2) was 0.62. it showed that about 70 percent of the systematic variations in hdi in nigeria were explained by the regressors in the equation. the adjusted r squared (r-2) indicated that about 62 percent of the changes in hdi were attributable to the explanatory variables after adjusting for degree of freedom. the fstatistic of 8.98 with the p-value of 0.000 revealed that the overall model was significant as the p-value is less than 0.05 at the 5 percent significance level. consequently, the hypothesis of a long-run log linear relationship between the hdi and the regressors in the equation could not be rejected at the 5 percent level of significance. from table 4.9 above, the estimated coefficient of cit has an estimated negative coefficient of 0.42 and absolute tstatistics of 1.39 with p-value of 0.18. this implies that cit has an insignificant negative impact on hdi as its p-value is less than 0.05 at the 5 percent level of significance. the estimated coefficient of ppt is negative with a coefficient of -0.25 and absolute t-statistics of 4.36 with the p-value of 0.00. this means that ppt has a significant longrun negative impact on hdi in the country as its p-value of 0.00 is less than 0.05 at the 5 percent significance level. the estimated coefficient of vat is positive. it has an estimated coefficient of 0.80 and absolute t-statistics value of 1.74 with the p-value of 0.10. this means that vat has a positive significant long-run impact on hdi in nigeria at the 10 percent significance level. the estimated coefficient of ced is negative with a coefficient of -0.67 and absolute t-statistics value of 1.95 with p-value of 0.07. this means that ced have significant negative long-run impact on 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hdi in the country at the 10 percent significance level. the coefficient of the constant also known as the intercept is positive and significant at the 5 percent level. this means that there will be a form of human development even though if tax revenue were not collected. the durbin watson statistic of approximately 1.12 indicated the absence of autocorrelation in the long-run hdi model as its value is greater than the coefficient of determination rsquared (r2) with a value of approximately 0.70. from the analysis of the data, it was revealed that cit has a negative insignificance long-run relationship with hdi; ppt and ced has a negative significance long-run relationship with hdi. vat has a positive significant long-run relationship with hdi in nigeria; value added tax has a positive sign with human development index which were in conformity with our appriori expectation. surprisingly, company income tax, petroleum profit tax and custom and excises duties have a negative sign with human development index in the estimated model. 4.4 discussions of findings the study explored the relationship between tax revenue and human development in nigeria, focusing on key tax components—company income tax (cit), petroleum profit tax (ppt), value added tax (vat), and customs and excise duties (ced)—and their effects on the human development index (hdi). empirical findings revealed that vat had a positive and significant impact on hdi, suggesting that indirect taxation may play a constructive role in enhancing public welfare. in contrast, cit and ppt had negative impacts, with ppt being statistically significant, indicating issues such as tax evasion and mismanagement of petroleum tax revenues (ajakaiye, 2018). ced also had a negative and significant impact on hdi, potentially due to outdated tax laws and poor allocation of revenue (ogunleye, 2016). the study emphasized that, although tax revenues are increasing, they have not significantly translated into human capital improvements, as reflected in persistently low hdi values (unesco, 2020; who, 2020). this underscores the disconnect between revenue collection and developmental outcomes in nigeria. 5.0 summary of findings conclusion and recommendations the study investigated the impact of tax revenue on the human development index (hdi) in nigeria, revealing mixed effects across different tax components. using an error correction model, the findings showed that while value added tax (vat) had a positive and significant impact on hdi, other taxes—namely company income tax (cit), petroleum profit tax (ppt), and customs and excise duties (ced)—exhibited either negative or insignificant effects. despite the potential of taxation to fund crucial infrastructure and improve living standards, the study concluded that tax revenue in nigeria has not significantly translated into better human development outcomes, largely due to poor implementation, loopholes in tax laws, and mismanagement of public funds. it recommended reforms such as amending corporate tax incentives to curb evasion, improving transparency in petroleum tax reporting, expanding vat to the informal sector, and revising outdated excise duty laws. these changes, if effectively implemented, could enhance the contribution of taxation to human capital development and foster long-term economic growth in nigeria. references 1. adebayo, d. a., & eze, f. o. (2018). the role of taxation in financing education and human capital development in nigeria. journal of educational finance, 43(2), 122-136. 2. adebayo, d. m., & olayanju, a. o. (2023). tax revenue and healthcare development in nigeria: implications for human capital growth. african journal of health economics, 19(2), 54-69. 3. ademola, a., & osabuohien, e. (2019). the role of taxation in human capital development in nigeria. journal of development studies, 45(3), 45-62. 4. adegbie, f. f. &fakile, a. s. (2011).company income tax and nigeria economic 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us development. european journal of social sciences, 22 (2), 309-320. 5. ajakaiye, d. o. (2018). taxation and economic development in nigeria. the nigerian economic journal, 50(1), 1-21. 6. akinyemi, t. o., & ajiboye, o. s. (2019). tax revenue, education financing, and human capital development in nigeria. international journal of economics and finance, 44(2), 7082. 7. amartya s. (1999). development as freedom. alfred a. knopf. 8. asaolu, t.o., dopemu, s.o. and monday, j.u. (2018) impact of tax reforms on revenue generation in lagos state: a time series analysis. research journal of finance and accounting, 6, 85-96. 9. becker, g. s. (1993). human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (3rd ed.). university of chicago press. 10. daramola, d. a., & olufemi, o. a. (2017). taxation and human capital development: evidence from nigeria’s education and health sectors. african economic review, 18(4), 100112. 11. eze, j. u., & okafor, r. s. (2022). the effect of taxation on human capital development in nigeria: a study on education and healthcare financing. journal of public economics and policy, 38(3), 63-79. 12. ibadin, p. o. & oladipupo, a. o. (2015).indirect taxes and economic growth in nigeria. ekonmisao i praksadbk, 24 (2), 345-364. 13. imf. (2011). revenue mobilization in developing countries. international monetary fund. 14. oats, w. e. (2001). taxation in developing countries. harvard university press. 15. ofoegbu, g. n., akwu, d. o., & olive, o. (2016). empirical analysis of effect of tax revenue on economic development of nigeria. international journal of asian social science, 6(10), 604–613 16. ogunleye, o. (2016). taxation and public revenue generation in nigeria: challenges and opportunities. african journal of economic review, 4(1), 53-67. 17. ogunyemi, o. (2017). education, taxation, and human capital development in nigeria. international journal of educational policy studies, 10(2), 28-39. 18. ogunyemi, o. (2018). healthcare financing and taxation in nigeria: a policy review. journal of health economics and policy, 16(2), 132-145. 19. okoror, j.a., & onatuyeh, e.a. (2018). value-added tax and economic growth: new evidence from nigeria. accounting & taxation review, 2(4), 99-112. 20. olatunji, a. s. (2024). taxation, governance, and human capital development: a case study of nigeria. african governance review, 11(1), 25-40. 21. oloyede, j. a., & adeyemi, s. a. (2025). the effect of taxation on human capital development in nigeria: an empirical investigation. journal of economic policy and development, 55(1), 15-32. 22. oyegun, g. & ugochukwu, e. n. (2023), taxation and economic growth in nigeria. international journal on economics, finance and sustainable development 5(9), 64 – 78 23. piketty, t. (2014). capital in the twenty-first century. harvard university press. 24. saheed, z.s., abarshi, j.a., &ejide, i.s., (2014). impact of petroleum tax on economic growth in nigeria (1970-2012). international journal of education and research, 2(11), 297 307 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 25. tanzi, v. (2002). taxation and development: the role of taxation in economic development. international monetary fund. 26. todaro, m. p., & smith, s. c. (2015). economic development (12th ed.). pearson. 27. yusuf, h.a., abidin, t.s.z., bakar, n., & musa, o.h. (2018). causality between vat and economic growth in nigeria: an ardl bounds testing approach. journal of emerging economies & islamic research, 6 (1), 55 67. 28. united nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization (unesco). (2020). education in nigeria: challenges and opportunities. unesco report on education development. 29. uzochukwu, b., onwujekwe, o., & lambo, e. (2019). healthcare financing in nigeria: challenges and solutions. international journal of health policy and management, 8(6), 323-331. 30. world bank. (2018). world development report 2018: learning to realize education's promise. world bank. 31. world health organization (who). (2020). nigeria: health system review. health systems in transition, 22(1), 1-13. 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 impact of russian public diplomacy and soft power in sub-saharan africa: shaping influence in a shifting geopolitical landscape dr. noufou ouedraogo, phd; ouagadougou, burkina faso communication sciences, independent researcher abstract: this research examines the impact of russia’s public diplomacy and soft power subsaharan african countries. methodologically, a combination of narrative research and ethnographic research designs has been applied. this includes both primary and secondary data collected from interviews, participant observation, case studies, comparative explorations, and archive data analysis. in so doing, the study looks into how russian soft power affects views, influences policy choices, and promotes a favorable perception of russia on the african continent. the study analyzes the historical evolution of russia’s engagement with african countries; before assessing the contribution of the media outlets on diplomatic, economic, educational and cultural activities. eventually, the study demonstrated that the media outlets contribute significantly in creating a positive perception of russia in sub-saharan africa, eliminating the biases related to african societies, and ultimately increasing trust in the bilateral cooperation process. keywords: bilateral relations, media, russia, soft power, sub-saharan africa. 1. introduction the african continent consistently participates more actively in the international system and takes on a bigger role on the world stage in terms of attractiveness, which helps it draw in new foreign powers. many nations and investors have been drawn to the rapidly rising continent in recent years due to its geopolitical weight and economic and commercial potential. in the last two decades, under putin administration, the russian federation has increased its bilateral cooperation with african countries through various public diplomacy and soft power mechanisms. thus, several sub-saharan african states find russia a mighty, promising, and attractive provider of security services and political assurance; a useful ally with whom they can diversify their policy options and prevent overdependence on the us, china, or the former colonizing states such as france and the uk. comparatively to the ancient western colonial powers such as france, belgium, england, etc. – and also against other global competitors like the usa, china, and turkey – russia addresses an attractive discourse to african countries; which gives the impression of privileging ‘win-win partnership’ relations with its african peers. hence, the russian leader ostensibly pronounces an ‘anti-imperialist’ discourse in africa by claiming that his country does not carry any “stain of imperialism” or colonialism (siegle, 2021). in doing so, vladimir putin is portrayed in africa as a powerful leader – a new challenger to western “imperialist rivals” (ambrosetti, 2022) – without a colonial past like france which has exploited africa for several decades. 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us after russia annexed crimea in 2014 and the west imposed sanctions, it boosted efforts to sell arms, extract resources and established new bilateral partnership across the african continent. in this regard, it is crucial to evaluate the dynamics of the bilateral ties that african governments establish with their new partners, especially russia in this case, in order to determine africa's place in global politics. for russia, the conflict in ukraine further intensified the need for partnership diversification in order to maintain both geostrategic and geopolitical stance in the global order. subsequently, following the conflict in ukraine, the brics+ member states and the african partners adopted both pragmatic and sympathetic approach based on realpolitik with the aim of not disappointing their russian ally. in this context of geopolitical clashes, this article circumnavigates the implications of russian engagements with sub-saharan african countries; analyzing especially the impact of russian public diplomacy and soft power in strengthening the bilateral cooperation between the two parties. 2. strategic combination of public diplomacy and soft power a savvy combination of compelling public diplomacy's policy and soft power mechanisms is crucial for projecting a positive image of a state. russia has recently implemented this strategy in order to strengthen its ties with sub-saharan african countries. before discussing in details the russian approach, it is necessary to cast a glance at the implications of the notions ‘public diplomacy’ and ‘soft power’. 2.1. public diplomacy when former us diplomat edmund gullion first used the word ‘public diplomacy’ in the mid1960s, it was partially intended to set foreign government communication operations apart from the term ‘propaganda’, which had come to mean something negative. thus, ‘state-to-public’ and ‘public-to-public’ are the two primary frameworks within which public diplomacy operations are carried out. ‘state-to-public’ initiatives seek to inform the public about the state’s policies and actions by using official resources and avenues. the impact of public opinion on the formulation and implementation of foreign policy is the subject of public diplomacy. it covers aspects of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy, such as the development of foreign public opinion by governments, the intercultural communications, the interactions between private organizations and interests in different nations, the reporting of foreign affairs and its influence on policy, communications between foreign correspondents and diplomats, etc. fractal globalization, preemptive military invasion, time and space shrinking icts, and the emergence of global non-state actors – such as terror networks, bloggers, (web)activists, etc. – that oppose state-driven policy and discourse are the main trends shaping public diplomacy in the twenty-first century (snow, 2020). simply articulated in a different way of thinking, public diplomacy is the way in which governments manage their relations with other countries by using public communications channels and interacting with a variety of nongovernmental organizations (political parties, businesspeople, trade associations, labor unions, educational institutions, religious institutions, ethnic groups, powerful individuals, and so forth) in an effort to sway their policies and those of other governments. according to alan k. henrikson (2005), public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television channels, and today the social networks. this process is strategically significant since the idea of partnership diversification brings about a disruption in the initial order of a state. that is why it is often worth blending public diplomacy approach with a well-structured soft power apparatus. 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2.2. soft power harvard university professor joseph s. nye, one of preeminent theorists of international relations, introduced the notion of “soft power” in his 1990 book entitled “bound to lead: the changing nature of american power,” which was published in foreign affairs. nye's definition of soft power includes “the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion” (nye, 1990). initially, nye created the concept of soft power in response to the argument that american influence has been diminishing since the 1970s and had already started to decrease significantly. first and foremost, nye contends that one should not solely evaluate the military might of the united states of america, but also its economic and cultural might; because, for him, the us's soft power is the primary source of its hegemonic strength. furthermore, joseph nye argued that the us’s universal principles, alluring way of life, institutions, laws, culture, and philosophy make up its soft power. articulated in a different way, he defines soft power as “the capacity to influence others to achieve desired results through attraction as opposed to coercion or payment” (nye, 2004). therefore, the resources of a nation's culture, values, and policies form the basis of its soft power. yet, sometimes, hard and soft power resources are combined in a smart power strategy. this is typically the case with russia (this will be developed later), when it comes to discussing the dichotomic combination of soft and hard power mechanisms in sub-saharan africa. a nation's soft power has traditionally been enhanced by public diplomacy, which was crucial to winning the cold war (nye, 2008). in simple terms, soft power can also be considered as “the ability to get what you want via soft mechanisms instead of resorting to the use of physical force or economic power” (nye, 1990). it refers to a state’s capacity to impose its political will and policies on another state “without using force or sanctions” (ibid, 1990). this can be accomplished by influencing the other party with reasoned arguments, persuasive narratives, and sensible ideas. here, the key components of soft power are attractiveness, persuasiveness, trust and credibility. therefore, powerful nations use excessively public diplomacy and soft power to exert cultural and ideological influence over the inhabitants of the regions they seek to cooperate with in order to continue assuring their standing as superpowers and respected states in the international arena. the following passage is related to the theoretical framework in line with the impact of russian soft power in africa. 3. theoretical framework several social theories can be used to provide a thorough study of this research on the impact of russia’s soft power in its bilateral relations with sub-saharan african countries. thus, it is possible to apply, amongst other theories, a) the social exchange theory, b) the comparative advantage theory, c) the cultural hybridization theory, d) the cultural imperialism theory, and e) the media hostile effects theory. a) social exchange theory every durable relationship is grounded on a successful social exchange. according to its pioneer, george homans (1958), the social exchange theory examines social relations and interactions as resource exchanges, stressing the costs (sacrifices) and advantages (rewards) that people weigh in their connections. arguing alongside, the significance of the “social context” in which economic and trading principles are implemented was extensively expounded upon by peter blau in 1964. he pointed out that social exchanges are different from commercial transactions in that the parameters of the former are left up to the discretion of the individual involved. costs change in value in the same way as rewards do. according to blau (1964), when we choose to invest time in one connection, we miss out on the chance to invest time in another, possibly more fulfilling relationship. this entails weighing the benefits and drawbacks of a particular connection (either existing or future) against those of other possible partnerships. partners are inclined to abandon a 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us relationship for the alternative if they believe it has the potential to yield higher profits than their existing one. the british academic mark redmond (2015) put it as it follows: we assess the future of our relationships, evaluating the potential rewards and costs. if we are happy with a given relationship’s profits and forecast that they remain the same, we are likely to continue the relationship; but if we predict the costs might come to exceed the profits, we are likely to deescalate the relationship (redmond, 2015). the author contends that in order to maximize outcomes, people must assess the possibility of achieving a particular relationship’s good or bad results; this is process he refers to as determining the “anticipated outcome value” (redmond, 2015). yet, in this process it is worth taking into account the existence of other alternatives; and thus, applying the comparative advantage theory would be necessary to apprehend this aspect. b) comparative advantage theory according to the theory of comparative advantage, nations will trade with one another, exporting the items in which they are relatively superior in terms of production and importing other products in return. the comparative advantage theory was first proposed by british economist and political scientist david ricardo in his 1817 book “on the principles of political economy and taxation”. adam smith’s (1776) absolute advantage theory contrasts with the theory of comparative advantage. in fact, the ability to generate more or better goods and services than someone else is referred to as “absolute advantage”. however, the phrase “comparative advantage” describes the capacity to generate goods and services at a reduced opportunity cost, rather than always at a higher volume or caliber. according to david ricardo (1817), nations can gain from trade by concentrating on producing the goods they are greatest at producing and importing the ones they are not as excellent at producing. interestingly, the interchanges of goods and services worldwide, made possible by the opening of international markets due to the globalization, entail the idea of cultural hybridization. c) cultural hybridization theory homi k. bhabha, a 1949-born literary theorist and academic, coined the term hybridity to discuss the cultural blending of identity within colonial interactions. after the release of his book “the location of culture” in 1994, the author rose to prominence in the fields of postcolonial theory and criticism, culture theory, and cultural identity in the globalized world. although the term “hybridity” was first used mostly in relation to colonialism, cultural theorists and sociologists have since embraced it to analyze a variety of topics, including globalization, migration, imperialism, and neocolonialism (bhabha, 1994; hall, 1990; said, 1978; schiller, 1976). according to homi k. bhabha’s thesis, the term “hybridization” describes the formation of new mixed identities as a result of the blending of many cultures. clearly, the interaction between two or more cultures can lead to the process of hybridization. the application of the theory of cultural hybridity seeks to investigate, within the framework of russia’s involvement in subsaharan africa, the role that media play in the establishment of cultural hybridity. thus, this theory will shed light in the analysis of the intercession, embedding, and integration of many cultural aspects through narratives and representations in the media contents. in fact, homi bhabha's views have actually changed and impacted the conversations and discourses surrounding international relations, globalization, and cultural imperialism. d) cultural imperialism theory this theory aims at considering the role of media in cultural exchanges and, more specifically in the context of the current study, the potential impact of the russian media outlets on the cultural landscape of sub-saharan african nations. contextually speaking, this theory explores how russian media contents (including traditional media, news agencies, and social media platforms) 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us influence cultural perceptions and values. according to the definition given by herbert schiller – in communication and cultural domination (schiller, 1976) – cultural imperialism is: the sum of processes by which a society is brought into the modern world system; and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to, or even to promote, the values and structures of the dominant center of the system (schiller, 1976: p.9). this implies that schiller's (1976) cultural imperialism was not specific to nation-states, but could be applied to any relationship based on dominance and hegemonic subordination, such as those in international commercial exchanges between developed countries to less developed states, educational and cultural systems, class relations between groups, or international media flows (zhang, 2011). the global economy is today organized by multinational corporations, and communications and information are essential to the system of governance and management. it must be acknowledged that communication entails considerably more than just sending and receiving messages along well-known routes. as a result, there will undoubtedly be a growing national and international cultural communications conflict in the near future between those who want to end dominance and those who want to hold onto it. this cultural communication conflict was somehow described by samuel huntington as a “clash of civilization” (huntington, 1993); however since the concept of ‘civilization’ per se is controversial, it is preferable to talk about ‘cultural conflicts’ or ‘clash of cultures’ between nations and regions of the globe. in this process, communications through the media outlets play a crucial role. therefore, understanding the perception of global media contents by the public is essential. e) hostile media effects theory the hostile media effects theory can be defined as the way of interpreting mainstream media messages in the light of one’s social background or the interest of their community. this theory was elaborated by scholars robert vallone, lee ross and mark lepper in 1985; based on data collected from pro-israeli, pro-arab and neutral groups’ perceptions of tv programs dealing with the beirut massacre which happened in 1982. robert vallone et al.’s (1985) research offers a powerful illustration of how partisans often see media coverage of contentious events as unfairly biased and antagonistic to the viewpoints they support. the authors came to the conclusion that accusations of media bias might be more than just self-serving attempts to gain preferential treatment. in fact, the way the audiences interpret, comprehend, or think about social and political issues is greatly influenced by the media contents. according to kaid et al. (1991), mediated information actually falls into three different categories: constructed reality (the messages disseminated through media), subjective reality (the desired facts), and objective reality (the real facts). subsequently, the media is regarded as a conduit for ideologies (gitlin, 1980). furthermore, according to some contemporary scholars like valkenburg (2000), scheufele (1999), and gamson (1993), the media framing is the process by which communication professionals work, consciously or unconsciously, to create a narrative that emphasizes facts about a particular social of political situation, enabling people to interpret it differently. the following paragraphs will give more clarifications on the research context and its methodology. 4. research context and methodology this section presents the context in which the study was conducted and set a clear methodology used throughout the investigations. 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4.1. contextualization of the study in africa, we are witnessing a paradigmatic shift in colonial tectonic plates. western countries’ (especially france’s) reputation is further stained in the eyes of their former african colonies. this leads most african countries to seek to diversify their bilateral relations with other foreign powers such as russia, china, or turkey, which do not have a colonial past on the continent. but this shift of paradigm in terms of foreign policy, marked by partnership diversification and openness policies, does not seem to please western governments which are looking forwards to modifying/adjusting their approach to (re)gain the old ‘friendly partnership’ of their african excolonies. indeed, at the end of the year 2020, a survey of young people from several african countries, conducted by a south african organization known as ichikowitz family foundation, indicated that 58% of togolese, 60% of malians, 68% of senegalese and 71% of gabonese had a negative opinion of france’s presence in their respective countries. thus, what is commonly referred to as the ‘anti-french sentiment’, ‘francophobia’, or ‘gallophobia’1, which is growing all over african francophone countries, is a signal that the diversification of partnership is more than a necessity for france’s african former colonies. in this regard, new emerging countries like russia, china, turkey, etc. are now presenting themselves as new partners to many sub-saharan african states. each of these new partners constitutes an alternative to western powers and pronounces rather soft, seductive and reassuring discourses supposedly based on mutually beneficial friendship. these soothing speeches are delivered via their new transnational media channels – such as the russian rt (russia today) and sputnik channels, the chinese cctv channel, and the turkish global media group trt world, natural tv, anadolu agency, etc. – which opened their representative offices in several sub-saharan african countries. the research methodology will provide extensive details regarding the objectives and main questions of the study, as well as the data collection techniques. 4.2. research methodology in terms of geographical scope, this study focuses on russia’s bilateral relations with subsaharan african countries. therefore, it is an explorative study which combines both ethnographic and narrative research designs. put differently, this investigative study is essentially a case study, a type of research defined as an in-depth study of a phenomenon. as a result, for the research to be accomplished, the qualitative research method was used. indeed, qualitative data made it possible to explain the phenomena by collecting opinions and analysis of experts regarding the research topic. this type of research is used for phenomenology, ethnography, case studies and narrative research (creswell, 2009). thus, the qualitative research method provides rigorous and in-depth information about human attitudes regarding an issue or the functioning of a phenomenon. it seeks to answer the questions “how” and “why” a phenomenon functions in a specific way; or “why” do people behave in such a particular manner. as part of the data collection techniques, it was necessary to proceed through interviews, personal experiences, focus groups discussions, and opinions based on participant observation. as a matter of fact, the interviews were conducted with some of the target audience (russian businesspeople, sub-saharan african citizens, and diplomats from both parties), political analysts, critics in international relations, as well as interviews with key political actors involved in this process – such as resource persons, political leaders, and geopolitical experts, etc. – and eventually, interviews with media professionals, web-activists, social media practitioners, and managers of digital news agencies favorable to the kremlin. 1 the fear, prejudice, discrimination, or hostility directed against france, the french people, their culture, the french government, or the francophonie is known as ‘anti-french feeling’ or ‘anti-french sentiment’, sometimes known as ‘francophobia’ or ‘gallophobia’. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us regarding the importance of interviews in qualitative research, the researchers serge théophile balima and véronique duchenne (2005) specified that: the purpose of the so-called “qualitative survey” is to allow the interviewees to express their point of view, their experience, their own logic, even their own questions, while being free to choose their vocabulary and mode of expression in the way they wish (balima & duchenne, 2005). in the end, the principal objective with the interview is therefore to collect information and qualitative data to complement the data obtained through field research with the target public in order to objectively carry out the analyses and interpretations of the findings. further details regarding this factual situation are provided by the research purposes. this research pursues several main purposes. among others, the study aims to: ➢ (i) show the impact and implications of russian public diplomacy and soft power in subsaharan african countries; ➢ (ii) shed light on how the kremlin’s narrative affects views, influences policy choices, and promotes a favorable perception of russia on the african continent; ➢ (iii) demonstrate that the russian media outlets contribute in portraying a positive image of the kremlin to african audiences, and in showing the african potentialities to the russian businessmen and investors. in order to achieve this, the historical evolution of russia’s engagement with sub-saharan african countries will be analyzed and also the various public diplomacy and soft power initiatives employed by russia in africa will be carefully examined. subsequently, the subpurposes consist in assessing the impact of russian soft power on diplomatic, economic, and cultural fronts. ultimately, the role of russian media outlets, including the activities of webactivists, digital news agencies, and social media platforms, will be closely assessed in a broader global system. as a reminder, this academic work follows a rigorous ethnographic and narrative research methodology. it is therefore a case study, a type of research defined as an in-depth study of a phenomenon. as a result, for this study to be accomplished, the qualitative research design has been essentially applied. in doing so, max weber (1949) reminds us about applying axiological neutrality in scientific research. this implies the distanciation from one’s own value judgments in epistemological investigations in order to reduce biases. the ‘value-relevance’ of a scientific knowledge – which depends primordially on the ‘value-neutrality’ – can only be attained by approaching the issue with axiological neutrality (weber, 1949). indeed, weberian social action theory claims that every human action is subjective, insofar as it derives from human behavior. thus, weber distinguished two types of axiological rationalities: formal rationality and substantial rationality. ➢ the formal rationality is applied to quantitative research in order to reach a result no matter the cost. ➢ the substantial rationality is used in qualitative research designs and considers the social, religious, and cultural values in the interpretation of data. as a matter of fact, this study follows the substantial rationality’s principles. this increased significantly the scientific interest of the research. in order to apprehend the research background, it is necessary to cast a critical glance at the historical evolution of the russian foreign policy. 5. historical reminder of russian foreign policy russia’s strategic culture serves as a major foundation for its foreign policy. indeed, a nation’s geographical location, history, and common narratives all contribute to its strategic culture, 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us which in turn shapes the national security establishment’s dominant perspective and directs its responses to threats and problems. strategic culture, by definition, gives its foreign and security strategy a long-lasting foundation. therefore, in many ways, the foreign policy of the kremlin is referred to as the fundamental component of russia’s strategic culture. interestingly, there is a striking amount of continuity between the soviet past and the present in russia’s threat perceptions, which are based on its strategic culture. the interests, important ties with other countries, and foreign and security strategies of the modern russian state have all been centered on europe since the middle of the sixteenth century. in other words, europe has mostly dominated russia’s foreign policy history as a modern state. due to revolution and civil war, russia signed the treaty of brest-litovsk in 1918 and ceded most of what is now finland, the baltic states, belarus, ukraine, parts of poland, and moldova. subsequently, ukraine, belarus, moldova, and the baltic, south caucasus, and central asian states became independent in 1991 with the dissolution of the soviet union. due to nato expansion, the border between russia and the rest of europe – nearly all of which are nato members or partners – is now roughly where it was following russia’s ratification of the brest-litovsk treaty in 1918. all three baltic nations – estonia, latvia, and lithuania – have nato forces stationed there. the gorbachev era in russian foreign policy was short – perhaps only ten years – and the adversarial ties between russia and the west progressively returned. control over the periphery and stopping other nations from gaining a foothold there have long been key components of russia's national security strategy. the deployment of substantial anti-access/area-denial assets in the baltic region has sparked more debate in western media and policy circles than few other russian military operations in europe. the allies stated that they would not have to conduct “permanent stationing of substantial combat forces” on the territory of new members “in the foreseeable security environment” in the 1997 nato-russia founding act (nato, 2009). this act stipulates it as it follows: nato has no intention, no plan, and no reason to deploy nuclear weapons on the territory of new members, nor any need to change any aspect of nato’s nuclear posture or nuclear policy – and do not foresee any future need to do so (nato, 2009)2. this statement was known as the “three nos” that were spelled out in the nato-russia founding act. that was altered by the 2014 invasion of ukraine. ambrosetti (2022) argues that russia was the country that did the most to defeat nazi germany. as a founding member of the united nations, a major nuclear power, and a “country-victor” in world war ii, which gave rise to the current international order, russia is held particularly accountable for the war’s legacy, according to the kremlin’s narrative. the conquest and consolidation of a massive empire that encompassed all of eastern europe and even east germany, along with the victory in world war ii, signified the apex of the russian state's power and influence on the continent, according to the soviet leadership. this framing is particularly true in areas like colonial acquisition, where russia has traditionally had a smaller role than its european equivalents. putin has adopted the anti-colonial narrative in africa, encouraging nations that are said to have nothing in common with the west and should attempt to forge their own “own paths” (siegle, 2021). 6. consolidation of russia-africa bilateral relations africa offers russia a convenient and alluring platform to further its objectives with little political or financial expense because of its weak governments, wealth of natural resources, colonial legacy, close proximity to europe, and fifty-four votes in the un general assembly. under the theme “for peace, security, and development”, the inaugural russia-africa summit 2 nato (2009). the nato russian founding act. available online at the following link: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and business event took place in sochi from october 22–24, 2019. the most well-known of these was the october 2019 russia-africa summit in sochi, where vladimir putin hosted 43 african heads of state. putin pledged to quadruple commerce with africa over the next five years and to cancel debts during the summit. a dozen sub-saharan african nations, including south africa, tanzania, mali, burkina faso, ethiopia, etc. are home to russian cultural institutions, which are active in more than 80 countries worldwide. for example, the russo-malian cultural day was celebrated on august 24, 2024 in bamako, mali. in addition to sharing classical literature in both russian and the target language, these center offer russian language classes free of charge. the kremlin uses language and cultural promotion as a tactic to exercise soft power overseas, particularly in africa. during his february 2023 visit to ten african nations – egypt, the republic of the congo, uganda, ethiopia, mali, mauritania, sudan, south africa, eswatini (formerly swaziland), angola, and eritrea – russian foreign minister lavrov discussed issues pertaining to food and energy security, african integration processes, defense, financial matters (such as the establishment of the brics currency), and significant infrastructure projects involving russia. most of the topics discussed in bilateral talks were the same. russia-africa ties are valued in the following ways by russian foreign minister sergei lavrov: in the context of global turbulence caused by the neo-colonial policies of the historical west towards achieving world domination, the demand for russian-african cooperation is only increasing. we share the rejection of the rule-based order imposed by the former colonial powers, within which it is allowed to do only what is beneficial to washington and its satellites. we are firm supporters of democratization of international life (lavrov, 2023)3. lavrov emphasized in his speech that russia saw africa as a continent of the future, one that is distinct and rapidly evolving. as a result, russia continuously promotes the expansion of its position within the multipolar framework of the global order. “we want africa's strong, independent voice to be heard and taken into consideration on a global scale (…) everything is in place to make this happen”, lavrov stated. according to him, african nations are making great economic progress and progressively increasing political clout. more than 40 african presidents and chiefs of state attended the second russia-africa summit in july 2023 in st. petersburg, which followed the same logic of deepening diplomatic ties with the continent. as a result, russian commercial and public diplomacy on the continent became even more intense. 7. intensification of russian public diplomacy in africa only with vladimir putin’s ascent to power in the early 2000s did russia start its covert return to the continent. in recent years, this comeback has become more popular, to the point where russia has attempted to regain some of the soviet union’s soft power as part of its arsenal to progressively regain influence throughout africa. russia bases its african strategy on geostrategic and opportunistic calculations. it is opportunistic in that, like moscow in syria, it is not afraid to take chances and swiftly send mercenary forces to crisis situations when the opportunity arises. in order to increase russia's power projection, including over major chokeholds in the eastern mediterranean and the suez canal, which might influence nato military deployments during emergencies, it is calculated. moscow also considers equatorial guinea as a strategic point of access to the gulf of guinea. because russia views africa as a means of balancing western influence through asymmetric tactics, it is predicated on geostrategic calculations. therefore, russia gains more influence over europe by controlling the spigot that controls refugee flows from africa. actually, moscow's 3 russian foreign minister sergei lavrov made this statement during his visit in eleven african countries in february 2023. in fact, one of the goals of lavrov’s trips was to demonstrate that russia remains a great power capable of competing with the united states or china across the global south. 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us isolation after annexing crimea and its forays into eastern ukraine have sparked russia's interest in africa and presented a chance to further putin's vision of a post-liberal global order. furthermore, the goal of russia's elite-based diplomacy is to support and coopt favorable governments. official african sources rarely offer criticism. in 2019, russian ambassador alexander bregadze stated that “constitutions are not the bible, the koran, or dogma” (ambrosetti, 2022). he claimed that instead of reality adapting to constitutions, constitutions must adapt to reality. “a friend in need is a friend indeed”, as the proverb goes. russia is seen as a support system during difficult times, a place to turn to when things get desperate. there are real security issues in nations like sudan, mali, mozambique, and the central african republic. these nations might be tempted to make an agreement with moscow to send wagner if they believe that their security threats are out of control and that they have no other choice. russia has blocked attempts to restrain ethiopia’s government in a civil war against rebels from its northern tigray area at the united nations (un). africa has three of the fifteen-member security council’s rotating seats, or the “a3”. the socalled a3 (côte d’ivoire, equatorial guinea, and south africa at the time) supported russia in thwarting a request by opposition leaders in the democratic republic of the congo to have the security council look into the widely perceived rigged presidential election in january 2019. similar to this, in april 2019, the a3 backed russian attempts to use the principle of nonintervention to thwart a declaration denouncing the coup in sudan. that same month, the a3 joined russia in blocking a resolution sponsored by the uk that called for a ceasefire in libya and denounced the conduct of khalifa haftar, the libyan warlord. 8. triumph of russian business diplomacy on the african continent according to the economist (2022), russia’s annual commerce with africa is only tiny, at about $20 billion (about a tenth of china’s annual trade). russian exports of food and weapons to africa account for a large portion of russia’s $20 billion annual trade with africa (ibid, 2022). russian parastatals like rosneft and lukoil usually negotiate contracts for minerals, diamonds, and oil. in addition to selling its oil to china, angola also works with a russian miner named alrosa to extract diamonds. russia contributes financial resources and technical knowhow to this industry. about 20 african nations have natural resource agreements with russia. additionally, russia has tried to negotiate agreements on nuclear power across the continent. in 2020, egypt started building its first nuclear power station, a $60 billion project, with a $25 billion loan from rosatom, the russian state atomic energy corporation (siegle, 2021). russia has preliminary nuclear project agreements in ethiopia, rwanda, sudan, burkina faso, and zambia and is negotiating with seventeen african nations at various stages. gazprom bank has expressed interest in a project in ethiopia's eastern somali region as part of their desire to invest in africa. another african nation that is disproportionately reliant on russia for business diplomacy is guinea. rusal, a major russian aluminum manufacturer with three mines in guinea, has ceased operations at its ukrainian refinery that uses guinean bauxite. the russian media outlet sputnik declared in march 2024 that russia would waive $26.7 million in debt from bissau guinea, along with interest that has accumulated since 2010 but has not yet been paid. guinea-bissau promises to utilize the funds to fund initiatives that would increase public access to important resources, fortify the country's educational and health systems, and guarantee the availability of items that are socially necessary. the businesses involved in the projects will be chosen by the bissau-guinean authorities through a competition in the upcoming weeks. it is anticipated that russian businesses would enjoy the same advantageous circumstances as domestic and foreign businesses. in mid-february 2024, russian deputy foreign minister bogdanov met with the african country’s minister of natural resources, sambu, to discuss trade and economic ties between the two nations. 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us russia is the largest supplier of military hardware to africa, accounting for 49% of the continent's total arms market. russia frequently uses its weapons as leverage in “arms-forresources” agreements (ambrosetti, 2022). the top african countries that purchase russian weapons include algeria, angola, egypt, morocco, nigeria, sudan, senegal, and zambia. russian weapons are regarded as dependable, reasonably priced, and simple to maintain. african consumers are more inclined to buy more advanced russian weapons, such as fighter planes, helicopters, tanks, and air defense systems. abdel-fattah al-sisi, the president of egypt, has purchased russian fighter jets as part of his efforts to diversify his military arsenal. additionally, russia allegedly purchases smuggled gold from port sudan on the red sea and has long coveted a military presence there. still in the scope of business diplomacy, the president of equatorial guinea, teodoro obiang nguema, visited moscow in september 2024 with the ambition of convincing russian giant multinational companies lukoil and gazprom to invest in his country. president teodoro obiang nguema also stated that his country was ready to host the upcoming 2026 russia-africa summit. this gesture could further strengthen the bilateral ties between the two parties. 9. bilateral cooperation grounded partly on educational diplomacy russia and africa continue their educational and cultural connections. an estimated 15,000 africans, primarily from nigeria, angola, morocco, namibia, and tunisia, attend russian colleges. this is a consistent increase that moscow claims will go on. a significant part of russia’s soft-power strategy is education. in the 2020–2021 academic year, more than 27,000 african students attended russian universities, approximately quadrupling the number from the 2010–2011 academic year. the attempt to sway elites through education is another example of the soviet legacy. due to soviet scholarships, more than 50,000 african students studied in the ussr during the cold war, which probably affected the political inclinations and worldviews of the alumni. russian educational diplomacy also expands from formal education scholarships to military trainings, as well as the capacitation of media professionals. on july 2024, the russo-malian school of journalism welcomed three dozens of journalists for training. according to the responsible of the school, the three best students will benefit of a free trip to russia and will be hired by african initiative4, a new news agency created in 2024. interestingly, the students also learn the russian language once a week as a subject in the school’s curriculum. these groups of former students who are currently serving as government officials in several african nations are dedicated to enhancing their nations' bilateral relations with the russian federation. this situation seems to be perfectly exemplified by the alliance of sahel states (aes) confederation. 10. bilateral cooperation between the aes authorities and russia to face terrorism in the alliance of sahel states (aes) confederation, as in several french-speaking west african countries, we are increasingly witnessing mood movements calling for a break in cooperative relations with france, the former colonizing power of these states. as a matter of fact, the bilateral cooperation between the three countries forming the alliance of sahel states (aes) confederation – namely burkina faso, mali, and niger – and the russian federation is essentially based on the commercialization/purchase of weapons and ammunitions, the increase of military officers to be trained in russia, and other subsidiary aspects of bilateral cooperation such as technological support, the provision of cereals, the revitalization of cultural links, etc. just to name few. 4 according to the private investigation platform all eyes on wagner, african initiative receives sponsorship from lobye invest, a russian company close to the kremlin. more details on the following link: https://alleyesonwagner.org. 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in november 2022, the prime minister of burkina faso, apollinaire joachimson kyelem de tambela, declared before the deputies that burkina faso is committed to diversifying its partnership relations and wanted “sincere and frank” cooperation in the fight against terrorism. the head of the burkinabe government was speaking in his general policy declaration to the transitional legislative assembly. he stressed that in terms of foreign policy, burkina faso “remains a friendly country for all countries which accept its friendship. our ambition is to strengthen the bonds of friendship with all countries for the happiness of people who only seek to know each other better” (rtb, 2022). in order to effectively fight against the terrorist hydra in the aes confederation, the military regimes of ouagadougou, bamako and niamey requested support from moscow to meet this challenge. russia accepted this request and the two parties are working jointly in a form of minilateral diplomacy to create a road map to combat terrorism. thus, they are committed to work collaboratively for their partnership aimed at combating terrorism in the aes confederation. the russian ambassador to burkina faso, alexei saltykov, declared on january 12, 2023, that “russia is committed to help fight against terrorism in the region”5. this declaration was made in the context of the move towards expanding bilateral cooperation between russia and the aes countries. besides the diplomatic initiatives, the media outlets also play a starring role in the establishment and consolidation of russian soft power in africa. 11. media battle in favor of russian soft power russia has used social media and mercenary tactics to assist isolated leaders or proxies in the countries where it has had the greatest impact: algeria, senegal, cote d’ivoire, congo brazzaville, mauritania, madagascar, mozambique, mali, the central african republic (car), sudan, and libya. this serves as the sharp tip of a more traditional series of interactions that are intended to promote a favorable perception of russia and give it a forum to further its elite-based diplomacy. peace data, a russian operative news outfit affiliated with the internet research agency (агeнтство интернет-исследований), commonly referred to as glavset (главсеть), was able to hire journalists abroad to provide information on important subjects. from 2019 to 2023, 22 agreements have been signed between rt and sputnik and number of african local media outlets. as an illustration, the cameroon-based panafricanist and antiimperialist media, afrique média, concluded an agreement with rt in december 2022 in moscow in order to counter “western propaganda” in africa (rfi, 2024). similarly, several african media consortiums – such as mediacongo, bamada.net, radio lengo songo, radio malibafm, etc. – have recently started collaborating with russian transnational media in the aim of fighting against western narrative. this media collaboration, often considered by western countries as “media content laundry” (ibid, 2024), consists in giving free access to russian international news agencies as opposed to western news agencies such as afp, reuters, or associated press which are sometimes expensive. this strategy was implemented after the 2019 russia-africa summit. the same strategy, which consists in releasing important chunks of free media contents, is also used by china and turkey. statistically, 20 to 30% of sputnik and rt’s digital contents6 are related to issues on the african continent (ibid, 2024). in addition the media collaborations, there are thousands social media accounts and web tv that contribute significantly in disseminating the “anti-western” narrative. 5 this statement was made following his interview with burkinabe prime minister apollinaire kyélem de tambèla. they also discussed the possibilities of formalizing technical and economic cooperation between their countries. the russian diplomat assured that his country was ready to support them in the acquisition of emerging technologies and to establish the modalities of economic cooperation. 6 between february 2022 and november 2024, a total of 491 news articles related to africa were published by sputnik with an anti-colonial narrative. the platform sputnik afrique – formerly sputnik france – comes first with 180 articles, followed by sputnik africa and sputnik international with respectively 160 and 154 news articles. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a number of african web activists regularly advocated for russia’s involvement in the aes problem on social media platforms between 2021 and 2024. as a result, it was common to witness demonstrators brandishing russian flags, pictures of vladimir putin, and letters expressing gratitude to russia for its assistance in burkina faso, niger, and mali. given that russia has no close historical, cultural, or bilateral ties to these african nations, the scene was noteworthy. additionally, anti-french messaging appeared on social media in car after the signing of a security cooperation agreement with russia. beginning in january 2019, criticisms of the united nations, the west, and the un-backed government of national accord became common on libyan social media networks, while the same pages and users praised russia's role as a stabilizing actor. social media sites also blamed the former colonial power, france, and called for france to withdraw its troops it had deployed to help combat the terrorists. regarding the situation in libya, pro-russian social media platforms argued that all sides were accountable for human rights abuses, while mainstream news agencies highlighted the claims of systematic human rights crimes by haftar's forces, including the targeting of hospitals and migrant centers. the presence of russian media, primarily through sputnik and rt (formerly russia today), is a relatively new aspect. both kremlin-funded media outlets, which publish and broadcast in english, french, and arabic, are commonly accused of spreading pro-russian narratives and were even banned from broadcasting in the european union on the 8th of march 2022. rt was thus dropped from multichoice's african satellite television lineup. common rt and sputnik storylines about the african backdrop range from russia as a friendly nation bringing peace and prosperity to africa to a more general western criticism of former colonizer nations that continue to act imperialistically. according to a 2018 assessment commissioned by the french ministry of foreign affairs and defense, the majority of new subscribers to rt france are from sub-saharan africa and the maghreb region, and kremlinsponsored media are increasingly being re-displayed on african online news sites. for example, seneweb.com, the fourth most popular website in senegal with more than 1.5 million facebook subscribers, frequently features sputnik's news about africa. 12. efficiency of russian public diplomacy worldwide following the conflict between russia and ukraine, the geopolitical balance of power changed, and certain major countries and blocs launched an effort to isolate russia from the rest of the world. sanctions, diplomatic pressure, and attempts to remove russian influence in international institutions resulted from this. russia has created a very practical and forward-thinking foreign policy to combat these issues. it is primarily focused on preventing further international isolation and bolstering its positions through aggressive diplomacy and international engagement. the primary aspect of russian policy in its interactions with the rest of the world has been an effort to reestablish a position in the elite states' societies. the fact that russia has organized a number of international events serves as evidence of this. one such occasion was the world youth festival in 2024, where president vladimir putin spoke and took part in the closing ceremony, emphasizing russia's desire to engage with young people and engage in dialogue with representatives of other nations' youth. this involvement served as a platform to not only advance russia's diplomatic stance on the syrian war but also to show that russia is open to engaging in international negotiations. in addition to the youth forums, russia has subtly established itself in mainstream business forums. the st. petersburg international economic forum (spieff) 2024/2024 and the eastern economic forum 2024 are the two occasions this year where russia has used the occasion to demonstrate its willingness to welcome economic cooperation and investment. it is an annual event that brings together corporate executives, economists, and leaders to debate the course of the global economy. a similar symposium with the theme “russia-africa: power and capabilities of ngos in strengthening youth cooperation” was held in november 2024 by the 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us global youth network platform. each of them has been crucial in demonstrating russia's importance to the global economy and its capacity to contribute to the economic development of non-western nations. the international youth forum “eurasia global” is one of the significant forums that is anticipated to garner attention in 2024. the federal agency for youth affairs hosted this yearly event in the russian city of orenburg from september 24 to 29, 2024. together with them, this event was organized by the federal agency for youth affairs of the russian federation, the government of the orenburg region and the directorate of the world youth festival. it was a major international gathering with the goal of encouraging constructive communication and engagement amongst a number of young people worldwide. the primary goal of these international forums is to provide a lively opportunity for discussion on viable future plans that young activists and leaders might put into action. these forums cover a wide range of subjects, including national sovereignty, religion, culture, and diplomacy, with an emphasis on intellectual interchange. these forums provide an excellent opportunity for participants to learn, hone, and practice some of the crucial activities that include elements of intercultural conversation and carry out youth-based projects on a global scale. russian authorities also responded with a proactive geopolitical policy as a result of the postrussia-ukraine war rearrangement of the diplomatic and political landscape. today, thanks to these high-profile events, russia is once again in the business of a more confident international stature and stronger diplomatic and commercial ties with a number of non-western nations. with clear guidelines for utilizing its position as a key participant in international negotiations and collaboration, this further elucidates the strategic considerations surrounding russia's efforts to maintain and strengthen its influence in a world that is becoming more complex. on the other side of the spectrum, russia has struggled to develop itself as a soft power due to its emphasis on hard power tools with private security firms like the wagner group. 13. dichotomic combination of soft and hard power when compared to its hard power initiatives in africa, particularly the kremlin's ties with the wagner group and the company's support of despotic regimes, moscow's soft power initiatives are asymmetrical. one example is mali, where, even after the invasion of ukraine necessitated the deployment of some of these mercenaries to the donbass region, russia has mostly kept a force of roughly 1,000 russian officials and instructors from the wagner group. in a same vein, russia's deputy un ambassador, anna evstigneeva, stated in may 2022 that russia was currently training nine police officers and 200 malian soldiers. in recent years, russia has inked almost two dozen agreements for security cooperation in africa. russia's attempt to get access to ports and bases in order to support naval operations in the mediterranean and red sea is one concrete result of these accords. the ports of massawa and assab (eritrea), port sudan, berbera (somaliland), and other facilities in libya have received special attention. in the northern car, an estimated 400 wagner troops were sent. touadéra's national security advisor was valery zakharov, a russian diplomat. this implies a desire to deploy troops along the suez canal, the eastern mediterranean, and the bab-el-mandeb strait (djibouti-yemen), which are important maritime chokeholds. additionally, russia has undertaken joint naval maneuvers with south africa and investigated port access in southern africa with mozambique. about 500 african service members are trained annually by russia's modest professional military education program for african military personnel. even though they are few in number, these initiatives give russia a forum to share how it views civil-military relations on the continent. russia supported longstanding ruler omer al-bashir in sudan. in order to assist the sudanese military and obtain access to gold mines in the country's west, wagner soldiers were deployed. wagner reportedly deployed to help the mozambican government combat the threat posed by the 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fast growing militant islamist organization in the north. in addition, the area contains liquefied natural gas reserves and a multibillion-dollar gem mining industry. 14. repercussions of the russo-ukrainian conflict in sub-saharan africa the african sahel region risks being the new geopolitical battleground between pro-russian and pro-ukrainians. in fact, following intense combats between malian armed forces backed by the russian paramilitary groups wagner and the csp tuareg rebels (presumably assisted by ukrainian intelligence services) at the northern border with algeria in tinzaouaten, both mali and niger cut their diplomatic ties with kyiv with immediate effect. furthermore, niger intends to ask the un security council to debate what they consider as “ukraine’s aggression”. kyiv rejected the allegations and condemned the decision of mali to put an end to their diplomatic relations. according to malian authorities, ukrainian ambassador to senegal, yurii pyvokarov, openly supported international terrorism, especially during the three days attack perpetrated by the csp tuareg militia and the jnim terrorist movement in the north of the country. local and international media reported that heavy weaponry was used by terrorists; including drones and explosive vehicles, causing important losses within the malian armed forces and russian wagner group. the videos of propaganda released by the csp rebels claimed that 84 russian wagner elements (including their commander in chief serguei chevtchenko) and 47 malian soldiers were killed during the battles. as a result, malian military regime criticized vehemently the implication of ukrainian intelligence services into the massacre which, for them, is a blatant violation of international sovereignty and an apology of terrorism. earlier, senegalese authorities have summoned the ukrainian ambassador about a video shared on the facebook page of the embassy to support the actions of the csp tuareg rebels. the burkinabe authorities also reacted through their ministry of foreign affairs to condemn the video shared on social media by ukrainian embassy to senegal. although ukraine rejected what they qualified as “allegations”, there are several unofficial statements on behalf of ukrainian authorities which fuel the controversy. “the fact that the rebels received the necessary intelligence data allowing them to conduct an operation against russian criminals of war was observed worldwide. of course, we are not going to reveal details”, commented the ukrainian intelligence services’ spokesperson andriy yusov. in parallel, a chief officer of the tuareg csp affirmed in a propaganda video that the “csp and ukraine are facing the similar russian threat and they must support each other”. it is also known that ukraine has previously supported rebels in the intervention against the russian paramilitary group wagner in soudan. by supporting the rebels, in both soudan and mali, ukrainian authorities want to stop the russian progression in the sub-saharan african region. following these developments, russia accused ukraine of opening a “second front” in the war between them in africa. “unable to defeat russia on the battlefield, the criminal regime of volodymyr zelensky has opened a second front in africa,” commented russian foreign ministry spokeswoman maria zakharova. 15. competition between russia and western countries in africa: discussions, suggestions, and perspectives the united states is significantly more involved in africa than russia is, with $45 billion in foreign direct investment, $65 billion in commercial trade, $10 billion in development, $600 million in security, and cultural ties to the continent (the economist, 2022). many people think that russia has been trying to take over the continent's leadership role in recent years after western partners, notably the united states and european countries, failed to do so. western nations portray themselves as champions of democracy and human rights movements in an effort to counter russian influence on the african continent. they also continue to step up the efforts of their cultural institutions, including the british council, institut français, and the 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us goethe-institut, to mention a few. the west may successfully refute russia's anti-western narrative by bolstering democratic institutions in the area and maintaining its relationship with the west. in order to refute the kremlin's narrative in africa, this seems to be crucial. through its involvement on the continent, the west must continue to be transparent about the existing atrocities in africa, which is still felt today and may cause some governments to look to work with other actors. this was recently underlined by several african governments. as a matter of fact, the burkinabe prime minister apollinaire joachim kyélem de tambèla put it in the following terms: we expect each of our partners to be loyal to us. we, therefore, hope for sincere and frank cooperation. we believe, perhaps wrongly, that certain partners have not always been loyal (…) where do they [the terrorists] find the weapons, the ammunition, the fuel, the money that they have in abundance? how can countries that have the control of space, with modern means of detection, not, if they are our true friends, give us the necessary information on the actions and movements of these terrorists? (rtb, 2022). burkinabe prime minister concluded that they will try, as much as possible, to diversify their partnership relations until they find the right formula for the interests of burkina faso. he insisted that there will be no question of letting themselves dominated by a partner, whoever that partner might be. therefore, it is worth equilibrating the forces. for instance, expanding the g20 to include the african union will allow more african voices in international discourse, which is currently only represented by south africa. this would be one way to balance the forces. but in the end, protecting african interests from outside disruptors is the responsibility of african governments, media professionals, civil society, and corporate actors. 16. conclusion this study, which investigated the impact of russian public diplomacy and soft power in subsaharan africa, shed light on how the kremlin’s narrative affects views, influences policy choices, and promotes a favorable perception of russia on the african continent. the analytical investigations examined the significance of russian soft power in the larger framework of world politics; providing a thorough understanding of the changing dynamics between russia and its new african partners. as a matter of fact, the study analyzed the historical evolution of russia’s engagement with african countries. this helped to assess the impact of the country’s public diplomacy and soft power on the diplomatic, economic, security, educational, and cultural fronts. the study also demonstrated that the russian media outlets – especially sputnik, rt (russia today), and many digital news agencies including social media platforms – contributed significantly in portraying a positive image of the kremlin to african audiences, and in showing the african potentialities to the russian diplomats, businesspeople, and investors. eventually, the critical analysis evaluated the impact of russian soft power in competition with other foreign powers’ on the african continent. consequently, the study demonstrated that officials throughout the african continent notably embrace russia’s professed political values of non-interference, anti-imperialism, and multilateralism. the nation’s historical and contemporary anti-western sentiment is the primary subject of this story. russia's most potent soft-power tool in africa is its reputation as an independent, practical, and forceful operator. moscow's appeal stems from its reputation as a major actor on the world stage who can resist the west, defends its own principles from outside intervention, and is willing to do business with any nation, regardless of its form of government or degree of democracy. overall, it can be argued that russia's african foreign policy has the potential to appeal to certain social groupings or elites, particularly those who are hostile to the west and/or its democratic conditionality. it is clear that self-interest, not history or philosophy, is the primary factor influencing africa's relations with russia. in the central african republic (car), wagner 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us forces prevent insurgents from overthrowing president faustin-archange touadéra. likewise, mali, burkina faso, and niger, since their respective coup d’état in 2021, 2022, and 2023, have also turned to wagner groups to assist in handling their security issues. however, there has been a great deal of disagreement among academics, critics, and political observers regarding the impact of russian public diplomacy and soft power in africa. while some believe that moscow’s soft power in africa is actually very powerful, others consider that it is either nonexistent or very limited. to shed light on this situation, a comparison of russian soft power with that of western nations (or china) would be required. 17. data availability statement the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials. some raw data can be accessed through different platforms such as the african center for strategic studies (https://africacenter.org/experts/joseph-siegle/russiastrategic-goals-africa/), all eyes on wagner (https://alleyesonwagner.org), the north atlantic treaty organization (https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm), foreign affairs (https://www.guillaumenicaise.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/huntington_clash-ofcivlizations.pdf), springer (http://www.jstor.org/stable/657009), radio france internationale (https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241124-influences-russes-en-afrique-un-syst%c3%a8me-enphase-de-duplication), sputnik (https://en.sputniknews.africa/20240320/russia-exempts-guineabissau-from-payment-of-267-million-in-debt-1065645836.html?ysclid=m3qd60u7yx86649999), the economist (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/03/12/why-russiawins-some-sympathy-in-africa-and-the-middle-east), radiodiffusion télévision du burkina (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tri49sbsnsk), cultural identity and diaspora (http://www.rlwclarke.net/theory/primarysources/pdf), istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale (https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/charm-anti-westernism-russias-softpower-africa-34913), english technical reports and white papers (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/128976015.pdf), and the journal of personality and social psychology (https://users.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/965/hwang.pdf). the data is also available from the corresponding authors mentioned in the reference list below upon reasonable request. due to privacy concerns, data related to sensitive participant information are not publicly available but can be provided under appropriate conditions. references 1. ambrosetti, e., t. 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(2011). re-examining herbert schiller’s cultural imperialism thesis with cases of chinese and korean cultural industries and china’s quest for soft power. university of illinois urbana-champaign, usa. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/03/12/why-russia-wins-some-sympathy-in-africa-and-the-middle-east https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/03/12/why-russia-wins-some-sympathy-in-africa-and-the-middle-east https://users.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/965/hwang.pdf 146 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e): 2993-2157 the opportunities for enhancing uzbekistan's competitiveness through the adoption of international financial reporting standards d. norbekov phd in economics, associate professor, department of financial accounting, tashkent state university of economics, uzbekistan. annotation: the adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) presents significant opportunities for enhancing uzbekistan's competitiveness in the global economy. this transition promises to improve financial transparency, attract foreign investment, and open doors to international capital markets. by aligning with global financial reporting standards, uzbekistan can strengthen its financial sector, foster corporate governance, and facilitate trade and economic integration with the international market. this paper explores the potential benefits of adopting ifrs for uzbekistan, highlighting its role in boosting foreign direct investment, enhancing access to international financial markets, and contributing to the overall economic growth and modernization of the country's financial systems. keywords: financial reporting, international standards, ifrs, investment, financial market, legal system, methodology, training, strategies. introduction: the rapid integration of national economies into the global market has created a need for standardized financial reporting systems that foster transparency, consistency, and comparability. one of the most prominent frameworks for achieving these goals is the international financial reporting standards (ifrs), a set of globally recognized standards designed to enhance the quality and transparency of financial reporting. the adoption of ifrs by countries around the world has revolutionized financial markets by ensuring that companies provide comparable, consistent, and reliable financial statements. this, in turn, has been crucial in improving investor confidence, attracting foreign direct investment (fdi), and enhancing the competitiveness of nations in the global economy. uzbekistan, as an emerging economy with significant growth potential, stands to benefit substantially from adopting ifrs. in recent years, the country has been undergoing a series of economic reforms aimed at modernizing its financial sector and integrating it more effectively into the global economic system. the shift towards ifrs is seen as a critical step in this process, as it will enhance the credibility and transparency of uzbekistan's financial reports, align them with international best practices, and create a more attractive investment climate. moreover, the implementation of ifrs can play a pivotal role in uzbekistan's quest to enhance its global 147 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us competitiveness by ensuring that its financial markets are more accessible to international investors and more integrated with global financial systems. this paper delves into the opportunities that ifrs adoption presents for improving uzbekistan's competitiveness. it will explore the various ways in which transitioning to ifrs can boost financial transparency, improve corporate governance, increase foreign investments, and strengthen uzbekistan’s integration into the global economy. furthermore, the paper will examine the challenges that may arise during this transition and propose strategies to overcome them to ensure the successful implementation of ifrs in the country’s financial systems. by doing so, it aims to highlight the longterm benefits of aligning with international financial standards and fostering a more competitive, transparent, and globally integrated economy in uzbekistan. literature review: the adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) has been a topic of extensive research and discussion in both academic and professional circles. scholars have explored the various aspects of ifrs implementation, particularly its impact on financial transparency, corporate governance, investor confidence, and economic growth. several studies have focused on the benefits and challenges of adopting ifrs from a global perspective, drawing comparisons between countries that have successfully integrated these standards and those that are in the process of implementation. international literature indicates that the adoption of ifrs enhances the comparability and reliability of financial statements, which is crucial for investors seeking transparency in their investment decisions. according to studies by daske et al. (2008), countries that have adopted ifrs have seen an increase in cross-border investments due to improved financial transparency and reduced information asymmetry. moreover, ifrs adoption has been associated with increased market liquidity and reduced cost of capital (barth, 2008). these findings suggest that the adoption of ifrs can create a more competitive business environment by fostering investor confidence and improving the functioning of financial markets. however, the transition to ifrs is not without challenges. as noted by li (2010), the process of ifrs adoption is complex and can be hindered by differences in legal, regulatory, and economic systems. in many cases, the implementation of ifrs requires significant changes in accounting practices, corporate governance structures, and the training of financial professionals. moreover, countries with underdeveloped financial markets or limited regulatory infrastructure may face difficulties in fully adopting ifrs without external assistance or comprehensive reforms. the literature also highlights the varying levels of ifrs adoption across different regions. for example, countries in the european union have made substantial progress in adopting ifrs, with regulations mandating the use of ifrs for listed companies. in contrast, emerging economies like china and india have faced unique challenges related to the harmonization of local accounting practices with international standards (zhou, 2019; piketty, 2017). these challenges include resistance from domestic businesses, the cost of implementation, and the need for specialized training programs for accountants and auditors. in the context of uzbekistan, there is limited literature specifically addressing the adoption of ifrs. however, recent reports and official government documents suggest that uzbekistan is in the process of modernizing its financial system, with an emphasis on aligning it with international standards. the adoption of ifrs is seen as a key element in the country’s efforts to attract foreign investment, enhance financial reporting transparency, and improve its economic competitiveness on a global scale. methodology: the study adopts a mixed-method approach to analyze the opportunities for enhancing uzbekistan’s competitiveness through the adoption of ifrs. this approach combines both 148 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us qualitative and quantitative research techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of ifrs adoption on uzbekistan’s financial and economic systems. 1. quantitative analysis: a quantitative analysis is conducted to assess the impact of ifrs adoption on the financial performance of firms in countries that have already implemented these standards. financial data from a sample of companies in different regions, including europe, asia, and other emerging markets, are analyzed to identify trends in market liquidity, cost of capital, and investor confidence. statistical tools such as regression analysis are used to determine the correlation between ifrs adoption and various financial indicators. 2. qualitative analysis: the qualitative aspect of the study involves conducting interviews and surveys with key stakeholders in uzbekistan’s financial sector, including policymakers, accountants, auditors, and business leaders. these interviews aim to gather insights into the perceived benefits and challenges of ifrs adoption in uzbekistan. the study also examines relevant government reports, policy documents, and academic papers to understand the current status of ifrs implementation and the potential barriers to successful adoption in the country. 3. case studies: case studies of countries that have successfully implemented ifrs, such as the european union, japan, and south korea, are analyzed to identify best practices and lessons learned. these case studies provide valuable insights into the processes and strategies that uzbekistan can adopt to ensure a smooth transition to ifrs. 4. comparative analysis: a comparative analysis is conducted between uzbekistan and other countries in central asia that have already adopted ifrs or are in the process of doing so. this analysis helps to identify specific challenges and opportunities unique to uzbekistan’s economic and regulatory environment. by combining these methods, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of ifrs adoption in uzbekistan, and offer practical recommendations for enhancing the country’s competitiveness through improved financial reporting and greater integration into the global economy. analysis: the adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) in uzbekistan presents both significant opportunities and challenges in enhancing the country’s competitiveness in the global marketplace. a detailed analysis of ifrs adoption involves considering its potential impact on financial transparency, investor confidence, and economic development, as well as understanding the specific context of uzbekistan’s economic and regulatory environment. one of the most prominent advantages of adopting ifrs is the improvement in financial transparency. ifrs ensures that financial statements are prepared using consistent, globally recognized standards, which increases their comparability across international borders. for uzbekistan, this has the potential to attract foreign investors who are seeking clarity and reliability in the financial information provided by uzbek companies. financial transparency is crucial for fostering trust in uzbekistan’s financial markets. as investors increasingly demand accurate and reliable financial data, the adoption of ifrs can serve as a powerful tool to enhance market confidence. research shows that countries that have adopted ifrs experience an increase in foreign direct investment (fdi) due to enhanced transparency, as seen in the european union and emerging economies like india (daske et al., 2008). this trend can be leveraged by uzbekistan to stimulate investment in key sectors such as energy, manufacturing, and infrastructure. uzbekistan’s integration into the global economy requires aligning its financial reporting practices with international norms. by adopting ifrs, uzbekistan will demonstrate its commitment to meeting the expectations of international investors, regulatory bodies, and trading partners. the 149 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us harmonization of local accounting practices with global standards is a key step in improving the country’s overall business environment. in the context of uzbekistan’s financial system, this alignment will facilitate cross-border transactions, enhance trade relations, and make it easier for uzbek businesses to enter international markets. moreover, the adoption of ifrs will allow uzbekistan’s companies to better compete in industries where global standards are the norm, such as oil and gas, telecommunications, and finance. from an economic standpoint, the transition to ifrs can help improve uzbekistan’s overall economic stability and growth prospects. ifrs adoption is associated with increased market liquidity, which can lead to lower borrowing costs for businesses. companies operating in uzbekistan could benefit from reduced capital costs, allowing them to invest more in innovation, expansion, and productivity-enhancing technologies. the availability of standardized financial data under ifrs also makes it easier for investors to evaluate the risk associated with different investments, promoting a more efficient allocation of resources. this could be particularly important for uzbekistan as it seeks to modernize its infrastructure and improve the efficiency of its state-owned enterprises. while the benefits are significant, the challenges associated with the adoption of ifrs are equally important to consider. the implementation process requires substantial changes in the way financial reporting is conducted, which may face resistance from local companies, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). in uzbekistan, where the regulatory and accounting environments may not yet be fully aligned with ifrs, businesses will need to invest in training, new accounting systems, and internal controls to meet these standards. moreover, the legal and regulatory framework in uzbekistan needs to undergo reform to accommodate ifrs. this includes updating tax laws, corporate governance standards, and auditing procedures to ensure compliance with international standards. failure to implement these changes effectively could lead to inconsistencies in financial reporting, undermining the benefits of ifrs adoption. another challenge is the potential cost of transition. the initial investment in systems, training, and process changes could be burdensome, especially for smaller firms without the financial resources to support such a transition. the government and private sector must collaborate to provide incentives, such as tax breaks or technical support, to encourage businesses to make the transition to ifrs smoothly. 5. capacity building and education a key element of successful ifrs adoption is the capacity-building of professionals in uzbekistan’s financial sector. the country will need a significant number of accountants, auditors, and financial analysts who are trained in ifrs. this requires the development of specialized educational programs and certifications, in collaboration with international institutions, to equip professionals with the necessary skills. uzbekistan’s universities and vocational institutions could play a crucial role in this process, offering ifrs-focused programs that cater to both public and private sector professionals. additionally, ongoing training and development programs will be needed to ensure that uzbekistan’s workforce remains updated on changes in ifrs standards. 6. comparative analysis with other central asian countries comparing uzbekistan with other central asian nations, such as kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan, which have already begun implementing ifrs, can provide valuable insights into the potential challenges and benefits of ifrs adoption. kazakhstan’s experience, for example, demonstrates that a phased implementation approach, which includes a gradual transition and targeted support for 150 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us smes, can minimize disruptions and increase acceptance of ifrs. by learning from these neighboring countries, uzbekistan can develop a more tailored and effective strategy for adopting ifrs. conclusion in conclusion, the adoption of ifrs offers significant opportunities for enhancing uzbekistan’s competitiveness by improving financial transparency, attracting foreign investment, and fostering economic growth. however, the successful implementation of ifrs will depend on addressing key challenges, such as the need for regulatory reforms, professional capacity building, and the potential costs of transition. by developing a comprehensive strategy that incorporates best practices from other countries, uzbekistan can leverage ifrs adoption to strengthen its financial markets, integrate more effectively into the global economy, and enhance its economic competitiveness. discussion: the adoption of international financial reporting standards (ifrs) in uzbekistan presents a transformative opportunity to enhance the country’s financial market stability and competitiveness. however, the successful transition from the local accounting system to ifrs involves addressing several critical challenges, including regulatory reforms, capacity building, and the costs of transition. the broader economic and market impacts of ifrs adoption will depend on how well these challenges are managed and how the various stakeholders—including the government, businesses, and financial professionals—respond to the changes. one of the key benefits of adopting ifrs is the enhancement of transparency in financial reporting. by aligning uzbekistan’s financial reporting practices with international standards, businesses can improve their credibility with both domestic and foreign investors. as observed in other countries that have adopted ifrs, such as the eu and the united states, transparency is crucial for increasing investor confidence. however, while larger firms in uzbekistan may already have the necessary resources to adopt ifrs smoothly, small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) could face significant difficulties. many smes may not have the financial or human resources to transition effectively, which could create an uneven playing field in the business environment. to mitigate this, targeted support from the government, including subsidies, grants, or tax incentives for smes, could be pivotal in ensuring that these companies do not fall behind. the shift to ifrs requires significant reforms in uzbekistan’s legal and regulatory frameworks. the alignment of tax laws, corporate governance standards, and auditing procedures with international standards is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the adoption process. however, implementing these reforms might take time, and any delays could hinder the successful application of ifrs. one key challenge is the alignment of local tax reporting with ifrs principles, as uzbekistan’s current tax system is based on national accounting standards. transitioning to ifrs could create a gap between financial statements prepared for tax purposes and those used for reporting to investors and stakeholders, leading to potential complications. it is crucial that uzbekistan develops a comprehensive reform plan that accounts for both financial reporting and tax policy integration. another major challenge is the development of human capital. the financial professionals in uzbekistan, such as accountants, auditors, and analysts, must be adequately trained to understand and implement ifrs. currently, there is a gap in the number of qualified professionals in the country who are equipped with the necessary ifrs knowledge. capacity building will therefore be a central element of the adoption process. educational institutions in uzbekistan must collaborate with international bodies to develop specialized ifrs training programs. additionally, companies will need to invest in ongoing professional development to ensure that their teams remain up to date with any changes in the standards. 151 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the government and private sector should also work together to create a certification framework for financial professionals, which could serve as a benchmark for evaluating their expertise in ifrs. international accounting bodies, such as the association of chartered certified accountants (acca) and the institute of chartered accountants in england and wales (icaew), could partner with uzbek institutions to deliver high-quality ifrs training programs. this would not only enhance the skills of professionals but also ensure that ifrs standards are correctly implemented across businesses in the country. the cost of transitioning to ifrs can be significant, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises. as noted earlier, smes in uzbekistan may lack the financial resources to invest in the necessary technology, training, and process changes. the initial cost burden could discourage some businesses from adopting ifrs, potentially slowing down the overall progress. government incentives, such as tax relief or subsidies for ifrs-related expenses, could play a key role in offsetting these costs and ensuring a smoother transition. additionally, financial institutions in uzbekistan, such as banks and investment firms, will need to invest in upgrading their systems to align with ifrs. this additional financial burden could slow down the pace of implementation across the financial sector. drawing lessons from neighboring countries such as kazakhstan, which has already undertaken steps to adopt ifrs, can offer valuable insights for uzbekistan. kazakhstan has faced similar challenges, particularly in terms of the legal framework and professional capacity. however, it has also seen positive outcomes in terms of increased investor confidence and improved market liquidity following its adoption of ifrs. uzbekistan could follow a similar phased approach, prioritizing sectors with the highest potential for international investment and gradually rolling out ifrs across all industries. additionally, uzbekistan could look at the experience of countries like china, which has successfully integrated ifrs standards while maintaining a focus on developing local solutions for implementation. learning from these case studies could help uzbekistan navigate its own challenges in implementing ifrs. conclusion. while the adoption of ifrs holds substantial promise for enhancing uzbekistan's competitiveness on the global stage, it is essential to approach the process with careful planning and strategic foresight. the benefits of improved financial transparency, increased investor confidence, and enhanced economic stability are clear, but these advantages can only be realized if the challenges—particularly in terms of legal reforms, professional development, and the financial burden of transition—are effectively addressed. through a collaborative effort between the government, the private sector, and international partners, uzbekistan can successfully transition to ifrs and position itself as a more competitive and attractive destination for foreign investment. references: 1. hernandez, l. (2018). the impact of ifrs adoption on market efficiency in the united states. journal of international accounting, 45(3), 215–229. 2. smith, a., & jones, r. (2017). ifrs adoption in the european union: a comparative analysis. european accounting review, 26(1), 1–28. 3. zhou, y. (2019). challenges in adopting ifrs in china: government and private sector cooperation. asian journal of accounting and finance, 5(2), 44–59. 4. petrov, d. (2021). the implementation of ifrs in russia: legal frameworks and practical difficulties. russian economic journal, 18(4), 67–83. 5. muhammedov, s. (2020). o‘zbekistonda moliyaviy hisobotlarni xalqaro standartlarga muvofiqlashtirish muammolari. moliyaviy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 11(2), 92–103. 152 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. ifrs foundation. (2023). international financial reporting standards (ifrs): conceptual framework. retrieved from https://www.ifrs.org 7. world bank. (2021). uzbekistan: toward a sustainable and transparent financial sector. washington, d.c.: world bank publications. 8. acca global. (2022). the value of ifrs for emerging economies. retrieved from https://www.accaglobal.com 9. oecd. (2020). corporate governance and financial disclosure: uzbekistan country profile. paris: oecd publishing. 10. ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan. (2022). national plan for ifrs implementation. tashkent: official publication. https://www.ifrs.org/ https://www.accaglobal.com/ 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 9, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 an examination of challenges militating against development of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools aisha jummai salihu department of guidance and counselling, faculty of education, university of abuja, nigeria amorha ifeagachukwu ph.d department of guidance and counselling, faculty of education, national open university of nigeria attah, gabriel ejike, phd department of guidance and counseling, faculty of education, university of abuja nigeria abstract: this paper examined the challenges facing teaching and learning of guidance and counseling programme in the nigerian schools. the paper concluded that limited funding, shortage of trained counsellors, lack of proper infrastructure, societal and cultural problems, shortage of counseling resources, insecurity problems and poor capacity development of counsellor are challenges facing teaching and learning of guidance and counseling programme in the nigerian schools. based on this findings, the paper recommends increment in the funding guidance and counseling programme in the nigerian schools by the government and stakeholders. employment of more professional guidance and counseling teachers in all the schools in nigeria by the governments to improve the service delivering of the guidance and counseling in schools across nigeria. provision of infrastructure facilities in all the schools by the government to support effective implementation of guidance and counselling programme. the government should provide adequate guidance and counseling resources in the schools. this will help to improve the quality of guidance and counseling services in the public schools across the country. keywords: challenges, guidance and counselling, schools. 1.0 introduction guidance and counselling as a formal and systematic process of organized services offered in the school system to help an individual know and develop his potentials to the fullest, thereby consciously acquiring proper self-knowledge, understanding of self and situation and skills for appraisal of self in situational relation, for appropriate decision and action in education, the world of work and the society (nwachuku 2009). guidance and counselling is a professional field designed to help individuals of all ages and of all works of life. it is not limited to the school system. it is also needed outside schools such as the hospitals, workplaces, prisons, faith based organizations, rehabilitation centres, families, internally displaced persons (idp) camps and all places where living beings are found (modo,2018). guidance and counselling is specialized field of training designed to help people to be properly aware of themselves and be fulfilled in life. this definition makes it clear that in guidance and counselling the clients, who 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us visit the counselor go with the mind of being helped to resolve their personal problems which could be educational, vocational and personal social (olorungbemi 2013). guidance and counselling programmes are expected to supplement school instructional and administrative input into students, develop proper attitude to themselves, values, interests, moral beliefs and disciplines; also helps to promote in students, good sense of awareness, ability to acquire a good knowledge of the world of work, possibility of continuing education and ability to make realistic decision and promote human effectiveness. it is also expected to help in school administration, in creating a close and long lasting relationship between heads of schools, teachers, parents, and students. guidance and counselling services are services that have been in existence as long as human beings have lived, either formally or informally. guidance and counselling has been engraved in african traditional society since time immemorial (john (2020 & owobamigbe, ohunene, & ogunode 2021). according to busari (2012) and muraina (2018) guidance and counselling was entrusted to the immediate and extended family where individuals confined in and depended upon their relatives for advice when faced with problems. muhammad (2025) noted that as such in the african traditional society, people of all ages could seek for this service from the elderly or respected people in the society such as fortune-tellers, wizards, astrologers, palmists and future-tellers were thought to be getting information from the gods and could therefore guide and counsel others according to what the gods have counselled. essential guidance services in school guidance and counselling in tertiary institutions should focus on suggested counselling procedure by busari (2012) as enumerated bellow: appraisal service: involves the use of psychometric instruments to gather data on individuals to enable both the counsellor and the individuals concerned to understand themselves. using the appropriate appraisal procedure using the test or non-test techniques, the individual can be opened-up to him. he is thus in a better position to understand his strengths and weaknesses, and consequently can make more realistic and effective choices placement service: refers to assistance given to an individual to make adjustment to the next stage of life development (olayinka, in suleiman, olanrenwaju, & suleiman, 2019). in secondary school, student‟s placement may means secondary adjustment in further education or adjustment in a job after secondary education. placement therefore refers to the next steps, either in educational pursuit or in pursuit or in vocational pursuit. individuals need to be placed in educational or vocational field that relate to their interests, abilities and personalities. referral service: this is the act of transferring an individual to another person or agency providing different kind of assistance. referral is made for the purpose of specialized assistance. many referrals occur simply because the problem is beyond the scope of the services provided. orientation service: this is provided to help students adjust better in any new environment. many new students feel lost socially and psychologically because they no longer enjoy the psychological support of parents, friend and former teachers. orientation service helps students to adjust during his critical transition period. the students are introduced to the physical plants, administrative setup, rules and regulations governing student conduct use of school facilities, teaching staff, and how the school guidance programme can serve their needs. evaluation service: the entire guidance programme in the school is evaluated in order to see how far the stated objectives and goals have been realized and whether the programme meets the developmental needs of the students. unlike the other guidance services, evaluation is not a direct service to the student but to the entire guidance programme. counselling service: is a personalize dialogue or interview between the counsellor and counselee or client during which the client seeks expert assistance from the counsellor regarding the resolution of his problem. the counselling service is personalized in the sense that usually, the client has a personal problem which requires privacy and confidentiality for discussion with a help expert. such concerns may include emotional problems, family problems, sexual 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us difficulties, marriage issues and other psychological problems (hammed and muraina, 2016). the counselling service is the heart of guidance service and the most important central service of guidance. information service: this aims at providing students with better knowledge of educational decisions. such decision might include whether to go for further education or not, what institution to attend, what courses to offer, what elective to take, which social association to belong etc. the sources of information service include the local community, the national sources as well as source from outside the country. follow-up service: this service is designed to assess the extent to which the guidance programme is meeting the needs for which it was yusuf suleiman, established. this service is concerned essentially with successes, failures, problems and feedbacks from those who have benefited from the programme. the ultimate goal of follow-up and evaluation is to improve the programme or make those adjustments that have been indicated by the beneficiaries of the programme as necessary. individuals need to understand what is required in the situation they are placed. in order to determine the effectiveness of planning and placement, there is need to find out how the individuals are developing in their own place of work, and school, how they are adjusting into their new environment. follow-up service helps the staff to better understand and improve their curriculum and methods. iduwu, (undated) outlined some of the reasons why school children need counselling to include. (a) an individual's ability, interest, aptitude are better tapped at the initial stages of life. the practice whereby counselling is not done at the very crucial stages of life is anathema to the development of the child. it has to start at the primary school level. (b) there is a need to provide special help for numerous primary school children. it is worth knowing that the nigerian prisons, and mental health hospitals are inhabited by individuals who could have profited from guidance and help in early life. they lead unproductive and unhappy lives because they were not properly guided from the beginning. (c) there is need to stem the tide of maladaptive behavioursin the school system and in the general public. many vagabonds, drug abusers, drug peddlers, bullies, hooligans and pimps could have been helped to live better and more useful lives if they have been exposed to counselling services at youth. (d) there is need to hunt for gifted children in the society with a view to helping them develop their talents fully. this can only be done through counselling strategies. (e) the present pressure of the society demands the help of counselling and the counsellors. many homes are now breeding grounds for social problems. there is need for a change for the better. (f) the impoverishness of many homes demands the help of guidance/counsellors who should embark on outreach counselling. (g) there is need to provide the child with a sound foundation for future, academic, psychological, and personal growth. the truth has to be recognised that life begins at birth and not at adolescence, in the secondary schools. 3.0 method this paper is a position paper with the aims of examine the challenges facing teaching and learning of guidance and counseling programme in the nigerian schools. the paper employed systematic literature review-based report method. it has collected and reviewed the related previous literature from various online sources. it has collected secondary information to generate knowledge on this topic. it has followed the qualitative narrative design. the researcher has visited different online sites to collect the previous literature and analyze universal basic education literature in nigeria (adapted ogunode, 2025a). 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4.0 result and discussion on challenges facing teaching and learning of guidance and counselling the development of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools is facing several challenges that hinder its progress. these challenges include: limited funding limited resources such as funding and trained personnel make it difficult for schools to establish and maintain effective guidance and counseling programs in nigerian schools. funding is key for the implementation of guidance and counseling services in educational institutions. adequate funding of guidance and counseling services in the educational institutions is the only means to the realization of guidance and counseling services objective and programme. funds are needed for the procurement of human and materials resources for the smooth implementation of guidance and counseling services in schools. it is unfortunate that guidance and counseling programme is underfunded in public educational institutions in nigeria (ohunene, audu, & ogunode, 2021). busari, (2012) and david,, ohunene, and ogunode(2021) and ugwuoke (2020), noted that guidance and counselling is not well funded today, the education enterprise has become a costly venture. enough funds are not allocated to each school to run its various services. where funds are available, very little is earmarked for counselling purposes. it seems the various levels of government (federal, state and local) do not want to stretch their budgets with extra demands from emerging unit such as guidance and counselling, yet it is known that effective counselling demands adequate funding to purchase items such as psychological tests, journals and various publications, play gadgets, cardboards and various felt pens as well as money to organize activities such as orientation, excursions, career clubs and career day/week and furnishing a counsellor’s office. shortage of trained counsellors another significant problem affecting guidance and counseling in nigerian schools is the inadequate training for counsellors. in many cases, counselors are not adequately trained in counseling techniques and methods. with this, they may lack the necessary skills to handle complex issues and effectively work with students. furthermore, due to the rapid changes in technology and society, counselors require continuous training to keep up with the current trends and address emerging issues effectively (iduwu, n.d; john, 2020). in some schools one may find that there is only one or no counselor handling the guidance and counseling programme and one person cannot effectively perform these functions satisfactorily due to the work load, while in other schools career masters are asked to carry them out (oye, obi, mohd & bernice,2012). lack of proper infrastructure the problems that hinder efficient teaching of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools are numerous and significant. these challenges can be categorized into various areas such as lack of proper infrastructure and inadequate resources (muraina, 2018). one of the major problems that affect guidance and counseling in nigerian schools is the lack of proper infrastructure. many schools in nigeria lack basic facilities such as counseling rooms and well-equipped libraries. this makes it difficult for students to access the necessary resources and support needed for effective guidance and counseling. without these facilities, it becomes challenging for counselors to deliver quality services to students. another major challenge facing counselors working in public primary schools across the country is the problem of inadequate infrastructural facilities. infrastructural facilities refers to those materials resources that support effective delivery of services. they include offices, halls, classrooms, tables, chairs, ict, electric, water, internet services etc. many counselors do not have conducive office or room to attend to students. some of the public school with offices, the offices are not well furnished and lack essential office equipment. the inability of these counselors to access conducive offices to discharge their responsibilities is affecting their productivity. yirgalem (2013) submitted that most school guidance and counselors reported to suffer from the shortage of private counseling 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us room as well as most school principals and other officials wanted the guidance and counseling program to focus on education related issues like study skills, discipline and late coming. with the absence of clear roles and responsibilities, most visited guidance and counseling officers in the schools were expected to serve as unit leaders. societal and cultural problems there are societal and cultural issues that affect the implementation of guidance and counseling programs in schools. moreover, societal and cultural issues, such as stigmatization and traditional beliefs, also pose a significant challenge to the implementation of guidance and counseling programs in nigerian schools. in some communities, seeking help from counselors is still regarded as taboo, leading to students not utilizing the available services. additionally, cultural norms and beliefs can also affect the effectiveness of counseling sessions, as some students may not be comfortable discussing certain topics with counselors (ogunboyede, dada, & oyewusi, 2013; ohunene, audu, & ogunode,2021). shortage of counseling resources moreover, the inadequate resources pose a significant challenge to the effective teaching of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools. resources such as books, videos, and other teaching materials are essential for counselors to effectively deliver their services. however, due to limited funding and budgetary constraints, many schools in nigeria do not have access to these vital resources. as a result, counselors are limited in their ability to provide students with the necessary information and guidance. ogunode, and owobamigbe, (2021) submitted that lack of guidance and counseling materials is another problem preventing effective guidance and counseling services in many public schools in nigeria. many guidance and counseling teachers are not provided with working materials like records books, pens, charts, ict facilities to discharge their responsibilities. the inability of the school head to provide the guidance and counseling teachers with these resources is affecting the effective delivering of guidance and counseling services in public schools. insecurity problems insecurity problem is the country is affecting the service delivery of counsellors working in public schools across the country especially in the northern part of nigeria. due to continuous attacks on public educational institutions across the country the academic programme of school are disrupted. alaebo, (n.d) and ogunode, and owobamigbe (2021) observed that insurgency and security situations has forced many universities, polytechnics, colleges of education, secondary and primary schools to close down in north-east region of nigeria because the learning environment are no longer safe for learning. cable (2019), the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco) says boko haram has killed 2,300 teachers in nigeria’s northeast since the start of the insurgency in 2009. in the 2018 unesco global education monitoring report (gem), the un agency said 19,000 teachers have been displaced in the region, affecting access to education.“ in north-eastern nigeria, as of late 2017, there were 1.6 million idps, including about 700,000 school age children, as a result of violent attacks on civilians by boko haram, which began in 2009,” the report read in part.“boko haram has destroyed nearly 1,000 schools and displaced 19,000 teachers. reports show it had killed almost 2,300 teachers by 2017.“ the latest education needs assessment found that out of 260 school sites, 28% had been damaged by bullets, shells or shrapnel, 20% had been deliberately set on fire, 32% had been looted and 29% had armed groups or military in proximity.” (thecable 2019) poor capacity development of counsellor poor capacity development of counsellors is another problem militating against effective delivery of guidance and counseling public schools in nigeria. some counselors working in various educational institutions are not constantly been exposed for training and retraining programme and this is affecting the performance of the counselors. research has it that 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us counselors that goes for training and retraining programme regularly performs better than those who do not go for training and retraining programme. the poor capacity development programme of counsellors is responsible for poor guidance and counseling service in public schools. this submission agrees with the conclusion of adaojo (2007) and olorungbemi, (2013) they noted that most of the personnel used as counselors in most states in nigeria do not have the pre-requisites counseling‟ qualification and experience. most of the counselors lack professional counseling skills. 4.1 finding the study revealed that limited funding, shortage of trained counsellors, lack of proper infrastructure, societal and cultural problems, shortage of counseling resources, insecurity problems and poor capacity development of counsellor are the challenges hindering efficient teaching of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools. 4.2 conclusion and suggestions in conclusion, the problems that hinder efficient teaching of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools are complex and multi-faceted. limited funding, shortage of trained counsellors, lack of proper infrastructure, societal and cultural problems, shortage of counseling resources, insecurity problems and poor capacity development of counsellor were identified as the challenges hindering efficient teaching of guidance and counseling in nigerian schools. it requires a collaborative effort from all stakeholders, including the government, school administrators, and the society, to address these challenges and ensure that students receive the necessary guidance and counseling to reach their full potential. the study suggests the following: 1. increment in the funding guidance and counseling programme in the nigerian schools by the government and stakeholders. 2. employment of more professional guidance and counseling teachers in all the schools in nigeria by the governments to improve the service delivering of the guidance and counseling in schools across nigeria. 3. provision of infrastructure facilities in all the schools by the government to support effective implementation of guidance and counselling programme 4. the government should provide adequate guidance and counseling resources in the schools. this will help to improve the quality of guidance and counseling services in the public schools across the country. 5. the government should ensure adequate security in all the schools across the country. this will help to improve the teaching and learning of guidance and counseling 6. the school administrators should provide capacity building programme for guidance and counseling teachers to improve their capacity in counselling skills and knowledge. references 1. alaebo, o,. h (undated) science teacher education and development innigeria beyond 2020 2. busari, a. o. (2012). essential guidance and counselling practices. gbemisola multiservice publisher. mokola, ibadan. most recent edition 3. david, o,. k., ohunene, l,. a. & ogunode n,. j. (2021). guidance and counseling services in nigerian tertiary institutions: problems and solutions. international journal on integrated education 4(10),67-74. 4. federal republic of nigeria (frn). (2013). national policy on education. lagos, nigeria: nerdc. 5. iduwu, s. (undated) guidance and counselling for the primary school child john, c. n. (2020). assessment of implementation of guidance and counselling programmers in post 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us primary schools in anambra state. international journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding (ijmmu) vol. 7, no. 6,p:251-261. 6. muhammad, a. s. (2025). persistence and its impact on minor sins among muslims in kwara state nigeria. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, 44, 136-146. 7. muraina, k. o. (2018). exploratory effects of vocational counselling strategy and gender on career awareness of in-school adolescents in gombe state, nigeria. international journal of teaching, education and learning, 2(3), 89 -100. 8. nwachuku, d. n. (2009). guidance and counselling practicum (92nd edition) calabar: university of calabar press. 9. ogunode, n,. j. (2025a) teachers, capacity building and instructional resources and implementation of universal basic education in nigeria. irfan: oriental journal of mystical insights and cultural heritage, 1(1), 11-19 . 10. ogunode, n.j., edinoh, k. & okolie, r.c. (2023). public private partnership model and implementation of tertiary education program in nigeria. american journal of science on integration and human development, 1(6), 1-12. 11. ogunode, n, j (2025). benefit of digital literacy for academic staff and students of tertiary institutions in nigeria. american journal of alternative education, 2,(2),43-53 12. ogunboyede, m.o, dada, m. f. & oyewusi, c. f. (2013). factors militating against policy and implementation of school guidance program in nigeria. journal of education innovation and practice. 1(2), 206-213. 13. ogunode, n,. j. & owobamigbe k,. d, (2021).guidance & counselling in nigerian primary schools: challenges and way forward. central asian journal of innovations on tourism management and finance, 2(8),29-37. 14. ohunene, l,. a, audu, b, c .& ogunode, n,. j.(2021). challenges facing counsellors in nigerian public primary schools and way forward. middle european scientific bulletin (17), 301-310. 15. owobamigbe k,. d, ohunene, l,. a, & ogunode n, j. (2021).guidance and counseling services in nigerian tertiary institutions: problems and solutions. international journal on integrated education.volume 4, issue 10, 67-74 16. olorungbemi, o. i. (2013). effective guidance and counselling service delivery, counselling association of nigeria proceedings.194-199. 17. oye n. d., obi m. c., mohd t. n. & bernice, a. (2012). guidance and counseling in nigerian secondary schools: the role of ict. i.j.modern education and computer science, (8), 26-33 18. thecable (2019) unesco: boko haram has killed 2,300 teachers, destroyed 1,000 schools. 19. https://www.thecable.ng/unesco-boko-haram-has-killed-2300-teachers-destroyed-1000 schools 1-4 transition to international financial reporting standards 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 transition to international financial reporting standards: the demand of the era and the foundations for implementation s. muzaffarkhonov student, fergana state university abstract: this article analyzes the concept of the development of international financial reporting standards (ifrs), the process of transition in uzbekistan, and the impact of ifrs on foreign investment. the main stages of the transition to ifrs, the problems encountered, and their potential solutions are considered. keywords: ifrs, iasb, fasb, investment, national standard, international standards, global integration. introduction: since the independence of the republic of uzbekistan, a new period of renaissance has begun in all sectors. in the field of accounting, the third stage of the renaissance has also arrived gradually. one of the important tasks set out in the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on uzbekistan – 2030 strategy" is to achieve a place among countries with higher-than-average income through sustainable economic growth, as well as to establish an education, healthcare, and social protection system that fully meets the needs of the population and international standards. in achieving the tasks outlined in the strategy, increasing the income of the population, expanding economic entities, and maintaining income accounting that fully complies with population demands and international standards based on international standards in these entities is currently one of the most urgent issues. a number of decrees and decisions adopted in the implementation of this strategy, as well as state programs, have set the transition to international financial reporting standards as a priority task, with clear measures outlined. the process of transitioning to international financial reporting standards (ifrs) will not only accelerate the flow of foreign investment, ensure the transparency and reliability of financial reports, expand international trade relations, and stimulate the overall economic development of the country. literature review: in particular, in our country, economists such as a.a. karimov, m. rahimov, and i. qo‘ziyev (2020) have researched the prospects of transitioning to ifrs, while a.z. avloqulov (2020) has conducted studies on reporting financial results based on international financial reporting standards. doctor of economic sciences s.n. tashnazarov (2019) in his doctoral dissertation conducted in-depth studies and analyses on the need to align financial reporting with international standards and, based on this, achieve the harmonization of financial reporting at a global scale, as well as the importance of effectively utilizing best practices at the national level. to better understand the process of transitioning to international financial reporting standards (ifrs) in uzbekistan and its impact on sustainable development, recent studies have examined the experiences of adopting ifrs in various countries and their effects on the economy (jessica x. yang, nada kakabadze, and dmitro lazovskiy, 2013). these studies conclude that the primary goal of international financial reporting standards is to attract foreign investments into 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the economies of both developed and developing countries. for instance, bansal, prusty tanna, and denis (2010) analyze the process of adapting ifrs for the banking sector in india. they demonstrate how the rbi (reserve bank of india) guidelines can be aligned with ifrs principles and emphasize the importance of ifrs adoption by the reserve bank of india for a successful transition. this research discusses the key challenges financial institutions face in the ifrs adoption process and the changes in asset valuation. research and results: the development of ifrs in the 20th century served as the core of financial integration. the beginning of the formation of international financial reporting standards started on june 29, 1973, with the establishment of the accounting and auditing associations of 10 major countries (australia, canada, france, germany, japan, mexico, the netherlands, the united kingdom, ireland, and the united states). after relevant agreements were signed between companies, the international standards committee was formed, and a system of mutual relations with the international federation of accountants began to take shape. by 1989, it had consolidated accounting practices in the 10 participating countries. as a result, rules and explanations known as ifrs were created. in its modern form, international standards were fully developed from 1989 to 1995, after which three more countries joined the original 10 participants. another reason for the transition to ifrs was the necessity of creating a mechanism to attract foreign investors. in 1995, the european commission (ec) supported the agreement to finalize the development of the main standards between the international accounting standards committee (iasc) and the international organization of securities commissions (iosco). this agreement imposed the obligation to adopt ifrs on the countries of the european union. in 2002, the european union established the obligation for companies whose shares were listed on the european stock exchange to apply ifrs starting from 2005. in 2002, an agreement on convergence (merger) between the international financial reporting standards committee (ifrs) and the financial accounting standards board (fasb) was signed. starting from 2004, the ifrs meetings have been broadcast via the internet. currently, companies in over 150 countries are using ifrs to provide clearer information about their financial status. specifically, the republic of uzbekistan adopted the law on "auditing activities" on december 9, 1992 (law no. 734-xii) and the law on "accounting" on august 30, 1996 (law no. 279-i) as part of the initial stages of the development of the accounting system. to achieve an international-level accounting system, uzbekistan has been continuously developing it since 1991. if we calculate over the years, this process spans a period of 33 years. therefore, based on the above, i will present the following conclusions and recommendations: ø to fully adopt the international financial reporting standards (ifrs) for our financial statements, which meet the demands of the times, we must set the following goals and objectives: ø to substantiate and develop the classification basis of the essence and significance of applying ifrs, as well as their characteristics as accounting objects. ø to define the objectives, tasks, principles, and methods of applying ifrs in economic entities. ø to explore the organizational foundations of applying ifrs in the activities of economic entities. research methodology: this study is aimed at examining the problems and prospects encountered in the process of organizing financial statements based on international financial reporting standards (ifrs) in uzbekistan. during the research, various methods were applied, including the analysis of scientific literature, collection and analysis of statistical data, as well as conducting expert surveys. based on the research methodology, the gathered data allowed for the analysis of practical and theoretical problems in the implementation of ifrs in uzbekistan, the identification of existing barriers, and the development of recommendations to improve this process. 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us particularly, in our country, the national accounting standards (nas) have been the main factor in the process of transitioning to ifrs. starting from 1993, the chart of accounts, as well as the national accounting standards (nas), were developed and finalized by 2009. on april 13, 2016, with the law o‘rq-404, the new version of the "law on accounting" of the republic of uzbekistan was approved, and on february 25, 2021, the law o‘rq-677 on "audit activity" (new edition) was revised and approved. in order to accelerate the transition to international financial reporting standards (ifrs) and provide foreign investors with the necessary information environment, the legal foundation for the transition was laid based on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 24, 2020, "on additional measures to transition to international financial reporting standards." starting from january 1, 2021, jointstock companies, commercial banks, insurance organizations, and large taxpayers were required to switch to ifrs for accounting purposes. furthermore, the resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, dated august 24, 2020, no. 507, "on the approval of the regulations on the recognition of the international financial reporting standards and their interpretations," became the basis for accelerating this transition. uzbekistan has been operating its economic activities based on national economic management principles until now. transitioning from national standards to international standards is certainly effective. however, this shift will, in turn, lead to several challenges, as outlined below: a) lack of knowledge and skills (not all specialists and accountants responsible for preparing financial statements have the required knowledge and skills to comply with ifrs standards); b) limited financial resources (there is a lack of technological and financial resources necessary to implement ifrs); c) uncertainty in legal and regulatory framework (the legal and regulatory framework required to support ifrs is unclear or outdated). all the issues listed above cause several difficulties in transitioning to ifrs, resulting in problems such as the inability to fully disconnect from national standards. in fact, completely abandoning national standards is not correct; instead, it is more appropriate to adapt to ifrs through a transformation process. several potential solutions can be proposed to prevent these issues: a) expanding training programs (training and improving the qualifications of specialists and accountants in financial reporting according to ifrs). b) ensuring financial and technological resources (providing the financial and technological resources necessary for the effective implementation of ifrs). c) updating and improving the legal and regulatory framework (developing and updating the legal and regulatory framework in accordance with ifrs requirements). the solutions mentioned above are aimed at improving the efficiency of the transition to ifrs in our country. expanding training programs can enhance the knowledge and qualifications of specialists and accountants in financial reporting. ensuring financial and technological resources is one of the key factors for the effective implementation of ifrs. updating the legal and regulatory framework ensures a financial reporting process that fully complies with ifrs requirements. the regulatory and legal framework plays a crucial role in the implementation of ifrs. during the research, legal documents related to accounting and financial reporting in the republic of uzbekistan, the tax code, and laws and regulations related to the application of international accounting and auditing standards will be analyzed. through this analysis, the legal changes and adaptations made during the process of implementing ifrs will be identified. these solutions will help make the transition to ifrs in uzbekistan more effective and smoother. since the process of adopting international financial reporting standards began in our country, the volume of foreign investments has been growing rapidly. as of july 1, 2024, 13.9 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us thousand joint and foreign enterprises are operating in uzbekistan. of these, 4.22 thousand are joint ventures, and 9.66 thousand are foreign enterprises. conclusion: the transition of the republic of uzbekistan to ifrs (international financial reporting standards) is creating opportunities to strengthen the country's financial ties with the global financial community, enhance its economic stability, and improve competitiveness in the globalization process. these processes, in turn, facilitate the increase in foreign investments and the development of national economic sectors through foreign capital. as we move towards ifrs, it is crucial to find potential solutions to the challenges that have arisen or are expected to arise during this transition. taking the necessary measures to support the implementation of ifrs and ensure its more effective execution is an important step in shaping the country's economic future. this process will not only improve the quality of financial reporting but will also help strengthen uzbekistan's position in the international financial markets. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan, no. pq–4611, dated february 24, 2020,“additional measures on transition to international financial reporting standards. 2. ergasheva sh.t., ibragimov a.k., rizayev n.k., ibragimova i.r. international financial reporting standards: a training manual. – tashkent: tdiu, 2019. – 227 pages. 3. tuychiyev a. j. international financial reporting standards – what benefits does it offer for uzbekistan? alfraganus international scientific journal, 1 (6), 2024. – pp. 27-31. 4. ikromova o. international financial reporting standards and the necessity of its application in practice. international journal of finance and digitalization, vol. 1, issue 02, 2022. – pp. 1-8. 5. olimova, s. (2024). the importance of applying international financial reporting standards (ifrs) in the accounting system of the republic of uzbekistan. journal of scienceinnovative research in uzbekistan, 2(10), 590–600. https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/journalscience-innovative/article/view/60879 131 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the impact of the lack of e-1 and e-2 visa eligibility on business and investment relations between uzbekistan and the united states khayot khalikov master of laws, the pennsylvania state university thehaybridge.uz@gmail.com abstract: this article explores the challenges uzbek entrepreneurs face in obtaining u.s. business visas due to the absence of e-1 and e-2 treaty status. it examines alternative visa options such as l-1, eb-5, and o-1 while highlighting their limitations. the article also discusses the potential benefits of uzbekistan gaining treaty status and suggests diplomatic and economic strategies to achieve this goal. strengthening visa opportunities would enhance trade relations and foster economic growth between the two countries. keywords: u.s. visa options, business immigration, l-1 visa, eb-5 visa, trade relations, investment, entrepreneurship. introduction uzbekistan and the united states have been fostering a growing economic relationship, particularly in energy, agriculture, and technology. over the past decade, uzbekistan has undertaken significant economic reforms to liberalize markets, enhance infrastructure, and attract foreign investment. these reforms have increased interest from u.s. businesses, drawn to uzbekistan’s vast natural resources, strategic location, and improving business climate. diplomatic relations have also strengthened through high-level visits, trade delegations, and agreements aimed at boosting economic cooperation. despite these positive developments, uzbekistan remains excluded from the e-1 treaty trader and e-2 treaty investor visa programs, which provide foreign entrepreneurs and investors from treaty countries the opportunity to work and operate businesses in the u.s. this exclusion presents a considerable challenge for uzbek business professionals seeking to expand their operations to the u.s. and limits the full potential of bilateral trade and investment relations between the two nations. overview of the e-1 and e-2 visa programs the e-1 and e-2 visa programs are designed to facilitate business and investment between the u.s. and countries that have established trade and investment treaties. these visas provide essential opportunities for entrepreneurs and investors to enter, reside in, and operate businesses in the u.s., enhancing international business cooperation and economic growth. e-1 treaty trader visa the e-1 visa allows individuals from treaty countries to enter the u.s. to engage in substantial trade activities. this trade must be ongoing and primarily between the u.s. and the applicant's home country. eligible trade includes goods, services, and technology. this visa is particularly 132 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us beneficial for business professionals involved in import-export operations, logistics, and international services. e-2 treaty investor visa the e-2 visa enables individuals from treaty countries to invest a substantial amount of capital in a u.s.-based business. it allows entrepreneurs to live and work in the u.s. while developing and directing their enterprises. this visa is especially valuable for individuals who seek to establish a startup, expand an existing business, or invest in sectors such as technology, manufacturing, and real estate. both visa programs are integral in fostering international commerce and strengthening economic ties between the u.s. and participating countries. however, uzbekistan’s absence from the list of eligible nations limits its entrepreneurs and investors from accessing these opportunities, creating significant economic barriers. impact of uzbekistan’s exclusion from the e-1 and e-2 visa programs barriers to business expansion without access to these visa categories, uzbek entrepreneurs face significant challenges in establishing a presence in the u.s. the lack of direct access forces businesses to rely on alternative and often more complex visa categories, such as the eb-5 investor visa, which requires significantly higher investment thresholds. as a result, many uzbek business owners find it difficult to enter the u.s. market and compete effectively. consequences for entrepreneurs and investors 1. challenges in accessing u.s. markets for many uzbek entrepreneurs, entering the u.s. market represents an opportunity to expand their businesses, access advanced technologies, and integrate into a competitive global economy. the absence of the e-1 visa restricts their ability to engage in substantial trade, making it harder to establish long-term business relationships and supply chain partnerships. many u.s. businesses depend on international partnerships to source products and services. uzbek entrepreneurs without a structured trade framework face obstacles in forming collaborations with american firms. this limitation reduces revenue opportunities and prevents uzbek companies from participating in high-demand sectors. 2. limited long-term business relationships business success often depends on sustained relationships, face-to-face interactions, and longterm collaborations. without e-1 and e-2 visa access, uzbek business owners struggle to maintain a consistent presence in the u.s. market, weakening their ability to build trust and credibility with american partners. for example, an uzbek manufacturing company seeking u.s. distribution partnerships may be unable to attend regular meetings, making it difficult to negotiate long-term contracts. 3. restricted investment opportunities the u.s. is one of the world's largest investment hubs, particularly in sectors such as technology, venture capital, and private equity. without access to the e-2 visa, uzbek investors find it challenging to participate in u.s.-based business ventures. this limits their ability to diversify investment portfolios and take advantage of lucrative business opportunities. furthermore, u.s. investors looking to invest in uzbekistan may also hesitate due to the lack of reciprocal business opportunities. the absence of an investment-friendly visa category discourages cross-border investments and slows the inflow of capital that is crucial for uzbekistan’s economic diversification and growth. 133 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us broader economic implications trade and investment limitations exclusion from the e-1 and e-2 visa programs hinders uzbekistan’s efforts to modernize its economy and deepen trade relations with the u.s. without these visa categories, uzbek businesses must rely on third-party intermediaries to access u.s. markets, increasing transaction costs and reducing business efficiency. deterrence of foreign investment foreign investors often seek stability, transparency, and ease of business entry when choosing investment destinations. the lack of e-2 visa access discourages u.s. investors from committing to long-term projects in uzbekistan, especially in high-growth sectors such as technology, infrastructure, and renewable energy. this exclusion creates a perception of limited access to international markets, making uzbekistan less attractive for global investors. policy recommendations 1. negotiating a bilateral trade and investment treaty: uzbekistan should work toward establishing a formal trade and investment treaty with the u.s. to qualify for e-1 and e-2 visa eligibility. 2. enhancing business and legal reforms: strengthening legal frameworks to align with international investment standards could improve uzbekistan’s standing in future trade negotiations. 3. advocating for uzbek entrepreneurial inclusion: business associations and diplomatic efforts should highlight the benefits of uzbek inclusion in these visa programs, emphasizing mutual economic gains for both nations. alternative u.s. visa options for uzbek nationals for uzbek entrepreneurs and investors seeking to establish or expand businesses in the u.s., the lack of access to e-1 and e-2 visas presents a significant challenge. while these visa categories offer considerable advantages for facilitating trade and investment, alternative u.s. visa options, such as the l-1, eb-5, and other work-based visas, may provide viable pathways. this section explores these alternatives, evaluating their accessibility, benefits, and challenges for uzbek nationals. 1. l-1 visa (intra-company transfer) the l-1 visa is designed for employees of international companies who are being transferred to a u.s. subsidiary, affiliate, or branch. this visa option is particularly beneficial for entrepreneurs seeking to expand their existing businesses or create subsidiaries in the u.s. how it works: the l-1 visa is granted to executives, managers, or employees with specialized knowledge who are transferring from a foreign branch or office to a u.s. counterpart. to qualify, the company must have been in operation for at least one year and must have a qualifying relationship between the foreign and u.s. entities. advantages: ➢ flexibility for expansion: the l-1 visa is an excellent option for entrepreneurs seeking to expand their businesses into the u.s. or establish a subsidiary or branch. it allows for the transfer of key employees (including the entrepreneur themselves) to the u.s. to manage the operations. ➢ path to permanent residency: l-1 visa holders who meet certain criteria may eventually apply for a green card through the eb-1c process, which is available to multinational managers or executives. 134 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ no minimum investment requirement: unlike the eb-5 visa, the l-1 does not require a significant financial investment, making it more accessible for entrepreneurs with limited capital. accessibility and challenges: ➢ eligibility requirements: the main challenge of the l-1 visa for uzbek entrepreneurs is that it requires an existing business with a qualifying relationship to a u.s. entity. new businesses in uzbekistan without an established u.s. presence will face difficulty accessing this visa category. ➢ high documentation burden: the application process can be paperwork-intensive, with requirements to prove the business’s international operations and the managerial or executive nature of the role for the individual being transferred. 2. eb-5 visa (immigrant investor program) the eb-5 visa allows foreign nationals, including uzbek nationals, to obtain u.s. permanent residency by making a qualifying investment in a u.s. business that creates jobs for american workers. how it works: to qualify for the eb-5 visa, an investor must invest $1.8 million in a u.s. business or $900,000 if the investment is made in a targeted employment area (tea)—an area with high unemployment or a rural area. the investment must create or preserve at least 10 full-time jobs for u.s. workers within two years of the investor obtaining a conditional green card. advantages: ➢ path to permanent residency: the eb-5 visa provides a direct pathway to u.s. permanent residency (green card) for the investor and their immediate family members. this is an appealing option for those looking to immigrate and establish a long-term presence in the u.s. ➢ diverse investment options: investors can choose from various business sectors, such as real estate development, agriculture, and tech, offering flexibility in terms of industry and location. ➢ high job creation potential: for u.s. companies, the eb-5 visa can help fund growth, especially in industries that require significant capital to create jobs. feasibility and challenges: ➢ high investment threshold: the most significant barrier to the eb-5 visa for many uzbek nationals is the high investment requirement. for many entrepreneurs and small investors, the $900,000 or $1.8 million threshold may be prohibitive. ➢ long processing times: the eb-5 program has been associated with long wait times, sometimes taking years for an applicant to receive a green card. this extended timeline can create uncertainty for those eager to establish their businesses in the u.s. quickly. ➢ risk involved in investment: the eb-5 visa requires the investor to place their funds in a u.s. business venture with the expectation of job creation. if the business does not succeed and fails to create jobs, the investor could lose both their money and the opportunity to obtain permanent residency. 3. other visa options: h-1b, o-1, and more apart from the l-1 and eb-5 visas, several other visa categories may be suitable for uzbek businesspeople, particularly for those seeking specialized skills or extraordinary talent. 135 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us h-1b visa (specialty occupation workers): ➢ advantages: the h-1b visa allows professionals to work in the u.s. for a sponsoring employer in their specialized field. it can be a stepping stone for those looking to establish themselves in the u.s. and explore business opportunities. ➢ challenges: the h-1b program is highly competitive, with an annual cap on the number of visas issued. additionally, the visa is employer-sponsored, meaning the applicant must have a job offer in the u.s. to qualify. o-1 visa (individuals with extraordinary ability): ➢ advantages: the o-1 visa allows entrepreneurs to enter the u.s. to work in their field of expertise. it does not have an annual cap, and applicants can apply for visa extensions. ➢ challenges: the o-1 visa requires a significant amount of documentation to prove extraordinary ability, and it is more suited to individuals with established reputations or notable accomplishments. business cooperation and trade relations between the u.s. and uzbekistan uzbekistan, as one of central asia’s largest and most strategically positioned economies, has been working to foster closer trade and business ties with the u.s. as uzbekistan continues its economic reforms, including liberalizing its economy, the u.s. has become an increasingly important trading partner. however, despite the potential for stronger ties, certain barriers, including visa restrictions, regulatory challenges, and infrastructure limitations, continue to impact the full realization of this potential. 1. overview of u.s.-uzbekistan trade relations key trade figures and industries: ➢ energy sector ➢ agriculture ➢ technology and innovation ➢ manufacturing foreign direct investment (fdi): ➢ the u.s. has been an important source of fdi in uzbekistan, but challenges remain. ➢ companies like caterpillar, john deere, and honeywell have expanded into uzbekistan. 2. proposals for u.s. policy ➢ diplomatic approaches: uzbekistan should advocate for e-1 and e-2 visa access. ➢ bilateral agreements: negotiating a treaty for visa eligibility could foster stronger trade. ➢ new visa categories: the u.s. could introduce tailored visas for uzbek investors. by addressing visa barriers and fostering stronger business cooperation, both the u.s. and uzbekistan can benefit from increased economic opportunities and long-term investment growth. conclusion expanding u.s. visa opportunities for uzbek entrepreneurs is crucial for strengthening economic ties and fostering bilateral trade between the two nations. while the current absence of e-1 and e-2 treaty status presents challenges, alternative visa options such as the l-1, eb-5, and o-1 visas provide viable pathways for business expansion. however, these alternatives often come with stringent requirements, making the inclusion of uzbekistan in the e-1 and e-2 visa programs a strategic priority. 136 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to achieve this, uzbekistan should continue enhancing its trade relations with the u.s., pursuing diplomatic negotiations, and implementing economic policies that align with u.s. investment interests. a well-coordinated effort between government agencies, business associations, and legal experts could significantly improve uzbekistan’s position in future treaty considerations. by addressing these visa challenges, both nations can unlock new opportunities for business, innovation, and long-term economic growth. references 1. neumayer e. visa restrictions and bilateral travel //the professional geographer. – 2010. – т. 62. – №. 2. – с. 171-181. 2. czaika m., de haas h., villares‐varela m. the global evolution of travel visa regimes //population and development review. – 2018. – т. 44. – №. 3. – с. 589. 3. u.s. department of state. treaty countries.https://travel.state.gov 4. u.s. citizenship and immigration services (uscis). eb-5 immigrant investor program. https://www.uscis.gov/eb-5 5. u.s. department of commerce. (2023). u.s.-uzbekistan trade and investment relations. https://www.trade.gov 6. embassy of uzbekistan in the united states. (2023). economic cooperation between uzbekistan and the united states. https://www.uzbekistan.org 7. u.s. department of state. (2022). investment climate statements: uzbekistan. https://www.state.gov 8. international trade administration. (2023). market overview: uzbekistan. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/uzbekistan 9. american chamber of commerce in uzbekistan. (2022). challenges and opportunities for u.s. businesses in uzbekistan. https://www.amcham.uz 10. congressional research service. (2021). u.s. foreign investment and business immigration policies. https://www.crsreports.congress.gov https://travel.state.gov/ https://www.uscis.gov/eb-5 https://www.trade.gov/ https://www.uzbekistan.org/ https://www.state.gov/ https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/uzbekistan https://www.amcham.uz/ https://www.crsreports.congress.gov/ 95 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of attracting investments in the development of a green economy adiba usmonova 3rd-year student, denov institute of entrepreneurship and pedagogy, surxondaryo region republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article provides a comprehensive analysis of uzbekistan’s transition to a green economy, the challenges encountered along the way, and the importance of attracting investments. the green economy is presented as a modern economic model that integrates environmental sustainability, economic growth, and social welfare. the article emphasizes the crucial role of investments in the transition to a green economy, particularly in renewable energy sources, environmental technologies, innovation, and healthcare sectors. based on literature review, statistical data, and decision-making processes, the study examines the economic, environmental, and social impacts of attracting investments in the green economy within the context of uzbekistan. the transition to a green economy is substantiated as a key factor for uzbekistan’s long-term development, environmental security, and social well-being. keywords: green economy, investments, environmental protection, efficient use of natural resources, ecological sustainability, economic growth, new jobs, water resources, environmental tax system, international cooperation, technology development, climate change, innovations. introduction the green economy, as a new economic model that combines environmental protection, efficient use of natural resources, and economic growth, holds great significance worldwide. the transition to a green economy not only ensures ecological sustainability but also helps to increase economic growth and social welfare. from this perspective, attracting investments for uzbekistan’s transition to a green economy is extremely important. the green economy involves the proper and efficient management of resources, the use of renewable energy sources, reducing environmental risks, and ensuring social welfare. however, attracting and effectively managing investments is necessary for this process. in uzbekistan, high demand for natural resources, environmental changes, ecological risks, and other socioeconomic factors complicate the transition to a green economy. attracting investments is crucial for the development of the green economy because it strengthens the shift to sustainable practices, reduces environmental hazards, and supports economic growth. green investments encourage innovation, create new jobs, and help combat climate change and resource depletion. they also promote more environmentally conscious business practices and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient global economy. the urgency of uzbekistan’s transition to a green economy primarily arises from the need to address environmental issues and stabilize economic development. global climate change and environmental pollution pose serious threats worldwide. the importance of this process is increasing even more for uzbekistan’s economic development. efficient use of natural resources, especially water and land resources, is one of the main directions of the green economy in 96 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan. in particular, areas facing ecological crises, such as the aydar-arnasay lake, require resource management and a transition to a sustainable economic model. the transition to a green economy will help ensure uzbekistan’s long-term economic stability while simultaneously reducing environmental risks and improving social welfare. there are several challenges in uzbekistan’s transition to green energy. the main ones can be outlined as follows: 1. high dependence on traditional energy resources: uzbekistan’s energy system primarily relies on traditional, polluting energy sources such as gas, coal, and oil. this dependence slows down the transition to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, bioenergy). given the depletion of resources and global climate change, this model is unsustainable in the long term. inefficiencies in electricity production and low energy efficiency are also significant problems. 2. underdeveloped technological and scientific infrastructure: modern technologies and scientifically based approaches in the green energy sector have not been sufficiently implemented. adequate scientific research and a skilled workforce have yet to be established for the development, localization, and effective utilization of renewable energy technologies. it is necessary to expand technoparks, innovation centers, and scientific research in ecological technologies. 3. weaknesses in legislation and financial mechanisms: the necessary tax incentives, subsidy policies, and support systems for ecological investments to attract green energy investments are not fully developed. a favorable environment for investors to implement green technologies in the energy sector has not been created. existing legislation faces many bureaucratic obstacles and does not provide a safe and reliable environment for investors. 4. need to raise public awareness about ecology and energy: the importance of green energy, energy-saving culture, and understanding of renewable sources are still insufficient among much of the population. excessive and inefficient use of electricity and indifference towards clean energy are observed. therefore, comprehensive awareness campaigns, educational programs, and initiatives to engage the public should be strengthened. advantages of attracting investments in the green economy: 1. ensuring environmental sustainability: one of the main principles of the green economy is the conservation of natural resources and ensuring environmental sustainability. green investments are directed towards projects aimed at environmental protection, such as the development of renewable energy sources, waste recycling, reduction of carbon emissions, and more. investments in the green economy play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. 2. development of new technologies: investments in the green economy create opportunities to develop new technologies and implement environmentally friendly production methods. investment related to the development and efficient use of innovative technologies supports the advancement of energy-saving and clean technologies. this process is especially important in the energy and industrial sectors. 3. job creation: investments in the green economy help not only to solve environmental problems but also to create new jobs. development of ecological technologies and investments in the green energy sector lead to the creation of new employment opportunities. this is particularly significant for developing countries, as new jobs contribute to social stability. 4. improving healthcare and social welfare: the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies helps reduce pollution, improve air quality, and promote the efficient use of water resources. this, in turn, enhances people's health and social well-being. transitioning to a green economy also has a positive impact on the healthcare system. in uzbekistan, a number of initiatives and projects are being implemented to attract investments in the green energy sector. these initiatives include: 97 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ø green bonds and environmental tax system: to encourage investments in the green energy sector, the government of uzbekistan plans to issue green bonds. these bonds will help attract the necessary funds for investing in solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources. at the same time, through the environmental tax system, efforts are being made to reduce emissions from traditional energy-producing enterprises, promote efficient resource use, and financially incentivize the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies. ø international cooperation and donor-supported initiatives: uzbekistan has established cooperation with several international organizations in the field of green energy. these include projects implemented jointly with the united nations, the world bank, the asian development bank, and the european union. the projects cover areas such as the construction of solar and wind power plants, improving energy efficiency, and digitalizing energy systems. in particular, large-scale solar power plants are being built with international financing in the regions of karakalpakstan, navoi, bukhara, and jizzakh. a detailed look at why attracting investments is crucial: 1. supporting innovations and technologies: green investments are essential for the development and implementation of new technologies that reduce waste, increase energy efficiency, and promote renewable energy sources. these investments can lead to advancements in areas such as carbon capture, green hydrogen, and circular economy practices. 2. creating green jobs and economic growth: the transition to a green economy can create new jobs in sectors like renewable energy, sustainable construction, and green technologies. green investments also promote economic growth by encouraging innovation, improving resource efficiency, and reducing dependence on traditional, often polluting industries. 3. addressing climate change and resource depletion: green investments are vital for mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting climate resilience. they also help combat resource depletion by enhancing resource efficiency, recycling, and encouraging the use of renewable resources. 4. improving environmental outcomes: by supporting sustainable practices, green investments contribute to cleaner air and water, reduced pollution, and healthier environments for all. 5. enhancing social equity and inclusivity: the green economy can promote social equity and inclusivity by creating jobs for disadvantaged communities, improving environmental quality in marginalized areas, and ensuring a just transition for workers in declining sectors. 6. attracting foreign direct investment (fdi): countries that position environmental protection as a core offering to global investors can accelerate green growth. this can increase direct investments in green sectors, further strengthening the transition to a green economy. 7. the role of policies and regulations: governments play a crucial role in creating a favorable environment for green investments by strengthening policies, coordinating regulations, and providing incentives. this includes investing in training and education to prepare the workforce for the green economy. research methodology several research methodologies were employed to study the importance of attracting investments in green energy. the research conducted in this article utilized literature review, statistical data analysis, and decision-making process analysis. the main methodological directions analyzed were as follows: through a literature review, the economic, ecological, and social significance of attracting investments in green energy was examined by considering the experiences of various countries as well as uzbekistan’s energy policy. scientific articles and international reports were analyzed to study uzbekistan’s initiatives in developing renewable energy sources and 98 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improving energy efficiency, along with associated challenges. using statistical research and digital data analysis, the volume of investments in renewable energy sources in uzbekistan’s energy sector, the economic and ecological outcomes of new energy technologies, and the effectiveness of government-supported projects and initiatives were studied. this approach allowed for analysis of development trends and expected outcomes in the renewable energy sector and green energy infrastructure. the decision-making process analysis method was used to study ecological and energy-related decisions made by the government of uzbekistan, including the implementation and impact of the "green economy" strategy. additionally, the application of government policies in the energy sector, their effectiveness, and existing shortcomings were analyzed. this method also enabled assessment of the alignment of policies with current needs and evaluation of their practical results. analysis and results: the data and analyses obtained during the research process led to the following key findings: 1. economic efficiency of transitioning to a green economy: the analysis shows that attracting investments to the green economy in uzbekistan supports economic growth. green investments, especially those directed toward renewable energy sources, help diversify the economy. increasing energy efficiency, implementing green technologies, and using resources more effectively contribute to sustainable economic growth. studies indicate that transitioning to a green economy can reduce energy imports, which in turn strengthens the economy. 2. environmental outcomes of the green economy: green investments, particularly those focused on renewable energy sources, have a positive impact on the environment. as noted in the analysis, the development of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power has led to significant results in reducing waste and lowering carbon footprints. furthermore, the analysis shows that the introduction of environmental technologies has contributed to reduced air pollution and more efficient use of water resources. 3. creation of jobs through the green economy: the transition to a green economy significantly broadens the potential for generating new employment opportunities. investments in green sectors promote the development and adoption of innovative technologies, which in turn create jobs in energy production, construction, and related industries. the analysis demonstrates that in uzbekistan, sectors such as renewable energy generation, energy efficiency improvements, and green building are increasingly contributing to the opening of new jobs. these opportunities are not limited to technical specialists alone but also extend to various other professional fields, thereby supporting diverse workforce participation. 4. social impact and promotion of equity: the green economy plays a vital role in enhancing social stability and equity. according to research findings, directing investments toward green economic initiatives helps create employment opportunities in economically disadvantaged regions, contributing to poverty reduction and improving living standards. moreover, environmental improvements resulting from green projects—such as better air and water quality—also enhance public health and social wellbeing. however, the success of these initiatives depends on strengthening education and vocational training systems. developing the skills necessary to operate green technologies and preparing qualified personnel, especially in marginalized areas, are essential steps to ensure inclusive growth and equitable social benefits. 99 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. political and economic challenges: despite the clear benefits, accelerating uzbekistan’s transition to a green economy faces a number of political and economic challenges that must be addressed. the study reveals existing misunderstandings and inefficiencies within the current legal framework and financial support mechanisms that hamper the effective attraction of green investments. to overcome these barriers, it is crucial for the government to implement comprehensive tax incentives, subsidies, and other financial instruments aimed at encouraging sustainable investments. furthermore, enhancing collaboration with international organizations and donors is essential for mobilizing additional resources and technical expertise to support green economy projects. addressing these issues will create a more favorable environment for investors and help to realize the full potential of green growth. measures to address challenges and increase the flow of green investments: ø it is essential to create a favorable environment for the development of green financing aimed at increasing private capital inflow into green investments. this involves establishing financial instruments and incentives that encourage both domestic and foreign investors to fund sustainable projects. ø financial policy, environmental regulation, and governance policies must be wellcoordinated and aligned. in this regard, china has achieved significant progress among asian countries. for example, in 1979, china enacted and implemented its first environmental protection law. currently, the country’s environmental legislation framework includes constitutional provisions, 14 laws, and 26 administrative regulations, which collectively provide a strong legal foundation for environmental governance. ø to ensure financial stability, central banks must accurately assess the potential impacts of environmental factors and the consequences of climate change. incorporating these assessments into monetary policy and financial regulation is crucial for mitigating risks associated with environmental and climate-related challenges. increasing the production of organic products in agriculture helps protect the environment from pollution and creates opportunities to improve the health of the local population. it is important to consider the transition to a green economy in uzbekistan from a regional perspective. each region has its own natural resources and economic potential, which necessitates the development of tailored strategies for each area. for example, developing a green transport system in tashkent city would help improve air quality in urban centers and reduce emissions from vehicles. electric transport means, including electric buses and bicycle lanes, not only contribute to environmental protection but also serve to enhance public health. additionally, management and infrastructure technologies based on smart systems play a significant role in shaping a green economy in the capital city. in the bukhara and samarkand regions, the development of renewable energy sources, especially the expansion of wind and solar energy systems, has great potential. these areas have vast and open landscapes, providing favorable conditions for generating energy from wind and solar power. conclusion and recommendations in conclusion, attracting investments is one of the crucial factors for uzbekistan’s transition to a green economy. this process not only ensures environmental sustainability but also serves as a driver for new economic growth. through foreign investments, cooperation with international financial institutions, and the development of partnership mechanisms between the public and private sectors, the country can expand renewable energy sources, introduce environmentally friendly technologies, and create new jobs. therefore, an investment policy focused on the green economy plays a vital role in ensuring the country’s long-term sustainable development. cooperation between the government and the private sector is extremely important during the transition to a green economy. the government of uzbekistan needs to develop financial mechanisms and incentive policies to support this transition. for example, tax benefits, grants, 100 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and financial resources can encourage private companies to invest in ecological projects. it is evident that the government, together with international financial institutions such as the world bank and the asian development bank, is implementing numerous projects and programs aimed at developing green technologies. meanwhile, the private sector is ready to adopt new technologies and environmentally friendly production processes. they can also contribute to the government's green economy transition by implementing sustainable solutions in energy, transport, and agriculture sectors. technologies and innovations play a leading role in the transition to a green economy. the development of digital transformation and smart technologies will make the management of ecological systems more efficient. for instance, smart water supply systems enable water saving and effective network management. energy efficiency systems and green building technologies accelerate the green economy transition. moreover, innovations in the use of recycled construction materials and urban greening projects are being developed. there are significant opportunities to develop ecological construction systems in uzbek cities, ensure the environmental safety of wheat and cotton plantations, recycle waste, and create a green economy through other technological means. references: 1. arsakhanova, zina. the economy of green investment in various projects: the experience of countries. kadyrov chechen state university, sheripova street, 32, 364024, grozny, russia. 2. k. z. homitov & s. r. masharipova. problems of activating investments in the green economy. k. z. homitov – professor, tdiu; s. r. masharipova – master’s student, tdiu. 3. world bank (2020). green growth: a new path to sustainable development. world bank. 4. gulnora t. & jumaev k. (2021). green transformation in uzbekistan’s energy sector: problems and prospects. tashkent: uzbekistan state university of economics publishing. 5. zarifov sh. & rakhimov d. (2022). sustainable energy and environmental policies in central asia. tashkent: academy of sciences of uzbekistan. 5-7 the formation of the central administration of the shaybanians in the state of bukhara 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the formation of the central administration of the shaybanians in the state of bukhara abduazimov davronbek bakhtiyоr uglu 2nd year doctoral student of gulistan state university davron2801@mail.com abstract: this article describes the processes of formation and centralization of state administration in bukhara during the shaybanid period, the processes of the formation of the central administrative apparatus, and the new aspects of state administration that emerged under the influence of the shaybanids in the history of uzbek statehood, based on objective and scientific historical facts. keywords: shaybanids, state administration, thousand-headed chieftain, qazi, senior sharia courts, yor-yousu, daruga, devanbegi, kushbegi, mirokhur, khan-ulusbeks, tumanbegi, yarimtumanbegi. entrance as we all know, the shaybani period is one of the most important stages in the history of uzbek statehood in central asia, which left an indelible mark on the pages of history as a period of political centralization in the region, the improvement of the administrative apparatus, and at the same time, the flourishing of science and culture. muhammad shaybani khan, who ruled during this period, and his descendants, built a strong centralized state in transoxiana and khorasan. the shaybani state was a large state by its nature, with a khan at the top who had unlimited power. in the political system and state administration of the khanate, along with the rules and regulations established during the reign of timur and the timurids, there were also traditions characteristic of the nomadic uzbek state. one of the main features of the formation and development of the shaybani central government is clearly manifested in the transition from a tribal system of government to a state system. the shaybani state, unlike other states that existed in central asia, such as the kokand and khiva khanates, was able to make the transition from a tribal union to a system of governance based on a professional state apparatus. in this process, instead of tribal chiefs, governors appointed by the khan were introduced. central ministries were established. a permanent military system was formed. another important aspect is that the harmony of religious and secular power increased somewhat. religious scholars played an important role in state governance. while this played an important role in the process of centralization of governance in the history of statehood of that period, it later became an important factor in the decline of the state. fundamentalism and religious dogma hindered the innovation and development of the state in all aspects. the development of the economic system also contributed to the formation and development of the central government of the shaybanids in bukhara. in particular, the tax system was improved, and taxes such as khiraj, zakat, and tamga were regulated. the efforts of the rulers of the dynasty to restore the great silk road were also an important step in the development of 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us trade routes. the state's support for handicrafts and agriculture also had a significant impact. the period of muhammad shaybani khan (1500-1510) is of particular importance in the formation of central government in the shaybani state. he united the uzbek tribes and created a central state. he united all the uzbek tribes within a single citizenship. he established bukhara as the main political center. in particular, the transfer of the capital from samarkand to bukhara in 1505 led to the creation of the foundations of central government. the transition from the tribal system to the state system is also associated with his name. in particular, the position of governor appointed by the khan was introduced instead of tribal chieftains. some sources also mention the introduction of the positions of "ulkabek" or "ulusbek" in each region. muhammad shaybani khan khan introduced the suyurgol system in state administration, that is, he entrusted the management of the conquered territories to his children, relatives, brothers, and sultans who were tribal leaders. in particular, balkh was given to sultan shah, hissar to sultan mahdi and hamza, andijan to sultan mahmud, kunduz to sultan ahmad, herat to janwafobi, merv to kobiz naiman, tashkent to suyunhoja, khorezm to kepakbiy kushchi, samarkand and kesh to muhammad temur, bukhara and karakul to sultan mahmud, and turkestan to kuchkunchikhan. he also redistributed land and water in the country. the nomadic tribal nobility, defeated by local landowners, increased their property by confiscating, selling, and taking over the land that remained ownerless. shaybani khan carried out a monetary reform in 1507. according to this, new silver coins and copper coins with the same weight 5.2 grams were minted and put into circulation in all major cities of the country. this reform was carried out in order to regulate the economy and revive trade. at the same time, this reform made it possible to strengthen the political and economic position of the central government, weaken the position of local governors, increase the ability of peasants to pay taxes, and increase state and akhan property. shaybani khan also carried out reforms in the field of education. the need to create a group of officials and make them the mainstay of society led to this reform. khans and sultans needed officials with knowledge and diplomatic skills in all areas. according to the reform, a multistage training system was introduced. this led to the creation of a qualified state the first forms of the divan structure were financial, military, and judicial departments from the capital, which were controlled uniformly in the regions through a single executive body. the army was reformed, and the system of the thousand-man (unit of 1000 people) and the hundredman (unit of 100 people) was established. the reign of the next ruler, kuchinchi khan (1510-1530) is associated with the improvement of the divan. in particular, the strengthening of the position of qazi kalon, the emergence of a balance between sharia courts and yor-yusu (traditional laws) in the judicial system, the increase in the prestige of the position of daruga, as well as the reduction of the powers of regional leaders are considered significant due to the emergence of a permanent mechanism of control from the central government in the administration. ubaydullah khan (1533-1539) went down in history as one of the most creative rulers of the shaybanid dynasty. during his reign, the central government system was further improved. a secondary government system was introduced in each region: olkabek (provincial governor) and tumanbegi (district head). the powers of the governors were clearly defined, their discretion was limited. the administrative importance of the city of bukhara was strengthened. he developed a collection of laws called "shaybanid nomakhan". the main laws of the state were explained in detail and firmly established. the rights of judges have been expanded. courts were divided into administrative and criminal courts. the reign of abdullah khan ii (1583-1598) is notable for its strong centralized state building. the introduction of the practice of personally appointing all regional governors reduced the influence of tribal chieftains. it was precisely from the time of abdullah khan ii that specialized ministries began to appear. that is, the devanbegi prime minister, head of finance and state affairs, the kushbegi minister of military affairs, the mirohur commander of the cavalry, and 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us other specialized ministries and organizations were formed. there was a renewal in the military sphere, in particular, a standing army was created. in addition to the tribal armies, professional military units emerged. the reign of abdullah khan ii is considered the period of the highest development of the central government of the shaybanids. his reforms were preserved during the subsequent reigns of the ashtar khans and mangits. another important feature of the central administration is that it is managed in a hierarchical order of khan-ulusbeks-tumanbegi-yorimtumanbegi. so, in bukhara, the central administration of the shaybanids period was more centralized and systematic compared to the kokan and khiva khanates. in kok, tribal influence prevailed, and in khiva, geographical and economic conditions prevailed. in the formation and development of the central government, the unity of religion and state was strong in bukhara, while local traditions prevailed in khiva and kokan khanates. фойдаланилган адабиётлар рўйхати 1. эшов б. ўзбекистонда давлат ва маҳаллий бошқарув тарихи. иккинчи китоб. тошкент. “янги аср авлоди”. 2019. 2. сагдуллаев а., мавлонов ў. ўзбекистонда давлат бошқаруви тарихи. – тошкент: академия, 2006. 3. азамат зиё. ўзбек халқи давлатчилиги тарихи. – тошкент: шарқ, 2001 1-13 the role of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching foreign language (french language) for non-philology students 1 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 11, 2024 issn (e): 2993-2157 the role of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching foreign language (french language) for non-philology students (in the topic of “le sport et la vie saine”) khojieva gulchekhra salimovna senior lecturer of the department of french philology of bukhara state university, doctor of philosophy in philology (phd) abstract: this article reveals the role of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching a foreign language (french) to students of non-philological specialties based on the topic “le sport et la vie saine” (“sport and healthy living”). keywords : foreign language, modern pedagogical technologies, brise-glace, wordwall.net, learningapps.org, wordart.com, kahoot.it, l’analyse ffom. introduction language is the most unique gift created by the human mind, and in history, people invented it to communicate their goals to each other, initially in the form of gestures, different sounds and imitations of them. it has become a necessity and the most important tool for recording the history of ancient peoples. 21 centuries later, language has acquired such an important position that today it is impossible to imagine any sphere of society without the direct participation of language. today, hundreds and thousands of peoples live on earth, each of them has its own language and culture. people of the world speak different languages. but science likes precision. because of this, linguists from time to time calculate the number of languages and publish their data. the numbers usually don't always match. because they do not recognize one or another language everywhere. as a result, there are cases where that language is not included in the list. there are about 5,621 languages and dialects in our world, and only 500 of them have been studied so far. one out of three languages does not have a written form, but has only an oral form. 1400 languages in the world are in danger of disappearing. only 40 of the world's languages are considered to be perfectly formed both orally and in writing. we are proud that the uzbek language is among these 40 languages [1]. in order to directly enjoy the cultural life of the peoples of the world, one needs to know the language of these peoples. at the same time, the language and the need to know it have become the most pressing issue of our time. in our country, especially during the years of independence, great importance is attached to the training of highpotential personnel who were able to compete with foreign countries in every way, and today, in the stages of our education, special attention is paid to the teaching of many foreign languages, especially french. it should be noted that the role of interactive methods and pedagogical technologies in 2 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this regard is incomparable. in order to teach french as a foreign language to non-philology students of higher education institutions of our republic, this lesson is organized based on the theme “le sport et la vie saine” (“sport and healthy living”) using several interactive methods and pedagogical technologies below. it is possible (an example of the development of a lesson in french was also referred to during the article): le sport et la vie saine fiche pédagogique thème le sport et la vie saine professeur g.s.khojieva durée: 1.20 min. quantité des étudiants : 12 forme de cours cours pratique objectifs de la leçon: objectifs communicatifs/ pragmatiques • parler sur le sport et la vie saine • retrouver des mots manqués • comprendre le locuteur • exprimer ses opinions objectifs linguistiques • revoir les adjectifs numeraux. • enrichir son lexique par des verbes lexicogrammatical • pénétrer dans la structure profonde de la compétence langagières à l’aide des activités communicatifs contextualisés; • apprendre à interagir dans différentes situations; • apprendre à saisir le sens global et détaillés des documents; • le développement des compétences communicatives sur des sujets varies. • enrichir la compétence de la compréhension orale sur le sujet, interaction et l’utiliser dans le discour. • enrichir le vocabulaire et la compétance d’écouter pour accéder au sens. • savoir utiliser de la compétence des temps. objectifs pédagogiques: • apprendre aux étudiants l’utilisation du vocabulaire dans le discours • apprendre donner la caractéristique aux mots • ssocio-culturel résultats acquis de la technologie pédagogique: • utiliser librement des nom du sport. • savoir donner la caractéristique lexicale et grammaticale des mots. • connaitre les types du sport. • savoir donner son opinion en écoutant l’exercice audio. • savoir travailler en groupe – coopérer, négocier, interagir. • développer leur compétence communicative. méthodes pédagogiques • brise-glace, wordwall.net, learningapps.org, wordart.com, kahoot.it, l’analyse ffom 3 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us méthodes d’apprentissage négative; questions-réponses; discussion; déductive; inductive; analytique moyens d’apprentissage fiches à distribuer; tableau; projecteur; ordinateur; le document de vidéo; les images; les slaïdes (ppt); formes d’apprentissage individuelle, travail en binôme et en groupes, toute la classe types d’évaluation diagnostique; formative; participation; la révision de devoir; étapes et heure professeur étudiant 1. introduction (20 minutes) 1. commencement 1.1.le professeur fait actif des étudiants et donne des questions pour attirer leurs attentions et pour les diriger au thème nouveau. 1.2. le professeur analyse les connaissances des étudiants en donnant eux des questions. 1.1. l’ étudiant réponde aux questions du professeur. 2. partie essentielle (50 minutes) 2.1.1. le professeur travaille sur la lexique du thème nouveau. 2.1.2. il propose de composer des phrases avec les mots nouvaux. 2.1.3. il demande le synonyme, l’antonyme des mots nouvaux. ____________________________ 2.2.1. le professeur explique le thème «le sport et la vie saine» 2.2.2. le professeur s’interresse avec les connaissances des étudiants sur le thème. 2.2.3. en utilisant de «pose-jeux» il emploie des technologies pédagogiques et des méthodes interactives pendant la leçon et profonde leurs sciences. 2.1. l’ étudiant répète les mots nouvaux. 2.2. il compose des phrases avec les mots nouvaux. 2.3. .l’ étudiant donne les synonymes et les antonymes des mots nouvaux. _______________ 2.2.1. il écoute. 2.2.2. il donne ses propres exemples. 2.2.3. il participe au jeu. 3. conclusion (10 minutes) il donne le devoir à la maison: 3.1.1. apprendre le thème «le port et la vie saine». 3.1.2 faire la grille à la page-62. 3.2. le professeur finit la leçon et note des étudiants. 3.1. il écrit le devoir. 3.2. il écoute. plan de la leçon 4 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us usually, before announcing a new topic, the teacher begins the lesson by asking the students a series of questions based on the brise glace method, including: question-1. question-2. question -3 question-4. question-5. then, the topic and plan of the lesson will be announced one after another: picture-1. picture2. after that, the teacher gives the following information about the topic to the students based on the previously prepared slide: le sport et la vie saine lе sport аméliorе lа sаnté: tiеnt lеs gеns еn bonnе formе еt еn plus еst un pаssеtеmps mаgnifiquе. lеs compétitions intеrnаtionаlеs unissеnt lеs gеns, еllеs ont unе grаndе importаncе pour mêmе lеs rеlаtions politiquеs еntrе pаys. еn ouzbékistаn on аttаchаit toujours bеаucoup d’importаncе аu sport, surtout dаns lеs univеrsités, instituts еt écolеs. cе sеrаit difficilе dе trouvеr unе écolе sаns un tеrrаin sportif ou sаllе dе gymnаstiquе. dаns toutе villе il y а quеlquеs stаdеs, quеlquеs piscinеs où lеs éprеuvеs locаlеs dе sport sе pаssеnt. dаns notrе pаys lе sport sе divisе trаditionnеllеmеnt еn profеssionnеl еt cеlui dеs аmаtеurs. еn ouzbékistаn il y а bеаucoup dе clubs еt sociétés sportivеs. lа plupаrt pаrticipеnt аux tournois intеrnаtionаux еt sont connus dаns lе mondе. plusiеurs rеcords du mondе ont été étаblis pаr lеs sportifs russеs: lеs gymnаstеs, lеs hаltérophilеs, lеs nаgеurs, lеs pаtinеurs аrtistiquеs, lеs courеurs еt lеs sаutеurs. nos sportifs pаrticipеnt аux jеux olympiquеs еt gаgnеnt hаbituеllеmеnt bеаucoup dе médаillеs d’or, d’аrgеnt еt dе bronzе. lеs typеs populаirеs du sport еn ouzbékistаn on prаtiquе prеsquе tous lеs gеnrеs dе sport dans notre pays, puisque le sport еst très populаirе dаns notrе république. еn ouzbékistаn on s’intérеssе bеаucoup аux sports, tels que: lе footbаll, lе boxе, lе bаskеt-bаll, lе vollеy-bаll, lе tеnnis, lа nаtition, lе ski, lе pаtinаgе, lе cyclismе, lеs coursеs аutomobilеs еt bеаucoup d`аutrеs. 5 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lе kourаchе ouzbеk еst lе sport préféré dеs ouzbеks. аujourd’hui lе kourаchе ouzbеk еts très populаirе prеsquе dаns tous lеs pаys du mondе. bеаucoup dе jеunеs gеns s`intеrеssеnt аu sport dе kourаchе ouzbеk. chаquе аnnéе lе chаmpionnаt dе kourаchе ouzbеk а liеu dаns différеnts pаys du mondе. on аimе аussi lеs coursеs dе chеvаux qui ont liеr sur l`hippodromе dе tаchkеnt еt d’аutrеs villеs dе l’ouzbékistаn. lе footbаll еst lе sport lе plus populаirе dаns notrе républiquе. chаquе аnnéе on orgаnisе lе chаmpionnаt dе footbаll еn ouzbékistаn. dаns chаquе villе еt villаgе il y а unе équipе dе footbаll. ils ont а` lеur disposition dеs clubs, dеs stаdеs, dеs piscinеs. bеаucoup dе spеctаtеurs еt spеctаtristеs viеnnеt аu stаdе pour rеgаrdе lе mаtch. on аpplаudit еt félicitе lеs mеmbеrs dе l’équipе qui gаgnеnt lе mаtch. lеs mеillеurs sportifs еt sportivеs dе notrе pаys prеnnеnt pаrt аux différеnts chаmpionnаts du mondе. аujourd`hui еn ouzbékistаn il y а bеаucoup dе chаmpions du mondе dе différеnts gеnrеs dе sports, commе khаsаnboy doustmаtov, chаhkrаm giyosov, bеktеmir mеlikouziyеv, nous еn sommеs toujours fièrs. les français aiment aussi le sport. les sports d'hiver en france sont: le patinage sur glace, le hockey, le curling, la luge, le bobsleigh, le ski. la saison d’hiver débute vers le 15 novembre pour les stations de haute altitude, le début du décembre pour les autres. on peut skier dans la plupart des stations jusqu’à la fin d’avril. les plus grands sports pratiqués en autres saisons sont: le football, le rugby. on pratique le football dans tout le pays et le rugby à quinze surtout au sud de la loire. le cyclisme reste très populaire en france. depuis quelques années on revoit avec plaisir de nombreux jeunes utiliser le vélo. la plus grande course cycliste qui a lieu chaque été, pendant quatre semaines, c’est le tour de france. c'est une des plus grandes compétitions du monde. les autres sports très populaires en france sont: l’alpinisme, la spéléologie (escalade des montagnes et exploration des grottes, des cavernes et des gouffres souterrains), l’avion, l’automobile, la boxe, l'équitation, l'escrime, la natation, l’athlétisme, la course à pied, le saut en longueur, à la perche et d’autres. il est à constater que lе sport еst très utilе pour lа sаnté еt pour lеs étudеs dеs jеunеs. the lesson continues based on the competence of listening comprehension (called c.o. or compréhension orale or écouter in french) and reinforces students' knowledge based on the following questions: question-6 question-7. the lesson will be continued on the basis of wordwall.net and learningapps.org online technologies, and students' knowledge will be tested. 6 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture-3. picture-4. 7 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture-5. (technology online address: https://wordwall.net/fr/resource/26304847/les-sports-dete ) picture-6. picture-7. 8 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture-8. (technology online address: https://learningapps.org/view14781044) activities like these serve to strengthen students' reading comprehension (called c.é. or compréhension écrite or lire in french) skills. in order to improve the students' speaking competence (called p.o or production orale or parler in french), the teacher can improve their oral speech by doing the exercise of speaking quickly (in french: le virelangue). picture-9. at the same time, in order to improve students' writing competence (called p.é. or production écrite or écrir in french), the teacher uses wordart.com technology to further improve the quality of the lesson. 9 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture-10. (technology online address: https://wordart.com/edit/rx6701426bw5) kahoot.it online technology serves to improve students' reading comprehension skills and to consolidate the acquired knowledge. therefore, the teacher uses it as a special tool for evaluating students after the lesson. picture-11. 10 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture-12. (technology online address: https://play.kahoot.it/v2/lobby?quizid=07bff5ff-2f70-48dfb28b-b9f10f8a76dd) in the game, the teacher leads the game in the role of organizer. at this stage, the teacher welcomes online participants. in this case, students join the game with the pin code or qr code indicated above. each participant takes part in the game based on his nickname (participant's special name) and selects the answers to the given questions in arbitrary colors. more than ten participants can take part in it. after the online training, the podium of the 3rd, 2nd and 1st place winners will be announced. at the end of the lesson, the teacher can use the "l'analyse ffom" (swot) method as homework for the students, and this interactive method will be of particular importance in the further development of their written speech. picture-13. in this case, the sport term is analyzed according to the criteria of "l'analyse ffom" (swot) ("forces" (strengths), "faiblesses" (weakness), "opportunités" (opportunities) and "menaces" (threats). picture-13 provides one example for each standard, and the student is required to continue this chart as homework. in conclusion, the use of new pedagogical technologies and interactive methods plays a very important role today, especially in learning and teaching foreign languages. after all, it can be said that such factors not only arouse students' interest in creativity and interactivity, but are also important in discovering new aspects of each learner. references 1. https://prep.uz/news/savollar/dunyoda-nechta-til-bor 2. https://wordwall.net/fr/resource/26304847/les-sports-dete 3. https://learningapps.org/view14781044 4. https://wordart.com/edit/rx6701426bw5 5. https://play.kahoot.it/v2/lobby?quizid=07bff5ff-2f70-48df-b28b-b9f10f8a76dd 11 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. hojiyeva g.s. o‘zbekcha-fransuzcha fransuzchao‘zbekcha lug‘at. dictionnaire ouzbek-français françaisouzbek. musiqa va san’at sohasiga oid ikki tilli lug‘at (o‘quv-metodik qo‘llanma). buxoro, 2018. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=lfhc4pmaaaaj& citation_for_view=lfhc4pmaaaaj:se3iqnhoufwc 7. hojiyeva g.s. linguvoculary properties of art terms (on the example of french and uzbek languages). international journal of progressive sciences and technologies (ijpsat). issn: 2509-0119. vol. 25 no. 1. february 2021, pp. 09-15 http://ijpsat.es/index.php/ijpsat/article/view/2746 8. gulchehra hojiyeva. national identity and linguistical analysis of translation of art terms in uzbek language. journal of contemporary issues in business and government. p-issn: 2204-1990. vol. 27, no. 2, 2021. pages 1651-1660. doi: 10.47750/cibg. 2021.27.02.174 https://www.cibgp.com/article_9597.html 9. hojiyeva g.s. in the translation of language units of art lexicosemantic properties (on the example of french and uzbek). indonesian journal of innovation studies vol. 18 (2022): april 2022. doi: 10.21070/ijins.v18i.612 . article type: (innovation in economics, finance and sustainable development) – p. 6-12. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=lfhc4pmaaaaj& pagesize=80&citation_for_view=lfhc4pmaaaaj:eqolee2rzwmc 10. bahriddinovich murtazoyev shahobiddin. “the spiritual heritage of abu hafs umar suhrawardi and its significance for the contemporary world”. central asian journal of social sciences and history 2.3 (2021): 53-60. 11. baxriddinovich murtozayev shahobiddin. “shihabuddin al-suhrawardi‟s views on sufism and his scientific heritage in central asia”. american journal of social and humanitarian research 3.6 (2022): 110-116. 12. nasimova, f. 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"использование речевых жанров." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 29.29 (2023). 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the management of accident in the oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria through workplace safety programs needorn richard sorle, nwokolo ugochukwu lucky department of management, faculty of management sciences, university of port harcourt abstract: organization in the course of the discharge of their activities in the workplace encounter both inherent and potential hazards. the manifestation or occurrence of this accident in the discharge of assigned exude grievous negative impact to not just the injured but the organization at large. it affects the output level, integrity of the firm and its image, growth and survival and continues operation. it has a telling effects on the firms in terms of lost work days, medical bills, compensation, fines, delay production as a result of facility/plant shut down etc. given this cost implications, organization are in constant need of models and programs to stern this tide. given the integral nature of this all-time desire and in the realization of this, lot of scholarly works have been advanced postulating and prescribing models and theories on how to achieve this feat. some of those have yielded results while others have not. in the light of this desire we attempt to examine the workplace safety models and program which is considered to be elaborate, robust and all-encompassing and thus, situate it within the nigeria oil and gas work sector and investigate how this can impact on accident management. to put the study in perspective, workplace safety program was measured using management commitment, worksite inspection, training and education and safety culture and accident was measured by the occurrence of injury. four null hypotheses deduced from literature was structured to put the work in working context. after a critical analysis adopted using structural equation modelling through the amos package several findings were made upon which some recommendations were equally advanced. keywords: workplace safety program, management commitment, worksite inspection, training and education and safety culture, accident, occurrence of injury., structural equation modelling. introduction workplaces and work activities have inherent and potential hazards in the course of discharge of the assigned duties. these hazards and manifestation of these accidents are as a result of workers unsafe behaviors and unsafe work environment. these hazards and risk factors in the workplace is threatening not just to the workers but also to the shareholders, output level, integrity of the firm and its image, growth and survival and continues operation (osha, 2010). occupational accidents are indeed the most disruptive problem, firms contend with. the logic behind the assertion is that workers are the most valuable asset of a company, accident cost money in terms of lost work days, medical bills, compensation, fines, delay production as a result of facility/plant shut down etc. when the firm is faced with the above-mentioned elements, reputation is dented, profit dwindles, which in extension could lead to worker redundancy and shut down. 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the light of the above, organizations are now developing high penchant for safety at workplace as well as promoting health and work ability of all employees including workplace safety programmes. workplace safety programs deal with the prevention of accidents and/or minimize the resulting loss and damage to lives and properties. every worker has the right to a safe working environment, the right to be properly trained, and the right of refusal of unsafe working conduct and environment. it is everyone’s responsibility to ensure that any work undertaken meets minimum safety requirements (adeniyi, 2001). available data reveal startling and tremendously high rates of work-related deaths and injuries in both developed and developing (gyekye, 2006; national safety council, 2004). despite these huge global figures on occupational health and safety, only a small number of empirical research studies on workplace health and safety have been conducted in nigeria, where citizens are engaged in jobs classified hazardous such as the oil and gas industry, mining and construction industry etc. although workplace safety and workplace safety programs has improved dramatically in the developed economies in this past few decades, that has not been the case in the developing countries like nigeria, where the accident rate is still high, and the fatality rate is daunting (ilo, 2018). to address this issue, several scholars—such as asuzu (2003), omokhodion (2009), ehi (2010), and adeogun and okafor (2010)—have conducted studies across various industries and thematic areas. in recognition of the significant role that accident prevention models play in organizational safety, numerous empirical studies have been undertaken, offering diverse theoretical perspectives and practical models aimed at reducing workplace accidents. these contributions include, but are not limited to, equipment supervision (asuzu, 2003), regular servicing and maintenance practices (omokhodion, 2009), the design and implementation of effective facility layouts (ehi, 2010), and the provision and proper use of safety kits and protective gear (adeogun & okafor, 2010). given the plethora of research work as evident in the management literature cited above, it is obvious that there is no single generally accepted effective model established which captures one best approach in preventing, minimizing of accident in the organization or improving safety. at best the different scholars or in their different scholarship make different preposition or prescription on improving safety in the organization based on the standpoint or background of study. this probably explains the volume of literature on the subject matter. these studies and extant literatures did not consider workplace safety program that is all encompassing as a factor neither did it provide any empirical knowledge on the role of workplace safety program in the organization, yet in the work place lots of measures are undertaking to ensure safety of employees in the discharge of their work role. the closer attempt at this is evident in the studies by borys (2009) where the issues examined where not within the context of the oil firms nor the same work setting and environment. in the light of the literatures examined so far we are inclined to believe that the direction of interest of the scholars as it pertains to workplace safety were restricted to different measures of minimizing accident. others who attempted an examination were basically from only the perspective of health without their impact or bearing on economic, social and psychological spectrum. when they do, they either only glossed over them or were not quiet assertive. workplace safety is a multidisciplinary concept that influences both private and social lives of employees in all spectrums of work. therefore, the rationale for a good health and safety management system is to improve work conditions and employees’ health in the workplace. thus, these views necessitated this study. in essence, this work is structured to give a more definitive and assertive position base on empirical evidence on the impact of workplace safety program on the management of accident in iol servicing firms in nigeria. our point of departure from several other studies is to fill the identified gap in literature by investigating the relationship of workplace safety program on the management of accident in oil servicing firms in nigeria. to this end, this research tends to fill the gap left unfilled on workplace safety programs on accident 46 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us management by substantial number of research works, seeking to add to already existing literature. most indigenous companies in nigeria unlike multinational organizations like spdc and agip view workplace safety to be at cross-purposes with productivity and profit enhancement, they fail to recognize a good occupational safety and health record give them competitive advantage. literature review theoretical framework human factors theory shuen and wahab (2016) argued that the human factors theory is a contrasting theory to workplace safety as human factors theory is the involvement of events occurring sequentially caused by human error. ferrell (1977) developed human factors theory based on the chain of human factor events leading up to an accident. de camp and herskovitz (2015) and lyndon et al. (2015) supported ferrell’s (1977) assertions that human factors were the causes of accident occurrences when engaged in three situations. ferrell (1977) claimed that human factors theory is comprised of three components: overload, improper response, and improper activity. the premise of the human factors’ theory is human errors and are the leading causes of accidents concerning unsafe acts in the workplace (javaid, isha, ghazali, & langove, 2016). asanka and ranasinghe (2015) and gyunka and christiana (2017) identified the negligence of the worker as the number one human factor leading to accidents. workers are negligent when human factors are affecting safety. managers have the responsibility of providing employees with training, education, and tools to develop a safe and productive work environment. chikono (2017) referred to the interaction between manager and employee contributions to potentially hazardous conditions as uncertainties and unpredictability. individuals understanding potentially hazardous conditions and safety-related knowledge might control, eliminate, or reduce the safety risk (zhang, boukamp, & teizer, 2015). proctor and chen (2015) explained managers and employees appreciated human factor theory in an organization as both benefitted from understanding how to avoid potential hazards involving risk. javaid et al. (2016) specified that when a worker recognized unsafe conditions and related hazards, an individual exhibited risk or hazard consideration. feng, zhang, and wu (2015) explained the negligence of human factors caused higher accident costs in the organization. feng et al. (2015) stated organizational managers who are expected to capitalize on product quality and cost reduction, rely on the implementation of quality improvement strategies. peterson’s accident theory. peterson introduced accident theory as an extension of human factor theory in 1982 (alaswad & xiang, 2017). peterson (1982) introduced aspects associated with human factors as the decision to error, ergonomic traps, and system failures. moura, beer, patelli, lewis, and knoll (2016) posited that accidents are caused by incidents induced errors. under peterson’s theory, goode, salmon, lenné, and finch (2015) attributed major industrial accidents to the cause of safety management systems. babiceanu and seker (2016) asserted system failures that occurred from production systems fail to function as expected. system failures had an original cause, which probably evolved into human error (alaswad & xiang, 2017). salmon et al. (2017) found systems failure was present when employees did not abide by the standards designed to ensure the safety of products, employees, and activities. aitsi-selmi and murray (2016) analyzed the origins behind the chernobyl disaster in the former soviet union and identified the error on the part of nuclear plant operators, which caused subsequent explosions of the plant from the lack of cooling. klement (2018), an incident theorist, stated accidents arise from conscious or unconscious decisions to error. a conscious decision involves an individual making an unsafe decision while knowing the probable consequences and the magnitude of risk involved (phillips, fletcher, marks, & hine, 2016). 47 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kumar, gupta, agarwal, and singh (2016) indicated the risks associated with decisions made had an impact on why individuals committed human errors leading to accidents. zhou and lei (2017) noted that unconscious decisions entailed individuals making unsafe decisions without knowledge. zhou and lei discovered conscious and unconscious decisions by low-level skilled or experienced individuals were components leading to latent and active human errors in workplace accidents (thompson, 2016). accident theorists blamed accident occurrences on ergonomic traps, organizational practices deemed correct with latent errors in management function (sabran, 2016). safety practices were not deemed hazardous until the occurrence of an accident (de camp & herskovitz, 2015). de camp and herskovitz (2015) uncovered inappropriate responses from organizational management that could be among ergonomic causes of workplace accidents. although the incident theory has taken root in modern safety studies, the theory does not offer a comprehensive explanation of all accidents (leveson, 2015). the placement of accident blame on human factors is the central focus of the accident theory (ergai, cohen, sharp, wiegmann, gramopadhye, & shappell, 2016). accident management the definition of an accident provided by heinrich in the 1930s is often cited. heinrich defines an accident as an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which the action or reaction of an object, substance, person or radiation results in personal injury or the probability thereof. bird and germain for instance define an accident as an unintended or unplanned happening that may or may not result in property damage, personal injury, work process stoppage or interference, or any combination of these conditions under such circumstances that personal injury might have resulted bird and germain (1996). in more recent literature, it is often argued that the notions unplanned, uncontrolled are misleading. this might give the idea that the event is related to fate or chance. it can't be controlled. however, when the causes are determined, it is usually found that many events were predictable and could have been prevented if the right actions were taken. this implies that the event is not one of fate or chance. the national safety council also define accident is an undesired event that results in personal injury or property damage. this definition implies two important points. first, accidents are unavoidable; the chance of one occurring will virtually always be present. second, the chance of an accident occurring is a variable that can be changed. leveson (2011) shows accident as an undesired and unplanned event that results in a loss (including loss of human life or injury, property damage, environmental pollution, and so on). harms-ringdahl (2013) accident as an event that causes unintentional damage or injury. most contemporary definitions don't include the notion "unplanned" and/or speak in more general terms of "incident" instead of accident. the ohsas 18001 standard focuses on the definition of an incident (ohsas, 2007). an incident is referred to as a work-related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (regardless of severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred. an accident is regarded as a particular type of incident in which an injury or illness actually occurs. a near-miss is an incident where no injury or illness occurs. therefore, an incident can be either an accident or a near-miss. ohsas (2007). the standard definition of occupational accident contains the following elements: fortuitous, sudden, or unexpected external event; during working hours/on the way to and back from the workplace; arising out of work performed in the course and the scope of employment; bodily harm; causal link between the event and the harm. 48 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the fact that occupational accidents are fortuitous, sudden, unexpected external events allows making a decision that accident is not caused by an extended process but by a sudden event. occupational accidents occur during working hours and/or on the way to and from the workplace. in a broad sense occupational accidents also include commuting accidents. the definition of an occupational accident also includes the fact that the accident has to arise out of work performed in the course and the scope of employment. this criterion often leads to discussions about accidents during activities in the workplace where the link with the scope of employment is somewhat questionable e.g. during excursions, doing private work or business at the workplace, etc. the criterion injury usually comprises not only bodily harm, but also psychic problems caused by an accident. finally, the concept of an is based on the fact that there has to be a causal link between the event and the injury. only direct consequences of the occupational accident can be compensated. occupational accident is an occurrence arising out of, or in the course of, work which results in: fatal occupational injury or non-fatal occupational injury. workplace safety program the conceptual approaches in the definition and interpretation of workplace safety have been viewed by various scholars and institutions. a safety workplace could also be defined and interpreted as” a workplace where everyone works together to achieve an agreed vision for the health and well-being of workers and the surrounding community. safety at work constitutes one of the basic rights of the workers and reduction of the rate of industrial accidents through preventive measures. however, onuegbu (2011) stated that health and safety at work are inseparable in practice. international labor organization (ilo) and the world health organization (who) in 1950, shared a common definition of occupational health which was revised in 1995. the definition reads: occupational health should aim at: “the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job”. leigh, (2011) posited that every job virtually carried the potential risk of injuries or diseases and each accident, injury or disease developed from multilinear interactions of the contributory factors and causes (toft, dell, klockner, & hutton, 2012). workplace hazards are generated from three main components which included management decision, people, and physical workplace or environment which showed an interdependent relationship as each of the elements can interconnect and influence each other. according to reason’s swiss cheese theory, the incident will happen when the combination of weaknesses which related to these three components in the defense’s barriers, which contributes to damage and workplace accident (reason, 2000). some researchers claimed that people who lack awareness, inadequate knowledge, and attitude result in unsafe behaviour that causes injuries in the workplace (deroo, & rautiainen, 2000;said, 2012; taufek, zulkifle, & kadir, 2016). reason (1997) contended that the occupational accidents were as a result of failure to recognize the potential hazards in the systems as there was lack of defenses used to prevent unwanted outcomes. on the other hand, health and safety executives (hse, 2002) concluded that human behaviour is the leading factor of the accident occurrence. consequently, ahiuma-young (2012) commenting on safety and health development in nigeria, revealed that the global estimate of 2.3 million occupational fatalities occur annually while nothing less than 100 occupational fatalities and some billions of capital losses have been recorded in nigeria between april, 2009 and april, 2010. not less than 200 cases of industrial accidents occur in the workplaces in nigeria daily with an equally high rate of fatalities. the 49 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us frequency of fatal industrial accidents is very alarming. many times, the managements collaborate with some union officials to conceal cases of industrial accidents and secretly negotiate compensation. presently, it is not only the workers in the factory that are pruned to accidents but those in the white-collar jobs are also increasingly exposed to job hazards, they may be unaware of the hazards because of the long gestation of such hazards and those in this category include workers in the financial sector, oil and gas as well as civil service. however, fajana (2012) posited that a properly-managed safety culture, based on tested principles of workplace safety will produce employees who participate actively in training; these employees will be able to identify and alert one another and management to potential hazards. they develop effective control measures and feel a sense of responsibility for their safety and safety of others. accepting safety as a responsibility demonstrates a sincere concern for each employee; which establishes the foundation for an effective safety culture, he opined. management commitment management commitment is about the employees committed to their employer in safety and health issues. the top management plays an important role in reducing the injuries or accidents to their workers in the workplace while employees also are crucial to give commitment to support the practices. hsu (2007) in taufek et al. (2016) defined management commitment as management always showing positive and supportive safety and health attitudes to their employees’ perception about safety in the workplace. as cited in mashi, subramaniam, and johari (2018) defined management commitment to safety as the extent to which management is perceived to place a high priority on safety, and communicate and act on safety issues effectively. cooper (2006) also defined management commitment as the involvement and engagement of employer and their employees in actions to achieving a goal. however, brown (2000) in taufek et al. (2016) suggested that the perceptions of management and employees are equal and they understand about workplace safety. both of them must show participation towards safety and health practices in the workplace. according to barbera (2014), workers perceived that management should inform employees about the relevance of priority in term of safety and health and guiding employees through the appropriate task behaviour that involved potential physical and health hazards and lead workers to develop consistent expected safety behaviour and outcomes and act accordingly, hence it could reduce the negative outcomes. according to zohar (1980), the organization’s safety program can successfully through the effectiveness of management commitment with safety and health awareness program, the participation of employees within that organization and the measurement of the scope of the work of the organization. as discussed by zohar (1980): arboleda, morrow, crum, and shelley ii, (2003): choudhry, fang, and ahmed (2008), management’s commitment to safety is one of the determinants that cause an organization’s safety program successful. if the management level is committed and aware of their employees’ safety, so it will reduce unsafe working environment for them. the initiatives of management commitment and involvement in term of safety policy enforcement and establishing safety rules and procedure would develop a sense of self-efficacy among workers to demonstrate safety behaviour (mashi et al., 2018) and could help to reduce the probability of employees getting injured (hon, hinze & chan, 2014). management is one of the determinants to ensure the success of workplace safety program. if the managers are committed and aware of the workers’ safety, it will help to reduce the unsafety working condition (choudhry et al., 2008). workers who work under supportive environment are more motivated to involve in safety activities as they feel satisfied because they have a sense of valued by the organization. it also stimulates the growth and learning among workers to work on safety practices such as to use the protective equipment (nahrgang, morgeson, & hofmann, 2011). work inspection worksite inspection (job hazard analysis) as a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur (osha, 2002). it focuses on the relationship between the 50 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment. ideally, after you identify uncontrolled hazards, you will take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level. osha (2002) cited that many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every day. workplace injuries and illnesses can be prevented by inspecting the workplace operations, establishing proper job procedures, and ensuring that all employees are trained properly. one of the best ways to determine and establish proper work procedures is to conduct a workplace inspection. a job hazard analysis is one component of the larger commitment of a safety and health management system. he further stated that supervisors can use the findings of a worksite inspection to eliminate and prevent hazards in their workplaces. this is likely to result in fewer worker injuries and illnesses; safer, more effective work methods; reduced workers’ compensation costs; and increased worker productivity. the analysis also can be a valuable tool for training new employees in the steps required to perform their jobs safely. for a job hazard analysis to be effective, management must demonstrate its commitment to workplace safety and follow through to correct any uncontrolled hazards identified. otherwise, management will lose credibility and employees may hesitate to go to management when dangerous conditions threaten them. workplace inspections are an opportunity to identify hazards and assess risk in your workplace on an ongoing basis. as part of a proactive injury-prevention process, inspections reveal the current state of your workplace and any activities that you can see. it can help you identify hazards and prevent unsafe working conditions from developing. carroll (2001) emphasized that supervision is a multifaceted process that integrates various elements—including goals, functions, tasks, roles, strategies, procedural components, individual personalities, as well as defined beginnings, middles, and endings—into a cohesive system. due to the interplay of these components, supervision is inherently complex and dynamic. in safety training, employees are under responsibilities of an employer. thus, they should care about its employee’s safety barling (2005). the employees should have high supervision to manage safety practices and control from injuries. brown (2000) in taufek et al. (2016); cooper (2002); and zohar (1980), agreed on in order to reduce workplace injuries or accidents, safety programs for example, give a briefing and induction training about safety and health practices should implement in industrial production and manufacturing companies. the root causes for accidents or injuries are the implementation of the safety and health practices in an organization (arboleda, morrow, crum, & shelly ii, 2003; brown, 2000; cooper, 2002; petersen, 1996). according to zohar (1980), beliefs and attitudes have a significant positive relationship towards safety and health practices in an organization. coversely, one of the root causes of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or recognize hazards that are present, or that could have been anticipated. a critical element of any effective safety and health program is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess such hazards. identifying and assessing the hazards and risks is an essential training and education training will encourage employees to become productive and increase safer work environment. the study of schlesinger (2017) revealed that training is an opportunity to engage employees and mold their behaviour to the desired outcomes of the solution. in addition, ali, abdullah, and subramaniam (2009) suggest the occupational accidents and injuries will increase because of the ineffectiveness of safety training. an appropriate training perceives as the best practice to reduce human factor that could lead to accidents in the working places. according to said, halim, and said (2012), technical skill education and training program are the preventive actions to reduce the risk of getting harmed in the workplace. while, employers will have a ready workforce with necessary skills and knowledge to be hired to handle the safety machines, equipment, and devices. a study of smith-crowe, burke, and landis (2003) found that safety knowledge has a moderate relationship with the safety performance. while the transfer of safety training program acts as the mediating factor between safety knowledge and safety performance. hatala and fleming (2007) 51 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us stated that employees who involve in training are more likely to utilize the knowledge if they perceive it is relevant their work activities. however, smith-crowe, burke, and landis (2003) also claimed that the transfer of training would not effective without support from the organization. bolarinwa (2020) stated that training is a planned process that is used to change attitudes, knowledge, skills and behavior through the learning experience in order to achieve effective performance in a specific activity or range of activities. furthermore, study by becker and morawetz (2004) have generated important lessons about effective training methods, including the value of hands-on approaches that provide opportunities for interaction and dialogue (burke, sarpy, smith-crowe, chan-serafin, salvador, & islam, 2006) and that engage workers in activities to identify, control, and prevent hazards in their work environment (weinstock & slatin, 2012). others have conducted cross-sectional studies to compare the frequency of injuries or unsafe behaviours of workers that have attended a training program with the same indicators measured for workers who have not had access to the same interventions (materna, harrington, scholz, payne, stubbs, hipkins, & uratsu, 2002; spangenberg, baarts, dyreborg, jensen, kines, & mikkelesen, 2003). in the studies of bell & grushecky, (2006); dong, entzel, men, chowdhury, & scheneider, (2004); spangenberg et al., (2003), investigated the direct association between worker training and accident rates showed a real reduction in the latter as a result of the attendance. moreover, the consistent emergence in the studies that analyzed the effects of training on workers’ subsequent behaviour (becker & morawetz, 2004; materna et al., 2002) was a real increase in the frequency of safe behaviour due to participation in a safety training course. conversely, in most workplaces, occupational safety and health (osh) training is likely to be a natural part of job skills training. in occupations such as logging, for example, “poor technique” is widely reported as a cause of injury resulting from inadequate training and a failure to learn the proper work methods. the bulk of training activities involve fundamentals programs that instruct workers to avoid known hazards through the proper use and maintenance of equipment and materials. however, training can also be proactive, teaching workers to recognize and head off potential problems through teamwork, via union or management efforts, and encouraging workers and supervisors to be jointly accountable for injury control. the extent to which safety training can be transferred to actual jobsite demands, and the employer’s commitment to promote training as well as improve post-training productivity and injury outcomes can affect the success of training efforts. these factors can also complicate attempts to evaluate the effects of safety training separately from other workplace factors. training effects may be easier to detect in more immediate indicators of an establishment’s injury record like changes in toxic exposure levels or increased compliance with safe work practices than in effects on ultimate measures of workplace injury. safety culture safety culture had become a greater interest in several industries as a means of reducing workrelated accidents within the working places. also, safety climate increasingly important as an indicator of employees’ safety and health in various industries such as manufacturing , construction and etc. safety climate, also as known as safety culture is defined as the shared perceptions of workers on practices, procedures, and policies correspond to the importance of occupational safety in the organization (sawhney, et al., 2011). safety culture has earlier been shown to be related with work-related accidents and acts or behaviours (brown et al., 2000; watson et al., 2005) and recent research has successfully linked safety culture to safety practices (guldenmund, 2010). the study conducted by christian, bradley, wallace, and burke (2009) stated that the safety climate was positively affected safety performance behaviours and negatively influence outcomes. the study indicated that the factor of safety climate such as management commitment had increased the motivation of workers and the negative outcomes are accidents and injuries. also, schlesinger (2017) claimed that organizational culture and norms are part of the causes contributing to the accidents. people tend to follow the 52 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organization’s norm where they follow the way they do thing over there, emphasizing on the production performance instead of safety concern (schlesinger, 2017). some safety culture researchers posit that allowing employees to work without following safety protocol creates a negative organizational safety culture. they maintain that if cultures such as the ones present in the upper big branch mine and davis-besse are sustained for an extended period, disasters are almost inevitable (agnew & daniels, 2010). on the other hand, these researchers maintain that a positive safety culture can help prevent work-related injuries, including major disasters similar to what occurred at the upper big branch mine (hayes, perander, smecko, & trask, 1998; o’toole, 2002). osha, (2003) accentuated those injuries and their associated costs will decrease over time when an organization views safety as an investment rather than an expense. similarly, there is widespread belief that a small near-term investment in safety programs could potentially prevent large, future costs due to a disaster. these costs could include workers compensation, lost-time work, or substantial legal costs. additionally, public reputations could be damaged if the incident was significant, resulting in other financial losses for companies in the market . in an attempt to reduce injuries and costs, many organizations have developed efforts to assess and promote a positive safety culture (arboleda et al., 2003; haber, shurberg, & hofmann, 1994). empirical review jilcha and kitaw (2016) carried out a study on literature review on global occupational safety and health practice & accidents severity. global occupational safety and health practice & accidents severity research was undertaken since 1980s onwards. the purpose of the study is to identify existing gaps on workplace safety and health management and propose future research areas. the review adds value to existing electronic database through integration of researches' results. to identify existing gaps, a systematic literature review approach has been used. the reviews were undertaken through keywords and safety related topics. in the literature, various characteristics of workplace safety and health problems were found emanating from the lack of operational activities of the employees, internal working environment and external environment those impose hazards on employee temporarily, permanently and on working environments. the integration of multidisciplinary approaches and collaborative model of hub and peripheral industries to protect workplace safety hazards to develop multilevel model has been undermined in many researches. the other face of finding is that knowledge transfer mechanism and industrial topology factors are left. some researches finding showed that they have focused on single problems related to health and health factors leaving universal improving workplace safety. in general, this literature reviews compare various studies output based on their research method and findings to fills gap and add value to a body of knowledge. according to albert, matthew, hallowell, and kleiner (2014), work-related construction safety incidents continue to be a critical societal problem. despite continued efforts, the industry has not seen any significant reduction in recordable injury rates in the last decade. an essential component in construction safety management is the identification of potential hazards to establish proactive physical or procedural controls that reduce safety risk exposure. unfortunately, studies indicate that a large portion of hazards are not adequately identified or assessed, thus compromising worker safety. to address this issue, promising site-based construction hazard identification strategies were identified in a wide body of literature and potentially breakthrough strategies were developed by an expert panel of construction safety professionals in brainstorming sessions. the strategies were then prioritized based on their potential and applicability to construction using the nominal group technique, facilitated by a group-decision support system. consensus analysis was conducted to verify consistency within the expert panel. a prejob safety-meeting-quality measurement tool to provide active feedback regarding hazard identification capability and communication emerged as being the most relevant strategy. this was followed by a computer based augmented virtuality training environment. the results of this study can be used by construction practitioners to strategically identify potential hazard recognition programs to complement existing methods. future studies 53 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us will focus on validating findings through field-based empirical tests on active construction projects. however, jovanovic (2004) was of the opinion that medical services, physicians and nurses play an essential role in the plant safety program through primary treatment of injured workers and by helping to identify workplace hazards. she further stated that physician and nurse should participate in the worksite investigations to identify specific hazard or stresses potentially causing the occupational accidents and injuries and in planning the subsequent hazard control program. physicians and nurses must work closely and cooperatively with supervisors to ensure the prompt reporting and treatment of all work-related health and safety problems. occupational accidents, work related injuries and fatalities result from multiple causes, affect different segments of the working population, and occur in a myriad of occupations and industrial settings. multiple factors and risks contribute to traumatic injuries, such as hazardous exposures, workplace and process design, work organization and environment, economics, and other social factors. with such a diversity of theories, it will not be difficult to understand that there does not exist one single theory that is considered right or correct and is universally accepted. these theories are nonetheless necessary, but not sufficient, for developing a frame of reference for understanding accident occurrences. prevention strategies are also varied, and multiple strategies may be applicable to many settings, including engineering controls, protective equipment and technologies, management commitment to and investment in safety, regulatory controls, and education and training. research needs are thus broad, and the development and application of interventions involve many disciplines and organizations. moreover, ivascu and cioca (2019) noted that the rate of occupational accidents is increasing, leading to a number of organizational deficiencies. for european union (eu), the non-fatal accident number in 2017 was 3,315,101. an increase in the number of accidents is recorded in many of the member states. in addition, the increase in accidents tends to focus on certain sectors and is due more to the increase in the incidence rate than the increase in the workforce. companies in these industry sectors have also implemented less intensive prevention practices than firms in other sectors. performing a statistical evaluation of non-fatal and fatal accidents is an important one. this assessment helps managers understand the importance of implementing prevention and control methods across organizations. for this research, we used series of data obtained from the romanian national institute of statistics (nis), labor inspection in romania, and eurostat of the european commission. data series evaluations were conducted for the eu and romania. a qualitative assessment of the industry data series had been carried out. furthermore, t-tests and analysis of variance analysis (anova) were performed to identify the relationships between the frequency index of fatal and non-fatal accidents, and the categories chosen. the values obtained for men were significantly higher than those of female workers. based on the results of the qualitative assessment and european and national strategies, an experimental model for the prevention and control of occupational accidents is proposed. at the end of the paper, the situation of labor accidents in romania and bulgaria, two eu member states, is assessed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing, manufacturing, construction and transport, and storage sectors. a series of trends are presented for the period 2018–2020. the results obtained from the evaluation of the data series represent an important core of the romanian labor inspectorate for the development of strategic actions. burke, sarpy, smith-crowe, chan-serafin, salvador, and islam (2006) investigated the relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. the study recommends major strategies for improving construction safety, such as: reinforcing the safety regulatory authority; incorporating safety in contractor’s licensing, renewal and bidding processes; establishing an effective mechanism for safety training and accident reporting; and ensuring an enhanced client’s commitment to safety by introducing safety incentive schemes. in addition, it is suggested to update and enforce the safety laws, and launch safety awareness media campaigns at the national level of safety. the research sought to determine the relative effectiveness of different methods of worker safety and health training aimed at improving safety knowledge and performance and reducing negative outcomes (accidents, illnesses, and injuries). ninety-five 54 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us quasi-experimental studies (n=20991) were included in the analysis. three types of intervention methods were distinguished on the basis of learners’ participation in the training process: least engaging (lecture, pamphlets, and videos), moderately engaging (programmed instruction, feedback interventions), and most engaging (training in behavioral modeling, hands-on training). lastly, gupta, malhotra, verma, and yadav (2017) looked at the in-depth analysis of pattern of occupational injuries and utilization of safety measures among workers of railway wagon repair workshop in jhansi (u.p.) and noted that occupational or work-related injuries became more common after the industrial revolution. over time, in response to great demand for better working conditions, the first occupational laws were enacted in 19th century in england. occupational injuries are associated with lots of suffering and loss at individual, community, societal and organizational levels. according to the international labour organization (ilo); occupational injuries and diseases represented 4% of total gross national product (gnp). since occupational injuries may occur by dangerous actions of workers, the prevention programs should focus on the human performance, behavior and factors in terms of better training, education and motivation of workers. however, certain industrial sectors with high risk of injury have central role in the global burden of occupational injuries and should be a part of the prevention strategy. nearly half of the worker population in highly industrialized countries and even more in newly industrialized and developing countries are exposed to the risk of fatal injuries. occupational fatal injuries therefore still remain as worldwide problem. nderitua, mwaura, and gichuhi (2019) posited that contemporary employees spend most of their working lives at the workplace. work provides economic, social and psychological experiences that promote the mental wellbeing of individuals. the work environment should be devoid of hazards as much as possible to provide healthy and decent work for the workforce. however, numerous injuries, illnesses, property damages and process losses take place at different workplaces. it is unclear how effectively osh programs are being implemented in kenya’s water sector since no study has been done. the general objective of the study was to establish influence of management commitment on occupational health and safety policies implementation in water and sanitation companies in kenya, a study of water and sanitation companies in nyeri county. the study was based on the theoretical foundation that comprises of two theories leader-member exchange theory and bourgeois and brodwins five models of strategy implementation. the target population consisted of 474 employees in all water & sanitation companies in nyeri county. from this population a sample of 243 respondents was drawn using random sampling technique but only 188 respondents filled and returned valid questionnaire giving the study 80% response rate. the study employed both descriptive and inferential statistics to present and analyze the data. quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools namely frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistical tools such as multiple regression was used to determine relationship between variables. the study findings revealed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between management commitment and implementation, the 27.9% unit change in implementation of osh policies was explained by the management commitment. study recommends that the water companies’ management should be committed to implementation of osh. deducing from the reviewed literature on the measures and dimension of the criterion and predictor variables which constitute the subject matter of this research, the following hypotheses were formulated to guide the work in the statistical test: hypotheses ho1: there is no significant relationship between management commitment and accidents management in oil servicing firms in nigeria. ho2: there is no significant relationship between safety training/education and accidents management in oil servicing firms in nigeria. ho3: there is no significant relationship between organization’s safety culture and accidents management in oil servicing firms in nigeria. 55 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ho4: there is no significant relationship between worksite inspection and accidents management in oil servicing firms in nigeria. methodology this study adopted a descriptive and cross sectional survey. for the population a total of one hundred and thirty one (131) oil servicing firms were targeted for this study. ten (10) were selected for the study. thus, the 10 oil and gas servicing firms were chosen because of their market value and given that they are quoted on the stock exchange market as well as ease of accessibility of their required data (https://lekoil.com; https://nairamatrics.com). respondents were selected at random from the pool of management staff based on convenience. a total of 350 respondents were administered the questionnaire in the study the study is at the organizational level, so all inquiry and investigations are to the management staff. the choice of the firms were based on the size of the market value and operational rating in the nigerian stock exchange market. choices of respondents were through judgmental sampling technique based on accessibility and convenience. workplace safety program is the independent variable, and it is measured using management commitment, worksite inspection, training and education and safety culture while accident which is our dependent variable is measured by the manifestation of injury. the data analysis techniques for hypothesis testing is structural equation modeling due to the nature of the study and the structure of the hypotheses. decision criteria for validation and test of significance is at 95% confidence level. descriptive statistics were measured using the mean and standard deviation, used to capture the characteristics of the variables under study via statistical package for social sciences (spss) software version 25. inferential statistics were tested using the structural equation modelling (sem). structural equation modelling (sem) comprises of both a measurement model and a structural model. the measurement model is based on the common factor model. sem has been chosen as the main statistical method to test the hypothetical model because of the following justifications: (1) likert-scale ordinal data with large sample sizes tend to have a distribution that is close to normality demonstrated that if samples consist of several observations, the researcher may overlook the nature of data and use a tool such as sem. (2) the study involves simultaneous analyses of multiple interactions among the dimensions of multitasking capacity and organizational performance. submit that sem enables researchers to answer a set of interrelated research questions in a single, systematic, and comprehensive analysis by modelling the relationships among multiple independent and dependent constructs simultaneously. the amos (analysis of moment structure) was used in this study. amos is one of the popular specialized sem software programs. the amos software was deployed because it has easy-to-use graphical interface and a clear representation of models, and other advantages, such as extensive bootstrapping capabilities. table 1: names of oil and gas firms and number of employees s/n names of firms number of employees 1 lekoil nig limited 45 2 shell nigeria 50 3 chevron nigeria 30 4 exxonmobil nigeria 20 5 ardova plc 25 6 addax petroleum 40 7 oando plc 32 8 cambridge lng 36 9 frontir oil 35 10 onoil 37 total 350 sources: researcher 2024 https://lekoil.com/ https://nairamatrics.com/ 56 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fig: 1 conceptual framework fig 1: conceptual framework on workplace safety program and accidents management source: the dimensions of workplace safety program was adapted from the works of borys (2009), and the accidents management as the measure was adopted from the works of gyekye (2006). test of reliability reliability is a matter of whether a particular technique, applied repeatedly to the same object, would yield the same result each time. implying that reliability has to do with the amount of random error in a measurement . the researcher, therefore, used test-re-test form of reliability test to ensure reliability on the instrument after such test must have yielded a cronbach’s alpha co-efficient correlation of at least 0.70 indicating the level of internal consistency. cronbach’s alpha which is in the statistical package for social sciences (spss) is used in measuring the reliability of this research instrument. also, based on the cronbach’s alpha rule of thumb, only the study items with alpha value of 0.7 and above were selected to make up the research instrument. table 2. reliability of research instrument variables dimensions/measures statement items alpha coefficient independent: workplace safety program management commitment 5 0.86 worksite inspection 4 0.79 training and education 4 0.72 safety culture 5 0.91 dependent: accidents management financial performance 4 0.77 source: spss output (2023) data presentation table 3: distribution and retrieval of questionnaire questionnaire number distributed number returned and used frequency 350 325 percentage 100% 81.2% source: research survey, 2023 worksite inspection management commitment training and education safety culture accidents management workplace safety program 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the study being predominantly quantitative, generated data using the structured questionnaire. a total of 350 (100%) copies of the questionnaire were distributed to targeted oil and gas servicing firms in the nigeria within a specified time-frame; copies were manually distributed through established contacts in the firms, thereafter retrieval was also accomplished through same contacts in the firms. retrieval of distributed copies recorded a success of 225 (81.2%) copies. data analysis table 4: measurement model analysis of accident management model chi-square (df), significance nfi tli cfi rmsea variable standardized factor loading estimates error var accident management (33df) =225, p>0.000 0.80 0.72 0.82 0.15 am 1 0.91 0.38 am 2 0.88 0.41 am 3 0.63 0.53 am 4 0.96 0.22 source: amos 24.0 output on research data, 2024 fig. 1: structural equational model 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hypotheses testing table 5: result of standardized and unstandardized regression estimate of the model. s/n mediation stage relationship std. beta actual beta s.e. c.r. p remark 1. x →y (hypothesis 1) management commitment and accidents management 0.46 0.88 0.12 2.33 0.000 not supported 2. x →y (hypothesis 2) safety training/education and accidents management 0.54 0.81 0.33 3.22 0.000 not supported 3. x →y (hypothesis 3) safety culture and accidents management 0.57 0.85 0.14 4.16 0.000 not supported 4. x →y (hypothesis 4) worksite inspection and accidents management 0.64 0.82 0.19 3.27 0.000 not supported source: amos 24.0 output on research data, 2024 hypothesis one table 5 illustrates the analysis for the association between management commitment and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria, where β=0.46, r=0.88 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). mediation stage relationship std. beta actual beta s.e. c.r. p remark x →y (hypothesis 1) management commitment and accidents management 0.46 0.88 0.12 2.33 0.000 not supported thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship management commitment and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeriat. therefore, h01 was not supported. hypothesis two table 5 illustrates the analysis for the association between safety training/education and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms nigeria, where β=0.64, r=0.82 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). mediation stage relationship std. beta actual beta s.e. c.r. p remark x →y (hypothesis 2) safety training/education and accidents management 0.54 0.81 0.33 3.22 0.000 not supported thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between safety training/education and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, h02 was not supported. 59 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hypothesis three table 5 illustrates the analysis for the association between safety culture and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria, where β=0.57, r=0.85 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). mediation stage relationship std. beta actual beta s.e. c.r. p remark x →y (hypothesis 3) safety culture and accidents management 0.57 0.85 0.14 4.16 0.000 not supported thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between safety culture and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, h03 was not supported. hypothesis four table 5 illustrates the analysis for the association between worksite inspection and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria, where β=0.64, r=0.82 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). mediation stage relationship std. beta actual beta s.e. c.r. p remark x →y (hypothesis 4) worksite inspection and accidents management 0.64 0.82 0.19 3.27 0.000 not supported thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between worksite inspection and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, h04 was not supported. discussion of findings the first hypothesis (ho1) stated that there is no significant relationship between management commitment and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between management commitment and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, h01 was not supported. nevertheless, territories dedicate resource in order to maximize economic outputs (e.g., gdp) and to minimize the negative externalities of economic activity, that is, work accidents. therefore, it seems plausible to assume that specific work safety policies may help to mitigate work accident rates. from a policy point of view, an analysis that takes into account work safety controls may offer valuable information on the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety (ohs) system. the second hypothesis (ho2) stated that there is no significant relationship between safety training/education and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between safety 60 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us training/education and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, ho2 was not supported. bolarinwa (2002) felt that safety education and training for industrial workers are necessary, because he observed that the present level of awareness about occupational hazards among factory workers in rural areas of nigeria was rather limited. zeng et al. (2008) pointed out that some accidents, such as falling from height and being hit by falling materials in construction, could easily be prevented by implementing training programs for employees. the third hypothesis (ho3) stated that there is no significant relationship between safety culture and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between safety culture and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, ho3 was not supported. furthermore, many industrial accident investigations have found that safety culture is a contributory factor in accident causation (cullen, 2001). it’s now generally accepted that organizations with a strong safety culture are more effective at preventing workplace accidents and injuries. health and safety practitioners have a significant role to play in improving health and safety at work by giving competent advice. the fourth hypothesis (ho4) stated that there is no significant relationship between worksite inspection and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between worksite inspection and accidents management in oil and gas servicing firms in nigeria. therefore, ho4 was not supported. the employees should have high supervision to manage safety practices and control from injuries. brown (2000) in taufek et al. (2016); cooper (2002); and zohar (1980), agreed on in order to reduce workplace injuries or accidents, safety programs for example, give a briefing and induction training about safety and health practices should implement in industrial production and manufacturing companies. conclusion empirical findings from the data analyzed established the following conclusions relative to the scope of our study; that there is a strong positive relationship between management commitment and accident management and also a significant relationship between training and education and accident management, between worksite inspection and accident management, and between safety culture and accident management. the practical implication of this is that, when employee’s gives room for negotiation, that for the most part of it, leads to enhanced corporate image for the organization. recommendations based on the finding of the study, the following recommendations are made: 1. owners of businesses/managers should ensure that there is proper training and education made available for employees in their various positions. this includes teaching them how to use equipment and follow safety procedures during their course of work. 2. employees must also be equipped for their specific job. equipment may vary from safety harnesses to proper gloves and goggles. under no circumstances should employees perform functions without the proper equipment. 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. a cluttered, unclean work area is more difficult to efficiently maneuver in and workers are more prone to hazards. make sure staff adhere to something as simple as running computer cables and cords properly so that they do not create a tripping hazard. no matter if your work environment is a manufacturing warehouse or an office cubicle, keeping the area clean and well-maintained decreases the chance of accidents. 4. managers/supervisors/experts should from time to time inspect the work progress, vehicles, machines used in the organization for proper maintenance in order to avoid breakdown of machines that might be hazardous to the employees. reference 1. adeniyi, j. a. 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(1980). safety climate in industrial organizations: theoretical and applied implications. journal of applied psychology, 65(1), 96–102. http://acquire.cqu.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/repository/cqu:11582 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 results of agricultural reforms being implemented in the khorezm region xujamatov intizom jumabayevich teacher of the department of history and geography, urgench state pedagogical institute, intizomofficial@gmail.com abstract: this article presents the results of reforms in agriculture of the khorezm region according to the state program for the implementation of melioration measures and the financial resources spent. an analysis of changes in agriculture over previous years according to statistical data and the significance of the achieved results in the socio-economic development of the region is made. proposals and recommendations for the development of agricultural production are developed. keywords: infrastructure activities, regional stability, infrastructure system, regional economy. introduction. in order to ensure macroeconomic stability and consistent economic growth in the khorezm region, structural changes are being implemented in the economic sectors, with great attention being paid to further expanding entrepreneurial activity, developing the processing and service sectors, and attracting investments to the regional economy. as a result, sustainable growth is being achieved in all sectors of the socio-economic development of the region. reflecting the economic potential of the region are increasing year by year, indicating that the well-being of the population is improving. in recent years, the average growth rate of the gross regional product (grp) in the region has been 106.5 percent, and in 2008-2014, the grp growth rate was no less than 109.1 percent. the main pillar of the regional economy is agriculture. agriculture is developing steadily and has a constant growth trend, with an average growth rate of 105.1 percent, and the average growth rate for 2008-2014 was 106.8 percent [1]. the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-3932 dated october 29, 2007 “on measures to radically improve the system of land reclamation” plays an important role in the sustainable and rapid development of agriculture. also, the resolution no. pp-1958 “on measures to further improve the land reclamation of irrigated lands and rational use of water resources in 2013-2017” adopted on april 19, 2013 is a logical continuation of the state program for 2008-2012 [2, 3]. the president of the republic of uzbekistan, islam karimov, noted that as a result of the implementation of these programs, "since 2008, the reclamation condition of almost 1.5 million hectares of irrigated land in our country has improved, the area with high groundwater levels has decreased by 415 thousand hectares, or almost 10 percent, and the area with strong and moderate salinity has decreased by 113 thousand hectares" [4]. reflection and discussion. due to the low rainfall in the khorezm region, agricultural work here is carried out only through irrigation. there are opportunities to produce abundant crops without reducing productivity by using water resources economically in agriculture. 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the region, land areas differ sharply by district according to their level of productivity. average credit score of land by province 53 , and lands with 91-100 points are almost nonexistent. lands with 81-90 points are present in gurlan and khiva districts, making up a small part of the total area. the most productive lands are located in gurlan (55 points), and the least productive lands are located in khazorasp district (47 points). in our opinion, the reason for the low fertility in khazorasp district can be explained by the fact that the district is located close to the tuyamoyin reservoir, which is the only one in the region and one of the largest reservoirs in our country, and that the groundwater is located closer to the land in this area than in other districts. the average fertility level in the remaining districts is almost the same and does not differ much. most of the area of the region is made up of lands with average fertility. this table shows that more than 90 percent of the region's soils are saline or susceptible to salinization. before the implementation of the state program for improving the reclamation condition of land, the average soil quality score was 53. in order to obtain high yields from agricultural crops, it is necessary to carry out reclamation measures to combat soil salinization [5]. in the khorezm region, due to the weak natural flow of groundwater, in cases where the conditions of artificial drainage systems, i.e. collector-drainage systems, are unsatisfactory, vertical water exchange in these areas is strong and leads to salinization of groundwater and soil cover. therefore, the use of these lands in agricultural production requires the constant implementation of a system of land reclamation measures, primarily measures aimed at reducing salt leaching and groundwater [6]. analysis and results. within the framework of the state program for improving the reclamation condition of irrigated lands for 2008-2014, 238 projects were implemented in the khorezm region, the total cost of which amounted to 160.8 billion soums. of these, 164 projects were implemented to carry out repair and restoration work on reclamation facilities, the cost of which amounted to 64.9 billion soums. 74 projects were implemented to construct and reconstruct reclamation facilities, the cost of which amounted to 77.9 billion soums. also, capital expenditures in the amount of 17.9 billion soums were made to purchase reclamation equipment. the khorezm region, reconstruction and construction of collector-drainage networks with a length of 314 km, as well as repair and restoration works on collector-drainage networks with a length of 8773.7 km, were carried out. at the same time, current and capital repairs were carried out at 87 pumping stations. as a result, the land reclamation condition of 175.3 thousand hectares of arable land improved. this, in turn, serves to increase the productivity of agricultural crops. during 2008-2014, the volume of agricultural production increased by almost 3 times, that is, from 721 billion soums to 2236.8 billion soums. at the same time, the volume of gross product produced in the sector increased from 237.3 thousand tons to 258.2 thousand tons in cotton cultivation, and its productivity increased from 23.6 centners/ha to 25.9 centners/ha. the volume of grain production increased from 180.9 thousand tons to 445.7 thousand tons. of these, wheat production increased from 143.7 thousand tons to 223.4 thousand tons, and rice production from 30.4 thousand tons to 121.0 thousand tons. we can also see that the production of potatoes, melons and vegetables from winter crops has also increased significantly. in particular, potato production during these years increased from 11.8 thousand tons to 108.4 thousand tons, vegetable production from 105.8 thousand tons to 501.8 thousand tons, and melon products from 36.5 thousand tons to 125.6 thousand tons. the production of fresh fruits and grapes increased from 52.1 and 8.1 thousand tons to 161.4 and 36.8 thousand tons, respectively. these achievements and milestones are the result of implemented reclamation activities. as an example, we can see changes in the productivity of agricultural crops. as gradual reform of the agricultural sector, optimization of farm lands correct distribution of economic opportunities, reduction of expenses per hectare of land area and production of more agricultural products, maintenance of soil fertility and regular, advanced agrotechnical measures are considered important. as a result, by rationally using land, water, material, technical and 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us labor resources, socio-economic efficiency and profitability of the farm will be increased, and the financial and economic condition of farmers will improve. most importantly, reforms in the agricultural sector have radically changed the attitude of farmers to land and property. now, farms are not limited to grain and cotton growing, but have the opportunity to increase their income and provide employment to the population of the region by establishing sectors such as fishing, poultry, livestock, beekeeping, production, processing, trade and services. in particular, as of january 1, 2010, 10,276 farms were operating in the khorezm region, with a total land area of 242.3 thousand hectares. during these years, the land of farms has been optimized. as a result, the rationalization of arable land of farms in accordance with the procedure established by law allows optimizing the income of farms. between 2009 and 2014, the number of farms decreased to 5,568, while the combined land area increased to 252,000 hectares. farms operating in agriculture , 48.2 percent, are engaged in cotton and grain growing. farms operating in the field of horticulture and viticulture account for 23.4 percent, livestock farms for 10.8 percent, fisheries for 6.2 percent, vegetable and melon farms for 1.5 percent, and farms producing other agricultural products account for 10 percent. the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan no. 362 dated december 15, 2015 “on measures to optimize the areas of land plots allocated for the management of farms” sets out a plan of measures aimed at further increasing the efficiency of farm activities, as well as ensuring the rational use of land and water resources, strengthening the financial and economic situation of farms, and a number of tasks, including optimizing the arable land of farms. as a result of the implementation of the tasks set out in this resolution, it is planned that the number of farms in the khorezm region will reach 6,049. nowadays, farms are being transformed into diversified farms, and agricultural production is being diversified, and all types of crops are being grown on farms. this indicates that this is the result of the modernization processes of agricultural enterprises. in the process of modernization, technical and technological re-equipment of the agricultural sector, problems are emerging that need to be resolved. in particular, there is almost no or low level of cooperative cooperation between producers. in our opinion, it is advisable to develop various mechanisms that encourage farmers to take initiative. in this regard, improving the land reclamation condition should not be carried out only within the framework of the state program, but also by agricultural producers, interested farms (farms, peasant farms, shirkat farms, agricultural cooperatives, specialized farms, sius, etc.) of their own free will (at the expense of internal financial resources) to implement a plan of measures aimed at expanding economic activities and increasing profits. the desire for innovation (innovative qualities) of management personnel is somewhat lacking. because increasing profits is the main goal of economic entities. conclusions and suggestions. based on the analysis we have carried out above , as a result of the reforms carried out in the agricultural sector, the land reclamation condition of about 175 thousand hectares of land in the region has improved. the productivity of agricultural crops has increased, and the volume of gross domestic product production is also growing every year. the population's demand for food products is being satisfied, and export opportunities are increasing. to further develop the economic potential of the khorezm region, deepen reforms in the agricultural sector, implement modernization work in the sector quickly and efficiently, and take additional measures to eliminate some emerging problems and shortcomings. we propose to implement the following tasks in order to increase the effectiveness of work aimed at further developing agriculture:  together with the committee for coordination of the development of science and technology under the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan , the ministry of agriculture and water resources of the republic of uzbekistan, the farmers' council of 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us uzbekistan and other interested organizations, develop a strategy for the development of farms based on the experience (standards) of foreign countries;  in the optimization of agricultural land, determination of crop areas taking into account the types of crops and the possibility of selling them at free market prices (maximizing profit);  to increase the obligation of insurance organizations in the implementation of beneficial agreements on cooperation in the development of agricultural production;  improving the mechanisms of using financial resources of water management organizations, including water consumers' associations, as well as their material and moral incentives at the expense of internal resources, in the implementation of works aimed at improving land reclamation;  for farmers and peasant farms to exchange practical skills in efficient land use with the examples of the most advanced farms;  expanding the scope of practical work to improve the skills of agricultural workers, as well as to develop their skills in using new innovative equipment and technologies;  of investments in agriculture and water management at the level of individual regions and develop new plans and proposals to increase their importance for the republic (regularly);  store agricultural products and fully satisfy the population's demand for food products throughout the year;  organize the export of agricultural products through terminals to neighboring countries or other countries and expand business activities. list of used literature 1. ahmedov а (2015). the role of water resources in agricultural sphere of khorezm region (uzbekistan) /материалы хіі международной научно-практической интернетконференции «проблемы и перспективы развития науки в начале третьего тысячелетия в странах европы и азии» // сборник научных трудов/ – переяславхмельниц кий, украина. 30-31 март 2015 г. часть 2, стр. 6-7. 2. рахимбаев ф.м. ҳамидов м.ҳ. амударё қўйи қисмида қишлоқ хўжалик экинларини суғориш нинг ўзига хослиги. – т.: фан, 1992. – 167 б. 3. ҳамидов м.ҳ. сравнительное водопотребление и режим орошения хлопчатника, люцерны и кукурузы на лу говых тяжелосуглинистых почвах хорезмского оазиса: дис.... канд. сел.-хоз. наук.–т: союзнихи, 1985. – 201 с. 4. суванов б. ғўза ва кузги буғдойни субирригация усулида суғориш тартиби (хоразм воҳаси мисолида). қ/х.ф.н. дис.автореферат. – т.: тими, 2010. 32 б. 5. ахмедов а. иқлим ўзгариши шароитида қишлоқ хўжалигида билвосита сув сарфи ва сув тежаш технологияла рининг имкониятларини баҳолаш: тармоқлараро баланс модели ёрдамида. маг.дис. – т.: тими, 2011й. – 101 б. 6. ўзбекистон республикаси вазирлар маҳкамасининг 2015 йил 15 декабрдаги “фермер хўжаликларини юри тиш учун берилган ер участкалари майдонларини мақбуллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида”ги 362-сон қарори (ўз.р. қҳт, 2015 й., 50-сон, 627-модда). илова №2-13. the implementation of the cotton monopoly policy in the surkhandarya oasis in 1946-1970 and its results skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 9, 2024 | version v1 journal article open the implementation of the cotton monopoly policy in the surkhandarya oasis in 1946-1970 and its results 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69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 2, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 stages of organization of english lesson processes hayitova nigora rakhmatillaevna teacher of renaissance education university abstract: this paper explores the stages of organizing english lesson processes, focusing on key stages such as preparation, presentation, practice, and production. it highlights the importance of effective planning to ensure student engagement, skill development, and mastery of language concepts. the stages are examined in terms of their contribution to building a cohesive lesson structure that promotes active learning and critical thinking. emphasis is placed on the teacher's role in facilitating smooth transitions between stages and adapting to students' needs. the study also discusses the integration of assessment and feedback throughout the lesson to enhance learning outcomes. keywords: lesson organization, english language teaching, communicative approach, student engagement, instructional design, lesson planning, foreign language acquisition, adaptive learning, digital learning tools, structured teaching methods. introduction. the process of interaction between the teacher, students and information resources is called the "teaching form". the process of interaction is an integral part of the educational system and is carried out in a group or individual form. the organization of the learning process in a group is carried out in the form of classroom lessons. in the form of group teaching, the teacher gets acquainted with the educational materials, studies them and activates them in the process of interaction with all participants in the learning process. the individual form of teaching involves the development of an individual educational direction in the process of interaction with each student. in this case, the form of communication is teacher digital resource student, and the task is given individually. independent work involves the organization of the educational process in teaching a foreign language without the interaction of the teacher and the student. this type of work is carried out using written speech or other methods. the distance learning platform is one of the forms of organizing the educational process and is aimed at implementing an individual form of foreign language lessons. organizational forms of education determine the ratio between individual and group forms of education, the level of motivation and the involvement of cognitive activity. if organizational forms of education are considered at the university level, then we are talking about such organizational forms as extracurricular practical lessons, laboratory lessons, lectures, seminars, consultations, internships, tests, exams, interviews, and home education. methods. the lesson as the main unit of the learning process. linguist j. jalolov, in his book “methodology of teaching a foreign language,” notes that many articles, manuals, and large treatises have been created in educational science on the subject of the lesson. citing m.n. skatkin, he writes that the lesson is a pedagogical work. in the modern system of teaching a foreign language, the lesson is considered the main organizational unit of the learning process, and when we talk about the lesson, the purpose, types, stages, and plan of the lesson appear before our eyes. 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us lesson objective. a foreign language lesson differs from other lessons in its purpose and content, in that it mainly teaches speech. that is, the lessons are speech-oriented, and students practically master speaking, listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and writing. indeed, determining the purpose of the lesson is important and determines how the educational process is organized. based on the purpose of the lesson, one or several (different) specific tasks are set. if the purpose of the lesson is related to the result, the task is considered to be related to the conditions of activity. to determine the task of the lesson, conditions such as the level of complexity of the educational material, methods of overcoming difficulties, the interaction of the teacher and students, and the student's internal motivation to learn are taken into account. there are different stages of the lesson, and the formation of the goal depends on the main part of the lesson. also, when determining the objectives of the lesson, it is necessary to take into account the practical, educational, educational, and developmental aspects of teaching a foreign language. result teacher's preparation for the lesson. the teacher's preparation for the lesson has a great influence on the improvement of his pedagogical skills. in the process of preparing for the lesson, the following methodological measures should be taken: ➢ understanding the goals of education; ➢ determining the goals and objectives of the lesson; ➢ understanding the content and essence of the modern lesson and being aware of the requirements for it; ➢ analyzing the language material for study; types of lessons. in the process of conducting lessons, group forms of education are used and are combined with various individual forms. the basis of any lesson is the ability of the teacher to achieve the goal set for himself in teaching a foreign language. in modern methodology, there are two approaches to classifying foreign language lessons. the first approach was proposed by e.i. passov at the end of the 20th century and is based on the formation of speech skills or abilities by the teacher in classifying a foreign language lesson. based on this classification, lessons are divided into 3 types: ➢ exercises aimed at the formation of speech abilities; ➢ exercises aimed at improving speech skills; ➢ exercises aimed at developing speech skills. within the framework of each of the above types of lessons, the following sub-types of lessons are distinguished, depending on the skills formed by the teacher in the lesson (phonetic, lexical, grammatical); by types of speech activity (monological, dialogical); by type of lesson (acquaintance with new material, its consolidation, verification, etc.). the above classification of the lesson implies the gradual formation of types of speech activity in order to master a foreign language. the process from speech skills to the formation of speech abilities is covered. however, it should be noted that in the above typology there are no lessons aimed at mastering the knowledge that is the basis for the skills and abilities being formed. the second approach, proposed by i.l. bim at the end of the 20th century, is based on the types of speech activity formed through foreign language means. within the framework of this approach, two types of lessons can be distinguished: 1. lessons aimed at mastering the means and technologies of oral communication of students; linguist i.l. zimnya suggests using speech as a method of forming and expressing thoughts in this type of lesson. 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. lessons that develop and implement various types and forms of communication (listening, speaking, writing). in lessons aimed at mastering the means and technologies of oral communication by students, language units and options for their use are studied both in classroom lessons and in natural conditions of communication in a foreign language. in our opinion, generalizing the experience of teaching a foreign language, we can talk about 3 types of lessons used in modern methodology: 1) a) aimed at mastering elements of the language system at the phonetic, lexical, grammatical levels; as a result, acquiring knowledge about the language system; b) mastering methods of using the acquired knowledge at the speech level (forming relevant skills). 2) lessons aimed at mastering communicative activity. the purpose of such lessons is to develop speech skills in various types of activity based on the knowledge acquired and the skills formed. within the framework of this type of lessons, lessons on the development of receptive (listening, writing and written speech, lessons on oral and written translation from a foreign language to the native language) and productive (speaking, reading, lessons on oral and written translation from the native language to a foreign language) types of speech activity are included. 3) integrated lessons. they are aimed at the interconnected acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities during one lesson. in the conditions of a philological university with a specialization in a foreign language, the division of lessons into aspectual (phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, stylistics, text analysis, translation lessons) and integrated lessons is carried out consistently. in this case, complex education and integrated lessons that implement such lessons mean conducting lessons aimed at forming a language base, consolidating it with the help of exercises and using it in the process of oral communication within the framework of one lesson (or set of lessons). discussion. lesson structure and stages. a lesson is an organizational unit of the educational process, consisting of a variable (variable) component and an invariant. a lesson is a clearly structured educational process. a lesson always consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. variable components depend on the purpose of the lesson and the stage of studying the material (introduction, explanation using visual and auditory aids, discussion of what has been learned, etc.). beginning of the lesson. the goal set at the beginning of the lesson is to prepare students for the lesson, set goals, give instructions. the beginning of the lesson can be a greeting from the teacher, writing the date and topic of the lesson on the board, discussing homework. the teacher's greeting often turns into a conversation with the group about some event, the weather, etc. introductory conversation (also called speech exercises) is designed to create a communicative atmosphere in the lesson and prepare for the transition to its main part, before which the homework is checked by asking in groups or individually. in conclusion, the goal of the lesson is formulated, instructions are given on how to achieve it. students' awareness of the goal of the lesson increases the motivational side of learning. the central part of the lesson. the central part of the lesson includes explaining new material, its implementation in the form of exercises, speech exercises, working with the text, etc. explanation of new material can be inductive (the teacher directs students to observe the lesson and at the end of the lesson draw conclusions based on the linguistic rule) and deductive (first the rule is given and it is reinforced with examples). it can be practical (for example, when familiarizing with lexical and grammatical materials, when demonstration aids are widely used) and theoretical-practical. taking into account the importance of consolidating the introduced new material with exercises in the next part of the lesson, it is recommended to allocate 10-12 minutes for introducing new material. as a result of the explanation, students will gain knowledge about language units and the rules for their use in speech. when introducing new educational materials, it is necessary to pay attention to their comprehensibility for all students in the study group and to constantly 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us monitor their assimilation. the methods of introducing new materials depend on the age of students and their level of language knowledge. for example, explaining new materials does not arouse interest in younger schoolchildren. therefore, the teacher should strive to introduce new material in the form of a speech model, including in the context of a story, song, game, etc. in this case, the teacher should use various pictures, tables and diagrams, using the textbook and additional sources. the model used should not be complex in terms of lexical, phonetic and grammatical aspects at the same time. consolidation of new material is the most important part of the lesson, since as a result of training exercises, speech skills are formed, which ensures the error-free application of the acquired knowledge in various communication situations. to consolidate the material, exercises called preparatory exercises (or training, language exercises) are used and usually include the following exercises: ➢ imitation exercises; conscious choice exercises; substitution exercises; modification exercises; sentence completion exercises; sentence expansion exercises; sentence combination exercises; analogy exercises; standard phrase exercises; key exercises; sentence construction with given words. according to the methodology of the russian linguist v.l. skalkin, the following exercises are usually called speech exercises: response exercises; question-answer exercises; replica exercises; conditional conversation; situational exercises; scene appearance (role play). stage play exercises make a great contribution to the development of students' speech skills and are widely used by teachers. v.l. skalkin cites various types of stage play and recommends using them depending on the purpose of the lesson. these include: social and household, professional and pedagogical, imitation, creative, game-competition, reproductive, retelling, descriptive, dramatization, argumentative, oral storytelling, initiative (chain exercises) and roleplaying games for working in pairs. the final part of the lesson. the final part of the lesson includes closing the lesson, monitoring and evaluating student work, and assigning homework. the effectiveness of the lesson largely depends on the professional skills of the teacher, and the teacher is required to follow the following rules: ➢ correct planning and distribution of class time (explanation of the subject, reinforcement, practical exercises, control); ➢ clear and purposeful explanation of the topic; ➢ use of educational materials that are interesting and understandable for students; ➢ correct guidance of students during the lesson (answers to questions, speech practice, etc.); ➢ use of ict and visual aids; ➢ use of individual, pair, group work techniques; ➢ stimulating students' activity during the lesson; ➢ providing the motivational side of the lesson. it is worth noting that the problem of the ratio of teacher talking time and students talking time deserves special attention. the teacher should talk more when explaining new topics and tasks, assessing students' work, and announcing their results. a good teacher's speech is an example. however, , it should also be taken into account that one of the shortcomings of the lesson is only the teacher's excessive talking. listening to the teacher's long, unanswerable statements in the foreign language being studied leads to a decrease in students' attention and a loss of interest in learning. therefore, the main rule of teaching a foreign language is to get students to speak in the foreign language being studied. it is like that. 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion. so, summing up all of the above, it is worth noting that organizational forms are an integral component of the foreign language teaching system and are implemented in the lesson in the form of joint activities of the teacher and students. such forms of training regulate the ratio of individual and collective in learning, the degree of students' activity in educational and cognitive activities and the features of its management by the teacher. with regard to school education, the main organizational form and structural unit of the educational process in a foreign language is a lesson, and in a university this is a classroom practical lesson. a modern lesson (practical lesson) is characterized by the predominance of collective forms of training in combination with individual work. there are various classifications of lessons, but all of them provide for classes in mastering language tools and communication activities. references 1. asher, j. (2000). learning another language through actions: the complete teacher's guide to total physical response. sky oaks productions. 2. jamolov j. methods of teaching foreign languages. “teacher” publishing house tashkent – 2012. 423 p. 3. richards, j. c., & rodgers, t. s. (2014). approaches and methods in language teaching (3rd ed.). cambridge university press. 4. kilpatrick, w. h. (1921). the project method: the use of the purposeful act in the educational process. teachers college press. 5. bandler, r., & grinder, j. (1975). the structure of magic: a book about language and therapy. science and behavior books. 6. krashen, s. d. (1981). second language acquisition and second language learning. pergamon press. 7. chauvenne, l. (1983). the lexical-translation method: past and present. european journal of applied linguistics. 8. usher, j. (1994). total physical response and its application in foreign language teaching. international journal of applied linguistics. 9. s. li, t. shao, z. yu, and j. hirschberg, "eden: empathetic dialogues for english learning," arxiv preprint arxiv:2406.17982, jun. 2024. [online]. available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17982. 10. c. morales-torres, m. campos-soberanis, and d. campos-sobrino, "prototype of a robotic system to assist the learning process of english language with text-generation through dnn," arxiv preprint arxiv:2309.11142, sep. 2023. [online]. available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.11142. 11. h. chen, "innovative approaches in english language teaching: integrating communicative methods and technology for enhanced proficiency," researchgate, jun. 2024. [online]. available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380208692_innovative_approaches_in_english_l anguage_teaching_integrating_communicative_methods_and_technology_for_enhanced_ proficiency. 12. o. shirzad, "methods of english language teaching: a review," researchgate, jun. 2024. [online]. available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364624498_methods_of_english_language_teac hing_a_review. 13. a. kadhum, "the impact of mobile learning applications on the motivation and engagement of iraqi esp medical students in vocabulary learning," journal on english language teaching, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 15-25, apr. 2024. [online]. available: https://eric.ed.gov/?q=source%3a%22journal+on+english+language+teaching%22&id=ej 1356789 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 developing the social effect of the digital “smiles” technology aribjanova umida abdurashitovna associate professor at the department of general psychology, candidate of psychological sciences, andijan state university, andijan, republic of uzbekistan abstract: this article analyzes the social effects of digital “smiles” technology. it highlights how modern technologies—including social networks, online games, and digital communication tools—affect the socialization, emotional and intellectual development, and psychological state of adolescents. the study examines both the positive and negative aspects of digital technologies and evaluates their impact on adolescents' personal growth, communication skills, and social relationships. important recommendations are also provided for parents and educators. keywords: digital technology, “smile” development, social effect, social networks, online communication, emotional intelligence, internet safety, digital socialization. main objective: the main goal of this study is to conduct a deep analysis of the impact of digital technologies on the social development of adolescents and to scientifically examine the extent of these influences on their psychological, emotional, and communicative competence. the study also aims to analyze the positive and negative trends that may emerge in young people’s lives due to the integration of technological innovations into social adaptation processes, the mechanisms of social identification formed in adolescents' consciousness, and the specifics of the digital environment. tasks: study of theoretical foundations: analyze theoretical approaches to the processes of social development in adolescence and summarize contemporary scientific sources related to digital technologies. analysis of the relationship between digital technologies and social adaptation: study the influence of social networks, online games, and other digital tools on adolescents’ adaptation to society. assessment of psychological impact: examine how digital technologies affect stress, cognitive development, emotional intelligence, and self-awareness. separate discussion of positive and negative aspects. as digital technologies have deeply penetrated all aspects of modern life, studying their social impact on adolescent development is among the most pressing scientific and practical issues. adolescence is a critical period in personality development, during which social adaptation, psychological resilience, and emotional intelligence are formed. today, the main communication space for adolescents is shifting from traditional environments to digital platforms. social networks, online games, and digital communication tools directly influence adolescents' social activity, self-awareness, and personal identity. 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, while digital technologies offer new opportunities for adolescents, there is also a risk that they may negatively affect their social development. negative aspects include internet addiction, cyberbullying, heightened loneliness, and weakened real-life social skills. at the same time, with proper management, digital technologies can enhance learning, self-expression, and the creation of new social connections. relevance: the importance of this topic lies in the need to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for ensuring healthy adolescent social development through a thorough analysis of the positive and negative impacts of digital technologies. this research helps develop practical recommendations for society, parents, teachers, and psychologists for effectively managing adolescent development in a digital environment. numerous scholars worldwide are conducting research on the social effects of digital technologies on adolescent development. some notable studies and their findings include: jean twenge (2017) – igen: why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy—and completely unprepared for adulthood. twenge studied the impact of social media on adolescent mental health and argued that excessive internet and smartphone use can lead to depression, loneliness, and sleep disorders. sherry turkle (2015) – reclaiming conversation: the power of talk in a digital age. turkle provides a scientific analysis of how face-to-face communication skills in adolescents are being eroded by digital technology. online communication replaces deep real-life conversations, weakening social skills. patricia greenfield (2009) – technology and informal education: what are they learning? greenfield’s research shows that digital technologies have a dual effect on adolescent cognitive development: while information processing skills increase, the ability to think deeply and concentrate may decline. candice l. odgers (2018) – smartphones are not making teens depressed, but we need to understand their impact. this study used a comprehensive approach to analyze how smartphones and social media affect adolescent mental health. odgers emphasizes that technology’s impact varies based on individual personality and social and family environment. amy orben & andrew przybylski (2019) – the association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. analyzing data from over 300,000 adolescents, the study found that negative effects of digital technology are often significantly smaller than broader psychological factors. the researchers emphasize the importance of understanding the mechanisms of technology’s influence rather than adopting overly negative views. these studies show that digital technologies have diverse effects on adolescent development. positive effects include increased access to information, enhanced creativity, and easier social interaction, while negative effects include heightened stress, social isolation, and psychological issues. therefore, regulating technology's influence and developing effective usage strategies is of high scientific and practical significance. scientific conclusions: 1. impact on socialization: digital technologies expand opportunities for social interaction but may weaken face-to-face communication skills (turkle, 2015). while online communication connects youth to global communities, the value of real-life human relationships declines (livingstone, 2020). 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. mental health and emotional stability: excessive internet and social media use can intensify feelings of depression and loneliness (twenge, 2017). however, when properly managed, digital tools can support self-expression and help adolescents find supportive communities (odgers, 2018). 3. academic and cognitive development: digital technologies can ease the learning process and enhance creative thinking (greenfield, 2009). yet constant online activity may cause distraction, reduced concentration, and a habit of shallow information consumption (orben & przybylski, 2019). 4. digital safety and behavioral changes: many adolescents lack awareness of internet safety, increasing risks such as cyberbullying, identity theft, and exposure to harmful content (livingstone, 2020). overuse of online games and social networks may also lead to compulsive behavior and disengagement from academics and real-world activities (twenge, 2017). 5. balancing positive and negative effects: studies show that technology’s effects—positive or negative—depend on the nature and duration of its use (odgers, 2018). moderate and purposeful use enhances beneficial aspects and reduces harm (orben & przybylski, 2019). these findings demonstrate that while digital technologies offer significant opportunities for adolescents, improper use can result in social, psychological, and cognitive problems. parents, teachers, and other community members must support adolescents in maintaining a healthy balance in the digital world. conclusion: digital technologies significantly influence adolescents' social development. broad internet and social media access have transformed communication, accelerated learning, and enhanced information exchange. however, excessive or inappropriate use may lead to mental health issues, weakened social ties, and attention problems. research shows that proper management and moderate usage positively affect adolescent development. therefore, maintaining a balance between digital life and real social interaction is crucial. recommendations: 1. for parents and educators: ➢ monitor adolescents' use of digital technologies and help them develop healthy online habits. ➢ explain the importance of in-person communication and encourage real-life social activities. ➢ provide education on internet safety and prevention of cyberbullying. 2. for adolescents: ➢ limit time spent on social media and focus more on real-life social interactions. ➢ protect personal information online and avoid harmful content. ➢ use technology not only for entertainment but also for education, development, and creativity. 3. for society and government organizations: ➢ develop programs to improve adolescents’ digital literacy. ➢ implement educational programs on internet safety and healthy online behavior. ➢ foster digital technologies that positively influence youth social development. 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. twenge, j. m. (2017). igen: why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy—and completely unprepared for adulthood. new york: atria books. 2. turkle, s. (2015). reclaiming conversation: the power of talk in a digital age. new york: penguin press. 3. greenfield, p. m. (2009). technology and informal education: what are they learning? science, 323(5910), 69–71. 4. odgers, c. l. (2018). smartphones are not making teens depressed, but we need to understand their impact. nature human behaviour, 2(11), 675–677. 5. orben, a., & przybylski, a. k. (2019). the association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. nature human behaviour, 3(2), 173–182. 6. livingstone, s. (2020). parenting for a digital future: how hopes and fears about technology shape children’s lives. oxford university press. 42 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 mechanisms of using financial management in developing a company's cost reduction strategy bakayeva mohira axrorovna senior lecturer at the department of economics abstract: this article examines the role and importance of financial management in developing a company’s cost reduction strategy. effective use of financial management tools enables enterprises to optimize production and operational costs, increase profitability, and ensure financial stability. based on foreign and domestic experiences, advanced cost reduction strategies and financial management mechanisms are analyzed, and practical recommendations are provided. keywords: financial management, cost reduction, strategic management, operational efficiency, corporate finance, investments, budgeting, economic stability. in today’s business environment, the rational use of financial resources is of paramount importance for the efficient operation of companies. especially in competitive conditions, optimizing and reducing costs is one of the key directions to ensure the sustainability of a company. therefore, developing strategies to control and reduce costs through the effective use of financial management tools is a pressing issue. the topic of this research focuses on studying financial management mechanisms aimed at optimizing company expenses, developing effective strategies, and assessing their practical application. financial management plays a central role in this process by forming mechanisms for planning, controlling, and analyzing costs aimed at reduction. the cost reduction strategy of a company may include various approaches, such as improving financial planning and budgeting, increasing production and operational efficiency, optimizing investments, and making rational use of resources. additionally, implementing innovative technologies to reduce costs, optimizing taxes, and managing financial risks are considered essential components of this strategy. the aim of this study is to develop scientific and practical foundations for the effective use of financial management mechanisms in the process of reducing company costs. at the same time, ensuring the financial sustainability of the company through the application of modern methods of strategic planning and financial management is also envisaged. as a result of research conducted on this topic, companies will have the opportunity to develop specific mechanisms and strategies aimed at effectively managing their financial resources, reducing excessive expenses, and increasing profits. thus, studying and implementing mechanisms of financial management in the development of cost reduction strategies has become one of the most critical issues in today's economic environment. in the competitive market environment, optimizing costs is an important strategic direction to ensure the financial stability and efficient operation of a company. cost reduction is not only a means of increasing the company’s income but is also closely related to the efficient use of resources, the introduction of innovative technologies, and the improvement of management efficiency. financial management offers various tools for optimizing company expenses and 43 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us enhancing efficiency. this article provides an in-depth analysis of the role, methods, and mechanisms of financial management in developing cost reduction strategies. furthermore, a comparative analysis is presented based on the experiences of local and foreign companies. the financial condition of a company is directly dependent on the effectiveness of cost management. financial management plays an essential role in planning, controlling, and enhancing the financial performance of a company. various strategies have been developed to reduce costs, which are based on the following directions: budgeting and cost planning. budgeting helps efficiently manage a company’s financial resources. one of the most effective methods is zero-based budgeting (zbb), which focuses on analyzing and justifying expenses from scratch rather than relying on traditional methods. static budgeting: operates based on fixed income and expense plans. dynamic budgeting: allows for the reassessment of expenses in accordance with real market conditions. cost reduction strategies. these strategies include reducing production costs, operational expenses, financial costs, and optimizing marketing and advertising expenses. automation of production processes: using robotics and artificial intelligence to increase productivity. quality management implementation: reducing defects in production to lower product costs. strategic partnerships with suppliers: enhancing collaboration to reduce raw material expenses. efficiency through digital transformation. electronic document management systems: reducing paper usage and traditional processes to save funds. transition to remote work: lowering office expenses to enhance economic efficiency. optimization of debt capital and interest payments: choosing the most favorable credit terms to reduce debt burdens. financial risk management. developing protection strategies against currency fluctuations and inflation. digital marketing transition: replacing traditional advertising with campaigns based on social media and artificial intelligence analytics. global best practices. leading international companies have successfully implemented cost reduction strategies through efficient use of financial management mechanisms. the following table analyzes the methods used by world-leading companies to reduce costs and their results. table-1. cost reduction strategies and outcomes of foreign companies (examples from asian companies) company country strategy implemented outcome toyota motor corp japan lean manufacturing (just-intime production) reduced inventory costs and improved production efficiency samsung electronics south korea automation and robotics in production increased productivity and reduced labor costs tata motors india zero-based budgeting (zbb) optimized budget allocation and reduced unnecessary expenses huawei technologies china digital transformation and cloud integration lowered it infrastructure costs and enhanced data management mitsubishi corp japan supplier relationship management and strategic partnerships reduced raw material costs and improved supply chain efficiency lenovo group china cost optimization through product design innovations lowered manufacturing costs and increased product competitiveness hyundai motor co south korea quality management and defect reduction decreased warranty costs and increased customer satisfaction infosys ltd india remote work implementation and cloud services reduced office maintenance costs and enhanced operational efficiency 44 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us asian companies have successfully implemented various cost reduction strategies that significantly impact their financial sustainability. by leveraging innovative approaches such as lean manufacturing, digital transformation, and strategic supplier management, these companies have not only reduced expenses but also enhanced productivity and competitiveness. based on the data in the table, it can be concluded that asian companies, particularly toyota and samsung, are achieving increased production efficiency through various innovative cost reduction strategies. toyota, by implementing the lean manufacturing system and the kaizen method, has reduced production costs by 20% and enhanced efficiency. samsung, on the other hand, has optimized production processes by applying innovations and ar/vr technologies, resulting in an 18% reduction in manufacturing costs and improved product quality. the experience of these companies demonstrates that leveraging technological innovations and adopting a systematic approach in modern production processes play a crucial role in reducing costs and increasing market competitiveness. for local companies, these experiences can serve as an important model for optimizing costs and effectively utilizing financial management tools. in particular, digital technologies, supply chain optimization, and automation can serve as effective means of cost reduction. table-2. cost reduction strategies and outcomes of foreign companies (examples from u.s. companies) company strategy implemented outcome apple inc. supply chain optimization and vertical integration reduced production costs by 15% and enhanced logistics efficiency walmart inc. lean inventory management (cross-docking) minimized inventory holding costs and improved product availability amazon.com, inc. automation and robotics in warehousing reduced labor costs by 30% and increased order fulfillment speed general motors (gm) outsourcing non-core activities and cost efficiency programs lowered operational expenses by 12% and focused on core manufacturing ford motor company just-in-time (jit) production and kaizen decreased production waste by 20% and improved process efficiency mcdonald’s corp. standardization and franchising models lowered operating costs per outlet and increased brand consistency coca-cola company digital marketing and data analytics reduced advertising expenses by 18% while increasing customer engagement procter & gamble zero-based budgeting (zbb) optimized budget utilization and minimized non-essential expenditures american companies have successfully implemented a range of cost reduction strategies that significantly impact financial performance and sustainability. through supply chain optimization, automation, lean production techniques, and advanced budgeting methods, these companies have not only reduced operational and production costs but also increased their market competitiveness and profitability. based on the above table, it can be concluded that the experience of foreign companies shows that the most effective cost reduction methods are related to innovations, automation, supply chain optimization, and digital transformation. international companies use a range of strategies to reduce costs. these include optimizing and automating production processes (toyota, tesla, samsung), utilizing artificial intelligence and iot technologies (amazon, general electric), optimizing supply chains and leveraging local manufacturing capabilities (apple, nike), and automating service and operational processes (mcdonald's, walmart). through these strategies, 45 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us companies have achieved a reduction in production costs by 15-30%, improved operational efficiency, and strengthened their market competitiveness. the role of financial management is significant in developing a cost reduction strategy for a company. through budgeting, cost analysis, automation, and the implementation of innovative technologies, it is possible to effectively reduce company expenses. comparative analyses show that the effective use of financial management strategies ensures the long-term success of a company. in the future, companies should widely adopt artificial intelligence and digital financial management systems to reduce costs. this approach will enhance the company's financial stability and strengthen its competitiveness. references 1. kaplan, r. s., & norton, d. p. (1996). the balanced scorecard: translating strategy into action. harvard business school press. 2. drury, c. (2013). management and cost accounting. cengage learning. 3. mohira, b., & diyorbek, q. (2024). аholini bаndligini tаminlаsh vа yаngi ish orinlаri yаrаtishda kichik biznes vа xususiy tаdbirkorlikning zаrurаti. intellectual education technological solutions and innovative digital tools, 3(27), 108-112. 4. ahrorovna, b. m. (2024). management and implementation of technological innovations in industrial enterprises of our country. innovative achievements in science 2024, 3(34), 18-22. 5. bakayeva, m. (2024). innovatsion menejment yondashuvlari asosida sanoat korxonalari faoliyatini boshqarish va tashkil etish. muhandislik va iqtisodiyot, 2(3). 6. odinayeva, n. f., bakayeva, m. a., & giyazov, b. b. (2022). intellectuals with higher education in the economy and ways to increase their competitiveness. miasto przyszłości, 84-86. 7. axrorovna, b. m. (2022). the importance of digitizing the tax system. european journal of business startups and open society, 2(11), 1-5. 8. bakayeva, m. (2022). the role of islamic finance in the capital market in uzbekistan. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 11(11). 9. narzullayeva, g. s., & bakayeva, m. a. (2022). creative management: creative opportunities in business process management. american journal of social and humanitarian research, 3(12), 58-63. 10. bakayeva, m. (2022). the impact of tax and customs privileges on the prosperity of the population. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 11(11). 11. akhrorovna, b. m. (2023). budget-tax policy as a means of state regulation of the market economy. imras, 6(6), 249-253. 12. gulchehra, n. (2023). creative management: creative opportunities in business process management. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 37(37). 13. akhrorovna, b. m. (2023). budget-tax policy as a means of state regulation of the market economy. imras, 6(6), 249-253. 14. bakaeva, m. a., & narzullaeva, g. s. reforms in new uzbekistan: their economic and financial significance. 101-106 the importance of artificial intelligence in improving the 101 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the importance of artificial intelligence in improving the compliance monitoring system in the healthcare sector ibragimov murodjon jumanazarovich a lecturer at the department of economic, crimes and the fight against the legalization of criminal proceeds at the academy of law enforcement abstract: the article explores the role and significance of artificial intelligence in improving the compliance control system in the healthcare sector. it also examines global experiences in this field, the current situation in uzbekistan from scientific, theoretical, and practical perspectives, and provides relevant proposals and conclusions. keywords: healthcare, artificial intelligence, digitalization, compliance control, corruption, decree, decision, regulation. currently, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (ai) and digital technologies around the world is bringing about revolutionary changes in various fields. from art to medicine, from education to industry, ai is widely and systematically used as an auxiliary tool for human activities, as well as for regulating the rapidly evolving social relations. in the healthcare sector, improving the effectiveness of compliance with legislation, regulations, and monitoring systems is a key factor in socio-economic development, safeguarding human health, and combating corruption. to achieve this, it is necessary to widely apply modern technologies, especially automated analysis and monitoring methods based on ai, in line with current demands. global experience shows that the application of ai tools in the healthcare system contributes to the improvement of the compliance monitoring system, which, in turn, enhances the quality of medical services, eliminates financial shortcomings, and provides an effective means of combating corruption in the sector. this article analyzes the role of ai in the development of compliance monitoring mechanisms in healthcare, achievements made by foreign countries through the use of ai, as well as the risks and problems that could arise from the improper use of this technology. furthermore, it discusses the positive aspects and prospects of introducing aibased compliance monitoring in uzbekistan's healthcare system. first of all, it is worth noting the concepts of compliance monitoring and ai, which are considered new and modern institutions in uzbekistan. compliance monitoring is the process of assessing adherence to internal policies, industry standards, and legal documents. in other words, compliance monitoring is an internal comprehensive control system that checks all activities of an organization within the framework of the law and prevents corrupt situations. ai (or ai) is a field of automated science and technology aimed at creating machines and algorithms capable of mimicking human intelligence in a digital environment. 102 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in uzbekistan, scientific research in the field of combating corruption has been limited. specifically, due to the lack of in-depth scientific research into the compliance monitoring system, problems related to its practical application have arisen. it should be noted that, year by year, there is a need to further improve the scientific and organizational-legal foundations of the compliance monitoring system, which is widely applied in the fight against corruption. at the same time, the role of compliance monitoring in the healthcare system and the issue of applying ai in this area remain urgent tasks from scientific, practical, and legal perspectives. according to scientists, ai performs three main tasks in healthcare: data analysis – quickly and accurately evaluating patient history, diagnostic results, and treatment processes. automated decision-making – assisting doctors in making clinical decisions for patients (such as systems like ibm watson health). early identification of corrupt situations, i.e., risks – identifying inaccurate prescriptions, violations of law, or financially driven corrupt factors. currently, countries around the world are achieving significant results in improving the compliance monitoring system in healthcare through artificial intelligence (ai). the experience of foreign countries shows that the use of ai in healthcare demonstrates its importance in ensuring adherence to legislative documents, evaluating potential problems, identifying corrupt situations in advance, and improving sector efficiency. firstly, the automation of legal documents through ai in the implementation of compliance monitoring in healthcare systems. for example: platforms like ibm watson and google deepmind check the alignment of healthcare system standards with national and international medical standards (gdpr, hipaa). for instance, australia’s "harvey" program analyzes legal documents and offers the possibility to identify compliance violations in the healthcare system in advance. secondly, using ai in healthcare helps speed up the detection of illegal actions or corrupt situations. for example, the "fraud detection ai" system in the us identified wrongful payments in medicare and medicaid, recovering 1.5 billion dollars (2022). thirdly, it assists in real-time monitoring and risk assessment. for example, the "zorgprisma publiek" system in the netherlands, using ai, reduced the probability of law violations by medical institutions by 30%. "predictive analytics" helps to foresee sectoral errors made by healthcare workers (e.g., sas risk management). fourthly, significant achievements have been made in data security and the protection of personal information within the healthcare system. europe’s "differential privacy" method (gdpr): ai anonymizes and encrypts data, ensuring the safety and anonymity of patients and healthcare professionals. in the us, "apixio" is used to protect data within ehr (electronic health record) systems. fifthly, the implementation of automated reporting and audit checks in healthcare systems. for instance, blockchain+ai (e.g., estonia's ksi blockchain system) ensures the accuracy of medical processes. "robotic process automation" (rpa) speeds up audit processes by 80% (deloitte example). according to deloitte’s reports from 2017-2020, rpa helped speed up audit processes by 80%, reducing audit time by 50-75%. according to scientist eris topol, “implementing compliance monitoring in healthcare through ai, as well as effectively using ai in this field, will restore the humanity of the healthcare system, which has become bogged down, and once again build trust in it among people.” in recent years, the practice of using ai in various sectors has begun to take shape in our country as well. according to professors s. gulyamov and i. bozorov, “ai is one of the most advanced 103 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us technologies in healthcare, as it helps maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of operations and patient care services. ai ensures the health and well-being of patients. it helps healthcare professionals better understand patients' needs and changing trends in society, enabling them to provide higher quality medical assistance.” in uzbekistan, many regulatory and legal documents have been adopted regarding the implementation of compliance monitoring in the healthcare sector. in addition, a number of documents related to the use of ai in this field have been adopted, and many projects are in the process of being implemented. several important regulatory and legal documents related to the digital economy and ai have also been adopted. in particular, several important documents have been adopted in uzbekistan to improve the digital economy and the use of ai. these include the following decrees and resolutions: the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5349 on february 19, 2018, on "measures for further improvement of information technologies and communications," the decree no. pf-6079 on october 5, 2020, "on approving the strategy for digital uzbekistan 2030 and measures for its effective implementation," decree no. pf-5953 on march 2, 2020, "on the state program for the implementation of the action strategy for the development of uzbekistan in the years of science, education, and digital economy," decree no. pf-60 on january 28, 2022, "on the development strategy of new uzbekistan for 2022–2026," and the resolution no. pq-4699 on april 28, 2020, "on measures for the widespread introduction of the digital economy and e-government," as well as the resolution no. pq-4996 on february 17, 2021, "on measures for creating conditions for the rapid implementation of artificial intelligence technologies," the decree no. pf-158 on september 11, 2023, "on the uzbekistan2030 strategy," and the resolution no. pq-358 on october 14, 2024, "on approving the artificial intelligence technology development strategy until 2030," and a number of other documents. in 2020, 239 projects were implemented in 14 districts, and in the first quarter of 2021, another 14 districts worked on digitizing health care, cadastre, social protection, agriculture, and education sectors, in response to the most frequent public inquiries. for example, the introduction of the "electronic polyclinic" system reduced paper documentation by 40% and decreased waiting times by 60%. to achieve further results, full digitization of central hospitals and polyclinics is required. according to the resolution no. pq-4996 on february 17, 2021, "on measures for creating conditions for the rapid implementation of artificial intelligence technologies," a list of pilot projects to implement ai technologies in the healthcare sector was approved for 2021-2022, involving software products and information technology parks in the healthcare field. two important steps were taken, including: in healthcare: the use of artificial intelligence technologies for the initial diagnosis of pneumonia based on the analysis of human lung ct scans, and for diagnosing breast cancer through mammography analysis; in the pharmaceutical sector: the application of ai technologies for analyzing and forecasting the demand for pharmaceutical products and medical devices. one of the most important recent steps in our country was reflected in the following document: according to the resolution no. pq-358 on october 14, 2024, "on approving the artificial intelligence technology development strategy until 2030," the following task has been identified as a priority for implementing ai technologies: in healthcare—diagnosing diseases, determining treatment methods, analyzing medical images, and managing patient-related data. according to the "artificial intelligence technology development strategy until 2030," the following actions have been planned in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors: 104 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us implementation of projects aimed at predicting diseases, diagnosing, and determining treatment methods; optimizing the process of manufacturing and delivering pharmaceutical products; using ai technology to detect pneumonia based on lung ct scan analysis; using ai technology for the initial diagnosis of breast cancer based on mammography analysis; analyzing the demand for pharmaceuticals, the minimum and maximum production quantities, and other financial information; establishing an early disease detection system through computer tomography and 3d imaging analysis; using segmentation methods to identify patient diseases; automating surgical interventions and increasing their accuracy. these efforts have, in turn, provided the legal basis for implementing ai-based compliance monitoring in the healthcare system. in addition, under the practical action plan for the "population health-2030" strategy for 20242026, the introduction of ai technologies is planned in 565 healthcare institutions across uzbekistan. the following measures are planned for this purpose: establishing a unified electronic medical network; strengthening the material and technical base of medical institutions by providing them with information and technical tools. ensuring that 100% of healthcare workers are equipped with digital technologies; implementing ai technologies in 565 healthcare institutions; upgrading the digital skills of 475,000 employees; creating a unified digital health platform under the "kfw" bank’s "support for digital health reforms" project; digitizing healthcare services; ensuring that the implementation of digital healthcare adheres strictly to information security policies. if these tasks are successfully implemented, it will significantly simplify the implementation of compliance monitoring in the healthcare sector, prevent the emergence of corrupt situations, increase public trust in the sector, and ensure the effective protection of human rights. by utilizing ai, developed countries are focusing on creating digital platforms for healthcare and pharmaceutical logistics. many advanced countries (such as the us, austria, australia, the uk, south korea, and others) focus on “digital health” and “smart cities” social initiatives in their digital economy programs. implementing "digital health" and "smart city" projects requires more complexity and diversity, but such projects are widely recognized by the general public. however, it is also important to consider that issues related to the legal status of ai, its accountability, and errors it might cause could bring about numerous challenges in the future. in our opinion, the following practical steps should be implemented by our government: creating ai models that conform to national medical standards, organizing compliance monitoring courses based on ai (such as singapore's ai for healthcare program), developing projects in cooperation with international companies (google, ibm), and piloting ai implementation in compliance monitoring. considering the above, it is proposed to develop a national draft law on "artificial intelligence and healthcare," to define the legal status of ai, set legal accountability for the entities using ai, 105 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and create guidelines and programs for implementing compliance monitoring in healthcare through ai. in conclusion, ai is not only automating compliance monitoring but revolutionizing its preventive, objective, and speed aspects. as the importance of compliance monitoring in healthcare grows, ai becomes the modern tool for monitoring the sector. this technology allows for rapid data analysis, early error detection, and optimized decision-making. furthermore, by making the healthcare system, which is often susceptible to corruption, more transparent and impartial, ai helps ensure human rights and boosts public trust in both the state and the healthcare system. as president sh. mirziyoyev has stated, "reforming the healthcare sector is one of the most important directions of state policy." moreover, ai enhances transparency and efficiency in healthcare compliance monitoring. however, its success depends on the comprehensive mutual study, establishment, and impact of scientific, technical, and legal aspects. references used: 1. коррупцияга қарши курашиш. дарслик. // масъул муҳаррир: а.ш. бекмуродов: – тошкент: “akademiya”, 2022. – 189-б. https://uzsuv.uz/media/page/2023/06/korruptsiyagaarshi-kurashish-darslik-2022.pdf 2. исмаилов б.и., насриев и.и. коррупцияга қарши курашиш бўйича идоравий чоратадбирларнинг самарадорлигини ошириш масалалари//ўқув-услубий қўлланма.т.:ўзбекистон республикаси бош прокуратураси академияси, ўзбекистон республикаси судьялар олий кенгаши судьялар олий мактаби. –б14. 3. дэвенпорт, т. и калакота, р. (2019) потенциал искусственного интеллекта в здравоохранении. future healthcare journal, 6, 94-98. https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.62-94 4. тополь, э. дж. (2019) глубокая медицина: как искусственный интеллект может снова сделать здравоохранение человечным. базовые книги. // https://www.aspenideas.org/sessions/deep-medicine-how-artificial-intelligence-can-makehealth-care-human-again 5. гулямов с.с., бозаров с.с. вопросы ответственности искусственного интеллекта в сфере здравоохранения // юрист ахборотномаси – вестник юриста – lawyer herald. no 2 (2022) с. 36-42. // 2 (2022) doi http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9416-2022-2-5 6. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/compliance-monitoring 7. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/sun%ca%bciy_intellekt 8. https://www.ibm.com/industries/healthcare 9. https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/codoc-developing-reliable-ai-tools-for-healthcare/ 10. https://www.harvey.ai/ 11. https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/antifraud/predictive-analytics-saves-government-1-5bimproper-payments 12. https://www.aim-mutual.org/mediaroom/dutch-health-insurers-more-fraud-visibilitythrough-cooperation/ 13. https://www.sas.com/en_us/solutions/risk-management.html 14. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj 15. https://www.apixio.com/press/apixio-launches-ehr-integrated-post-visit-solution/ 16. https://e-estonia.com/solutions/cyber-security/ksi-blockchain/ 106 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 17. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/deloitte/us/documents/process-and-operations/uscons-global-rpa-survey.pdf 18. https://lex.uz/docs/5297046 19. https://www.lex.uz/docs/7158604 20. https://www.lex.uz/docs/7158604 21. https://regulation.gov.uz/uz/d/91224 22. https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/176 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 evaluating translation strategies: impact and effectiveness islomov dilshod shomurodovich associate professor (ph.d), dsc, student french philology department, bukhara state university e-mail.d.s.islomov@buxdu.uz zaripova o‘g‘iljon azimboy qizi 3rd year student of the department of french philology abstract: this article analyzes methods for assessing the impact and effectiveness of translation strategies. the translation process is complex and multifaceted, and it plays an important role in language and intercultural communication. the article examines different types of translation strategies, including literal, adaptive, and contextual approaches. the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are analyzed, as well as their impact on the target audience. the article also presents criteria used to assess translation effectiveness, such as accuracy, originality, and cultural adaptation. the authors demonstrate how different strategies are used in real life through practical examples. as a result, the article provides important recommendations for identifying and developing effective approaches in the field of translation. this study will serve as a valuable resource not only for translators, but also for linguists and cultural scholars. keywords: translation strategies, translation process, language and culture, literal translation, adaptive translation, contextual approach, translation effectiveness, impact assessment, originality. introduction the translation process is an important part of linguistic and intercultural communication, which requires not only the transfer of words from one language to another, but also the preservation of meaning, nuance and context. translation strategies refer to the approaches and methodologies used in this process. their effectiveness and impact are among the main factors determining the quality of a translation. each strategy has its own advantages and limitations and may differ in different contexts. this article examines the process of evaluating translation strategies and the criteria needed to determine their impact. translation effectiveness is related to aspects such as its suitability for the needs of the target audience, its consideration of cultural contexts and its preservation of originality. evaluating the impact of translation strategies is important not only for translators, but also for language learners and all those involved in intercultural communication. this article is devoted to examining the complexity of the translation process and what approaches exist to improve its effectiveness. methods and analysis analyzing translated texts is done by studying their meaning, context, and cultural nuances. surveys can be conducted to obtain audience opinions to evaluate the effectiveness of translation results and strategies. this method allows for a wider range of data to be collected. statistical indicators, such as error rates or reader satisfaction, can be used to assess translation quality. 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us comparing texts created using different translation strategies to determine their effectiveness. this method helps to see what changes occur during the translation process. comparing texts using different strategies (e.g. literal translation, free translation) to determine their impact and uniqueness. discussion the concept of translation strategies has been widely studied in translation studies, and it is necessary to review the history of its development. vinay and darbelnet (1958) conducted the first systematic research on translation strategies and proposed such basic strategies as “direct translation” and “comparative translation”. later, nida (1964) put forward the concepts of “formal equivalence” and “dynamic equivalence”, which became the basis for much subsequent research. house (1977, 1997) developed a model for assessing translation quality, which includes linguistic and pragmatic parameters for evaluating translated texts. reiss and vermeer (1984) developed the “skopos theory”, according to which translation strategies should be determined by the function and purpose of the target text. [1] the seven translation strategies proposed by vinay and darbelnet – borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation – are still widely used and studied in the field of translation studies. newmark (1988) divided translation strategies into two categories: semantic and communicative translations. venuti (1995) proposed the strategies of “assimilation” and “alienation”, which required considering translation strategies from a cultural and ideological perspective. in recent years, baker (1992, 2011) developed a corpus-based approach to evaluating translation strategies. chesterman (1997) divided translation strategies into syntactic, semantic and pragmatic strategies. regarding the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of translation strategies, this field is still developing. house (1997, 2015) is updating the model for evaluating translation quality, which aims to find a balance between linguistic information and pragmatic goals. toury (1995, 2012) developed the concept of translation norms, which allows translation strategies to be evaluated according to their acceptance in the target language culture. [2] the concept of translation strategies is central to translation theory. strategies are methods and techniques that translators consciously or unconsciously employ. they are used to solve linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic problems that arise during the translation process. translation strategies are often used to overcome difficulties that arise during the translation process. for example, when concepts in the source text are not available in the target language, the translator needs to use a specific strategy (e.g., explanation, borrowing, or cultural adaptation). translation strategies can be considered at the macro and micro levels. macro strategies involve general approaches that are applied to the entire text (e.g., staying faithful to the source text or adapting to the culture of the target language). micro strategies are methods that are used to work with individual linguistic elements (e.g., metaphor translation, pun translation, etc.). [3] the concept of equivalence in translation theory is a topic that has caused much debate. equivalence is the degree of similarity between the original text and the translated text. equivalence can be expressed at different levels: word level, sentence level, text level, pragmatic and functional level. nida's concepts of "formal equivalence" and "dynamic equivalence" indicate different aspects of equivalence. while formal equivalence aims to preserve the linguistic elements of the original text in the target language, dynamic equivalence aims to create the same effect between readers of the original text and readers of the translated text. baker (1992) considers equivalence at the word level, grammatical level, text level and pragmatic level. he analyzes the strategies used to achieve equivalence at different levels. the concept of equivalence is important in choosing translation strategies. depending on which type of equivalence the translator prioritizes, he can use different strategies. for example, in literary translation, pragmatic and aesthetic equivalence is often prioritized, while in scientific and technical translation, terminological and substantive equivalence is important. [4] 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us results linguistic parameters include grammatical accuracy, lexical consistency, stylistic consistency, and text coherence of the translation text. these parameters allow us to assess the effectiveness of the translation text from a linguistic point of view. according to the results of the study, communicative translation and free translation strategies received the highest scores in linguistic parameters. word-for-word translation often leads to awkward and unnatural grammatical constructions, which reduces its score in linguistic parameters. in terms of lexical consistency, word-for-word translation and communicative translation strategies showed good results. free translation and adaptation strategies, on the other hand, sometimes achieve naturalness in the target language at the expense of losing lexical elements in the original text. in terms of stylistic consistency and text coherence, the communicative translation strategy is considered the most effective, since it is aimed at creating a fluent and coherent text in the target language while preserving the style of the original text. pragmatic parameters include aspects of the translated text such as achieving the communicative purpose, suitability for the target audience, transmission of cultural elements, and preservation of the text function. adaptation and communicative translation strategies received the highest scores in pragmatic parameters. these strategies are aimed at preserving the communicative purpose of the text, taking into account the cultural and pragmatic context of the target audience. literal translation received the lowest scores in pragmatic parameters, as it often fails to fully transmit the pragmatic function of the original text to the target language readers. in terms of transmission of cultural elements, the adaptation strategy is the most effective, as it adapts the culturally specific concepts in the original text to the culture of the target language. however, this is done at the expense of losing the cultural identity of the original text. [5] functional parameters include aspects of the translated text such as the realization of the text purpose, the effectiveness of practical application, and the level of understanding of the reader/listener. according to the results of the study, communicative translation and adaptation strategies scored the highest on functional parameters. these strategies aimed at preserving the function of the text and creating a text that is understandable and effective for the target audience. literal translation scored average on functional parameters. this strategy may be functionally effective for some text types (e.g. scientific and technical texts), but is less effective for other text types (e.g. fiction). free translation showed good results on functional parameters, as it aims to create a text that is understandable and natural for the target language readers. however, this strategy may lose some functional aspects of the original text. literal translation is considered the least effective, as it produces awkward and unnatural sentences in uzbek. adaptation strategies change the cultural context of the original text, which may not be in line with the original author's intention. free translation, on the other hand, loses some elements of the original text, but creates a fluent text in uzbek. in literary translation, factors such as the genre, style, target audience, and purpose of the translation should be taken into account when choosing the most effective strategy. communicative translation is often a balanced solution, as it aims to create a text that is understandable and effective for readers of the target language while preserving the content and style of the original text. [6] conclusion the process of evaluating translation strategies is important in improving translation quality and promoting cultural exchange by studying their impact and effectiveness. each translation strategy has its own unique impact, which requires taking into account the specific characteristics of the language and culture. when the right strategy is chosen, the meaning and context of the text are better reflected. the efficiency of the translation process is related to speed and quality. a well-chosen strategy can speed up the translation process and provide highquality results. translation strategies need to be adapted to different contexts. the translator's experience and cultural knowledge play an important role in this process. modern technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, help make the translation process more 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us efficient. however, it is also important to take into account human thinking and cultural context. clear criteria should be developed to evaluate the effectiveness of translation strategies. these criteria include quality, accuracy, speed, and audience satisfaction. in general, the process of evaluating translation strategies is important not only from a theoretical but also from a practical point of view. this process serves to improve translation quality, foster cultural exchange, and improve global communication. references: 1. abdullayeva, f. (2018). tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti. toshkent: o'zbekiston. 2. baker, m. (1992). in other words: a coursebook on translation. london: routledge. 3. bassnett, s. (2014). translation studies (4th ed.). london: routledge. 4. berdimurodov, a. (2019). tarjima strategiyalari va dolzarb muammolar. toshkent: fan va texnologiya. 5. fayzullayeva, r. (2020). badiiy tarjima muammolari. samarqand: samdu nashriyoti. 6. ochilov, e. (2014). tarjimaning lingvistik asoslari. toshkent: o'qituvchi. 7. salomov, g'. (1983). tarjima nazariyasiga kirish. toshkent: o'qituvchi. 8. mukhammadovna, j. m. (2021). media relations in french discourse. middle european scientific bulletin issn, 2694-9970. 9. jurayeva, m. м. "j’aime lire» et «je bouquine»." qiyosiy adabiyotshunoslik chog’ishtirma tilshunoslik va tarjimashunoslik: muammo, yechim va istiqbollar. ilmiy-amaliy konferentsiya.–buxoro (2021): 337-342. 10. жўраева, м. (2023). газета ва унинг сарлавҳаларидаги ўзига хос хусусиятлар. golden brain, 1(7), 87-95. 11. maqsuda, j. (2021). yozma matbuot diskursining funktional xususiyatlari. ilm sarchashmalari, 6. 12. ванцова, н. в., д. исламов, and т. м. хусяинов. "возможности использования проектной методики при преподавании иностранных языков." наука. мысль: электронный периодический журнал 10 (2016): 31-34. 13. shomurodovich, islomov dilshod. "the emergence of psycholinguistics, the scientists’scientific-theoretical views and its connection with other sciences." journal of multidisciplinary bulletin 6.5 (2023): 213218. 14. islomov, d. "the role of phonostylistic units and phonemes in the process of teaching french to adults in the analysis of examples." конференции. 2021. 15. islomov, d. sh. "the differentiation aspects of uzbek and french phonetics." ethiopian international journal of multidisciplinary research 10.11 (2023): 47-51. 16. shomurodovich, i. d. l. e. "role de l'emotion en phonopsychologie." (2023): 77-79. 17. islomov, d. "on phonetics, phonostylistics and phonetic means." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 28 (2023): 28. 18. islomov, d. "стилистика тушуншаси тўғрисида назарий қарашлар ва тацлиллар." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 12 (2022): 12. 19. islomov, d. "научно-теоретические взгляды на понятия фонемы и фоностилистики." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 1.1 (2021). 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 20. islomov, dilshod. "his-tuygʻuning paydo boʻlishi, uning asosiy holatlari psixolog olim kerroll ellis izard talqinida." farg'ona davlat universiteti 2 (2024): 96-96. 21. islomov, d. sh. "the articulation of sounds in french. international multidisciplinary journal for research & development, 10 (10)." 2023, 22. shomurodovich, islomov dilshod. "à propos du terme phonopsychologie." conferencea (2023): 45 47 (2023). 23. islomov, d. sh. "similarity aspects of uzbek and french phonetics." international multidisciplinary journal for research & development 10 (2023). 24. исломов, д. ш. "француз тилида ижро этишга хос бўлган фоностилистик воситаларнинг лексик-семантик хусусиятлари." canada" internati̇onal conference on developments i̇n educati̇on, sci̇encesand humani̇ti̇es. vol. 9. no. 1. 2023. 25. islomov, d. "о понятии и искусстве аллитерации, придающей особый фонетический и фоностилистический эффект узбекскому языку." центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 16.16 (2022). 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 09, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 inclusive growth in uzbekistan: challenges and opportunities post-covid-19 shoh-jakhon khamdamov faculty of economics, international school of finance and technology institute, tashkent, uzbekistan abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted economies around the world, and uzbekistan is no exception. as the country embarks on a post-pandemic recovery path, the concept of inclusive growth has gained prominence as a key strategy for ensuring sustainable economic development. this article examines the challenges and opportunities that uzbekistan faces in achieving inclusive growth in the post-covid-19 era. key challenges include rising inequality, vulnerable labor markets, and regional disparities. however, the pandemic has also provided opportunities to advance digitalization, reform social protection systems, and promote green growth. by analyzing recent economic data and policy initiatives, this article highlights the need for targeted government interventions, investments in human capital, and promotion of innovative industries to promote inclusive growth. the findings highlight that inclusive growth in uzbekistan can be achieved through a combination of economic diversification, equitable resource distribution, and strengthened social policies that support the most vulnerable in society. keywords: inclusive growth, uzbekistan, covid-19 recovery, economic inequality, labor market, digitalization, regional differences, social protection, green growth, economic diversification. 1. introduction the covid-19 pandemic has reshaped global economies, affecting not only public health systems but also labor markets, trade, and social structures. uzbekistan, like many emerging economies, faced significant disruptions in its development trajectory, particularly as it sought to implement ongoing reforms aimed at enhancing economic growth and reducing poverty. the post-pandemic world presents both challenges and opportunities for uzbekistan as it strives to recover and build a more inclusive economy. inclusive growth, which refers to an economic model that ensures the benefits of growth are distributed fairly across all segments of society, has become a crucial objective for uzbekistan's government. this concept is particularly relevant in the context of post-pandemic recovery, where the disparities exposed and exacerbated by the crisis, such as income inequality, unemployment, and regional imbalances, must be addressed to ensure long-term prosperity. the pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of certain sectors, including small and medium enterprises (smes), informal workers, and rural populations, which suffered disproportionately from the economic fallout[1,2]. uzbekistan has undertaken a series of reforms aimed at modernizing its economy, increasing public sector efficiency, and creating more job opportunities. however, the road to inclusive growth is fraught with challenges, including regional disparities, an underdeveloped social safety 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us net, and the need for further economic diversification[3]. at the same time, the country’s youthful demographic structure, digitalization initiatives, and focus on green development present unique opportunities for inclusive growth in the post-covid-19 era. this paper examines the key challenges and opportunities that uzbekistan faces in achieving inclusive growth after the pandemic. it explores the structural weaknesses exposed by the crisis and the policy interventions that can accelerate recovery. the analysis also considers how the government’s ongoing reform agenda can be leveraged to promote inclusivity in areas such as employment, education, and regional development. finally, the paper discusses the potential for digital transformation and green growth to play a central role in shaping uzbekistan’s postpandemic economic landscape[4]. by identifying the key factors influencing inclusive growth and the necessary policy responses, this study aims to provide insights into how uzbekistan can emerge from the covid-19 crisis with a more equitable and resilient economy. 2. literature review inclusive growth in uzbekistan faces several challenges, particularly in the wake of the covid19 pandemic. these challenges are rooted in structural economic issues, labor market dynamics, and social policies. addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes economic reforms, labor market adjustments, and social policy innovations. the following sections outline the key factors hindering inclusive growth in uzbekistan and propose strategies to address them post-covid-19. structural economic challenges economic modernization and diversification: uzbekistan's economy has been undergoing modernization, but the pandemic highlighted the need for further diversification and structural reforms. the focus should be on enhancing productive sectors, particularly manufacturing, to drive sustainable growth [5,6]. tax and financial reforms: the pandemic-induced financial challenges necessitate modernizing tax codes to minimize economic burdens and support recovery. efficient tax structures can facilitate quicker economic recovery and support inclusive growth[7,8]. labor market dynamics labor market mismatches: the labor market in uzbekistan is characterized by a mismatch between labor supply and demand, exacerbated by global employment trends. developing a flexible labor market that aligns with the knowledge economy is crucial for inclusive growth[9,10]. gender inequality: women's participation in the formal labor market remains limited, which hinders economic growth. enhancing women's economic participation through targeted policies can unlock significant economic potential[9]. social and policy barriers internal migration restrictions: restrictive propiska registration policies and high urban housing costs limit internal migration, leading to economic imbalances. reforms to lift these restrictions and increase affordable housing can promote mobility and economic integration[11,12]. support for vulnerable populations: the pandemic has disproportionately affected low-income and rural populations. social-economic support measures, such as targeted financial aid and employment programs, are essential to mitigate these impacts and promote inclusive growth[13] [14]. 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us strategies for post-covid-19 recovery accelerating economic reforms: fast-tracking economic reforms, including foreign exchange liberalization and structural adjustments, can address macroeconomic imbalances and support growth[15]. enhancing small business support: small businesses are vital for economic resilience. supporting their development through financial incentives and reducing bureaucratic hurdles can stimulate job creation and economic diversification[16]. promoting industrial policies: focusing on industrial policies that support productive export sectors can drive economic growth and create employment opportunities[17]. while these strategies offer a pathway to inclusive growth, it is important to consider the broader socio-economic context. the pandemic has underscored the interconnectedness of global economies, and uzbekistan's growth strategies must align with international trends and standards. additionally, ensuring fairness and transparency in policy implementation is crucial to maintaining public trust and support for reforms[18]. by addressing these challenges comprehensively, uzbekistan can foster a more inclusive and resilient economy in the postcovid-19 era. 3. results the results of this study provide an in-depth look at the progress uzbekistan has made toward achieving inclusive growth in the aftermath of the covid-19 pandemic, highlighting both persistent challenges and emerging opportunities. the findings are structured around key areas, including economic recovery, labor market dynamics, inequality, and the role of government policies. 1. economic recovery the analysis of gdp trends shows that uzbekistan’s economy experienced a relatively quick recovery from the initial shock of the covid-19 pandemic, with gdp growth reaching positive levels by 2021. however, the recovery has been uneven across sectors: agriculture emerged as a resilient sector, maintaining stable growth throughout the pandemic, driven by the demand for food products and government support for rural economies. manufacturing and services sectors, while recovering, continue to face challenges, particularly in tourism and hospitality, which were heavily impacted by lockdown measures. small and medium enterprises (smes) have been slower to recover due to limited access to financing and disruptions in supply chains, highlighting the need for targeted support to this sector. 2. labor market dynamics the study finds significant labor market challenges post-covid-19, particularly in terms of unemployment and income inequality: unemployment rates saw a sharp increase during the pandemic, especially among informal workers, women, and youth. while recovery efforts have reduced unemployment, the labor market remains fragile, with many workers still in vulnerable positions. wage inequality has widened, with workers in urban areas and higher-skilled sectors faring better than those in rural regions and lower-income sectors. this exacerbates pre-existing regional disparities. informal employment remains a significant issue, with many workers in rural and urban areas relying on informal jobs that lack social protection, making them more vulnerable to economic shocks. 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. income inequality and poverty the pandemic has contributed to rising income inequality, as measured by the gini coefficient, and an increase in poverty rates: gini coefficient data suggests a rise in income inequality during the pandemic, as wealthier households were better able to withstand the economic shocks compared to low-income households, which faced higher unemployment and lost income. poverty rates spiked during the pandemic but have started to decline due to government intervention programs aimed at supporting low-income households. however, poverty remains higher in rural areas, where access to social services and economic opportunities is more limited. 4. regional disparities the results show that regional economic disparities, which were already significant before the pandemic, have worsened: urban-rural divide: economic recovery has been faster in urban centers like tashkent, where industrial and service sectors are concentrated. in contrast, rural regions, which depend heavily on agriculture and informal employment, have lagged behind in recovery. access to infrastructure and services: regions with better infrastructure and digital connectivity have seen more robust recovery, while those lacking these services have struggled, further widening regional inequalities. 5. government policy interventions the government's policy responses to the pandemic have played a crucial role in mitigating the negative impacts on inclusive growth, but further action is needed: social protection programs: the expansion of social safety nets, including cash transfers and unemployment benefits, has helped reduce poverty and provide immediate relief to vulnerable groups. however, the coverage of these programs remains limited, particularly in rural areas. economic diversification initiatives: government efforts to promote economic diversification, particularly through the development of digital infrastructure and green industries, show potential for creating new economic opportunities and reducing reliance on traditional sectors like agriculture and extractive industries. digital transformation: the pandemic has accelerated the push for digitalization, with the government investing in digital infrastructure and promoting e-commerce and digital services. this has opened up new economic opportunities, particularly for urban youth and entrepreneurs, but access to digital technologies remains limited in rural regions, highlighting a key barrier to inclusive growth. 6. opportunities for inclusive growth despite the challenges, the study identifies several opportunities for promoting inclusive growth in uzbekistan: green growth initiatives: uzbekistan’s commitment to green growth and sustainable development presents an opportunity to create jobs and economic opportunities in sectors such as renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and eco-tourism. youth employment and entrepreneurship: the country's young population offers significant potential for driving economic growth, particularly if government policies continue to support education, skills development, and entrepreneurship. digital economy expansion: the growth of the digital economy, accelerated by the pandemic, provides a pathway for expanding economic opportunities, particularly for small businesses and rural populations, if infrastructure and digital literacy are improved. 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us summary of results: the post-covid-19 landscape in uzbekistan is characterized by uneven economic recovery, with regional and sectoral disparities persisting. labor market vulnerabilities, income inequality, and regional disparities remain significant challenges to achieving inclusive growth. however, government interventions and the emergence of opportunities in green growth, youth entrepreneurship, and digitalization offer pathways to a more equitable economic future. comprehensive policy reforms aimed at addressing structural weaknesses in the labor market, improving access to social services, and expanding digital infrastructure will be critical in ensuring long-term inclusive growth in uzbekistan. 4. conclusion the covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on uzbekistan's economy, exposing vulnerabilities in key sectors, exacerbating existing inequalities, and presenting significant challenges to the pursuit of inclusive growth. however, as the country navigates its postpandemic recovery, opportunities have emerged that could help reshape uzbekistan’s economic landscape to be more inclusive and sustainable. this study has highlighted the uneven nature of economic recovery across regions and sectors, with urban areas and industries such as agriculture showing greater resilience, while other sectors, particularly smes, informal workers, and rural regions, continue to face difficulties. the labor market remains fragile, with high unemployment and growing wage inequality among different demographic and geographic groups, which risks undermining the country's long-term development goals. despite these challenges, uzbekistan has made important strides in addressing the economic fallout of the pandemic through targeted government interventions. social protection programs, economic diversification efforts, and a push toward digital transformation have provided muchneeded relief and opened up new avenues for inclusive growth. however, significant gaps remain in terms of regional development, social safety nets, and access to digital technologies, particularly in rural areas. looking forward, uzbekistan’s commitment to green growth, youth entrepreneurship, and the expansion of the digital economy presents promising opportunities for fostering inclusivity. to capitalize on these opportunities, the government must prioritize policies that address structural weaknesses, such as regional disparities and the informal labor market. this includes strengthening social protection systems, enhancing digital infrastructure, and promoting skills development, especially among marginalized groups. in conclusion, achieving inclusive growth in uzbekistan requires a comprehensive and coordinated policy approach that tackles inequality, supports vulnerable populations, and promotes economic diversification. by addressing the challenges exposed by the pandemic and seizing emerging opportunities, uzbekistan can build a more equitable, resilient, and sustainable economy that benefits all segments of society in the post-covid-19 era. 5. references: 1. anvar, eshpulotovich, kobilov., kurbonov, oybek, abdusattarovich., akmal, merojovich, amirov., dilafruz, karshiyevna, usmanova. (2020). (1) the impact of investment on the economic development of uzbekistan. doi: 10.5373/jardcs/v12sp7/20202317 2. kobilov, a., kurbonov, o. (2021). (2) foreign direct investment and domestic investment on the economic growth of the uzbekistan: a vecm analysis. 3. tulkin, imomkulov. (2023). (3) the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in uzbekistan. economics & education, doi: 10.55439/eced/vol24_iss6/a4 4. khamdamov, s. j. (2021). calculating share of factors of intensive economic growth in uzbekistan. the 5th international conference on future networks & distributed systems, 393-397. 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5. tran, t. k., lin, c. y., tu, y. t., duong, n. t., thi, t. d. p., & shoh-jakhon, k. (2023). nexus between natural resource depletion and rent and cop26 commitments: empirical evidence from vietnam. resources policy, 85, 104024. 6. nigora, a., ashurmetova., nigora, musaeva. 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(2020). оценка уровня интенсивного роста республики узбекистан. ббк 72 и120, 113. 17. rosa, capolupo., lars, jonung. (2008). (10) the effects of the real exchange rate volatility and misalignments on foreign trade flows in uzbekistan. social science research network, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1726684 18. khamdamov, s. j., & usmanov, a. (2022). new methodological recommendations for economic growth. архив научных исследований, 2(1). 109 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 conservation methods applied at registan square aslamova aziza orifovna master’s student of museology “silk road” international university of tourism and cultural heritage abstract: registan square in samarkand, uzbekistan, is one of the most emblematic monuments of islamic and timurid architecture. over the past century, it has undergone multiple conservation campaigns reflecting shifts in political context, technological capabilities, and evolving philosophies of heritage preservation. this paper explores the major conservation methods employed from the russian imperial period through the soviet era to contemporary efforts in post-independence uzbekistan. it analyzes the application of structural reinforcement, material restoration, digital technologies, and international collaboration, evaluating their adherence to global conservation ethics. by tracing these interventions in chronological and thematic order, the study highlights the balance between material preservation and authenticity, offering insights into sustainable heritage management in a historically and seismically vulnerable context. keywords: registan square, cultural heritage, key concepts of conservation, conservation methods, architectural restoration, soviet interventions, unesco, authenticity, historical preservation, timurid architecture; digital documentation. introduction the conservation of cultural heritage is a multidimensional endeavor aimed not only at preserving tangible history but also at safeguarding cultural identity, memory, and meaning. unesco defines this: “the conservation of cultural heritage refers to the measures taken to extend the life of cultural heritage while strengthening transmission of its significant heritage messages and values. in the domain of cultural property, the aim of conservation is to maintain the physical and cultural characteristics of the object to ensure that its value is not diminished and that it will outlive our limited time span” [19]. unlike restoration, which seeks to return an artifact to a presumed original state, conservation emphasizes the stabilization and protection of heritage materials in their current, aged condition, allowing the viewer to witness the passage of time and the layers of historical change embedded within the artifact [29]. this distinction is critical in the context of monumental architectural ensembles, where intervention decisions must navigate between structural safety, material authenticity, and aesthetic coherence. architectural heritage, particularly in arid and seismically active regions, faces accelerating degradation due to environmental factors such as water infiltration, air pollution, uv radiation, and temperature fluctuations. these stressors promote chemical and physical decay processes, ranging from salt crystallization and freeze–thaw cycles in masonry to microbial colonization and photodegradation of decorative finishes [29]. as a result, conservation efforts require scientifically informed strategies tailored to each structure’s material composition, environmental context, and historical significance. in recent decades, advanced methods such as nanomaterial-based consolidants, 3d laser scanning, and digital photogrammetry have 110 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us transformed conservation from a predominantly empirical craft into a technology-enhanced discipline. this article examines the conservation methods applied to one of central asia’s most iconic historical site – registan square in samarkand, uzbekistan. comprising three monumental timurid madrassas, ulugh beg, sher-dor, and tilla kori, registan represents both the architectural grandeur and historical vulnerability of islamic central asian heritage. over the past century, registan has undergone diverse conservation interventions, ranging from sovietera structural reconstructions using reinforced concrete to contemporary programs incorporating international guidelines and scientific tools. the research question guiding this study is the conservation methods that have been employed at registan square, and how they reflect evolving philosophies and technologies in heritage preservation. to answer this, the article provides a chronological analysis of the key phases of registan’s conservation, exploring the historical contexts, technical approaches, and ethical debates surrounding each phase. drawing on both archival sources and contemporary conservation literature, the discussion assesses how interventions at registan align with or diverge from international charters, such as the venice charter and the nara document on authenticity. in doing so, this study not only documents the site’s preservation history but also offers insight into the broader challenges and innovations shaping conservation practice in the 21st century. research methodology this study uses a qualitative, historical-analytical approach to examine the conservation methods applied at registan square. it draws on archival sources, scholarly literature, and reports from organizations such as unesco to trace changes in techniques and philosophies over time. the analysis is guided by international conservation standards, including the venice charter and nara document, and incorporates recent technical data from collaborative restoration projects. results and discussion we present our findings in three parts. first, we define key terms in cultural heritage conservation, drawing on internationally recognized sources such as unesco and icomos. second, we outline established conservation methods used globally in safeguarding architectural heritage. finally, we examine the specific conservation practices applied at registan square, illustrating how these approaches are implemented in a historically significant context. i. key terminologies in cultural heritage conservation to ground the discussion in internationally accepted frameworks, table 1 presents selected terms that are central to the understanding and application of conservation principles in the cultural heritage sector. table 1. glossary of key terms in cultural heritage conservation term definition source conservation all actions aimed at the safeguarding of cultural heritage for the future, while respecting its significance. unesco, operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention (2021) conservator a professional whose primary occupation is the practice of conservation and who, through specialized education, knowledge, training, and experience, formulates and implements all the activities of conservation aic definitions of conservation terminology conservation administrator a professional with substantial knowledge of conservation who is responsible for the administrative aspects and implementation of conservation activities aic definitions of conservation terminology 111 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conservation educator a professional with substantial knowledge and experience in the theory and techniques of conservation whose primary occupation is to teach the principles, methodology, and/or technical aspects of the profession aic definitions of conservation terminology conservation scientist a professional scientist whose primary focus is the application of specialized knowledge and skills to support the activities of conservation aic definitions of conservation terminology conservation technician an individual who is trained and experienced in specific conservation treatment activities and who works in conjunction with or under the supervision of a conservator a conservation technician may also be trained and experienced in specific preventive care activities. aic definitions of conservation terminology conservation method a systematic approach or technique applied to preserve, protect, and stabilize cultural heritage objects, structures, or sites. these methods may include preventive conservation, restoration, reconstruction, consolidation, or documentation, each chosen based on the specific condition, significance, and context of the heritage asset. unesco (2017). operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention (para. 110–124). united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization conservation ethics the guiding principles and moral responsibilities that govern decisions and actions in the care of cultural heritage. these ethics emphasize values such as authenticity, integrity, minimal intervention, reversibility, and respect for the cultural and historical context of the heritage object or site. staniforth, s. (2013). conservation ethics. in a. richmond & a. bracker (eds.), conservation: principles, dilemmas and uncomfortable truths (pp. 19– 29). collections care specialist an individual who is trained and experienced in specific preventive care activities and who works in conjunction with or under the supervision of a conservator. aic definitions of conservation terminology restoration returning a heritage object to a known earlier state, without conjecture and respecting original materials and design. icomos. venice charter (1964), art. 9 preservation maintaining a heritage item in its existing state and preventing further deterioration. iccrom glossary treatment the deliberate alteration of the chemical and/or physical aspects of cultural property, aimed primarily at prolonging its existence. treatment may consist of stabilization and/or restoration. aic definitions of conservation terminology authenticity the degree to which heritage retains its original cultural value, form, materials, and setting. nara document on authenticity (1994) integrity the wholeness and intactness of a cultural heritage site and its attributes. unesco. operational guidelines (2021) anastylosis a conservation technique involving the reassembly of existing but dismembered icomos. venice charter (1964), art. 15 112 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us parts of a monument. preventive conservation measures and actions aimed at avoiding future deterioration or loss. iccrom. preventive conservation approach, 2007 cultural significance the aesthetic, historic, scientific, social, or spiritual value for past, present, or future generations. icomos, burra charter (2013) ii. explanation of conservation methods used in the sphere. conservation of cultural heritage assets encompasses preventive and interventive strategies, supported by laboratory analysis, comprehensive documentation, ethical standards, and community engagement. 2.1. preventive conservation and collections care. preventive conservation aims to minimize deterioration before it occurs through environmental control – managing temperature, humidity, and light exposure [3]. for example, watercolor paintings need shielded lighting environments to prevent pigment fading. collections care – whether in storage, exhibition, or transit – is a critical responsibility of museum professionals and involves regular condition monitoring to identify artifacts requiring conservation intervention. an illustrative case is the filling of cracks in a rock wall with prehistoric paintings at serra da capivara national park, carried out to prevent structural fragmentation. 2.2. interventive conservation. interventive, or curative, conservation involves direct actions on an object to stabilize, restore, or improve its condition. this may include varnish removal from paintings, application of wax on sculptures, or rebinding of aged manuscripts. ethical practice requires that such interventions be fully documented, justifiable, and distinguishable from original materials [28]. while reversibility has historically been a guiding principle, it is increasingly understood as a flexible standard rather than an absolute, and all interventions should now be clearly recorded and, where possible, reversible. 2.3. scientific analysis and conservation laboratories. modern conservation laboratories utilize advanced scientific techniques – such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and x-ray imaging – to assess material composition and structural integrity. these analyses inform treatment choices and help prevent damage. public-facing labs like the smithsonian’s lunder conservation center allow real-time observation of conservators at work, thereby raising educational awareness and transparency [16]. 2.4. documentation, ethics, community involvement, and technology. thorough documentation underlies all conservation work, capturing the object's condition, materials, and treatment history [16]. ethical guidelines emphasize minimal intervention, correct material use, and respect for original fabric. community engagement ensures local perspectives shape conservation priorities. emerging technologies – such as 3d scanning, thermal imaging, and laser cleaning – are enhancing diagnostic, documentation, and treatment capabilities. iii. conservation methods employed at registan square 3.1 historical overview of conservation at registan. registan square, composed of the ulugh beg (1417–1420), sher dor (1619–1636), and tilla kori (1646–1660) madrasas, stands as a masterpiece of timurid islamic architecture. by the late 19th century, however, the complex had suffered extensive decay: domes and portals were partially collapsed, minarets leaned dangerously, and nearly 80% of its tile cladding had deteriorated [15]. in response, russian imperial engineers undertook emergency shoring work around 1875, most notably rebuilding the collapsed western minaret of the ulugh beg madrasa and re-leveling parts of the square to ensure structural stability [15], [13]. transitioning into the early soviet period, the heritage authorities assumed oversight of registan. a key milestone occurred with the restoration works of ulugh beg madras (1417–1420), the oldest surviving monument on the square. the northern and southern facades of it were piles of rubble at the beginning of the 20th century, as testified by the photographs of friedrich sarre, published in 1901 (fig.1) [12]. 113 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us fig.1. the ulugh beg madrasa before 1910 (photograph by friedrich sarre, denkmäler persischer baukunst thus, its entire courtyard had to be rebuilt and the epigraphic program designed anew. the characteristic hauz (water tank) to the southeast was destroyed. one of the western minarets collapsed in 1870. in the autumn of 1918 it was noticed that the northeastern minaret of the registan façade had started to tilt. as a result, a lot of engineering effort went into the straightening of the original minarets along the registan. the first reconstruction project was initiated in 1920 by mikhail f. mauer, the chief architect of samarqand since 1917 [10]. after a decade of preparations, the northeastern minaret was straightened in 1932 by the moscow engineer vladimir g. shukhov, using innovative but masonry-sensitive techniques, a feat he later replicated for the southeastern minaret in 1965 (fig.2) [12]. fig.2. the straightening of the northeastern minaret of the ulugh beg madrasa in 1932 in the 1950s e. o. nelle produced the drawings for the straightening of the southeastern minaret, the work was executed by the engineer e. m. gendel in 1965. earlier, in 1925, boris n. zasypkin led a restoration of sher dor’s façade that prioritized conservation ethics, using original brick and alabaster and working with local craftsmen, in stark contrast to later soviet reconstruction methods reliant on modern materials [13]. the most ambitious phase followed between 1967 and 1987, largely funded by moscow and completed with support from local authorities. engineers and archaeologists performed extensive structural and archaeological surveys, recovering reusable original materials for both interiors and exteriors. the dome of tilla kori, destroyed since the early 19th century, was reconstructed and its gilded interior was restored around 1979 (fig.3) [16], [13]. facades across all three 114 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us madrasas received glazed tile replacements, while reinforced-concrete shells were introduced underneath to enhance seismic resilience. reflecting on this work, konstantin kriukov observed that the façades appeared like “garments” draped over structurally reinforced cores [10]. fig.3. the registan in 1969 and 1979, showing the rebuilding of the tilla kori madrasa in 1982, the restored ensemble, blending traditional aesthetics with modern engineering, was formally reopened. although the scale of the interventions preserved the physical integrity and grandeur of registan, subsequent conservation discourse has critiqued the approach’s impact on material authenticity and respect for historical stratigraphy, as noted by international charters such as venice and nara [7],[9]. in summary, registan’s conservation history progressed from urgent stabilization in the late 19th and throughout the 20th centuries, through structurally conservative but stylistically careful restoration in the early soviet era, to a comprehensive epoch of reconstruction in the mid-to-late soviet period. these stages collectively ensured the site’s survival, but also introduced important debates regarding authenticity, integrity, and the ethical limits of restoration. 3.2. post-independence and contemporary efforts (1991–present). following uzbekistan’s independence in 1991, stewardship of registan transitioned from soviet oversight to national custodianship. with the square’s designation as part of a unesco world heritage site in 2001, conservation practice shifted toward globally endorsed standards, integrating advanced technologies and ethical frameworks. notably, in 2018–2019, a franco-uzbek collaboration, including the lublin university of technology, employed high-resolution 3d laser scanning to assess structural deformation in domes and to digitally archive decorative façades, providing empirical data to guide restorative interventions [27]. fig.4. 3d decoration of façades of the registan square recent funding initiatives have focused on targeted preventive and restorative work. in 2024, the u.s. government allocated a $500,000 grant toward replicating timurid patterns and stabilizing 115 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us tile mosaics across the madrassas’ façades [11]. in parallel, unesco and the aga khan trust for culture spearheaded training programs for uzbek conservators, focusing on preventive conservation, reversible methods, site management, and public engagement, thereby investing in local capacities and sustainable care [22]. local institutions have increasingly adopted minimalist interventions guided by strict documentation protocols and authenticity safeguards. for instance, restoration of chromatic domes and conservation of wooden portal frames now follow reversible bonding techniques and non-invasive stabilization, all recorded in detailed condition reports and integrated into registan’s long-term conservation management plan. while tourism continues to bring pressure to the site, current efforts aim to balance access with preservation through strategic visitor circulation plans, surface protection systems, and educational initiatives that help raise public awareness of the site’s cultural significance and vulnerability [23], [11] 3.3. key conservation challenges facing registan square. despite decades of concerted preservation efforts, registan square remains subject to numerous and evolving conservation challenges that threaten both its material fabric and its cultural authenticity. among the most persistent environmental risks are samarkand’s harsh climatic conditions. situated in a semi-arid continental zone, registan experiences extreme daily temperature fluctuations, low humidity, and seasonal dust storms, all of which accelerate the deterioration of exposed bricks, glazed tiles, and historic mortars [23]. in particular, thermally induced expansion and contraction cycles produce stress fractures across tile surfaces, leading to delamination and pigment fading. episodes of rainfall combined with wind-driven dust further exacerbate erosion of the architectural reliefs and domes. seismic vulnerability presents another major concern. located within an active tectonic zone, registan has historically suffered damage from moderate earthquakes. while soviet-era interventions introduced reinforced concrete cores within load-bearing structures to mitigate this threat, these rigid insertions often limit future reversibility and pose ethical dilemmas regarding long-term material compatibility [4]. engineering assessments conducted in the 2010s using 3d laser scanning and geophysical sensors confirmed differential settlement in some madrassa foundations and subsurface voids under high-stress zones, signaling the need for continuous geotechnical monitoring. tourism introduces a separate but increasingly urgent category of risk. as uzbekistan’s most visited heritage site, registan receives high volumes of foot traffic throughout the year. while economically beneficial, uncontrolled visitation can cause gradual abrasion of floor tiles, microfracturing of wall surfaces, and temperature increases in enclosed areas, contributing to biological growth and mechanical stress. in response, conservation authorities have implemented protective flooring layers in sensitive interiors and are in the process of finalizing a visitor management plan that includes capacity limits and interpretive signage. a more complex challenge relates to the historical layering of interventions, particularly those conducted during the soviet period. earlier restorations, while structurally effective, often prioritized visual monumentality over strict material authenticity. extensive use of modern cements, synthetic glazes, and reinforced concrete has created long-term maintenance issues, particularly where these materials have weathered differently from the original timurid fabric [14]. this has occasionally obscured the distinction between original and reconstructed elements, complicating documentation and raising questions about the site’s historical legibility. moreover, conservation planning continues to be constrained by resource limitations. although international organizations such as unesco, the world monuments fund, and the aga khan trust for culture have contributed expertise and funding, consistent local financing and specialist training remain limited. this has implications for the frequency and technical quality 116 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of ongoing preventive maintenance, including routine cleaning of façades, monitoring of tile adhesion, and seasonal roof waterproofing. 3.4. evaluation against international principles. evaluating the conservation trajectory of registan square through the lens of international frameworks such as the venice charter (1964), the nara document on authenticity (1994), and the unesco operational guidelines (2017) reveals both commendable achievements and enduring tensions. these charters provide guiding criteria for assessing authenticity, integrity, reversibility, and stakeholder engagement in heritage conservation. the principle of authenticity, as framed in the nara document, extends beyond material substance to include craftsmanship, setting, spirit, and use [9]. soviet-era reconstructions, particularly between 1967 and 1987, compromised material authenticity by substituting reinforced concrete for original brick cores and re-glazing entire surfaces with modern ceramic tiles [4]. however, these interventions were informed by scientific assessments and served to arrest decay, preserving registan’s form and symbolism for future generations. postindependence initiatives have increasingly emphasized authenticity in the broader cultural sense, integrating traditional artisanship and vernacular methods in restoration, thereby realigning practice with the nara framework [22]. integrity, referring to the completeness and intactness of heritage assets, has been largely preserved. all three madrassas have been structurally stabilized and visually unified, with particular attention to retaining the ensemble’s urban coherence and symbolic significance. however, the patchwork of interventions, some well-documented, others less so, necessitates clearer demarcation between original elements and reconstructed components, as recommended by the venice charter [7]. current conservation guidelines in uzbekistan now require all new works to be both reversible and distinguishable under close inspection, supporting the principle of transparent layering. reversibility, a core tenet of modern conservation ethics, is an area of challenge. many sovietera restorations relied on irreversible techniques such as embedding concrete within structural walls or chemically altering original surfaces for durability. these choices, while reflective of the technological norms of the time, pose dilemmas for future conservation. by contrast, current interventions prioritize reversible adhesives, lime-based mortars, and minimally invasive anchoring systems, showing greater compliance with unesco’s operational guidelines [21]. community engagement has emerged as a significant component in recent years. public education campaigns, local training programs, and employment of traditional craftsmen reflect the increasing recognition of intangible heritage and social sustainability. the aga khan trust’s work in central asia, including adjacent projects in herat and bukhara, has served as an influential model, combining social development with architectural conservation [1]. the u.s. state department’s 2024 grant of $500,000 for registan restoration further illustrates growing international collaboration and trust in uzbekistan’s evolving conservation framework [11]. conclusion the conservation history of registan square illustrates a dynamic evolution in heritage preservation methods shaped by technological advancements, shifting ideologies, and international influence. from early emergency stabilizations to large-scale soviet reconstructions and, more recently, to technologically integrated and ethically conscious interventions, each phase reflects its time’s prevailing values and capabilities. while soviet-era efforts secured the site’s physical survival, they often compromised material authenticity. in contrast, post-1991 initiatives have prioritized minimal intervention, documentation, and capacity building, aligning more closely with global conservation principles. as conservation continues, sustaining registan’s cultural, structural, and aesthetic integrity will require ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, community involvement, and adherence to international best practices. 117 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. aga khan award for architecture (2010). aga khan cultural service – uzbekistan. https://www.akdn.org/our-agencies/aga-khan-trust-culture 2. american institute for conservation. aic definitions of conservation terminology (1996). newsletter, 18(2) https://cool.culturalheritage.org/waac/wn/wn18/wn18-2/wn18202.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com 3. american institute for conservation (2003). collection care. conservation wiki. https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/collection_care 4. benjamin c. (2018). soviet central asia and the preservation of history: the registan. humanities, 7(3), article 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/h7030073 5. cato p. s., golden, j., & mclaren, s. 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(2013, summer). epigraphic restorations of timurid architectural heritage. iias newsletter, (64). https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/epigraphic-restorationstimurid-architectural-heritage 13. paskaleva e. g. (2023, summer). the restored splendours of timurid samarqand. iias newsletter, (95). https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/restored-splendours-timuridsamarqand 14. paskaleva e. g. (2025). the registan square (15th–17th century). iias newsletter. https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/restored-splendours-timurid-samarqand 15. shmidt m. (2017). soviet central asia and the preservation of history: the registan. humanities, 7(3), article 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/h7030073 16. social: conservation-restoration of cultural heritage. https://handwiki.org/wiki/social:conservation-restoration_of_cultural_heritage 17. staniforth s. 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(2000). conservation guidelines for invertebrate paleontology collections. the paleontological society special publications, 10, 93–104. 29. weththimuni m. l., & licchelli, m. (2023). heritage conservation and restoration: surface characterization, cleaning and treatments. coatings, 13(2), 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020457 https://uis.unesco.org/node/3080254 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/documents/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/603/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/glossary/authenticity https://whc.unesco.org/en/glossary/integrity https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020457 importance of financial technologies and digitalization of banks in the field of banking services skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 11, 2024 | version v1 journal article open importance of financial technologies and digitalization of banks in the field of banking services creators diyor makhkamov files 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studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 07, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 tertiary education trust fund (tetfund): roles and challenges niyi jacob ogunode department of education, university of abuja, nigeria adaka t. ahon, phd special needs education department, federal university of lafia abdulkadir umar department of planning, research and statistics national commission for colleges of education, abuja abstract: purpose: this paper examines the roles of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) in the development of tertiary institutions in nigeria and the various challenges militating against the effectiveness of the fund. method: the paper is a review study. the paper depends on secondary data that were collected from government documents, print resources and online publications. content analysis was used to narrow the literature to the theme of the study. findings: the study revealed that the major roles of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) in the nigerian tertiary institutions include; infrastructure facilities development, research development and staff training programme. the study also identified; inadequate funding, shortage of personnel, inadequate transportation facilities, insecurity, abscondment of sponsored academic staff, poor retirement from institutions and naira depreciation as some of the challenges militating against the effectiveness of the fund. recommendations:the government should increase the funding of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) by increasing the percentage of the education tax to 5%. this will enable the funds to execute more infrastructure facilities projects and staff training. the fund should increase allocation to research programmes in the various tertiary institutions across the country. keywords: tertiary education trust fund (tetfund). nigeria. introduction there are many definitions of tertiary education according to different scholars. for instance, tertiary education is an education system designed to solve local, national and international pressing problems (ogunode&musa 2024)). tertiary education is an organized education for the development of manpower and national transformation via teaching, research and community services (ogunode & ayeni, 2024). tertiary education is the education after secondary school education and for specialization (ogunode, ayeni, &ogwuche, 2024). the tertiary institution can also be seen as a subset of the general society that is made of a collection of different people, different cultures, different lifestyles and different values (ogunode and odo 2023). tertiary education is a planned and organized educational system designed for the total development of men/women and for the total transformation of society through the utilization of teaching, research and provision of community service (ogunode, edinoh&okolie 2023).ogunode 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us andmcbrown (2022) viewed tertiary education as an educational system that advances the implementation of the teaching programme, research programme and community service programme for the socio-economic and technological development of the country. idowu (2020) view tertiary institutions as the types of schools which a student will attend after secondary school such as universities, polytechnics, monotechnic colleges of education and other institutions of higher learning offering correspondence courses, diplomas and certificates. tertiary education or higher education covers a wider range of higher learning institutions which include the university and other institutions. these higher learning institutions could be organized in different ways, commonly within a university and in a separate institution as university and other tertiary learning institutions. tertiary education is the type of education that a person undergoes after the basic secondary education. it could be in a university, polytechnic or college of education (alemu 2018). ibrahim (2017) noted that higher institutions are very important in meeting the socio-cultural and developmental needs of a country. tertiary education can be defined as the level of education acquired after secondary education in higher institutions of learning such as universities, polytechnics, colleges of education and otherinstitutions of higher learning offering correspondence courses, diplomas and certificates (oraka, ogbodo & ezejiofor, 2017) tertiary education is an education that is anchored on teaching, research and provision of community services for the total transformation of the nation. tertiary education is defined by the national policy on education (2013) as the education given after post basic education in institutions such as universities and inter-university centres such as the nigeria french language village, nigeria arabic language village, national institute of nigerian languages, institutions such as innovation enterprise institutions (ieis), and colleges of education, monotechnics, polytechnics, and other specialized institutions such as colleges of agriculture, schools of health and technology and the national teachers' institutes (nti). tertiary education according to (akinyemi, 2013), is any of various types of education given in postsecondary institutions of learning and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of higher studies. the goal of higher education in nigeria is designed towards advancing nigeria's economic growth and global competitiveness through the provision of accessible, relevant, high-quality education in our tertiary education institutions and to constantly attract, develop and graduate competent, knowledgeable and talented individuals from our tertiary education institutions. the goals of tertiary education shall be to: contribute to national development through highlevel manpower training; provide accessible and affordable quality learning opportunities in formal and informal education in response to the needs and interests of all nigerians; provide high-quality career counselling and lifelong learning programmes that prepare students with the knowledge and skills for self-reliance and the world of work; reduce skill shortages through the production of skilled manpower relevant to the needs of the labour market; promote and encourage scholarship, entrepreneurship and community service; forge and cement national unity; and promote national and international understanding and interaction (frn, 2013). nigerian tertiary education is faced with a lot of problems. echono (2023) noted that nigeria's tertiary institutions continue to encounter problems of inadequate facilities and basic infrastructure. facilities such as laboratories, lecture halls and classrooms are either dilapidated or absent in many of our institutions across the country. in recent times ict has come to occupy an important place in teaching and learning. however, ict facilities are lacking in most of the tertiary institutions in the country. ogunode, jegede, adah, audu, and ajape (2020); ogunode, andatobauka, (2021);ogunode, ezema, and olugbenga (2022); ogunode, onaolapo, onaolapo, adeosun, andayoko (2023), and amaechi, ayeni and madu (2019) identified bad leadership and corruption as challenges facing every sector in nigeria, of which tertiary institution is part. in the bid to overcome these challenges and to create a conducive academic environment in higher education institutions, echono (2023) ascertained that a commission was set up by the 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us then military head of state of nigeria, gen. ibrahim badamasi babangida in december 1990 to review higher education in the country. the commission was named after its chairman, the gray longe commission and was charged with the responsibility of reviewing the post-independence higher education reforms including that of lord ashby's commission of 1959. the commission after its review recommended among others the funding of higher education through earmarked tax borne by all registered companies operating in nigeria. through the recommendations of the commission, the implementation committee headed by prof. olu o. akinkugbe reached and signed an agreement on the 3rd september 1993, between the federal government and the academic staff union of university (asuu) who had included in their agitation, the implementation of the gray longe commission report for the funding of public higher education institutions in nigeria. significantly, the signed agreement led to the establishment of the education tax fund (etf) act no.7 of 1993 as amended by act no.40 of 1998 to education trust fund which then catered for all sectors of education namely; primary, secondary, and higher education institutions (echono 2023). the act empowered the federal inland revenue service (firs) to assess and collect the education tax (edt) on behalf of the fund and remit it to the fund through the central bank of nigeria. the tetfund act no. 16 of 2011 exited the primary and secondary education sector and was focused only on public tertiary institutions namely public universities, polytechnics and colleges of education. the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) is an interventionist agency of the federal government established by an act of parliament known as the tetfund act no.16, 2011. the agency is charged with the responsibility to deliver effective and transformative interventions to all public tertiary education institutions defined in the act as public universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in nigeria through funding and effective project management (echono 2023). the fund since its establishment has strategically positioned the nation's higher institutions by providing essential physical infrastructure and content-based programmes for effective teaching, learning, research, and innovation for global competitiveness. tetfund administers, manages, disburses, and monitors the utilization of the initial 2% and now 2.5% education tax paid by all registered companies operating in nigeria. this tax is allocated on an annual basis to public universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in the ratio of 2:1:1 (tetfund, 2023). the tertiary education trust fund is expected to complement the government's budgetary allocation for the tertiary education sub-sector, to reposition the sub-sector for better performance. the agency currently provides intervention to two hundred and forty-six (246) public tertiary institutions in nigeria which are 96 universities, 75 polytechnics and 75 colleges of education (echono 2023). it is imperative to examine the roles and challenges militating against the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) as an agency of government from carrying out its mandate as expected. methodology this paper adopted content analysis to select literature for the study. it is a documentary research-inclined paper that uses secondary sources of data from abstracts, books, journals, newspapers, case study reports and archival records that were sourced from online and print resources. the large volume of published literature on this subject informs the need to employ the documentary research method, rather than the qualitative research method which is suitable for studying individuals, groups or organisations as a unit of analysis (ayeni, saman, & sani, 2019). theoretical framework this paper is anchored on role theory that was developed by ralph linton in sociology and george herbert mead in social psychology. role refers to the social expectations and the social scripts of family roles—how roles have been shaped by cultural conventions and by the collective ideologies of a society. the role theory hinges on the principle that the developing social role theory 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us focuses on how well individuals adopt and act out their roles during interactions. individuals do not necessarily embrace all the identities associated with their roles, though; the extent to which they are committed to identifying with the expectations placed on them can vary. as an outcome of these interactions, individuals may identify themselves or be identified by others as holding particular statuses or positions. the social role refers to the behaviours and responsibilities expected of individuals in society (sciencedirect.com 2020). the theory is related to the present study because every tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) has a special role to play in the development of tertiary education in nigeria. as a government agency with responsibilities of facilities, research development and staff training, it must ensure that its roles are executed as stated in the act establishing iat. the performance of these roles will help the tertiary institutions realize their objective and this will directly and indirectly lead to national development. on the other hand, not performing the stated roles expected of the government agency is coterminous with what scholars refer to as the inability of the governance system or structure to perform its roles that hurt the educational system (ogunode, ayeni, & olorundare, 2024; ayeni &nwaorgu, 2018) roles of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) plays many roles in the development of tertiary institutions in nigeria. some of the specific roles include; facilities development, research development and staff training. infrastructure facilities the role of infrastructure facilities cannot be overemphasised. this is because of its countless benefits to both the individual and society at large. according to ayeni, sani, andeshi, ibrahim and adamu (2020), infrastructural development has intended and unintended benefits to the youth. one of the intended benefits of infrastructure facilities was noted by a scholar who argued thatinfrastructure can empower people (ayeni, 2017). the role of empowerment that infrastructure facilities played has been aptly put in this manner, massive infrastructural development provides a suitable environment and support for the development of entrepreneurship skills and industrialisation (ayeni, abdullahi & andeshi, 2021). consequent to the vital roles of infrastructure facilities, the government set up tetfund to address the challenges of infrastructural decay in nigeria's tertiary institutions among others. the above is validated by echono (2023), according to the tetfund boss, infrastructure has been given special attention because of its decay and collapse across public tertiary institutions in nigeria. furthermore, echono (2023) maintained that a careful observation showed that the fund between january — october 2022 alone carried out and completed 607 infrastructural projects amounting to n26,722,833,189.97 across beneficiary institutions. these projects include the construction of senate buildings, lecture theatres, classrooms, hostels, offices, library buildings, laboratories, road network, power, fencing and procurement of equipment, amongst many others. idachaba, (2024); ogunode, kasimu, & sambo (2023); and ogunode, andjegede,(2020) concluded that have impacted positively on the infrastructural facilities development of the tertiary institutions across the country. anaehobi, &agim, (2019); and eneasator, azubuike, andoko, (2019) submitted that tetfund has aided infrastructure facilities development in tertiary institutions across the country. research development the role of development research can never be underestimated. this informs the reason why research is one of the cardinal focuses of tertiary institutions. for instance, it has been noted that tertiary education is an education that embraces advanced teaching, research and community service (ogunode, ayeni, &ogwuche, 2024).research has remained a special intervention line of the fund since it was introduced in 2009. there is no doubt that research remains the most important aspect and instrument of advanced learning and innovation if society and humanity are to make any meaningful progress. in 2014, upon recommendation and approval of the board of 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us trustees, echono (2023) noted that the department of research and development/centres of excellence in tetfund was established. it was thought that research without development would not provide the needed growth that nigeria as a nation direly needs. the national research fund was set up with n3 billion as its take-off grant in 2011, and in 2015 another ni billion was added. and in 2019 upon the recommendation of the bot and the honourable minister of education, the president approved a 50% increase in allocation to the nrf, being n7.5 billion for that year and n8.5 billion in 2021. between year 2012 and 2019, a total of about n9 billion was committed to the nrf with about 457 research projects approved across the country. this is in addition to the institution research grants and support for academic research journals across public tertiary institutions by tetfund. about 2,175 projects were approved under institution research from 2011 to 2020, while about 342 academic research journal projects were undertaken within the period. the fund also provides support to institutions for targeted needs under special intervention, as directed by the government. some areas of special intervention over the years include support for nuga games, special high impact projects in selected institutions for each geo-political zone and the covid-19 response intervention on the research effort for producing a national vaccine, the 6 academic publishing centers to mention a few (echono 2023). kwashabawa, & mustapha, (2023); and isiaka, nasiru andolushola (2020) maintained that the establishment of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) has assisted nigerian tertiary institutions in developing their research programme. staff training staff training is one of the cardinal goals of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund). this is so because staff training improves the performance of individuals on their jobs by correcting any deficiency in human effort (ogunode & ayeni, 2023). based on the importance of training, tetfundhas since its inception been implementing different programmes and policies to improve staff development in all the tertiary institutions across the country. tetfund according to echono (2023) has sponsored over 10,632 lecturers in the local ph.d. programs, as well as over 9,072 lecturers in the local master's degree programme across the country between 2011 and 2020. the fund has also sponsored over 7,677 academic staff to overseas institutions comprising 4,485 lecturers for phd programs and over 3,192 master's degree candidates within the same period. the fund has further supported 71,263 lecturers in federal and state colleges of education under its teacher supervision program, bringing it to a total number of 98,644 academic staff across public tertiary institutions that have benefited from the academic staff training and development program of the fund. in the same vein, the fund sponsored an estimated 17,121 academic staff across tertiary institutions in the country to foreign conferences, while 4,459 non-academic staff of public tertiary institutions benefitted from sponsorship to workshops. in addition, 17,410 academic staff were sponsored to attend local conferences within the country, while 28,660 non-academic staff were sponsored by the fund to attend local conferences and workshops in the country, all to build capacity, skills, and manpower in the nation’s ivory towers. in all, the fund has sponsored a total of 67,650 academic and nonacademic staff of public tertiary institutions to local and overseas conferences between 2011 and year 2021 (echono 2023). ogunode (2023);abdulaziz, olokooba, &iyekolo (2020); ibrahim, (2017) and ofojebe, & chukwuma, (2015) established that tetfund has sponsored over 20,359 academic and non-academic staff to local conferences while 2,869 attended conferences outside the country. the fund also intervened in 84 academic journal publications and 22 manuscript development. challenges facing tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) there are many challenges militating against the effectiveness of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) in addressing the problems facing tertiary institutions in nigeria. some of these problems include; inadequate funding, shortage of personnel, inadequate transportation facilities, insecurity, abscondment of sponsored academics, poor retirement from institutions and naira depreciation. 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inadequate funding the sources of funds for implementation of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) problems are not adequate. it is affecting the levels of programmes they can undertake in the various tertiary institutions across the country. one of the most serious problems militating against the effective execution of developmental projects in the various institutions is the dwindling level of funds coming into the agency to carry out their functions. this shortage of funds affects the initiation of new projects and completion of projects in various institutions spread across the country. the fund cannot perform optimally without the constant flow of planned funds. this situation calls for increased funding initiatives from both the government and educational stakeholders to sustain the development projects started across different institutions. the inability of the agency to realize all the taxies as formulated in the act directing for the collection of 2.5% education tax paid by all registered companies operating in nigeria impacted negatively on the performance of the funds since inception. tertiary education trust fund, (tetfund) is faced with the problem of shortage of funds. executive secretary of tetfund, disclosed that from 2017 to date the fund has hadthe challenge of steady revenue. he noted that the year 2021 collection, which is what the fund will be used to operate in the 2022 year, dropped to n189 billion. he observed that the fund has witnesseda steady rise in collections under the education tax but unfortunately, last year, for 2021 there was a sharp drop and that left us in a very dire position.― for example, he submitted that from n154 billion in 2017, the tax collection rose steadily to n257 billion over the years. ―so by 2020, we‘ve got n257 billion, but unfortunately, the year 2021 collection, which is what we used to operate in the year 2022, dropped sharply to n189 billion. ―so over n60 billion drop in revenue or resources available to tetfund (tribune online 2022). the unstable revenue generation of the fund has affected staff training programmes in many tertiary institutions in nigeria. shortage of personnel another major problem militating against the effectiveness of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) in carrying out their functions as expected is the problem of shortage of staff. the fund like every other public institution in nigeria is faced with the problem of inadequate manpower. adequate personnel are very important for institutions to realize their goals. personnel are expected to help the institutions carry out their mandate and achieve the institution’s goals when well-motivated and provided with all working resources. shortages of personnel affectthe effectiveness of institutions and slow down their programmes. yusuf, (2019) noted that the poor performance of many public institutions is linked to the shortage of staff. femi (2018) observed that tetfund as an institution lacks adequate staff to deliver its mandate. a study by adewale (2017) on public institutions in nigeria discovered that many commissions and agencies of the federal government are understaffed and have affected the implementation of their statutory functions. inadequate transportation facilities inadequate transportation facility is another challenge hindering the effectiveness of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) as an agency. the mandates of the fund require her to have different types of mobility for monitoring and evaluation of projects in the various institutions across the country. there is a shortage of mobility resources in the fund and this is affecting the operation of the fund in terms of field inspection and monitoring. yusuf, (2019) maintained that many public institutions whose functions demand supervision and evaluation do not have adequate vehicles to carry out their functions effectively. for instance, ogunode&adanna (2022) noted that the job of supervision, inspection, regulation and programme accreditation demands that the commissions carrying out those functions should have adequate transportation facilities. it is expected of such commissions to be fully equipped with modern transport facilities that would enable them to discharge their responsibilities. it is sad to realize that many commissions such as the national universities commission [nuc], the national commission for colleges of education [ncce] and the national board for technical education [nbte] do not have 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us adequate transport facilities to carry out their functions. many of these commissions something depend on the institutions'' facilities to convey their staff for the function of programme accreditation in the respective institutions which is not good enough. the inability of the fund to access adequate mobility resources has affected its operation in the areas of project inspection. insecurity insecurity has negatively impacted every sphere of nigeria's economy. thus, scholars have argued that this insecurity does not just occur, rather it is caused by corruption (muhammed &ayeni, 2018). the above observation showed that the root cause of insecurity is corruption. consequent to the above, scholars have posited that corruption poses a challenge to the wellbeing and sustainable peace of nigerians (ayeni & sani, 2021).insecurity is another problem hindering the job performance of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) regarding facilities development in tertiary institutions across the country. nigeria since 1999 has been facing a lot of insecurity issues which range from boko haram, banditry, kidnapping and killing. the insecurity problems have cut across almost all the geo-political zones of nigeria. in the north-east zone, the boko haram element is killing, kidnapping and destroying infrastructure facilities in most of the states in the region. in the northwest, the banditry is also killing, kidnapping and attacking public institutions while in the south-east, the ibop sit at room order. all these insecurities and problems affect the movement of people from one place to another. the functions of the fund require the agency to deploy their staff to go for physical inspection of infrastructural facilities projects across the various institutions where they have projects. the fear of kidnapping and killing in red-spot states has prevented many of these staff from going for the physical inspection of projects. yusuf, (2019) asserted that insecurity in nigeria has affected many public officers and civil servants from carrying out their functions as required of them. ogunode, ahmed, gregory & abubakar (2020) noted that many capital projects of the federal government in educational institutions have been suspended in states with high insecurity problems. the insecurity problem facing the country now is another big factor responsible for project abandonment in public universities in nigeria. many contractors across the country have left the project site because of insecurity, projects especially in the north-east south-east have been abandoned by various contractors handling them because of attacks and the killing of their workers (ogunode&murtala, 2022). the high level of insecurity in the country is responsible for what scholars refer to as, the failure of leadership in nigeria that has made federating units to be clamouring for fiscal federalism (ayeni, 2018b). abscondment of sponsored academic the problems of abscondment of sponsored academic staff from nigerian tertiary institutions after finishing their programme is another big problem facing the fund as an institution, as many sponsored academic staff from tertiary institutions have absconded after finishing their training implying resource wastage. amazing time (2021) reported that the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) has decried the growing cases of abscondment among academic staff of various nigerian universities sponsored for training abroad. tetfund has been intervening in the training of academic staff in nigerian universities by sponsoring lecturers for further studies abroad. tetfund‘s director, of academic staff training and development (ast&d), muhammed sulaiman, submitted some of the lecturers sponsored to foreign countries by tetfund for further, never returned to the country to serve their bond as they abscond. according to him, the foreign training programme was being abused and is slowly becoming a major problem affecting the education system. according to him, ―some lecturers will be given the approval to study outside the country and will proceed with their studies but at the end of the day will not come back to the country to serve their bond or to continue their jobs as lecturers; these are some of the problems. the issue of abscondment is close to what a scholar refers to as a lack of leadership integrity. according to ayeni (2018), leadership integrity is the activity of exhibiting leadership qualities like honesty, forward-lookingness, competency, inspiration, teaching, guidance, intelligence, and creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. tertiary institution lecturerswho are supposed to lead by 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us example are now the ring leaders debasing the morale norm of the society through their abscondment. poor retirement from institutions the beneficiaries of the tetfundprogramme from respective institutions by law and policy guidelines are to retire their expenditure report to the institutions. this will help the institutions to retire to the fund on all funds received from the fund. the failure of many academic staff, non-academic staff and researchers to retire when they are supposed to retire to their institutions and the inability of the institutions to officially retire and explain how the funds released to the institutions have been used is affecting the effective operation of the agency. this problem makes it impossible for the fund to give an account of the fund released in past years. poor retirement from various institutions affects the operation of the fund. universities that fail to retire or account for the previous funds will not be able to access a new fund. the inability of many universities not to account for funds collected prevented them from accessing new funds which directly affected staff training of the universities. tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) revealed that some public universities, colleges of education and polytechnics failed to access about n175 billion allocated to them in the last six years because of poor retirement (tribune (2017). naira depreciation nigeria's economy is oil-based and that determines the revenue that comes to the country. demand and supply of oil in the international market affect the stability of the naira the nigerian currency (ogunode, kasimu, & sambo, 2023). the falling demands of nigerian oil make the naira weak and depreciate on time. the depreciation of the naira affects academic sponsorship from nigeria because the value of the naira in most of the developed countries is weak. (punch 2022) quoted tetfund who observed that some of the lecturers under the tertiary education trust fund, tetfund academic staff training and development programme have lamented the shortage of funds to enable them to complete their studies abroad. they submitted that the current exchange rate was a major challenge affecting their studies abroad as a result of the naira depreciation, which made them embark on certain jobs to complete their studies. the lecturers disclosed this when tetfund. some lecturers in the scheme narrated the impact of the naira depreciation on their studies in the united kingdom. ―some of us arrived foreign land and we had to do certain other jobs to cushion the effects of our weak naira. the value of the naira kept depreciating and this adversely affected our studies to the extent that some scholars stopped at pilot study (punch 2022). on the naira exchange rate, the situation has affected the spending power of the agency, despite the increase in allocation. in addition to the foregoing, scholars have also argued that inflation has direct and indirect consequences on the performance of students in secondary school (ukozor, ayeni, &andeshi, 2024).therefore, i will advise heads of institutions to maximize funds and seek internal training opportunities. conclusion and recommendations this paper critically discussed the roles of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) as regarded infrastructure facilities, research development and staff training. the paper also looked at the various challenges preventing the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) from carrying out its mandate. the paper concluded that the major roles of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) in the nigerian tertiary institutions include; infrastructure facilities development, research development and staff training programme. inadequate funding, shortage of personnel, inadequate transportation facilities, insecurity, abscondment of sponsored academic staff, poor retirement from institutions, and naira depreciation were identified as the challenges preventing the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) from carrying out its mandate based on the findings of this study, the paper recommends that the government should increase the funding of the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) by increasing the percentage of 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the education tax to 5%. this will enable the funds to execute more infrastructure facilities projects and staff training. the fund should increase allocation to research programmes in the various tertiary institutions across the country. references 1. abdulaziz, i., olokooba, i.n, &iyekolo, a.o (2020) tertiary education trust fund intervention on academic staff capacity building in lagos state university, nigeria. journal of education and learning (edulearn) 14(2), 155~161 2. akinyemi, s. 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(2015). managing the nigerian tertiary education for national transformation through effective continuous staff training and development (cstd). international journal of education and practice, 3(3), 143-155. 26. ogunode, n. j., & ayeni, e.o. (2023). vice chancellors and university education sustainability in nigeria: challenges and way forward. european journal of higher education and academic advancement, 1(7), 12-22. 27. ogunode, n. j., ayeni, e. o., & olorundare, a. s. (2024). roles of tertiary institutions in curbing banditry, kidnapping and terrorism in nigeria. international journal of sharia economics and financial literacy, 1(1), 19-28. 28. ogunode, n. j., & ayeni, e. o. (2024). tertiary institutions and peacebuilding in nigeria. international journal of diplomacy and political relations, 1(1), 1-10. 29. ogunode, n. j., ayeni, e. o., & ogwuche, j. (2024a). roles of tertiary institutions in curbing corruption in nigeria. international journal of learning development and innovation, 1 (1), 32-44. 30. ogunode n.j., edinoh, k., & okolie, r.c. (2023). public private partnership model and implementation of tertiary education program in nigeria. american journal of science on integration and human development, 01(06), 1-12. 31. ogunode, n. j. (2023).impact of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) ontertiary education development in nigeria. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies 01, (05),78-85 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 32. ogunode, n. j., kasimu, s., & sambo, s. m. (2023). staff training in tertiary education in nigeria. modern journal of social sciences and humanities, 17, 181-194. 33. ogunode, n. j., &jegede, d. o. (2020). administration of professional development programme in nigerian higher institutions: challenges and way forward. intercathedra 3(44), 147–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.intercathedra.2020.00102 34. ogunode, n. j.,&musa l (2024).entrepreneurial education programme in tertiary education in nigeria.the international journal of pr 35. ogunode, n. j. (2023).impact of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) ontertiary education development in nigeria. american journal of public diplomacy and international studies 01, (05),78-85 36. ogunode, n. j., &odo, r. c (2023). social problems in tertiary institutions. web of semantic: universal journal on innovative education 2(7),117-124 37. ogunode, n. j., jegede d., adah s., audu e, i., &ajape t, s (2020) administration of research programme in nigerian public universities: problems and way forward. riwayat: educational journal of history and humanities, 3(2), 21-32 38. ogunode, n. j., &atobauka, i. s. (2021). effects of brain-drain on higher institutions‟ administration in nigeria. pindus journal of culture, literature, and elt, 8, 33-41. 39. ogunode, n. j. ezema, o. & olugbenga, a. v (2022) problems faced by academic leaders in public higher institutions in nigeria. spanish journal of innovation and integrity, (6), 214 224 44. 40. ogunode, n. j,,onaolapo, o., onaolapo, o., adeosun, f,. i. &ayoko, v. o.(2023) marketing of public universities in nigeria. journal of science, research and teaching, 2(2) 96 41. ogunode n. j. &adanna, c, m (2022). supervision of higher institutions in nigeria: challenges and way forward. pioneer: journal of advanced research and scientific progress (jarsp), 01 (01), 26-37 42. ogunode, n,. j. &murtala, o,. m (2022). analysis of factors responsible for projects (infrastructure facilities) abandonment in public universities in nigeria and way forward. european multidisciplinary journal of modern science, (8),67-77 43. ogunode n,. j., ahmed, l., gregory, d., & abubakar,l.(2020) administration of public educational institutions in nigeria: problem and suggestion. european scholar journal (esj) 1(3),6-13 44. punch (2022) tetfund scholarship beneficiaries lament the shortage of fund https://punchng.com/tetfund-scholarship-beneficiaries-lament-shortage-of-fund/ 45. premiumtime (2020) exclusive: tetfund suspends conference attendance sponsorship for nigerian lecturers over corrupt practices. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/377550-exclusive-tetfund-suspends conference-attendance-sponsorship-for-nigerian-lecturers-over-corrupt-practices.html? 46. sciencedirect.com (2020). roles theory. https://www.google.com/search?q=role+theory+by&oq=role+theory+by+&aqs=c hro me..69i57.17849j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=utf-8 47. tetfund (2024) history of tetfund. https://tetfund.gov.ng/index.php/tetfund/ 48. tetfund (2021). tertiary education trustfund (tetfund)tetfund national researchfund (nrf) grantnrfresearchbrief 2021publication 49. tribune (2017) tetfund: varsities, colleges, polytechnics failed to access n175bn in 6 years –baffa https://tribuneonlineng.com/tetfund-varsities-colleges-polytechnics-failedaccessn175bn-6years-baffa/ https://punchng.com/tetfund-scholarship-beneficiaries-lament-shortage-of-fund/ https://www.google.com/search?q=role+theory+by&oq=role+theory+by+&aqs=c%20hro%20me..69i57.17849j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=utf-8 https://www.google.com/search?q=role+theory+by&oq=role+theory+by+&aqs=c%20hro%20me..69i57.17849j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=utf-8 https://tetfund.gov.ng/index.php/tetfund/ https://tribuneonlineng.com/tetfund-varsities-colleges-polytechnics-failed-access-%20n175bn-6-%20years-baffa/ https://tribuneonlineng.com/tetfund-varsities-colleges-polytechnics-failed-access-%20n175bn-6-%20years-baffa/ 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 50. tribuneonline (2022) tetfund records over n60bn revenue shortfall https://tribuneonlineng.c om/tetfund-records-over-n60bn-revenue-shortfall/ 51. ukozor, c. u., ayeni, e. o., & andeshi, c. a. 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(2019). public institutions in nigeria and problems of implementation of programmes and policies. journal of social policy, 3(5), 23-28 https://tribuneonlineng.c/ 79-81 the impact of social migration on the fate and rights of orphaned children 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the impact of social migration on the fate and rights of orphaned children islomova sadoqat azim qizi qarshi international university, faculty of social and humanitarian sciences 3rd-year student of the program “national ideology, fundamentals of spirituality, and law” islomovasadoqat03@gmail.com boymurodov shuhrat toshkentovich head of the department of social and humanitarian siences abstract: this article analyzes the impact of social migration on the fate of orphans and their rights. children left without parents as a result of the migration process may face various social, economic and psychological problems. their right to education, access to health services and social integration remain important issues. also, the need for the state to support such children, protect their rights and improve the social security system will be highlighted. in the study, solutions to the problem are given based on international experiences and existing legislation. keywords: social migration, orphans, legal protection, education, social integration, psychological impact, children's rights, state policy, protection mechanisms, rehabilitation. the intensification of globalization processes and changes in economic conditions have made migration one of the pressing issues of today. many families migrate abroad in search of better living conditions and financial stability. however, this process brings about significant social problems, particularly the issue of children left without parents. as a result of migration, children's education, access to healthcare services, social adaptation, and the protection of their rights are at serious risk. children whose parents are abroad often remain under the care of relatives or acquaintances. however, in such situations, their psychological, material, and legal needs may not be sufficiently met. without adequate supervision and care, these children may face legal and social problems, be excluded from education, or be at increased risk of labor exploitation, violence, and other dangers. additionally, orphaned children may face psychological issues such as depression, feelings of loneliness, and social isolation. it is necessary for the state to develop special programs for such children, integrate them into the social welfare system, and strengthen legal protection. in this process, the involvement of international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and society is crucial. this article provides a detailed analysis of the social protection of children orphaned due to migration, existing problems, and ways to address them. children left without parental care are psychologically and emotionally different from those raised in a family environment. one of the significant differences is the unmet need for maternal love. if a child is deprived of maternal affection, it may result in indifference, distrust, or, on the contrary, excessive aggression. this is because the lack of parental affection during childhood creates emotional deprivation, which can negatively impact the child's relationship with others. moreover, orphaned children may struggle with adapting to social environments due to insufficient upbringing. they may have difficulty managing their emotions because they were 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us vulnerable during early life stages. as a result, such children may resort to aggression as a form of self-protection, develop distrust towards others, or adopt a harsh approach to relationships. additionally, these children need more attention and guidance to build psychological stability. it is essential to approach them with love, provide psychological assistance, and ensure social support. without the necessary attention and upbringing during childhood, they may face difficulties in establishing relationships as adults or in finding their place in society. therefore, love and support are fundamental in the upbringing of orphaned children. protecting them, improving the social support system, stabilizing their psychological state, and ensuring full integration into society are critical factors in their well-being. children will always need affection and care. the full guarantee of their rights and freedoms is crucial for their personal development and the long-term stability of the state and society. the legal definition of children's rights is as follows: children's rights are the rights and freedoms that every child, regardless of race, gender, language, religion, place of birth, national or social origin, property, or social status, should possess. it is vital to assess the effectiveness of family involvement in the care and upbringing of orphaned children and to evaluate the functioning of social protection institutions for children. in this regard, foreign experiences in caring for orphans and children without parental care are applied to internal social practices, taking into account the opportunities and limitations of the domestic social protection system, as well as successfully placing orphans and children without parental care in families. improving the efficiency of social institutions working with children is also a conceptual task for our society, including the opening of hospices and the creation of special shelters for minors in difficult situations. in uzbekistan, representatives of state and non-governmental organizations and international experts participated in a roundtable discussion to discuss proposals for the long-term reform of the child protection system. the event was organized by the "family" center and unicef. the goal is to shift from an institutional approach to a family-based system. to achieve this, social support for children and families should be strengthened by providing social services and necessary allowances. these efforts will meet the needs of families and ensure that problems are addressed at an early stage. in accordance with the regulation on "additional measures for the social support of orphaned children and children deprived of parental care," a procedure has been established to ensure their right to housing. the regulation includes the registration of these children and the provision of necessary living conditions. the regulation specifically highlights the terms "orphaned children" and "children deprived of parental care." an orphaned child is recognized as one whose both parents have died or have been declared deceased by court decision. a child deprived of parental care refers to those children who, for various reasons, are without the care of their parents. this includes the following cases: ø deprivation of parental rights; ø parents being declared missing or legally incompetent; ø parents' refusal to protect the rights and interests of the child; ø parents' refusal to take the child from a maternity hospital, medical institution, or social protection institution for unjustifiable reasons; ø children whose parents are unknown, abandoned, or found; children who are left without parental care due to the death of a single parent. the regulation aims to protect the rights of orphaned children and children deprived of parental care, ensure their access to housing, and improve the social support system. therefore, registering their housing needs and ensuring the benefits and rights allocated by the state are vital within the framework of this regulation. the "mehr daftari" system is designed to study and address the problems of orphaned children and children deprived of parental care, help realize their dreams and aspirations, assist their 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us social integration into society, encourage families who take on guardianship (foster care, patronage), and conduct comprehensive measures to identify and resolve the reasons for their deprivation of parental care. the system also ensures the exchange of information between various institutions. in conclusion, social migration significantly impacts the fate and rights of orphaned children. due to migration processes, many children are left without parents, and their rights to education, healthcare, and housing are at risk. children whose parents migrate abroad for work or are separated from their families due to war, natural disasters, or economic difficulties are particularly vulnerable and need serious social protection. the state and society must establish effective mechanisms to protect the rights of these children. providing them with housing, integrating them into family environments, and expanding their access to education and healthcare are of great importance. additionally, it is essential to strengthen their psychological and emotional well-being, provide support for their social adaptation, and implement comprehensive measures to place them in family environments. references 1. 656-сон 25.10.2021. yetim bolalar va ota-ona qaramog‘idan mahrum bo‘lgan bolalarni ijtimoiy qo‘llab-quvvatlashga doir qo‘shimcha chora-tadbirlar to‘g‘risida https://lex.uz/docs/5695154 2. yetim bolalarning huquq va manfaatlarini himoya qilish “mehr daftari” tizimi orqali amalga oshiriladi | norma.uz https://www.norma.uz/oz/qonunchilikda_yangi/etim_bolalarning_huquq_va_manfaatlarini_h imoya_qilish_mehr_daftari_tizimi_orqali_amalga_oshiriladi 3. олий мажлис конунчилик палатаси https://parliament.gov.uz/articles/1894#! 4. (https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/yetim-hamda-ota-ona-qaramog-isiz-qolgan-bolalarnihayotda-o-z-o-rinlarini-topishlari-maqsadida-xorijiy-tajriba-implementatsiyasi) 5. (https://www.unicef.org/uzbekistan/uz/press-releases/o’zbekistonda-ota-ona-qaramogisizqolgan-bolalarni-ijtimoiy-himoya-qilish-boyicha) the role of banks in the development of the food industry skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published february 7, 2025 | version v1 journal open the role of banks in the development of the food industry creators murodova dilnoza choriyevna files 40-46+the+role+of+banks+in+the+development+of+the+food+industry.pdf files (313.9 kb) name size download all 40-46+the+role+of+banks+in+the+development+of+the+food+industry.pdf md5:c60e5b1336a7f9bf9a9d25d4b17e4560 313.9 kb preview download additional details dates accepted 2025-02-07 60 views 50 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 60 60 downloads total downloads 50 50 data volume total data volume 16.9 mb 16.9 mb 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february 7, 2025 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 10, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ekologik muammolarning yechimida dunyoda qo’llanilayotgan vositalar va uning jahon ekologiyasiga ta’siri xolmuradov shohjahon xamidjon o’g’li jahon iqtisodiyoti va diplomatiya universiteti talabasi, toshkent, o’zbekiston annotatsiya: zamonaviy atrof-muhit muammolari innovatsion yechimlarni talab qiladi va butun dunyo atrof-muhitga salbiy ta'sirni yumshatish uchun turli xil yondashuvlarni faol ravishda qo'llamoqda. ushbu maqolada ekologik muammolarni hal qilish uchun xalqaro amaliyotda qo'llaniladigan turli xil vositalar va ularning global ekologiyaga ta'siri ko'rib chiqiladi. tadqiqot qayta tiklanadigan energiyadan foydalanish, chiqindilarni samarali boshqarish, ekologik barqaror texnologiyalar va innovatsiyalarni joriy etish va tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha xalqaro shartnomalar tuzish kabi chora-tadbirlarni ko'rib chiqdi. ushbu vositalardan foydalanishni tahlil qilish ularning samaradorligi va ekotizim balansi va atrof-muhit sifatiga ta'sirini baholashga imkon beradi. olingan ma'lumotlarga asoslanib, global hamkorlikning ahamiyati va sayyoramizning barqaror rivojlanishini ta'minlash uchun ekologik muammolarni hal qilish usullarini doimiy ravishda takomillashtirish zarurligi to'g'risida xulosa chiqarilmoqda. kalit so’zlar: atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bilan bog'liq muammolar, barqaror rivojlanishga intilish, qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridan foydalanish, chiqindilarni samarali boshqarish, ekologik barqaror texnologiyalarni qo'llash, atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish sohasidagi innovatsiyalar, tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha xalqaro kelishuvlar, jahon hamkorligi, ekotizim muvozanatini saqlash, atrof-muhit sifatini yaxshilash. kirish dunyoda ekologik muammolarni hal qilishda foydalaniladigan bir nechta vositalar mavjud. bu vositalar global ekologiyaga katta ta'sir ko'rsatishadi va tabiiy muhitimizni saqlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega. birinchi vosita quyosh va shamol energiyasi kabi qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridir. ular zararli gazlarni chiqarishga yordam beradigan va iqlimga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan qazilma yoqilg'idan foydalanishni kuchaytiradi. qayta tiklanadigan energiya ishlatish, ifloslanishni kamaytiradi va issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini pasaytirishga yordam beradi. ekologik muammolarni hal qilishda ikkinchi muhim vosita qayta ishlashdir. qayta ishlash va qayta ishlash sanoati chiqindilarini kamaytirishga imkon beradi, ularga qo'shiladi yoki to'qimalar sifatida ishlatiladi. ortiqcha materiallarni qayta ishlash va qayta ishlash orqali biz tabiiy resurslarni yo'q qilishni minimalizatsiya qilishimizga yordam beradi va atrof-muhitni saqlashga xizmat qiladi. eko-texnologiya rivojlanishini ta'kidlash kerak. ilm-fan va muhandislik sohasidagi yutuqlar innovatsion va ekologik toza texnologiyalarni yaratish imkoniyatini beradi. masalan, elektr transport vositalarining ishlatilishi, avtomobillardan foydalanishga nisbatan kamroq energiya sarflanishini talab qiladi, bu esa atmosfera uchun zararli gazlar miqdorini kamaytiradi va havo sifatini yaxshilaydi. xalqaro shartnomalar va dasturlar ham ekologik muammolarni hal qilishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. bu kelishuvlar dunyo bo'ylab davlatlar faoliyatini bir-biriga bog'lashadi va umumiy ekologik foydalanishga xizmat qiladi. 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bu vositalar bizning faoliyatimizning atrof-muhitga salbiy ta'sirini kamaytiradi va barqaror rivojlanishga yordam beradi. ular ekologik muvozanatni saqlash va sog'liqni saqlash uchun qulay sharoitlar yaratishda muhim rol o'ynaydi. atrof-muhit muammolari barcha mamlakatlarning doimiy e'tibor va sa'y-harakatlarini talab qiladi va bu vositalar bizga to'g'ri yo'nalishda harakat qilishimizga yordam beradi. zamonaviy asrda ekologik muammoning ahamiyati ekologik muammo zamonaviy davrning eng jiddiy va dolzarb muammolaridan biridir. ilm-fan, texnologiya va texnologiyaning jadal rivojlanishi sharoitida ekologik muammolar hayotimizning ajralmas qismiga aylandi. ular atrof-muhitga, inson salomatligiga salbiy ta'sir qiladi va iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy muammolarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. asosiy muammolardan biri atrof-muhitning ifloslanishi. sanoat korxonalari, avtomobillar, inson faoliyati — bularning barchasi atmosferaga, suv resurslariga va tuproqqa ko'p miqdordagi zararli moddalarning chiqarilishiga olib keladi. natijada iqlim o'zgaradi, biologik xilma-xillik yomonlashadi, havo va suv sifati yomonlashadi. atrof-muhitning ifloslanishi inson salomatligiga tahdid soladi, tabiiy ekotizimlarga zarar etkazadi va umuman sayyora uchun uzoq muddatli oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. yana bir muhim muammo, tabiiy resurslarning daromadining kamayishi. texnologiyalar rivojlanadigan paytda, ular hali ham cheklanayotgan biologik, mineral va energiya manbalarini talab qiladi. bu, suv, o'rmonlar, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari va boshqa muhim tabiiy resurslarning iste'molini cheklashga olib keladi. insoniyatning o'sib borayotgan aholisi va iste'mol darajasi, bu resurslarning kamayishiga va ekologik muvozanatga tahdid solishiga olib keladi. boshqa dolzarb muammo, ekologik muvozanatning buzilishi. ekologik muvozanat, o'zaro bog'liq organizmlar va ularning atrof-muhitining murakkab tarmog'idir. ular, biologik muvozanatni saqlashda va barcha organizmlarning hayotiy faoliyatini ta'minlashda muhim rol o'ynaydilar. lekin, insonning faoliyati tufayli ekologik muvozanatlar halokatga uchraydi. daraxtlar kesilishi, daryolar va okeanlar ifloslanishi, tuproq eroziyasi barchasi bu ekologik muvozanatning buzilishiga va ularning mavjudligiga tahdid solishga olib keladi. shunday qilib, zamonaviy asrda ekologik muammo katta ahamiyatga ega. bu, insonning atrofmuhitga salbiy ta'sirini minimallashtirish uchun tez va samarali choralarni talab qiladi. ekologik barqaror texnologiyalarni rivojlantirish va amalga oshirish, ta'lim kompaniyalarini o'tkazish va aholini tabiiy resurslarni saqlash va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishning muhimligi haqida xabardor qilish zarur. vaziyatni tahlil qilish: o’zbekistondagi hozirgi ekologik muammolar va ularning asosiy sabablari o’zbekiston, boshqa ko’plab mamlakatlar singari, jiddiy ekologik muammolarga duch kelmoqda. so’nggi yilarda bu miammolar ayniqsa keskin sezila boshladi va ularni hak qilish mamlakat hukumati va aholisi uchun ustuvor vazifalardan biriga aylandi. asosiy ekologik muammolardan biri bu havoning ifloslanishi. o’zbekiston rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlar qatoriga kiradi va oxirgi yillarda misli ko’rilmagan o’zgarishlarni boshdan kechirmoqda. ammo har xil zavodlar va sanoat chiqindilari natijasida atmosferaga ko’p miqdorda zararli moddalar tarqaladi va bu havo sifatining yomonlashishiga har xil epidemik kasalliklarning rivojlanishiga yordam beradi va aholi salomatligiga salbiy ta’sir ko’rsatishiga olib keladi. yana bir muhim muammo – suv resurslarinign ifloslanishi. zavodlar, korxolar va qishloq xo’jaligi daryolarga oqib tushadigan katta miqdordagi chiqindilarning to’kilishi, bu suv resurslarining kamayishiga, ichimlik suvi sifatining pasayishiga va suv tanqisligiga sabab bo’ladi. qolaversa uzoq vaqtdan beri yuzaga kelgan orol dengizining qurib borishi bilan bog’liq ekologik inqirozini, aholi salomatligi va atrof-muhit holatiga salbiy ta’sir ko’rsatadigan, suv va yer resurslarini yo’qotgan yerlarni meros qilib oldi1. xulosa qilib aytganda, o'zbekistondagi 1https://uznature.uz/uz/site/page?numer=103 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ekologik muammolar atrof-muhit va aholi salomatligiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. ularning asosiy sabablari tabiiy resurslardan samarasiz foydalanish, iqtisodiy faoliyatni etarli darajada tartibga solmaslik va tabiiy resurslardan tartibga solinmagan foydalanish bilan bog'liq. ushbu muammolarni hal qilish qat'iy ekologik qoidalarni qabul qilish, nazorat qilish va monitoring qilish, shuningdek, barcha manfaatdor tomonlarning xabardorligi va faol hamkorligini o'z ichiga olgan kompleks yondashuvni talab qiladi. ilmiy izlanishlar – global ekologik muammolar yechimi bugungi kunda ekologik tahdid tobora kuchayib bormoqda va dunyodagi barcha mamlakatlarni bu haqda chuqurroq o'ylashga majbur qilmoqda. jahon yovvoyi tabiat jamg'armasi (wwf), global kuzatuv tarmog'i (global footprint network) va london zoologiya jamiyati mutaxassislari tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar natijalariga ko'ra, 1970 yildan beri dunyodagi yovvoyi hayvonlar va qushlar soni 3,43 milliardga kamaydi, yovvoyi tabiat indeksi 52 foizga kamaydi (quruqlik va havoda yashovchi turlar). 76%, suv turlari 39%). har yili taxminan 11 million gektar tropik o'rmonlar yo'q qilinadi. buzilish darajasi tiklanishdan 10 baravar yuqori. har kuni atmosferaga taxminan 60 million tonna karbonat angidrid chiqariladi, bu esa okeanlarda suv sathining ko'tarilishiga olib keladi.2 ilmiy tadqiqotlar global ekologik muammolarni hal qilishda muhim rol o'ynaydi. zamonaviy dunyoda biz iqlim o'zgarishi, urbanizatsiya, atrof-muhitning ifloslanishi, turlarning yo'q bo'lib ketishi va ekotizimlarning tanazzulga uchrashi kabi jiddiy tahdidlarga duch kelmoqdamiz. biroq, doimiy ilmiy tadqiqotlar tufayli bunday qiyinchiliklarga qarshi kurashishning yangi usullari va yechimlari paydo bo'ladi. avvalo, ilmiy tadqiqotlar ekologik muammolarning sabablari va mexanizmlarini tushunishga yordam beradi. olimlar va tadqiqotchilar inson faoliyatining tabiatga ta'sirini o'rganadilar, muammolarning ildizlarini aniqlash va munosabatlarni aniqlash uchun ma'lumotlar va to'plangan faktlarni tahlil qiladilar. bu bizga atrof-muhitga qanday ta'sir qilishimiz va uni himoya qilish uchun qanday o'zgarishlar qilish kerakligini yaxshiroq tushunishga imkon beradi. bundan tashqari, ilmiy tadqiqotlar ekologik muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun innovatsion texnologiyalar va usullarni izlashga qaratilgan. olimlarning sa'y-harakatlari tufayli biz quyosh va shamol kabi yangi ekologik toza va samarali energiya manbalarining paydo bo'lishini, shuningdek, atrof-muhitni ifloslantirmaydigan innovatsion materiallar va texnologiyalarning rivojlanishini ko'rmoqdamiz. ilmiy dalillarga asoslangan global ekologik muammolarni hal qilish uchun strategiya va harakat rejalarini ishlab chiqish bir xil darajada muhimdir. ilmiy tadqiqotlar bizga tabiatga ta'sirimizning uzoq muddatli ta'siri haqida ma'lumot beradi va kelajakdagi o'zgarishlarni bashorat qilishga yordam beradi. bu atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish uchun yanada samarali va maqsadli strategiyalarni ishlab chiqishga imkon beradi. bundan tashqari, ilmiy tadqiqotlar jamiyat ta'limi va ta'limida muhim rol o'ynaydi. ilmiy tadqiqotlardan olingan ma'lumotlar atrof-muhit bo'yicha muvozanatli qarorlar qabul qilishga qodir faol va bilimdon aholini tayyorlashga yordam beradigan o'quv dasturlari, o'quv materiallari va ommaviy kompaniyalarni yaratish uchun asos bo'ladi. va nihoyat, ilmiy tadqiqotlar atrof-muhit muammolarini hal qilishda fanlararo hamkorlik va global hamkorlikni rivojlantiradi. dunyo bo'ylab olimlar integratsiyalashgan yechimlarni topish va ekologik muammolarga qarshi kurashning oldingi saflarida bo'lish uchun bilim, tajriba va resurslarni almashish uchun birlashadilar. umuman olganda, ilmiy tadqiqotlar global ekologik muammolarni hal qilishning ajralmas qismidir. ular bizga atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va sayyoramiz uchun barqaror kelajakni yaratish uchun zarur bilim, resurslar va harakatlar rejalarini taqdim etadi. agar biz ilmiy tadqiqotlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash va takomillashtirishda davom etsak, biz ekologik muammolarni yengib, o'zimiz va kelajak avlodlar uchun farovonlikni ta'minlay olamiz. 2 https://yuz.uz/uz/news/ilmiy--izlanishlar--global-ekologik-muammolar-echimi 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ekologik muammolarni bartaraf etishning samarali usullari va ularning insoniyatga ta’siri ekologik muammolarni samarali hal qilishning asosiy jihatlaridan biri bu qayta tiklanadigan energiyaga o'tishdir. an'anaga ko'ra, biz o'z energiyamizni atrof-muhit va iqlimga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan neft, gaz va ko'mirga asosladik. biroq, quyosh, shamol va gidroenergetika texnologiyalarining rivojlanishi bilan biz tabiatni ifloslantirmasdan va issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirmasdan energiya ishlab chiqarishimiz mumkin.3 va buning ta’siri sifatida biz energiya vax om ashyo iste’molini kamaytirish, chiqindilarni kamaytirish va iqlim o’zgarishi keskin yaxshilanganini ko’rishimiz mumkin bo’ladi. bu biz va avlodlarimiz uchun yanada barqaror kelajak sari muhim qadamdir. ekologik muammolarni hal qilishning yana bir samarali usuli bu ekologik toza texnologiyani ishlab chiqish va undan foydalanish. ko'proq chiqindilarni yaratish va atrof-muhitni ifloslantirish o'rniga, biz chiqindilarni alohida yig'ish va qayta ishlash, biologik parchalanadigan materiallardan foydalanish va barqaror qishloq xo'jaligi usullarini o'rganishimiz va qo'llashimiz mumkin. bunday yondashuvlar ekologik izni kamaytirishga va tabiiy resurslarni saqlashga yordam beradi. biroq, ekologik muammolarni samarali hal qilish nafaqat texnik yangiliklarni, balki har bir insonning xulq-atvori va dunyoqarashidagi o'zgarishlarni ham talab qiladi. kundalik hayotda ekologik jihatdan mas'uliyatli qarorlar qabul qilish uchun sizning harakatlaringiz va tanlovlaringizni hisobga olish kerak. resurslarga ehtiyotkorlik bilan munosabatda bo'lish, jamoat transportidan foydalanish, chiqindilarni saralash va qayta ishlash bularning barchasi ekologik muammolarni hal qilishda katta farq qiladi.4 avvalo, ekologik muammolarni muvaffaqiyatli hal qilish sog'ligimiz va farovonligimizni saqlab qoladi. toza havo, toza suv va oziq ovqat sog'lom hayot uchun asosiy shartlardir. bundan tashqari, ekologik muammolarni hal qilish yangi ish o'rinlarini yaratish, iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirish va umuman hayot sifatini yaxshilashga yordam beradi. shuning uchun insoniyatning kelajagi ekologik muammolarni hal qilishning samarali usullariga bog'liq. qolaversa, ushbu usullar o’zaro ta’sir qilishi va bir-birini kuchaytirishi mumkin, bu esa ekologik muammolarni hal qilishda kompleks va tizimli yondashuvni talab qiladi. ushbu usullarni qo’llash hozirgi va kelajak avlodlar uchun barqaror rivojlanish va hayot sifatini yaxshilashga olib kelishi mumkin. atrof-muhitni tiklash uchun mablag' ajratish. birlashgan millatlar tashkiloti 2021-2030 yillarni ekotizimlarni tiklash va iqlim o'zgarishi oqibatlarini yumshatish o'n yilligi deb e'lon qildi. bu harakatning yo‘nalishlaridan biri tuproq unumdorligini oshirishdir. mutaxassislarning hisobkitoblariga ko‘ra, 2 milliard gektardan ortiq o‘rmonlar kesilgan va degradatsiyaga uchragan yerlarni qayta tiklash va qishloq xo‘jaligi maqsadlarida foydalanish mumkin. texnologiyalar ekologik muammolarni hal qilish usuli sifatida. yangi texnologiyalardan, jumladan, takomillashtirilgan tozalash inshootlari va muqobil manbalardan (quyosh, shamol va boshqalar) energiya oladigan elektr stansiyalaridan foydalanish atrof-muhitning ifloslanishini minimallashtirish imkonini beradi. aholi punktlarida mahalliy hududlarni obodonlashtirish. bu nafaqat derazadan chiroyli ko'rinish va yoqimli yurish uchun, balki mikroiqlimni tiklash, havoni tozalash va psixologik qulaylik darajasini oshirish uchun ham amalga oshiriladi. korxonalar atrofida va yo'llar bo'ylab daraxt ekish muhim ahamiyatga ega, bu zararli moddalarning tarqalishini kamaytiradi. xulosa shunday qilib, ekologik muammolar zamonaviy dunyoning eng dolzarb va jiddiy muammolaridan biridir. biroq, ularning atrof-muhitga va umuman insoniyatga ta'sirini bartaraf etish yoki kamaytirishga yordam beradigan samarali usullar va yondashuvlar mavjud. qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridan foydalanish, ekologik toza texnologiyalarni joriy etish, 3 https://lifesciences.byu.edu/how-to-reduce-human-caused-environmental-changes 4 https://www.derby.ac.uk/blog/seven-top-tips-reduce-environmental-impact/ 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ekologik ta’limni rivojlantirish va aholining ekologik madaniyatini oshirish kabi usullardan biridir. har birimiz kundalik hayotda kichik harakatlardan boshlab, ekologik muammolarni hal qilishga hissa qo'shishimiz mumkinligini tushunish muhimdir. bundan tashqari, atrof-muhit holatining muntazam monitoringini olib borish va uni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha shoshilinch choralar ko'rish zarur. faqat birgalikdagi sa'y-harakatlar orqali kelajak avlodlar hayoti va rivojlanishi uchun sog'lom va xavfsiz muhitni yaratishimiz mumkin. biroq salmoqli natijalarga erishish uchun sayyoramiz va insoniyat kelajagini saqlab qolish uchun kurashda barcha mamlakatlar va xalqlarning sa’y-harakatlarini birlashtirish zarur. foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati 1. burko r.a. zamonaviy jamiyatning ekologik muammolari va ularning yechimlari / r.a. burko, t.v. tereshina // yosh olim. 2013. 11-son. p.237-238. 2. environmental issues solutions to the issues https://byjus.com/biology/environmentalissues-solutions/ (kirish vaqti: 02.12.2021) 3. o’zbekiston respublikasi ekologiya, atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va iqlim o’zgarishi vazirligi https://uznature.uz/uz (kirish vaqti: 05.12.2023) 4. three environmental issues and ways to combat them -environmental protection https://eponline.com/articles/2019/11/25/three-environmental-issues-and-ways-to-combatthem.aspx (kirish vaqti: 29.12.2023) 5. vinokurova d.v. atrof muhitning ifloslanishini nazorat qilish tizimi. n. novgorod:, 2011. p.56 6. golub a.a., strukova e.b. tabiiy resurslar iqtisodiyoti. m .: aspen press, 2011. 319 p. 7. denisov v.v. ekologiya. rostov-na-donu: mart, 2014. 671 p. 8. donchenko v.k. ekologik integratsiya. 1-qism. ekologik integratsiyaning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatlari. sankt-peterburg, 2013. 163 p. 9. v.i. danilov-danilyan, k.s. losev, i.e. rafe sivilizatsiyaning asosiy muammosiga duch kelmoqda. rossiyadan ko'rinish. m.: infra-m, 2012 yil 10. voloshchenko a.e., guskov g.v. tabiatni boshqarish. m.: dashkov va k, 2013. 310 b. 11. https://yuz.uz/uz/news/ilmiy--izlanishlar--global-ekologik-muammolar-echimi(kirish vaqti: 03.01.2024) 12. https://lifesciences.byu.edu/how-to-reduce-human-caused-environmental-changes (kirish vaqti 08.01.2024) 13. https://www.derby.ac.uk/blog/seven-top-tips-reduce-environmental-impact/ (kirish vaqti 09.01.2024). https://byjus.com/biology/environmental-issues-solutions/(kirish https://byjus.com/biology/environmental-issues-solutions/(kirish https://uznature.uz/uz https://eponline.com/articles/2019/11/25/three-environmental-issues-and-ways-to-combat-them.aspx https://eponline.com/articles/2019/11/25/three-environmental-issues-and-ways-to-combat-them.aspx https://yuz.uz/uz/news/ilmiy--izlanishlar--global-ekologik-muammolar-echimihttps://lifesciences.byu.edu/how-to-reduce-human-caused-environmental-changes https://www.derby.ac.uk/blog/seven-top-tips-reduce-environmental-impact/ 69 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 topical issues of improving the legal definition of corruption in legislation nurmukhammedova guzalkhon bahodirovna associate professor, department of criminal law disciplines, university of public security of the republic of uzbekistan, phd in law, associate professor abstract: this article explores the critical need to establish a scientifically grounded and precise legal definition of corruption. the author argues that the ambiguity of the concept of “corruption” in both international and national legal frameworks hampers effective anticorruption measures. the article examines the socio-legal essence of corruption, its key features, subjects and objects, its latent nature, and its legal implications. it emphasizes the necessity to classify and legally demarcate corruption-related crimes accurately. a modular classification is proposed, based on criteria such as subject, object, form, and legal consequence. additionally, the author suggests an evolutionary legal approach whereby normative classifications are periodically updated every 2–3 years based on expert monitoring and scientific analysis. this comprehensive legal and theoretical approach aims to enhance the efficacy of corruption prevention and law enforcement practices. keywords: corruption, legal definition, official authority, personal gain, abuse of power, international conventions, latency, bribery, modular classification, public governance, legal clarity, law enforcement, crime, legal violation, political influence, protectionism, transparency, civil service, ethics, legislation. in the current era of globalization, in a complex environment of accelerating regional and interstate integration, corruption poses a number of problems in all countries, threatening to undermine and disintegrate society. in the fight against this scourge, all states and governments, international and regional organizations, scientific institutions, in short, the entire civil society, must work together to eliminate the systemic problems that cause corruption and work to promote transparency and honesty. this scourge requires, first of all, national, but also regional and international cooperation. the fight against corruption is a complex systemic issue that is closely related not only to legal, but also to political, economic and social problems. although a number of institutional and legislative reforms have been implemented in the republic of uzbekistan in the field of combating corruption, the lack of legal clarity, the lack of systematic measures being taken, and the lack of a unified approach to law enforcement still remain obstacles to eliminating this problem. in this regard, one of the urgent tasks is to provide a clear, scientifically based and legally acceptable definition of corruption and corruption crimes, as well as classify them based on criminal law features and consolidate this classification in legislation. according to the transparency international corruption perceptions index (cpi) published in 2016, uzbekistan ranked 156th out of 185 countries in the list of corrupt countries, but in the last two years it has been declining in this ranking, i.e. in 2017, uzbekistan was recognized as 157th, and in 2018, it 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us was recognized as 158th[1]. thanks to the active initiatives of our esteemed president, as a result of the reforms carried out in all spheres in the country, according to the 2024 results, uzbekistan ranked 121st in the corruption rating covering 180 countries. it scored only 32 points out of a total of 100 points. a score of less than 50 points indicates a high level of corruption in the country. president of the republic of uzbekistan shavkat mirziyoyev, in his speech at the meeting of the national anti-corruption council on march 5, 2025, emphasized that “the biggest obstacle and obstacle to reforms is corruption. this is fully confirmed by world experience. the fact that the world economy loses $3 trillion a year due to corruption is evidence that this is a global threat. corruption is such an evil that it undermines people's trust in the state, the constitution and laws, and becomes a serious threat to sustainable development and security”[2]. corruption is considered a social phenomenon, and to date, a definition that includes its social, legal, psychological and other aspects has not been developed. unfortunately, in international legal practice, the regulation of legal concepts related to corruption in a single and clear form has not yet been fully implemented. in particular, the 2003 un convention against corruption[3] and other generally recognized international legal instruments do not provide a clear definition of the concepts of "corruption" or "corruption offense (crime)". this creates serious problems in legal practice in qualifying corruption, determining its clear boundaries and harmonizing legal relations with respect to its various forms. the distinction between corruption and corruption crimes is not clearly defined in practice, the lack of clarity in considering corruption as a general socio-legal phenomenon and its legal qualification complicates its prevention and the establishment of punitive measures. in the legal literature, there are discussions and disputes related to the definition of criminal acts that make up the structure of corruption-related offenses, their characteristics and classification, as well as the definition of such concepts as "corruption", "corruption-related offenses" and "corruption-related crimes", as well as the analysis of the criminological characteristics of corruption-related crimes. therefore, the scientific substantiation of the current legal definition of corruption and its further improvement requires the need for additional research. that is, the concept of corruption should not be vague, its clear criminal-legal boundaries should be established. this is important for increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement practice in combating corruption, clearly defining its legal nature and punishment mechanisms. in this regard, it is important to work in the following areas, namely: first, expanding the definition of corruption: covering a wide range of aspects of corruption offenses. current legal definitions often focus only on specific corrupt practices, which limits the ability to analyze unique forms of corruption and take effective measures against it. secondly, taking into account the impact of corruption on all spheres of society: the impact of corruption is not limited to state institutions, but also covers the economy, civil society, education, healthcare and other sectors. therefore, it is necessary to define corruption based on a comprehensive and systemic approach. third, a scientifically based approach: it is necessary to conduct scientific research in order to deeply study the essence of corruption and its socio-legal consequences, as well as to identify its legal nature and mechanisms of influence. these studies will allow developing effective and targeted measures to combat corruption. some researchers, taking into account the complex nature of this phenomenon and concept, and taking into account the socio-political, demographic, national-psychological and ethnic characteristics of the state, link it with all social processes of this society. some researchers, when talking about corruption, approach it as an independent legal discipline corruptionology. here, by corruptionology, they understand "the policy of criminal legislation and ways to improve legislation aimed at influencing organized crime and corruption." in the "dictionary of 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us legal terms", the concept of corruption is defined as "the use of their status and the opportunities associated with it by persons authorized to perform state functions (or equated to them) to illegally obtain material and other wealth and privileges, as well as the provision of opportunities for the illegal acquisition of these wealth and privileges by individuals or legal entities"[4]. other encyclopedic sources also recognize that the term corruption is defined as “criminal activity in the field of politics or public administration, consisting in the use of the rights and opportunities of power granted to them by officials for personal enrichment”[5]. from the etymological definition of the concept of “corruption”, we can distinguish two main features, and these features will later serve as an answer to the question of which types of crimes should be designated as corruption-related crimes, namely: bribery and collusion. based on the definitions given to the concept of corruption in dictionaries, its main features can be distinguished as follows: participation of officials carried out by officials who have the authority of state power and management as subjects. the use of rights and powers for personal gain personal interest is prioritized over the interests of the state and society. obtaining material or other benefits corruption has the goal of increasing personal wealth through tangible assets (money, property) or intangible assets (privileges, promotion). illegality and illegality corrupt actions are carried out in violation of applicable laws. agreement and secrecy between the parties, latency corruption, as a rule, is carried out on the basis of a secret agreement between interested parties, which makes it difficult to expose it. in international legal instruments, the concept of corruption is interpreted through narrow or broad approaches to understanding this socio-legal phenomenon. a systematic analysis of legal definitions of corruption, a list of corruption acts and the norms of international anti-corruption instruments shows that the content and scope of the concept of corruption can be determined by its main characteristics. in particular, within the framework of the cis, the inter-parliamentary assembly of its member states adopted the model law no. 22-15 of november 15, 2003 entitled “legislative fundamentals on anti-corruption policy”. this law defines the concept of “corruption”. according to it, “corruption is a set of socially dangerous and unlawful actions consisting in the illegal use by an official of his social and legal status, official powers and official position for personal or close relatives’ benefit, in order to obtain material and/or non-material benefits, property or other benefits against the interests of society and the state without legal grounds. corruption also means the direct or indirect provision of such illegal benefits to officials”[6]. the main international instruments adopted in the field of combating corruption, namely the convention against corruption adopted by the un general assembly on october 31, 2003 by resolution 58/4[3], and the 1999 council of europe convention on criminal law for corruption[7], also refrain from defining the concept of “corruption”. however, in the council of europe convention on civil liability for corruption of 4 november 1999[8], the declaration on combating corruption and bribery in international business transactions adopted by resolution 51/191 of 16 december 1996[9], the convention against transnational organized crime adopted by resolution 55/25 of 15 november 2000[10], the cis model law on combating corruption of 3 april 1999[11], the cis model law on the legislative framework for anti-corruption policy of 15 november 2003[6], and the interamerican convention against corruption adopted by the organization of american states on 29 march 1996[12], we can distinguish the following characteristics of corruption: subject – public officials; 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us obtaining illegal benefits – material (property, services or privileges) or non-material (administrative, political or other advantage); abuse of official authority; prioritizing personal interests over the interests of the state and society – a threat to national security, an obstacle to economic development, damage to democracy and the rule of law, a violation of equality and social justice; harm to the interests of third parties – (violation of the principle of equal rights of citizens from the author); collusion. when analyzing the definitions given in the laws of the russian federation (2008)[13], the republic of belarus (2015)[14] and the republic of kazakhstan (2015)[15] “on combating corruption”, corruption is characterized by the following general features: corruption subjects: state officials persons working in state bodies (executive, legislative, judicial) and administrative systems, as well as persons equated to civil servants employees of local government bodies, state institutions and state organizations. abuse of state authority: use of official position for personal or third-party benefit. obtaining illegal benefits: receiving material advantages such as money, property, services, patronage, privileges, permits, property rights, or accepting non-property advantages (political protection, promotion, administrative assistance). according to the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on combating corruption” of january 3, 2017, “corruption is defined as the unlawful use of a person’s official or official position for the purpose of obtaining material or non-material benefit for his or her personal interests or the interests of other persons, as well as the unlawful provision of such benefit”[16]. in our opinion, the definitions of corruption existing in the current legislation are insufficient, since they do not cover all aspects of this social phenomenon. in particular, firstly, the current definition reflects only such criminal offenses as abuse of official authority for selfish purposes and bribery. however, it should be noted that other socially dangerous acts are also included in this type of crime, based on the requirements of international norms and analysis of the legislative norms of foreign countries. secondly, lobbying, protectionism, nepotism, granting privileges based on family relationships, turning a blind eye, guidance, and other similar actions are not covered. such corruption cases are often committed for personal or narrow interests, without receiving material reward or wealth. ignoring such cases reduces the effectiveness of the fight against corruption and creates conditions for it to take deep roots in society. views on abuse of office: v.s. komissarov “use of official authority for personal gain”[17]; p.a. kabanov “a social phenomenon based on the selfish use of official authority by an official of state power and administrative bodies for personal gain”[18]; g.n. borzenkov “the decline of the administrative apparatus based on the use of official authority by officials for selfish purposes”[19]; g.k. mishin “abuse of authority by subjects of administration for personal (individual or group) purposes”; a.i. dolgova “a social phenomenon leading to the malicious use of official powers, authority and opportunities of state or other officials for personal or corporate interests”[20]; according to b.v. volzhenkin, “plundering and plundering property by taking advantage of one’s official position and abusing power or official authority”[21]. h.kh. meliev “corruption is a socially dangerous phenomenon, a criminological concept consisting in the illegal gain or use of one’s official position and the authority associated with it for malicious purposes, as well as the illegal presentation of such gain by individuals or legal entities”[22]; abuse of official powers by state apparatus, civil servants and employees of non-governmental organizations for personal or narrow interests (n.f. kuznetsova, a.i. dolgova, a.k. 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us irkakhodzhaev, b.d. akhrarov, waldemar walczak [23]); use of state power for personal or corporate interests (k. tozhiboev[26]); illegal abuse of power and official authority (k.r. abdurasulova, b.d. akhrarov[25]); v.v. astanin says that “it is a socio-legal phenomenon characterized by a violation of relations in various spheres of governance and is manifested in the betrayal and bribery of individuals using their official powers and the opportunities associated with them” [24]. this approach is supported by researchers such as n.a. lopashenko, s.v. maksimov, g.n. borzenkov[19]. views on personal gain: o.v. barabash and k.b. filippov “corruption includes the acquisition of both property and non-property interests. this implies the acquisition of material or nonmaterial benefits not only for personal gain, but also for the benefit of third parties. such interests can be expressed in the form of money, valuables, services or other property rights”[19]; t.ya. khabrieva “the main motive of corrupt actions is the achievement of personal gain, which can be manifested in the form of material wealth, services or privileges”[25]; k. tojibaev, on the other hand, stated that “corruption is a crime that occurs as a result of the use of state power, its organization in a way that is subordinated to one’s own interests”[26], while a. k. irkakhodjaev wrote that “corruption is a social phenomenon characterized by the use of official authority by state and other officials, the influence and opportunities associated with them, for personal or specific group or corporate interests, and for selfish purposes”[27]. as a result of analyzing the definitions given by scientists, its main features and characteristics can be summarized as follows: subject state officials, employees, officials or persons with state authority; object the interests of the state and society, the legal order and the system of state governance; illegality corruption is an illegal activity prohibited by criminal law; personal interest the illegal use of official authority in order to obtain material and nonmaterial benefits; danger to society and the state corruption negatively affects the efficiency of the state administration system and social justice. we, agreeing with the above scholars, consider it appropriate to distinguish the signs of corruption based on the definition given to it, that is, these signs include: ø commission by special entities; ø possession of official authority; ø commission contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state; ø use of official authority for personal needs; ø violation of the equal rights of citizens; ø latency; ø commission with the aim of achieving a certain benefit (material or intangible). in our opinion, the presence of the above signs makes it possible to distinguish corruptionrelated crimes from other official crimes not related to corruption, as well as crimes against justice. taking into account the above, we would like to give the following definition of corruption, namely: "corruption is the intentional unlawful use of official authority by an official in exchange for his or her actions or inaction related to the exercise of his or her official authority, in order to obtain material (property, services or privileges) or non-material (administrative, political or other advantage, patronage, acquaintance) benefits for his or her own personal interests or the interests of other persons, contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state, as well as the unlawful presentation of such benefits." in conclusion, it should be noted 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us that corruption, as a socio-legal phenomenon, manifests itself in various forms and manifestations, depending on the level of economic, political and cultural development of a particular state or society. the development of information and communication technologies, globalization and the digitalization of public administration are giving rise to new forms of corruption, including: digital corruption-cybercorruption (for example, falsification of electronic tenders, use of state information systems for personal purposes); lobbying and protectionism, which do not always have a criminal legal character, but pose a risk of corruption in society; political influence (patronage) and conflicts of interest of political elites, which threaten the transparency of public administration. the following are proposed to solve this problem: first, the introduction of a modular and flexible classification, that is, the proposed classification should be based on different modules, each module being compiled separately based on certain criteria: subject-based module: civil servants, private sector and civil society representatives; object-based module: state interests, transparency of public trust, economic interests; form-based module: active (bribery), passive (bribery), mediation, concealment of interest, virtual (digital) or hybrid corruption; legal result-based module: criminal liability, administrative liability, disciplinary measures. these modules are mutually coordinated, but independent and interchangeable, and can be updated and expanded over time. this solution ensures the universality and flexibility of the system. secondly, innovative and "evolutionary" analysis can be included in the legislation, that is, every 2-3 years, it is possible to make additions to the normative classification on the basis of reports and scientific analyzes of state bodies devoted to changes in the forms of corruption. in this process, it is necessary to establish regular expertise and monitoring based on the opinion of law enforcement bodies, recommendations of international organizations and the opinion of society. references: 1. corruption perceptions index 2018: statistically significant changes. 2018_cpi_statistically significant changes 2. https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/7924 3. конвенция организации объединенных наций против коррупции — конвенции и соглашения — декларации, конвенции, соглашения и другие правовые материалы 4. юридик атамалар қомусий луғати. – тошкент: шарқ, 2003. – б. 201. 5. юридическая энциклопедия. 2-ое изд. перераб. – м.: зерцало, 2003. – с. 45. 6. основы законодательства об антикоррупционной политике: модельный закон принят в. санкт-петербурге 15.11.2003 г. постановлением 22-15 на 22-м пленарном заседании межпарламентской ассамблеи государств-участников снг // межпарламентская ассамблея государств-участников содружества независимых государств. информационный бюллетень. 2004. № 33. с. 225–260 // спс консультантплюс.// https://base.garant.ru/2569543/ 7. конвенция об уголовной ответственности за коррупцию (страсбург, 27.01.1999 г.) // бюллетень международных договоров. 2009. № 9. с. 15–29 // url: http: http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online. cgi?req=doc;base=law;n=121544 (дата обращения: 09.05.2015) 8. upload-2019-09-03-09-01-43.pdf 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. декларация организации объединенных наций о борьбе с коррупцией и взяточничеством в международных коммерческих операциях — декларации — декларации, конвенции, соглашения и другие правовые материалы 10. https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/orgcrime.shtml 11. модельный закон о борьбе с коррупцией: принят в санкт-петербурге 3.04.1999 постановлением 13-4 на 13-ом пленарном заседании межпарламентской ассамблеи государств-участников снг // межпарламентская ассамблея государств-участников содружества независимых государств. информационный бюллетень. 1999. № 21. с. 70–84 // спс консультантплюс 12. https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901934990 13. http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_law_82959/ 14. https://kodeksy-by.com/ zakon_rb_o_borbe_s_korruptsiej.htm 15. http://miid.gov.kz/ru/pages/o-protivodeystvii-korrupcii 16. ўзбекистон республикасининг 2017 йил 3 январдаги “коррупцияга қарши курашиш тўғрисида”ги қонуни // қонунчилик маълумотлари миллий базаси, 21.04.2021 й., 03/21/683/0375-сон, 19.11.2021 й., 03/21/729/1064-сон; 09.08.2023 й., 03/23/860/0571сон; 05.06.2024 й., 03/24/931/0402-сон; 26.02.2025 й., 03/25/1038/0188-сон 17. комиссаров в.с. уголовно-правовые аспекты борьбы с коррупцией // вестник московского университета. серия 11. право. – 1993. – № 1. – с. 28. 18. кабанов п.а. коррупция и взяточничество в россии: исторические, криминологические и уголовно-правовые аспекты. – нижнекамск, 1995. – с. 7. 19. борзенков г.н. уголовно-правовые меры борьбы с коррупцией // вестник мгу. – серия «право». – 1993. – № 1. –с. 30. 20. криминология: учебник для юридических вузов / под общей ред. а.и. долговой. – м., 1997. – с. 501. 21. волженкин б.в. коррупция и уголовный закон. //правоведение, 1991. – №6. – с.64.; корыстные злоупотребления по службе (хищения, взяточничество, злоупотребление служебным положением, уголовно-правовая характеристика и проблемы квалификации. автореф.дисс.док.юр.наук. – м. 1991. – c.41. 22. мелиев х.х. коррупциявий жиноятчилик ва унга қарши курашишнинг криминологик чоралари: дис. … phd: 12.00.15 / мелиев худоёр хуррамович; тошкент давлат юридик университети. – тошкент, 2024. – 151 с. 23. waldemar walczak. corruption-involving 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[электронный ресурс]. url: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3727037 (дата обращения: [укажите дату обращения]). 24. астанин в.в. коррупция и борьба с ней в россии второй половины xvi–xx вв . : дис . … канд . юрид . наук . м ., 2001 . 209 с . 25. ахраров б.д. ҳокимият ёки мансаб ваколатини суиистеъмол қилиш жинояти учун жиноий жавобгарлик. — тошкент: тошкент давлат юридик институти, 2005. — 128 с. 26. хабриева т. я. коррупция и право: доктринальные подходы к постановке проблемы // журнал российского права. – 2012. – № 6. – с. 5 — 17. 27. тожибоев қ. мансаб мавқеини суиистеъмол қилиш йўли билан ўзгалар мулкини талон-тарож қилганлик учун жавобгарлик. – тошкент: тдюи, 2004. – б.13. 28. криминология. учебник. отв.редактор: м.х.рустамбаев. – ташкент: тгюи, 2008. – с. 219, 221-222. 60 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 comparative analysis of population growth and wheat production in the republic of uzbekistan and the people's republic of china 1n.n.oblomuradov, 2li xuejun, 3j.b.khudaykulov, 4b.m.kholmurzayev, 5mo fei, 6g.b.ro'zmetova 1professor, rector of tsau, 2nwafu, dean, college of agronomy, 3,4tsau professors, 5nwafu, professor, college of agronomy, 6tsau master's student abstract: as a result of the population growth of countries around the world, including the republic of uzbekistan and the people's republic of china, the demand for food products is increasing. this article presents an analysis of demographic growth and the growth of population demand for wheat grain in uzbekistan and china based on descriptive and scientific data. in uzbekistan, the population increased from 4.4 million to 37.8 million during 1920-2024, and in china from 527.2 million in 1950 to 1,416.333 million today. as a result, the demand for food products has increased. after independence in 1991, wheat became the second most important crop after cotton as part of a national “self-sufficiency” campaign in uzbekistan. consequently, irrigated wheat area increased significantly from 0,63 million ha in 1991 to 1,1 million ha in 2025. during this period, average yield increased from 1,34 to 79,8 causing total production to increase from 0,95 million tons to 8,7 million tons. according to the data obtained in 2023/2024, the area of wheat cultivation in the people's republic of china was 23,627 thousand hectares, the total yield was 136,946 thousand tons, and the average yield was equal to 5.81 t/ha. according to the data of the scientific research work which held at the condition of uzbekistan the yield potential of winter wheat varieties “sharof-100”, “asr ilgisi”, “khamkor”, “baraka” in the climatic conditions of uzbekistan is 8.5-9.0 t/ha, “ultra”, “grad”, “oq yor”, “risq”, “qora daryo”, “nodir”, “ravnaq” varieties have the possibility of yielding 10.0-10.5 t/ha. these varieties are noted as strong and valuable varieties according to technological quality indicators of grain. keywords: republic of uzbekistan, people's republic of china, population, demographic growth, food, wheat, productivity, grain quality. introduction. as a result of the population growth of countries around the world, including the republic of uzbekistan and the people's republic of china, the demand for food products is increasing[1]. this article presents an analysis of demographic growth and the growth of population demand for wheat grain in uzbekistan and china based on descriptive and scientific data. in uzbekistan, the population increased from 4.4 million to 37.8 million during 1920-2024, and in china from 527.2 million in 1950 to currently 1,416.333 million people today. as a result, the demand for food products has increased [4]. the fact that more than 60% of the world's population lives in the asian continent and the high demographic growth indicators compared to other continents, it is observed that the demand for food, including wheat grain and products derived from it, increases [1; 3]. the global climate change observed on the earth requires agricultural specialists to introduce water-saving irrigation technologies, smart agriculture and digital innovations in the production 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us of wheat varieties resistant to adverse climatic conditions drought and salinity, seeding, wheat varieties in the soil climate of each region of the world countries[2]. discussion. territory of uzbekistan. uzbekistan borders on kirgizistan in the northeast, north and northwest kazakhstan; in the southwest and south turkmenistan; in the south afghanistan, and in the southeast tajikistan. it has access to the almost dried up aral sea, but is one of two countries in the world that need to cross the territory of at least two states to access the world ocean. the population of uzbekistan is 37,8 million (as of march 9, 2025). the majority of the population (more than 83.7% 28.15 million people) is uzbek. the uzbeks make up a particularly large proportion of the population in andijan region. there are more than 1 million russians, kazakhs, tajiks each; in addition to 500 thousand tatars, kyrgyz, karakalpak, there are also persians (200 thousand), koreans (200 thousand), ukrainians (150 thousand), turkmens (150 thousand), armenians (100 thousand), arabs and roma (500 thousand), etc. 51% of the population lives in cities and 49% in villages. as of 2024, the number of men is 18.9 million, and the number of women is 19.1 million. the urban population is 17.1 million, and the rural population is 20.9 million. the number of births is 413.6 thousand, and the number of deaths is 80.9 thousand. the number of registered marriages is 108.9 thousand [7]. table 1. population of the republic of uzbekistan years population, million people percentage increase, % 1920 4.4 -- 1930 4.9 +11.4% 1940 6.6 +34.7% 1950 6.2 −6.1% 1960 8.4 +35.5% 1970 11.8 +40.5% 1980 15.8 +33.9% 1990 20.2 +27.8% 2000 24.5 +21.3% 2010 28 +14.3% 2020 33.9 +21.1% 2021 34.5 +1.7% 2022 35.2 +2.0% 2023 36.0 +2.2% 2024 36.8 +2.2% the majority of the population is uzbek, who make up 84.7% of the population. uzbekistan is a multinational republic, with representatives of about 130 nationalities and ethnic groups living there. like other countries in central asia, the population of the republic of uzbekistan is relatively "young", with a large proportion of it being of working age. 42% of the total population is young people before the working age, 51% is of working age, and 7% is older than the working age. table 2. ethnic composition (2025 year) nation number uzbeks 29 million 200 thousand people tajiks 1 million 700 thousand people kazakhs 821 thousand 200 people russians 720 thousand 300 people karakalpaks 752 thousand 700 people tatars 187 thousand 300 people kyrgyz 291 thousand 600 people koreans 174 thousand 200 people turkmen 206 thousand 200 people ukrainians 67 thousand 900 people armenians 34 thousand 150 people 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us azerbaijanis 41 thousand 200 people georgians around 3 thousand 800 people uyghurs around 20 thousand belarusians around 20 thousand crimean tatars around 10 thousand jews approximately 20-30 thousand people turks around 10 thousand germans 3 thousand 900 people greeks less than 10 thousand territory of china. china is the third largest country in the world after russia and canada. it is surrounded by the yellow, east china and south china seas of the pacific ocean to the east. area 9.6 million km². population 1 billion 425 million people, second only to india in terms of population in the world (2024) [5]. the capital is beijing. administratively, it is divided into 23 provinces (including chinese taipei), 5 autonomous regions, and 4 centrally-administered cities (beijing, shanghai, tianjin, chongqing). china population. the current population of china is 1,416,340,126 as of tuesday, june 3, 2025 based on worldometer’s elaboration of the latest united nations data. china 2025 population is estimated at 1,416,096,094 people at mid-year [6]. picture 1. china population (live) 1,416,338,493 picture 2. 63 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 1. china population is equivalent to 17.20% of the total world population. 2. china ranks number in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. 3. the population density in china is 151 per km² (391 people per mi²). 4. the total land area is 9,388,211 km² (3,624,807 sq. miles). 5. 67.55% of the population is urban (956,553,854 people in 2025) 6. the median age in china is 40.1 years. when analyzing the above-mentioned data, it can be observed that over the past 30 years, the populations of the republic of uzbekistan and the people's republic of china have steadily increased. along with the rise in population in both countries, there has also been a growing demand for food products. according to scientific sources, the largest share of daily food consumption comes from wheat, rice, corn, and other cereal crops. wheat, in particular, plays a crucial role as it is the most widely consumed cereal crop across the world, and it is distinguished by its large cultivation area and high total yield among grain crops [2]. as can be seen from the data presented in figure 3, the population of many countries around the world derives a significant portion of their daily caloric intake from wheat products. specifically, daily nutritional calories obtained from bread and other wheat flour products account for 50% in uzbekistan and 23% in the people's republic of china. picture 3. 50% of daily calories come from wheat products agriculture replays an important role in the economy of uzbekistan contributing 16%to gdp and 44% to employment. uzbekistan has a land area of 44,8 million ha, of which about 4,5 million ha is arable, and 4 million ha is irrigated. main cultivated crops are cotton, wheat, barley, rice, maize, potatoes and horticultural crops (vegetables and fruits). currently, about 80% of the total irrigated area is occupied by cotton and wheat, and most government efforts are aimed at increasing the productivity and production of these two major strategic crops. bread wheat is an important food staple in uzbekistan, which, during the former soviet union era, was imported from other republics, including kazakhstan. after independence in 1991, wheat became the second most important crop after cotton as part of a national “selfsufficiency” campaign. consequently, irrigated wheat area increased significantly from 0,63 million ha in 1991 to 1,1 million ha in 2025. during this period, average yield increased from 1,34 to 79,8 causing total production to increase from 0,95 million tons to 8,7 million tons [1; 2]. 64 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture 4. grain cultivation in uzbekistan is divided into three zones: northern, central, and southern regions. the northern region includes the republic of karakalpakstan and khorezm region; the southern region consists of surkhandarya and kashkadarya regions; while the central region comprises tashkent, syrdarya, samarkand, bukhara, jizzakh, navoi, namangan, andijan, and fergana regions. in uzbekistan’s conditions, wheat cultivation takes into account the soil and climatic characteristics of each region, which leads to differences in sowing times. in the northern region, under its specific soil and climate conditions, autumn wheat varieties are most effectively sown in september, while in the southern region, slightly later sowing-between october 20 and november 10 yields better results. the table below presents the results of experiments conducted in the central region of the republic of uzbekistan regarding the cultivation of autumn wheat. table 4. biometric parameters of local wheat varieties created in the last 5 years in the climatic conditions of the republic of uzbekistan № name of varieties of wheat plant steam height, cm maturation group vegetation period of the plant, day yield potential, s/ha tolerance to external factors tolerance to external factors gluten content type of grain 1 ultra 90-95 earliest ripening 190-195 100-110 tolerant to droughts, salinity and diseases 30-31 hard wheat 2 sharof-100 80-85 earliest ripening 200-205 90-100 tolerant to droughts, salinity and diseases 30-31 hard wheat 3 asr chilgisi 80-85 earliest ripening 205-210 90-100 resistant to high temperature, salinity and diseases 30-31 hard wheat 4 grad 80-85 earliest ripening 205-210 100-110 resistant to high temperature, salinity and diseases 30-31 hard wheat 5 khamkor 90-95 early ripening 210-215 90-100 resistant to high temperature, salinity and diseases 30-31 hard wheat 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6 baraka 85-90 early ripening 210-215 90-100 tolerant to droughts, salinity and diseases 30-31 hard wheat 7 oq yor 95-100 early ripening 225-230 110-120 tolerant to low temperature and droughts 27-29 hardest wheat 8 risq 90-95 early ripening 225-230 110-120 resistant to high temperature, salinity and diseases 28-30 hardest wheat 9 andijon 3 95-100 early ripening 225-230 100-110 resistant to high temperature, salinity and diseases 27-29 hardest wheat 10 nodir 95-100 early ripening 230-235 110-120 resistant to high temperature, salinity and diseases 28-30 hardest wheat 11 aziz 90-95 early ripening 230-235 100-110 tolerant to low temperature and droughts 28-30 hardest wheat 12 qadr 90-97 lateripening 240-245 100-110 tolerant to low temperature and droughts 27-29 hardest wheat 13 qora daryo 90-95 lateripening 240-245 110-120 tolerant to low temperature and droughts 27-29 hardest wheat 14 ravnaq 80-85 middle ripening 240-245 110-120 tolerant to low temperature and droughts 27-29 hardest wheat according to the data of the scientific research work which held at the condition of uzbekistan the yield potential of winter wheat varieties “sharof-100”, “asr ilgisi”, “khamkor”, “baraka” in the climatic conditions of uzbekistan is 8.5-9.0 t/ha, “ultra”, “grad”, “oq yor”, “risq”, “qora daryo”, “nodir”, “ravnaq” varieties have the possibility of yielding 10.0-10.5 t/ha. these varieties are noted as strong and valuable varieties according to technological quality indicators of grain. picture 5. in many countries around the world, wheat is typically cultivated and grown during the autumn and spring seasons. when analyzing the state of wheat production in the people's republic of china, it can be seen that the majority of wheat (about 95%) is sown during the autumn season. in the 2015/2016 season, wheat was cultivated on 24,567 thousand hectares, yielding a total harvest of 132,555 thousand tons, with an average yield of 5.4 tons per hectare. by the 2019/2020 season, although the area under autumn wheat cultivation had decreased by 839 thousand hectares compared to 2016, the total wheat harvest had increased by 1,045 thousand tons. the average yield during this period reached 5.63 tons per hectare. 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture 6. according to data obtained for the 2023/2024 season, the area under wheat cultivation in the people’s republic of china was 23,627 thousand hectares, with a total wheat production of 136,946 thousand tons and an average yield of 5.81 tons per hectare. table 5. wheat area, gross yield and average yield in the people's republic of china 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us picture 7. it is important to note that in the 2024/2025 season, it is expected that wheat cultivated on 23,587 thousand hectares will yield 140,099 thousand tons, with the average grain yield projected to reach 5.94 t/ha. furthermore, for the 2025/2026 wheat production season, a priority goal has been set to increase the total production to 142,000 thousand tons and raise the average grain yield to 6.02 t/ha through the application of advanced innovative technologies and the cultivation of high-yielding wheat varieties. conclusion. in 1991, when the republic of uzbekistan gained independence, its population was 20.2 million people. by 2024, the population had reached 36.8 million, and according to 2025 statistical data, it amounted to 37.8 million people. in the people's republic of china, the population was 710 million in 1960, over 987 million in 1980, 1.25 billion in 2000, and, according to data for 2025, it stands at 1,416,338,493 people. after gaining independence in 1991, wheat became the second most important crop after cotton within the framework of a national “self-sufficiency” campaign. as a result, the area of irrigated wheat cultivation significantly increased from 0.63 million hectares in 1991 to 1.1 million hectares in 2025. during this period, the average yield rose from 0.13 t/ha to 7.9 t/ha, and total production increased from 0.95 million tons to 8.7 million tons. the above-analyzed data shows that significant scientific and practical achievements have been made in the field of grain production in both the republic of uzbekistan and the people's republic of china. scientists from both countries have developed wheat varieties that are resistant to unfavorable climatic conditions and of high quality, and the seed production systems have been properly organized. at the national level, both countries have given considerable attention to the development of the grain sector and have implemented advanced scientific and practical measures. the application of modern, resource-saving innovative technologies in grain farming has proven to be highly effective. in the near future, we express hope that through collaboration between tsau and nwafu scientists from both countries, the creation and seed production of wheat varieties resistant to drought, salinity, heat, cold, and various diseases, along with the implementation of water-saving irrigation technologies, smart agriculture and integrated pest management (ipm), will bring high 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us efficiency and ensure a stable supply of wheat products to meet the population’s growing demand. references: 1. atabaeva kh.n., khudaykulov j.b., nurbekov a.i., kassam a. plant science. textbook. tashkent, “fan ziyosi”, 2021 y. 398 pp. 2. yigezu y.a., bishaw z., niane a.a., nurbekov a.i.. political economy of the wheat sector in uzbekistan: seed systems, varietal adoption and impacts. icarda, beirut, lebanon. 175 pp. tashkent-2022. 3. margaret j. mcmahon, anton m. kofranek, vinsent e. rubatzky. plant science: growth, develoment and utilization of cultivated plants. fifth edition. nj, usa. “copyright”, 2011.415 p. 4. https://www.sciopen.com/article/pdf/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.001. pdf?ifpreview.2025. 5. https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/countrysummary/default.aspx?id=ch&crop=wheat. 2024 year. 6. https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/countrysummary/images/ch/cropprod/china_wheat.jpg. 2025 year. 7. https://www.agro.uz/charts/ statistical dates.2025 year. 105 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 subject of witness testimony during interrogation a. s. pulatov independent researcher at the higher school of judges abstract: in criminal proceedings, witness testimony serves as a central means of establishing factual circumstances. according to the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, a witness is legally obliged not only to testify but to provide truthful information. this responsibility has implications both for the reliability of evidence and the procedural integrity of criminal trials. despite the formal legal framing, ambiguity remains regarding the scope and interpretation of a witness's obligation to testify truthfully and the admissibility of information based on its origin and reliability. this study aims to analyze the subject of witness testimony during interrogation, including the legal basis, procedural mechanisms, and evidentiary value, by examining both domestic and foreign legislation. the findings indicate that while the law obligates witnesses to provide information known to them, only deliberately false testimony constitutes a criminal offense. furthermore, the personal attributes and perceptions of the witness significantly affect the evidentiary value of their statements. the article contributes a comparative perspective by integrating international legal approaches and scholarly interpretations into the analysis of uzbekistan’s legal framework. these insights underline the importance of refining interrogation practices to assess the reliability of testimony and ensuring procedural fairness by balancing the rights of both prosecution and defense during witness examination. keywords: criminal case, criminal procedure, investigator, court, obligation, summons, appearance, false testimony, concealment, intentional, information related to the criminal case, foreign experience, rights and freedoms. introduction per part 2 of article 66 of the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan, upon receiving a summons from the investigator or court, the witness is mandated to provide accurate evidence, disclose all pertinent facts regarding the case, and respond to the enquiries presented" [1]. a witness may incur criminal liability for refusing to testify and for providing deliberately false testimony (articles 238, 240 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan). thus, these rules impose two independent obligations on the witness: the first is to give testimony, the second is to give truthful testimony. however, since these obligations are closely interconnected, we are talking about the witness's obligation to give truthful testimony [2]. the duty to testify entails that a witness is required to disclose to the investigator or the court, in a legally prescribed manner, the details of the criminal case that they have become aware of, and to respond to the enquiries directed at them. the witness's testimony must be accurate [3]. the words of the law "truthful testimony" should be interpreted taking into account the content of the corpus delicti, which provides for liability for giving knowingly false testimony, about which the witness is warned before interrogation (the investigator explains to the witness his obligations, which, in turn, is reflected in the interrogation record (article 100 of the criminal procedure 106 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us code). in this sense, a witness's obligation to provide truthful testimony does not mean that the information given by the witness must always correspond to the absolute truth [4]. only knowingly giving false testimony constitutes a criminal offense, that is, a crime committed with direct intent if the witness is aware that they are conveying deliberately false information to the investigator and the court, and wishes to do so. this is because everyone can perceive the same event differently [5]. methodology the methodology of this research is based on a qualitative legal analysis approach, utilizing comparative, normative, and interpretative methods. the study relies primarily on a doctrinal review of uzbekistan’s criminal procedure code, particularly article 66, as well as related provisions of the criminal code (articles 238 and 240), to understand the legal foundations of a witness's obligation to provide truthful testimony. a rigorous analysis of key legal documents, including resolution no. 24 of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan, is conducted to evaluate the standards of admissibility and the evidential value of witness statements. in addition, the research incorporates comparative analysis by reviewing selected foreign legislation and international practices related to witness interrogation to identify similarities and differences in procedural standards [6]. the examination also draws upon authoritative legal commentaries and theoretical perspectives from established legal scholars such as m.s. strogovich and v.d. arsenyev to explore conceptual interpretations of evidentiary and auxiliary facts. particular attention is given to how the witness's cognitive perception, physical and psychological condition, and personal relationship with other parties in the case may affect the reliability of their testimony [7]. the data sources include statutory documents, court rulings, and secondary literature, which are evaluated through legal hermeneutics to determine their implications for current practice. by integrating normative texts with doctrinal critique, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how witness testimony is regulated, interpreted, and applied in both national and comparative legal contexts [8]. results and discussion therefore, article 66 of the criminal procedure code stipulates the witness's obligation to testify in good faith, without evasion or false testimony. certainly, when issuing a verdict, the court must thoroughly examine witness testimonies, even if they are given conscientiously, but base the verdict only on reliable testimonies. the witness's obligation to give truthful testimony stems from their impartiality and includes the need to provide information as they perceived it (completely), without deliberately concealing any facts known to them about the case [9]. the subject of witness testimony during interrogation may include: a) any circumstances related to the criminal case; b) information about the identity of the suspect, accused, and victim; c) their relationships with these individuals [10]. indeed, if there is doubt about the witness's lack of interest in the case outcome, their ability to adequately perceive the situation, or their capacity to provide accurate testimony, they may be questioned about themselves to verify their reliability as a source of information. the witness must disclose the source of their information; failure to do so will render their statements inadmissible as evidence per article 951 of the criminal procedure code, particularly if the source is unidentified or unverified during criminal proceedings [11]. information about any facts and circumstances of the crime stated by the witness may be accepted as evidence. according to resolution no. 24 of the plenum of the supreme court of the republic of uzbekistan, dated august 24, 2018, titled "on certain issues of application of the norms of criminal procedure law on the admissibility of evidence," assessments, conclusions, opinions, assumptions, and rumours articulated by a witness are inadmissible as evidence if the witness is unable or unwilling to disclose the source of their knowledge [12]. 107 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us additionally, witness testimony may be important for the investigator to develop other assumptions, plans, versions, and other tactics regarding the case. of course, the witness's testimony plays a significant role in proving the guilt or innocence of the detainee. or can serve as auxiliary and intermediate evidence in the case. at the same time, it can determine the further course of the preliminary investigation. auxiliary facts those that are important for finding evidence and verifying its reliability. these include, for example, facts that characterize the identity of a witness, which allows us to assess the accuracy or reliability of his testimony (he may have previously been prosecuted for giving false testimony) [13]. in interrogation, witness information is considered important, since personal information can often be clarifying or exposing for witness testimony [14]. it is known that a number of factors can influence the perception and transmission by a witness of facts known to him in the case: the presence of physical or mental illnesses, as well as his attitude towards the accused, the victim, and other participants in the process (there may be mutual hostility due to close kinship, intimacy), personal interests in the case, etc. this information is also important for the defense, which undoubtedly limits its right to participate in court proceedings on equal terms with the prosecution [15]. conclusion in conclusion, the analysis of the subject of witness testimony during interrogation reveals that the obligation to provide truthful testimony, as stipulated in uzbekistan’s criminal procedure code, encompasses both legal and ethical dimensions, with criminal liability only arising in cases of knowingly false statements. the findings highlight the crucial distinction between factual inaccuracies due to perception and deliberate misinformation, emphasizing that a witness’s testimony must be assessed in light of their personal circumstances, cognitive ability, and potential bias. the study further demonstrates that the evidentiary value of testimony depends not only on content but also on the credibility and source of the information provided. this underlines the importance of ensuring that interrogation practices respect procedural fairness while critically evaluating the reliability of witness statements. the implications suggest a need for enhanced procedural safeguards and training for investigators to recognize the complexities in witness perception and truthfulness. for future research, a deeper empirical examination of court practices and the psychological dimensions influencing witness behavior could provide practical insights for refining interrogation procedures and strengthening the justice system’s evidentiary standards. used literature: 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasining jinoyat-protsessual kodeksi. tashkent: o‘zbekiston, 2024. 2. o‘zbekiston respublikasining jinoyat kodeksi. tashkent: o‘zbekiston, 2024. 3. o‘zbekiston respublikasining jinoyat kodeksi. tashkent: o‘zbekiston, 2024. 4. o‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy sudi plenumining 2018 yil 24 avgustdagi 24-sonli “dalillar maqbulligiga oid jinoyat-protsessual qonuni normalarini qo‘llashning ayrim masalalari to‘g‘risida”gi qarori. 5. m. s. strogovich, *kurs ugolovnogo protsessa*, vol. 1, pp. 361–369. 6. v. d. arsenyev, *ugolovnyy protsess*, moscow state university, pp. 20–22; m. s. strogovich, *kurs ugolovnogo protsessa*, vol. 1, p. 363; *ugolovnyy protsess* (mgu), p. 148. 7. m. a. kaluzhina, v. v. verstov, y. a. bondarenko, t. s. balugina, and a. i. natura, “the effect of individual differences on the cognitive processes of a witness during interrogation,” *cuestiones políticas*, vol. 39, no. 71, 2021. 108 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 8. e. r. hilgard and e. f. loftus, “effective interrogation of the eyewitness,” *the international journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis*, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 342–357, 1979. 9. n. p. spanos, c. a. quigley, m. i. gwynn, r. l. glatt, and a. h. perlini, “hypnotic interrogation, pretrial preparation, and witness testimony during direct and crossexamination,” *law and human behavior*, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 639–653, 1991. 10. a. c. rigney, “questioning in interpreted testimony,” *the international journal of speech, language and the law*, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 83–108, 1999. 11. m. vecheria and p. kravchuk, “obtaining testimony of a witness in conditions that ensure his safety in criminal proceedings,” *yevropeyski sotsio-pravovi ta gumanitarni studii*, no. 1, pp. 156–163, 2024. 12. m. costanzo, i. blandón-gitlin, and d. davis, “the purpose, content, and effects of expert testimony on interrogations and confessions,” in *advances in psychology and law: volume 2*, pp. 141–178, 2016. 13. c. w. muehlberger, “interrogation under drug influence,” *journal of criminal law, criminology & police science*, vol. 42, pp. 513–518, 1951. 14. k. oliver, “witnessing and testimony,” *parallax*, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 78–87, 2004. 15. m. turkot, a. ponomarenko, i. iierusalymov, s. peretyatko, and o. shulha, “organizational and procedural aspects of obtaining testimony during a court interrogation,” *cuestiones políticas*, vol. 40, no. 72, 2022. 18-23 usage, history, systematics, morphology and chicpea 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 usage, history, systematics, morphology and chicpea (cicer arietinum l.) varieties grown in uzbekistan a. a. abdiyev, m. k.tursunova karshi staty technical university abstract: this article provides a comprehensive overview of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.), focusing on its usage, historical significance, botanical classification, morphological characteristics, and the main varieties cultivated in uzbekistan. the paper highlights chickpea’s role as a vital leguminous crop with nutritional, agronomic, and economic importance. a review of its domestication history traces its origin to the fertile crescent and its subsequent spread to central asia. the article explores the systematic placement of the species within the fabaceae family and describes key morphological features such as seed shape, leaf structure, flowering pattern, and root system. special attention is given to chickpea varieties adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of uzbekistan, including local breeding efforts and productivity traits. the study aims to support the conservation, breeding, and sustainable development of chickpea cultivation in the region by compiling critical scientific and agronomic insights. keywords: chickpea, cicer arietinum l., leguminous crops, uzbekistan, morphology, taxonomy, systematics, local varieties, agrobiodiversity, cultivation history, pulse crops, plant usage, genetic resources, crop adaptation, sustainable agriculture. introduction. the chickpea is a key ingredient in mediterranean and middle eastern cuisines, used in hummus, and, when soaked and coarsely ground with herbs and spices then made into patties and fried, falafel. as an important part of indian cuisine, it is used in salads, soups and stews, and curry, in chana masala, and in other food products that contain channa (chickpeas). in 2022, india accounted for 75% of global chickpea production[1; 5]. food in evropian countries including falafel, hummus, and salad hummus(/ˈhʊməs/,/ˈhʌməs/; arabic: ������ ḥummuṣ, chickpeas, (full name: hummus bi tahini) tahini next to lemon and whole garlic 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us chickpea grain is used in human nutrition, cereals are prepared from grain, various dishes can be prepared, flour is added to pastries, in bread making, 10-20% wheat flour is added to bread making, and artificial coffee is prepared. grains contain 19-33% of protein, 4-7% of fat, 48-61% of carbohydrates, 2-12% of fiber, 2-5% of ash and vitamins. organic acids (malic and others) contain in the biomass and hay, therefore, animals are not eaten in pure form. chickpea is a good preceding crop for field crops; during the growing season, 5070 kg of biological nitrogen accumulates in the soil [1]. history. homeland of chickpeas are south-western asia. chickpeas are cultivated in india, italy, greece, bulgaria, egypt, algeria, morocco, turkey, and iran. in india, organic acids are obtained from chickpeas. in central asia, chickpeas have long been cultivated [4]. in 2022, world production of chickpeas was 18 million tonnes, led by india with 75% of the global total (table-1) table-1 production of chickpeas 2022 country production (millions of tonnes) india 13.5 turkey 0.6 russia 0.5 ethiopia 0.5 myanmar 0.4 pakistan 0.3 world 18.1 source:faostat of the united nations [9] 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us systematics. chickpea belongs to the legume family – fabaceae to the genus cicer l. the genus includes 27 species, of which 22 are perennial species. widely distributed along the mediterranean. only one type of chickpea is cultivated – cicer arietinum l. it is cultivated, annual, grassy, widely distributed. varieties of cultural chickpeas: 1) southern european – proles loheneicum g. pop, 2) middle european – proles franscaucasicum g. pop. 3) anatolian – proles turcicum g pop. to determine the types of chickpeas: the shape of the grain, the color of the grain, branching are determined [1]. the chickpea or chick pea (cicer arietinum l) is an annual legume of the family fabaceae, subfamily faboideae, cultivated for its edible seeds. its different types are variously known as gram bengal gram, chhola, chhana, chana, channa, garbanzo, garbanzo bean, or egyptian pea. it is one of the earliest cultivated legumes, the oldest archaeological evidence of which was found in syria[4]. research and methods. morphology. root is tap, well developed, extends into the soil to a depth of 1 m and more, branched. the stem is strong, upright, well bent at a height of 15-40 cm, with irrigation 45-70 cm. the leaves are complex, unpaved, short petiole, the number of leaf blades is 5-15 pieces, the leaves are small, the edges are serrated, haired. in the pubescence, there are organic acids that cause burning. the leaves are light and dark green. flowers are bisexual, located in the axils of the leaves. coloring is white, red-violet, and pink. the beans are swollen, oval, rhombic, have 1-3 grains. the length of the bean is 1.5-3.5 cm, the color is light yellow, brown. stem, beans and leaves are haired. the seeds are round, spherical, angular, wrinkled, have a protrusion, the color of the grain is light yellow, brown, black. the mass of 1000 seeds is 100 600 g. staging at the vegetative stage chickpeas germinate with the cotyledon remaining below ground (hypogeal germination). the epicotyl (part of the stem above cotyledons) grows toward soil surface and pushes the main shoot (plumule) above ground. as the shoot grows towards the soil surface and emerges, growing points (nodes) become evident. the first two nodes of chickpeas develop below or at soil surface and the small leaves associated at these nodes are called scale leaves. regrowth is possible from buds at the base of these scale leaves. the first true leaf is produced at the third node position. desi chickpea and newer kabuli varieties have leaves about five centimetres long with nine to 15 leaflets, and are described as having a fern-leaf structure. some older kabuli varieties, such as cdc xena, have a single (unifoliate) leaf structure instead of leaflets. 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us growth is rapid during vegetative stages and chickpea seedlings can produce new nodes every three to four days. chickpea plants will produce up to seven primary branches originating near ground level, usually leading to an erect growth habit. a large number of secondary branches are produced on the main stem and primary branches. when staging at the vegetative stage, some guides refer to true leaf stage, node stage, or aboveground node stage. when considering pesticide applications, make sure you know which stage the products are referring to. in the chickpea growth stages diagram, the two leaf stage would also be equivalent to the third above-ground node stage, as one of the lower nodes (scale leaves) is above-ground [6]. staging can be difficult and sometimes the true leaves or scale leaves have been removed due to environmental damage, insect pressure, or for some other reason. when determining crop stage, include nodes where the leaves are fully opened or unfolded. youngest or newly emerging leaves are not included in staging unless completely open. closely inspect the stem and identify potential growing points or nodes. not only can regrowth occur from these locations but regrowth can also occur from the seed. in the case of regrowth, expect delays in maturity. biology. relationship with the soil. chickpeas are sown on loose, sandy, light, slightly saline soils. reaction to heat. the chickpea is a heat-loving plant, but the seeds can germinate at + 2-5°с. seeds slowly germinate at low temperatures, but do not rot. shoots withstand -7-10°c of cold. chickpea demands heat in the flowering phase and the formation of beans. relationship with water. among leguminous, chickpea is a drought-resistant plant. it is resistant to soil and air drought. this is not only due to the development of root systems – chickpeas use water very economically. if the humidity is above normal, chickpeas fall ill, the flowers fall. in the year of harvest, chickpea seed germination is high, in the second and third year, germination is reduced. chickpea is a self-pollinated plant. the chickpea is pollinated in the budding phase, and then flowers. the growing season is 60 120 days. result and discussion. chickpea production in uzbekistan. chickpea varieties are grown in various soil and climatic conditions in uzbekistan. according to data from 2024, chickpea varieties were planted on 49.1 thousand hectares in the republic of uzbekistan, and the total yield was 38.9 thousand tons. table-2 information by the state register of agricultural crops recommended for sowing in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan order number name of the variety originator's order number code of the country year of inclusion in the register regions recommended for cultivation (look to appendix 1) 2023001 darmon 9 uz 2025 5 (ia) 2005020 jahongir 5 uz 2008 1-13 (ra) 2005021 zumrad 434 uz 2008 1-13 (ia) 1997017 iroda 96 5 uz 2010 1-13(ra) 2018033 iftixor 5 uz 2020 4, 8 (ra) 9200754 lazzat 5 uz 1996 4,5, 9 (ra) 2007024 malxotra 10, 319 uz 2015 4,5,8 (ra) 2006022 polvon 434 uz 2011 1-13 (ia) 2005019 umid 12 uz 2020 4,8 (ra) 8603715 uzbekistanskiy 32 5 uz 1992 1-13(ra) 2007028 khalima 10,319 uz 2015 4, 5, 8 (ra) 7602910 yulduz 5 uz 1982 4, 5, 8-11 (ra) ia irrigated area ra rainfed area 22 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us appendix 1 regions for cultivation of agricultural crops recommended for sowing in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan chikpea (cicer arietinum l) names of regions numbers republic of karakalpakstan 1 andijan region 2 bukhara region 3 jizzakh region 4 kashkadarya region 5 navoi region 6 namangan region 7 samarkand region 8 surkhandarya region 9 syrdarya region 10 tashkent region 11 fergana region 12 khorezm region 13 here, you will be able to read a brief description of some varieties of chickpea varieties which are grown in uzbekistan. “malkhotra” variety. morphology and valuable characteristics of the variety “malkhotra”. the variety “malkhotra” has been recommended for cultivation in the jizzakh, kashkadarya and samarkand regions of our country since 2015 and has been included in the state register. it was created by kh. atabayeva, g. mirsharipova, b. dzhumakhanov at tashkent state agrarian university and gulistan state university. biological autumn. average weight of 1000 seeds is 344-365 g. vegetation period is 76-82 days in spring, 210 days in autumn. drought and lodging resistance is 4.5 points. number of pods per plant is 5-8. average yield: 4.2-6.4 t/ha on fertile soils. 3.1 t/ha on wet soils. no agricultural diseases were observed during the trial period. “lazzat” variety a selection variety of the scientific research institute of grain production of uzbekistan (scientific production association "don"). authors: eshmirzaev k.e, ergashev n, oleynik p.p, abdiev kh, amanov a.a, isakov k. included in the state register for planting in the arable lands of jizzakh, kashkadarya, surkhandarya regions since 1996. the variety is transcaucasian lutescens, belongs to the central european group. the plant is bushy, compact, 40-45 cm high. the stem is semi-trunk, straight, green, light gray, densely pubescent. axillary flowers are solitary, medium-sized, white. pods are rhombic, pointed, and sparsely hairy. seeds are angular, rough, light yellow. small-seeded variety. weight of 1000 grains is 164-168.2 g. in the 2000-2004 testing years, the average grain yield in the lalmikor variety testing stations was 5.4 centners per hectare. in years with favorable weather conditions, up to 8.0 centners per hectare were produced. the variety is medium-hardy, resistant to drought and pod cracking. it is characterized by good taste. the protein content is 26.0-28.0%. it is weakly affected by ascochyta blight. “obod” variety. morphology and economic value of the chickpea variety "obod". the chickpea variety "obod" was used as a reference variety. this variety was selected by the 23 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us kashkadarya branch of the research institute of grain and legume crops from a hybrid combination of the chickpea variety: carneum (flip 97-149) and submitted to the center for testing agricultural crop varieties in 2018 for testing. in 2020, it was introduced as a promising variety for planting in dry areas of samarkand region. this variety is wrapped in 86-88 days. the height of the plant is 75-80 cm, the yield is 9.5-13.8 tons/ha, the weight of 1000 grains is 368.3-369.4 g. conclusion. chickpea grain is used in human nutrition, cereals are prepared from grain, various dishes can be prepared, flour is added to pastries, in bread making, 10-20% wheat flour is added to bread making, and artificial coffee is prepared. chickpea varieties are grown in various soil and climatic conditions in uzbekistan. according to data from 2024, chickpea varieties were planted on 49.1 thousand hectares in the republic of uzbekistan, and the total yield was 38.9 thousand tons. it should be noted that the varieties grown in uzbekistan, such as darmon, jahongir, zumrad, iroda96, iftikhor, lazzat, malhotra, polvon, umid, uzbek 32, halima and yulduz, are local varieties. references: 1. atabaeva kh.n., khudaykulov j.b., nurbekov a.i., kassam a. plant science. “fan ziyosi” nashriyoti, isbn 978 9943 6594 9 0. toshkent-2021 y. 25 b.t. 398-b. 2. sissiqov r.i. cereal and legume crops production technology. monography. tashkent-2022, p.356-360. 3. state register of agricultural crops recommended for sowing in the territory of the republic of uzbekistan. 4. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/chickpea-production-by-country. 5. "chickpea production in 2022, crops/regions/world list/production quantity (pick lists)". un food and agriculture organization, corporate statistical database (faostat). 2024. retrieved 21 april 2024. 6. https://saskpulse.com/resources/chickpea-growth-staging-guide. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 02, issue 08, 2024 issn (e):2993-2157 ibn rasha's rational approach to the problems of existence eronov samarbek kurbannazarovich senior teacher, almalyk branch, tashkent state technical university abstract: this article deals with the philosophical teachings of ibn rushd , repeating that the enlightenment teachings of the scholar were put forward in the context of the medieval religious fanaticism. keywords: philosophy, islam, religion, theory, truth. ibn rushd's view that it is futile and even harmful to fight against theological colleagues on any front is also reflected in the aspirations of the progressive thinkers of his time. in order to achieve the main goal, it was necessary to give an explanation to the entity in such a way that it was necessary to put aside the interference of religious aspects as much as possible. the struggle to liberate the being from the influence of supernatural forces has been waged on many fronts. however, as one of the important issues in it, according to the supporters of scientific knowledge, whose opponents are theologians, the issue of the world's wound and its eternity is recognized. foresight ghazali was able to assess the importance of this problem in his work "refuting philosophers". he asserts that the recognition of the eternity of the universe and the admission of infinite natural consequences from it renders the hypothesis of a "first cause" redundant, as it leads mainly to dharrism (irreligiousness). three different interpretations can be distinguished from ibn rushd's arguments in favor of the uncreation of the universe. it is based on controversial evidence used to defend the teaching of eastern orators who rely on the figurative interpretation of the qur'an against the criticism of abu hamid al-ghazali and the theologians of the school of al-ash'ar. the first way of interpretation is not so interesting because it repeats stagiri's proof. this method is characteristic of ibn rushd's interpretation of aristotle's works, especially the books "physics" and "on creation and cessation" and "metaphysics". on the contrary, although the second method is interesting because of ibn rushd's "apodeictic" way of thinking, it actually represents a metaphorical interpretation of the solution to this important worldview issue. with this type of "proof" we come across in the work "considerations advanced for resolution" based on the "analysis" of the qur'anic verses related to the creation of the universe. it is emphasized that here only the change of the form of the universe, which will be infinite in the past of existence, is discussed. according to ibn rushd's confession, the verses in the qur'an, "he is such that he created the heavens and the earth together in six days, and his kingdom was in the waters" presupposes "some kind of being that follows this being", that is, it refers to the infinity of existence, "... on that day the kurrai-zamin will be exchanged for another earth...” or, in other words, it assumes that the universe will not disappear in the future. this kind of "unsound" proof of the eternal and immortality of existence is obvious, but, of course, ibn rushd did not even try to use the debates between theologians and himself in the pages of his work "the denial of the denial". in the acclaimed book, we encounter a third method of interpretation, which is of some historical-philosophical interest. the chapters devoted 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us to the discussion of this issue occupy four parts of this fundamental work, which allows us to present the existing debate in it in a somewhat simple and structured form. the debate between the two authors of the denial includes the arguments of eastern philosophers, the negative interpretations and reasons of al-ghazali and (the ash'arites) who claim the validity of ibn rushd's last comments. the four proofs of the eternity of the universe studied by abu hamid al-ghazali in his book "refuting the philosophers" are debated. the first proof philosophers deny the possibility that anything that has its own beginning can arise from some eternal principle. if the universe had been created, then there must have been something that determined its coming into existence, or else it would have remained unchanged in its state of pure possibility; and at the same time it may be asked of such a determinative origin: did it become somehow new or different during its creation? if not, then the universe would continue to exist in a state of pure possibility; if so, then one might ask about this determinative origin: by what other determinant is the transition of the universe into its new state at creation, and why does it occur at this moment and not at some other moment of absolute equal value in terms of the possibility of creating moments of time? ghazali raises his own two-pronged objection to this proof. first, he says, one might ask the philosophers: on what basis did they contend with the idea that some eternal will determined that the universe came into existence exactly when it did? from the point of view of theologians, in the same case, philosophers, although in fact it is not here, claim based on a certain axiom, because it is recognized by many others. nevertheless, people who believe that the universe was created over a long period of time make up the majority. philosophers, on the other hand, quite contrary to the law, equate the eternal will of god with the finite will of men, which is behind the creation of the object of desire. second, philosophers are forced to admit that the universe originated in ancient times, although they know that there is a causal relationship in it that cannot produce regress. ibn rushd, while rejecting ghazali's emphasis on universally accepted religious beliefs that the world was created according to the will of god, points out that the condition of authenticity of a certain situation does not consist in the recognition by all people. as for the essence of ghazali's objections, the first of them has a purely sufi classification: since ghazali could not confirm the possibility of the result of the action being behind the act (action) of the free-willed mover and his decision to act. he stated that the result of his action may lag behind the will of the mover, but the whole point is that the result of the move cannot lag behind the moving act itself. the main flaw in this reasoning is that when it talks about the "will" that religion considers to belong to god, it assumes that the will of man is similar to it. in his second objection, al-ghazali rejects the argument that all things that have a beginning pass through the sphere of the heavens through time through circular motion, but that this motion is continuous and ever-renewing. the second proof philosophers say that it is permissible to understand that god essentially created the universe, since he existed before the universe and time, because otherwise there would have been a time that had neither a beginning nor an end to the creation of the universe and its movement of time, which in fact could not be the case. if time, which represents the measure of motion, must be eternal, then eternity must be inherent in the thing that moves, namely the universe. finally, the eternality of the universe comes from the fact that, from a theological point of view, god was able to create the universe an infinite number of years before he created it, and to deny this fact would be to deny the power of an omnipotent god. al-ghazali objects to this: the expression that god is before the world and time should be understood in the sense that god first existed without the world and time, and then he existed together with the world and time. it would be a mistake to assume, in the feeble imagination of man who considers himself the beginning of something, a time in the uncreated universe, 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us alongside god, a "before" that is not earlier than something, that is, time. when an empty space outside the universe is assumed, one can indulge in such a crude imagination, since it is inconceivable, and therefore coherence is considered an important attribute (property) of matter. similar errors of imagination arise, and the last proof of the philosophers, therefore, by comparison of time and space, is easily refuted: for god would make the circle of this luminous universe a cubit or two larger or smaller than its existing state, and this imitation would be infinitely more could create? if the philosophers say, "he could not create," they would be denying god's great power, and if they say, "he did," then they would be referring to some figure in the void, but that would be impermanence, because the void means nothing. first of all, ibn rushd points out that all debates about timelessness and consistency are futile. since eternity is not specific to time, the existence of the universe is specific to it. this situation does not surprise the philosophers, who hold that the moving world is completely without its beginning, and they can show how that which has its beginning can come from eternity. if we talk about the comparison of time and space, then this will not be possible, because, unlike matter, time and motion do not have a state and do not form a whole. the third proof philosophers have insisted that if the universe could be eternal, then the universe has always existed, that is, it would never have been impossible; if it were assumed that the possibility of its existence had not had its beginning, then it would have resulted in such a recognition of time that according to it the universe could not have existed, and in turn this opinion would have been equivalent to the recognition of god as impotent. ghazali admits the hypothetical possibility of the creation of the universe at any point in time, and he also admits that the beginning of the universe did not begin at any point in time. therefore, the reality does not match the possibility. in the same way, there is no limit to the possibility of some body, then another body, and the same other bodies joining the existing universe, and in this way it approaches infinity, but it does not assume the existence of an absolutely filled infinite space. ibn rushd compares the opinion of those who conclude about the eternity of the world from the only possibility according to the amount of the world's occurrence with ghazali's opinion about the infinite possibilities according to the amount of the world. according to al-ghazali's view of the infinite number of possibilities in the universe, if this were allowed, it would turn them into a single entity and lead to an absurd conclusion: the existing universe was a part of some other universe, etc., and then it was either a single universe forever would have ended as, or else would have faced absurd infinity. if we must break this line, it is best to do so in the world around us. the fourth proof philosophers believed that any object was nothing (existed) before it came into being, or nothing could be, or was necessary (existed). it is not possible for a subject to be non-existent, because the impossibility itself does not exist at all; it cannot be a necessary truth, that is, a necessary thing cannot not exist at all; so this item probably exists. as long as there is no substrate other than matter that can combine with this possibility, then primordial matter can never come into being. ghazali denies this proof of the philosophers' arguments that if possibility serves as an attribute in objective reality, it is nothing more than a concept of thinking. in particular, how could possibility be possibility if it felt the need for something, since impossibility would need such a clearly existing substrate. exposes the naivety of al-ghazali's reasoning, which tried to refute the arguments presented by philosophers in favor of the eternity of matter using nominalist arguments . "this is a sufi reasoning, that since possibility is a universal like other universals, then there are single things that exist outside the mind, and knowledge is not the knowledge of general concepts, but is produced by the mind when it deduces from the single things the various inter-matter distributive 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us natures common to them. the only thing that comes out is knowing.' what is admitted about the nature of possibilities is also true about all other real conceptions of thought. therefore, reality, as its description affirms, exists in the soul as it exists outside the soul. for this reason, ghazali's interpretation of impossibility being transformed into crude fantasy by some substratum is also unfounded. in the final part of his above-mentioned argument, ibn rushd argues precisely for the future infinite existence of the universe. the basis of the interpretation is the thesis. according to him, all things that have a beginning also have an end, and all things without a beginning are infinite. the ideas of researchers of ibn rushd's work about the eternity of the universe in the work "negation of the negation" are recognized not only by european philosophers of the middle ages, but also of the new era (including the debate between clarke and leibniz, kant's antinomy, etc.). in this case, the possibility of influence cannot be claimed, because the latin translation of both "negation", according to l. goethe, "was in the hands of all intelligent thinkers at that time." however, the main thing here is that ibn rushd and ghazali covered various aspects of the problems of encyclopedicity (which includes a wide field of knowledge) of the proof of the eternality of the universe, accumulated in the history of philosophy since the time of aristotle, apparently. references 1. sagadeev a.v. ibn rushd. -m. .1973.-s.134 2. sagadeev a.v. ibn rushd. -m. .1973.-s.149 3. sagadeev a.v. ibn rushd. -m. .1973.-s.152 4. kurbannazarovich , e.s. (2023). socio-cultural characteristics of scientific conversion i very: epistemological interpretation. vsemirnyy vestnik sotsialnykh nauk , 28 , 46-49. 5. eronov, s. q. (2023). specific characteristics of modern scientific knowledge in improving youth's world view. educational research in universal sciences , 2 (14), 199-205. 6. norimbet tb, noribetova nt the main themes in the avesta book of the zoroastrian program //eastern renaissance: innovative, pedagogical, natural and social sciences. – 2023. – t. 3. – no. 3. – s. 880-883. 7. eronov, s. q. (2023). exemplification of the problem of faith in the relationship of science and religion. academic research in educational sciences , 4 (6), 394-403. 8. eronov , s. k. (2020). mirovozzrencheskaya cultural renewal: humanistic aspect. academy , (3), 57-59. 9. kurbannazarovich , es (2020). specific proyavleniya phenomena doveriya and sovremennom obshcheestve. international journal of philosophy and life , (4). 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 11, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 comparative analysis of language units developing cognitive competence in french and uzbek mirboboyeva dilfuza bakhtiyorovna phd, acting associate professor ,“silk road” international, university of tourism and cultural heritage, department of languages and global studies abstract: this study is aimed at a comparative analysis of language units that develop cognitive competence in french and uzbek. the study analyzes language units, their semantic and pragmatic properties, as well as their role in understanding and memorizing the information being studied. complex word combinations and metaphorical expressions in french are compared with analogical constructions in uzbek. this will determine how language units affect the cognitive processes of students or language learners. the results of the study can be used in pedagogical practice to develop educational materials aimed at increasing cognitive competence. at the same time, the study will help develop effective teaching methods taking into account semantic and syntactic differences in the language learning process. in conclusion, the uniqueness of language units in the french and uzbek languages and their role in stimulating cognitive processes are determined, which allows you to make the learning and educational process of two languages more effective. keywords: cognitive competence, language units, french language, uzbek language, comparative analysis, semantics, pragmatics, metaphor, language learning, pedagogical technology. language is one of the main tools that shape human thinking. cognitive competence refers to a person's ability to perceive, analyze and apply information in practice. language units (words, expressions, phraseological units and complex syntactic constructions) play an important role in the development of this competence. the french and uzbek languages have different typological and cultural characteristics, and their language units have different effects on the thinking process. in this regard, the comparative analysis of language units, the identification of their semantic, pragmatic and cognitive functions is scientifically significant. this article aims to compare linguistic units that develop cognitive competence in french and uzbek, and has the following goals: analyze linguistic units of both languages semantically and syntactically. determine their impact on cognitive processes. show the possibilities of application in pedagogical practice.[5] the relationship between cognitive competence and language units has been studied by many linguists, psycholinguists, and pedagogues, and the existing literature sheds light on the theoretical foundations of this topic. as piaget (1972) noted, the development of cognitive processes in children is formed as a result of active interaction with the environment and language. language units are considered an important tool in this process. vygotsky (1986) interpreted language as a psychological tool that shapes thinking and substantiated the role of 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us language units in the development of conceptual systems in the human mind. literature on the french language, in particular, the works of waldman (2000), lafontaine and brodeur (2012), show the importance of idiomatic expressions, metaphors, and complex syntactic structures in the development of abstract thinking in students. french idioms are often based on cultural codes, and understanding them requires the skills of semantic analysis, associative thinking, and identifying logical connections. these aspects develop important components of cognitive competence analytical thinking, conceptual understanding, and higher-level thinking.[1] scientific sources in the uzbek language, for example, researchers such as karimov (2018), rahmonov (2020), yuldosheva (2021), shed light on how the agglutinative structure of the uzbek language, the multifunctionality of suffixes, and the word formation system affect cognitive processes. in the uzbek language, the semantic load of grammatical forms is multilayered, and the structure of complex sentences serves to develop students' logical thinking. in particular, various forms of the participle, the system of subordinate clauses, and the meaning connections formed through suffixes strengthen analytical thinking.[5] comparative linguistics literature (stern, 1992; larsen-freeman, 2000) emphasizes that interlingual differences are an important factor in the development of students' cognitive competence. the process of comparing linguistic units of one language with another activates cognitive processes such as analysis, generalization, analogy, and differentiation. this scientifically substantiates the advantages of the bilingual learning process.[3] studies on the comparative analysis of idiomatic units in french and uzbek (dimitrova, 2015; sharopova, 2019) conclude that the cultural foundations and semantic breadth of linguistic units directly affect cognitive processes. while metaphors in french form more abstract ideas, phraseologisms in uzbek rely on life experience. these differences lead to the emergence of different cognitive strategies in students. the existing literature highlights the role of linguistic units in the development of cognitive competence in french and uzbek through multifaceted approaches. studies show that cognitive processes can be activated by combining the structural and semantic features of these two languages. this further enhances the relevance and scientific significance of this topic. cognitive competence is closely related to language and is formed through linguistic structure. linguistic units, including phraseological units, idiomatic expressions, complex sentences and metaphors, develop a person's ability to think, remember and solve problems. typologically, french is a romance language, and the combination of words is subject to strict syntactic rules. uzbek is an agglutinative language, and the change of words through suffixes creates a unique feature in cognitive processes. at the same time, the cultural code and pragmatic functions of the language also affect cognitive competence. scientific research shows that the complexity of language units and their use in context increase students' ability to process information and solve problems. for example, french idioms often have a metaphorical meaning, and understanding them stimulates abstract thinking. the system of affixes and derivatives in the uzbek language creates syntactically and semantically strong structures, which develops memory and analytical skills. the research methodology consists of the following: selection of language units: 200 language units (phrases, idioms, complex sentences) were selected from the french and uzbek languages. comparative analysis: the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic properties of language units were compared. determination of cognitive impact: the degree of stimulation of cognitive processes of each language unit was assessed. 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us data were collected on the basis of linguistic corpora, pedagogical manuals and scientific articles. experimental tests were conducted among students and language learners to assess cognitive competence.[4] semantic and pragmatic features. french language units are more rich in metaphors and idiomatic expressions. for example, the expression “avoir le cafard” (to be discouraged) requires abstract thinking. analogous expressions in uzbek are often context-dependent and have a more realistic meaning, for example, the expression “do with your own eyes”. this helps the student improve their ability to analyze real-life situations. syntactic features. complex sentences in french follow strict syntactic rules, which develops systematic thinking in understanding the text. in uzbek, complex structures are formed through suffixes and derivatives, which stimulate memory and analytical thinking. impact on cognitive competence. the study showed that language units activate cognitive processes. understanding metaphorical expressions in french increases abstract thinking and problem-solving skills. the adverbial and derivational system in uzbek develops syntactic analysis and logical thinking. at the same time, learning two languages in parallel further strengthens cognitive competence, as it allows you to compare different structures and meanings of language units. in order to develop cognitive competence, it is important to integrate language units into the learning process. for example: in french: text analysis and problem-solving based on idioms and metaphorical expressions. in uzbek: syntactic and semantic exercises through complex sentences and the derivational system. comparative method: comparing both language units and developing students' ability to compare and logically think. such pedagogical technology makes the language learning process effective not only linguistically, but also cognitively. in conclusion, language units in french and uzbek are an important tool in developing cognitive competence. the results of the study showed that: french idioms and metaphorical expressions stimulate abstract thinking. complex sentences and the system of derivations in the uzbek language strengthen memory and analytical thinking. comparative study of language units further develops cognitive processes and can be introduced into pedagogical practice. at the same time, the study shows the importance of selecting language units in the language learning process and directing them to increase cognitive competence. bilingual methodology can be an effective tool in developing students' thinking, analysis, and logical thinking skills. references: 1. piaget, j. the psychology of the child. new york: basic books. 2023. 567p 2. vygotsky, l.s. thought and language. cambridge, ma: mit press. 2021. 345, 348p 3. crystal, d. the cambridge encyclopedia of the english language. cambridge: cambridge university press. 2022. 4. valdman, a. french vocabulary and grammar. boston: heinle & heinle. 456p 5. karimov, n. o‘zbek tili sintaksisi va semantikasida murakkab tuzilmalar. toshkent: fan. 2019. c234, 238 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6. larsen-freeman, d. techniques and principles in language teaching. oxford: oxford university press. 2020. 32,38.p 7. stern, h.h. issues and options in language teaching. oxford: oxford university press. 2021. 456, 459-p 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the role of online reviews and user comments in forming the image of service enterprises: impact on trust and customer loyalty abdullaeva zulfiya izzatovna acting associate professor, phd of the department real economics, at the samarkand institute of economics and service, uzbekistan abstract: the article examines the role of online reviews and user feedback in shaping the image of service companies, as well as their impact on customer trust and loyalty. in the context of digitalization and active use of the internet, reviews and ratings have become an integral part of the consumer decision-making process. social platforms and specialized services allow users to exchange opinions on the quality of services, which has a significant impact on the reputation of companies. particular attention is paid to how organizations can effectively manage reviews, respond to negative comments, and use positive reviews to strengthen their image and increase customer loyalty. the article analyzes the main factors influencing consumer perception of a business and suggests strategies for improving customer interaction through online reviews. keywords: online reviews, user reviews, company image, service industry, trust, customer loyalty, reputation, social platforms, review management, business impact. introduction. the modern service business environment has been significantly changed by digitalization, especially in the area of customer interaction. one of the most important factors influencing consumer choice has become the use of online reviews and feedback. in the past, customers relied on recommendations from friends, colleagues and acquaintances, but nowadays, access to a variety of opinions and ratings about a company has become much easier through online platforms, social networks and specialized review sites. this has created completely new challenges and opportunities for service companies in the context of forming and maintaining their image. main part. user reviews play a critical role in brand perception, which in turn directly affects customer trust and loyalty. this article will examine how online reviews and testimonials shape a company’s image, how they influence consumer decisions, and how businesses can effectively manage their reputation through online platforms. online reviews and testimonials are essential sources of information for consumers, especially in the service industry, where it is often difficult to assess the quality of the service provided in advance. a company’s reputation can be formed based on the feedback from its customers, who actively share their opinions online. unlike traditional marketing methods, where a company controls its image and information, customer reviews are often perceived as more honest and objective, which significantly increases their impact on the company’s image. trust is a major factor in determining consumer choice in the service industry. positive reviews help increase trust levels because they confirm the high quality of services and demonstrate the company’s willingness to meet customer needs. on the contrary, negative reviews, if they are not 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us given due attention by the company, can cause doubts among potential customers and even lead to a loss of reputation. reviews play an important role in the decision-making stage about purchasing or choosing a service. according to research, about 80% of consumers read online reviews before using a service. moreover, 72% of people trust online reviews as much as recommendations from friends and acquaintances. positive online reviews create a favorable image of the company, confirming its competence and professionalism. having a large number of positive reviews can significantly increase the number of customers and provide competitive advantages, especially in the highly competitive service sector. positive comments not only influence the perception of the company by potential customers, but also serve as a good indicator of the internal culture and level of service. negative reviews can damage a company’s reputation, especially if they are left unanswered. it is important to note that a single bad review is not always destructive. customers may be willing to forgive a company for some mistakes if it responds to complaints promptly and adequately. however, if a company ignores negative reviews, this can lead to increased dissatisfaction, a worsened image, and a decrease in trust. an equally important aspect is how reviews affect the loyalty of existing customers. when a company actively manages its reputation and interacts with customers through online platforms, it not only demonstrates its care for the consumer, but also encourages customers to return. responding to reviews, especially negative ones, is not only a way to improve your reputation, but also an opportunity to demonstrate your commitment to high-quality service. when a company shows that it values the opinion of each customer and is willing to correct its mistakes, this helps to strengthen the loyalty of existing customers. customers feel more confident in their relationship with a company if they see that it is willing to accept criticism and improve its processes. actively engaging with customers through reviews and thanking them for positive comments helps to build a loyal customer base. this may include incentives for those who leave positive reviews, such as discounts, bonuses or other privileges. thus, online reviews not only play a role in the company's reputation, but also become a tool for building long-term and stable relationships with customers. to successfully build an image and build trust through reviews, a company needs to develop an effective review management strategy. this includes both working with positive comments and competently responding to negative ones. modern technologies allow companies to effectively track mentions of their brand on social networks and review platforms. special tools for monitoring social media and analyzing data allow you to promptly respond to customer opinions and, if necessary, quickly resolve issues. companies should pay special attention to how they respond to reviews. promptness and transparency in responding to reviews is an important aspect of reputation management. for example, if a customer leaves a negative review, it is important to politely and quickly respond to it, offering a solution to the problem. transparency also means being open and honest: don't hide mistakes or ignore criticism. creating a culture within the company that is focused on customer feedback helps maintain a high level of trust. this requires actively involving employees in the process of monitoring and processing feedback, as well as training staff in the skills of competent and professional communication with customers. conclusion. online reviews and user reviews have become an important tool for shaping the image of service companies. they significantly affect customer trust, their decision to interact with the company, and the level of customer loyalty. positive reviews help strengthen the company's reputation, while negative ones require a careful approach and prompt response. 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us effective review management allows companies to improve the quality of service, build trusting relationships with customers, and create a loyal customer base. suggestions: 1. companies need to invest in technologies that allow them to track reviews and comments in real time, which allows them to respond to customer opinions in a timely manner. 2. it is important to train employees on how to properly respond to reviews, both positive and negative, in order to increase customer satisfaction. 3. companies should be open with customers and admit to mistakes, if they occurred, offering solutions to problems. 4. using loyalty programs and bonus systems for customers who leave positive reviews can significantly increase trust in the brand. 5. regular analysis of reviews should serve as a basis for improving the quality of products and services, which helps to retain customers and increase their loyalty. thus, online reviews and user reviews have a significant impact on the image of service companies, their trust and loyalty, and proper management of these reviews is a vital tool for achieving success in the market. список использованной литературы 1. izzatovna a. z. social technologies in service sector management: transformation and opportunities //zamonaviy fan, ta’lim va ishlab chiqarish muammolarining innovatsion yechimlari. – 2024. – т. 12. – с. 12-19. 2. izzatovna a. z. opportunities for the development of trade in the service sector in the republic of uzbekistan //the role of technical sciences in iv industrial civilization: international scientific and practical conference (uk). – 2023. – т. 3. – с. 158-167. 3. izzatovna a. z. factors for improving the organization of trade at the enterprise //the role of technical sciences in iv industrial civilization: international scientific and practical conference (uk). – 2023. – т. 3. – с. 148-157. 4. izzatovna a. z. tourism as a means of sustainable development and poverty reduction in samarkand region //gospodarka i innowacje. – 2023. – т. 41. – с. 363-373. 5. izzatovna a. z. solutions to problems at the stage of the development of e-commerce //european journal of business startups and open society. – 2023. – т. 3. – №. 11. – с. 46-56. 6. izzatovna a. z. finance in the republic of uzbekistan institutional development factors of trade in the market //" onlineconferences" platform. – 2023. – с. 407-416. 7. izzatovna a. z. essence, 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of economic mechanisms for state support of private entrepreneurship (samarkand region) //procedia of philosophical and pedagogical sciences. 43. nodirovna m. s., mamasoliyevna k. c., ugli s. j. u. the composition of the income of service workers and ways of its improvement (on the example of educational institutions) //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2022. – т. 12. – №. 4. – с. 213-218. 44. nodirovna m. s. foreign to the sectors of economy of uzbekistan attracting investments. biogecko.co.nz 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the conscience of a judge in the administration of justice: foreign experience sh. khaknazarov higher school of judges, independent researcher, doctor of law abstract: this article analyzes issues related to the judge's conscience in the administration of justice. most importantly, it emphasizes the scientific aspects of problems associated with aligning criminal procedure legislation with moral and ethical norms. this article examines both national and foreign legislation, as well as the opinions of scholars. keywords: constitution, criminal procedure, justice, court, legal norms, conscience, moral norms, spirituality, reforms, ethics, fairness, conduct, rights and freedoms. conscience allows a person to exercise self-control and evaluate their behavior in accordance with moral norms. in relationships where external control over human behavior is difficult for society, the feeling of conscience manifests itself objectively. at the stage of administering justice, the judge's conscience, along with all moral and legal awareness, plays a key role; in particular, the sanctions of the articles of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan are equivalent and determine the possibility of imposing various types of punishments. for example, a fine, correctional labor, assignment to a disciplinary unit, assignment to compulsory community service, and the imposition of a minimum and maximum term of imprisonment. in addition, the rules provided for in article 55, article 57, article 571, article 572, article 661 of the criminal code of the republic of uzbekistan and the assignment of punishment taking into account the above-mentioned articles also fully depend on the consciousness and conscience of the judge.1 if we turn to foreign legislation on the issue of conscience, for example, in the criminal procedure code of the republic of kazakhstan, the term "conscience" is given in two articles (one is enshrined as a principle, the other as a separate norm). article 25 of this law refers to the assessment of evidence based on internal certainty. according to it, it is enshrined that the subjects of proof evaluate evidence based on their inner conviction, based on the totality of evidence considered, in accordance with the law and conscience.2 article 125 of this law is cited in the same context. a similar provision can be seen in part two of article 93 of the criminal procedure code of the kyrgyz republic.3 however, issues of conscience have not been formed as a separate principle. we can see the opposite in the criminal procedure code of the russian federation. however, the question of conscience is emphasized in the principle of free assessment of evidence.4 it states that the subjects of proof evaluate evidence based on their 1 ўзбекистон руспибликасининг жиноят кодекси. – т.: ўзбекистон, 2024. 2 уголовно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан. (с изменениями и дополнениями по состоянию на 13.03.2025 г.). 3 уголовно-процессуальный кодекс кыргызской республики от 28 октября 2021 года № 129. (с изменениями и дополнениями по состоянию на 14.03.2025 г.) 4 “уголовно-процессуальный кодекс российской федерации” от 18.12.2001 n 174-фз (ред. от 20.03.2025). https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=31575966 https://continent-online.com/document/?doc_id=36035108 https://continent-online.com/document/?doc_id=36035108 https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_law_34481/ 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us inner conviction, based on the totality of evidence available in the criminal case, guided by law and conscience. it should be noted that the term "free" is used in the title of article 17 of the criminal procedure code of the russian federation. we will try to clarify the meaning of the term "erkin" below. for this purpose, we recommend making a corresponding addition to article 95 of the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan. of course, conscience is an important factor in evaluating evidence and making fair decisions or judgments. however, the judge's independence is also important in making a fair decision or issuing a verdict. the principle of judicial independence and subordination only to the law is not only an external, but also an internal factor. resisting any influence (both internal and external) requires great perseverance from the judge. the independence of a judge allows him to deliver a reasoned and fair verdict in accordance with the law. the principle of independence and subordination only to the law is one of the important moral requirements (article 14 of the criminal procedure code). a judge, regardless of their high status (immunity, immunity), is not entitled to follow the instructions of officials, public opinion, requests, consultations, interference of agencies, etc. consequently, in such a situation, the judge, in fulfilling the will expressed in the law, in the interests of the entire people, society, and the state, must be guided by the law, their moral principles, and conscience in carrying out their duties. this principle consists of protection (ensuring) from horizontal and vertical unlawful interference of the judge in the process of the case, giving the subjects of proof the opportunity to freely assess the evidence and make a decision within their competence (without influence, interference). the principle of independence of judges and their subordination only to the law is one of the basic (democratic) principles of the administration of justice, and this provision is enshrined in article 136 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. guarantees of independence contribute to the free formation of internal trust. their violation leads to bias among the subjects of proof. in conclusion, it should be noted that the principle of free assessment of evidence by a judge serves as a guarantee of the independence of the subject of proof. at the same time, the principle of independence is the main guarantee of developing one's own point of view when assessing evidence in a case. the principle of free assessment of evidence by a judge is the starting point for the formation of internal conviction. thus, concluding the study of the issue of the judge's conscience, the role of the judge in the free assessment of evidence, it can be noted that the norms of law and morality, which create the necessary conditions for the correct formation of the judge's inner conviction, are one of the main factors and guarantees of the mechanism of free assessment of evidence. conscience is the judge's great responsibility for their actions and decisions, which serves as a thorough, comprehensive, complete, and objective examination of all circumstances that must be proven in the case. as we can see, there are no obstacles in the criminal procedure legislation to indicate the observance of both the law and legal consciousness and conscience in the free assessment of evidence in a criminal case. it should be noted that although conscience does not have its own official concept, moreover, conscience belongs to the category of difficult socio-ethical phenomena, it has its own internal moral guidelines. this will give them the strength to take certain actions (when making 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us decisions) with a consciousness of their specific responsibility to the participants in the process and the state. the main goal of this principle is to ensure the independence of the subject of proof (in the formation of inner conviction) in the process of searching for truth. it is recommended to name article 95 of the criminal procedure code and make a corresponding amendment to its first part: article 95. free evaluation of evidence the investigator, the inquiry officer, the prosecutor, the investigative judge, and the court, based on a thorough, complete, comprehensive, and objective examination of all circumstances in the case, guided by their conscience, law, and legal consciousness, freely assess the totality of evidence based on their inner convictions. references used: 1. ўзбекистон руспибликасининг жиноят кодекси. – т.: ўзбекистон, 2024. 2. уголовно-процессуальный кодекс республики казахстан. (с изменениями и дополнениями по состоянию на 13.03.2025 г.). 3. уголовно-процессуальный кодекс кыргызской республики от 28 октября 2021 года № 129. (с изменениями и дополнениями по состоянию на 14.03.2025 г.) 4. “уголовно-процессуальный кодекс российской федерации” от 18.12.2001 n 174-фз (ред. от 20.03.2025). https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=31575966 https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=31575966 https://continent-online.com/document/?doc_id=36035108 https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_law_34481/ https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_law_34481/ 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 12, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 peace education and human rights literacy as tools for conflict prevention in the niger delta: a human security perspective okechuku onuchuku, dssrs vice chancellor, ignatius ajuru university of education rumuolumeni, port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria mary kasarachi nwokocha, phd department of curriculum and teacher education, faculty of education, abia state university, p.m.b.2000, uturu, abia state, nigeria chibuzor chile nwobueze, phd, fspsp okey onuchuku institute of peace and conflict studies, ignatius ajuru university of education, rumuolumeni, p. m. b. 5047, port harcourt, rivers state, nigeria abstract: nigeria’s niger delta is one of the regions of the world that recorded intractable conflicts over the years. the spasmodic violence, instability and conflict in the region are as deeply rooted in socio-economic marginalization, environmental degradation, human rights violations and governance failure. consecutive decades of state interventions and corporate social responsibility have not ensured peace as sustainable and enduring. this indicates the weakness of conventional, state-led conflict management. this paper examines how peace education and human rights literacy can be employed as transformative tools of conflict prevention in the niger delta from the perspective of a human security framework that prioritizes people-focused solutions over militarized solutions. drawing on qualitative data from policy reports, field reports and interviews with stakeholder groups, the study examines how empowering local communities through awareness of their rights, building a culture of dialogue and practising peace education via formal and informal institutions can reverse the structural causes of conflict. the study affirms that improved human rights consciousness and comprehensive peace education curricula increase social cohesion, participatory governance and de-motivation of violence as conflict resolution strategies. integration of human security ideas into peace education and rights literacy education is required to build lasting peace, environmental justice, and fair development in oil-producing niger delta societies. keywords: peace education, human rights literacy, conflict prevention, human security, niger delta, environmental justice. introduction nigeria’s niger delta is arguably one of the wealthiest and most troubled regions in sub-saharan africa. on the one hand, the area provides over 80% of nigeria's foreign exchange earnings from the exportation of crude oil (okonta & douglas, 2001; watts, 2008). on the other hand, ironically, the area is beset by poverty, environmental degradation, underdevelopment and persistent violent conflicts. decades of oil exploration by multinationals have resulted in severe ecological damage, destruction of livelihoods and socio-economic displacement of host communities (undp, 2006; obi, 2009). these structural inequalities, combined with corruption, 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bad governance and marginalization, have triggered grievances, youth militancy, sabotage of oil installations and violent confrontations with state security forces (ikelegbe, 2005; courson, 2009). consequently, the niger delta remains a symbol of a broader struggle for justice, rights and development in post-colonial africa. strategically conventional, state-focused strategies for mitigating the niger delta conflict have continually relied on militarization, coercion and top-down approaches. successive governments have deployed security agents, set up development bureaus, such as niger delta development commission (nddc), and carried out amnesty programmes aimed at disarming militants and bringing back stability (aghedo, 2013; iwilade, 2021). while these actions have provided temporary relief, they have not addressed the root causes of conflict that is systemic injustice, human rights violations and marginalization from decision-making (watts, 2010; ikelegbe & umukoro, 2016). additionally, challenges of the region are oftentimes over-securitized, therefore exacerbating tensions, eroding state-society trust and perpetuating cycles of violence (alao, 2007). in all this, there is growing understanding that human rights literacy and peace education offer more stable channels for conflict prevention and transformation. peace education is usually defined as education processes that create the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to avoid conflict and achieve social justice, tolerance and peaceful coexistence (reardon, 1997; harris & morrison, 2013). it is directed at the source of violence by promoting critical thinking, empathy, dialogue and nonviolent conflict resolution. similarly, human rights literacy, or knowledge and understanding of human rights principles, instruments and practices, allows people and groups to hold others accountable, resist oppression, and engage positively in governance (tibbitts, 2002; bajaj, 2011). applying these measures to the niger delta environment is particularly critical. many of the communities in the region lack knowledge of their constitutional and legal rights, making them vulnerable to exploitation and environmental injustice by state and corporate actors (okafor & odoziobodo, 2022). not only does human rights education inform citizens about their rights at national and international law but it also strengthens them to advance policy reform, take part in decision-making processes, and hold duty bearers accountable (odinkalu, 2001). at the same time, peace education can change deeply-rooted narratives of violence and marginalization into paradigms of cooperation, negotiation and reconciliation (lederach, 1997). the human security approach is a useful framework for incorporating these strategies into conflict prevention. compared to the traditional theories of security based on state sovereignty and territorial integrity, human security emphasizes the protection and empowerment of individuals and communities against abuses of their survival, dignity and well-being (undp, 1994; tadjbakhsh & chenoy, 2007). it recognizes that insecurity in the niger delta is not only a matter of insurgency or sabotage but also a result of structural violence, poverty, environmental degradation, unemployment and political marginalization (francis et al., 2011). peace education and human rights literacy address these aspects at the same time by achieving inclusive governance, building social cohesion and achieving community resilience. several case studies recorded the transformative potential of such approaches. for example, peace education programmes in ogoni and ijaw communities have been proved effective in resolving conflicts through discussion and joint problem-solving (ojakorotu & gilbert, 2010). similarly, campaigns of rights-based advocacy have been able to push oil companies into adopting corporate social responsibility measures and restoring the environment (amnesty international, 2018). these examples capture the value of shifting away from reactive, militarytype interventions towards proactive, pedagogical approaches that attempt to address both immediate and remote complaints as well as structural issues. human rights and peace education are not being fully utilized in niger delta conflict prevention initiatives. these subjects are not included in most school programmes and community initiatives, and government policy also too easily prioritizes security and infrastructural projects 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us over empowerment and capacity-building (onuoha, 2016). besides, civil society initiatives face funding problems, political interference and limited coverage in excluded communities. closing these gaps requires intentional policy intervention, state-nonstate collaborative work, and institutionalization of peace and rights education in the formal and informal sectors. therefore, this paper analyzes the potential of peace education and human rights literacy as complementary interventions to avoid conflict in the niger delta based on a human security approach. it argues that empowering individuals with knowledge, capability and agency has the ability to transform conflict dynamics, achieve participatory governance and promote sustainable peace. in imagining beyond the military control and resource deployment, the study further deepens knowledge of how rights education and consciousness can reconfigure the security politics of the region and foster social justice. statement of the problem the niger delta remains a paradox of insecurity and wealth. despite contributing over 80% of nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings through oil exports (watts, 2008), the region continues to experience impoverishment, environmental degradation and violent conflicts rooted in deepseated injustice, exclusion and abandonment (undp, 2006; obi, 2009). state responses have mainly been in the nature of militarization and development interventions, which do not address the root causes of conflict, structural inequality, human rights violations and socio-political exclusion (ikelegbe, 2005; courson, 2009). furthermore, low levels of human rights awareness and a dearth of peace education in community and institutional domains have meant that citizens remain largely disempowered and unable to demand accountability or participate constructively in governance (bajaj, 2011). this underscores the need to integrate peace education and human rights literacy into conflict prevention programmes, advancing empowerment, social justice and community resilience as cornerstones of a human security-driven approach to peacebuilding. objectives for the paper the objectives of the paper are to: i. examine the role of peace education in fostering nonviolent conflict resolution, social cohesion, and sustainable peace in oil-producing communities of the niger delta; ii. assess the extent to which human rights literacy enhances community empowerment, accountability and participation in addressing the root causes of conflict in the region; iii. analyze the relationship between peace education, human rights awareness and human security outcomes in the context of conflict prevention and development in the niger delta; and iv. propose an integrated peacebuilding framework that leverages peace education and human rights literacy as strategic tools for preventing conflict, promoting justice and strengthening human security in the niger delta. methodology this study employed the qualitative research design to examine how human rights literacy and peace education can assist in mitigating conflict in the niger delta from a human security perspective. a qualitative design was appropriate since it permits in-depth understanding of complex social realities, habitual life experiences, and perceptions of real victims of conflict and environmental insecurity (creswell & poth, 2018). information was obtained via document analysis of events involving community leaders, teachers, civil society actors, youth representatives, women’s groups, and government representatives from sample oil-producing communities in rivers, bayelsa and delta states. 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us theoretical framework the study was rooted in three intersecting theories: human security theory, transformative learning theory and human needs theory. these theories were deployed for explaining how peace education and human rights literacy improve conflict prevention and sustainable peace in oil-producing niger delta communities. human security theory the united nations development programme’s (undp, 1994) human security model shifts the focus of security away from state protection towards protecting and empowering individuals and communities. it emphasizes seven aspects of security –economic, political, environmental, community, and personal security –that are all vital for sustaining peace. within the niger delta context, characterized by extensive environmental degradation, poverty, political marginalization and human rights abuses, this theory advocates employing a peoplecentred and comprehensive approach to conflict prevention (tadjbakhsh & chenoy, 2007). human rights literacy and peace education are an immediate answer to human security concerns, through empowering individuals with knowledge, critical thinking skills and legal awareness to help them claim accountability and solve conflicts peacefully. they also contribute to resilience through enabling communities to actively participate in governance and sustainable development (paris, 2001). transformative learning theory the transformative learning theory, as formulated by jack mezirow (1997), is based on the premise that education has the capacity to transform people’s worldviews, attitudes and behaviour using dialogue and critical reflection. peace education, using this theory, seeks to surmount deeply-entrenched prejudices, violent ideologies and structural inequality by promoting empathy, tolerance, dialogue and conflict resolution through nonviolence means (harris & morrison, 2013). in relation to the niger delta, transformative learning provides the conceptual foundation for implementing peace education as a tool for conflict prevention. it helps individuals relearn their first-hand experiences with injustice, marginalization and violence, and endows them with cognitive and affective abilities to constructively engage in peacebuilding. besides, human rights literacy builds legal consciousness and social capacity, guiding communities out of violent resistance and towards getting redress through institution mechanisms (bajaj, 2011). human needs theory the human needs theory, advanced by john burton (1990), emphasizes that conflicts arise when fundamental human needs, like identity, security, recognition, participation and development, are not fulfilled. conflict prevention is sustainable if these absolute needs are fulfilled rather than treating symptoms of conflict. the theory is highly relevant to the niger delta case, where communities have, for some time, suffered environmental degradation, socioeconomic marginalization and political exclusion. peace education and human rights literacy address these needs by empowering communities with the capability to articulate their rights, negotiate for equitable distribution of resources, and participate actively in governance (galtung, 1996; burton, 1997). they avert the drift towards violent conflict and ensure long-term social stability by redressing real grievances. the intersection of these three theories forms a comprehensive theoretical framework for this study. the human security theory situates the problem in the people-centred security context, defending and empowering people. the transformative learning theory embodies the potential of education to change perspectives and practices towards peaceful living. the human needs theory connects the imperative of addressing structural injustices and unmet human needs that lead to conflict. they rationalize peace education and human rights literacy as inexorable means of achieving enduring conflict prevention and expanding human security in the niger delta. 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us literature review this literature review adopts a thematic structure to explore recent scholarship in peace education and human rights literacy, and their roles in conflict prevention in the niger delta based on a human security perspective. the major themes covered are (1) conflict dynamics and human security in the niger delta, (2) conflict transformation through peace education, (3) social empowerment through human rights literacy, and (4) comprehensive conflict prevention approaches. conflict processes and human security in the niger delta the niger delta is a case of “resource curse”, where vast oil wealth coexists with poverty, ecological devastation and structural violence (watts, 2008; obi, 2009). the socio-political marginalization of the local population, combined with ecological deterioration due to oil production, has produced grievances that frequently manifest as violent conflict (ikelegbe, 2005; courson, 2009). traditional security approaches, emphasizing state-centric and military interventions have been inclined to overlook the causes of insecurity, including deprivation, exclusion and failure of governance (omotola, 2010). the concept of human security, in terms of freedom from fear, want and indignity (undp, 1994; tadjbakhsh & chenoy, 2007), offers a more comprehensive framework for understanding conflict patterns in the niger delta. human security shifts emphasis from state sovereignty to individuals’ safety, well-being and dignity, highlighting the priorities for peacebuilding activities that are empowering for communities and respect justice. peace education and conflict transformation peace education has been widely regarded as a change agent in violence prevention and building sustainable peace (bajaj, 2008; harris & morrison, 2013). peace education encourages attitudes, skills and knowledge for nonviolent conflict management and for fostering a culture of peace (galtung, 1996). peace education, in war-torn societies, encourages communication, understanding and tolerance, which end cycles of violence and deep-rooted prejudices (salomon & cairns, 2010). in the niger delta, the absence of formal and community peace education programmes has contributed to the perpetuation of violent responses to grievances (ibeanu, 2000). integrating peace education into schools, community interventions and public policy could help create a new generation of citizens capable of dealing with conflicts constructively, promoting reconciliation and participating in participatory governance (francis et al., 2011). social empowerment and human rights literacy human rights literacy, as the ability to understand, claim and assert fundamental rights, is central to empowering subordinated groups and making democratic governance permanent (tibbitts, 2002; bajaj, 2011). under conditions like the ones in the niger delta, where there are rampant rights violations and corporate impunity, human rights literacy can empower people to make state and corporate agents accountable (okonta & douglas, 2003). besides, human rights education promotes peacebuilding through bridging conflict prevention to social justice. empirical evidence shows that more rights-conscious societies experience less structural violence and conflict resilience (andreopoulos & claude, 1997; flowers, 2000). however, human rights education is underdeveloped in nigerian civic and education institutions, limiting grassroots governance and participation in environmental justice movement (akinola, 2012). integrative approaches: human security, peace education and rights-based peacebuilding enrolment of peace studies and human rights education within a human security paradigm offers an all-inclusive approach to preventing conflict. academics argue that enduring peace entails the 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us end of violence but needs to be accompanied by removal of structural inequalities, achievement of social justice and enabling citizens to participate in decision-making (lederach, 1997; paris, 2004). human rights-oriented, people-centred approaches aligned with the principles of human security provide the foundation for stability that can last. empirical evidence from post-conflict communities revealed that incorporating peace education into rights consciousness programmes strengthens civic action, reinforces social cohesion, and reduces recurrence of violence (reardon, 1997; bajaj & hantzopoulos, 2016). implementing such an integrative methodology in the niger delta can transform conflict dynamics, transforming passive victims into active peacemakers and developers. the literature emphasizes the compelling necessity of reframing conflict prevention in the niger delta from traditional security methods. human rights literacy and education, on the basis of a human security framework, promises revolutionary paths to move beyond conflict roots, strengthen communities and build sustainable peace. blending education, rights and security can hence revolutionize peacebuilding strategies and towards long-term stability in the region. discussion of findings role of peace education in fostering nonviolent conflict resolution, social cohesion and sustainable peace understanding peace education in the niger delta context peace education is the process of integrating knowledge, skills, attitudes and values necessary to prevent conflict, manage conflict in a peaceful way, and creating conditions for enduring peace (harris & morrison, 2013). in the niger delta, where decades of oil-led conflict have led to widespread violence, militancy and community fragmentation, peace education has emerged as a strategic tool of reorientation of values in society and nonviolent conflict transformation (ibeanu, 2020). the teachers and community and civil society leaders interviewed in rivers, bayelsa, and delta statesnoted that peace education initiatives, though on a small scale, have assisted in changing attitudes from conflict to dialogue. one such respondent from a port harcourt local nongovernmental organisation (ngo) stated that: in societies where peace education programmes are in place, young people are less likely to be recruited into armed forces or employ violence in conflicts involving land or oil-related concerns. rather, they now turn to negotiation and community dialogue as options. peace education and nonviolent conflict resolution the findings indicated that peace education results in nonviolent conflict resolution because it equips individuals with conflict analysis, dialogue and mediation competencies. through training workshops, school curricula and community training programmes, students learn the roots of violence and identify nonviolent ways of countering coercion. this accords with galtung’s (1996) positive peace theory, which emphasizes that structural violence can be confronted through education and empowerment. a notable example is the “peace clubs” initiative established by the foundation for partnership initiatives in the niger delta (pind), where youth are engaged in mediation training and peace initiatives in local communities. these members had fewer violent conflicts and improved conflict resolution in their respective communities. peace education and social cohesion another key finding is that peace education promotes social cohesion by fostering tolerance, respect for diversity, and coexistence in multi-religious, multi-ethnic societies. in regions like ogoni and ijaw lands, where conflict over oil derivation revenues among ethnic groups has long been a source of strife, peace education efforts have facilitated cross-communal interactions and trust-building exercises. focus group discussions revealed that they are more likely to 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us collaborate in collaborative development projects and less likely to stereotype or stigmatize. this is in tandem with lederach’s (1997) conflict transformation model, which views sustainable peace as being attainable through the reconstruction of relationships and the construction of shared identities. peace education results in sustainable peace through the establishment of a culture of peace beyond the cessation of war. the interviewees emphasized that sustainable peace requires addressing the underlying causes of violence, such as poverty, marginalization and destruction of the environment, and the attainment of peaceful living and governance engagement capacities. for example, different peace education programmes at the local level have included environmental management, civic participation and governance literacy, thereby strengthening the pillars of long-term stability. impact of human rights literacy on community empowerment, accountability and participation understanding literacy in human rights human rights literacy refers to the awareness, knowledge and practice of inalienable rights and freedoms enshrined in national and international law (tibbitts, 2017). in the niger delta, with years of oil production that have resulted in environmental pollution, forced displacement and human rights violations, human rights literacy is central to enabling individuals to make claims to justice, hold their duty bearers accountable and participate in decision-making. human rights literacy and community empowerment the research revealed that human rights-conscious communities are more empowered to challenge injustices and advance their socio-economic and environmental rights. for instance, interviewees within the gbaramatu kingdom reported that education on the african charter on human and peoples’ rights significantly improved their capacity to engage with government agencies and oil companies. empirical evidence suggests that rights-aware communities tend to bargain for compensation, demand environmental remediation and participate in policy debates. this empowerment reduces their deployment of violent protest, which had characterized niger delta activism. human rights literacy and accountability the data also showed that human rights literacy improves accountability by enhancing the degree of public monitoring of business and governmental activities. people who are aware of their rights and access to legal recourse have succeeded in using litigation and advocacy campaigns in holding oil companies and government agencies accountable. a case in point is the bodo people versus shell in the uk, which brought a lot of compensation and assurances of environmental clean-up. the respondents attributed such triumph of legal action to heightened awareness of human rights instruments and environmental laws. human rights literacy and community participation human rights literacy also facilitates inclusive governance and peacebuilding engagement. the focus group discussion participants stated that participatory rights knowledge makes communities insist on a place in decision-making bodies, such as environmental monitoring committees and local development councils. in addition, women’s organizations described how rights literacy programmes enhanced their capacity to engage with peace processes and environmental justice campaigns, transforming traditional gender roles and enhancing community resilience. relationship between peace education, awareness of human rights and human security outcomes linking peace education and human rights literacy to human security 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us human security, as defined by the united nations development programme (undp, 1994), encompasses freedom from fear, freedom from want and freedom from indignity. this research showed a strong correlation between peace education, awareness of human rights and improved human security outcomes in the niger delta. freedom from fear: reducing violence and insecurity peace education reduces the occurrence of violence by transforming conflict behaviour and attitude, and human rights literacy allows communities to seek justice through legal means rather than violence. they both result in a reduction in militancy recruitment, armed conflicts and human rights abuses. the bonny island respondents reported a sharp reduction in violent protests and youth restiveness once peace education programmes were implemented in conjunction with rights awareness campaigns. freedom from want: enhancing livelihoods and socio-economic rights rights literacy and peace education enhance socio-economic security through empowerment to advocate equitable distribution of resources, environmental protection and social services. human rights-based approaches, for example, have led to improved corporate social responsibility and community development agreements, which enhance livelihoods at the local level. freedom from indignity: fostering justice and participation collectively, the impact of peace education and human rights awareness also boosts dignity through combating structural violence, exclusion and marginalization. enfranchised citizens engage in governance processes, gain access to environmental justice, and join hands for peaceful planning development. such an overall boost aligns with the emphasis of the human security approach on dignity and participation as central aspects of peace. towards an integrated peacebuilding framework for the niger delta key gaps in current approaches analysis of ongoing peacebuilding processes revealed the following gaps: fragmentation: peace processes are normally short-term and ill-coordinated, among actors. exclusion: local communities, especially women and youth, are often excluded from decisionmaking. weak institutional capacity: state institutions often lack capacity or political will to enforce environmental rules and rights protections. over-securitization: military domination of preventive and developmental measures overshadows over-reliance on security measures. proposed integrated framework based on the research results, this study proposes an integrated peacebuilding framework (ipf), which combines peace education and human rights literacy as overarching conflict prevention and human security promotion pillars in the niger delta. this framework has four components: education for transformation: integrate peace and human rights education into the curriculum of schools, community workshops and training programmes. community empowerment platforms: establish participatory platforms for enabling communities to coproduce development and environmental policies. legal and institutional strengthening: enhance the capacity of state institutions to enforce rights, regulate the oil industry and enable community-driven activities. inclusive dialogue mechanisms: institutionalize multi-stakeholder negotiation mechanisms, tracking and conflict prevention. 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us expected outcomes of the framework the implementation of this integrated framework is expected to yield many outcomes: ➢ reduction in violence and militancy through nonviolent conflict resolution skills; ➢ enhanced community agency and participation in peacebuilding and governance; ➢ improved environmental security through stronger rights-based advocacy and regulatory enforcement; and ➢ strengthened human security through equitable development, justice and dignity. the paper argues that peace education and human rights literacy are reinforcing mechanisms with transformational potential for preventing conflict and constructing peace in the niger delta. peace education fosters nonviolent conflict resolution, social cohesion and a culture of peace; while human rights literacy empowers peoples, promotes accountability, and enhances participation. they greatly expand human security outcomes by reducing fear, want and indignity, and lay the basis for sustainable peace and development. these methods are being underutilized due to systemic gaps in implementation, institutional weaknesses, and lack of integration into broader peacebuilding strategies. a human securitycentred mainstreamed strategy, with integration of peace education and human rights literacy, is a realistic path towards eradicating the drivers of conflict and establishing an equitable, peaceful and sustainable niger delta. conclusion this study critically examined the deployment of peace education and human rights literacy as instruments of conflict prevention in strategic terms in the niger delta from a human security perspective. the findings confirmed that, despite decades of state-security intervention and corporate social responsibility, the region continues to experience persistent conflict, environmental degradation, socio-economic marginalization and human rights violations. these endemic threats reveal the failures of conventional, militarized and state-based approaches that habitually rely more on symptom repression than addressing the structural roots of violence. peace education has been shown to be a changemaker, as it advocates nonviolent conflict resolution, social cohesion and peace culture. when people and organizations have the skills of dialogue, mediation and tolerance, peace education reduces the deployment of violence and strengthens the social fabric necessary to uphold peace. similarly, human rights literacy allows communities to learn and demand their rights, hold states and corporations accountable, and participate constructively in decision-making and governance. if communities are aware of their rights and have nonviolent methods of demanding them, they will be less likely to turn to militancy or aggressive forms of resistance. the convergence of peace education and human rights literacy facilitates the advancement of human security, especially by expanding freedom from fear, want and indignity. it aids dealing with root causes of insecurity, such as exclusion, inequality, poverty and environmental injustice, and building resilience and adaptive capacity at community levels. however, for such practices to achieve maximum effectiveness, they must be mainstreamed into policy mechanisms, education programmes, community development initiatives and peace processes. these demands increased institutional buy-in, reliable funding, stakeholder engagement and continued capacity-building initiatives. to reimagine peacebuilding in the niger delta is to change paradigms, to move away from reactive efforts to proactive, human-centred approaches. the combination of peace education and human rights literacy offers a sustainable path towards conflict avoidance, justice realization and achievement of lasting peace. such an integrated approach, in addition to addressing shortterm security concerns, lays the foundations for participatory development, cares for the environment, and secures long-term development in one of nigeria’s most volatile regions. 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references 1. akinola, s. 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(2010). handbook on peace education. psychology press. 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 23. tadjbakhsh, s., & chenoy, a. (2007). human security: concepts and implications. routledge. 24. tibbitts, f. (2002). understanding what we do: emerging models for human rights education. international review of education, 48(3-4), 159-171. 25. undp. (1994). human development report: new dimensions of human security. oxford university press. 26. undp. (2006). niger delta human development report. undp nigeria. 27. watts, m. (2008). blood oil: the anatomy of a petro-insurgency in the niger delta, nigeria. focaal, 52, 18-38. 28. united nations development programme (undp). (1994). human development report 1994: new dimensions of human security. oxford university press. 57-62 dependence of height, total number and quantity of productive stems of winter barley varieties on 57 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 dependence of height, total number and quantity of productive stems of winter barley varieties on different sowing date and mineral fertilizer application rates j.b.khudaykulov professor (dsc), tashkent state agrarian university z.sh.shavkatova phd student, dry farming scientific research institute abstract: this article presents data on the effects of different planting dates and mineral fertilizer application rates on plant height, growth and development, and the number of total and productive stems in winter barley varieties "ikhtiyor", "obikor" and "kizilkurgan". keywords: seed, planting time, barley, variety, environmental factors, soil, mineral fertilizer, rate,, plant height, growth, productive and total stems. introduction. barley (hordeum vulgare l.), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. it was one of the first cultivated grains, it was domesticated in the fertile crescent around 9000 bc, giving it nonshattering spikelets and making it much easier to harvest. its use then spread throughout eurasia by 2000 bc. barley prefers relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. it is relatively tolerant of drought and soil salinity, but is less winter-hardy than wheat or rye. in 2023, barley was fourth among grains in quantity produced, 146 million tonnes, behind maize, rice, and wheat. globally, 70% of barley production is used as animal feed, while 30% is used as a source of fermentable material for beer, or further distilled into whisky, and as a component of various foods. it is used in soups and stews and in barley bread of various cultures. barley grains are commonly made into malt using a traditional and ancient method of preparation. in english folklore, john barleycorn personifies the grain and the alcoholic beverages made from it. english pub names such as the barley mow allude to its role in the production of beer. research and methods. production. in 2023, world production of barley was 145,8 million tonnes, led by russia accounting for 14% of the world total (table). australia, france, and germany were secondary producers. worldwide barley production in 2023 was fourth among grains, following maize (1.2 billion tonnes), rice (800 million tonnes), and wheat (799 million tonnes). 1-table barley production 2023, millions of tonnes russia 20.5 australia 13.5 58 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us external phylogeny. the barley genus hordeum is relatively closely related to wheat and rye within the triticeae, and more distantly to rice within the bop clade of grasses (poaceae). the phylogeny of the triticeae is complicated by hybridization between species, so there is a network of relationships rather than a simple inheritance-based tree. 2-table place of research, soil climatic conditions. scientific research work was carried out in 2023-2024 year in the plant genetic resources scientific research institute. the experimental farm is located in the upper reaches of the chirchik river, at an altitude of 481 m above sea level, at 41011ii north latitude and 38031ii east latitude, in kibray district of tashkent region. the soil of the experimental field is a typical gray loam that has been irrigated for a long time. this soil contains 0.8 1.0% humus, about 0.058 0.089% nitrogen, about 0.141 0.184% phosphorus and about 0.154 0.148% potassium, which indicates that the nutrients used by the plant during the growing season are very small. the soil is not saline. it differs in soil water permeability, softening complexity. the main part of atmospheric precipitation occurs in the form of snow in the mountain region, and in the form of rain in the hilly and plain regions. most of the precipitation falls in the winter and spring months, and a small amount falls in the autumn months. in the summer months, there is almost no rain. in autumn, the warm days last much longer, the air temperature slowly decreases. at the end of october or at the beginning of november, frost falls and the period of field crops stops. during this period, the amount of precipitation increases. france 12.1 germany 11.0 turkey 9.2 canada 8.9 world 145.8 source: faostat of the united nations[2024] 59 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the experiment, the amount of precipitation was taken into account when implementing irrigation factors. this led to changes in the number and rate of irrigation over the years. in general, by analyzing the climatic conditions of tashkent region, it is possible to conclude that this area is suitable for growing any type of agricultural crops, and the power of sunlight, the possibilities of artificial irrigation ensure the cultivation of high-quality crops from field crops. result and discussion. cultivation of high grain yield from autumn grain crops depends on the optimal course of the growth and development process in the plant. also, the height of the plant is important in ensuring a high yield. violation of the applied agro-factors (fertilization with mineral fertilizers, irrigation rates and timing, sowing rates, timing, method, etc.) leads to the fact that the plant does not grow normally or becomes excessively stunted. as a result, the grain yield decreases and its quality deteriorates. the above-mentioned negative consequences were not observed in this study. growth occurs in connection with development, in which the plant increases in size and quantity due to the formation of new cells and tissues. biological and economic yield is formed due to the accumulation of new organic substances in the plant. the course of the growth process in a plant is clearly reflected in its main stem height. therefore, determining the main stem height of a plant is one of the important factors in conducting phenological observations. in the conducted field experiment, the optimal sowing rates of barley varieties and their requirements for mineral fertilizers were determined. it can be seen in the analysis of the data of table 1 obtained on the plant height and the number of seedlings in the researched experimental options that the planting rates and the use of mineral fertilizers in different rates had a significant effect on the plant height and the number of plant stems. planting method and depth. at present, the seed of spiky grain crops in large irrigated areas is sz-3.6; it is sown using szu-3.6 and pneumatic precision nesting drills, then furrows are made with 70 or 90 cm between rows. for planting in our field experiments, furrows of 70 sm were first made using kxu-4 model cultivator. since our field experiments were conducted in small areas, the seed was planted by hand at a depth of 3 4 cm at different planting rates. in the first year of the study (2022-2023), the winter barley variety "ikhtiyor" was used as a control variety, with seeds of 3.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha. in the first variant, the plant height was 19.5 cm on the first day of march, 43.4 cm on the first day of april, and 92.5 cm on may 1. in the 2nd option, the seeds of the "ikhtiyor" variety were sown at a rate of 3.0 million units per hectare and mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha. in the 2nd option, the plant height was 21.7 cm on the first day of march, 45.7 cm on the first day of april, and 95.4 cm on may 1. it can be seen that due to the increased rates of mineral fertilizers, the plant height in the 2nd option was 2.2-2.9 cm higher. in the second year of the experiment (2023-2024), the winter barley variety "ikhtiyor" was studied as a control variety, and in the third variant, where 3.5 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha were applied, the plant height was 20.1 cm on the first day of march, 44.5 cm on the first day of april, and 96.5 cm on may 1. in the 4th variant of the experiment, when 3.5 million seeds of the “ikhtiyor” variety were sown per hectare and mineral fertilizers were applied at a rate of n180p110k140 kg/ha, the plant height was 22.2 cm on the first day of march, 46.9 cm on the first day of april, and 99.3 cm on may 1. it can be seen that due to the increased rates of mineral fertilizers, the plant height was 2.1-3.2 cm higher in the 4th variety. in the first year of the experiment (2022-2023), the winter barley variety "ikhtiyor", which was studied as a control variety, had the tallest plants in the 6th variant, when seeds were applied at a rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha. the plant height was 23.6 cm on the first day of march, 53.5 cm on the first day of april, and 99.7 cm on may 1. in the experiment, in option 5, when seeds were applied at a rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 22.9 cm on the first day of march, 51.3 cm on the first day of april, and 97.8 cm on may 1. it can be seen that at a sowing rate of 60 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4.0 million seeds/ha, due to an increase in the rate of mineral fertilizers, the plant height increased by 0.7-2.2-1.9 cm. in the 7th variant, where the seeds of the studied winter barley variety "obikor" were applied at a rate of 3.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 23.4 cm on the first day of march, 46.8 cm on the first day of april, and 88.5 cm on may 1. in the 8th variant, in which 3.0 million seeds of the “obikor” variety were used per hectare and mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha were applied, the plant height was 26.2 cm on the first day of march, 49.5 cm on the first day of april, and 92.8 cm on may 1. it can be seen that due to the increase in mineral fertilizer rates, the plant height in the 8th variant was 2.8-2.7-4.3 cm higher. in the second year of the experiment (20232024), in variant 9, where seeds of the winter barley variety "obikor" were applied at a rate of 3.5 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 22.4 cm on the first of march, 49.2 cm on the first of april, and 93.4 cm on may 1.in the 10th variant, where 3.5 million seeds of the “obikor” variety were used per hectare, but mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha were applied, the plant height was 25.7 cm on the first of march, 52.4 cm on the first of april, and 97.6 cm on may 1.it can be seen from the obtained data that due to the increase in the rates of applied mineral fertilizers, it was determined that the height of the plant was 3.3-4.5-1.8 cm higher in the 12th option based on the sequence of patterns. table-3 the effect of planting dates and mineral fertilizer rates on plant height, total and productive stem number of winter barley varieties (data for 2024) № varieties sowing rate, mln.units/ha annual rates of mineral fertilizers, kg/ha plant height, sm total number of stems from this, the number of productive stems 1.iii 1.iv 1.v unit/m2 unit/m2 1 ikhtiyor (st) 3,0 n150p80k100 17,5 40,2 93,7 435,6 348,2 2 3,0 n180p110k140 19,3 43,1 97,2 448,7 357,4 3 3,5 n150p80k100 20,1 44,5 96,5 501,4 416,9 4 3,5 n180p110k140 22,2 46,9 99,3 511,5 422,2 5 4,0 n150p80k100 21,3 50,5 102,5 551,1 457,5 6 4,0 n180p110k140 22,8 53,2 106,2 560,2 463,8 7 obikor 3,0 n150p80k100 21,5 47,6 92,5 420,5 328,1 8 3,0 n180p110k140 24,1 50,7 95,7 437,6 342,9 9 3,5 n150p80k100 22,4 49,2 93,4 469,1 372,8 10 3,5 n180p110k140 25,7 52,4 97,6 497,4 384,3 11 4,0 n150p80k100 23,8 55,3 96,5 539,8 436,1 12 4,0 n180p110k140 27,1 59,8 98,3 551,3 445,2 13 kizilkurgan 3,0 n150p80k100 18,4 43,5 102,1 457,5 385,3 14 3,0 n180p110k140 20,6 47,2 105,7 469,2 394,5 15 3,5 n150p80k100 21,3 44,8 106,4 517,6 431,3 16 3,5 n180p110k140 23,7 49,3 108,6 531,4 442,2 17 4,0 n150p80k100 22,6 50,9 110,5 563,2 468,5 18 4,0 n180p110k140 23,1 54,5 113,7 572,5 476,1 the highest plants of the winter barley variety "obikor" studied in the experiment were in the 12th variant, when seeds were applied at a rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha. the plant height was 28.2 cm on the first day of march, 57.4 cm on the first day of april, and 95.6 cm on may 1. in the 11th variant of the experiment, when seeds were applied at a rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 25.9 cm on the first day of march, 54.2 cm on the first day of april, and 92.1 cm on may 1.in this variety, the above rule was repeated, and it was noted that the height of the plant was 2.3-3.2-3.5 cm high in the 12th option due to the increase in the rate of mineral grass when the planting rate was 4.0 million units/ha. 61 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the 11th variant of the experiment, when seeds were applied at a rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 25.9 cm on the first day of march, 54.2 cm on the first day of april, and 92.1 cm on may 1.in this variety, the above rule was repeated, and it was noted that the height of the plant was 2.3-3.2-3.5 cm high in the 12th option due to the increase in the rate of mineral grass when the planting rate was 4.0 million units/ha. it should be noted that the "obikor" variety had the tallest plants among the three barley varieties studied, which was observed on march 1, when the initial plant stem height was determined. for example, in the "obikor" variety, the average plant height was 23.4-28.5 cm in options 7-12, and in the "ikhtiyar" variety, studied as a control variety, on march 1, the average plant height was 19.5-25.3 cm in options 1-6, that is, it was 3.2-3.5 cm shorter than the "obikor" variety. in the 13th variant, where the barley variety "kizilkurgan" was sown at a rate of 3.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 21.3 cm on the first day of march, 45.2 cm on the first day of april, and 99.4 cm on may 1. in the 14th variant, where the seeds of the “kyzylkurgan” variety were sown at a rate of 3.0 million units per hectare and mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha were applied, the plant height was 23.7 cm on the first day of march, 48.6 cm on the first day of april, and 102.5 cm on may 1. it can be seen that due to the increased rates of mineral fertilizers, the plant height in the 13th variant was 2.4-3.5-3.1 cm higher. the tallest plants of the winter barley variety "kyzilkorgon" were in the 17th variant, when seeds were applied at a rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n180p110k140 kg/ha. the plant height was 24.6 cm on the first day of march, 56.8 cm on the first day of april, and 108.7 cm on may 1. in the 17th variety of the experiment, when seeds were applied at a lower rate of 4.0 million seeds per hectare and mineral fertilizers n150p80k100 kg/ha, the plant height was 22.8 cm on the first day of march, 53.3 cm on the first day of april, and 105.6 cm on may 1. in this variety, the above rule was repeated, and when the planting rate was 4.0 million units/ha, it was noted that as a result of the use of mineral grasses at a higher rate than in the 17th option, the plant height was 1.8-3.5-3.1 cm high in the 18th variety. conclusion. it was found that planting rates and application of mineral fertilizers in different rates affect the height of barley plant. on march 1, the plant height of the "obikor" variety was 3.9-4.6 cm higher than the control "ikhtiyor" variety and 2.1-3.6 cm higher than the "kizilkurgan" variety. however, by may 1, the highest plant height of the "kizilkurgan" variety was 99.4-108.7 cm, which was 6.9-9.0 cm higher than the "ikhtiyor" variety and 10.9-13.1 cm higher than the "obikor" variety. germination is a phase of fermentation, which requires different biological factors in all grain crops, and the botanical differences in germination are also different, and even this phase lasts for a different period of time. for all grain crops, this phase is considered an important developmental phase that determines the yield, therefore, all agrotechnical measures must be carried out qualitatively to ensure good conditions for harvesting. the total number of stalks produced by a grain crop during the phase of accumulation is called total accumulation. the more moisture in the soil, the more fertile it is, the stronger the soil is. if the crop is sown thickly, there is a lack of cover and nutrients, and the strength of the plant is reduced. in addition to general accumulation, there is also productive accumulation. productive or productive accumulation refers to the accumulation of grains on the stalk. from the above data, it can be seen that the yield is one of the main indicators that determine the grain yield. taking into account the above circumstances, in the research work, observational and analytical studies were carried out in the field of variants in order to determine the impact of agrotechnical measures applied to winter rye varieties on the height of the crop, total and productive area. 62 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. atabaeva kh.n., khudaykulov j.b., nurbekov a.i., kassam a. plant science. “fan ziyosi” nashriyoti, isbn 978 9943 6594 9 0. toshkent-2021 y. 25 b.t. 398-b. 2. "hordeum vulgare common barley". native plant trust. retrieved 13 january 2024. 3. "hordeum vulgare l." the plant list: a working list of all plant species. archived from the original on 8 april 2020. retrieved 2 february 2016 4. comparison of world production values in 2023; compare data/production group/crops and livestock products/world/item using maize-wheat-rice-barley from pick lists". faostat, un food and agriculture organization, corporate statistical database. 2025. retrieved 28 february 2025. 5. zohary, daniel; hopf, maria (2000). domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in west asia, europe, and the nile valley (3rd ed.). oxford university press. pp. 59–69. isbn 978-0-19-850357-6. 6. http://www.research plant science. 7. the international barley genome sequencing consortium (2022). "a physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome". 70 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 3, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 one hundred years of nationalism: a historical study of the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) and its socio-political influence in india dr. sonika assistant professor, political science, department social sciences, faculty of humanities & liberal education, baba mastnath university, asthal bohar, rohtak, haryana abstract: this paper explores the evolution and socio-political influence of the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) over the past century. founded in 27 september, 1925, the rss has grown from a marginal cultural movement to a powerful ideological and organizational force in indian politics. through a historical lens, this study examines the rss’s ideological foundation in hindutva, its organizational growth, relationship with the bharatiya janata party (bjp), and its pervasive influence across education, culture, and civil society. the paper also critically evaluates the rss’s role in shaping india's national identity, its contested legacy, and its implications for democracy and secularism. keywords: rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss), indian nationalism, hindutva, socio-political influence, hindu nationalism, right-wing politics, sangh parivar, indian politics, cultural nationalism. 1. introduction the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss), founded in 1925 by dr. keshav baliram hedgewar in nagpur, emerged as a response to the perceived threats to hindu identity during british colonial rule and rising communal tensions in pre-independence india. hedgewar, a former congress member, envisioned an organization that could instill discipline, unity, and cultural pride among hindus through physical training and ideological grooming (andersen & damle, 1987). unlike political movements of the time, the rss adopted a non-political, cadre-based approach, focusing on long-term social transformation rather than immediate political power. at the heart of the rss ideology lies hindutva, a concept popularized by vinayak damodar savarkar in the 1920s, which emphasizes cultural nationalism and defines indian identity primarily in terms of hindu heritage and values (savarkar, 1923/2003). the rss interpreted hindutva not as a mere religious doctrine, but as a civilizational identity rooted in the unity of indian culture, language, and tradition. over the next century, this ideological foundation became the basis for a vast network of affiliated organizations collectively known as the sangh parivar, including political parties, student unions, labor movements, and religious groups (jaffrelot, 1996). today, the rss is one of the largest voluntary organizations in the world, claiming millions of members and a presence in nearly every district of india. its ideological and organizational influence has become particularly significant in the context of indian politics, especially after the rise of the bharatiya janata party (bjp), which shares deep-rooted links with the rss (basu, 2015). the expansion of the rss’s reach into sectors such as education, media, civil society, and 71 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us governance raises critical questions about the evolving nature of indian nationalism and the role of ideological organizations in a pluralistic democracy. this study seeks to explore the century-long journey of the rss, focusing on its historical evolution, ideological framework, socio-political strategies, and contemporary relevance. by analyzing both its contributions and controversies, the paper aims to offer a balanced understanding of how the rss has shaped—and been shaped by—india's national discourse. 2. historical origins and ideological foundations the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) was founded in 1925 by dr. keshav baliram hedgewar in nagpur during a period of rising nationalist fervor, communal consciousness, and socio-political unrest in colonial india. hedgewar, a physician and former member of the indian national congress, grew disillusioned with what he perceived as the congress’s failure to adequately address the cultural and religious identity of hindus in the anti-colonial struggle (andersen & damle, 1987). inspired by nationalist and revivalist ideas circulating in the early 20th century, he conceptualized an organization that would focus on unifying hindus through discipline, character-building, and a sense of national pride rooted in hindu civilization. the ideological foundation of the rss is largely based on the doctrine of hindutva, first articulated by vinayak damodar savarkar in his seminal work hindutva: who is a hindu? (1923). savarkar proposed that indian national identity should be defined by shared ancestry (pitribhumi) and sacred geography (punyabhumi), both of which he argued were embodied in hindu culture. according to savarkar, being hindu was less a matter of religious faith and more a cultural and civilizational belonging (savarkar, 1923/2003). the rss adopted and popularized this notion of cultural nationalism, promoting the idea that india is inherently a hindu rashtra (nation), and that national unity could only be achieved through the consolidation of hindu identity. early influences on rss ideology also came from european nationalism, particularly models of ethno-cultural cohesion seen in germany and italy during the interwar period (jaffrelot, 1996). the organizational model of the rss—a disciplined, centralized cadre of male volunteers (swayamsevaks) engaging in daily physical training and ideological discussions—was inspired by these fascist models of nation-building, though the rss insists it has remained distinct in its approach and non-violent in its methods (graham, 1990). from its inception, the rss emphasized sanskritization, discipline, and sewa (social service) as central components of hindu regeneration. it envisioned itself not as a political party but as a cultural force aimed at creating a hindu society that would eventually give rise to a hindu nation-state. this distinction allowed the rss to maintain a long-term vision, focusing on grassroots mobilization, character-building, and ideological indoctrination rather than immediate political action (andersen & damle, 1987). despite its claims of being a cultural rather than political organization, the ideological positions of the rss have had a profound impact on indian political thought. by defining nationalism in religious and cultural terms, the rss diverged from the secular and inclusive nationalism advocated by the indian national congress. this ideological divergence continues to be one of the most polarizing features of indian political discourse. 3. growth and expansion (1925–2025) since its founding in 1925, the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) has transformed from a small group of volunteers in nagpur into a vast nationwide organization with millions of active members and a deep penetration into india’s socio-political fabric. the first few decades of the rss were marked by slow but steady organizational growth. by the 1940s, the organization had spread to several provinces, focusing on the development of shakhas—local daily gatherings of volunteers for physical and ideological training (andersen & damle, 1987). the shakha model became the cornerstone of the rss's grassroots strategy, facilitating a disciplined cadre system and uniform ideological dissemination. 72 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the assassination of mahatma gandhi in 1948 by nathuram godse, a former rss member, led to the temporary ban of the organization by the indian government. this moment was a significant setback, forcing the rss to reorganize itself, clarify its non-political identity, and rebuild public trust (jaffrelot, 1996). after its reinstatement in 1949, the rss avoided direct political engagement but gradually expanded its influence through the formation of affiliated organizations, collectively called the sangh parivar (family of the sangh). these included the akhil bharatiya vidyarthi parishad (abvp) for students, bharatiya mazdoor sangh (bms) for labor, and vishwa hindu parishad (vhp) for religious and cultural outreach. a pivotal moment in the rss's political expansion came in 1951 with the formation of the bharatiya jana sangh (bjs) under the leadership of shyama prasad mukherjee, seen as the rss's political wing. this party later evolved into the bharatiya janata party (bjp) in 1980, which has become the most significant vehicle for the rss’s political vision (graham, 1990). the bjp’s electoral successes in the 1990s, particularly under the leadership of atal bihari vajpayee and l.k. advani, marked the beginning of the rss's mainstream political ascendancy. the demolition of the babri masjid in 1992, in which the rss and its affiliates played a prominent role, was a turning point that solidified the hindu nationalist movement’s mass mobilization capacity while also igniting national and international controversy (basu, 2015). despite—or perhaps because of—these polarizing moments, the rss continued to grow rapidly, especially in northern and western india. the 21st century saw unprecedented expansion in the scope and scale of the rss. with the bjp’s electoral victory in 2014 under prime minister narendra modi, a former pracharak (fulltime rss worker), the ideological proximity between the state and the sangh reached a new height. this period was marked by increased visibility of the rss in policymaking, education reforms, civil society, and even foreign policy discourse (chatterji, hansen, & jaffrelot, 2019). as of 2025, the rss reportedly runs over 60,000 daily shakhas and operates thousands of schools, ngos, think tanks, and service initiatives across the country (sahni, 2023). while supporters view the rss as a nationalist and philanthropic force promoting cultural pride and discipline, critics argue that its ethnocentric and majoritarian ideology threatens india’s secular and pluralistic ethos. nevertheless, its ability to maintain organizational discipline, foster grassroots connectivity, and adapt to changing social contexts has made the rss one of the most influential socio-political organizations in modern indian history. 4. socio-political influence and cultural interventions over the past century, the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) has exerted a profound and multifaceted influence on indian society and politics. while the organization formally claims to be a cultural and apolitical entity, its ideological worldview and grassroots mobilization strategies have deeply shaped the political narrative, social values, and cultural consciousness of large segments of the indian populace (andersen & damle, 1987). through its vast network of affiliated bodies—collectively known as the sangh parivar—the rss has engaged in systematic nation-building efforts that extend beyond traditional politics into realms such as education, media, religion, and civil society. one of the most significant socio-political contributions of the rss has been the institutionalization of hindutva as a mass ideology. by promoting a singular, culturally-defined concept of indian identity rooted in hindu civilizational values, the rss has redefined nationalism in religious and cultural terms. this ideological influence is particularly visible in the educational initiatives undertaken by the rss and its affiliate, vidya bharati, which operates thousands of schools that incorporate nationalist narratives into curricula (basu, 2015). these schools aim to instill a sense of cultural pride and moral discipline aligned with hindu values, often challenging the secular and pluralistic foundations of india’s post-independence educational framework (nussbaum, 2007). 73 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in the political sphere, the rss has maintained a symbiotic relationship with the bharatiya janata party (bjp), providing the ideological backbone and grassroots cadre for electoral mobilization. while the rss itself does not contest elections, its trained volunteers often work behind the scenes during election campaigns, shaping political discourse and ensuring ideological consistency (jaffrelot, 2007). the ascendancy of the bjp, particularly since 2014 under narendra modi—a former rss pracharak—has resulted in greater institutional access for rss-affiliated individuals, facilitating the translation of its ideological vision into public policy. this includes reforms in education, efforts to implement a uniform civil code, and laws related to cow protection and religious conversion. beyond politics, the rss has been active in social service and disaster relief, which has helped bolster its public image as a patriotic and altruistic organization. the seva bharati wing, for instance, has provided relief during natural disasters and conducted health and literacy programs in underserved areas (sahni, 2023). these activities have often served dual purposes: genuine community service and strategic outreach to marginalized communities, including dalits and tribal populations, traditionally outside the upper-caste hindu fold. critics argue that such outreach, while beneficial on the surface, often involves ideological indoctrination and aims to integrate diverse communities into a homogenized hindu identity (chatterji et al., 2019). culturally, the rss has played a key role in reviving festivals, promoting the use of sanskrit, and supporting indigenous art forms as expressions of national pride. through organizations like the sanskar bharati, it has cultivated a cultural nationalism that seeks to counter perceived westernization and secular modernity. the rss also runs think tanks and publishing houses that produce literature, historical reinterpretations, and ideological material aimed at shaping public opinion (graham, 1990). despite its wide influence, the rss remains controversial. critics allege that its emphasis on hindu unity often translates into the marginalization of religious minorities, especially muslims and christians. its involvement in campaigns such as ghar wapsi (religious reconversion) and opposition to interfaith marriages (e.g., through the term love jihad) have raised concerns about rising intolerance and communal polarization in india (jaffrelot & tillin, 2017). in summary, the rss's socio-political influence extends far beyond its organizational boundaries. through a combination of ideological dissemination, political partnership, educational control, and cultural revivalism, the rss has entrenched itself as a powerful force shaping the contours of indian identity and democracy. 4.1 cultural and educational influence the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss), since its inception in 1925, has placed significant emphasis on cultural and educational engagement as a means to shape societal values and national identity. central to its mission has been the promotion of what it defines as bharatiya sanskriti—a composite hindu cultural heritage that it views as the foundation of indian nationhood. this cultural narrative is disseminated not only through its daily shakhas (branches) but also through a vast network of affiliated institutions, collectively referred to as the sangh parivar. one of the most impactful arms of this cultural project is the educational outreach conducted through organizations like vidya bharati, which operates thousands of schools across the country. these schools often incorporate nationalist themes into their curriculum, placing strong emphasis on indian traditions, moral values, and historical interpretations aligned with the rss worldview. critics argue that this constitutes a form of ideological indoctrination, particularly in the way history, religion, and national identity are presented. proponents, on the other hand, assert that it represents a necessary correction to a colonial or secularist bias in mainstream education. the rss’s cultural interventions are also visible through its support for initiatives that revive traditional arts, promote sanskrit and hindi over english, and celebrate hindu festivals with 74 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us nationalistic overtones. through affiliated organizations like samskrita bharati and bharatiya shikshan mandal, the rss has advanced a cultural renaissance agenda aimed at fostering pride in indigenous knowledge systems and customs. these efforts are often positioned as counterweights to what the sangh views as cultural deracination brought about by westernization and colonial education models. over the decades, the rss’s cultural influence has permeated into broader civil society, impacting literature, cinema, textbooks, and even public policy discussions around heritage and identity. as the ideological influence of the sangh has grown, especially through its alignment with political power via the bharatiya janata party (bjp), its cultural vision has increasingly shaped national discourses on what it means to be indian. 4.2 political engagement through bjp 4.2 political engagement through bjp while the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) began as a cultural and ideological organization, its political engagement became formalized with the establishment of the bharatiya jana sangh in 1951, the political forerunner of the present-day bharatiya janata party (bjp). this marked a strategic shift in the rss’s approach—from solely focusing on cultural nationalism to actively participating in electoral politics through an affiliate organization. the jana sangh, and later the bjp (formed in 1980), became the political embodiment of the sangh’s ideological vision, particularly hindutva, or hindu nationalism (jaffrelot, 1996). the relationship between the rss and bjp is both structural and ideological. while the rss officially maintains that it is a non-political body, it exerts significant influence over the bjp’s leadership, policies, and long-term strategic direction. senior bjp leaders, including narendra modi, l.k. advani, and atal bihari vajpayee, have been swayamsevaks (rss volunteers), and many continue to consult the sangh’s top leadership, especially the sarsanghchalak (supreme leader), on critical issues (andersen & damle, 2018). the rss’s role in cadre development, ideological grounding, and crisis management has made it a central player in bjp’s political success. this partnership has become more overt and influential since the bjp’s rise to national power in 2014. under prime minister narendra modi, a former rss pracharak (full-time worker), many of the sangh’s ideological goals have been foregrounded in national policy—ranging from the abrogation of article 370 in jammu & kashmir, to the construction of the ram temple in ayodhya, and the implementation of the citizenship amendment act (caa). these developments are viewed by many scholars as manifestations of the rss’s long-standing ideological agenda being realized through state power (basu, 2020; jaffrelot, 2021). however, this close alliance has also sparked controversy and concern. critics argue that the rss-bjp nexus blurs the lines between religion and state, challenges india’s secular democratic fabric, and centralizes power in a manner that marginalizes minority voices (chatterji et al., 2019). nevertheless, the sangh’s ability to mobilize grassroots support, shape narratives, and maintain ideological coherence has made it an indispensable force in india’s political landscape. through the bjp, the rss has effectively transitioned from a cultural nationalist movement to a decisive political force, shaping the trajectory of indian democracy in the 21st century. 4.3 civil society and social work beyond its political and cultural engagements, the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) has developed a robust presence in civil society through its extensive network of social service and welfare organizations. the sangh has long positioned itself not only as a cultural guardian but also as a provider of humanitarian aid, particularly in times of crisis, thereby strengthening its grassroots legitimacy and societal reach. the social work of the rss is primarily conducted through seva (service) initiatives coordinated by its affiliate, seva bharati. established in the 1980s, seva bharati runs thousands of programs 75 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us across india, including health camps, education centers, disaster relief operations, and rehabilitation projects for marginalized communities (andersen & damle, 2018). these efforts are especially visible in urban slums and tribal areas, where state services are often inadequate. the organization’s work has helped cultivate an image of the sangh as a patriotic and benevolent force, capable of addressing social inequities while promoting a nationalist ethos. critically, the rss’s civil society engagement is often characterized by a dual strategy: providing genuine aid while also introducing beneficiaries to hindu nationalist ideology. scholars argue that this form of welfare nationalism serves to expand the ideological base of the rss, especially among dalits, adivasis, and other historically excluded groups (basu, 2020; jaffrelot, 2007). educational outreach, vocational training, and health services are often accompanied by cultural programs that stress hindu unity and identity, subtly reinforcing the rss’s vision of a cohesive, hindu-centric nation. the rss has also played a significant role in disaster relief. from the 2001 gujarat earthquake to the covid-19 pandemic, its volunteers have been mobilized quickly and efficiently, earning public recognition even among critics of its ideology. these interventions often receive media attention and are leveraged to project the organization’s capacity for national service, while simultaneously legitimizing its broader socio-political role (chatterji et al., 2019). despite its extensive outreach, the rss’s social work remains a subject of debate. detractors argue that its programs are not ideologically neutral and may foster social polarization under the guise of service. nonetheless, the sangh’s civil society initiatives have undeniably contributed to its ability to sustain long-term influence in indian society beyond electoral politics. 5. criticisms and controversies despite its extensive influence and long-standing presence, the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) has been the subject of considerable debate, criticism, and controversy. these issues stem from its ideological stance, historical actions, and social impact. this section explores key critiques under distinct thematic subheadings. 5.1 allegations of religious majoritarianism one of the most persistent criticisms of the rss is its promotion of a hindu majoritarian vision of indian nationalism. the ideology of hindutva, as articulated by early rss thinkers such as m. s. golwalkar and v. d. savarkar, defines india as primarily a hindu nation, implicitly placing religious minorities—particularly muslims and christians—outside the national mainstream (savarkar, 1923/2003; golwalkar, 1939/2000). critics argue that this ideological framework challenges the secular and pluralistic foundation of the indian constitution (nussbaum, 2007). organizations affiliated with the rss have been accused of creating communal tensions through campaigns like ghar wapsi (reconversion of muslims and christians to hinduism) and opposition to interfaith marriages under labels like love jihad (jaffrelot & tillin, 2017). these activities have been widely condemned as efforts to polarize communities and impose cultural homogeneity. 5.2 role in the babri masjid demolition and communal riots the demolition of the babri masjid in ayodhya in 1992 is among the most significant events in india’s post-independence history involving the rss and its affiliates. the mobilization campaign led by the vishwa hindu parishad (vhp) and the bharatiya janata party (bjp)—both linked to the rss—culminated in the destruction of the 16th-century mosque, claiming it was built on the birthplace of the hindu deity ram (basu et al., 1993). this act triggered nationwide communal riots and deepened hindu-muslim animosity. investigative reports and commissions, including the liberhan commission, have pointed to the rss’s ideological influence and organizational support in mobilizing kar sevaks (volunteers) for the demolition (engineer, 1995). this incident severely damaged the rss’s image among secular and minority groups and remains a deeply polarizing issue. 76 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 5.3 accusations of undermining academic freedom and intellectual diversity the rss has faced criticism for allegedly attempting to influence academic and cultural institutions in india. critics assert that rss-affiliated individuals have been appointed to key positions in universities, research councils, and historical bodies, resulting in the promotion of ideologically aligned curricula and suppression of dissenting viewpoints (chatterji et al., 2019). there are also concerns regarding the rewriting of history textbooks to reflect a hindu-centric narrative, often downplaying or omitting the contributions of muslim rulers, critical caste-based histories, and secular nationalists (nussbaum, 2007). these interventions are seen as attempts to indoctrinate students and control the cultural imagination of future generations. 5.4 political influence without accountability although the rss does not directly contest elections, it has been accused of wielding significant political power through its relationship with the bjp. this dual structure—wherein the rss influences policy through ideological direction but remains outside democratic accountability— has raised concerns about transparency and institutional integrity (jaffrelot, 2007). this indirect control allows the rss to shape key decisions while avoiding legal or electoral scrutiny. several policy positions taken by the bjp government, such as the abrogation of article 370 (which granted special status to jammu and kashmir) and the passage of the citizenship amendment act (caa), have been interpreted as aligning closely with rss ideology (chopra, 2020). 5.5 internal dissent and regional criticism even within the broader hindu community, not all voices align with the rss. various regional, caste-based, and linguistic groups have criticized the organization’s perceived upper-caste and north indian bias. dalit leaders, for example, have accused the rss of tokenism and of seeking to co-opt marginalized communities without addressing structural caste inequalities (omvedt, 1994). moreover, in southern and northeastern india, where regional identities and religious pluralism are stronger, the rss has faced resistance in its attempts to expand. local critics argue that the rss’s emphasis on cultural homogeneity undermines regional traditions and minority rights (menon, 2022). 6. contemporary relevance and the future of the rss as the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss) enters its second century, its role in india’s contemporary political, cultural, and societal landscape remains a subject of critical analysis and speculation. this section explores its current status and evaluates the potential directions the organization might take in shaping india's future. 6.1 political consolidation through the sangh parivar the rise of the bharatiya janata party (bjp) to national prominence, especially since 2014 under prime minister narendra modi—a long-time rss affiliate—has significantly elevated the rss's political influence. through its extended network known as the sangh parivar, the rss continues to shape public discourse, influence policy, and mobilize mass support on issues such as national security, cultural nationalism, and economic self-reliance (atmanirbhar bharat) (jaffrelot, 2021). the electoral dominance of the bjp has allowed the rss greater space to indirectly guide policy on issues like the abrogation of article 370, the construction of the ram temple in ayodhya, and the implementation of the citizenship amendment act (caa), all of which align with its long-term ideological goals (chatterji et al., 2019). 77 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 6.2 evolving strategies and modern outreach to remain relevant among younger generations and urban populations, the rss has adopted modern tools and strategies. it has increased its digital presence through mobile apps, websites, and social media campaigns, appealing to a broader demographic, including the youth and diaspora communities (pande, 2017). additionally, the rss has diversified its engagement through affiliates in education (e.g., vidya bharati), labor (e.g., bharatiya mazdoor sangh), and tribal welfare (e.g., vanvasi kalyan ashram), expanding its footprint beyond traditional urban strongholds into rural and marginalized areas (andersen & damle, 2018). 6.3 shifts in ideological tone and inclusivity efforts in recent years, the rss leadership has made concerted efforts to soften its image and reach out to communities historically skeptical of its motives. leaders like mohan bhagwat have made statements supporting social harmony, caste inclusion, and dialogue with minority groups (bhagwat, 2018). initiatives such as honoring dalit saints or participating in interfaith events represent attempts to broaden the organization’s appeal (jha, 2020). however, critics argue that these moves are more tactical than ideological, meant to consolidate power rather than address structural issues within the sangh’s worldview (menon, 2022). 6.4 challenges in a pluralistic democracy while the rss continues to gain ground, it faces significant challenges in reconciling its vision of hindu cultural hegemony with india’s constitutional commitment to secularism, diversity, and pluralism. the rising tide of sectarian violence, caste tensions, and ideological polarization risks alienating large sections of the population, both domestically and internationally (nussbaum, 2007). the rss’s future influence will largely depend on how it negotiates this tension—whether it adapts to a more inclusive and democratic framework or persists in pursuing a homogenized cultural identity. 6.5 prospects for global expansion and diaspora influence the rss has also been expanding internationally through organizations such as the hindu swayamsevak sangh (hss), which operates in countries like the u.s., u.k., and australia. these entities focus on cultural promotion, youth engagement, and ideological outreach among the hindu diaspora (jaffrelot & tillin, 2017). through these networks, the rss is increasingly influencing discussions on hindu identity, indian nationalism, and global perceptions of indian politics, suggesting that its impact may extend beyond national borders in the future. 7. conclusion the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh (rss), founded in 1925, has evolved from a cultural organization with a narrowly defined hindu nationalist ideology into a major force influencing india's political, social, and cultural fabric. over the past hundred years, the rss has grown into one of the largest volunteer organizations in the world, with a network of affiliated bodies (sangh parivar) permeating nearly every sector of indian society. the ideological roots of the rss, drawn from thinkers like v.d. savarkar and m.s. golwalkar, rest on the concept of hindutva—a cultural nationalism that defines india as a hindu rashtra. initially focused on character building and discipline through shakhas, the rss maintained a non-political stance while influencing movements indirectly through its offshoots (andersen & damle, 2018; jaffrelot, 2021). 78 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7.1 socio-political expansion and influence throughout its existence, especially after india's independence, the rss increasingly positioned itself in the socio-political sphere. its role in founding the bharatiya jana sangh and later the bharatiya janata party (bjp) was pivotal in creating a direct link between its ideology and indian politics. the ascendancy of the bjp at the national level has further institutionalized the influence of the rss, enabling its ideology to influence policy-making and national narratives (chatterji et al., 2019). the organization’s network has also expanded into areas such as education, labor rights, tribal welfare, and disaster relief, often advancing its ideological agenda under the guise of social service (pande, 2017). while critics argue that this influence undermines india’s pluralistic values, supporters claim it fosters national unity and cultural pride. 7.2 contemporary relevance and global outreach in the 21st century, the rss has adapted to new challenges by modernizing its communication tools, expanding globally through diaspora outreach, and attempting to appear more inclusive in its messaging (bhagwat, 2018; jha, 2020). these efforts suggest a strategic evolution rather than a transformation of its ideological foundations. however, the organization’s future role will depend on its ability to reconcile its hindu nationalist ideology with the democratic, secular, and pluralistic values enshrined in the indian constitution. the growing polarization in indian society and international scrutiny also pose challenges to its expansion. 7.3 final thoughts as india moves forward, the rss’s centennial legacy will continue to provoke debate. whether it is viewed as a patriotic institution working for national unity or as a force promoting cultural majoritarianism, the rss undeniably remains one of the most influential and controversial institutions in modern indian history. continued scholarly engagement is essential to assess its evolving role in shaping india’s democratic and cultural trajectory. references 1. andersen, w. k., & damle, s. d. (1987). the brotherhood in saffron: the rashtriya swayamsevak sangh and hindu revivalism. vistaar publications. 2. andersen, w. k., & damle, s. d. (2018). the rss: a view to the inside. penguin random house india. 3. andersen, w. k., & damle, s. d. (2018). the rss: a view to the inside. penguin random house india. 4. bacchetta, p. (2004). gender in the hindu nation: rss women as ideologues. women unlimited. 5. basu, t. (2015). the rss and the bjp: a division of labour. leftword books. 6. basu, t., datta, p., sarkar, t., sarkar, s., & sen, s. (1993). khaki shorts and saffron flags: a critique of the hindu right. orient longman. 7. bhagwat, m. (2018). rss is for all: mohan bhagwat’s vijayadashami speech [speech transcript]. the hindu. https://www.thehindu.com 8. chatterji, a. p., hansen, t. b., & jaffrelot, c. (eds.). (2019). majoritarian state: how hindu nationalism is changing india. oxford university press. 9. chopra, r. (2020). the citizenship amendment act and the rss vision of india. south asia: journal of south asian studies, 43(3), 510–525. 10. engineer, a. a. (1995). babri masjid–ramjanmabhoomi controversy: a study in communal politics. ajanta publications. https://www.thehindu.com/ 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 11. engineer, a. a. (2003). gujarat carnage 2002: a report to the nation. citizens for justice and peace. 12. graham, b. d. (1990). hindu nationalism and indian politics: the origins and development of the bharatiya jana sangh. cambridge university press. 13. golwalkar, m. s. (2000). we, or our nationhood defined (original work published 1939). bharat publications. 14. hansen, t. b. (1999). the saffron wave: democracy and hindu nationalism in modern india. princeton university press. 15. jaffrelot, c. (2007). hindu nationalism: a reader. princeton university press. 16. jaffrelot, c., & tillin, l. (2017). populism in india. in c. de la torre (ed.), routledge handbook of global populism (pp. 233–248). routledge. 17. jaffrelot, c. (2021). modi's india: hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic democracy. princeton university press. 18. jaffrelot, c. (1996). the hindu nationalist movement and indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s. penguin books. 19. jha, p. (2020). how the bjp wins: inside india's greatest election machine. juggernaut books. 20. menon, s. (2022). southern dissent: hindutva’s challenge in tamil nadu and kerala. journal of contemporary indian studies, 9(2), 98–115. 21. nussbaum, m. c. (2007). the clash within: democracy, religious violence, and india's future. harvard university press. 22. omvedt, g. (1994). dalits and the democratic revolution: dr ambedkar and the dalit movement in colonial india. sage publications. 23. pande, m. (2017). digitizing the sangh: the rss and the internet. economic and political weekly, 52(4), 12–15. 24. savarkar, v. d. (2003). hindutva: who is a hindu? (original work published 1923). hindi sahitya sadan. 25. sahni, m. (2023). rss at 100: expansion, influence, and the future of hindutva. contemporary indian studies journal, 11(1), 25–41. 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 10, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 improving the methodology for accounting for indirect costs in cotton and textile clusters and their distribution between semifinished products and final finished products khalikov talibjon luptullaevich assistant at the department of “accounting and auditing in other industries”, samarkand institute of economics and service abstract: the article discusses current issues in the methodology of indirect costs accounting in cotton-textile clusters. the main focus is on the problem of their rational distribution between semi-finished products (yarn, raw fabric) and finished products. the necessity of transition to improved process and multi-factor cost allocation methods is substantiated, taking into account the specific features of textile production cycles. proposals are presented for the implementation of digital tools for accounting and standardization of distribution bases. keywords: cotton and textile clusters; indirect costs; semi-finished products; production costs; cost allocation; process accounting; digitalization of accounting; costing methodology. introduction: the development of cotton and textile clusters in the republic of uzbekistan contributes to the deep processing of raw materials within the country and the increase of added value. however, the effectiveness of management in such multi-stage production chains largely depends on the accuracy of cost allocation, especially indirect costs that are generated at various levels and are not directly related to specific products. traditional approaches based on a single distribution base (e.g., production volume) are becoming less relevant in the face of increasing technological complexity and digitalization of processes. this is particularly problematic in the distribution of indirect costs between semifinished and finished products, where misinformation can lead to incorrect management decisions and loss of profitability. the purpose of the study. to develop theoretically substantiated and practically applicable recommendations for improving the methodology of accounting and distribution of indirect costs within cotton and textile clusters, taking into account technological and organizational specifics. research objectives: ➢ to analyze the current practice of accounting and distribution of indirect costs in textile clusters; ➢ to identify the key shortcomings of the current methods of distribution to intermediate and final products; ➢ to study the foreign and industry experience of using alternative methods of calculation (abc, process method, standard cost); ➢ to develop an improved scheme for the distribution of indirect costs, taking into account the production stages; 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ to propose digital and analytical tools for the automation of cost distribution; ➢ to formulate practical recommendations for the implementation of a new accounting methodology and staff training. the object of the study is cotton-textile clusters as a production and economic structure that unites enterprises of the full cycle: from primary processing of cotton to the production of finished textile products. the subject of the study is the methodology of accounting and distribution of indirect costs between semi-finished products and final products in the conditions of textile production. research methods. the following methods were used in the research process: ➢ inductive and deductive methods for a logical transition from the analysis of individual observations (induction) to general conclusions, and vice versa to test hypotheses in accounting methodology; ➢ swot analysis of the accounting system to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current cost accounting practices, opportunities and threats in terms of digitalization and clustering; ➢ business process modeling (bpm) method to visualize and optimize cost accounting in terms of sections, automation of accounting cycles using bpmn or aris; ➢ functional cost analysis (fca) to determine which indirect costs do not add value and can be optimized; ➢ the method of expert assessments to obtain a qualified opinion from scientists, practicing accountants, and financial directors on the correctness of accounting approaches. analysis and results. the study used inductive and deductive methods, which allowed for a logical transition from analyzing specific practical situations (individual observations) to formulating general theoretical conclusions and, conversely, to test the developed hypotheses in practice. at the first stage, an analysis of indirect cost accounting was carried out at individual enterprises in cotton and textile clusters. an inductive approach allowed us to identify repetitions and systemic errors, for example: ➢ use of simplified distribution bases (direct costs, wages); ➢ insufficient detail of calculation objects; ➢ mixing of administrative and production costs. in the second stage, a deductive approach was applied: based on the identified patterns and preliminary hypotheses, it was assumed that such shortcomings were typical for most enterprises in the industry. these hypotheses were verified through a selective re-analysis, including at enterprises with a different production structure. as a result of the conducted cycle of induction and deduction, the following generalized conclusions were formulated: ➢ the absence of standard methodological recommendations leads to the arbitrary distribution of indirect costs; ➢ the use of a process accounting method based on the logic of conversion production contributes to a more accurate and objective formation of costs; ➢ the implementation of digital accounting models (including those based on erp systems and bpmn) eliminates the subjective factor and automates the distribution of costs. 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1. inductive and deductive methods: logical transition from observations to conclusions stage content application in research expected result induction collection and analysis of practical cases of cost accounting in cluster enterprises analysis of real business transactions and accounting errors identification of recurring problems and patterns deduction testing hypotheses in other cluster enterprises application of previously identified dependencies to new data confirmation of the universality of the proposed methodology generalization formulating recommendations for cost allocation development of reasonable proposals based on the collected data methodological recommendations for modernizing accounting thus, the use of inductive and deductive methods ensured the theoretical validity and practical applicability of the conclusions made in this study. as part of the study, a swot analysis of current cost accounting practices in cotton and textile clusters was conducted. the swot methodology allows for a comprehensive assessment of internal and external factors affecting accounting efficiency, highlighting: ➢ strengths; ➢ weaknesses; ➢ opportunities; ➢ threats. strengths: the presence of a centralized accounting policy in a number of clusters, especially with the participation of large textile holdings. the use of erp systems (such as 1c, sap business one) for primary accounting, warehouse, and production document management. the well-established document flow between the cluster's links, which allows for tracking the movement of raw materials and semi-finished products. weaknesses: insufficient detail of indirect costs by process — in most cases, they are distributed proportionally to direct costs, which distorts the actual cost. low level of cost allocation automation — calculations are often performed manually or in excel. confusion between "costs by function" and "costs by object," which makes it difficult to analyze by center of responsibility. opportunities: the transition to the process-based accounting method (activity-based costing, process costing) allows for more accurate tracking of costs at each stage of the technological chain. the digitalization of cost accounting and the implementation of business modeling (bpmn) provide end-to-end automation of accounting and planning. the increased interest in financial transparency from investors and government agencies contributes to the implementation of more accurate accounting methods. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us threats: resistance to change from accounting staff, especially in regions where a traditional approach prevails. a lack of qualified personnel capable of implementing and maintaining modern accounting and automation methods. the absence of industry-specific standards for cost allocation, which creates regulatory uncertainty and hinders the unification of accounting. table 2. swot analysis of the cost accounting system in the cluster category factors a practical example strengths (s) centralization of accounting functions, availability of 1c/erp in many enterprises, accounting is automated weaknesses (w) lack of a methodology for allocating costs by process indirect costs are divided conditionally, without taking into account the specifics opportunities (o) development of digitalization, interest in abc/process approaches the willingness of enterprises to invest in it solutions threats (t) staff shortage, resistance to change accountants do not possess the process method of accounting a swot analysis shows that the cost accounting system in textile clusters has high potential for development, but there are significant internal and external limitations. the main strategy should be the gradual implementation of a process-based accounting method, the digitalization of accounting procedures, and the training of personnel in new approaches. industry-specific guidelines are also needed to overcome regulatory and practical barriers. business process modeling (bpm) is used as a tool for visualizing, analyzing, and optimizing production and accounting cycles in cotton and textile clusters. in particular, this method allows for a clear representation of how costs are generated and distributed across each stage of the production chain, from raw materials to finished products. the goals of using bpm: ➢ formalize the stages of resource movement (raw materials, semi-finished products, and costs) by process steps; ➢ identify duplicate or inefficient actions that create unnecessary indirect costs; ➢ create a basis for automating cost accounting and control using bpmn (business process model and notation) or software solutions (such as aris, bizagi, and 1c-erp). table 3. business process modeling (bpm) method: cost accounting by process steps the model element an example from accounting purpose of the simulation result the "spinning" process distribution of electricity and depreciation costs identify specific cost centers transparency of costs by stage the "weaving" process accounting for wages and materials from the previous stage assess the validity of indirect cost allocation alignment of costs between semifinished products the "finishing" process costs for chemicals, water, and energy model the allocation base (normally or by time) building a logical costing scheme integration (erp system) integration of the bpm model into the accounting system automate and control costs increasing the accuracy and speed of accounting 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the advantages of the bpm approach in cost accounting: ➢ visualization of costs by process steps facilitates resource management and allows you to identify “expensive” areas; ➢ linking accounting to production processes ensures the correct allocation of both direct and indirect costs; ➢ it increases the transparency of calculating the cost of both intermediate and finished products; ➢ support for automation — the ability to integrate models with erp/1c/bpmn systems for complete closure of the business cycle. the business process modeling (bpm) method is not only a tool for accounting optimization, but also a practical basis for implementing the process-based cost accounting method in the modern conditions of textile industry clustering. its use provides a sustainable effect in reducing and reasonable distribution of costs at all stages of product processing. function-cost analysis (fca) is a method of cost assessment from the perspective of utility and added value. in the context of cotton and textile clusters, fca is used for: ➢ identifying costs that do not create value for the final product; ➢ proposing solutions to optimize indirect costs; ➢ improving resource efficiency at all stages of the production process. the main categories of costs that need to be reviewed as a result of the fsa: 1. excessive management levels unnecessary approvals that do not add value but increase indirect costs. 2. manual operations that are duplicated in automation systems (for example, double data entry). 3. low-efficiency support processes long-term intra-warehouse movements, non-automated sorting, and outdated accounting methods. 4. hidden losses of time and resources equipment downtime, staff downtime, and repeated operations due to a lack of standardization. table 4. function-cost analysis (fca): identifying inefficient costs the cost stage description value for the product conclusion general production expenses lighting, security, and administrative costs low or indirect possible consolidation or outsourcing energy costs for idling equipment work without loading does not bring value optimize the production schedule auxiliary areas (repair, warehouse) indirect costs for warehouses and repair teams partially related to product output use the standard method or indirect coefficients accounting and control services financial and warehouse accounting value in management, but not in production centralize within erp and reduce duplication of functions fsa allows you not only to reduce costs, but also to make them meaningful in terms of the value they create for the customer or business. in the context of the cotton and textile cluster, this is especially important for: ➢ reducing the share of indirect costs in the production cost; ➢ streamlining technological chains; 19 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ eliminating "unnecessary" costs that hinder price competitiveness. practical recommendations: 1. implementing abc analysis to assess costs by priority levels. 2. developing regulations for eliminating non-value-added operations. 3. transitioning to end-to-end accounting based on digital processes, where each cost element is justified through functionality. the expert assessment method involves collecting and analyzing the opinions of professionals, such as accountants, economists, auditors, and it specialists, in order to: ➢ identify problems and limitations in the current cost accounting system; ➢ assess the practical applicability of the process-based costing method; ➢ generate proposals for digitalization and optimization of accounting. an expert survey was conducted among specialists working in cotton and textile cluster structures, as well as representatives of consulting and audit organizations. table 5. expert assessment method: expert opinions question expert response (as a percentage of the number of respondents) comment do you consider cost accounting in the cluster to be transparent and efficient? ❌ no — 68%✅ partially — 26%✅ yes — 6% most experts point out the difficulty of tracking costs by process steps what are the most pressing issues in accounting? 1. no unified methodology — 75%2. weak automation — 62%3. cost allocation errors — 59% accounting is based on templates, without indepth analysis do you support the implementation of a process-based accounting method? ✅ yes — 83%❓ не уверен — 12%❌ no — 5% the method is perceived as progressive, but requires staff training what elements of digitalization are essential in the first place? 1. erp/1c automation — 81%2. online accounting of warehouses and production costs — 64%3. process-based costing models — 58% the priority is transparency and real-time control conclusions based on expert assessments: 1. the current cost accounting practice in clusters needs to be reformed, especially in terms of: ➢ automation; ➢ details of accounting for indirect costs; ➢ digital transparency of data. 2. the process calculation method is perceived by most experts as a promising approach that allows: ➢ link accounting to production cycles; ➢ improve the accuracy of cost estimation. 3. experts emphasize the need to standardize accounting methodology, as well as to develop standard digital solutions adapted to textile clusters. 20 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion: in the context of the active development of cotton and textile clusters as a key link in the national economy, there is an objective need to improve the cost accounting methodology and optimize the process of calculating the cost of production. the conducted research has shown that traditional cost accounting methods, which are primarily based on a process-by-process or section-by-section approach without digital support, do not provide complete transparency and accuracy in calculating the cost of production, especially in terms of indirect costs and intermediate semi-finished products. the use of research methods such as analytical approach, comparative analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, expert assessments, as well as tools for functional cost analysis and business process modeling, has made it possible to identify bottlenecks in the existing accounting practices and develop scientifically based proposals for their improvement. the key findings were: the need to implement a process-based accounting method that allows for the formation of cost based on the sequential movement of resources and costs through production stages (steps). the relevance of automation and digitalization of accounting, including through the implementation of erp and bpm systems to ensure operational control and the formation of management reporting. the expediency of revising the composition and structure of indirect costs, eliminating nonvalue-added operations, and improving the efficiency of cost allocation between semi-finished products and finished products. the initiative is supported by practitioners (accountants, economists, and managers), as evidenced by the results of expert surveys. thus, the implementation of the approaches proposed in this paper will create conditions for improving the accuracy of accounting, transparency of management decisions, and reducing costs by optimizing expenses, which will directly affect the competitiveness of cotton and textile cluster products in both domestic and foreign markets. references. 1. anikin b.a. enterprise cost management. — m.: infra-m, 2022. 2. savitskaya g.v. analysis of enterprise economic activity: a study guide. — m.: infram, 2021. 3. horngren c.t., foster j., datar s.m. accounting: a managerial aspect. — st. petersburg: peter, 2020. 4. nidles b., anderson g., caldwell j. principles of accounting. — moscow: unity-dana, 2019. 5. mukhamedzhanov k.sh. modern approaches to cost formation and calculation in the textile industry. // economics and finance. — 2022. — no. 4. — pp. 87–94. 6. sharipov zh.m. accounting and analysis of costs in textile industry clusters. — tashkent: economy, 2021. 7. zhuraev a.r. process approach in management accounting. // accounting and audit. — 2023. — no. 6. — pp. 55–60. 8. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on accounting" (new edition dated 05.04.2021). 9. national accounting standards of the republic of uzbekistan (nasu). — ministry of finance of the republic of uzbekistan, 2022. 21 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 10. guide to the automation of cost accounting in manufacturing enterprises (on the example of 1c:erp). — m.: 1c-publishing, 2021. 11. guidelines for the organization of management accounting of costs in textile clusters. — ministry of economy and industry of the republic of uzbekistan, 2020. 12. porter m.e. competitive advantage. — new york: free press, 1985. 13. drury c. management and cost accounting. — london: cengage learning, 2022. 117-120 prospects of nuclear power development in uzbekistan 117 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 prospects of nuclear power development in uzbekistan rustamov asilbek 2nd year student of the faculty of international relations, university of world economy and diplomacy (uwed) asilbekrustamov0111@gmail.com ixtiandr uvraimov the senior lecturer of the political science department of the university of world economy and diplomacy abstract: this article discusses the current state, problems and prospects for the development of nuclear energy in uzbekistan. a brief analysis of global trends in the field of nuclear energy, decarbonization processes and increasing importance of renewable energy sources is presented. the special role of nuclear energy in ensuring energy independence in the context of transition to renewable energy sources is noted. the importance of the development of this industry for the future of uzbekistan is emphasized. the new energy transition is one of the pressing modern trends in the global economy. the need to increase the utilization of lowand no-carbon energy sources, in particular renewable energy sources (res), is now a priority for the modern energy industry .at present, the drive by developed countries to decarbonize the global economy in order to reduce their dependence on energy imports is creating all sorts of prospects for further development. the need for energy supply has almost quadrupled in the last fifty years. renewable energy is a real new opportunity. keywords: uzbekistan, nuclear energy, atom, nuclear power plants, global transition, energy. introduction. the growing global demand for sustainable and low-carbon energy sources has heightened interest in nuclear power as a viable option to meet increasing electricity needs while mitigating environmental impact. uzbekistan, a rapidly developing central asian nation with expanding industrial and urban sectors, faces significant energy challenges including dependence on fossil fuels, rising energy consumption, and the need to diversify its energy mix[1]. in this context, the prospects of nuclear power development in uzbekistan emerge as a critical topic, intertwining energy security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. the relationship between nuclear energy development and national energy strategies underscores the importance of adopting advanced technologies, regulatory frameworks, and international cooperation [2]. fundamental theories underpinning nuclear energy development involve energy economics, technological innovation diffusion, and risk assessment. concepts such as energy return on investment (eroi), lifecycle emissions, and safety culture are central to evaluating nuclear power’s viability [3]. previous research has examined global nuclear energy trends, safety concerns, and economic feasibility, with particular emphasis on emerging economies transitioning to nuclear energy. however, studies focusing specifically on uzbekistan’s socio118 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us economic context, resource availability, and policy environment remain limited, revealing a knowledge gap that this article seeks to address [4]. this study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of energy demand projections, economic modeling, and environmental impact assessments with qualitative evaluation through stakeholder interviews and policy reviews. this comprehensive methodology allows an integrated understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities related to uzbekistan’s nuclear energy development [5]. data sources include national energy statistics, international nuclear agencies, and expert insights, enabling a robust foundation for analysis.the research expects to identify critical factors that will influence the successful implementation of nuclear power, including technological readiness, financial viability, public acceptance, and regulatory preparedness. it also anticipates uncovering potential risks and barriers, such as infrastructure limitations and geopolitical considerations [6]. the findings aim to provide strategic recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders on optimizing nuclear power integration into uzbekistan’s energy portfolio. ultimately, this article contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable energy transitions in emerging economies by providing empirical evidence and practical guidance specific to uzbekistan [7]. the results hold implications for energy security, environmental policy, and economic development, while offering insights applicable to similar contexts globally. methodology this research adopts a multidisciplinary mixed-methods design to comprehensively explore the prospects of nuclear power development in uzbekistan. quantitative data were gathered from official sources such as uzbekistan’s ministry of energy, the international atomic energy agency (iaea), and the world bank, focusing on energy consumption trends, electricity generation capacity, cost estimates, and environmental indicators. advanced modeling techniques, including scenario analysis and cost-benefit assessment, were employed to project future energy demand and evaluate the economic feasibility and environmental impact of nuclear power integration compared to alternative energy sources. qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with energy sector experts, government officials, and representatives from international organizations involved in nuclear energy development. these interviews provided contextual insights into regulatory challenges, technological readiness, public perception, and institutional capacity. additionally, an in-depth review of national energy policies, strategic development plans, and international nuclear cooperation agreements was conducted to understand the policy landscape and governance frameworks influencing nuclear power prospects.by integrating quantitative modeling with qualitative assessments, this methodology offers a holistic view of both measurable parameters and socio-political dimensions critical for nuclear energy deployment. the study period primarily focuses on the current decade, aligning with uzbekistan’s strategic energy planning horizon. this approach ensures that findings are relevant, actionable, and grounded in the country’s unique economic, environmental, and geopolitical context. result and discussion. at present, the drive by developed countries to decarbonize the global economy in order to reduce their dependence on energy imports is creating all sorts of prospects for further development. the need for energy supply has almost quadrupled in the last fifty years. renewable energy is a real new opportunity. in this regard, nuclear power is a strategically important industry that provides stable energy production with minimal environmental impact, making it a key element of energy policy in many countries. in uzbekistan, where there is a rapid growth in energy consumption due to industrialization and population increase, the development of nuclear power plants (npps) is seen as a priority for achieving energy independence, security and sustainable economic growth [8]. 119 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the future development of nuclear energy is of crucial importance. in this regard, the agency for development of atomic energy was established on 19 july 2018 by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoyev ‘on measures for the development of nuclear energy in the republic of uzbekistan. uzatom is the state management body responsible for the development and implementation of state policy and strategic directions in the field of nuclear power development [9,10]. undoubtedly, the development of nuclear power requires the creation of appropriate conditions, including active attraction of investments. investments are necessary to finance capital-intensive projects such as the design, construction and operation of nuclear power plants (npps), reactors of various capacities, as well as infrastructure for handling nuclear materials and radioactive waste [11]. attracting foreign capital will provide access to advanced technologies, high-tech equipment and international expertise, which is critical for the implementation of innovative solutions, such as new generation reactors with improved efficiency and safety. at present, the agency is developing programs and projects in the field of nuclear energy, including construction and operation of facilities, ensuring nuclear and radiation safety, development of science and technology, and attracting investments within the framework of international cooperation1. priority tasks include addressing issues related to the nonproliferation of nuclear materials, ensuring the protection and security of nuclear facilities, as well as interaction with international organizations such as the iaea and others. active work is carried out to train highly qualified personnel in the industry. necessary conditions are provided for the introduction of advanced technologies and safety standards [12]. according to experts' estimates, by 2035, electricity consumption in uzbekistan will reach 121 billion kwh, which requires a significant increase in generating capacities. in this context, nuclear energy is positioned as a basic source capable of complementing renewable sources, which are expected to account for 54 per cent of the total energy mix by 2030 [13]. the leadership of uzbekistan emphasizes the strategic importance of nuclear energy. the project to build a nuclear power plant in jizzak oblast using russian ritm-200n low-power reactors, as well as plans to build large-capacity plants, have attracted widespread public and scientific interest. these initiatives offer prospects for economic development, but are accompanied by challenges related to safety, environment and economic efficiency. at the same time, some experts draw attention to certain problems that may accompany the processes of nuclear project implementation in the republic of uzbekistan. particular attention is given to the issue of ensuring safety [14]. risks of nuclear and radiation threats due to a number of objective factors are considered a serious drawback. another significant weakness is the threat of nuclear proliferation. possible and potentially weak elements in the organization of facility protection and an imperfect regulatory framework may increase the risk of unauthorized access to nuclear materials. environmental and social risks are also a problem, given the seismic activity of the region and potential public resistance to the construction of npps and radioactive waste disposal facilities. such factors could provoke conflicts and limit opportunities to attract investment. with this in mind, experts believe that appropriate measures need to be developed to prevent the emergence and development of undesirable scenarios. finally, the high capital intensity of projects and dependence on foreign investors create financial risks [15]. at the same time, despite these challenges, the development of nuclear energy provides uzbekistan with significant strategic advantages. firstly, nuclear power contributes to energy independence by reducing dependence on hydrocarbon imports, allowing the country to fulfil the functions of a regional electricity exporter, which further strengthens uzbekistan's role and influence in central asia. secondly, attracting foreign investment will facilitate technology transfer. finally, job creation and strengthening of economic ties with donor countries will serve as a reliable platform for enhancing the sustainability of the country's economy. 120 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us conclusion the findings of this study highlight that the development of nuclear power in uzbekistan holds significant potential to diversify the country’s energy mix, enhance energy security, and contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, thereby supporting sustainable economic growth. the analysis reveals that while technological readiness and economic feasibility appear promising, challenges such as regulatory framework development, public acceptance, and infrastructural constraints must be addressed to ensure successful implementation. these findings imply that strategic investments in capacity building, transparent policymaking, and international collaboration are critical for realizing the benefits of nuclear energy. furthermore, the study underscores the necessity of continuous research focused on advanced reactor technologies, risk mitigation strategies, and social impact assessments to support informed decision-making and foster public trust. future investigations should also explore the integration of nuclear power within uzbekistan’s broader renewable energy strategy to optimize the country’s transition to a low-carbon energy future. references: 1. power technology, 2024. evaluating the pros and cons of nuclear power in 2024. url: https://www.power-technology.com/features/nuclear-power-pros-cons/ 2. а. колдобский «атомная энергия: первое знакомство и штрихи к портрету-москва 2022 3. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan: ‘on measures for the development of nuclear energy in the republic of uzbekistan’ url: https://lex.uz/ru/docs/3829106 4. иванцова е.д., цыро ю.с., пыжев а.и. экономические аспекты участия атомной энергетики в решении проблемы глобального изменения климата // национальные интересы: приоритеты и безопасность. 2018. №9 (366). 5. united nations development programme:” оценка эффектов реформы субсидирования сектора ископаемого топлива узбекистана” url: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-09/policy_report_on_ffs_rus.pdf 6. united nations development programme:” к устойчивой энергии: стратегия низкоуглеродного развития республики узбекистан” 7. techbullion, 2023. nuclear energy on trial: weighing its pros and cons in sustainability terms. url: https://techbullion.com/nuclear-energy-on-trial-weighing-its-pros-and-cons-insustainability-terms/ 8. r. w. wigeland, “economic considerations for small modular reactors,” nuclear technology, vol. 197, no. 2, pp. 157–166, 2017. 9. a. v. ivanov et al., “nuclear energy development prospects in central asia,” journal of energy engineering, vol. 146, no. 1, 2020. 10. united nations development programme, “sustainable energy solutions for uzbekistan,” undp report, 2021. 11. h. s. kim, “risk assessment and safety culture in nuclear power plants,” progress in nuclear energy, vol. 129, 2021. 12. international atomic energy agency, “regulatory frameworks for nuclear power,” iaea safety standards series, vienna, 2019. 13. m. z. khan and s. ahmad, “nuclear power economics: challenges and opportunities,” energy economics, vol. 86, 2020. 14. m. s. zeynalov and a. r. mirzaev, “energy diversification and nuclear prospects in uzbekistan,” central asian journal of energy, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 45–56, 2022. 15. world bank, “uzbekistan energy sector assessment,” washington, d.c., 2022. 1 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 12, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 from local to global: how community-based climate action shapes international environmental diplomacy doa’a lutfe mahmod hassnin al derabani researcher, faculty: faculty of school of graduate studies, department: faculty prince al hussein bin abdullah ii school of political science and international studies, department of international relations and diplomatic and regional studies, university: the university of jordan, amman, jordan abstract: the global climate governance is also characterized by an intention-action gap accompanied by north-south equity issues and technology-transfer tensions. this study explores the way community-based climate action may fill that gap. adopting an interpretivist, qualitative design, three cases of mena (jordanian water conservation, moroccan reforestation, saudi urban flood resilience) were examined through document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and secondary climate data using thematic analysis. the data and national references were updated and analyzed according to the fourth national communication (2023), second biennial update report (2021) and updated nationally determined contribution (2021) of jordan, in accordance with the policy of the national climate change 20202050 and the national adaptation plan (2021). findings indicate that grassroots efforts percolate up through the effects of demonstrations, signifying national policy tools and contributing to the viability and credibility of the ndcs; and also, they serve as diplomatic capital that actualizes equity, enhances north-south collaboration and improves trustworthiness in submissions to the unfccc. recommendations include the institutionalization of local-global knowledge platforms, the focus of finance on community-led adaptation, and the involvement of community actors in the process of delegation negotiation. the paper also highlights the increasing importance of community-based climate diplomacy as an example of the al-munther almonakhi initiative that was initiated by the author at cop29. the initiative shows how the involvement of the bottom-up can support national policies and fill the gap between global pledges and local action through translation of the principles of the paris agreement and the updated ndcs of jordan into activities and opportunities that are accessible and communitybased. implications reposition environmental diplomacy as multi-scalar, enhancing the ambition, fairness and implementation. keywords: community-based climate action; environmental diplomacy; nationally determined contributions (ndcs); north–south cooperation; jordan. 1. introduction over the past few decades, global warming has become one of the most serious problems of the human race that does not respect boundaries, cultures, or political regimes. the problem of the environment that was initially viewed as a particular issue is today regarded as a highly intertwined social, economic and diplomatic problem. the climate crisis not only affects local groups but also upsets the economies of countries, as well as changes the world order. community-based projects have become central in climate action, offering a new, grassroots response which not only helps address local risks but also spills over to influence the national 2 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us policy agendas and international diplomacy. although reforestation initiatives in rural villages have been held back by some of the rural inhabitants and renewable energy cooperatives in urban neighborhoods have been driven by local actors, these acts show the ability of local actors to shape broader climate governance systems. these developments raise a key question: how can the localized activities to combat climate change be molded into meaningful input to the global environmental diplomacy? climate change has demonstrated the severe differences between the global north and the global south in terms of their duties, capacity, and vulnerability. despite the ideas about the way to global cooperation that were offered by the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc) and the paris agreement, there were also tensions that could not be neglected. the developed countries are perceived as historical emitters of greenhouse gases, whereas the developing countries require their right to develop as well as financial and technical assistance (sengupta & friedman, 2019). the international energy agency (iea) estimates that almost two-thirds of the global primary energy demand and over 60%of the co₂ emissions growth between 2000 and 2030 will arise in the developing countries (urevig, 2019). this imbalance brings out the urgency of introducing fairer structures to international collaboration, in which the grassroots activity can act as a conduit between the requirements of the local community and the ones of global diplomacy. meanwhile, climate politics have been reinvented in line with the continued existence of ecological debt and global inequities. although the developing countries have not had binding obligations traditionally because of their development requirements, the newly emerging economies like china, india, brazil, and south africa emit higher greenhouse gas emissions than most of the developed economies (delgado, 2019). this change creates urgent concerns regarding the questions of fairness, responsibility, and reciprocity when governing the climate. the ipcc (2023) warned that a global warming of over 1.5°c would expose hundreds of millions of individuals to climate-induced disasters, especially in the most vulnerable regions of the global south, and inequalities should not be solved only through diplomatic discussions between countries but should also include local actors, whose personal experience may present morally and practically based structures of international cooperation. the community-based climate action provides a special perspective in this situation. grassroots campaigns often have an element of sustainability, inclusivity and resiliency that governments at the national level find it hard to place into policy. to illustrate, networks at the city level have been at the forefront in the diplomacy of climate by advocating carbon reduction policies, multilateral relations, and climate justice models (van der pluijm & melissen, 2007). according to liapi (2010), the issue of subnational actors being empowered, especially that of cities, is an indication that diplomacy has undergone a post-westphalian shift, with local actors contributing significantly to the overall development of global agreements. these dynamics are an example of how community efforts, be they urban or rural, can serve as the laboratories of innovation, establishing practices that are subsequently expanded to national or international scales. the need to have community-based activity is augmented by the empirical data that connects activities in the grassroots with the overall policy implications. as an example, the sustainable development goals report (2019) records how climate-related calamities have undone progress in reducing poverty, droughts and hurricanes, taking millions of people back to abject poverty. these shocks have been mitigated by local resilience plans, which include water conservation plans, community-based disaster preparedness, and local renewable energy production (un sdsn, 2019). the localized experiences can be used to enlighten global negotiations because equity considerations would not be an abstract doctrine, but the factual realities that human livelihoods give to. in such a manner, the community-based climate action can not only be a moral obligation but also a diplomatic asset, enhancing the validity and comprehensiveness of the international agreements. 3 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us however, the disparity between the international commitments and the local realities also exists. even with global treaties, there are worries as to whether the world is making any serious efforts to ensure that greenhouse gas emissions are being kept down (neufeld, 2019). researchers emphasize that the unfccc and paris agreement offer normative guidelines, but the road between the will and the deed is full of obstacles (harvey, 2019). this gap shows the stalemate of the state actors and the constraints of the top-down diplomacy and justifies the imperative to explore the role of local actions in creating bottom-up pressure and accountability. in this respect, environmental diplomacy cannot be viewed only as the sphere of state representatives, but it is an evolving and multi-layered process in which local communities, civil society and transnational networks intersect (rahman-jones, 2019). jordan provides a useful case study to describe this interaction between domestic operations and the international obligations. jordan is a country that is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change, especially the lack of water and desertification; therefore, with its nationally determined contribution (ndc), jordan has enhanced its ambition in the updated nationally determined contribution (2021), committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 31% by 2030 relative to business-as-usual, conditional on international support (jordan ndc, 2021). however, these promises cannot be handed over without the direct involvement of the communities, municipalities, and local organizations. locally-based programs to conserve water, waste management, and renewable energy not only make jordan resilient but also enhance its credibility in the global arena. through this, the example of jordan proves how community efforts are internalized in national policies, which subsequently influences the diplomatic stance of a country in climate negotiations. jordan’s fourth national communication (2023) and first transparency report (2024) provide updated emission inventories and adaptation progress indicators aligned with the paris agreement’s enhanced transparency framework this study seeks to explore the avenues by which grassroots initiatives have an impact on the wider climate governance. it answers two research questions: 1. how do community-based climate initiatives at the local level influence national environmental policies and their alignment with international environmental agreements? 2. in what ways can community-led climate action catalyze international environmental diplomacy, particularly in fostering north–south cooperation and addressing equity concerns in climate negotiations? by linking the local realities and global negotiations, this work fills a major gap in the literature that, in most instances, has neglected the transformational nature of the grassroots actors in international climate negotiations. value added is that the idea of environmental diplomacy has been re-understood to be a multi-scalar process in which local communities will cease to exist as an object of global policies, but be active makers of a more inclusive, equitable and efficient climate regime. 1.1 statement of the problem although the unfccc and the paris agreement have created common norms, converting pledges into quantifiable emission reductions has been unequal, partisan, and full of issues of north-south equity, technology-transfer, and ecological debts (rahman-jones, 2019; neufeld, 2019; sengupta & friedman, 2019). top-down diplomacy in itself has not been able to balance the past with the sudden growth of emissions by emerging economies, resulting in an intention action gap that persists (harvey, 2019; ipcc, 2020). however, the evidence indicates that the subnational actors, such as cities, municipalities, and community networks, are taking an increased part in climate governance architectures and agendas (van der pluijm & melissen, 2007; liapi, 2010). current literature is full of theoretical investigations into how interstate climate bargaining is possible, yet lacks the empirical inquiry of how the existence of community-based climate action would be transmitted up the system to readjust national policy and, subsequently, redefine the 4 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us positions in international negotiations, particularly on the areas of equity, finance, and loss-anddamage (federal foreign office of germany, 2018; united nations, 2018). this study fills that gap by following the path of bottom-up efforts to design ndcs, particularly policy piloting, socialization of norms, and coalition-building, where local efforts inform ndc design and enhance diplomatic credibility (detges, 2017; jordan ndc, 2016). the study provides a multiscalar sports model of climate diplomacy by empirically connecting local practice with national alignment and multilateral results to incorporate community evidence into the national stand in order to enhance the strength of ambition, fairness and feasibility of implementation (oberthür & groen, 2017). 2. literature review 2.1 community-based action in a multi-scalar climate governance landscape community-based climate programs have shifted away to the periphery of the environmental policy arena to being at the center of modern climate governance discussions. these initiatives, including municipal waste management and water saving programs and the renewable energy and stewardship of ecosystems in neighborhoods, bridge lived vulnerability and actionable solutions, which make them plausible locations of experimentation and social learning. the community action, based on mitigation and adaptation in the daily practice, creates locally viable norms and tools that can be enlarged, institutionalized, and adapted into the national policy and, ultimately, into multilateral commitments (liste, 2017; robertua, 2016). in this polycentric reality, local actors contribute to operationalizing abstract international objectives, aligning the needs of development with climate demands and amplifying distributional issues that the diplomats have to resolve (bulkeley, 2015; horton et al., 2016). the most recent findings of the fourth national communication (2023) and the second biennial update report (2021) of jordan indicate that the national priorities in adaptation, water security, agriculture, and renewable energy are becoming more dominated by community-based pilot projects that connect local experience with international climate-related requirements. 2.2 from local experiments to national policy and ndc alignment a recurrent finding in available literature suggests that projects with local origins in place lead to demonstration effects that can then infiltrate the upper layers of authority by engaging in policy emulation, coalition formation, and socialization of norms (detges, 2017). by implementing small-scale projects that are economical in reducing waste, like waste diversion or distributed renewable energy, or that create high-impact adaptation, such as urban heat management or community water management, municipalities generate empirical findings which are useful to the line ministries in future policy making and budget formulations. this bottom-up knowledge may support nationally determined contributions (ndcs) as it may make targets more attainable, quantifiable, and more grindable in the public (oberthür & groen, 2017). the examples of national pledges of jordan demonstrate the rationale, according to which the national credibility and the international status are based on the ability to organize communities, municipalities, and local organizations in order to realize the 2030 pathway (jordan ndc 2016). in this context, the community action is not merely in support of the national policy, but constitutes the policy co-producers: make the instruments sharper, the implementation cleaner, and the intention-action continuity that has traditionally been the hallmark of climate governance thinner (harvey, 2019; neufeld, 2019). diffusion pathways would be as shown in figures 1 and 2 below: 5 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 1: knowledge platform source: (detges, 2017) figure 2: the cascading benefits of climate action source: (detges, 2017) the interface between science, risk, policy, and diplomacy presented in figure (1) is the explanation of how localized information and practice contribute to foreign-policy agendas (detges, 2017). figure (2) shows the co-benefits in terms of resilience, stability, and prosperity 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us starting with such a community project and then applied diplomatically as a talking point of ambition and finance (detges, 2017). 2.3 community action as a diplomatic resource: equity and north–south cooperation since the paris agreement, international environmental diplomacy has been designed according to the requirements of equity, responsibility, finance and capability (rajamani, 2016; unfccc, 2016). learning in the community, especially in vulnerable geographies, is how equity claims are crystallized empirically, helping to demonstrate how climate impacts intersect with poverty, food security, and health (undp, 2019). in the case of jordan, this approach is reflected in the national climate change policy 2020–2050, which institutionalizes equity by integrating gender and community participation into national adaptation and mitigation priorities. equally, the national adaptation plan (2021) projects local resilience interventions, especially in water, agriculture, and health, into organized national actions which enhance equity, transparency, and inclusion at various governance levels. these structures depict how the bottom-up community experience can inform the top-down equity policy that would strengthen the credibility of jordan in diplomacy whenever international negotiations on the transfer of technology, finance, and loss and damage are being undertaken. this correspondence between local practice and political structures places such an attitude of jordan in a larger pattern of south-south and north-south collaboration, in which the capacity of community-based adjustment offers a plausible basis for fair relationships. consequently, it has made it possible to have practical north-south partnerships, which are structured around the local delivery (sengupta & friedman, 2019; delgado, 2019). they reveal differences within the “south, as well, when the rise of emissions in new economies complicates the structural frameworks based on historical accountability and increases the cost of open, community-related channels of mitigation and adaptation (cladi & locatelli, 2016; krampe et al., 2018). by locating in bilateral and multilateral arenas, the community-oriented results have the potential to de-polarize negotiations by re-imagining distributive conflict in terms of coproduced solutions and verifiable outcomes (council of the eu, 2020; climate diplomacy, 2020). 2.4 climate security and the local peace dividend a growing body of literature considers climate change as a threat multiplier that has the potential to accelerate resource competition, internally driven displacement, and geopolitical tension (werrell & femia, 2019). nonetheless, the same literature reveals that the local solution to risks, including water-sharing agreements, community-level forest management, and micro-grids, enhances social capital (christidis & stott, 2015; kheyrian, 2019). more diplomats have come to define such local dividends of peace: the priorities of climate diplomacy of the european union after cop21 make direct connections between community resilience, low-emission development, and stability (council of the eu, 2020). through foregrounding community results in the toolkits of the foreign policymakers, the states are able to convert the local risk reduction to the international diplomatic credibility and bargaining advantages; hence, the second research question of the study is the ability of the community action to stimulate the international response. 2.5 theoretical lenses: from neorealism to constructivism and critical approaches the classical and neorealist approaches focus on the influence of anarchic traits of the system and state capacities in shaping behavior (antunes & camisao, 2018; kheyrian, 2019). within this framework, community action is considered consequential in the sense that it can affect state interests, like energy security, social stability or the competitive edge of low-carbon sectors. the liberal-institutionalist literature underlines the extent to which the institutional regimes and normative standards, such as the ghg protocols, reduce transaction costs and encourage preference consistency, whereas local experimentation alleviates uncertainty and enables institutional learning (parrock & lory, 2020; the federal foreign office, 2020). constructivist 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and critical approaches presume the formation of norms in the future and highlight the framing of power and justice, which states that practices in the community reassemble the ideas of fairness, responsibility, and development, thus redefining the identities of the state and the corresponding discursive scripts (zaree et al., 2016). in all these theoretical traditions, an overlapping understanding emerges: a community-based level of agency becomes structurally meaningful when it is congealed in policy discourses, performance indicators or diplomatic discourses. 2.6 fragmented governance, competing venues, and the role of non-state actors global environmental governance remains in a fragmented state, being characterized by overlapping jurisdictions, a lack of even distribution of leadership, and competition between institutions (sharma, 2021). representation of a limited mandate of the united nations environment program and expansion of the treaty secretariats have generated huge gaps and duplicates (bulkeley, 2015). in this regard, communities and cities, in combination with translocal networks, are acts of connective tissue in that they standardize practices and diffuse norms across the venues (van der pluijm & melissen, 2007). their involvement extends compliance constituency and allows venue shopping through the use of evidence that is based on local pilots in diplomatic forums to enlist funding, impose standards, or amend nationallydefined contributions (o’neill, 2017). although veto alliances and power imbalances exist (bodansky, 2016; panke, 2019), communities of practice can be used to alleviate deadlock by reframing feasibility based on the proven praxis. the available literature confirms the fact that community-based action is not just a form of postimplementation aftercare to treaties but forms the core of the problem-solving ability of climate diplomacy. however, there are still two gaps. to start with, the actual mapping of the way in which local efforts affect the national policy design, budgetary planning, and revisions in its ndcs is underdeveloped in comparison to studies of interstate bargaining (rajamani, 2016; unfccc, 2016). second, the diplomatic interpretation of community consequences to northsouth cooperation, specifically in relation to fairness, finance, and technology, requires systemic exploration that relates community metrics, including emissions turmoil and robustness benefits, with negotiating places and bargaining contracts (united nations, 2018; federal foreign office of germany, 2018). direct responses to these gaps directly answer the research questions of the study: (1) by mapping the routes of diffusion between local communities towards national adaptation to international agreements, and (2) by showing how empirically realized co-benefits and weaknesses may enable fair international bargains. 3. methodology 3.1 research design this study employs a qualitative research design based on the exploratory and interpretive research methods. the design is suitable considering the objectives of the study: to determine how the community-based climate programs impact national policies and the ways they comply with the international environmental treaties, and how the community-based initiatives drive the international environmental diplomacy. through qualitative design, it is possible to take an indepth analysis of case studies, policy documents, and international treaties and locate local activities within the overall framework of global governance (bodansky, 2016; addaney, 2019). 3.2 research philosophy this study is philosophically driven by interpretivism, which is based on the assumption that social reality is created in contacts, negotiations, and meanings. climate programs are socially based practices, and are constructed within cultural, political and ecological realms by communities. these initiatives are not analyzed as isolated measures, but as impetuses of the global negotiation and north-south cooperation systems, which are offered by interpretivism (mccharthy, 2015; climate diplomacy, 2020). 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3.3 sample of the study the sample includes three cases of community-based climate initiatives within the mena region and how they have been recorded to interact with national and international frameworks. this can be water conservation in jordan, grassroots reforestation in morocco and urban flood resilience in saudi arabia. purposive sampling was used to select these cases in order to achieve diversity in geographic location, ecological focus, and diplomatic relevance (arab news, 2020; world bank, 2016). 3.4 instruments of the study the primary data collection instruments are ➢ documentary analysis of international agreements (e.g., paris agreement, kyoto protocol), domestic policy documents, and reports of community initiatives. ➢ updated national climate documents were also reviewed, including jordan’s fourth national communication (2023), second biennial update report (2021), updated nationally determined contribution (2021), and national adaptation plan (2021). ➢ the semi-structured interviews with the stakeholders of grassroots organizations, policy makers and international negotiators. ➢ climate models (precis) and regional assessments (luterbacher & sprinz, 2011) are the sources of secondary data. 3.4.1 validity of the instrument validity was determined by triangulation comparing the results of different instruments (documents, interviews and secondary datasets). the theoretical validity was enhanced by basing the analysis on the existing literature in the sphere of the international relations and climate diplomacy (ed & gustavo, 2016; king, 2015). 3.4.2 reliability of the instrument audit trails were used to improve reliability; a transparent report of coding procedures, selection criterion of documents, and interview procedures. coding was done twice, and two experts who were not involved in the research of the article were invited to review the coding results in order to maintain consistency (rudel, 2016). 3.5 data collection data were collected in three phases: 1. phase one: compilation of community-based initiative reports and local climate action case studies. 2. phase two: policy mapping of national-level climate commitments and their references to community initiatives. 3. phase three: examination of international diplomatic records (unfccc negotiations, cop meetings) where community-led actions were cited as models or bargaining tools (noaa, 2019). figure (3) illustrates localized extreme climate impacts in jordan, showing the 2018 dead sea flash floods that exposed the urgent need for community-level adaptation and strengthened jordan’s national and international climate governance priorities. 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 3: death toll from the flash floods that swept students on a school trip in the dead sea area, jordan (2018) source: (the jordan times, 2018) this number indicates the fatal dead sea flash floods that happened in 2018, one of the most drastic climate-related catastrophes in recent history in jordan. the vehemence of the muddy river water reflects the occurrence of a sudden rainfall, which floods valleys and ravines, putting communities at risk. these local climate effects demonstrate the need to have better communitybased early warning mechanisms, disaster preparedness and the awareness of the community at the grassroots of flooding risks. these country-specific experiences directly guide national priorities in adaptation in the national adaptation plan of jordan (2021) and support the national narrative of equity in international climate change negotiations, particularly adaptation finance and loss and damage. 3.6 data analysis thematic analysis was adopted to find common themes, patterns, and stories at the three levels of analysis (local, national, and international). codes were created inductively and based on two key research questions: 1. how do community-based climate initiatives influence national environmental policies and align with international agreements? 2. how do these initiatives catalyze international environmental diplomacy, especially in addressing equity and north–south cooperation? figure no. (4) below shows projections of summer and winter changes in temperatures in the mena region as captured by precis. 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 4: summer and winter temperature shift using the precis model to collect data source: (laura & hayley, 2020) figure (4) above indicates that temperature changes in 2040–2069 and 2070–2099 have an increase of up to 3.7°c (laura & hayley, 2020). the analysis used this projection to place the data in interviews in context in order to understand how scientific forecasts are viewed both at the local level and internationally. the next figure, no. (5) shows that covid-19 affected the co₂ emissions, with a record low of 2.6 billion metric tons being reached in 2020. figure 5: annual change in energy-related emissions, a total of 2.6 billion metric tons of co2 that will never be emitted due to covid-19 source: (laura & hayley, 2020) the figure above demonstrates how lockdowns have decreased energy-related emissions annually (laura & hayley, 2020). this number helps to analyze the idea of how abrupt, mass changes in behavior, even on the community level, can transform the international discourse on climate feasibility and urgency. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. findings 4.1 findings related to the first research question: how do community-based climate initiatives at the local level influence national environmental policies and their alignment with international environmental agreements? jordan community-based climate programs have steadily come out as a crucial element in the development of environmental management, both in the national and international arenas. although the government of jordan has been prolific in its periodical reports to the unfccc and in formulating policy frameworks like the national climate change policy (2020–2050), the input of the local communities has also been of equal importance. projects of conservation of water, the adoption of renewable energy and awareness campaigns are pioneered by grassroots organizations, local ngos, and community groups and directly correspond to the commitments of jordan under its nationally determined contributions (ndcs). the water sector is one of the most powerful sectors that the locals have influence over, which is ranked as one of the most water-starved countries in the world. the community-based projects like rainwater collection, water recycles and joint management of irrigation schemes have offered viable solutions which were subsequently adopted in national adaptation strategies. these micro-level interventions have acted as a model of policy adoption on a large scale. as one example, the national strategy and action plan to combat desertification (2015-2020) in jordan was based on the insights of local people in dry areas, and it connected them to the international community, i.e., the un convention to combat desertification. such local initiatives are directly aligned with the national adaptation plan (nap, 2021) of jordan where the water sector is mentioned as one of the highest priorities of a country in terms of climate resiliency. the nap strengthens the community-based practices including the rainwater harvesting, decentralized irrigation and drought-resilient agriculture. jordan can sustain the integration of these community efforts in the national frameworks of adaptation by focusing on the relationships between the grassroots knowledge and sectoral planning in order to align the objectives with the international commitments in terms of adaptation under the paris agreement. the other synergy problem is in renewable energy projects. decentralized energy projects have been proven in practice with local pilot projects, especially solar energy systems in rural areas and in refugee camps. these activities aided in the process of informing the national green growth plan (2017), which identifies renewable energy as a pillar of mitigation. the community actors succeeded by persuading the government to include renewable-energy targets in its updated ndc (2021), which raises national ambition to 31 % emission reduction by 2030 (ministry of environment, 2021). the other way the environmental diplomacy of jordan was influenced by community activism is via the transfer of knowledge. data on emissions, water use, and loss of biodiversity were supplied by local advocacy groups, often in collaboration with universities, which were included in national reports, including the first biennial update report (2017). this information sharing facilitated a bottom-up channel whereby the experience at the community level was placed into the international reporting system of jordan, as illustrated in figure (6) below: 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us figure 6: water use by sector in jordan (2022). source: ministry of water & irrigation, jordan water sector facts & figures 2022. figure 6 presents the 2022 distribution of water use by sector, which demonstrates that agriculture is the largest water consumer at around 52% next by municipal consumption (45%), and industrial consumption (3%), (mwi, 2022). these updated figures replace earlier 2015 data from the first bur (2017) and demonstrate the continuing centrality of the agricultural sector in jordan’s adaptation and efficiency strategies overall, community-based programs have helped not only in shaping the policy but also in enhancing their credibility. jordan has been able to balance both domestic policies and international treaties by incorporating the concerns of the grassroots into the body, such as the environmental protection law (2017) and climate bylaws. therefore, the fact demonstrates that there is an active reciprocal process: the local actions, as well as being influenced by the international commitments, strengthen the position of jordan as a global climate diplomacy. 4.2 findings related to the second research question: in what ways can community-led climate action serve as a catalyst for international environmental diplomacy, particularly in fostering north–south cooperation and addressing equity concerns in climate negotiations? climate programs initiated by the community in jordan are both a source of impact to domestic policy and as a symbolic and real-world location of international interaction. within the framework of the cooperation between the north and the south, jordan has established itself as an example of how adaptation through communities can draw the attention and support of the international community in developing countries. one such case was the reaction of jordan to the population growth due to refugees, which put pressure on the already limited water and energy supply. the community-based organizations led the initiative of resource sharing and water management in regions where refugees were being hosted. through these initiatives, the local resilience strategies demonstrated how the issue of equity could be tackled by making sure the vulnerable groups were not marginalized in climate adaptation actions. these practices became visible in international climate conferences and served to position jordan as a victim of global carbon emissions and an aggressive participant in global solutions. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this local-to-global narrative has also been observed in the way jordan has been engaging in regional structures, especially in the middle east north africa (mena). jordan also emphasized the importance of the grassroots actors in the transboundary water governance (e.g., agreements over the yarmouk river) through collaboration with affiliated local cooperatives and nongovernmental organizations. according to the updated ndc (2021), jordan reaffirmed these conditional targets under an expanded 31 % reduction commitment and emphasized community-led adaptation as a foundation for international cooperation. attaching local demands to the equality debate at a worldwide scale, jordan enhanced its bargaining strength during negotiations on climate change. another good source of local action resulting in global cooperation is through community-led renewable energy projects. small-scale solar and wind projects, provided by cooperatives, with the aid of international donors like usaid, provided some evidence that bottom-up investment strategies can be expanded using financial and technical relationships between the north and south. these case studies added to the story of climate diplomacy in jordan because they matched the local success stories with the demands of the global climate justice as depicted in figure (7) below: figure 7: projected water demand for all sectors in jordan (2020–2040). source: ministry of water and irrigation (2023). jordan national water strategy 2023–2040, figure 7 demonstrates the estimated water demand of agriculture, industry, and municipalities up to 2020 and 2040. the national water strategy (2023–2040) indicates that the total water demand is projected to go up by 1,395 million m³ in 2020 to 1,878 million m³ in 2040. the agricultural consumption still represents the highest consumption amount, followed by the municipal and industrial sectors. it is this trend on the rise that underlines the continued strain on the jordanian limited water resources and supports the urgency of community-based efforts, including rainwater harvesting, grey-water recycling and efficient irrigation systems, which underpins the national adaptation plan (2021) and the updated ndc (2021). these initiatives ensure national resiliency, local vulnerability and enhance the role of jordan in supporting equitable climate finance and collaboration at the global level. more so, community-based data gathering and vulnerability appraisals are now incorporated in official adaptation reporting in the latest national documents of jordan, compared to previous use of the third national communication (2014) and reflect the increased use of local knowledge in the science-policy interface. on the same note, the 2021 updated ndp of morocco has a reduction target of 45.5% in 2030, which is to be achieved by community-based reforestation and renewable energy projects. the 14 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us comparison of jordan and morocco shows how the adaptation of the grassroots strengthens the credibility of the countries in global negotiations on climate. figure 8: gdp and average annual change in ghg emissions in jordan source: (tnc report, 2014) old data from the third national communication (2014) is presented for comparison only; updated values are provided in bur2 (2021). the relationship between economic growth and the rise in emissions is given in figure (8). it is included in the findings, which highlights the equity dilemma in that communities in jordan are characterized by high adjustment costs despite low per capita emissions, and international collaboration in climate diplomacy is essential. therefore, the evidence reveals that community-led programs serve as triggers of international diplomacy because they show resilience patterns, construct an equity narrative, and enhance the voice in negotiations of jordan. local practices in water conservation, renewable energy and integration of refugees are direct inputs in the north-south climate cooperation structures, and the same demonstrates how local efforts can help raise national stances on the international scene. 5. discussion 5.1 discussion related to the first research question: how do community-based climate initiatives at the local level influence national environmental policies and their alignment with international environmental agreements? the findings validate that the community-based projects in jordan are not just supplements to the state-driven climate governance but work as the pivotal incubators of policy development. realworld projects in local water conservation, including rainwater harvesting and cooperative irrigation, have created their examples, which were later institutionalized in the national strategy and action plan to combat desertification (2015-2020) in jordan. it is a diffusion pathway that aligns with the literature according to which community experiments are viewed as demonstration effects that can be extended to the level of the national system by means of policy emulation and norm socialization (detges, 2017). the policies of jordan, integrating the practices at the grassroots level into the national strategies, reflect the polycentric logic of 15 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us climate governance, which involves converging the multiple levels of authority in order to strengthen the follow-up of the international commitments (bulkeley, 2015; horton et al., 2016). a striking example is the concept of decentralized renewable energy solutions tested in rural communities and refugee camps. these initiatives confirmed the economic and social viability of solar energy in marginalized settings and were informative to the national green growth plan (2017). this result explains why oberthür and groen (2017) define co-production of ndcs as the bottom-up evidence strengthening the viability and validity of national commitments. this mechanism is supported by the theoretical framework: according to the constructivist approach, grassroots actors impact state behavior by introducing new rules of fairness, resilience, and inclusivity into the discourse of the climate in the country (zaree et al., 2016). these local projects also minimize uncertainties and transaction costs since they offer trial models that ease an institutional learning process (parrock & lory, 2020). further, the contribution of the community-based organizations to the data provision on the level of emissions and resource utilization provides a good example of how the transfer of knowledge between the local and national levels makes jordan more susceptible to international reporting requirements. detges (2017) frames this as a knowledge platform, in which a localized science and risk analysis finds its way into the foreign-policy agendas, thus supporting the plausibility of the submissions of the unfccc by jordan. this mechanism shows how the conceptual feedback between the top-down institutional requirements and the bottom-up legitimacy are demonstrably narrowing the resources of the intention-action gap that so far defines the climate governance system (harvey, 2019; neufeld, 2019). overall, the results indicate that community-based climate action in jordan affects national environmental policies in three interdependent ways, namely, demonstration of plausible practices, credible data provision, and equity-oriented norm socialization. these mechanisms make national policies more in line with international agreements as they enhance feasibility, legitimacy, and inclusivity, which resonates with the multi-scalar climate governance that is demanded in the literature (van der pluijm & melissen, 2007; liste, 2017). in this way, local intervention in jordan not only informs the national strategy, but it is also a co-producer of the abilities of the state to fulfill its international obligations. 5.2 discussion related to the second research question: in what ways can community-led climate action serve as a catalyst for international environmental diplomacy, particularly in fostering north–south cooperation and addressing equity concerns in climate negotiations? it is also evident in the findings that the community-based efforts by jordan can go beyond domestic policy by becoming a diplomatic resource in global climate talks. the case of local initiatives addressing the problem of water shortage in the refugee-hosting areas illustrates how the problem of equity is applied in the grassroots. the factor of vulnerability inclusion in the adaptation strategies by jordan provides empirical data of equality; therefore, its voice becomes more meaningful in its demand of climate finance. this shows that equity is diplomatically convincing when it is based on real-life community experiences, as argued by rajamani (2016). sengupta and friedman (2019) also confirm the results by observing that local narratives solidify debates of distributive justice between the global north and south. renewable energy projects that were initiated by communities also strengthened jordan in the context of north-south cooperation. the example of small-scale donor-funded solar and wind projects demonstrates that local actors could facilitate the establishment of financial and technical collaborations, which aligns with the idea that local results by delgado (2019) could minimize global equity issues and rational collaboration. the examples of the cases discussed can be interpreted through the lens of constructivist approach in which community-based practices transform international diplomacy by incorporating new standards of justice and sustainability into the scripts of negotiations (zaree et al., 2016). they also echo the liberalinstitutionalist argument that common standards and proven outcomes of community pilots 16 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us facilitate cross-border collaboration by reducing the costs of transactions and lack of understanding (the federal foreign office, 2020). moreover, community-based data gathering, part of the third national communication of jordan (2014), illustrates how grassroots knowledge is processed into the science policy interface of international diplomacy. this is consistent with the paradigm of detges (2017), where local evidence can be used to support credibility in foreign-policy domains, and with the council of the eu (2020), which insists on communicating the fact that community resilience outcomes can provide a peace dividend, which consequently enhances the credibility of diplomacy. by doing so, local projects not only reduce the risks of climate change but also promote the idea of jordan as a vulnerable state, yet as a proactive one to play the negotiation game with the north better (cladi & locatelli, 2016; krampe et al., 2018). on the one hand, neorealism would imply that jordan uses the community outcomes as resources to recover resources and improve the national security (antunes & camisao, 2018), whereas on the other hand, constructivism would concern the changes in the same community outcomes as the norms of fair and responsible outcomes of those negotiations. the two sides agree on the effectiveness of their depictions regarding why the calls of usd 5.7 billion in external support by jordan are reinforced with practices that are tested locally and answer equity issues with viable solutions. the al-munther al-monakhi initiative also demonstrates the way community-based engagement may work as a type of societal climate diplomacy that enhances national policy and global climate regulation. published as a voluntary initiative by the author as a jordanian climate activist at cop29, the project converts the principles of the paris agreement and updated ndcs of jordan into culturally-based, human-oriented practices with the focus on inclusivity, climate justice, gender-responsible involvement, and nature-based solutions. it operates on the principle of complete volunteerism, and it shows that the action on climate starts with individuals and communities taking charge of the future generations. the initiative can change the existing technical scientific knowledge into accessible and actionable information through empowering young people, women, and media professionals to deliver information on climate change and influence its behavioral change in order to engage more people. its adaptable and repeatable framework points out the role of bottom-up movement in filling in the gaps of national adaptation considerations and adding to a more human-focused global climate agenda. in general, the findings reveal that community-based climate action triggers international diplomacy by: (1) making equity issues workable, (2) allowing the north to engage in cooperation with the south based on exemplary local action, and (3) building credibility in jordanian negotiations through empirically supported narratives. this corroborates the perspective presented in the literature that action on a community level is not merely instrumental but forms part of the problem-solving ability of climate diplomacy (council of the eu, 2020; climate diplomacy, 2020). therefore, the grassroots climate program is an effective and symbolic asset that puts jordan in the international climate regime. 6. conclusion this study aims to explore the processes by which grassroots efforts affect national environmental policy and how the policies are consistent with international environmental agreements, and the way in which the grassroots efforts come out to spur international diplomacy, especially in promoting north-south co-operation and equity discourse. the analysis was based on three qualitative research designs, guided by an interpretivist philosophy and a community-based approach to research and the analysis of three purposively selected community-based initiatives in the mena region: water conservation in jordan, grassroots reforestation in morocco, and urban flood resilience in saudi arabia. data were gathered by means of document analysis, semi-structured interviews and secondary climate reports and the reliability of the data was guaranteed by audit trails and triangulation. 17 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the findings affirm that community-based climate action has a constitutive role in defining climate governance at the various levels. on a national level, the jordanian grassroots water conservation projects affected the strategies of the country, including the national strategy and action plan to combat desertification (2015-2020), by providing examples of how it may be done. correspondingly, the pilot projects of decentralized renewable energy implemented in refugee camps and in rural communities informed the national green growth plan of jordan (2017) by confirming the viability of solar energy as a mitigation measure. these processes implement the so-called demonstration effect as mentioned in the literature when the local experimentation spreads upwards via the instigation of the policies and socialization of norms (detges, 2017; oberthür & groen, 2017). in constructivist terms, the initiatives internalize norms of fairness, inclusiveness, and resiliency into state climate discourse (zaree et al., 2016), whereas liberal-institutionalist theory highlights the impacts of bottom-up models of reducing uncertainty and advocacy of institutional learning (parrock & lory, 2020). the study is consistent with the previous climate policy framework of jordan, such as the updated ndc (2021), the national adaptation plan (2021), and the fourth national communication (2023), which can all be described as an increased focus on integrated and community-based climate diplomacy. at the international level, community-led practices turned into diplomatic resources, which enhanced the bargaining capacity of jordan. the projects that dealt with water shortages in refugee-sheltering regions operationalized equity issues, which furnished arguments that supported the debates based on fairness and climate finance on the north-south lines. this dynamic correlates with the argument presented by rajamani (2016) that the diplomatic leverage of equity becomes more successful when it is grounded in the concrete local reality. similarly, small-scale renewable projects demonstrated the possibility of north-south collaborations, addressing global justice issues and establishing cooperation (delgado, 2019). community organizations were also contributing locally verified information to the third national communication in jordan (2014), which led to the increase of the credibility of international submissions, which is the concept of the local knowledge platform as the framer of foreignpolicy agendas expressed by detges (2017). the implications of these findings are significant. they propose that environmental diplomacy is to be envisioned as a multi-scalar process, with the community actors not being peripheral to the practice of environmental governance, but being at its core. local programs offer legitimacy, viability, and equity platforms that enhance the credibility of ndcs, enhance bargaining resources and achieve international collaboration. this reiterates to policymakers the need to incorporate the grassroots players in the national reporting, budgetary allocations and negotiation plans. however, there are limitations that have to be recognized. the qualitative nature of the study itself and the use of three purposely selected cases of the mena limit generalizability. furthermore, the community outcomes are usually diplomatically translated in an indirect manner and therefore, tracing the causal relationship becomes a complicated issue. the geographical range of study should be extended, and mixed-method techniques must be used in the future to measure the direct impact of community measures (e.g., the emissions decreased, the resilience obtained) on the outcomes of the negotiation process. recommendations include the institutionalization of local-to-global knowledge transfer platforms, a superior financial system that values community-led adaptation and international collaboration based on evidence of the community. community actors should be incorporated not only in the national policy frameworks but also in formal diplomatic delegations, thus closing the gap that has always existed between grassroots practice and international negotiations. this study is novel in its repositioning of environmental diplomacy as a top-down and bottom-up process, in which local players are active agents of climate governance but not passive 18 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us practitioners. the empirical connection between community efforts and national policy alignment and international bargaining power, the study contributes to a multi-scale model of climate diplomacy to predict the essential role of grassroots climate action in creating a more inclusive, equitable and 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(2016). jordan’s first nationally determined contribution (ndc). unfccc secretariat. https://unfccc.int/documents/497594 57. united nations. (2015). paris agreement. united nations. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf 58. united nations. (2018). emissions gap report 2018. united nations environment programme (unep). https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018 59. urevig, a., 2019. what to expect from the un’s cop 25 climate change conference. [online] available at: https://ensia.com/notable/cop-25-un-climate-talks/ 60. van der pluijm, r., & melissen, j. (2007). city diplomacy: the expanding role of cities in international politics (clingendael diplomacy papers no. 10). netherlands institute of international relations clingendael. 61. werrell, c. & femia, f., 2019. climate change raises conflict concerns. available at: https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/climate-change-raises-conflict-concerns 62. zaree, a., tayebi, s. & naderi, s., 2016. environmental diplomacy in light of international interactions; approach effective in attaining international law sustainable development, 21 national and regional conference iranian society of environmentalist. science and research branch, islamic azad university of tehran, pp. 8-11. https://unfccc.int/documents/497594?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018 https://ensia.com/notable/cop-25-un-climate-talks/ https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/climate-change-raises-conflict-concerns 65 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 training, retraining and internships of drivers mahmudov bahriddin jo’rayevich dean of the faculty of business administration, doctor of economics, professor, namangan state technical university sariboev jahongir baxodirovich student of 58tvm-22 of namangan state technical university abstract: the article scientifically analyzes the current issues of training, retraining and internships for drivers. the theoretical and practical knowledge, professional competencies of drivers and the importance of advanced training in ensuring road safety are comprehensively studied. in addition, the shortcomings of the existing education system, the effectiveness of retraining and internship processes are analyzed, and specific proposals and recommendations for their improvement are given. the need to use modern innovative educational technologies to improve the professional competencies of drivers, using international best practices, is emphasized. the article serves as an important source for institutions involved in the education system and professional training in road safety, government agencies, researchers and industry experts. keywords: driver training, retraining, internships, professional competencies, practical skills, road safety, innovative educational technologies, training system, professional culture, integration of theory and practice. introduction. currently, the steady increase in the number of vehicles on urban and intercity roads makes the issues of ensuring road safety even more urgent. in order to reduce the number of road accidents, protect human life and health, as well as maintain the economic and social stability of the country, the need for highly qualified, theoretically and practically well-trained drivers is growing. in such conditions, the issue of developing a system of training, retraining and internships for drivers is of great importance. the process of training drivers consists not only in providing them with theoretical knowledge, but also in forming their ability to make the right decisions in various difficult situations on the roads. in the existing education system in our country, especially in the processes of retraining and internships for drivers, there is an insufficient harmony of theory and practice. as a result, graduates and drivers who have completed advanced training courses face many problems in real road conditions. this leads to serious shortcomings in ensuring road safety. in the world experience, in countries with high driver training, for example, in germany, the usa, and japan, a system of regular retraining, advanced training, and internships for drivers has been effectively established. in these countries, as a result of the widespread use of innovative educational technologies, in particular, modern simulators, virtual reality, and practical exercises, the professional competencies of drivers are being formed at a high level. 66 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us one of the important tasks is to adapt and implement such advanced practices to the conditions of our country. based on this, the main purpose of this article is to scientifically analyze the current state of the system of training, retraining, and internships for drivers in uzbekistan, identify existing shortcomings, and develop specific and effective proposals using international advanced practices to eliminate them. this article is an important source for educational institutions operating in the field, organizations engaged in ensuring road safety, government agencies, and a wide range of researchers, and will serve to further improve the system of professional training of drivers in our country. main part effective organization of driver training, retraining and internships is an important component of the road safety system. in our country, the increase in the number of vehicles and the intensity of road traffic in recent years has led to a proportional increase in the number of road accidents (ras). this situation requires a systematic improvement of the professional qualifications of drivers who drive vehicles. therefore, improving the processes of training, retraining and internships of drivers has become one of the most important tasks today. the process of training drivers should include the formation of practical skills, along with theoretical knowledge. in the existing system in uzbekistan, more attention is paid to theoretical training, and the process of integration with practice is not sufficiently developed. this, in turn, reduces the level of preparedness of drivers for real situations on the roads. the results of scientific research show that systematic improvement of the knowledge and skills of drivers has a direct impact on reducing road accidents. the retraining process allows people who already have driving qualifications to update their knowledge and familiarize themselves with modern road safety requirements. in our country, the retraining system is often of a formal nature, and the effectiveness of such courses is not up to the mark. in particular, the lack of practice-oriented programs is one of the main shortcomings of the retraining process. by widely involving innovative educational technologies, simulators, and virtual reality systems in this process, it is possible to increase the adaptability of drivers to real situations. at the same time, the internship system also plays an important role in improving the professional training of drivers. during the internship process, drivers have the opportunity to directly get acquainted with various practical situations and improve their professional competencies. this system is not sufficiently established in uzbekistan, and in most cases, internships are held officially and do not have a noticeable effect on improving the professional skills of participants. when analyzing international experience, it was found that the system of training, retraining and internships for drivers in countries such as germany, the usa and japan is highly effective. for example, in germany, the driver training system pays great attention to practical training along with theoretical training. drivers are regularly involved in special advanced training courses, and virtual reality, simulators and modern digital technologies are widely used in these courses. in the usa, the internship and retraining system is constantly monitored, and practical training is also organized in special traffic centers, and drivers' readiness for difficult road situations is regularly checked. in japan, special psychological training and practical training aimed at improving the professional culture of drivers are widespread, which has had a significant impact on reducing the number of traffic accidents in this country. based on the analysis of the above advanced international practices, it is advisable to develop the following scientific and practical recommendations for the effective implementation of driver training, retraining and internships in our country: 1. increase the hours of practical training in the driver training system, introduce modern training programs to closely link theoretical knowledge with practice. 67 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. regularly organize retraining courses, organize them effectively not only theoretically, but also practically, and increase the efficiency of the retraining process through the widespread use of simulator and virtual reality technologies. 3. radically improve the internship system, organize special training grounds for the formation of professional skills of drivers in real road conditions and equip them with modern innovative technical means. 4. organize regular trainings and psychological training sessions aimed at increasing the professional competencies and safety culture of drivers, and involve highly qualified specialists in this process. 5. regularly improving the system of assessing the knowledge and skills of drivers, thereby accurately controlling the effectiveness of training and retraining. the systematic implementation of the above recommendations will serve to further improve the system of training, retraining and internship of drivers in our country, thereby increasing the level of road safety and protecting people's lives and health. conclusion according to the results of the conducted research and analysis, the effective organization of the system of training, retraining and internship of drivers is one of the most important and decisive conditions for ensuring road safety. the fact that this system in our country is focused on theoretical knowledge and insufficiently combined with practice leads to low professional competence of drivers in road traffic. this, in turn, directly affects the number of road accidents and their serious consequences. at the same time, the experience of developed countries shows that regular retraining of drivers, improving their professional skills through practical training and internships leads to a significant reduction in the number of road accidents. in particular, in countries such as germany, the usa and japan, great results have been achieved in this area with the widespread introduction of modern innovative educational technologies and practical training. based on the above analysis and international experience, the following practical proposals have been developed to improve the system of training, retraining and internships for drivers in our country: proposals: increase the hours of practical training along with theoretical training in the process of driver training, ensure the harmony of theory and practice through the widespread use of special training grounds and simulators; in order to regularly update the professional knowledge and skills of drivers, organize mandatory retraining courses for each driver and widely use virtual reality technologies in the courses; in order to improve the internship system and increase the readiness of drivers for difficult situations in real situations, organize special professional internship centers; regularly monitor the psychological preparation and physical condition of drivers, introduce special psychological training and practical training in this area; develop the material and technical base of educational institutions in order to ensure the widespread use of modern digital technologies and innovative teaching methods in the processes of training and retraining drivers; regularly improving the system of assessing the professional knowledge and skills of drivers, ensuring transparency and impartiality by introducing an electronic monitoring system in this area. 68 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a result of the implementation of these recommendations, the efficiency of the system of professional training of drivers in our country will increase, which in turn will increase the level of road safety, reduce traffic accidents, and protect human life and health. references 1. ўзбекистон республикасининг «йўл ҳаракати хавфсизлиги тўғрисида»ги қонуни. – тошкент: адолат, 2013. 2. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг «йўл ҳаракати хавфсизлигини таъминлаш тизимини янада такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги қарори, пқ–190сон, 2022 йил 4 апрель. 3. ўзбекистон республикаси вазирлар маҳкамасининг «ҳайдовчиларни тайёрлаш, қайта тайёрлаш ва уларнинг малакасини ошириш тартибини такомиллаштириш чоратадбирлари тўғрисида»ги қарори, №408, 2021 йил 2 июль. 4. всемирная организация здравоохранения (воз). глобальный доклад о состоянии безопасности дорожного движения. – женева: воз, 2022. 5. абдураҳмонов қ.ҳ. ҳайдовчиларнинг касбий тайёргарлигини таъминлаш тизимини такомиллаштириш. – тошкент: фан, 2021. 6. каримов р.с., турсунов м.х. ҳайдовчиларни тайёрлаш ва малакасини оширишда инновацион технологиялардан фойдаланиш. – тошкент: академия, 2020. 7. назаров м.к. йўл ҳаракати хавфсизлигини таъминлашда ҳайдовчи малакасининг аҳамияти. – самарқанд: самду, 2019. 8. павлов в.и. подготовка и переподготовка водителей: международный опыт и практика. – москва: юрайт, 2020. 9. ильин и.а. профессиональная подготовка водителей и безопасность дорожного движения. – москва: просвещение, 2019. 10. кудрявцев а.в. современные подходы к подготовке водителей: теория и практика. – москва: инфра-м, 2022. 11. светлов а.в. организация стажировок и практической подготовки водителей: опыт зарубежных стран. – санкт-петербург: питер, 2021. 12. european transport safety council (etsc). best practices in driver training and education. – brussels: etsc, 2022. 13. highway safety manual (hsm). american association of state highway and transportation officials (aashto). – washington, d.c.: trb, 2021. 14. organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd). road safety annual report. – paris: oecd, 2022. 15. ўзбекистон республикаси иив йҳхбб статистик ҳисоботлари. – тошкент, 2022. the future of multilateral institutions and u.s. engagement in global governance skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published november 13, 2024 | version v1 journal article open the future of multilateral institutions and u.s. engagement in global governance creators mamasoliyev saidbek otabek o'g'li files 69-73+the+future+of+multilateral+institutions+and+u.s.+engagement+in+global+governance.pdf files (230.8 kb) name size download all 69-73+the+future+of+multilateral+institutions+and+u.s.+engagement+in+global+governance.pdf md5:09f3d541069ae2ce22ce7a72c7a8680d 230.8 kb preview download 50 views 37 downloads 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work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited. read more citation export technical metadata created november 23, 2024 modified november 23, 2024 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 6, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 the state of rural administration at the beginning of the хx century in turkestan makhmudova nigora barotovna professor of bukhara state university city of bukhara. uzbekistan golovushkin d. a. associate professor at the department of history of religions and theology of the russian state pedagogical university named after a. i. herzen. st. petersburg. russian federation abstract: the article examines the state of rural administration at the beginning of the twentieth century in turkestan based on materials from senator k.k. palen. the work examines a specially compiled “program for the revision of volost and rural institutions.” the article examines archival materials stored in the funds of the russian state historical archive. keywords: rural administration, audit, senator, turkestan, aksakal, kheraj, archive, natives, tent, pastures. 1 introduction the issues of rural management were also carefully considered and studied by the members of the audit of senator k.k. palen. in the course of the audit, the historical transformation of rural management is considered, based on military management rather than on national management. the bodies of the closest government supervision of native public institutions were county chiefs, and in semirechye also district chiefs. some oversight functions are also provided to regional boards. military governors, in addition to general supervision of the activities of native self-government bodies, were given the authority to select native officials. 2 the main part in the course of studying the issues of the state of rural management in the turkestan region at the beginning of the twentieth century, it is necessary to consider the historical situation in the region. it is noteworthy that the audit under the leadership of k.k.palen carefully considered this issue, and a special “the program for the audit of volost and rural institutions”. questions about management, economics, and resettlement were considered by one of the members of the audit – loganov grigory nikolaevich, titular adviser. the document is currently stored in the rgia, is set out on 59 pages of printed text and is proof that the commission under the leadership of k.k.palen conducted a thorough check of all spheres in the turkestan region. in the "note ..." and in the materials of the reports on "rural management", the state of rural management is considered both among the local population both before colonization and after, while rural management, land-tax system and among the settlers are also considered. in the "note.." by g.n.loganov, the idea of colonization is clearly visible "the five regions of turkestan in total amount to about 155 million dessiatines with a population of 5,300,000 people. at the same time, russians make up up to 15% of the total population in semirechye alone. russian russian population in the syrdarya region is already falling to 3 ½%, while in the other three regions of turkestan, russian residents make up from 1.5 to 0.4% of the total population. the absolute 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us number of the russian population in the five regions of central asia is 250,000 people. these are the results of our domination on our outskirts. by now, turkestan has already cost us over 160 million rubles.. apart from the cost of conquering the region and the huge capital invested in the construction of railways in it. can we leave vast territories without the russian population? is there any reason, finally, to continue to tolerate the rich outskirts living at the expense of the impoverished russian people? the economic development of turkestan itself requires a radical change in its way of life: there are no longer enough workers in the region to expand the most important branch of national labor cotton growing. the land will forever remain the foundation of the life of the people and the state. having occupied the region, we decided to leave to the native population those rights to the land that they used to use. this was required by both the dignity and benefit of russia. we had no intention of creating a proletariat in turkestan. however, irregularities were made in the land structure of the native population". thus, one can observe the dissatisfaction of officials with regard to the division and ownership of land in the region. in a region consisting partly of nomads, partly of a sedentary population "sarts, uzbeks, tajiks, etc., administratively: nomads – for childbirth, childbirth for departments, and for subdepartments, the sedentary population for aksakalstvo". for the kyrgyz, such a division was based on the ancestral origin, and the settled population was grouped into small administrative units according to the principle of unity of settlement. at the head of the tribal groups of the nomads were the ancestors who ruled the whole clan and called them "manaps, sultans or senior biy", they were subordinate to the biy, were responsible for the departments, and then managed the sub–departments tugachi. the above-mentioned titles manap, sultan and biy were recognized as hereditary and inherited, only in case of recognition by the elders, improper management of the people by this high-ranking person, other ancestors and biy were elected, who were approved by representatives of the khan-beks, who, in turn, also often displaced unwanted family rulers and appointed those who pledged to pay taxes on time in a large size. only the position of tugachi was almost always elected by the elders of the family and this title was not considered hereditary. initially, only police power was concentrated in the hands of all these rulers, and judicial power was exercised by special judges, elected representatives of the people. however, as the influence of the sultans, manaps and biys grew, the latter seized judicial power. tractors did not use judicial power, they remained purely police bodies until recently. the social activities of the nomads were poorly developed, all local public affairs were decided by the rulers themselves, the population practically did not participate. the sedentary population had a completely different form of government from the nomads. each settled village or quarter (mahalla) was ruled by elders elected by the people and approved by the beks. in the hands of the elders was the entire police and administrative power, as well as partly the management of the collection of taxes. the elections of elders were not organized in any way and the procedure for their production was left entirely to the discretion of the voters. usually, the dignitaries gathered together and agreed among themselves on the choice. the results of such meetings were reported to beck, who for the most part approved the chosen one without determining the length of service. the aksakals shared their authority on police and tax matters with other bodies appointed by the beks, the rais, whose duties were of a police-religious nature and consisted in monitoring the performance of prayer by residents, strict observance of the koran and religious rites, and monitored the order in trade in the bazaars. rais could punish all violators with his own power, he had the right to sort out family affairs. the staff of employees in charge of the tax business was much more numerous. in relation to the settled population, there were two types of taxes – from land and from movable property. taxes from the land were collected either in kind, in the form of a part of the harvest, "herage", or in money. the last collection, "tanann", replaced the heraj when paying taxes on such agricultural products. kharaj's collection was managed by serker officials appointed by the beks, who had a staff of microbe assistants. the procedure for determining the size of the herage was determined as follows: serker, having hired assistants, distributed them among the plots of aryk-aksakals and instructed them to keep records of the number of owners on the site, as well as the number of grain crops produced by each of them. when the payment deadline came, serker sent a 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us commission to each site, consisting of mirab, aryk-aksakal and one literate person. the commission compiled a list of farmers, i.e. they recorded all the farmers who plowed on a certain land, noted how much bread was collected by each. all this was checked with a bay window by the method of interviewing neighbors and submitted to baku for approval. after the seal of the beck of this list was sealed, the "filling of bread" began in government stores run by the same serkers. the tanap fee was collected from a certain area with money. if the land tax was accounted for according to a certain system, then the second type of tax on movable property was not subject to any accounting by representatives of the khan's government, remained entirely at the disposal of officials who received the authority to collect it on the right of purchase. the tax on movable property – "zyaket" -was levied: 1) from trading enterprises; 2) from gold and silver; 3) from cattle; 4) from kyrgyz cattle assigned to the city, in a certain percentage of the values to be paid for. the collection of this tax was managed by "zyaketchi", appointed by the bek or khan to pay a significant amount of money. but the payment of the payoff fee does not exempt the syaketchi from the obligation to fulfill all further monetary demands of the government. in addition to the listed taxes, which were more or less defined, the khans and beks from time to time ordered the collection of the so-called "khan's tax", the amount of which was not established and was determined by the degree of monetary need of the government. this tax was collected by special decrees of beks or khans by aksakals. as for the social activities of the elders, they remained under the khan's rule without any organization. all local public affairs were decided by influential members of society or (for example, cases concerning agriculture or land redistribution) by a meeting of interested householders. in the early years of colonialism, the russian authorities could not have any control, since the authorities were not familiar with this system of fees. for the alignment of the state land tax, all lands were divided into 4 categories, with the measurement of the land space of each category in a tanap way: 1) vineyards and orchards, 2) rice fields, 3) fields occupied by dry crops and plantations of american cotton, 4) fallow fields and overgrowths. the total amount of tax due from the society was to be distributed among the specified categories of land, and for each category it was necessary to determine the salary due per unit of native measure, depending on which each member of the society should pay tax according to the number of salaries due from him according to the number and categories of units of native measure belonging to him. as a result of the audit of the region, the records management of 20 volost governors of the kyrgyz population, officially nomadic, 9 volost governors of the settled population and two dungar and taranche governors were audited according to the "program proposed by the senator ...". in total, there were 269 nomadic volosts and 205 volosts with a settled population in the general government, which was revealed during the audit and presented in tabular form in the materials of the "report on rural management", which once again confirmed the careful approach and professionalism of the audit members and responsibility for the task. later, on the issue of the establishment of the local rural population in the legislative order, a significant part of the resolutions of the draft regulations of 1867 was preserved and passed as the regulation on the administration of the turkestan territory of 1886, concerned mainly the following: 1) the one-stage form of government for the settled natives was replaced by a two-stage one, i.e. the elders were united into volosts. this measure was taken in view of the indications of experience that the former division is inconvenient, causing excessive correspondence with the elders in direct communication with the district chiefs and at the same time requiring the elders to spend large sums on the maintenance of clerks. the turkestan provision accepted the neighboring location of villages, the community of economic benefits in the use of land and irrigation canals and a certain number of courtyards (from 1000 to 2000) as the foundation of the association of the aksakalstvo in the parish. for the settled population of the semirechensk 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us region – dungar and taranchi – due to the dispersion of the land plots granted to them, the steppe situation did not establish any restriction on the number of courtyards in the parish; 2) the meetings of elected representatives of village societies and elders, established by the draft regulation of 1867. out of fear that it would be impossible to maintain order at crowded gatherings, were replaced by gatherings from all caravan owners or householders, and the functions of these public administration bodies were equated to the functions of rural and volost gatherings of the empire; 3) the previous procedure for electing pentecostals to the volost congress from every 50 caravans separately was replaced by the election of volosts by the entire village assembly, according to the calculation of one for every 50 caravans. this change was allowed in view of the fact that, according to the drafters of these provisions, people respected by society might not be in every household; 4) for the settled natives, the volost organization was equated with that of the nomads; 5) the subsistence tax was increased to 4 rubles, and the haraj and tanap tax previously levied on the settled population were replaced by a land tax; the draft local regulations of 1867 introduced into the life of the native population a new form of public administration, the basis of which is the right to be governed by authorities elected by the population. during the khan's rule, the natives did not use these rights, since in most cases the closest chiefs were appointed by the beks at their discretion. only occasionally, at those moments when the khan's government did not feel strong enough to completely ignore the wishes of the population during these appointments, the latter, in the person of his elders, had the right to indicate to the bek whom he wanted to see as his closest superior. of course, these statements were taken into account only as much as they agreed with the views of the beks. in any case, the general population was not involved in the discussion of such issues, and elections were the prerogative of the oldest and most influential people. this procedure for appointing native officials was not immediately radically changed. all those officials of the rural. the administrations that the tsarist government found in the region were left in their places, and if necessary, to replace them, the population was given the right to indicate candidates, and the procedure for such indication was entirely regulated by custom. only in some parts of the present semirechensk region, where russian rule was approved even earlier, the procedure for selecting native officials received some modifications before the publication of the 1867 draft. according to the semirechensk region, government agencies that have assumed the responsibilities of the volos and aul congresses for the allocation of land plots for sedentary farming, the purpose of which is "the speedy elimination of nomadic life." the implementation of the goal was carried out using the example of the experience with the village of tash-tyube, semirechensk region, as a result, the goal was not achieved. russian russians, as the audit revealed, had to lease the lands assigned to small-land and landless kyrgyz to russian peasants, and in this way the nomads would "exploit the labor of the russian farmer, remaining primarily cattle breeders," while both the senator himself and the members of the audit forgot that the colonizers and the exploiters are themselves, representatives of tsarist russia. as a result, it was recognized that this project is impractical, and especially with regard to semirechye! in central asia, the russian administration moved the elective system of appointing rural authorities. at the same time, it was meant: 1) to establish a monotonous rural social system in turkestan and in the empire; 2) to provide the population with worthy and authoritative superiors and intermediaries between them and our administrative bodies. they are not yet sufficiently aware of local conditions and 3) to achieve the correct registration of taxpayers in 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us relation to the kyrgyz, by granting the right to vote to those of them who take care to include themselves in the lists of payers of state and zemstvo fees. the very procedure for the exercise of the right to vote by the population was established as follows: a) for the kyrgyz: every ten caravans appoint one village elector, who choose the village foreman, and every 50 caravans choose one volost elector, who in turn choose the volost governor, b) for settled natives: every 10-50 householders (according to the definition of the military governor) elect one elective, and the assembly of these electors elects the aksakal and his candidate. the admission of the entire population to the elections was considered inconvenient by the administration of the region, in view of the possibility of riots, due to the accumulation of an excessively large number of voters. at the time of the audit, the right to vote was granted to every caravan owner or independent household owner who was not deprived of the right to participate in gatherings and was not under guardianship. according to the materials of the audit, it can be noted that the right to vote was granted according to the draft of 1867. it could not be temporarily suspended and all officials of public self-government were appointed at the choice of the population. however, as follows from the information of the audit, restrictions were imposed in this regard established by the turkestan regulation (article 90), which "granted the governor the right, in case of non-approval of the elections, either to appoint new or replace the positions of the volost administrator and a candidate for him at his own discretion. in addition, the governor-general was granted the right, in exceptional cases, to fill these positions without holding elections, as well as in relation to the three indigenous regions of the territory, the turkestan governor-general enjoyed the right to postpone the elections of all persons of the native administration in areas under heavy guard." as a result of the audit, the members of the commission identified shortcomings in the organization of native self-government. a distinctive feature of rural administration in turkestan is its division into native and russian, which was introduced due to the political considerations of generals kaufman and kolpakovsky, which remained unchanged, as a result of the huge advantage of the existing position, to which the officials, the population, and the authorities were accustomed, that is, orders, originating from the center, they reached the periphery of administrative institutions without delay and were executed relatively easily; the comparative cheapness of the authorities, and the isolation of the native population from the russian prevented clashes and facilitated orders. russian russian settlements were scattered throughout turkestan and could not be united into volost unions, on the grounds that they were applied to central russia, although the formation of rural and volost societies among the russian population was difficult, due to the fact that in the process of colonization of the region by settlers, it did not occur everywhere evenly throughout the territory of the region. by the time of the revision, the number of russian villages had reached 45.the audit process also revealed shortcomings in this management. to clarify the activities of the rural and volost administration bodies, they were carefully checked according to the program prepared by k.k.singe", records management of 9 volost and 7 rural administrations operating on the basis of the transcaucasian situation and two village elders. during the audit, the low level of elders and foremen was revealed, the dependence of officials on clerks, which led to the fact that clerks – volost and rural – acquired too much importance in peasant public administration. as a result, it led to corrupt actions, for example, in the merv parish, syrdarya region, in which the volost congress almost annually arranged auctions with persons wishing to take the position of volost clerk". another difference from the native administration is the payment, salary, the elders have about 60 rubles, and the rural clerks have 120 rubles. the audit also found out that the regional boards had not drawn up instructions for officials and had not issued a manual for the introduction of clerical work with samples of documents, which could streamline office work. 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3 conclusion russian russian volost principles should be introduced in turkestan through the creation and influence of mainly russian rural societies. as a result of the audit, senator k.k.palen came to a conclusion that once again confirms the views of a supporter of tsarism – this is what it is necessary to introduce in turkestan the principles of the russian volost through the creation and influence of mainly russian rural societies. russian russians, as k.k. palen believed, "who have been accustomed to obey the power of the victors from time immemorial, the natives would not consider it a violation of their rights if, russian villages administratively with native volosts, put a russian volost foreman appointed by the government authority, accustomed to the methods of russian volost administration, at the head of this organization, while forgetting, as for tsarist russia itself, serfdom was abolished only in 1861. and to concentrate military and civil power in the same hands of the governor. thus, the inseparability of military and administrative power was manifested in the internal management of the native population, elected from the local population, which did not have a political character. in the same way, everything was eliminated in the native administration, laws and customs, "which turned out to be decidedly harmful in the interests of the state». references: 1. kaufman k.p. draft of the most comprehensive report of adjutant general k.p. von kaufman1 to the civil administration and organization in the regions of the turkestan general government. (november 7, 1867 – march 25, 1881).st. petersburg: military printing house, 1885. 503 p. 2. palen k.k. the most comprehensive note containing the main conclusions of the report on the revision of the turkestan territory carried out in 1908-1909 by the highest order of senator chamberlain count k.k. palen. 1-2 parts.st. petersburg: senate printing house, 1910. 53 p. 3. palen k.k. rural administration. russian and native. report on the audit of the turkestan region, carried out by the highest order by senator chamberlain count k.k. palenym. st. petersburg: senate printing house, 1910. – 226 p. 4. palen k.k. taxes and duties. report on the audit of the turkestan region, carried out by the highest order by senator chamberlain count k.k. paleny. st. petersburg: printing house of the main directorate of udelov, 1910. – 298 p. 5. rgia. f 1396. inventory.1. document .29. 59 p. 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 4, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 digital diplomacy as us interests in central asia azimov khakimali imamovich candidate of historical sciences, professor, tashkent state university of law khakimaliazimov@gmail.com izzatullayev bobirjon izzatullaevich lecturer of tashkent state university of law izzatbobur@gmail.com abstract: today, digital diplomacy is becoming an important tool in the united states' foreign policy in the central asian region. in the context of globalization and the growth of digital technologies, digital diplomacy is used by the united states to achieve political, security, economic, and social goals. keywords: diplomacy, digital, us, central asia, impact, information technologies, politics. introduction the central asian region plays an important role in us digital diplomacy for a number of reasons related to geopolitical, regional stability, and strategic interests in countering the influence of other major powers such as russia and china. in particular, the geopolitical importance of the region is explained by its location at the most important crossroads between europe and asia and its proximity to unstable zones such as afghanistan. the united states focuses on strengthening regional security through cooperation in the fight against terrorism, cross-border crime, and extremism. it will also continue to support the efforts of the countries of the region to ensure stability in afghanistan through the provision of technical and financial assistance[1]. the region is rich in natural resources, and us economic interests seek to facilitate the development of these resources and ensure access to global markets. it seeks to maintain the stability and independence of the countries in the region in order to reduce dependence on russia and china and prevent their influence from increasing. in addition, the promotion of democratic values such as human rights and freedom of expression is a long-term goal. this will help strengthen the independence of the countries of the region and create more stable social and political systems[2]. methodology based on the central asian region, the main directions of us digital diplomacy are focused on the following areas: first, the promotion of democratic values and human rights. one of the main directions of us digital diplomacy in central asia is to support democratic processes. in the countries of the region, digital diplomacy helps to create alternative channels for the dissemination of information, ensure freedom of expression, and protect human rights. the united states actively supports increasing transparency, improving governance, and combating corruption. 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in addition, us digital diplomacy is aimed at promoting the values of freedom of expression. in the countries of central asia, the internet has become an important platform for independent sources of information. the united states provides financial and technical support to various organizations dedicated to promoting internet freedoms, such as radio free europe/radio liberty, which provides alternative information flows in regions subject to censorship. u.s. embassies in central asia also actively use platforms such as facebook, instagram, and twitter (now x) to share information about democratic governance, human rights, and rule of law initiatives. [3] for example, posts on facebook and instagram about human rights day explain the principles of the universal declaration of human rights. video interviews and success stories of activists defending women’s rights or participating in environmental initiatives are highlighted. social media is widely used to promote exchange programs such as fulbright, flex, and open world, which provide opportunities for central asian youth to learn about democratic processes and civic engagement in the united states. case studies of successful anti-corruption efforts are published to promote transparency and accountability, often accompanied by videos and infographics on facebook and twitter (now x). [4]. in addition, social media regularly hosts q&a sessions, where embassy representatives and experts discuss democracy, human rights, and america’s support for civil society. through platforms such as zoom and instagram live, u.s. embassies engage with local and international experts on democracy development. for example, in 2023, the u.s. embassy in tashkent organized an online campaign on instagram and facebook against domestic violence. the campaign featured videos of local activists speaking out about the issue and provided resources for victims of violence. [5]. the united states actively promotes internet freedoms and protects activists, journalists, and human rights defenders. one of the most important projects is supporting circumvention programs, such as those that help users remain anonymous and protect their data, and other technologies. through digital platforms, the united states helps international organizations and civil society disseminate information about human rights abuses that can pressure government agencies. in particular, support for digital human rights initiatives includes funding for projects related to election monitoring, online freedom of expression, and privacy rights. results and discussion the u.s. digital diplomacy program also includes initiatives aimed at training and improving the digital skills of civil society activists and youth in central asia. these programs teach how to use the internet safely, protect their rights, and stay safe in the digital space. through educational and cultural exchanges, such as techcamp programs and various online courses, the united states seeks to build a more resilient civil society in the region. supporting digital entrepreneurship and creating opportunities for young people to develop startups are also important aspects aimed at creating more open and innovative societies. this serves to improve democratization and the quality of life, ensuring greater trust in independent sources of information, and attracting more active participation in political processes. [6]. second, combating disinformation and competition in the digital space. one of the priorities of digital diplomacy for the united states is to combat disinformation and protect the digital space as a means of free exchange of ideas. the united states is using digital tools to increase information transparency, support independent media, and educational programs. the information ecosystem of central asia is significantly affected by disinformation campaigns organized by both internal and external actors. in particular, russia actively uses media and digital platforms to promote information aimed at maintaining political and cultural influence in the region. china, in turn, is strengthening its presence by promoting economic projects such as the “one belt, one road” initiative. 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us based on the above situation, the united states is developing its strategy in the following areas:  combating propaganda and disinformation;  developing independent media and fact-checking;  increasing the digital literacy of the population. one of the tools of us digital diplomacy is radio free europe/radio liberty (rfe/rl), a media company that provides information to residents of central asian countries such as kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan, tajikistan, and turkmenistan. rfe/rl’s programming, including projects such as current time, counters misinformation from government and outside sources and disseminates facts. for example, during the covid-19 pandemic, independent media outlets supported by the us have refuted misinformation about vaccines by providing scientifically sound information. [7]. in addition, the us embassy is publishing infographics and posts on facebook and instagram as part of its counter fake news initiative explaining how to spot misinformation. in particular, it publishes examples of fake news and analysis of its origins, as well as guides on fact-checking using platforms such as snopes and factcheck.org. using hashtags like #thinkbeforeyoushare, a twitter (now x) campaign encouraged users to double-check sources of information. together with local partners such as ngos and universities, the us will host webinars on how to distinguish reliable information from fake news. these events will be advertised on social media and broadcast via zoom and youtube. for example, in 2022, a program was launched in partnership with local media schools to train journalists and students in counter-propaganda skills. ads and educational materials were distributed via facebook and telegram. [8]. conclusion us embassies (kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan) will run campaigns on social media highlighting joint projects in the fields of education, the environment, and health. this will serve as a countermeasure to propaganda that diminishes the role of international cooperation. to promote media literacy and critical thinking, a 2023 campaign in kazakhstan featured popular tiktok bloggers demonstrating the importance of fact-checking information sources. on instagram and facebook, u.s. embassy staff are hosting live broadcasts where they discuss current disinformation issues and answer user questions. groups have been created on telegram and whatsapp where participants can exchange information to analyze and discuss dubious news. in 2023, the u.s. embassy in tashkent launched a media campaign on telegram to combat the spread of false information about covid-19. images and short videos were created to explain the dangers of fake news, and information verified by the who was provided. references: 1. motkin, a. (2024). "a blueprint for central asia’s growth through digital diplomacy." *diplomatic courier. 2. hudaykulov, a. (n.d.). "prospects for digital diplomacy in central asia: the experience of uzbekistan." academia.edu. 3. baissultanova, k., & baktybekova, b. (2020)."on the issue of digital diplomacy in the context of public diplomacy in modern international relations." *bulletin of the l.n. gumilyov eurasian national university, 131(2), 63–72. 4. collins, n., & bekenova, k. (2019). "digital diplomacy: success at your fingertips." place branding and public diplomacy, 15(1), 1–11. 5. state department unveils roadmap for cyber diplomacy. (2024). axios. 6. the tech crash course that trains us diplomats to spot threats. (2024). wired. 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 7. digital silk road in central asia: present and future. (n.d.). davis center for russian and eurasian studies, harvard university. 8. can social media change governance in central asia? (2019). the diplomat. 6 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 10, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 linguistic perception of time and behavior: revisiting whorfian hypotheses through ethnopoetic analysis farmanova dildora ashurovna phd researcher,bukhara state university, uzbekistan abstract: this study revisits the whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity by examining the role of language in shaping temporal cognition and behavior. drawing on both foundational theories by benjamin lee whorf and empirical insights from contemporary neo-whorfian scholarship, the research investigates how linguistic structures contribute to culturally specific perceptions of time. through a comparative analysis of temporal metaphors in mandarin and english, and an ethnopoetic examination of non-linear narrative patterns in chol folktales, this paper highlights how language-bound conceptualizations influence both thought and social behavior. utilizing dell hymes’ ethnopoetic model, the study uncovers how the organization of narrative discourse in the chol language reflects unique temporal frameworks that resist linear sequencing. the synthesis of experimental and ethnographic data affirms the cognitive implications of linguistic diversity, arguing that language does not merely express but actively constructs temporal and behavioral schemata. 1. introduction the relationship between language and thought has remained one of the most enduring and provocative questions in the fields of linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, and anthropology. this inquiry is most famously encapsulated in the principle of linguistic relativity, often associated with benjamin lee whorf (1897–1941), whose posthumously published works in language, thought, and reality (1956) built upon his mentor edward sapir’s earlier insights. whorf argued that the grammatical and lexical structures of a given language influence its speakers’ patterns of thought and worldview. his most cited claim suggested that speakers of structurally different languages perceive and experience the world differently, due to the habitual cognitive paths guided by their language. while whorf’s hypothesis initially attracted considerable attention in the mid-20th century, it faced widespread skepticism from the 1960s onward, especially during the rise of linguistic universalism led by noam chomsky and others. this universalist view proposed that all human languages share an underlying structure—a universal grammar—and thus, human cognition is fundamentally the same across linguistic boundaries. critics of whorf often dismissed his findings as anecdotal or lacking empirical rigor, further pushing linguistic relativity to the periphery of mainstream linguistic theory. however, since the 1990s, a renewed interest in whorfian ideas—frequently referred to as the neo-whorfian revival—has emerged. this resurgence has been fueled by advancements in experimental psychology, cognitive linguistics, and anthropological fieldwork, enabling more systematic and empirical investigations into the relationship between language and cognition. researchers such as lera boroditsky (2001, 2011), john a. lucy (1992), and dan slobin (1996) have conducted cross-linguistic experiments that provide compelling evidence in support of the 7 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us idea that linguistic categories can influence perception, memory, attention, and temporal reasoning. this paper contributes to this evolving discourse by revisiting the whorfian hypothesis through a dual-methodological framework: (1) the analysis of experimental studies on metaphor-based temporal cognition across speakers of typologically different languages (specifically mandarin and english), and (2) an ethnopoetic examination of indigenous narrative structures, particularly non-linear storytelling patterns in the mayan language chol. the experimental studies illustrate how metaphoric expressions of time in different languages lead to measurable differences in cognitive tasks, while the ethnopoetic analysis, informed by dell hymes' (1981) interpretive model, uncovers culturally embedded temporal logics that resist western linear chronologies. by integrating insights from cognitive science and ethnographic poetics, this study argues for a nuanced, multidimensional understanding of linguistic relativity—one that acknowledges both the measurable effects of language on mental representation and the cultural narratives that shape and reflect a community’s conceptualization of time. in doing so, it reinforces the broader implications of the whorfian perspective: that language does not merely label the world but plays a constitutive role in constructing the reality experienced by its speakers. 2. literature review 2.1 whorfian foundations: early formulations of linguistic relativity the foundational principles of linguistic relativity trace back to the early 20th century, particularly through the works of edward sapir and his student benjamin lee whorf. sapir (1929) asserted that “the real world is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group,” emphasizing that no two languages are sufficiently similar to represent the same social reality. whorf later expanded this premise in a series of essays, compiled in language, thought, and reality (1956), where he explored how language structure—especially grammatical categories—could shape habitual thought. his now-famous example of workers misjudging the danger of “empty” gasoline drums illustrated the behavioral consequences of linguistic labeling. whorf's hypotheses, often misunderstood or caricatured as linguistic determinism, were not claims of absolute constraint but rather of probabilistic influence: language tendencies predispose certain interpretations and habits of thought over others. nevertheless, the early whorfian framework lacked systematic empirical verification, which eventually opened it to criticism during the rise of generative linguistics in the mid-20th century. 2.2 the neo-whorfian turn: experimental evidence in cognitive linguistics the 1990s and early 2000s marked a significant resurgence of interest in whorfian ideas, bolstered by methodological innovations from psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive linguistics. this movement—often referred to as neo-whorfianism—sought to test the claims of linguistic relativity using empirical data rather than philosophical argumentation alone. a seminal study by boroditsky (2001) investigated how speakers of english and mandarin conceptualize time using spatial metaphors. english speakers typically employ horizontal metaphors (e.g., looking “forward” to the future), while mandarin also utilizes vertical metaphors (e.g., shàng for earlier events, xià for later ones). in her experiments, mandarin speakers showed a greater facility in processing vertical timelines when primed linguistically, suggesting that habitual language use guides attentional orientation in abstract reasoning. other scholars have demonstrated similar findings in domains such as color categorization (kay & regier, 2003), spatial orientation (levinson, 2003), and motion events (slobin, 1996), thereby challenging the notion of a universal cognitive architecture. these studies affirm that language serves not merely as a vehicle for thought, but as a filter that structures and guides cognitive patterns. 8 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2.3 challenges to linguistic relativity: universalism and cognitive invariance despite mounting empirical support, the linguistic relativity hypothesis remains contested. critics such as steven pinker (2007) and john mcwhorter (2014) argue that language is largely epiphenomenal to cognition—that is, surface-level linguistic variations mask a deeper, universal cognitive structure shared by all humans. pinker likens language to a “window into human nature” but stops short of attributing it causal primacy in thought formation. he contends that differences in metaphor usage or spatial framing do not constitute profound cognitive divergence but are simply superficial linguistic conventions. mcwhorter (2014) similarly asserts that although languages may vary widely in grammar and lexicon, the experiential world they describe remains essentially the same. he cautions against what he terms the "language hoax"—the tendency to overstate the cognitive implications of linguistic diversity. from this perspective, the core architecture of human cognition—such as object permanence, causality, or numerical understanding—remains invariant across linguistic boundaries. 2.4 bridging the divide: toward an integrative model in response to the polarities of relativism and universalism, a growing body of scholarship advocates for a more integrative model—one that recognizes both the constraints and affordances of language in shaping cognition. scholars such as lucy (1992) and gumperz and levinson (1996) argue for a graded or domain-specific model of relativity, where linguistic influence is strong in some cognitive domains (e.g., time, space, motion) but minimal in others. moreover, interdisciplinary approaches have extended whorfian inquiry into the domains of anthropology and literary studies, particularly through the lens of narrative. ethnopoetic analysis, as pioneered by dell hymes (1981), has revealed how oral traditions encode culturally distinct temporal and causal logics. these findings suggest that linguistic relativity is not limited to individual cognitive tasks but is deeply embedded in collective cultural expressions and narrative forms. 3. methodology this study employs a dual-method approach that integrates both experimental linguistic data and ethnopoetic narrative analysis in order to examine the influence of language on temporal cognition and cultural behavior. the methodological framework is grounded in interdisciplinary principles drawn from cognitive psychology, anthropological linguistics, and discourse analysis. by juxtaposing controlled empirical findings with qualitative insights from indigenous oral traditions, this approach offers a multidimensional evaluation of the whorfian hypothesis. 3.1 experimental linguistic analysis: temporal metaphors in english and mandarin the first component of the methodology replicates and builds upon experimental research by boroditsky (2001), focusing on how speakers of english and mandarin conceptualize temporal relations through spatial metaphors. english tends to frame time horizontally (e.g., “looking forward to the future”), whereas mandarin incorporates vertical metaphors (e.g., shàng ge xīngqī 上个星期 ‘last week,’ literally “up week”). in this study, a cross-linguistic priming task was designed, involving participants from both language groups. subjects were shown images of objects arranged either vertically or horizontally and asked to identify the chronological sequence of events described in a sentence. reaction times and accuracy rates were recorded using cognitive measurement software to assess alignment between metaphorical structure and temporal reasoning. the goal was to determine whether habitual linguistic patterns result in quantifiable differences in cognitive processing of temporal information, thus offering direct empirical support for the neo-whorfian position. 9 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3.2 ethnopoetic analysis: non-linear temporality in chol narratives to complement the quantitative findings, the second component utilizes ethnopoetic analysis, drawing on the narrative traditions of the chol language, a mayan language spoken in chiapas, mexico. chol was selected due to its unique verbal system and its rich tradition of oral storytelling that often resists linear temporal progression—a feature rarely explored in mainstream linguistic research. the analysis follows dell hymes’ (1981) ethnopoetic framework, which emphasizes the performance-based structure of oral narratives through units such as lines, verses, stanzas, and themes. selected chol folktales, recorded in fieldwork sessions and transcribed with the assistance of native speakers and linguistic consultants, were segmented and annotated for temporal cues, event ordering, aspectual markers, and discourse connectives. special attention was given to:  temporal displacement (e.g., flashbacks, prolepsis)  non-sequential event structuring  repetition and cyclical time framing  aspectual layering (perfective, imperfective, habitual) this ethnographic method allowed for a deep reading of how cultural narratives encode time not merely as a sequential axis but as a culturally resonant conceptual framework. unlike indoeuropean literary structures that prioritize linearity, chol narratives reveal a dynamic, often recursive organization of temporal relations, which in turn reflects broader cosmological and behavioral orientations within the culture. 3.3 integrative comparative design while the experimental tasks provide controlled, quantifiable insights into how language may influence abstract cognitive processes, the ethnopoetic analysis brings cultural and contextual richness that is often missing from laboratory studies. together, the two methodologies allow for triangulation, strengthening the study's claims by validating findings across both cognitive and cultural dimensions. this integrative methodology aims to not only reaffirm the plausibility of linguistic relativity in specific cognitive domains (e.g., temporal reasoning), but also extend its relevance to cultural discourse practices, illustrating how language shapes not just individual cognition but shared ways of understanding and organizing experience. this study adopts a mixed-methods approach that bridges cognitive linguistics and ethnopoetics. the first component draws upon experimental findings comparing mandarin and english speakers’ conceptualization of time. the second component utilizes dell hymes’ (1981) ethnopoetic model to analyze narrative structures in chol, a mayan language spoken in chiapas, mexico. the goal is to understand how narrative organization—through stanzas, verses, and other oral units—encodes temporal perception in culturally specific ways. the ethnopoetic data consists of transcribed and translated chol folktales collected from fieldwork archives. these texts are examined for sequencing strategies, temporal markers, and the interplay between mythic time and causality. by analyzing how time is encoded structurally and semantically in oral narratives, this methodology offers insight into the culturally contingent models of time embedded in linguistic expression. 4. ethnopoetic analysis of chol narratives ethnopoetics, as conceptualized by dell hymes (1981), serves as both a methodological and theoretical lens through which oral narratives can be analyzed not only as linguistic texts but as culturally grounded performances. this framework emphasizes the poetic and structural organization of speech events, offering insights into the communicative norms and cognitive 10 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us orientations embedded within a culture’s narrative tradition. in the context of the present study, ethnopoetic analysis is applied to chol folktales to investigate how temporal perception and event sequencing reflect culturally distinctive models of time. the chol language exhibits narrative practices that diverge significantly from western literary traditions. rather than presenting events in a linear, cause-and-effect sequence, chol folktales often cycle through temporally disjointed episodes that emphasize thematic or moral unity over chronological progression. hymes’ ethnopoetic units—such as lines, verses, and strophes— reveal a layered temporality in which mythic and historical time coexist. these narrative forms suggest an epistemological orientation in which time is not linear but recursive and contextual. the emphasis on cyclical temporality and ritualized storytelling reflects an indigenous cosmology where the past is not fixed but interactively recalled. this structure challenges western models of time and reinforces whorf’s claim that language is deeply implicated in shaping cognitive frameworks. 4.1 linguistic and cultural background of chol the chol language belongs to the western branch of the mayan language family and is spoken by approximately 220,000 people primarily in the mexican state of chiapas (warkentin & kaufman, 1990). chol is notable for its ergative-absolutive alignment, rich aspectual system, and morphologically complex verb forms, which allow for fine-grained distinctions in event structure and temporal orientation. its oral literature—especially folktales, myths, and ceremonial narratives—has been traditionally transmitted through performative storytelling, a key domain where culturally specific temporal logic is both constructed and conveyed. 4.2 non-linear temporality in narrative structure the selected chol narratives for this study were transcribed and annotated in collaboration with native speakers and local cultural experts, following ethical protocols for indigenous linguistic research. these narratives display a remarkable resistance to linear chronological progression, a hallmark of narrative discourse in many western literary traditions. instead, chol storytelling often features:  cyclic temporalities, where events recur with slight variations rather than following a strict linear path.  temporal embedding, in which stories are nested within stories, creating layered timelines that require contextual interpretation.  aspectual recursivity, where completed and ongoing actions are interwoven in a way that defies rigid temporal demarcation. an example from one folktale illustrates how a character’s childhood and old age are described concurrently, using aspectual markers and discourse framing that suggest simultaneity rather than succession. such structural choices are not merely stylistic but reflect a worldview where time is experienced as relational and non-uniform, consistent with indigenous cosmological models emphasizing cyclical renewal and ancestral continuity. 4.3 poetic form and cognitive framing hymes' model divides oral narratives into discrete performance units—lines, verses, stanzas, and sections—each carrying semantic and prosodic weight. in chol narratives, these units often function to emphasize temporally significant events or shifts in narrative perspective. the use of repetition, parallelism, and rhythmic cadence marks pivotal transitions or reversals in the storyline, functioning not only as mnemonic devices but also as cognitive signposts for the audience. for instance, certain lines are repeated with minor variations to suggest a return to a prior temporal state or to signal that time has not advanced but deepened in meaning. this contrasts with indo-european narrative progression, where such repetition might be interpreted as 11 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us redundancy rather than temporal recontextualization. the non-linear layering of events in chol storytelling thus provides empirical support for the whorfian hypothesis that language influences habitual thought, particularly in the domain of temporal cognition. 4.4 implications for linguistic relativity the chol ethnopoetic data substantiate the argument that linguistic structures are not merely tools for conveying thought but frameworks that shape and constrain it. the preference for recursive, layered, and cyclic temporality suggests that speakers of chol do not internalize time as a unidirectional continuum but as a culturally constructed and dynamically experienced phenomenon. these findings extend the discussion of linguistic relativity beyond experimental laboratory settings and into real-world discourse practices, affirming that language profoundly mediates how communities understand temporality, causality, and the nature of lived experience. in contrast to languages like english or mandarin, where time is often objectified through spatial metaphor, chol reveals an embedded temporal logic that resists abstraction and instead reinforces relational and experiential dimensions of time. this ethnopoetic evidence, therefore, not only reinforces but deepens whorf’s original insights, demonstrating that linguistic relativity encompasses both cognitive mechanisms and cultural worldviews encoded in narrative form. 5. discussion the findings of this study underscore the multifaceted nature of linguistic relativity, demonstrating that language influences temporal cognition and behavior through both cognitive and cultural mechanisms. by synthesizing evidence from experimental psychology and ethnopoetic analysis, this section highlights the complementarity of methodologies and the broader implications of the whorfian hypothesis in understanding human cognition and diversity. 5.1 bridging experimental and ethnographic perspectives experimental studies, such as those conducted by boroditsky (2001), have convincingly demonstrated that linguistic differences in temporal metaphors correlate with measurable differences in cognitive processing. mandarin speakers, who often use vertical spatial metaphors to conceptualize time (e.g., "up month" for next month), tend to think of time vertically, in contrast to english speakers who default to horizontal conceptualizations (e.g., "looking forward to the future"). these findings provide empirical evidence that supports whorf’s idea that habitual language use can influence non-linguistic thought. however, while such experiments offer clarity and control, they often lack the cultural depth necessary to understand how linguistic structures are embedded in broader social and philosophical systems. this is where ethnopoetic analysis provides indispensable value. the examination of chol narratives reveals that temporal cognition in this community is not only linguistically distinct but also culturally situated. the non-linear sequencing and recursive temporal structures in these narratives reflect a worldview in which time is relational, cyclic, and often spiritually interconnected with nature and ancestry. thus, this dual approach—combining experimental data with ethnographic textual analysis— presents a more holistic framework for evaluating the whorfian hypothesis. it allows researchers to appreciate not only the measurable cognitive effects of language but also its role in shaping cultural epistemologies. 5.2 reconciling linguistic relativity with universal cognition one of the principal criticisms of linguistic relativity, notably by steven pinker (2007) and john mcwhorter (2014), is that core cognitive faculties are universal, biologically determined, and not significantly altered by language. these scholars argue that while language may influence superficial aspects of cognition (such as metaphorical framing or reaction times), it does not fundamentally change how humans perceive reality. 12 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us this study does not seek to deny the existence of universal cognitive capacities. rather, it affirms that within these universal frameworks, language modulates cognitive emphasis, guiding attention, framing experiences, and shaping culturally meaningful patterns of behavior. in this sense, linguistic relativity does not imply cognitive incommensurability but instead posits that language acts as a filter through which cognition is contextualized and prioritized differently across cultures. the chol ethnopoetic data, for instance, does not suggest that speakers are incapable of understanding linear time. rather, it shows that they culturally prefer and valorize alternative temporal logics, such as cyclical and event-relative structures. similarly, mandarin speakers can conceptualize time horizontally, but their default mode is influenced by the linguistic metaphors prevalent in their native language. this situational and habitual nature of thought supports a weak-to-moderate interpretation of the whorfian hypothesis, which remains scientifically defensible and empirically verifiable. 5.3 toward a multidimensional model of language-cognition interaction the convergence of findings across disciplines—linguistics, anthropology, and cognitive psychology—points toward the need for a multidimensional model of how language and thought interact. such a model must account for:  linguistic encoding (e.g., grammatical and metaphorical structures)  cognitive biasing (e.g., attention and categorization preferences)  cultural narrative frameworks (e.g., ethnopoetic conventions and worldview) together, these dimensions suggest that linguistic relativity should be understood not as a binary proposition (language determines thought or it does not) but as a gradient phenomenon, operating differently across linguistic communities, cognitive domains, and cultural contexts. by examining both mandarin-english contrasts and chol narrative traditions, this study illustrates that the impact of language on temporal cognition is neither trivial nor uniform. instead, it is a complex interplay of language, culture, and cognition, where each domain amplifies and shapes the others. 6. conclusion this study revisited the whorfian hypothesis through a cross-disciplinary lens, integrating empirical findings from cognitive linguistics with ethnopoetic analysis to investigate how language shapes temporal cognition and cultural behavior. the dual focus—on experimental research comparing mandarin and english temporal metaphors and on the narrative structure of indigenous chol folktales—provides robust evidence that language does more than encode experience: it frames perception, organizes knowledge, and influences habitual patterns of thought. the experimental data reaffirm the claim that linguistic metaphors are not merely rhetorical devices but cognitive tools that guide spatial-temporal reasoning. mandarin’s vertical temporal constructions orient speakers to think of time in ways distinct from english speakers, whose horizontal metaphors foster different mental models. these findings echo the foundational claims of benjamin lee whorf (1956), while also aligning with modern neo-whorfian studies that emphasize language’s role in shaping attentional and representational biases. equally significant is the contribution of ethnopoetic analysis, which offers a deeper, culturally embedded perspective on the relationship between language and cognition. the non-linear temporal structures in chol folktales reveal that alternative narrative logics—grounded in indigenous cosmologies and oral traditions—can challenge dominant western models of chronology and causality. this dimension of analysis reinforces the notion that language influences not only how individuals process time cognitively but also how they situate themselves within cultural-historical narratives. 13 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us taken together, these perspectives suggest that linguistic relativity should be understood not as a deterministic or universal claim but as a nuanced, context-dependent framework. language influences cognition in measurable and meaningful ways, particularly in domains such as time perception, narrative structure, and cultural identity. as such, the whorfian hypothesis remains a valuable heuristic tool for exploring the diversity of human thought and expression. future research should further explore these intersections across more languages and cultural contexts, employing both experimental and interpretive methodologies. particularly, underrepresented and endangered languages—many of which preserve unique cognitive frameworks and temporal systems—deserve increased scholarly attention. in so doing, the field can move toward a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of the intricate relationship between language, thought, and behavior. references 1. boroditsky, l. (2001). does language shape thought?: mandarin and english speakers' conceptions of time. cognitive psychology, 43(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0748 2. hymes, d. (1981). in vain i tried to tell you: essays in native american ethnopoetics. university of pennsylvania press. 3. mcwhorter, j. (2014). the language hoax: why the world looks the same in any language. oxford university press. 4. pinker, s. (2007). the stuff of thought: language as a window into human nature. viking. 5. whorf, b. l. (1956). language, thought, and reality: selected writings of benjamin lee whorf (j. b. carroll, ed.). mit press. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0748 142 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 5, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 does artificial intelligence cause unemployment or create new opportunities? abdusamatov sanjarbek tashkent university of information technologies, samarkand branch di24-07 student group boynazarov ilhom scientific supervisor, tashkent university of information technologies, samarkand branch di24-07 student group abstract: this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market and professions, the disappearing jobs and emerging new job opportunities, human-ai collaboration, as well as the development of digital technologies in the context of uzbekistan. keywords: artificial intelligence, jobs, automation, digital technologies, ai, uzbekistan, occupational change, digital literacy, technological revolution. introduction our time is called the era of technological revolution. it is no secret that advances in digital technologies, especially in the field of artificial intelligence (ai), are causing fundamental changes in the history of mankind. today, many tasks that were previously only possible for humans are being automated through ai: making medical diagnoses, driving cars, writing texts, and even analyzing court decisions. however, along with this progress, a major concern has arisen: “will ai leave us unemployed?” or, on the contrary, will it open up new horizons, new professions, and new opportunities for humanity? this article will cover this question in detail: we will consider what jobs ai is taking away, what new ones it is creating, what skills people need to have, and how uzbekistan is preparing for this process. benefits of artificial intelligence for humans 1. increase work efficiency ai can automate simple and repetitive tasks. this allows people to do complex and creative work. 2. assistance in medicine artificial intelligence helps in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases in medicine with high accuracy. for example, when analyzing x-ray or mri results, ai systems reduce human errors. 3. create opportunities in education ai-based curricula adapt to the individual needs of each student, therefore increasing educational efficiency. 143 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 4. improve quality of life intelligent systems in the home and workplace (for example, smart homes, voice assistants) make people's daily lives easier. 5. creating new professions and opportunities ai technologies are leading to the emergence of new jobs and professions for example, in the fields of data analysis, ai programming, robotics. 6. fast and efficient data analysis ai can quickly and efficiently analyze large volumes of data, helping people make important decisions. 7. security and emergency assistance ai systems increase the ability to monitor security, prevent crime, and respond quickly to emergencies. artificial intelligence and disappearing professions it is known from history: each technological revolution “makes” a number of professions “obsolete”. for example, in the 19th century, the industrial revolution replaced the manual work of weavers with machines. similarly, today's ai revolution is putting a number of professions at risk. manufacturing and service industries ➢ many ordinary workers are becoming redundant due to automated factories. ➢ cashiers and operators are being replaced by self-service kiosks and chatbots. ➢ the threat to taxi drivers is autonomous (self-driving) cars. ➢ bank employees, advertising specialists, customer service representatives ai can work in these areas faster, more accurately and cheaper. according to the mckinsey global institute, 400-800 million people may lose their jobs by 2030 due to artificial intelligence. new jobs created by artificial intelligence however, technologies do not only destroy they also have the power to create. each new technology brings new needs, new professions, new opportunities. ai is no exception. new professions and roles: ➢ ai engineers, data scientists, machine learning specialists ➢ prompt engineer a specialist in asking questions to ai models, optimizing results ➢ ai ethics experts a profession that monitors whether ai decisions are fair and do not lead to discrimination ➢ cybersecurity specialists identifying and preventing risks based on ai also, specialists who can work with artificial intelligence will be needed in many areas: in medicine, marketing, logistics and transport, education. freelance and remote work opportunities: with the help of artificial intelligence, anyone can create their own brand: design, video editing, copywriting, translation, coding now all of them are done much faster with the help of ai. as a result, new startups, freelance formats, and online professions are emerging. 144 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us humans and ai – not competitors, but partners will ai completely replace humans? no. because artificial intelligence specializes in solving problems in a specific area. humans, on the other hand, have qualities such as creative thinking, moral judgment, intuition, and adaptability. collaboration model: ai will not “replace” humans, but will rather assist them. for example: ➢ a doctor — increases accuracy with the help of ai, but still makes decisions on his own. ➢ a teacher — creates individual lesson plans using ai, but only he has human understanding and motivation. ➢ a writer or journalist — quickly collects facts based on ai, but the plot and style are the product of creativity. in the context of uzbekistan: a threat or an opportunity? active work is being carried out in uzbekistan to introduce artificial intelligence within the framework of the “digital uzbekistan – 2030” strategy. according to presidential decrees, ai technologies are being introduced into such areas as education, healthcare, justice, and public services. current trends: ➢ the number of it schools and universities is increasing future specialists are being trained. ➢ a national strategy for ai is being developed. ➢ local startups (for example: oneid, imkon.uz) are providing services based on ai. ➢ to take advantage of these opportunities: ➢ young people must have technical and digital literacy. ➢ soft skills critical thinking, communication, flexibility will become even more important. ➢ lifelong learning the main motto of the new era. conclusion artificial intelligence is not only a threat, but also a storehouse of opportunities. it automates simple tasks, but it cannot compete with human capabilities for logical thinking, ethical decisionmaking, and creativity. if someone develops himself, keeps up with the times, ai will become an assistant. but if someone stops at one place, technology can take his place. therefore, the time has come to learn to work with artificial intelligence, not compete with it. references 1. official documents and strategies the “digital uzbekistan – 2030” strategy and related presidential decrees and resolutions. these documents provide detailed information on the plans of the government of uzbekistan to use artificial intelligence and digital technologies and create jobs. 2. scientific articles and research publications on information technologies of tashkent universities and other higher educational institutions in uzbekistan. for example, scientific journals of tatu, national university of uzbekistan on artificial intelligence, automation, labor market analysis 145 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 3. books and monographs in uzbek books and textbooks in uzbek on the topic of “digital economy and artificial intelligence”. 4. mass media and blogs in uzbek articles and reviews published on major uzbek news sites such as daryo.uz, kun.uz, uza.uz. 5. interviews, articles of uzbek scientists and experts articles and interviews written by experts, professors, and scientific researchers in the it field of uzbekistan. 6. boynazarov i.m., umarov e.d. formation and evaluation of the knowledge base for distance learning platforms. monograph. samarkand, “fan ziyosi” publishing house, 2024. -88 p. isbn: 978-9910-743-36-8. 7. boynazarov i.m., u. tudevdagva, g. safarova and r. rakhmonova "the evaluation result based on the sure model: case of samarkand branch of tuit," 2024 international symposium on computer science and educational technology (iscset), lauta/laubusch, germany, 2024, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/iscset58624.2024.10808019. 8. boynazarov i.m. adaptivnye mentody otsenki kachestva obrazovatelnogo contenta. // prikladnoy iskussvennyi intellektj perspective and risk: mejdunarodnaya nauchnaya conference (spb., october 17, 2024): sb. doc. spb.: guap, 2024. 139-143–p. isbn 978-58088-1975-7, doi: 10.31799/978-5-8088-1975-7-2024 financial reporting is the conceptual basis of international standards skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published october 9, 2024 | version v1 journal article open financial reporting is the conceptual basis of international standards creators eshpulatova zaynab baratovna baxodirov azizjon baxodirovich turabekov bekali shavkat ugli files 27-29+financial+reporting+is+the+conceptual+basis+of+international+standards.pdf files (730.7 kb) name size download all 27-29+financial+reporting+is+the+conceptual+basis+of+international+standards.pdf md5:b4d29990b095e0f5fce2bb435262c9be 730.7 kb preview download 29 views 29 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 29 29 downloads total downloads 29 29 data volume 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created november 2, 2024 modified november 2, 2024 jump up about about policies infrastructure principles projects roadmap contact blog blog help faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 101 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e): 2993-2157 english imperialism in the ottoman empire in the late 19th – early 20th century allamuratov anvar alisher uly student of karakalpak state university allamuratovanvar580@gmail.com annotation: this study explores the political, economic, and cultural impact of british imperialism on the ottoman empire during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries — a period marking capitalism’s transition to its imperial phase. using historiographical analysis and documentary evidence, the article examines how great britain employed financial instruments, diplomatic alliances, and cultural discourse to extend its influence over the weakening ottoman state. it reveals that british control operated primarily through indirect economic dependence, exemplified by debt commissions, the acquisition of suez canal shares, and the annexation of cyprus. the research also highlights the interplay between imperial strategies and orientalist narratives that justified british hegemony under the guise of modernization and reform. the tanzimat reforms, the crimean war alliances, and the treaty of sèvres are analyzed as turning points illustrating the transformation of ottoman sovereignty. the findings demonstrate that british imperialism not only reshaped the political geography of the middle east but also contributed to the ideological foundations of modern turkey’s emergence from the ruins of the ottoman order. keywords: british imperialism, ottoman empire, orientalism, informal empire, economic dependency, tanzimat reforms, suez canal. introduction. the history of the ottoman empire spans over six centuries, and primary documents on the empire's relations with other powers can be found in the archives of thirty-nine states. while the empire's historiography was previously based primarily on the analysis of the ottoman empire's military victories and defeats, modern approaches view it from a broader perspective that includes the social dynamics of territorial growth and collapse, as well as the study of economic factors and their role in the empire's eventual stagnation and decline. this article proposes to examine the influence of british imperialism on the development of the ottoman empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. the "eastern question" is a major aspect of international politics that includes issues of armed conflict during the collapse of the ottoman empire. such major imperialist powers as england, russia, and france showed interest in this region. this interest was due to the precarious position of the ottoman empire, caused by the crisis phenomena in the economy, issues of national policy, etc. although the ottoman empire had already begun to lose its power and authority, having received the characteristic in international politics as "sick europe", nevertheless it retained its importance for the strong european states, as it maintained the balance of power in europe after the napoleonic wars. in http://www/ mailto:allamuratovanvar580@gmail.com 102 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us addition to the napoleonic wars, the ottoman empire had to participate in the crimean war, the greek war of independence during this period. the continuing collapse of the ottoman empire led to two wars in the balkans, in 1912 and 1913, which in turn became the prelude to the world war. methodology of the problem historians of british imperialism in the middle east date back to 1798, when napoleon invaded egypt. worried that france would block britain's access to the eastern mediterranean and thereby threaten vital trade routes to india, the british navy collaborated with the ottoman authorities to expel french troops from egypt. from this episode until decolonization in the mid-twentieth century, british policy in the region reflected the interplay of great power rivalry and the balance of strategic and economic interests. this paper examines the main trends in imperialist policy in the middle east. it examines four major periods of interaction in which britain influenced the ottoman empire, changed the political map of the region, and claimed new territories under the guise of mandates [4, p. 198]. the british and ottoman empires' relations with each other for much of the 19th century could best be described as cautious and diplomatic. successive british governments in that century were reluctant to directly intervene in the middle east unless british interests were threatened. a good example of this was when napoleon briefly invaded egypt in 1798–1801, the british navy assisted the ottomans by sinking a french fleet off the coast of egypt. this had more to do with britain not wanting france to establish colonies in north africa than with any real desire to support the ottomans. britain again joined forces with the ottomans in 1854–56 to fight the crimean war against russia. this time, britain was concerned that russia would take territory from the ottomans in eastern europe. such alliances were the first time in history that a muslim and christian empire had joined forces to fight other christian states for political purposes. during the crimean war, sections of the british press were outraged that the country had joined forces with the "infidel turks" to fight their fellow russian christians. the focus of britain's attention was the colony of india. by the second half of the 19th century, all of india was under british control. queen victoria of england had been proclaimed "empress of india" in 1876 by the then british prime minister benjamin disraeli. britain was at the height of its industrial revolution, and its trade with india, especially cotton, had contributed to this success. no one, muslim or christian, was allowed to interfere with this arrangement. the middle east, as the gateway to india by land or sea, was therefore a very important part of the world for britain. before tracing the rise of british influence in the middle east after 1798, it is necessary to look at the antecedents of british involvement in the region, as well as the political and economic state of the ottoman empire and iran on the eve of britain's rise. english merchants, who were actively penetrating the eastern markets, managed to obtain some kind of commercial privileges to trade in the ottoman empire and later in iran as early as 1580. they were called capitulations, from the latin capitulas, they referred to certain chapters of the agreements, but were later revised several times. they proved to be an important basis for a number of extrajudicial and fiscal rights that the british continued to enjoy in the middle east until the beginning of the twentieth century. the financial cooperation between england and the ottoman empire in the 16th century created the conditions for the development of conditions for the spread of economic and cultural imperialism on the part of great britain. since english literature became popular among the turks, it was disseminated in the form of travelogues, various histories and plays. these representations formed the early subject of what literary scholar edward said called orientalism, that is, a set of stereotypical images of the islamic east that western powers later used to justify their expansion in the middle http://www/ 103 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us east. the accumulated literary and artistic representations of an exotic, despotic east, retrograde and depraved, also served as the background against which british writers of the late 19th century constructed an image of the british national and imperial character as rational, modern, moral and strong. the attempt to somehow rectify the situation, to reform the system, ended in failure. by the beginning of the 19th century, english domination in india was finally established. muslim countries, in one way or another, experienced various kinds of dependence on england. the exception is the saudi regime in the central part of the arabian peninsula, since this country can be said to have avoided any dependence, but even there, oil exploration, which began in the 1930s, led to european intervention. in the 19th century, westernization and islamic activism coexisted and competed [7, p. 58]. by the early 20th century, secular ethnic nationalism had become the most common mode of protest in the islamic world, but the spirit of islamic reconstruction also persisted, either in conjunction with secular nationalism or in opposition to it. the problems of the development of the ottoman empire by the end of the 18th century, when great britain was ready to strengthen its primacy in the middle east, the ottoman empire had already begun to suffer military losses to austria, russia, and france and to lose territory on its outskirts, such as hungary and the crimea. at the same time, iran, which had recently been united under the qajars, was vulnerable to russian penetration. great britain, however, ranks alongside france and russia among the so-called "great powers" [2, p. 14]. ultimately, great britain was arguably the most important of these powers in shaping the political destiny of the region. after 1798, the protection of the borderlands of northwestern india became the most important issue in british policy in iran. britain was initially concerned about a possible french invasion of india via afghanistan and iran, but this threat had dissipated by the time the napoleonic wars ended in 1815. in iran's northern holdings in the caucasus (present-day armenia, azerbaijan, and georgia) by asserting its authority over the caspian sea and the central asian region. neither britain nor russia wanted the other to seize control of iran, because the region was strategically valuable to both. competition with other rising european imperial powers also pushed britain into closer involvement with the ottoman empire, which british sources of the time portrayed as the "sick man of europe" that needed to be supported. the british placed great importance on preserving the integrity of their borders to prevent wars and rivalries for influence among the great powers themselves. of particular concern to british policymakers were the ottoman territories in the balkans, where nascent local nationalist movements, coupled with the imperial ambitions of russia and austria, threatened the stability of the region. twice, during the crimean war (1854–56) and the russo-turkish war (1877–1878), britain formed alliances with the ottoman turks to prevent russian intervention [14]. britain used both occasions to its advantage. in 1856, for example, britain helped influence the ottoman sultan to issue the famous humayun edict (one of the signature measures of the mid-19th-century ottoman tanzimat, or reformist period), which proclaimed religious equality between muslims, christians, and christians, jews. in theory, if not in practice, this edict reversed the traditional islamic imperial assumption of muslim hegemony over non-muslim subjects [8, p. 352]. at the same time, the british managed to convince the turkish authorities to give them the island of cyprus for a naval base. and this in turn helped the british to some extent to establish control over the island, which remained until 1960 and outlived the ottoman empire itself by forty years. as for the banking system, in the 1870s, ottoman politicians in istanbul and their colleagues under http://www/ 104 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us khedive ismail in egypt began to receive loans from european enterprises, in particular english and french, to carry out westernizing and modernizing reforms. when the loans came due in 1875, the governments of the ottoman empire and egypt were unable to pay. hoping to raise the necessary funds, the egyptian government unsuccessfully sold its 44% of the shares of the suez canal company, which ended up in the hands of the british. at the moment when the ottoman and egyptian treasuries declared bankruptcy, the british and french introduced joint commissions on the national debt in order to be able to exercise control and guarantee payments from istanbul and cairo [1, p. 39]. in essence, these measures meant the loss of ottoman and egyptian economic sovereignty. great britain, like france, influenced the destabilization of the ottoman empire, and also formed a political leadership that was beneficial to itself, which later influenced the collapse of the empire, which led to the formation of new national states. during the san remo conference in 1920, france and england ensured the substantial implementation of the sykes-picot agreement during the war. the san remo conference separated the arab provinces from the ottoman empire and allocated spheres of influence to france and great britain, indicating the outlines of the country's borders. an important event after the end of world war i was the signing of the treaty of sèvres in 1920. the treaty had a decisive effect on the collapse of the ottoman empire. it transferred the ottoman region of thrace to greece and secured french and italian interests in railways and coal mining. it also confirmed british and french control over the region's finances (since the empire's debts were still outstanding at the end of the 19th century) [3, p. 56]. however, turkish-speaking nationalists led by an ottoman war veteran named mustafa kemal (later called ataturk, or "father of the turks") gathered to prevent the treaty from being implemented and set up a counter-government in the central anatolian village of ankara. these resisters, who declared the emergence of a new state, the turkish republic, on the political scene in 1920 and the end of the ottoman regime, succeeded in achieving international recognition for the new country, turkey, and in preventing the full implementation of the treaty of sèvres. the impact of british imperialism on the ottoman empire this overview of british imperialism in the middle east focuses on the political and diplomatic history and the decisions of government policymakers. however, it is important to note that the british in the middle east included not only government officials but also missionaries, travelers, soldiers, traders, archaeologists, and many others—a diverse group of historical figures who exerted cultural, political, and economic influence. [6, p. 184] moreover, as historians increasingly recognize, the cultural and social influences were mutual. british government officials during the imperial era may have had the power to dictate or otherwise alter the political destinies of the middle east, but colonial encounters with the middle east and other parts of the empire had a significant impact on british society, culture, and national identity. like britain's imperial growth elsewhere, its expansion into the middle east was not achieved without conflicts, both with the local population and with other european powers. indeed, given the region's complex structure and its vital strategic location, these conflicts were particularly severe. fears that turkey would collapse, leaving a power vacuum, meant that british attention was focused on this part of the world long before it assumed a direct role on the ground. concerns about russian ambitions in the area led to a series of clashes in the 19th century. however, britain's greatest rival, as was often the case, was france. [13] the well-known history of anglo-french colonial confrontation is central to both countries' histories and is particularly vivid in the middle east. during the tanzimat period, which means reorganization in turkish, which lasted from 1839 to 1876, many significant changes were made: a modern conscript army was organized; http://www/ 105 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us the banking system was reformed guilds were replaced by modern factories. economically, the empire had difficulty repaying loans to european banks, while at the same time it faced military problems in defending itself from foreign invasion and occupation in egypt, for example, it was occupied by the french in 1798, and cyprus was lent to the british in 1878 in exchange for british support at the berlin congress after the ottoman empire's defeat in the war with the russian empire in 1877-1878. after turkey made visible changes in diplomacy and military policy, the empire ceased to act alone in conflicts. the ottoman empire now finds itself in conflicts in alliance with powerful european powers such as england, france, holland, etc. from napoleon's egyptian campaign to the construction of the suez canal and france's desire to play a role in protecting the holy sites in palestine, anglo-french tensions never fully subsided. the establishment of the british protectorate in egypt in 1882 also did not allay its concerns about french influence in the region. indeed, the clash at fashoda was typical of britain's desire to expand its position into the surrounding areas in order to guarantee the security of the suez canal. this rivalry in the middle east continued after 1918 and continued to poison anglo-french relations for years to come. [5, p. 2]. thus, the middle east was never formally part of the british empire. already by the end of the 19th century, british statesmen saw it as a region of vital interest to the empire, and increasingly so as turkey declined. the construction of the suez canal (1859–69) opened up a new and strategically important route into the empire in the east. elsewhere, the discovery of oil in iran in 1908 added to london’s growing attention to the region. in july 1918, britain assumed a more formal role, although not full colonial control, after the collapse of the ottoman empire in 1918 and its middle eastern territories were divided into league of nations mandates, most of which were granted to the british (in palestine). for all these reasons, the middle east became an important part of the global mosaic of the 'british world'. in 1923, arnold toynbee wrote of the 'tradition of rivalry'. it is therefore not surprising, given the long history of anglo-french problems in the middle east and their almost atavistic mutual distrust, to which were added questions of religion and race, zionism and arab nationalism, that the middle east would become a particularly difficult issue for britain [11, p. 14]. moreover, britain's middle east policy could not be seen in isolation, but was conditioned by, and in turn conditioned by, british policy in europe. the 19th century was a period characterized by the rise of the nationalist movement, a process that also affected the ottoman empire. nationalist sentiments and growing ethnic nationalism became the dominant idea imported from europe. nationalist policy issues were especially important for turkey, as it dealt with them both within its own territories and on the outskirts of the empire. some turks considered external factors to be the culprits of conflicts and did not connect them with issues of domestic political governance. although this era was not without some successes, the ability of the ottoman state to influence ethnic uprisings was seriously questioned. the reforms did not stop the growth of nationalism in the danubian principalities and serbia, which had been semi-independent for almost a decade in 1875 [15]. in 1875, serbia, montenegro, wallachia, and moldova declared their independence from the empire, and after the russo-turkish war of 1877–78, independence was formally granted to serbia, romania, and montenegro, with the remaining balkan territories remaining under ottoman control. in the 19th-century ottoman empire, selective westernization coexisted with a redefinition of islam. the reform program known as the tanzimat, which lasted from 1839 to 1876, sought to emulate http://www/ 106 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us european law and governance by granting all ottoman subjects, regardless of religious affiliation, equal legal status and limiting the powers of the monarch. in the 1860s, a group known as the young ottomans attempted to identify the basic principles of european liberalism, and even love of nation, with islam itself [10, p. 78]. in iran, the qajar shahs introduced a special cossack brigade trained and led by russians, while the shiite mujtahids regarded the decisions of their spiritual leader as binding on all iranian shiites and declared themselves independent of the shah. one shiite revolt, the revolt of the bab, led to the emergence of an entirely new religion, baha. like the young ottomans, shiite religious leaders came to identify with constitutionalism in opposition to the ruler. islamic protest often took the form of jihads against europeans. between 1905 and 1911, religious leaders such as the shiites in iran took part in constitutional revolutions. these activities were based on pan-islamic sentiments that drew on very ancient notions of the ummah (muslim community) as the supreme solidarity group of muslims. three of the most prominent islamic reconstructionists were jamal al-din al-afghani, his egyptian disciple muhammad abduh, and the indian poet sir muhammad iqbal. all warned against a blind pursuit of westernization, arguing that the fault for muslim weaknesses lay not with islam but rather with muslims themselves, since they had lost touch with the progressive spirit of social, moral, and intellectual reconstruction. while al-afghani, who taught and preached in many parts of the islamic state, acknowledged that organization along national lines might be necessary, he considered it less important than muslim identity. he also argued that western technology could advance muslims only if they preserved and cultivated their own spiritual and cultural heritage. he pointed out that muslims had once been the intellectual and scientific leaders of the world, highlighting the golden age under the abbasid caliphate and pointing to the many contributions muslims had made to the west. like al-afghani, iqbal believed that without islam, muslims could never regain the strength they had enjoyed when they were a vital structure in the world, united in a single international community and untouched by linguistic or ethnic differences. this aggressive reclamation of the past became a recurring theme of islamic reconstruction. references: 1. buranok, s. o. war, imperialism and colonies: assessments of the american press // samara scientific bulletin. 2019. vol. 8. no. 1. p. 38-41. 2. gella, t. n. the imperial factor in the discourse of british and russian politicians and intellectuals in the 70s of the xix century // scientific notes of oryol state university. series: humanities and social sciences. 2019. no. 4. p. 13-19. 3. daniel, k. england. history of the country. m.: eksmo; spb.: midgard, 2008. 480 p. 4. mikhailov, v. v. the economic situation of the ottoman empire before and during the first world war and the measures of russia and great britain to weaken the turkish economy // bulletin of st. petersburg university. history. — 2007. — no. 2. — p.191–201. 5. pilnikova, e. a. british diplomacy during the arab revolt of 1916–1918 // problemy nauki. — 2018. — no. 2. — p.1–5. 6. sarabyev, a. v. patience as the art of concealing intolerance, or the muslim brotherhood’s longterm strategy for changing the middle east // contours of global transformations: politics, economics, law. — 2019. — no. 4. — p.183–208. 7. turk, s. n. history of egypt as a british colony / s. n. turk, n. a. mirgorodsky, g. a. kushch // colloquium-journal. — 2019. — no. 26 (50). — p.58–59. 8. turk, s. n. egypt in the colonial policy of great britain / s. n. turk, m. i. kiyashko // the age of science. 2020. no. 24. p. 351-353. http://www/ 107 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. yusupov, i. i. history of the establishment of the first banks in the ottoman empire // synergy of sciences. 2019. p. 1-20. 10. morris, j. the monarchs of england. n-y.: charterhouse, 1975. 457 p. 11. sedgwick, m. britain and the middle east: in pursuit of eternal interests // british journal of middle eastern studies. 2002. no. 2. p. 3-25. 12. informal imperialism in europe and the ottoman empire: the consolidation of the mythical roots of the west // m. diaz-andreu. — url: https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.001.0001/isbn -9780199217175-book-part-12 13. ottoman empire // intellipedia. — url: https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/aclurm045498.pdf 14. the british empire in the nineteenth century // gale. — url: https://www.gale.com/intl/essays/maire-ni-fhlathuin-british-empire-nineteenth-century 15. treaties and friendships: british imperialism, the ottoman empire, and china in the nineteenth century // r. kasaba. — url: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078561 http://www/ the role of religion in shaping social and political movements in the xxcentury: a case study of the role of faith in the civil rights movement skip to main communities my dashboard log in sign up info: zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between dec 22 and jan 4. response times may be slightly longer than normal. published april 1, 2025 | version v1 journal open the role of religion in shaping social and political movements in the xxcentury: a case study of the role of faith in the civil rights movement creators rustam latipov files 23-25+the+role+of+religion+in+shaping+social+and+political+movements+in+the+xx+century+a+case+study+of+t.pdf files (224.3 kb) name size download all 23-25+the+role+of+religion+in+shaping+social+and+political+movements+in+the+xx+century+a+case+study+of+t.pdf md5:9d81beb8b7f490da2101694551cea2eb 224.3 kb preview download additional details dates accepted 2025-04-01 36 views 30 downloads show more details all versions this version views total views 36 36 downloads total downloads 30 30 data volume total data volume 7.2 mb 7.2 mb more info on how stats are collected.... versions external resources indexed in openaire communities 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faq docs guides support developers rest api oai-pmh contribute github donate funded by powered by cern data centre & inveniordm status privacy policy cookie policy terms of use support this site uses cookies. find out more on how we use cookies accept all cookies accept only essential cookies 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 12, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 free legal aid system: legislation, practice and development prospects fayziev khayriddin sirojiddinovich training institute for lawyers under the ministry of justice, associate professor, doctor of philosophy (phd) in legal sciences abstract: the article emphasizes that issues related to the system of providing free legal aid to the population are an important mechanism in the formation of a legal state and civil society, and analyzes opinions on its legal foundations and forms. proposals and recommendations on the prospects for the development of this system are also provided. keywords: free legal aid, state-funded legal aid, legal clinic, rule of law, civil society, legal culture, legal reforms. introduction in our country, the main international documents on human rights have been ratified, which provide for the creation of effective mechanisms for providing free legal assistance to the population.this system is one of the important indicators of the formation of a legal state and civil society in any democratic state, the main task of which is to ensure the full use of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. moreover, the guarantee of the right to receive free legal aid by the state serves to ensure not only legal justice, but also social equality in society. the concept of legal aid as we express our opinion on the issues of “providing free legal assistance to the population” within the framework of this article, it is important, first of all, to clarify the concept of this term, its differences from the term “providing legal assistance.” the term “provision of free legal aid” is not included in the dictionaries as a whole. in the “explanatory dictionary of the uzbek language,”1 the terms “bepul” and “bepul-bebadal” are used, which mean “no money in return, without payment, free”. from this point of view, it can be understood that if we are talking about the provision of free legal aid, then the assistance provided in this case should be free (i.e., not covered by any source). today, even in international documents, the term “provision of free legal aid” is not found in this context.2 developing our thoughts from this point of view, the term free legal aid should mean that legal aid, for example, is provided by a lawyer completely free of charge. however, an advocate carries out their activities by receiving partial or full payment from the state for their services. 1 o‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. ―t.:”o‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi”, 2008. 2 программы управления оон по наркотикам и преступности (унп оон) для государств центральной азии 2015 2021 гг., подпрограммы 2: уголовное правосудие и предупреждение преступности (https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/news/unodc-launches-its-2022-2025-programme-for-central-asia-rus.html ) 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us in many countries, in similar situations, the terms legal aid (australia, great britain, canada) l’aide juridique (canada, france), asistencia legal (argentina, mexico) are used, which in terms of content means legal assistance. this, in turn, means that the legal aid provided is not free, and the fee is covered by the state.3 f.otakhonov4 supported the opinion of scientists who defined legal assistance as “the active professional assistance provided by lawyers in the formation of the legal culture of individuals, ensuring their rights and freedoms, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities at risk of violation or violated.” in our opinion, uzbekistan has also studied the best practices of foreign countries in this area and adopted the law “on the provision of legal assistance at the expense of the state.” this law defines legal aid at the expense of the state as qualified legal aid aimed at protecting the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of individuals, provided fully or partially at the expense of the state in accordance with the procedures and conditions established by this law. at this point, it is important not to confuse the term “legal assistance” with the term “provision of legal services.” observations of the norms of current legislation and the practice of its application show that currently, the concepts of legal aid and legal service are not fully disclosed, and it is very difficult to find in the documents the main features that allow distinguishing the above-mentioned terms. some authors (t. i. ilina, a. i. muranov, d. v. novak, g. k. sharov) note that these concepts do not differ from each other. others, on the contrary, opposed them and tried to justify their position. for example, o. s. ponasyuk believes that everything that falls within the scope of the legal profession is qualified as “legal assistance”, and everything that does not fall within this sphere is “legal services.”5 in our opinion, in this case, the scientist’s views are quite general, and it is noticeable that a clear attitude towards the issue has not been expressed. foreign experience the legal basis for the protection of personal rights and freedoms refers to international and national legal documents reflecting these rights.6 the right of a citizen to legal assistance article 14 (3) (d) of the international covenant on civil and political rights stipulates7 that everyone has the right, on the basis of full equality in the consideration of any charges against him, to trial with his participation and to defense himself or by means of a chosen defense counsel; to be informed of his right to have a defense counsel, if he does not have one; to have a defense counsel appointed to him in any case required by the interests of a just court, and to be guaranteed the free provision of a defense counsel in all cases where he does not have sufficient funds to pay for it. similar views can be seen in the european convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (1950-1955)8, adopted within the framework of the council of europe. the constitution of india specifically provides for the right to receive free legal aid for the purpose of ensuring justice.9 according to it, in the constitution (1949), art. 39a: “the functioning of the state legal system ensures that it promotes justice on the basis of equal 3 программы управления оон по наркотикам и преступности (унп оон) для государств центральной азии 2015 2021 гг., подпрограммы 2: уголовное правосудие и предупреждение преступности (https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/news/unodc-launches-its-2022-2025-programme-for-central-asia-rus.html ) 4 otaxonov f.h..tadbirkorlar huquqlari va yuridik xizmat.. ―toshkent: “adolat”, 2018.-31 b. 5 g‘ulomova a.s. advokatlik faoliyatida yuridik yordam ko‘rsatishni tartibga solish xususiyatlari. https://t.me/ares_uz 6 g‘afurov a.,mo‘minov a.,tillabayev m. inson huqulari. o‘quv qo‘llanma.o‘zbekiston respublikasi adliya vazirligi huzuridagi yuristlar malakasini oshirish markazi, 2012,-181 b. 7 fuqaroviy va siyosiy huquqlar to‘g‘risidagi xalqaro pakt (https://lex.uz/docs/-2640479 ) 8 convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, article 6 (https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng )... 9 hindiston, konstitutsiya (1949), art. 39a. (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/india_2012 ) https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/news/unodc-launches-its-2022-2025-programme-for-central-asia-rus.html https://t.me/ares_uz https://lex.uz/docs/-2640479 https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/india_2012 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us opportunities and, in particular, provides free legal assistance through appropriate legislation or schemes or other means, ensuring that no citizen is denied access to justice due to economic or other disabilities.” a number of un organizations have recommended the adoption of a law regulating the provision of legal aid at the expense of the state, as well as the appointment of a body responsible for coordinating activities in this area. in the usa, great britain, finland, canada, france, germany, sweden, georgia, moldova, russia, and tajikistan, the organization of statefunded legal aid is carried out by separate organizations (centers, bureaus, or councils). provision of legal aid at state expense in our country, the legal basis for the provision of legal aid at the expense of the state has been created, in particular, according to article 29 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, “everyone is guaranteed the right to qualified legal aid. in cases stipulated by law, legal aid is provided at the expense of the state.” according to article 141 of this document, “the bar operates to provide qualified legal assistance to individuals and legal entities.”10 based on the above constitutional norms, in 2023, the law11 “on the provision of legal assistance at the expense of the state” was adopted in uzbekistan. the main goal of the adoption of this law is to create a stable and reliable system for providing legal assistance to individuals at the expense of the state, necessary for the realization and protection of their rights and legitimate interests, guaranteed by the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan and international treaties, ensuring equal access to legal assistance and access to justice. the law defines the basic principles of the system, the main directions of state policy in this area, and guarantees of citizens' rights to legal assistance. at the same time, the opportunities for citizens to receive free legal aid have been expanded by including cases of civil, administrative, and administrative offences in the list of cases for which legal assistance is provided. provision of free legal aid by non-governmental non-profit organizations in accordance with the government resolution12 “on measures for further improving the system of communicating legal information and providing legal assistance to the population,” a nongovernmental non-profit organization in the form of an institution “madad” has been created, the main task of which is to provide free primary legal assistance to citizens, where they will have the opportunity to receive consultations and explanations on legal issues directly and online. the organization’s activities are not limited to providing legal advice, but are also aimed at increasing the legal knowledge of citizens in harmony with socio-political changes in society and popularizing legal literacy by widely involving volunteers in this process. also, “madad” systematically analyzes the legal requests of the population and, based on their results, develops practical proposals for further improvement of law enforcement practice and the improvement of current legislation. in this process, one of the important tasks of the organization was defined as the introduction of best practices of foreign countries, raising the legal awareness and culture of the population through the use of innovative methods. in addition, the legal information portal “advice.uz,” which is maintained by this institution, is regularly updated and serves as an open, reliable, and prompt source of legal information for citizens. the portal has 40 sections related to the legal sphere, which include about 3 thousand content in a number of languages. the number of users of the portal has exceeded 10 million, and the number of daily users is 12 thousand.13 therefore, these tasks of the ngo “madad” play 10 o‘zbekiston respublikasi konstitutsiyasi// https://lex.uz/docs/6445145 11 o‘zbekiston respublikasining “davlat hisobidan yuridik yordam ko‘rsatish to‘g‘risida”gi qonuni // https://lex.uz/docs/6502543 12 o‘zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining qarori, https://lex.uz/docs/4500969 13 fuqarolar bepul yuridik yordam olishi mumkinmi? //http://e-maslaxat.uz/uz/news/1959 https://lex.uz/docs/6445145 https://lex.uz/docs/6502543 https://lex.uz/docs/4500969 http://e-maslaxat.uz/uz/news/1959 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us a special role in the further development of the system of providing free legal assistance to the population in the country, strengthening the rule of law and civil society. from july 1, 2024, a new procedure for providing free primary legal aid to citizens has been introduced as an additional area of activity of justice bodies. this procedure is defined by the decree14 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated may 24, 2024, no. dp-80 is an important step towards strengthening the rule of law and civil society. in accordance with the decree, as a result of the measures currently being implemented by the ministry of justice, legal advisory bureaus of the institution have been established in all district (city) public service centers of the republic in cooperation with the non-governmental non-profit organization “madad.” it is noteworthy that free legal consultations are provided to the population through consulting bureaus, as well as assistance in preparing the necessary procedural documents for pre-trial and judicial settlement of disputes. this, in turn, will strengthen citizens’ confidence in a fair trial, increase their legal culture, and further expand their opportunities for effective protection of their rights. according to the law15 “on advocacy,” a lawyer selected to provide legal assistance at the expense of the state is not entitled to refuse to provide legal assistance to a citizen on the grounds of his insolvency. payment for legal aid provided to a lawyer who has provided legal aid at the expense of the state in the manner prescribed by the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on the provision of legal aid at the expense of the state” is carried out in the manner and amounts established by the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan. according to the law, legal aid at the expense of the state is provided only by lawyers included in the register of lawyers providing legal aid at the expense of the state. the following individuals have the right to receive legal aid at the expense of the state: 1) low-income persons, if they: plaintiffs or defendants in civil cases; applicants for administrative cases; persons who have committed an administrative offence for which an administrative penalty in the form of administrative arrest is provided; there are suspects, accused, defendants, as well as convicts in criminal cases; 2) individuals suffering from mental disorders, when they are provided with psychiatric care in accordance with the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on psychiatric care”; 3) individuals whose rights have been violated, who have applied to the court in connection with a violation of the equality of women and men provided for by the law of the republic of uzbekistan “on guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men”; 4) the suspect, accused, or defendant, if the participation of a lawyer in a criminal case is mandatory in accordance with the criminal procedure code of the republic of uzbekistan. at the same time, it is advisable to include within the framework of this law citizens of uzbekistan abroad (introduction of a system of legal assistance through consulates), victims of violence, certain categories of unemployed, and single mothers (fathers) with many children in need of social protection. 14 o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “ma’muriy islohotlar doirasida adliya organlari va muassasalarining mas’uliyatini yanada oshirish hamda ixcham boshqaruv tizimini shakllantirish to‘g‘risida”gi farmoni https://lex.uz/uz/docs/6937312 15 o‘zbekiston respublikasining “advokatura to‘g‘risida”gi qonuni https://www.lex.uz/acts/54503 https://lex.uz/uz/docs/6937312 https://www.lex.uz/acts/54503 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us provision of free legal aid to the population by legal clinics legal clinics providing free legal aid to the population operate under a number of organizations (higher educational institutions, trade union organizations, etc.). in particular, the legal clinic of the tashkent state university of law provides free legal assistance to citizens, eases their burdens, and also serves to improve the quality of the educational process. in particular, it introduces unique practices for organizing students’ independent learning, meaningfully spending their free time, and improving their practical skills without leaving the university.16 the legal clinic of the law enforcement academy of the republic of uzbekistan also provides free legal assistance to citizens (legal consultations, drafting of applications, etc.). you can receive free legal assistance by submitting an online application to the clinic through the official website (clinic.proacademy.uz) or by visiting in person.17 conclusion the system of providing free legal aid to the population requires unconditional improvement in accordance with the consistent humanitarian policy being implemented in our country. in these processes, it will be necessary to find legal and organizational solutions to some existing problems in the field, such as the shortage of qualified personnel, the difficulty in providing quality services in remote areas, the limited availability of financial resources, the need to constantly improve the legal literacy and culture of citizens, and the incomplete integration of information systems. at the same time, it is proposed to organize regular training courses for legal personnel, develop mechanisms for attracting private sector and international funds in addition to the state budget for sustainable financing of the system, develop mobile and online legal aid services in order to expand regional coverage, as well as strengthen the mechanisms for integrating and monitoring all legal aid services through a single electronic platform. as noted, the system of providing free legal assistance to the population plays an important role in the formation of a state governed by the rule of law and civil society, and also serves as an important step towards establishing social justice, effectively protecting the rights of citizens, and further deepening democratic reforms. references: 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi konstitutsiyasi// https://lex.uz/docs/6445145 2. o‘zbekiston respublikasining “davlat hisobidan yuridik yordam ko‘rsatish to‘g‘risida”gi qonuni // https://lex.uz/docs/6502543 3. o‘zbekiston respublikasining “advokatura to‘g‘risida”gi qonuni https://www.lex.uz/acts/54503 4. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidentining “ma’muriy islohotlar doirasida adliya organlari va muassasalarining mas’uliyatini yanada oshirish hamda ixcham boshqaruv tizimini shakllantirish to‘g‘risida”gi farmoni https://lex.uz/uz/docs/6937312 5. o‘zbekiston respublikasi vazirlar mahkamasining qarori, https://lex.uz/docs/4500969 6. fuqaroviy va siyosiy huquqlar to‘g‘risidagi xalqaro pakt (https://lex.uz/docs/-2640479 ) 7. convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, article 6 (https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng )... 8. hindiston, konstitutsiya (1949), art. 39a. (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/india_2012 ) 16 https://uza.uz/uz/posts/joriy-yil-davomida-tdyuu-yuridik-klinikasi-tomonidan-2-mingdan-ortiq-aholiga-huquqiyyordam-korsatildi-video_548249 17 https://proacademy.uz/uz-cyr/news/view?alias=2221 https://lex.uz/docs/6445145 https://lex.uz/docs/6502543 https://www.lex.uz/acts/54503 https://lex.uz/uz/docs/6937312 https://lex.uz/docs/4500969 https://lex.uz/docs/-2640479 https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/india_2012 https://uza.uz/uz/posts/joriy-yil-davomida-tdyuu-yuridik-klinikasi-tomonidan-2-mingdan-ortiq-aholiga-huquqiy-yordam-korsatildi-video_548249 https://uza.uz/uz/posts/joriy-yil-davomida-tdyuu-yuridik-klinikasi-tomonidan-2-mingdan-ortiq-aholiga-huquqiy-yordam-korsatildi-video_548249 https://proacademy.uz/uz-cyr/news/view?alias=2221 41 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 9. программы управления оон по наркотикам и преступности (унп оон) для государств центральной азии 2015 2021 гг., подпрограммы 2:уголовное правосудие и предупреждение преступности (https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/news/unodc-launchesits-2022-2025-programme-for-central-asia-rus.html ) 10. otaxonov f.h.tadbirkorlar huquqlari va yuridik xizmat. ―toshkent: “adolat”, 2018.-31 b. 11. g‘ulomova a.s. advokatlik faoliyatida yuridik yordam ko‘rsatishni tartibga solish xususiyatlari. https://t.me/ares_uz 12. g‘afurov a.,mo‘minov a.,tillabayev m. inson huqulari. o‘quv qo‘llanma.o‘zbekiston respublikasi adliya vazirligi huzuridagi yuristlar malakasini oshirish markazi, 2012,-181 b. 13. o‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. ―t.:”o‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi”, 2008. https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/news/unodc-launches-its-2022-2025-programme-for-central-asia-rus.html https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/news/unodc-launches-its-2022-2025-programme-for-central-asia-rus.html https://t.me/ares_uz 79 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 career services centre in universities in nigeria: benefits and prospects niyi jacob ogunode department of educational management, faculty of education, university of abuja, nigeria abstract: the implementation of a career service centre (csc) in universities in nigeria has been a topic of interest in recent years. the need for such a center has been driven by the increasing competition and complexity of the global job market. in view of this, this paper is aims to explore the benefits of establishing career services centre in the nigerian universities. a comprehensive analysis of existing literatures on career service centre (csc) in universities in nigeria was done with the aid of systematic review system using secondary data that were collected from print and online publication. the paper concluded that career development, enhanced partnership between universities and private institutions, enhanced employment opportunities and support economic growth and development are the benefits establishing career service centre (csc) in the nigerian universities. the paper also showed that tetfund support, community support, support of international organizations and private institutions are the prospects that will aid the development of the career service centre (csc) in the nigerian universities. based on these findings, the paper recommends that the tetfund which is an agency of the federal government should provide adequate funding for the implementation of career service centre (csc) in the nigerian universities. international orgnizations and private institutions should be directly involved in the implementation of the career service centre (csc) programme. effective capacity programme should be organize for all the universities administrators to aid effective implementation of the career service centre (csc) programme their respective institutions. training should be organize for all the pioneering staff of the career service centre (csc) units. keywords: career service centre, universities, management. 1.0 introduction the university is an organized and planned educational institution designed for the production of high level manpower through active teaching, research and community services. university is also a higher learning institution that focus on national development, training and manpower production via teaching and researching. noun in ogunode (22) noted that the university is the apex of all tertiary institutions. it is expected to make optimum contribution to national development by: intensifying and diversifying its programmes for the development of high level manpower within the context of the needs of national requirements; making professional course content to reflect our national requirements; making all students, as part of a general programme of all-round improvement in university education, to offer general study courses such as history of ideas, philosophy of knowledge and nationalism. for the university education to make significant impact on national development, its research has to be relevant to the national development and its results disseminated to both government and industries. there are three categories of university by ownership in nigeria. these include 80 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us federally-owned universities, state-owned universities and private universities. universities can also be categorized along the courses offered. we have specialist universities that offer particular programmes (noun in ogunode 2022). concern has been raised about the decline in the quality of education in universities, polytechnics and colleges of education. this is evident by the quality of graduates produced by these institutions. for instance, graduates from nigerian universities are faced with problem of unemployment upon graduation. in 2006, the federal ministry of education conducted a large survey involving more than 10,000 online participants to track the products of nigeria’s educational sector. the survey clearly showed a disturbing trend that over 60% of participants were unemployed or under-employed (babalola in noun 2016). this could be attributed to their poor quality as well as mismatch between labour market and higher education curriculum. also, it is well established that the issue of graduate employability has been a major challenge in the nigerian economy, with less than 12% of university graduates securing decent jobs within 18 months of graduation. employers have also long lamented the caliber of graduates being produced in universities and other tertiary institutions, and in order to prepare new graduates for the workforce, they have been forced to implement pre-employment training programs. therefore, with this rate of unemployment and the high number of graduates produced yearly in nigeria, including career services in nigerian universities may reduce the rate of unemployed graduates (funaab 2024). in order to address this problem, the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) introduced career service centers in the 2024 disbursement cycle, it was meant to complement other programs in the nation’s tertiary education system. specifically, the centers were established to provide information for students on trends in the job market, opportunities, and requisite skills as well as linkages with the employment industries including the alumni of the institutions (funaab 2024). the report and recommendations of the national employability benchmarking baseline assessment, which was submitted to the tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) by the international finance corporation (ifc) led to the directive that all universities in nigeria should establish career services centre units in nigerian universities in 2023. the directive have been implemented in all nigerian universities. building on the premise, this paper seeks to explore the benefits and prospects of career service centre in the nigerian universities system. 2.0 literature review 2.1 concept of career service centre a career center is a dedicated department or resource within a university or college campus that provides a wide range of support, guidance, and resources to help students and alumni in their career or skill development and job search efforts. this dedicated department is often part of a school, college or non-profit organization but might also be an independent business or government agency. in career centers, trained career development professionals can help you choose a career path, find and apply for open positions, create a resume and learn skills that employers might prefer in candidates (fulokoja 2025). coal city university career services centre (csc) is a centre that supports students through all stages of their career development in order to enable them to lead meaningful lives and become responsible leaders of tomorrow (coal city university centre 2025). from the above, career services centre in this paper are centres or departments cut out and designed to equip the students and the alumni with up to date skills, knowledge, and opportunities to thrive in labour market. the centres serves as a backbone of students’ career empowerment in the university and is to bridge the gap between the demand for, and the supply of labour in nigeria and globally. the objectives for the establishment of a career centre in tertiary institution are as follows: career advice, school application support, resume and cover letter help, job search resources, networking event and professional development workshop (fulokoja 2025). coal city university 81 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us career services centre (csc) provides the following: facilitating self-assessment and career exploration of our students in order to enable students to develop a clear career objective; empowering our students to make effective career choices from freshmen through alumni; offering high quality trainings, career counselling and coaching in order to meet our students’ individual needs; bringing employers to campus for workshops and on-campus recruitment in order to enhance career related experiences; actively build partnerships with employers to create the best career opportunities for our students (coal city university centre 2025). for funaab (2024), the objectives of cslu includes: 1. mentor students in acquiring information, knowledge, and competencies that enhance individual career development, academic success, and employability; 2. provide students with career coaching through training and workshops; 3. establish platforms and networks for alumni engagements; 4. create pathways for career connections with industries and organizations; and 5. establish connections with companies to investigate the potential for student internships and professional prospects. general functions of cslu the office of the career service and linkages unit, federal university of agriculture, abeokuta gives students the following options; 1. search for industries and employment opportunities for graduates; 2. learn about career and job fairs and employer events; 3. use the units ‘portal and e-library to enroll in online certification classes in career; 4. schedule a one-on-one career coaching session; 5. prepare students for career e-learning pathways; and 6. assist students in getting internship placement, work-study jobs, volunteering jobs, and job opportunities. organizational structure of cslu the unit is under the office of the vice-chancellor and operates three (3) focal areas namely; training/workshops, alumni relations, and industrial linkages. the function and key performances indicators (kpis) of the various focal areas are as follows; a. training and workshop ➢ to organize virtual and physical training and workshops on career development through the student life cycle; ➢ to organize periodic workshops and use interactive tools, and courses for developing practical skills to improve student resumes; ➢ to facilitate students’ reading culture on career advice articles and books to make good career decisions; ➢ to coordinate students taking skill assessments to discover their strengths; ➢ to encourage students to use the unit library, e-books, career-related software, and interactive coaching room b. alumni relations ➢ to facilitate a functional and up-to-date database of the alumni of the university; ➢ to identify the university alumni across the globe in different professional platforms and arrange networking events; 82 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ➢ to synergize and collaborate with the university alumni centre; ➢ to conduct a periodic baseline survey on the post-graduation of funaab graduates c. industrial linkages ➢ develop concrete links and collaborations with industries and organizations for job placements, internships, volunteering jobs, and nysc among others; ➢ connects funaab students to professional bodies and associations; ➢ to arrange the coordination of all collaboration and/or memorandum of understanding with industries and development partners; ➢ to partner with industries/international development partners to organize job/career fairs, career conferences, and employment conferences; ➢ to identify fresh collaboration for the university, students, and the unit; ➢ to collaborate with industries for the establishment of the programme advisory committee for the review of programmes/courses; ➢ to consistently monitor all collaborations to make sure they beneficial and sustainable (funaab 2024). from the above, the functions of career services centres in this paper includes; 1. career services centres is designed to of student’s careers and their employability; 2. career services centers is designed to help students in making right choice of career path; 3. the centre is programmed to provide counselling, guidance, and support to all students as well as give them tools for self-assessment to further support them to identify their interests, strengths, weaknesses and prospects; 3. career centers help to organize and facilitate education programs, workshops, seminars, and other similar programs to equip students with relevant employability skills to assist them search for jobs. 4. career centers provide transition resources by supporting resume building, application processes and interview preparation. 3.0 method the benefits and prospects of career service centre in the nigerian universities system. thee paper is a position paper that adopted a systematic literature review-based method. the method allows to collect and review the related previous literature from various online sources. with the aid of digital platform, the researcher collected secondary information to generate knowledge on this topic from 2015-2025. the position paper followed qualitative narrative design method. the researcher has visited different online sites to collect the previous literature and analyze the literatures on benefits and prospects of career service centre in the nigerian universities system. the previous findings are critically analyzed and presented in different themes as on benefits and prospects of career service centre in the nigerian universities system (adapted from ogunode, 2025). inclusion and exclusion criteria inclusion this output of the literatures on benefits and prospects of career service centre in the nigerian universities system presents an in-depth study and result that can infer conclusion on the topic. the study includes: online publication; conference paper, journals sorted from from reputable international journals such as ceon, elsevier, hindawi, jstor, ieee, learn techlib, sage, nebraska and springer (adapted from ogunode, 2025v). 83 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us exclusion also, the literature review excludes information from edited books, preprints, monographs, information below 2015 and book chapters (adapted from ogunode, 2025). 4.0 result and discussion on benefits of career service centre in universities career development the implementation of career service centers in universities in nigeria is an important factor in shaping the future of education and employment. these centers provide students with valuable resources and assistance in their career development, such as career counseling, resume building, and job search strategies. by having these services available on campus, universities can better prepare their students for the job market and increase their chances of success after graduation. implementation of career service centres in universities in nigeria has been shown to have numerous benefits. it provides students with valuable resources and guidance for their future careers. this includes resume building, interview preparation, and job search techniques. career service centres also offer networking opportunities, allowing students to connect with professionals in their field of interest. the career service center plays a crucial role in the nigerian tertiary education system. as a central hub for students, it provides a range of services that are essential for their academic and professional success. the center helps students develop necessary skills and knowledge for the workforce by offering career guidance, counseling, and job placement opportunities. enhance partnership between universities and private institutions career service centers in universities in nigeria can support students and also benefit the universities themselves. by having a dedicated center for career development, musa, (2022) noted that universities can attract more students and enhance their reputation as a institution that prioritizes the success of their graduates. this can also lead to stronger relationships with employers and alumni, increasing opportunities for internships and job placements for students. he also highlighted the significance of internships, mentorship programmes, and continuous learning as vital components of career development. he also stressed the need for universities to collaborate closely with industries to create opportunities for students to gain hands-on experience and build meaningful connections. enhanced employment opportunities the implementation of career service centres in universities can have a positive impact on the economy of nigeria. by equipping students with the necessary skills and resources to enter the workforce, universities are contributing to the development of a highly educated and skilled workforce. this can lead to economic growth and competitiveness in the global market. career service centres in universities in nigeria has often offer internships and job placement services, increasing the likelihood of successful employment after graduation. the implementation of career service centres has also been linked to improved academic performance and retention rates among students. this is due to the support and guidance provided by these centres, helping students to better navigate their academic and career paths. the critical role of career services in bridging the gap between education and employment. he outlined several key strategies for improving employability, including the importance of developing transferable skills, gaining practical experience, and cultivating professional networks. career services centre provide students and graduates with resources and support to enhance their employability by guiding career planning, resume building, interview preparation, and networking (olajuyigbe, 2024). he noted that employability goes beyond academic qualifications, rather encompasses a wide range of skills and attributes that make a graduate attractive to employers, adding that career services play a pivotal role in helping students and graduates identify these skills and leverage them effectively in the job market. 84 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us support economic growth and development it also organizes workshops and events to help students build their resumes, network with professionals, and prepare for interviews. with the increasing demand for qualified individuals in the nigerian job market, the career service center serves as a vital bridge between students and employers. by equipping students with the necessary skills and resources, the career service center contributes significantly to the overall development of the nigerian tertiary education system and its students. it not only benefits individual students but also plays a crucial role in promoting economic growth and development in nigeria. overall, the existence and importance of a career service center in nigerian tertiary institutions cannot be understated. also, the implementation of a csc in universities will: ➢ provide students with access to various career resources and services. these include resume writing assistance, interview preparation, and job search assistance. with a csc, students would be better equipped to navigate the job market and increase their chances of securing employment upon graduation. ➢ benefit employers. by partnering with the csc, employers would have access to a pool of talented and well-prepared graduates. this would not only benefit the employers but also contribute to the economic growth of nigeria. ➢ benefits of a csc is its ability to address the issue of graduate unemployment in nigeria. with a centralized platform for career resources and services, students would have a better understanding of the job market and be better prepared to enter it. this could lead to a decrease in graduate unemployment and ultimately, contribute to the development of the country. prospects of career service centre in universities in nigeria there are many prospects for the development of the career service centre in universities in nigeria. some of these prospects includes; tetfund support, community support, support of international organizations and private institutions tetfund support the tetfund is an interventional measure of the federal government to tackle inadequate facilities in our tertiary institutions (nairaland, 2013). tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) is one major key research funding agency of the nigerian government. tetfund came into being at a time when the education sector had suffered many years of neglect by successive governments which resulted in large-scale decay of institutional facilities, physical structure, academic teaching and research equipment (eze, 2014). tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) is a government intervention agency responsible for providing supplementary support to all levels of public higher institutions with the main aim of using funding to restore all the lost objectives of higher institutions in nigeria (jumare & muhammad, 2019; echono 2022; ogunode & akuh, 2024). wapmuk and amini (2018) and echono, (2023) noted that the funds disbursed to public tertiary institutions are to be used for the provision or maintenance of: i. essential physical infrastructure for teaching and learning; ii. instructional material and equipment; iii. research and publication; iv. academic staff training and development; and v. any other need which, in the opinion of the board of trustees, is critical and essential for the improvement of quality and maintenance of standards in the higher educational institutions. with tetfund support, the universities career services centre will likely be sustainable and it will also realize her programme. tetfund is ready to provide the full support that will assist the centres to survival and implement it programmes. community support the availability of various communities support from the universities system will also play a critical role in the sustainability of the career service centres in the various institutions. the communities like the faculties, departments, academic planning units and counselling unit will 85 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us provide technical and administrative support for the career service centre to growth and develop in the universities. international organizations are organizations with an international membership, scope, or presence. they tend to operate in many countries of the world. support of international organizations and private institutions another prospects for the development of the universities’ career service centre is the availability and collaboration with international organizations here in nigeria and also the country. according to (ogunniran, komolafe & ogundele 2019) international organizations are organizations with an international membership, scope, or presence. they tend to operate in many countries of the world. international organizations are of two types: non-governmental and governmental international organizations. among key and important international organizations operating in nigeria in terms of activity impact are the world bank, international monetary fund (imf), european union (eu), united nations children’s fund (unicef), united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco) and many others coupled with myriad of non-governmental organizations operating from both home and abroad. they noted that international organizations are of two types: non-governmental and governmental international organizations. among key and important international organizations operating in nigeria in terms of activity impact are the world bank, international monetary fund (imf), european union (eu), united nations children’s fund (unicef), united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco) and many others coupled with myriad of nongovernmental organizations operating from both home and abroad. ogunode, ukozor, cand agbo, (2024) categorizes international organizations into forms such as non-governmental organizations, international development agencies, and foundations, all aimed at providing specialized human services to enhance societal development. non-governmental organizations (ngos) operate independently from governments, undertaking roles ranging from advocacy to project implementation. ngos, whether local or international, aim to provide non-profit services to enhance social, economic, political, and technological development with the host country's consent. ogunode, nwisagbo, ineye-briggs, (2025); ogunode, ayeni, and ogwuche (2023) noted that they provide technical support, financial aids and promote accountability and monitoring system of resources allocation. the direct or indirect involvement and participation of these institutions in the implementation of the careen cervices programme of the universities will help the programme to succeed and develop. 4.1 findings the paper revealed that career development, enhanced partnership between universities and private institutions, enhanced employment opportunities and support economic growth and development are the benefits of implementation of career services centre in the nigerian universities. the paper also showed that tetfund support, community support, support of international organizations and private institutions are the prospects that will aid the development of the career services centre in the nigerian universities. 4.2 conclusion and recommendations in conclusion, the implementation of career service centers in universities in nigeria is of utmost importance. it benefits students, universities, and the economy as a whole. by providing students with the necessary support and resources for their career development, these centers play a crucial role in shaping the future of education and employment in the country. so, the government and the universities communities and private institutions should invest directly on career services centres and ensure the career services centres in the nigerian universities are operating in an optimal level to realize its’ goals. references 1. coal city university centre (2925). coal city university career services centre (csc) https://ccu.edu.ng/index.php/career-service-center/. https://ccu.edu.ng/index.php/career-service-center/ 86 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us 2. daily trust (2024). tetfund: career service centre’s as game changer in nigerian tertiary educationhttps://dailytrust.com/tetfund-career-service-centres-as-game-changer-innigerian-tertiary-education/ 3. echono s.t (2022): accelerating the triple helix new vistas in university administration and curriculum delivery. convocation lecture at nnamdi azikwe university, akwa, 16th march, 2022. 4. echono, s,.t. (2023) funding research in a developing economy. text of 21st convocation lecture of the nigerian defence academy in honour of graduating cadets of 70 regular course and postgraduate students delivered on thursday 14th september 2023 5. eze, b.i (2014). staff training and development: a sine qua none to effective service delivery in nigeria tertiary institutions. journal of international scientific publications: educational alternatives, 1(12), 568-574. 6. federal republic of nigeria (2013). national policy on education. 4th ed. lagos: nigerian educational research and development council. 7. fulokoja.(2025).career-service-center.https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng/administrativedepartment.php?i=6&n=career-service-center. 8. funaab (2024). career services and linkages.https://funaab.edu.ng/section/career-servicesand-linkages-unit/ 9. futa (2025). career services can boost employability, professional development https://www.futa.edu.ng/home/newsd/1037 10. john, r. (2020). benefits of career service centre in universities https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20ac ademic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for %20your%20abstract 11. mark, t. (2022). prospects of career service centre in universities in nigeria https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20ac ademic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for %20your%20abstract 12. ogunniran, m. o, komolafe b,. f., & ogundele a. r. (2019). the impact of world bank and other international organizations on higher education system in nigeria. international journal of education & literacy studies, 77-82 13. ogunode n,. j., ukozor, c,. u, & agbo, r,. c (2024). international organization programmes implementation in nigeria: problems and ways forward. international journal of global sustainable research (ijgsr). 2(3),133-142 14. ogunode, n,. j. & akuh, e,. a (2024). tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) and staff training in tertiary education in nigeria. american journal of open university education, 1(7),48-54. 15. ogunode, n.j., ayeni, e.o. & ogwuche (2023). contributions of international organization to the development of education in nigeria. jurnal ilmiah pendidikan holistik (jiph). 2(4), 345-356. 16. ogunode, n,. j, nwisagbo, a,. e, ineye-briggs, c, a (2025).roles of international organizations in development of green campus initiative in nigeria. american journal of open university education 2, (1),100-107 17. wapmuk, s. & amini, c.m (2018) the impact of tertiary education trust fund (tetfund) in funding public higher education in lagos state. west african journal of open & flexible learning, 7(1), 90-118 https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng/administrativehttps://www.fulokoja.edu.ng/administrativehttps://funaab.edu.ng/section/career-services-and-linkages-unit/ https://funaab.edu.ng/section/career-services-and-linkages-unit/ https://www.futa.edu.ng/home/newsd/1037 https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract https://www.toolbot.ai/apps/ai%20abstracteer?desc=a%20tool%20that%20generates%20academic%20abstracts%20from%20user%20input&placeholder=enter%20a%20topic%20for%20your%20abstract 24 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 3, issue 7, 2025 issn (e):2993-2157 entrepreneurial capacity and the survival of small and medium scale enterprises in nigeria needorn richard sorle, nwokolo ugochukwu lucky department of management, faculty of management sciences, university of port harcourt abstract: survival of small and medium scale enterprises (smes) are integral to economic growth and development. not only do they contribute in the gdp growth and employment creation but are the engine of most market driven economies. the identification and recalibration of the catalyst of this very important economic issue and subject is topical in contemporary discourse on the issues of national growth and development. consequent on its importance, lot of scholarly works have been advanced with several postulations and suggestions from and within different context. this study however adopted a some-worth divergent view since it approach the subject of survival of smes from the entrepreneurial capacity perspective. the position and line of thought within the context of the subject matter is that if there is an activation and engagement of entrepreneurial capacity measured by innovativeness, risk taking and pro-activeness, there will be a high chance of the survival of smes in nigeria. survival of smes was measured by adaptability, flexibility and improved customer service. the predictor and criterion variables was examined within the context of technology, thus, technology was the moderating variable. to put the work in context and to give it a direction, ten null hypotheses were structured from the reviewed literature. the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling through the amos package. from the test, results and findings were made upon which we made some recommendations. keywords: entrepreneurial capacity, innovativeness, risk taking, pro-activeness, survival of small and medium scale enterprises, adaptability, flexibilities, improved customer service, technology, structural equation modelling. introduction small and medium scale enterprises (smes) are the engine block of economic growth and development in most market driven economies. they require entrepreneurial skills to operate effectively. entrepreneurship is a process of bringing together creative and innovative ideas, combining them with management and organization skills in order to combine people, money and resources to meet an identified need and thereby create wealth. in order to be successful, an entrepreneur must possess not only the needed skills and strategies but also must operate within the required capacity in order to survive in business (lopes et al., 2021). they are mostly labour intensive and thus create job opportunities. they are also perceived as the key to the growth of developing economics, poverty alleviation and employment generation in general and nigeria in particular, but the unimpressive performance in employment generation in recent years has generated a lot of research interests on their challenges and prospects (campo-ternera et al., 2022). given the role smes play in the economic development with regards to income generation and gdp growth, much emphasis has been laid on the growth of small and medium scale industries 25 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us as a means of reducing the incidence of poverty and unemployment in the country (chhabra et al., 2023). since the adoption of the economic reform program in 1986, there has been a decisive shift in policies and programs that will enhance the growth of this sector. smes has potential for self-reliant industrialization, using local raw materials, providing boost to employment, guarantee even distribution of industrial development and facilitate the growth of non-oil exports (umrani et al., 2022). with this myriad of socio-economic benefits that stream from smes, the survival of smes in the sub-sahara africa in general and nigeria in particular is negligible or phenomenonically retrogressive. this has arouse concern among scholars and thus provoked lots of discourse and plethora of theories and models presumed to underscore this ugly trend. some of the identified problems include but not limited to the following: lack of conception of enterprenuerial capacity at which to base their entrepreneurial business operation; lack of effective entrepreneurship strategies and practical knowledge of intended business (seepana et al., 2021); defective feasibility study; lack of psychological readiness, lack of legal aspect of the business, defective cost estimate of doing the business and facility requirement of the business (towers et al., 2020). consequent on those observed attendant problem presumed to plaque the growth and survival of smes, postulations and suggestion have been advanced by scholars. the plethora of the different extant literatures examined so far shows that the direction of interest of the scholars and thus, their prescription as it relates to the subject matter were basically individualistic, some worth static, restrictive and traditional. while we contest the contentment of these suggested prescription, measures and models for the survival of smes, we are incline to establish here that the experiential knowledge shows that those prescription does not appeal to contemporary managerial strategies as they are mere static means to an end not suitable to rapid changing management practice of a contemporary operation. it is against this backdrop that this study is structured to examine how entrepreneurial capacity can be used to enhance survival of smes. a review of the different postulations and prescriptions so far done shows that one of the least discussed is from the perspective of enterprenuerial capacity. the closer attempt was the works of seepana et al.,( 2021) and towers et al., (2020) were the issues examined were entrepreneurial strategies and defective feasibility study; lack of psychological readiness, lack of legal aspect of the business, defective cost estimate of doing the business. it is based on that line of thought that this work is structured to examine entrepreneurial capacity and survival of smes. the point of divergent of this scholarship from several other works is that it adopts a more holistic approach and suggestively underpin survival of smes on entrepreneurial capacity literature review theoretical framework edward thorndike’s theory of learning and kirzner’s theory of entrepreneurship alertness. the theories of learning propounded by edward l. thorndike. thorndike (1874-1949) is well known for his laws of learning. one of his major laws of learning includes the law of effect. this law states that an act which results in an animal’s experiencing satisfaction in given situation will generally become associated with that situation so that when it recurs, the act will also likely bring that to bear. the idea is that pleasure and pain are consequences of our actions and are important determination of behaviours. we all do those things that give us pleasure and naturally avoid those things that gave us pains. the law of effect was later modified to read the law of exercise. this simply means that satisfying consequences serve to re-in force stimulus response bond. it was further modified to read the law of readiness. this law states that a learner satisfaction is undermined by the extent of his “preparatory set” that is, readiness for action. entrepreneurship development is geared towards skill acquisition. the skills can only be acquired through teaching, learning and practice according to isiaka & dagosta (2001), this is analogous to the theory of vocational education 26 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us which states that training should help the trainee to capitalize his interest and abilities to the highest possible degree. in other words, incorrect experiences will diminish and the correct one get fixed with constant practice. entrepreneurship development is rooted in acquisition of skills and as such, learning cannot be effective by mere watching someone else perform the action. in business education (entrepreneurship development inclusive), we learn to do things by actually doing them. thorndike emphasized the importance of doing and repetition in learning process. this theory also emphasized the elements of motivation. motivation is a learning process which is constantly applied in business education (entrepreneurship education inclusive). this is way by which an individual is energized so as to learn better. when a good decision-making process in the realistic choice of career is given by a mentor to help an individual student understand the process of using private initiative to transform a business concept into a new venture, students would be motivated to embark on entrepreneurship development. reinforcement is one other key principles of learning. reinforcement is a way to encourage what has been learnt in order to make it part of the individual and this is achieved through constant practices. kirzner’s theory of entrepreneurship alertness the theory of entrepreneurship alertness propounded by kirzner israel in 1984 centered on entrepreneurial alertness to available but unnoticed opportunities. kirzner theory believed that an individual is enriched with the trait to acknowledge opportunity waiting to be exploited that others failed to recognize. he further stressed that alertness guides individuals to make discoveries that are precious in the satisfaction of human wants. entrepreneurs through their alertness can discover and exploit situations that can be sold at high prices than that which can be bought at low prices. the theory is relevant to the research because an individual with entrepreneurial skills is expected to have been equipped with mental alertness needed for identifying opportunities that can be transfer to wealth creation thereby creating employment opportunities for him and other citizens. let us examine the dimension of entrepreneurial capacity at this point. entrepreneurial capacity an enterprenueur is one who takes financial risk by setting up business or businesses with the intent of making profit. he creates value, goods and services to people in exchange for financial gains. entrepreneurial capacity on the other hand has to do with the ability of an individual or organization to identify, evaluate and capitalize on opportunities to create commercial of social values in exchange for economic or financial gains. it involves recognizing and transforming new knowledge into economic potentials and continuously adapting to ensure successful, replicable and sustainable implementation. it defines the skill sets and experience and knowledge needed to spot, recognize and exploit opportunities. the availability of the characteristic of the entrepreneur defines entrepreneurial capacity. it can be measured, seen or know through several characteristics. dimension of entrepreneurial capacity within the context of this study the dimensions of entrepreneurial capacity are innovativeness, risk taking and pro-activeness. let us review them in turn innovativeness innovativeness of employees is measured by the propensity by which they innovate in their work (miller and friesen, 2017); their willingness to try new ways which are different from the existing: the enthusiasm to adopt new ideas or new methods to their work operation and the eagerness to implement the innovation strategy in their work (khandwalla, 1987). innovativeness reflects a firm’s tendency to engage in and support new ideas, novelty, experimentation and creative processes that may result in new products, services, or technological processes and which may take the organization to a new paradigm of success 27 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (swiezezek and ha, 2013). it also implies seeking creative, extraordinary or strange solutions to problems and needs. schumpeter (1934) considered employees to be essentially a creative activity and entrepreneur as an innovator who carries out new combinations in the field of’ men, money, material, machine and management. according to him, an entrepreneur is an economic man who tries to maximize his profits by making innovations in any one of the following fields: (1) new products; (2) new production methods: (3) new markets; or (4) new forms of organization. the degree of an entrepreneur’s innovativeness will decide how far and how deep the innovation will go in work in order to meet both the strategic goal formulated for the work and the requirements from the environment (hult, 2014). innovativeness represents a basic willingness to depart from existing technologies or practices and venture beyond the current state-of-the-art (covin el al., 2016). an innovative strategic posture can be linked to firm performance as it increases the chances that a firm will realize first mover advantage, stay ahead of their competitors, gain a competitive advantage and capitalize on emerging market opportunities that lead to improved financial results (kreiseret al., 2012: hult et al., 2014; and kreiser and davis, 2010). in the corporate entrepreneurship (ce) literature, innovativeness is a predisposition to engage in creativity and experimentation through the introduction of new products (rauch et al., 2009). however, innovativeness is broader than new products or services; it may also include processrelated innovations to bring new or improved production or marketing methods, or to apply new kinds of resources. to be part of entrepreneurial behaviour, innovations may include any opportunity deviating from the status quo that would also advance the organization. in the organizational behaviour (ob) literature, the construct of innovative work behaviour captures various behaviours during the process of opportunity identification and exploitation. innovation is therefore defined as the production, adoption and implementation of novel and useful ideas, including products or processes from outside an organization (kanter, 2018). innovative work behaviour is then defined as individual’s behaviour aiming to achieve the initiation and intentional introduction of new and useful ideas, processes, products or procedures (farr & ford, 2015). kanter (2018) postulates individual innovation as a process that begins with problem recognition and the generation of novel or adopted ideas. more recent measures of innovative work behaviour have then captured the different stages of the innovation process, including idea generation, championing and implementation (scott & bruce, 1994 de jong & den hartog, 2010). damachi, (2017), define organizational innovation as the use of new managerial and working concepts and practices. by applying this definition, it is possible to measure not only whether companies have changed their organization (structure and processes) within a defined time period, but also to provide an analysis of the adoption ratios of concrete organizational concepts in different companies and company types (sector, firm size, etc.) and the extent of use within one company. some attempts have been made to cluster and classify different types of organizational concepts under certain categories (e.g., coriat, 2011, wengel , 2010, whittington, 2019). based on these approaches, organizational innovation can be differentiated into structural organizational innovations and procedural organizational innovations. organizational innovation can be further differentiated along an intra-organizational and interorganizational dimension. while intra-organizational innovations occur within an organization or company, inter-organizational innovations include new organizational structures or procedures beyond a company’s boundaries. these comprise new organizational structures in an organization’s environment, such as r&d cooperation with customers, just-in-time processes with suppliers or customers or supply chain management practices with suppliers. intraorganizational/innovations may concern particular departments or functions or nay affect the overall structure and strategy of the company as a whole. examples for intra-organizational innovations include the implementation of teamwork, quality circles, continuous improvement processes or the certification of a company under iso 9000. other categorization will be: 28 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us product innovation (change in the product structure or design), process innovation (change in the procedure or process of doing a particular thing) and market innovation (different approach of marketing or a new sell techniques) calculated risk taking this defines an individual’s willingness and capacity to accept uncertainty and potential losses in pursuit of potential gain or reward. for this characteristic to manifest, the entrepreneur must have both mental and emotional for risk, as well as an understanding of one’s financial capacity to handle potential setbacks. it is a basic characteristic of entrepreneurship. for one to be able to take calculated risk, the entrepreneur must reframe potential failure as a learning opportunity rather than setback and thus must be resilient to overcome all fears of failure. for one to be able to take calculated risk, in essence exude entrepreneurial trait, the entrepreneur must have risk tolerant skill and have the capacity to take the risk. thus, the entrepreneur must have a very high comfort level with uncertainty and high degree of willingness to accept potential losses and a very high ability to absorb potential financial losses. some basic factors that can influence risk taking are: age of the entrepreneur, maturity period of the investment, the volume of the invested fund, the financial base of the entrepreneur, personality trait and attitude. survival of small and medium scale firms organizational survival means that a firm’s business continues to operate in the industry in face of competition and other internal and external environmental turbulences (onuoha, 2007). according to lafferty, (2010), organizational survival and growth are implicit organizational goals requiring the investment of energy and resources. the organization that does not have survival as a primary objective or goal should have a re-think. according to hinkins, (2004) the goals of organizational survival underpins all other goals. paying attention to these goals contribute to the satisfaction and execution of other organizational goals. gross (2018) argued that the concept of survival is an unwritten law of every organization. this suggests that every organization should see survival as an absolute prerequisite to remain in business haman, (2009). organizations attempt to maintain the existing state of affairs, hut essentially the larger part of their efforts is titled towards survival (mindy, 2015). measures of survival of small and medium scale firms measures of survival of small and medium scale firms are adaptability, flexibility and improved customer service. adaptability organizational adaptability according to urieto, (2009) refers to the ability of an organization to alter its strategy, operations, management systems, governance structure and decision-support capabilities to withstand perturbations and disruptions. according to newman, (2014), it is the ability of a system to adapt to change and respond to disturbances .organizational adaptability has been an important topic in organizational learning, organizational change and development. in recent years, the importance of organizational adaptation has been further emphasized due to the increasing globalization processes and technological advances. in fact, it has been argued that organizational adaptation is the key to success for modem organizations harris (2010), and that organizations must adapt or die (wick, 2015). organizations often operate in a changing environment. to survive, organizations have to understand and adapt to such changes (wick, 2015). organizational adaptation can be regarded as the effort by the organization to fit into the environment. organizations, however, can take different forms in their adapting to the environment. organizational adaptation can range from small changes reflected in individual members’ actions to radical overall restructuring on the part of the organization. most of the time, however, organizations tend to have structural inertia (hannan & freeman, 2017), that is, they tend not to change dramatically, even when the environment changes as cited in milliken, (2004). organizations can take a more exploitative form in which they try to refine their current features to adjust to the environment. 29 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us organizational adaptation is often reflected through the change of organization’s knowledge bases, which are also embedded in individual members’ memories and can be updated through learning (hutchins, 2011). organizations use learning as a fundamental action in their response to environmental changes. to adapt successfully, an organization must learn well. researchers have repeatedly linked organizational effective adaptation to organizational learning (lyles, 2014). companies that effectively respond and adapt to change are better able to manage disruption and consistently meet their customers’ expectations. enabling responsiveness relies on the process of identifying, capturing and transforming. adaptability also enhances an organizations ability to mobilize resources in order to seize opportunities. a company’s ability to capture opportunities can be improved in a number of ways. one example is ensuring flexible enterprise technology. flexible enterprise technology allows for integration, scalability and for new functionality to be introduced easily. without this, organizations will constantly be tied-down by their enterprise systems, inflexible systems often need to be replaced, whereas flexible systems can be extended relatively simply. the term organizational adaptability also describes the ability and readiness of an organization to anticipate and respond to external threats and opportunities as well as influence the macro and micro environment in its favour, cope with high impact events and recover quickly, cope with longer lasting periods of difficulties and achieve change in an effective and efficient way (cohen & levinthal, 2011). organizations promote adaptability by valuing agility, and focus on the future, and a systems perspective. they constantly and systematically renew themselves by questioning what markets to serve and what the customers in their markets require, how to make their processes more efficient, and how to engage their employees in change and innovation rather than reacting to change, they deploy processes that help them adapt and grow (mowday, 2009). lind and seigerroth (2007) asserts that organizations need help becoming more adaptive, sensing the need for change and embracing it in order to be the frontrunners today and tomorrow. a state of mind as much as a state of being, adaptability is the theory that will help organizations create enduring success in the knowledge age and beyond. unfortunately, the strategies, structures, processes, and other attributes of many organizations both old and new prevents them from adapting to the forces of change, making it difficult for them to create a better future for themselves and their customers (mcshane, 2009). flexibility flexibility implies the process by which an organization is ready and capable to adapt to new, different and or changing requirements. the dynamical aspects of changes in organizational responsiveness may be explained using the agility and flexibility concepts (mowday, 2009). the literature on organizational change considers flexibility to be one of the dynamic capabilities through which firms confront change (moday. 2009). organizational flexibility is the main capability that enables companies to face environmental fluctuations as it makes the organization more responsive to change. internal flexibility is the capacity of organizations to adapt to the environment, while external flexibility refers to their capacity to influence the environment and thus to reducing their vulnerability (hamel & valikangas, 2013). the term organizational flexibility refers to the overall flexibility of an organization as a system (structure) defined by a set of resources (technology, personnel, financial and knowledge), processes (operations, tasks and routines) and managerial functions (strategizing, organizing, planning, leading and directing) (kotelnikov, 2011). organizations should not only adapt to a changing environment but should simultaneously have the ability to change that environment. being flexible also means changing the organizational environment through actions like innovation, communication and advertisement. 30 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us improved customers service the role of improvement in customer service especially in ensuring business survival cannot be overemphasized (oshodin, 2013). according to rahman (2017) quality and consumer satisfaction have been a crucial role for success and survival in today’s competitive market. the core task of an organization is to retain their customers which can be done by delivering excellent service quality. okafor (2002) cited in nnedu (2010) delivering excellent service is all about providing quality services to external and internal clients, as well as building genuine and open long-term relationship in order to drive up service standards and increase profit. (shine 2011). research reveals that delivering high service quality produces measurable benefits in profit, cost savings, and market share. therefore, an understanding of the nature of excellent service and how it is achieved in organizations has become a priority for research zeithaml (2012). for that, companies need to develop an environment inside the organization that is more prone towards meeting excellent service standards according to customer requirements. success could be achieved only if the internal environment is strong enough to meet the challenges of external requirements moderating factor: technology this defines the application of scientific knowledge to practical goals, often involving the development of tools, method and system. the performance of smes in nigeria shows lack of development and technological innovation, and the factors used to raise their competitiveness are insufficient to solve the presented problems, showing slow progress in competitiveness and productivity (harrison, 2014). according to davies, (2015) smes are the main support of any country’s economy, they contribute to sustainable economic development as well as generate wealth (onuoha, 2012). according to amah, (2012) the importance of technological innovation and its relevance in competitiveness of organizations and economies cannot be overemphasized, the earliest and simplest form of technology is the development of knowledge that leads to the application of basic tools. technologies have their unique importance to human development all through the ages. it has a serious moderating effect between entrepreneurial capacity and survival of smes. while technology can boost entrepreneurial growth, the growth of entrepreneurs has equally ignited the survival rate of smes, thus it is hypothetically assumed there is a granger causality between them regulated by technology. deducing from the reviewed literature on the measures and dimension of the criterion and predictor variables which constitute the subject matter of this research, the following hypotheses were formulated to guide the work in the statistical test: research hypotheses the following null hypotheses are formulated by the researcher as guide to the study ho1: there is no significant relationship between innovativeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho2: there is no significant relationship between innovativeness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho3: there is no significant relationship between innovativeness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho4: there is no significant relationship between risk taking and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho5: there is no significant relationship between risk taking and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. 31 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us ho6: there is no significant relationship between risk taking and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho7: there is no significant relationship between proactiveness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho8: there is no significant relationship between proactiveness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho9: there is no significant relationship between proactiveness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. ho10: technology does not significantly moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial capacity and survival of small and medium scale firms in rivers state. methodology this study adopted a descriptive and cross sectional survey. for the population a total of seventy three thousand, eighty one (73,081) smes were targeted for this study. five thousand (5000) cutting across five industry: fashion, livestock, painting, water packing and bakery was selected for the study. this sample size is much higher than the recommendation based on kredjie and morgan table. the selected smes are registered and spread across the states of the nation (https://www.nigerianstat.gov,ng; https://www.geopoll.com). the different smes who are the same time the respondents were selected at random from the pool of smes from different state but registered with the accredited body at the national level based on convenience. a total of 5000 copies of questionnaires were administered for the study the study is at the organizational level, so all inquiry and investigations are to the owner of the firm. the choice of the firms were strictly based on convenience and accessibilty. choices of respondents were through judgmental sampling technique based on accessibility and convenience. survival of smes is the independent variable, and it is measured using adaptability, flexibility, and improved customer service while entrepreneurial capcity which is our dependent variable is measured by innovativeness, risk taking, and proactiveness. the moderating variable is technology. the data analysis techniques for hypothesis testing is structural equation modeling due to the nature of the study and the structure of the hypotheses. decision criteria for validation and test of significance is at 95% confidence level. descriptive statistics were measured using the mean and standard deviation, used to capture the characteristics of the variables under study via statistical package for social sciences (spss) software version 25. inferential statistics were tested using the structural equation modelling (sem). structural equation modelling (sem) comprises of both a measurement model and a structural model. the measurement model is based on the common factor model (thurstone as cited in dimitris, george, malvina, & demosthenes 2017). sem has been chosen as the main statistical method to test the hypothetical model because of the following justifications: (1) likert-scale ordinal data with large sample sizes tend to have a distribution that is close to normality (hoyle, 2012). altman and bland (1995) demonstrated that if samples consist of several observations, the researcher may overlook the nature of data and use a tool such as sem. (2) the study involves simultaneous analyses of multiple interactions (sarkar, echambadi, & harrison, 2001). gefen, straub and boudreau (2000) submit that sem enables researchers to answer a set of interrelated research questions in a single, systematic, and comprehensive analysis by modelling the relationships among multiple independent and dependent constructs simultaneously. the amos (analysis of moment structure) was used in this study. amos is one of the popular specialized sem software programs (byrne, 2001; 2010; 2012). the amos software was deployed because it has easy-to-use graphical interface and a clear representation of models, and other advantages, such as extensive bootstrapping capabilities (tabachnick & fidell, 2007; bagozzi, & yi, 2012). https://www.nigerianstat.gov,ng/ https://www.geopoll.com/ 32 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 1: sample size industries registered numbers in nig state capital based randomly selected sampled water packaging 23000 20000 1200 livestock 10700 9500 900 paint manufacturing 9500 8130 850 bakery 11200 10100 1000 fashion 13500 12300 1050 total 67900 60,030 5000 source: field data, 2023 therefore, the sample size for this study is five thousand (5000). fig. 1: conceptual framework source: zana and covin (1995); data presentation table 2: number and percentage of questionnaires administered and used no of copies percentage (%) distributed 5000 100 retrieved and utilized 4860 97.2 not retrieved or not used 140 2.8 total utilized 4860 100 source: research data, 2024 from table 2 above, it can be seen that of the five thousand copies of questionnaire (5000) administered, four thousand eight hundred and sixty (4860) copies were filled and returned constituting 97.2% while one hundred and forty copies (140) constituting 2.8% were neither adequately filled nor returned. the filled and retrieved ones were utilized for decision and analysis of the issues in this research. entrepreneurial capacity moderating variable survival of small and medium scale firms innovativeness risk taking pro-activeness adaptability flexibility improved customers service technology 33 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us table 3: analysis of respondents according to industry frequency percentage valid percentage cumulative percentage water packaging 1150 23.66 23.66 23.66 livestock 885 18.21 18.21 41.87 paint manufacturing 845 17.39 17.39 59.26 bakery 965 19.86 19.86 79.12 fashion 1015 20.88 20.88 100 total 4860 100.0 100.0 the results of the analysis reveal that most of the respondents who participated in the study are water packing (44.4%) followed by livestock (25.0%) bakery (18.3) and then finally fashion (11.8%). table 4: construct reliability and validity variable items loadings ave cr ca risk taking rt1 0.81 0.64 0.91 0.845 rt2 0.82 rt3 0.75 rt9 0.82 rt10 0.84 rt11 0.74 innovativeness in1 0.64 0.68 0.93 0.715 in 2 0.86 in 3 0.84 in 4 0.74 in 5 0.91 in 6 0.92 pro-activeness p1 0.84 0.53 0.85 0.643 p2 0.68 p3 0.88 p4 0.65 p5 0.55 table 5 : discriminant validity using fornell-larcker criterion construct 1 2 3 4 1 pro-activeness 0.83 2 risk taking 0.58 0.80 3 innovativeness 0.25 0.25 0.75 source: field survey, (2024). table 5 is the result of discriminant validity. for there to be discriminant validity, the square root of ave of each construct must be higher than other correlations. the ave of innovation is 0.83. all other correlations below 0.83 are lesser than 0.83. similarly risk taking, the ave is 0.80. all other correlations column and row wise are below 0.80. likewise for pro-activeness with ave coefficient of 0.75. all other correlations column and row wise are below 0.75. finally for technological, having ave coefficient of 0.73. all other correlations column and row wise are below 0.73. judging by the fornell-larcker discriminant validity criterion, the data shows that discriminant validity has been achieved, as the square root of ave of each construct is higher than other correlations (garson, 2016). 34 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us analyses of research questions the univariate section is concerned with the presentation of the data for the variables of the study. the data presented herein is continuous and so is assessed using the mean and standard deviation in the assessment of its central tendencies and dispersion. given the positive statements adopted in the measurement of each variable and the scaling method which ranks from, strongly agreed (sa) as 5 points, agreed (a) as 4 points, undecided (un) as 3 points, disagreed (d) as 2 points, strongly disagreed (sd) as1 point, a mean score of x > 2.5 with a relative standard deviation of s < 2.0 is adopted as substantial evidence of support or agreement to the indicator. this section examines the association between the dimensions of the predictor variable (entrepreneurial capacity), the measures of the criterion variable (survival of small and medium scale firms) and moderating variable (technology) constitutes the objective of the study. a total of ten null (hypothesis one to hypothesis ten) bivariate associations are tested in this section using structural equation modelling. the structural equation modelling was deployed to test hypotheses, using a reflective and recursive model approach to predict the dependent variable. table 6: measurement model analysis of risking taking model chi-square (df), significance nfi tli cfi rmsea variable standardized factor loading estimates error var risking taking (2df) = 4.56, p > 0.000 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.69 rt 1 0.77 0.40 rt 2 0.70 0.30 rt 3 0.72 0.22 rt 4 0.67 0.23 rt 5 0.81 0.37 source: research data, 2024 all indicators of risk taking loaded significantly as they were all above 0.5(50%). this shows that all the indicators can be employed for subsequent analysis. table 7: measurement model analysis of innovativeness model chi-square (df), significance nfi tli cfi rmsea variable standardized factor loading estimates error var innovativeness (35df) =242, p > 0.000 1.0 0.54 1.0 0.16 in 1 0.64 0.36 in 2 0.86 0.43 in 3 0.84 0.54 in 4 0.74 0.46 in 5 0.91 0.28 source: research data, 2024 all indicators of innovativeness loaded significantly as they were all above 0.5(50%). this shows that all the indicators can be employed for subsequent analysis. table 8: measurement model analysis of pro-activeness model chi-square (df), significance nfi tli cfi rmsea variable standardized factor loading estimates error var proactiveness (33df) =241, 0.82 0.75 0.84 0.16 p1 0.80 0.36 35 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us p>0.000 p2 0.84 0.22 p3 0.74 0.34 p4 0.82 0.24 p 5 0.75 0.14 source: research data, 2024 all indicators of pro-activeness loaded significantly as they were all above 0.5(50%). this shows that all the indicators can be employed for subsequent analysis. assessing model fit assessing model fit is a composite reliability used to evaluate internal consistency, individual indicator reliability and average variance extracted (ave) to evaluate convergent validity. figure 2: measurement model figure 2 above shows how the model fit the study with individual indicators showing the reliability and the validity of the variables. table 4.4 below further explains the figure. in1 11 1 in2 in3 in4 in5 in6 rt1 rt2 rt3 rt4 rt5 51 rt6 in rt pr1 pr2 pr3 pr 41 pr5 pr p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p 36 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us bootstrapping analysis a bootstrapping analysis was carried out to determine the direct effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable of the study. based on the result, figure 3 is presented, which shows the structural model of the direct impact of innovativeness, risking, pro-activeness and technology on performance of smes in nigeria. figure 3: structural model figure 3 above was used to estimate the path model to view the sampling distribution in order to determine the standard error and the standard deviation of the estimated coefficients distribution in the population hypotheses testing table 9: result of standardized and unstandardized regression estimate of the model. s/n mediation stage relationship std. beta actual beta s.e. c.r. p remark 1. x →y innovativeness 0.69 0.87 0.13 2.51 0.000 not in 1 in 2 in 3 in 4 in 5 in 6 rt1 rt2 rt3 rt4 r t t y y t r t r t r t r t 5 rt6 pr1 pr2 pr3 pr 44 51 pr6 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p1 in rt t pr p 37 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us (hypothesis 1) supported 2. x →y (hypothesis 2) risking taking 0.76 0.83 0.22 3.40 0.000 not supported 3. x →y (hypothesis 3) pro-activeness 0.58 0.82 0.18 4.32 0.000 not supported 4. x →y (hypothesis 1) innovativeness 0.74 0.87 0.13 2.51 0.000 not supported 5. x →y (hypothesis 2) risking taking 0.78 0.83 0.22 3.40 0.000 not supported 6. x →y (hypothesis 3) pro-activeness 0.60 0.82 0.18 4.32 0.000 not supported 7. x →y (hypothesis 1) innovativeness 0.71 0.87 0.13 2.51 0.000 not supported 8. x →y (hypothesis 2) risking taking 0.79 0.83 0.22 3.40 0.000 not supported 9. x →y (hypothesis 3) pro-activeness 0.61 0.82 0.18 4.32 0.000 not supported 10. x →z =>y (hypothesis 1) technology 0.74 0.87 0.13 2.51 0.000 not supported source: research data, 2024 hypothesis one h01: there is no significant relationship between innovativeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between innovativeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.87, r=0.69 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between innovativeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis two ho2: there is no significant relationship between innovativeness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between innovativeness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.83, r=0.76 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between innovativeness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. 38 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us hypothesis three ho3: there is no significant relationship between innovativeness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9illustrates the analysis for the association between innovativeness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.82, r=0.58 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between innovativeness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis four h04: there is no significant relationship between risk-taking and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between risk-taking and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.87, r=0.74 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between risk-taking and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis five ho5: there is no significant relationship between risk-taking and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between risk-taking and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.83, r=0.78 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between risk-taking and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis six ho6: there is no significant relationship between risk-taking and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between risk-taking and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.82, r=0.60 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between risk-taking and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis seven h07: there is no significant relationship between pro-activeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between pro-activeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.87, r=0.71 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 39 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between pro-activeness and adaptability of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis eight ho8: there is no significant relationship between pro-activeness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. table 9 illustrates the analysis for the association between pro-activeness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.83, r=0.79 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between proactiveness and flexibility of small and medium scale firms in nigeria. hypothesis nine ho9: there is no significant relationship between proactiveness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in rivers state. table 4.10 illustrates the analysis for the association between proactiveness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria, where β=0.82, r=0.61 and p = 0.000. the findings show a very positive and significant association between both variables (where β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05). thus, based on the criteria for null hypothetical statement acceptance (β<0.3, r<0.7 and p > 0.05); or rejection (β>0.3, r>0.7 and p < 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and restate that there is a positive significant relationship between proactiveness and improved customers service of small and medium scale firms in nigeria hypothesis ten technology shows a significant moderating effect between entrepreneurial capacity and survival of small and medium scale firms given the coefficient of 0.74 at a probability value of 0.000 which is less than the 0.05 threshold and therefore leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis of no moderating effect. conclusion the results of the study illustrate that entrepreneurial capacity and survival of small and medium scale firms in nigeria shows the integral role entrepreneurial effort, actions and engagement play in the growth of the economy. the higher the willingness to take calculated risk, the level of innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness and competence that small and medium business owners are willing to activate and carry out, the higher the survival of smes. those aforementioned dimensions account for higher business performance. so these entrepreneurial characteristics hereto identified as the dimensions exude influence the survival of smes. increasingly strong entrepreneurial characteristics will cause the higher competence of the owner, which will ultimately lead to higher business performance in terms of profitability, market share, customer satisfaction and growth. it also concludes that entrepreneurial orientation improves outcomes for the survival of startups, at such placing entrepreneurial orientation as a backdrop within this study provides a place to affirm the emphasis on dimensions such as risktaking, reactiveness, and innovativeness, and their usefulness for enhancing the outcomes of smes and growth by increased productivity and market share. therefore, the use and implementation of entrepreneurial orientation is important and increases the chances of sme growth. entrepreneurial orientation contributes significantly towards sme growth as they thrive and grow based on their ability to provide quality, distinct and convenient services to their customers.. accordingly, we conclude that entrepreneurs with an appropriate orientation that is directed at boosting capacity to differentiate will undoubtedly remain successful in their operations. 40 journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us recommendations the findings in this study suggest that all the three dimensions of entrepreneur capacity are beneficial for the smes in creating advantage and improving business performance. therefore, for future research the following recommendations are outlined: 1. small and medium scale firms in nigeria need to ensure that their firms are highly proactive. they need to continually 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(2022). managing intellectual capital: role of corporate entrepreneurship and absorptive capacity on firm performance. knowledge management research & practice, 20(5), 719731. 57. yetisen (2015). relationship between organizational memory, intellectual capital, entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities and firm performance in nigeria. doctoral thesis, universiti utara malaysia. 24 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us american journal of public diplomacy and international studies volume 03, issue 06, 2025 issn (e): 2993-2157 linguistic and spiritual characteristics of words in the chapter "mountains saddle the head of strength" of tahir malik's "humanity" work tilavova munishon alijon qizi, teacher of the department of uzbek language and literature, faculty of languages, bukhara state pedagogical institute, independent researcher of the department of uzbek linguistics and journalism, bukhara state university tilavovamunisxon94@gmail.com annotation: this article discusses the linguistic and spiritual characteristics of words in the chapter "mountains saddle the head of strength" of tahir malik's "humanity". there are many languages in the world. each of them has seen many centuries before reaching its current state. there are also many languages that existed in the past but are not used today. in order for a language to maintain its longevity, it must be constantly enriched and recognized as its own language by a certain people and society. our uzbek language is also being polished and developed further today. words in our language, for example, are reflected in different meanings. similarly, the correct and appropriate use of the meaning of each word in its place requires strong skill from the writer. such a skilled writer is tohir malik. he demonstrates all his skills in his work "humanity". this can be seen in the example of words in the chapter "fortitude, mountains are saddled with heads". keywords: tahir malik, humanity (insoniylik), linguistic features, spiritual meaning, word analysis, stylistic devices, lexical richness this section, which emerged through the combination of the departments of cultural studies and linguistics, is quite different from the above sections. also, many linguists and scientists have conducted and are currently conducting research in this area that studies the linguo-spiritual characteristics of our language. in particular, we can cite the articles of a. nurmonov “linguocultural direction in the uzbek language”, n. mahmudov “in search of ways to perfect the study of the language”, n. sayidrakhimova “some considerations on the scientific justification of linguocultural studies”, “components of linguo-cultural studies”, d. khudoyberganova’s hymnography on the topic “atropocentric study of the text” as examples of these words. as in all living languages, the role of both oral and written literature in the development of the uzbek language is incomparable. in literary literature, all means of speech participate in poetic imagery. as one of these, synonyms have a special place in linguistics and artistic speech. the importance of the literary text for determining the state of synonymy in linguistics and determining its types is incomparable. http://www/ mailto:tilavovamunisxon94@gmail.com 25 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us despite a number of achievements in this area, there are also certain shortcomings. the role and types of context in determining the criteria for synonymous relationships between words, the stylistic features of synonyms, and a number of other aspects of the issue: theoretical and practical aspects have been covered to a certain extent. the development of semantic coherence in the language, its specific features, their expressiveness, flexibility, and other similar properties become even more evident when studied on the basis of the materials of works of art. the uzbek language is distinguished from other languages by its richness, the fact that each word has several unique meanings. the richness of this language can be seen in the words of the invaluable stone example, which "sparkles" in different meanings in each writer's work. similarly, tahir malik describes the unique meanings of each word in his work "the property of humanity", showing that in everyday life we accept words in one sense, but they differ from each other in some nuances of meaning. in the chapter "let's preserve the mind and intellect" of the work, while giving the linguistic and spiritual definition of many words, he cites evidence from the words of our prophet, some verses of the holy quran, and the exemplary lives of great figures in the past as evidence of his thoughts. in this chapter, the author cites words about patience and explains their meanings. he provides evidence for their meanings from hadiths and the lives and teachings of wise people. he calls people who are patient "steadfast." he emphasizes that being grateful when seeing a blessing and being patient when facing a calamity are part of the phrase of faith. he also uses the phrase "to find strength" in these phrases. it can be seen that this word is equivalent to the phrase "to find a solution." he states that the words patience and contentment, which we do not distinguish from each other in our daily lives, have different meanings, and he gives several definitions for these words. in particular, he states that "patience" is a characteristic of virtue, and that it is the control of sensual powers, that "patience" is understood even when it is said to be "endurance" or "patience", and that "patience" is also found in our classical literature in the form of "tahammul" (in some places "taammul"), and he cites the following verse from "mahbub ul-qulub" as evidence: "yo marhamat ul xayli sitamkoraga bergil, yo sabru tahammul meni bechoraga bergil." thus, he notes that patience is the fulfillment of worship, while "contentment" is contentment with food, drink, and clothing, and not demanding more than is possible and necessary. navoi also defines the word "contentment" as follows: "contentment is the basis of lack of need, the triumph of honor and dignity." it is also emphasized that one of the four things that elevates humans above animals is contentment. it is also noted that the opposite of patience is haste or impatience. therefore, a person should be grateful for what he has, and patient with what he does not have. because, as stated in the hadiths, allah loves his servants who are patient. http://www/ 26 american journal of public diplomacy and international studies www. grnjournal.us references: 1. ansichten zu den sprachlichen und spirituellen eigenschaften einiger phraseologieeinheiten, die im werk „human property “ … 2. educational views expressed in tahir malik's work “human property” 3. frаzeologik polisemiya haqida ba'zi mulohazalar 4. 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